-en

handi (“big”) + -en → handien (“biggest”)

zahar (“old”) + -en → zaharren (“oldest”)

Used to form the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs.


-en

Alternative form: -ren (after a vowel)

txakur (“dog”) + -en → txakurren (“of some dogs, some dogs'”)

ahizpa (“sister”) + -en → ahizpen (“of the sisters, the sisters'”)

bost (“five”) + -en → bosten (“fifth”)

-a (absolutive indefinite singular)
-ak (absolutive indefinite plural)
-ok (absolutive plural proximal)
-(e)k (ergative indefinite)
-ak (ergative indefinite singular)
-ek (ergative indefinite plural)
-ok (ergative plural proximal)
-(r)i (dative indefinite)
-ari (dative indefinite singular)
-ei (dative indefinite plural)
-oi (dative plural proximal)
-(r)en (genitive indefinite)
-aren (genitive indefinite singular)
-en (genitive indefinite plural)
-on (genitive plural proximal)
-(r)ekin (comitative indefinite)
-arekin (comitative indefinite singular)
-ekin (comitative indefinite plural)
-okin (comitative plural proximal)
-(r)engatik (causative indefinite)
-arengatik (causative indefinite singular)
-engatik (causative indefinite plural)
-ongatik (causative plural proximal)
-(r)entzat (benefactive indefinite)
-arentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
-entzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
-ontzat (benefactive plural proximal)
-(e)z (indefinite instrumental)
-az (indefinite instrumental singular)
-ez (indefinite instrumental plural)
-oz (instrumental plural proximal)
-(r)engan (animate indefinite inessive)
-arengan (animate indefinite inessive singular)
-engan (animate indefinite inessive plural)
-ongan (animate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tan (inanimate indefinite inessive)
-an (inanimate indefinite inessive singular)
-etan (inanimate indefinite inessive plural)
-otan (inanimate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tako (inanimate indefinite locative)
-(e)ko (inanimate indefinite locative singular)
-etako (inanimate indefinite locative plural)
-otako (inanimate locative plural proximal)
-(r)engana (allative animate indefinite)
-arengana (allative animate indefinite singular)
-engana (allative animate indefinite plural)
-ongana (allative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tara (allative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)ra (allative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etara (allative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otara (allative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganaino (animate indefinite terminative)
-arenganaino (animate indefinite singular terminative)
-enganaino (animate indefinite plural terminative)
-onganaino (animate plural proximal terminative)
-(e)taraino (inanimate indefinite terminative)
-(e)raino (inanimate indefinite singular terminative)
-etaraino (inanimate indefinite plural terminative)
-otaraino (inanimate plural proximal terminative)
-(r)enganantz (animate directive indefinite)
-arenganantz (animate directive indefinite singular)
-enganantz (animate directive indefinite plural)
-onganantz (animate directive plural proximal)
-(e)tarantz (directive inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rantz (directive inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarantz (directive inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarantz (directive inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganako (animate destinative indefinite)
-arenganako (animate destinative indefinite singular)
-enganako (animate destinative indefinite plural)
-onganako (animate destinative plural proximal)
-(e)tarako (destinative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rako (destinative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarako (destinative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarako (destinative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)engandik (ablative animate indefinite)
-arengandik (ablative animate indefinite singular)
-engandik (ablative animate indefinite plural)
-ongandik (ablative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tatik (ablative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)tik (ablative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etik (ablative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otik (ablative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)ik (indefinite partitive)
-tzat (indefinite prolative)


-en

Forms the singular definite form of nouns of the common gender.

Forms gerunds from verbs, these nouns being indeclinable and of the common gender.

(organic chemistry) Identifies an alkene, these being of either the common or the neuter gender; -ene.

hjerteligen, antageligen

(obsolete) Forms adverbs from adjectives, now displaced by -t.


-en

Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.

