"看上" meaning in All languages combined

See 看上 on Wiktionary

Verb [Chinese]

IPA: /kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/, /hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/, /kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/, /kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/, /kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/, /kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/, /kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/, /kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/, /kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/, /kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/ Chinese transliterations: kànshàng [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄎㄢˋ ㄕㄤˋ [Mandarin, bopomofo], hon³ soeng⁵ [Cantonese, Jyutping], khàn-siǒng, khàn-siōng, khàn-siāng, khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ, khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ, khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ, kànshàng [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], kànshàng [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], kʻan⁴-shang⁴ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], kàn-shàng [Mandarin, Yale], kannshanq [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], каньшан [Mandarin, Palladius], kanʹšan [Mandarin, Palladius], hon séuhng [Cantonese, Yale], hon³ soeng⁵ [Cantonese, Pinyin], hon³ sêng⁵ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], khàn-siǒng [Hokkien, POJ], khàn-siǒng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], khàn-siōng [Hokkien, POJ], khàn-siōng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], qarnsiong [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], khàn-siāng [Hokkien, POJ], khàn-siāng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], qarnsiang [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ [Hokkien, POJ], khuànn-tsiǔnn [Hokkien, Tai-lo], khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ [Hokkien, POJ], khuànn-tsiūnn [Hokkien, Tai-lo], qvoarcviu [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ [Hokkien, POJ], khuànn-tsiōnn [Hokkien, Tai-lo], qvoarcvioi [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun] Forms: 看⫽上 [canonical], verb-complement [romanization]
Head templates: {{zh-verb|type=vc}} 看⫽上 (verb-complement)
  1. to take a fancy to; to settle on Synonyms: 相中, 看中 (kànzhòng), 睇中 (tai2 zung3) [Cantonese], 睇啱 (tai2 ngaam1) [Cantonese]
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "看⫽上",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "verb-complement",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "type": "vc"
      },
      "expansion": "看⫽上 (verb-complement)",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mandarin terms with collocations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with collocations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to turn up one's nose at",
          "roman": "kàn bù shàng",
          "text": "看不上"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to take a fancy to; to settle on"
      ],
      "id": "en-看上-zh-verb-MLJBVdF~",
      "links": [
        [
          "take",
          "take"
        ],
        [
          "fancy",
          "fancy"
        ],
        [
          "settle",
          "settle"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "相中"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kànzhòng",
          "word": "看中"
        },
        {
          "roman": "tai2 zung3",
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "睇中"
        },
        {
          "roman": "tai2 ngaam1",
          "tags": [
            "Cantonese"
          ],
          "word": "睇啱"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄎㄢˋ ㄕㄤˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ soeng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kʻan⁴-shang⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kàn-shàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kannshanq"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "каньшан"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kanʹšan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon séuhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ soeng⁵"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ sêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qarnsiong"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qarnsiang"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiǔnn"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiūnn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qvoarcviu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiōnn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qvoarcvioi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "/ khàn-siōng /"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ /"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "看上"
}
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "看⫽上",
      "tags": [
        "canonical"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "verb-complement",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "type": "vc"
      },
      "expansion": "看⫽上 (verb-complement)",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese verbs",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese terms spelled with 上",
        "Chinese terms spelled with 看",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Chinese verbs",
        "Hokkien lemmas",
        "Hokkien verbs",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin terms with collocations",
        "Mandarin verbs",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to turn up one's nose at",
          "roman": "kàn bù shàng",
          "text": "看不上"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to take a fancy to; to settle on"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "take",
          "take"
        ],
        [
          "fancy",
          "fancy"
        ],
        [
          "settle",
          "settle"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄎㄢˋ ㄕㄤˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ soeng⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kànshàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kʻan⁴-shang⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kàn-shàng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kannshanq"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "каньшан"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "kanʹšan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon séuhng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ soeng⁵"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "hon³ sêng⁵"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siǒng"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siōng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qarnsiong"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khàn-siāng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qarnsiang"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiǔnn"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiūⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiūnn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qvoarcviu"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khòaⁿ-chiōⁿ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "khuànn-tsiōnn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "qvoarcvioi"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "other": "/ khàn-siōng /"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ khòaⁿ-chiǔⁿ /"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/hɔːn³³ sœːŋ¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰan²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siũ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siũ²²/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ t͡siɔ̃²²/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "相中"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kànzhòng",
      "word": "看中"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tai2 zung3",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "睇中"
    },
    {
      "roman": "tai2 ngaam1",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese"
      ],
      "word": "睇啱"
    }
  ],
  "word": "看上"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 看上 meaning in All languages combined (4.4kB)

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "看上"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "看上",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
  "path": [
    "看上"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "看上",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
  "path": [
    "看上"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "看上",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "看上"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "看上",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "page/2196",
  "msg": "parse_linkage_recurse unhandled NodeKind.URL: <URL(['https://wiki.local/w/index.php?action=edit&title=Thesaurus%3A%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD'], ['edit']){} >",
  "path": [
    "看上"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "看上",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.