-en (infinitive)
-en n (gerund)
-de (first-person past singular)
-t (present second-person singular)
-de (past second-person singular)
-t (formal present second-person singular)
-de (formal past second-person singular)
-t (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
-t (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
-de (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
-de (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
-t (present singular third-person)
-de (past singular third-person)
-en (plural present)
-den (past plural)
-e (archaic present singular subjunctive)
-de (archaic past singular subjunctive)
-en (archaic plural present subjunctive)
-den (archaic past plural subjunctive)
-t (archaic imperative plural present)
-end (participle present)
ge- -d (participle past)
-en (infinitive)
-en n (gerund)
-te (first-person past singular)
-t (present second-person singular)
-te (past second-person singular)
-t (formal present second-person singular)
-te (formal past second-person singular)
-t (Flanders colloquial present second-person singular)
-t (archaic formal majestic present second-person singular)
-te (Flanders colloquial past second-person singular)
-te (archaic formal majestic past second-person singular)
-t (present singular third-person)
-te (past singular third-person)
-en (plural present)
-ten (past plural)
-e (archaic present singular subjunctive)
-te (archaic past singular subjunctive)
-en (archaic plural present subjunctive)
-ten (archaic past plural subjunctive)
-t (archaic imperative plural present)
-end (participle present)
ge- -t (participle past)

Primarily from weak class 2, from Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -on, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti (denominative) and *-h₂ti (factitive).


-en

Forms adjectives that indicate the substance from which something is made.

-en (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
-en (indefinite neuter positive singular)
-en (indefinite plural positive)
-en (definite positive)

From Middle Dutch -ijn, -in, -en, from Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.


-en

From Middle Dutch -en, a merger of various Old Dutch infinitive suffixes:
* The strong infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
* The weak class 1 infinitive -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
* The weak class 2 infinitive -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.


-en

The ending of the past participle of strong verbs. This can also function as an adjective.

-en (adverbial positive predicative)
-ener (adverbial comparative predicative)
het -enst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het -enste (adverbial predicative superlative)
-en (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
-ener (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
-enste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
-en (indefinite neuter positive singular)
-ener (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
-enste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
-en (indefinite plural positive)
-ener (comparative indefinite plural)
-enste (indefinite plural superlative)
-en (definite positive)
-ener (comparative definite)
-enste (definite superlative)
-ens (partitive positive)
-eners (comparative partitive)

From Middle Dutch -en, from Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.


-en

The ending of the plural form of many nouns.

groot + -en → de groten (“the great ones”)

Taken by adjectives used as nouns, to form the plural form of such nouns.

een + -en → ten enen male

(archaic, not productive) The ending of a number of weak case endings of the adjective or the article.

de hertog + -en → des hertogen, a genitive preserved in 's-Hertogenbosch

(archaic, not productive) The ending of the genitive case of certain nouns.

From various case forms of the Germanic weak nominal inflection.


-en

The ending of the plural forms of verbs, in both present and past tense.

From various first- and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.


-en

voor + -en → van voren (“from the front”)

From Old Dutch -ana, from Proto-West Germanic *-anā, from Proto-Germanic *-anē.


-en

Mānjen un pōk!

(enclitic, after a consonant) Alternative form of in


-en

take + -en → taken

forgive + -en → forgiven

prove + -en → proven

(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.

fork + -en → forken (“forked”)

pave + -en → paven (“paved”)

barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)

enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)

Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb.

From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.


-en

aurochs + -en → aurochsen
brother + -en → brethren (religious sense)
child + -en → children (cf. childer)
ox + -en → oxen

bee + -en → been
cheese + -en → cheesen
ky (“cows”) + -en → kine
knee + -en → kneen
eyre (“eggs”) + -en → eyren
eye + -en → eyen
feather + -en → feathern
fox + -en → foxen
horse + -en → horsen
hose + -en → hosen
house + -en → housen
pease + -en → peasen
shoe + -en → shoon
sister + -en → sistren
tree + -en → treen

Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.

1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester

Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.

box + -en → boxen

VAX + -en → VAXen

There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.

2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:

Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.

2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:

For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.

From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.
From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).


-en

white (adjective) + -en → whiten

quick + -en → quicken

strength (noun) + -en → strengthen

haste + -en → hasten

night + -en → nighten

When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)".

-gøre

to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]

From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.


-en

wolf + -en → wolven

peach + -en → peachen

goat + -en → goaten

Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like".

wood + -en → wooden
gold + -en → golden
wheat + -en → wheaten
oat + -en → oaten
silk + -en → silken
earth + -en → earthen
flax + -en → flaxen
lead + -en → leaden
wool + -en → woollen
oak + -en → oaken

Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense

Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
brass + -en → brazen ("shameless")

ash + -en → ashen ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
beech + -en → beechen ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")
box + -en → boxen ("made of boxwood")
bronze + -en → bronzen
silver + -en → silvern
cedar + -en → cedarn
leather + -en → leathern
copper + -en → coppern
paper + -en → papern
brick + -en → bricken
board + -en → boarden
tree + -en → treen
hemp + -en → hempen

Orphan examples:
line (“flax”) + -en → linen

When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language.

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.


-en

chick + -en → chicken

maid + -en → maiden

smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen

Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns.

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).


-en

fox + -en → vixen (“female fox”)

monk + -en → minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *inī.


-en

The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire[…]

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

From others' labours; for though he strive
To killen bad, keep good alive;

c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:

1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:

(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.

And when the shining sunne laugheth once,
You deemen the spring is come attonce.
Tho gynne you, fond flyes, the cold to scorne,
And, crowing in pypes made of greene corne,
You thinken to be lords of the yeare.

1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC:

So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,
To take the solace of the open aire,

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

And then the whole quire hold their hips and laugh,
And waxen in their mirth and neeze and swear
A merrier hour was never wasted there.

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:

All perishen of man, of pelf,
Ne aught escapen but himself;

(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.

[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.

1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, page 46:

Both of them had snow on their boots, and a little on the hems of their coats, but they weren't all froze cold like yesterday. “We tooken the bus,” RJ told us.

2010, Kathi Purnell, Silent Heroes, page 188:

Sure you've seen me before, Doyle. Turkey Kimbroy and I, we tooken you over to Davis long time ago to he'p you get in the army.

2014, John D. MacDonald, Deadly Welcome:

(obsolete, now nonstandard, dialectal) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.

From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infinitive -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.


-en

Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.


-en

Suffix for the genitive plural. Usually preceded by the plural marker -i- or -j-, but may also have a consonant separator -d- after the plural marker if the words would otherwise have 3 consecutive vowels.


-en

(possessive) A variant for the third-person suffix -nsa.

(personal) Forms the impersonal potential present forms of verbs. Appended to the impersonal potential stem, which consists of the first infinitive followed by the potential mood marker -ne-.


-en

Forms the instructive case of the second infinitive of verbs.


-en

managen

Accordingly, the suffix is also applied to verbs borrowed from other languages, and may be understood as the suffix for denominal verbs in general (actually -∅ derivation or conversion plus an inflectional suffix that happens to be part of the citation form of a German verb). Foul + -en → foulen (“to foul”)

A suffix of verbs in their infinitive form.

wir kommen

sie kommen

A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).

fallen + ge- and -en → gefallen

A suffix appended to strong verb stems to form the past participle, usually together with ge-.

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.

-n

after -er, -el; in sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn

-'n

alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms


-en

a suffix appended to some nouns in all of their plural forms; these nouns are so-called “weak” or “mixed” nouns; they are most often feminine, often masculine, rarely neuter

a suffix appended to weak masculine nouns in all oblique cases of the singular, and to some mixed nouns in the singular dative and accusative

a suffix appended to most other nouns, the so-called “strong” nouns, in their plural dative

a suffix (in fact, the most common declensional ending) which is appended to determiners, adjectives, and participles, for multiple forms of all grammatical cases, both singular and plural

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different declensional patterns.

-n

after -er, -el in nouns, but not usually in adjectives; in Herrn


-en

Gold (“gold”, noun) + -en → golden (“gold, golden”, adjective)

A suffix which is used to create adjectives that most often refer to materials

From Middle High German -en, from Old High German -īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.


-en

From the Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós) feminine patronymic suffix.


-en

szék (“chair”) + -en → széken (“on [a/the] chair”)

Az asztal mellett ültem egy széken.

A széken könyvek hevertek.


-en

szép (“beautiful”) + -en → szépen (“beautifully”)

könnyű (“light, easy”) + -en → könnyen (“easily”)

bő (“ample”) + -en → bőven (“amply”)

hű (“faithful”) + -en → híven (“faithfully”), aside from the regular hűen

(deadjectival adverb-forming suffix) -ly. Added to an adjective to create an adverb.

Nyersen eszi a répát.

In Hungarian, this adverb form is used for certain complements that are adjectives in English.

kettő (“two”) + -en → ketten (“two people, two of us/you/them”)

Ketten vannak a szobában.

öt (“five”) + -en → öten (“five people, five of us/you/them”)

hét (“seven”) + -en → heten (“seven people, seven of us/you/them”)

Heten mentünk moziba.

kevés (“few”) + -en → kevesen (“few people, few of us/you/them”)

Sokan vannak a meghívottak, de kevesen a választottak.

For many are called, but few are chosen.

ezer (“thousand”) + -en → ezren (“a thousand people, a thousand of us/you/them”)

(denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Added to a numeral or a pronoun with this sense to create an adverb, expressing the number of people.


-en

reccsen (“to crackle, to make one cracking sound”)

retten (“to be frightened, to recoil, to flinch, to shy away from”)

(verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem — often an onomatopoeia — to form a verb expressing an instantaneous action.


-en

nincsen (“he/she/it isn't, there is none of it”)

van/lenni (“to be”) → legyen (“he/she/it should be, there should be”)

kér (“to ask/request”) + -en → kérjen (“he/she/it should ask for some[thing]”)

megy (“to go”) + -en → megyen (“he/she/it goes, is going”) (in the standard language: megy)

vesz (“to take/grab”) + -en → veszen (“he/she/it takes/grabs”) (in the standard language: vesz)

visz (“to take/carry”) + -en → viszen (“he/she/it takes/carries”) (in the standard language: visz)

(personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic) Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of -jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).


-en

bedüden (“to mean”) + -en → de Bedüden (“the meaning”)

Huus (“house”) + -en → de Hüsen (“the dwelling”)

forms nouns from verbs (called gerunds) or other nouns, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action; the equivalent of English -ing

From Middle Low German -inge, from Old Saxon -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Dutch -ing, Swedish -ning, German -ung, English -ing.


-en

From Middle Low German -en, a blending of Old Saxon infinitives -an, -ian and -on, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.


-en

Used for some nouns to form plural forms.

Used to show the infinitive form of verbs.

A suffix which is used to create adjectives that refer to materials


-en

residen

presiden

insiden

head

-en (Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling -ن, Indonesian Jawi spelling -ين)

* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
** From English -ent, from Middle English -ent, also -ant, -aunt, etc., from Old French -ent and its source Latin -ēns (accusative singular -entem), suffix of present participles of verbs in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugations.
* (Indonesia)
** From Dutch -ent.


-en

The ending of the infinitive form of verbs, used as a suffix to form new verbs as well.

Dutch: -en

A merger of various infinitive suffixes:
* The strong infinitive Old Dutch -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.
* The weak class 1 infinitive Old Dutch -en, -ien, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną.
* The weak class 2 infinitive Old Dutch -on, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.


-en

The ending of the past participle of strong verbs.

Dutch: -en

From the Old Dutch [Term?] strong past participle ending -an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.


-en

The ending of the first- and third-person plural forms of verbs.

Dutch: -en

From various first and third-person plural forms of Germanic verbs.


-en

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.


-en

Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.

English: -en

From Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), both from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs).


-en

Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.

-en (infinitive)
to -en (infinitive)
-e (infinitive)
-e (first-person present singular)
-ed (first-person past singular)
-est (present second-person singular)
-edest (past second-person singular)
-eth (present singular third-person)
-ed (past singular third-person)
-e (present singular subjunctive)
-ed (past singular subjunctive)
-e (imperative present singular)
-en (plural present)
-e (plural present)
-eden (past plural)
-ede (past plural)
-eth (imperative plural present)
-e (imperative plural present)
-ynge (participle present)
-ende (participle present)
-ed (participle past)
y-ed (participle past)

From Old English -an. Originally used with class 1 weak verbs in Old English, it was extended to class 2 weak verbs in many dialects and thus supplanted -ien from Old English -ian.


-en

Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.

Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.

Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.

English: -en


-en

Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.

Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.

Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.

English: -en

From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.


-en

Denotes the dative singular and plural of strong adjectives.


-en

Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.

Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.

English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.


-en

English: -en


-en

Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.


-en

From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.


-en

acetylen, benzen

(organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkynes; -ene

etylen, propylen

(organic chemistry) Used to form nouns denoting alkenes; -ene

-enet (definite neuter singular)
-enen (definite masculine singular)
-en (indefinite plural)
-ener (indefinite plural)
-enene (definite plural)
-ena (definite plural)

From Ancient Greek -ηνή (-ēnḗ), feminine form of -ηνός (-ēnós, added to place name to form an adjective), from -νός (-nós), alternative form of -νος (-nos), from Proto-Indo-European *-nós (creates verbal adjectives from roots).


-en

mæġeþ (“girl”) + -en → mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)

cocc (“rooster”) + -en → ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)

broþ (“broth, brewing”) + -en → bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

(causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns

-en (nominative singular)
-enu (nominative plural)
-en (accusative singular)
-enu (accusative plural)
-enes (genitive singular)
-ena (genitive plural)
-ene (dative singular)
-enum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īną.


-en

god (“(male) god”) + -en → gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)

þēow (“(male) servant”) + -en → þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

(often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns

-en (nominative singular)
-enna (nominative plural)
-enne (nominative plural)
-enne (accusative singular)
-enna (accusative plural)
-enne (accusative plural)
-enne (genitive singular)
-enna (genitive plural)
-enne (dative singular)
-ennum (dative plural)

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.


-en

gold (“gold”) + -en → gylden (“golden”)

ātor (“poison”) + -en → ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)

stān (“stone”) + -en → stǣnen (“stonen”)

āc (“oak”) + -en → ǣcen (“oaken”)

trēow (“tree”) + -en → triewen (“wooden”)

līn (“flax”) + -en → līnen (“linen”)

sǣ (“sea”) + -en → sǣn (“marine”)

fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal”)

(causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.

-en (masculine nominative singular)
-enu (feminine nominative singular)
-nu (feminine nominative singular)
-eno (feminine nominative singular)
-no (feminine nominative singular)
-en (neuter nominative singular)
-enne (accusative masculine singular)
-ene (accusative feminine singular)
-ne (accusative feminine singular)
-en (accusative neuter singular)
-enes (genitive masculine singular)
-nes (genitive masculine singular)
-enre (feminine genitive singular)
-enes (genitive neuter singular)
-nes (genitive neuter singular)
-enum (dative masculine singular)
-num (dative masculine singular)
-enre (dative feminine singular)
-enum (dative neuter singular)
-num (dative neuter singular)
-ene (instrumental masculine singular)
-ne (instrumental masculine singular)
-enre (feminine instrumental singular)
-ene (instrumental neuter singular)
-ne (instrumental neuter singular)
-ene (masculine nominative plural)
-ne (masculine nominative plural)
-ena (feminine nominative plural)
-na (feminine nominative plural)
-ene (feminine nominative plural)
-ne (feminine nominative plural)
-enu (neuter nominative plural)
-nu (neuter nominative plural)
-eno (neuter nominative plural)
-no (neuter nominative plural)
-ene (accusative masculine plural)
-ne (accusative masculine plural)
-ena (accusative feminine plural)
-na (accusative feminine plural)
-ene (accusative feminine plural)
-ne (accusative feminine plural)
-enu (accusative neuter plural)
-nu (accusative neuter plural)
-eno (accusative neuter plural)
-no (accusative neuter plural)
-enra (genitive masculine plural)
-enra (feminine genitive plural)
-enra (genitive neuter plural)
-enum (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-enum (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-enum (dative neuter plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-enum (instrumental masculine plural)
-num (instrumental masculine plural)
-enum (feminine instrumental plural)
-num (feminine instrumental plural)
-enum (instrumental neuter plural)
-num (instrumental neuter plural)
-ena (masculine nominative singular)
-na (masculine nominative singular)
-ene (feminine nominative singular)
-ne (feminine nominative singular)
-ene (neuter nominative singular)
-ne (neuter nominative singular)
-enan (accusative masculine singular)
-nan (accusative masculine singular)
-enan (accusative feminine singular)
-nan (accusative feminine singular)
-ene (accusative neuter singular)
-ne (accusative neuter singular)
-enan (genitive masculine singular)
-nan (genitive masculine singular)
-enan (feminine genitive singular)
-nan (feminine genitive singular)
-enan (genitive neuter singular)
-nan (genitive neuter singular)
-enan (dative masculine singular)
-nan (dative masculine singular)
-enan (dative feminine singular)
-nan (dative feminine singular)
-enan (dative neuter singular)
-nan (dative neuter singular)
-enan (instrumental masculine singular)
-nan (instrumental masculine singular)
-enan (feminine instrumental singular)
-nan (feminine instrumental singular)
-enan (instrumental neuter singular)
-nan (instrumental neuter singular)
-enan (masculine nominative plural)
-nan (masculine nominative plural)
-enan (feminine nominative plural)
-nan (feminine nominative plural)
-enan (neuter nominative plural)
-nan (neuter nominative plural)
-enan (accusative masculine plural)
-nan (accusative masculine plural)
-enan (accusative feminine plural)
-nan (accusative feminine plural)
-enan (accusative neuter plural)
-nan (accusative neuter plural)
-enra (genitive masculine plural)
-enena (genitive masculine plural)
-nena (genitive masculine plural)
-enra (feminine genitive plural)
-enena (feminine genitive plural)
-nena (feminine genitive plural)
-enra (genitive neuter plural)
-enena (genitive neuter plural)
-nena (genitive neuter plural)
-enum (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-enum (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-enum (dative neuter plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-enum (instrumental masculine plural)
-num (instrumental masculine plural)
-enum (feminine instrumental plural)
-num (feminine instrumental plural)
-enum (instrumental neuter plural)
-num (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -en

English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.


-en

ġecumen

ġecorfen

ġeswōgen

(verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-anaz.


-en

tungol (“star”) + -en → tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)

fæder (“father”) + -en → fæderen (“paternal, of a father”)

hund (“dog, hound”) + -en → hunden (“canine”)

(adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by

Proto-Germanic *-an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-.


-en

byrgan (“to bury”) + -en → byrgen (“burying, grave”)

sellan (“to give, grant”) + -en → selen (“giving, gift”)

þicgan (“to take, accept”) + -en → þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

(causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-īni, from Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Sometimes with geminate -nn-, probably due to confusion with the feminine suffix from *-inī.


-en

acetyl + -en → acetylen

-en (nominative singular)
-enu (genitive singular)
-enowi (dative singular)
-en (accusative singular)
-enem (instrumental singular)
-enie (locative singular)
-enie (singular vocative)

Derived from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós).


-en

rrom (“Romani man”) + -en → rromen

daj (“mother”) + -en → dajen

Forms the accusative plural of oikoclitic animate nouns


-en

From Middle English -en, from Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”).


-en

Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.


-en

third-person plural
third-person plural#English

Suffix indicating the third-person plural present indicative of -er and -ir verbs.

Suffix indicating the third-person plural present subjunctive of -ar verbs.

Suffix indicating the third-person plural imperative of -ar verbs.


-en

Suffix for definite form singular of common gender nouns which end in a consonant, e.g. fisk (“fish”) + -en → fisken (“the fish”); see also -n.

Definite plural suffix for certain nouns; see also -na.

(neuter nouns ending in a consonant) träd (“tree”) + -en → träden (“the trees”)

(common-gender nouns in the fifth declension (with a suffixless plural) except for those ending in -are) gäss (“geese”) + -en → gässen (“the geese”)

(the irregular neuter plurals ögon ("eyes") and öron ("ears"))

From forms of Old Norse hinn (demonstrative pronoun), suffixed to the end of the noun stem. From Old Norse -inn, -in, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *i-.


-en

Suffix for the past participle of verbs belonging to the fourth (strong) declension, e.g. sjunga (“sing”) + -en → sjungen (“sung”), skjuta (“shoot”) + -en → skjuten (“shot”).

From Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs.


-en

Suffix for indefinite form plural of only the neuter noun huvud (“head”), e.g. huvud (“head”) + -en → huvuden (“heads”).


-en

Suffix which converts a few adjectives into adverbs, e.g. möjlig (“possible”) + -en → möjligen (“possibly”).


-en

llygod (“mice”) + -en → llygoden (“mouse”)

sêr (“stars”) + -en → seren (“star”)

coed (“trees, wood”) + -en → coeden (“tree”)

Used to form the singulative of certain words.

llysywen (“eel”)

matsien (“match”)

taten (“potato”)

pêl (“ball”) + -en → pelen (“little ball, pellet”)

lloer (“moon”) + -en → lloeren (“satellite”)

gwraig (“woman, wife”) + -en → gwreigen (“little woman, little wife”)

coch (“red”) + -en → cochen (“(female) redhead”)

clebr (“gossip, chatter”) + -en → clebren (“(female) gossip”)

gwlith (“dew”) + -en → gwlithen (“slug”)

cwyr (“wax”) + -en → cwyren (“cake or tablet of wax”)

calch (“lime, chalk”) + -en → calchen (“limestone”)

awyr (“sky”) + -en → awyren (“aeroplane”)

crwm (“curved”) + -en → cromen (“dome”)

suffix indicating an object, item, thing

From Middle Welsh -en, from Old Welsh -en, from Proto-Brythonic *-enn. Cognate with Cornish -en, Breton -enn.


-en

ych (“ox”) + -en → ychen (“oxen”)


-en

(colloquial) verb suffix for the first-person plural conditional

(colloquial) verb suffix for the third-person plural conditional


-en

Koolnáalen.

Teen na'en.

Na'ajen.

first-person singular
first-person singular#English

Suffix indicating the first-person singular present copular; added to nouns and adjectives


-en

Ooken!

second-person plural
second-person plural#English

Suffix indicating the second-person plural imperative