See 從弟 on Wiktionary
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "从弟",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "從弟",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Male family members",
"orig": "zh:Male family members",
"parents": [
"Family members",
"Male people",
"Family",
"Male",
"People",
"Gender",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Psychology",
"Sociology",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Social sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Society"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"paternal cousin (father's brother's son younger than oneself)"
],
"id": "en-從弟-zh-noun-GW0KXLN2",
"links": [
[
"paternal cousin",
"paternal cousin"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "從弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Harbin"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jilu-Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Muping",
"Yantai"
],
"word": "叔伯兒兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xining"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xuzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yinchuan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Ürümqi"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "叔伯弟娃兒"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Guiyang"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Liuzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Nanjing"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Nanjing"
],
"word": "堂弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Dongguan"
],
"word": "叔伯細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Lichuan"
],
"word": "堂下個弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Lichuan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yudu"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jixi"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jixi"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Xinzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "叔伯小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "隔皮老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "從弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southern-Pinghua",
"Nanning",
"Tingzi"
],
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "堂房兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Danyang"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Danyang"
],
"word": "房門弟子"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Hangzhou"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Ningbo"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "堂房阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Jinhua"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Loudi"
],
"word": "排房老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Loudi"
],
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"word": "Taiwan"
},
{
"word": "Harbin"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"word": "Jinan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Muping"
],
"word": "Yantai"
},
{
"word": "叔伯兒兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Xi'an"
},
{
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Xining"
},
{
"word": "Xuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Yinchuan"
},
{
"word": "Ürümqi"
},
{
"word": "Chengdu"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟娃兒"
},
{
"word": "Wuhan"
},
{
"word": "Guiyang"
},
{
"word": "Liuzhou"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"word": "Nanjing"
},
{
"word": "堂弟弟"
},
{
"word": "Yangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Guangzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"word": "Hong Kong"
},
{
"word": "Dongguan"
},
{
"word": "叔伯細佬"
},
{
"word": "Nanchang"
},
{
"word": "Lichuan"
},
{
"word": "堂下個弟"
},
{
"word": "Meixian"
},
{
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"word": "Yudu"
},
{
"word": "Jixi"
},
{
"word": "Taiyuan"
},
{
"word": "Xinzhou"
},
{
"word": "Fuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Xiamen"
},
{
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"word": "Quanzhou"
},
{
"word": "Jinjiang"
},
{
"word": "Zhangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Tainan"
},
{
"word": "叔伯小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Manila"
},
{
"word": "Leizhou"
},
{
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"word": "隔皮老弟"
},
{
"word": "Haikou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tingzi"
],
"word": "Nanning"
},
{
"word": "Shanghai"
},
{
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"word": "Suzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂房兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Danyang"
},
{
"word": "房門弟子"
},
{
"word": "Hangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Ningbo"
},
{
"word": "Wenzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂房阿弟"
},
{
"word": "叔伯阿弟"
},
{
"word": "Jinhua"
},
{
"word": "Changsha"
},
{
"word": "Loudi"
},
{
"word": "排房老弟"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄘㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄗㄨㄥˋ ㄉㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "tsʻung²-ti⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "tsúng-dì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "tsorngdih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цунди"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "cundi"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "tsung⁴-ti⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dzùng-dì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "tzonqdih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзунди"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czundi"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/"
}
],
"word": "從弟"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "从弟",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "從弟",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms spelled with 弟",
"Chinese terms spelled with 從",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Mandarin nouns",
"Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"zh:Male family members"
],
"glosses": [
"paternal cousin (father's brother's son younger than oneself)"
],
"links": [
[
"paternal cousin",
"paternal cousin"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄘㄨㄥˊ ㄉㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄗㄨㄥˋ ㄉㄧˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "cóngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "tsʻung²-ti⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "tsúng-dì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "tsorngdih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цунди"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "cundi"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "zòngdì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "tsung⁴-ti⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "dzùng-dì"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "tzonqdih"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "цзунди"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "czundi"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ ti⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"formal",
"Standard-Chinese"
],
"word": "從弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Taiwan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Harbin"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jilu-Mandarin",
"Jinan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Muping",
"Yantai"
],
"word": "叔伯兒兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xi'an"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xining"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xuzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Yinchuan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Ürümqi"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Chengdu"
],
"word": "叔伯弟娃兒"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Wuhan"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Guiyang"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southwestern-Mandarin",
"Liuzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Nanjing"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Nanjing"
],
"word": "堂弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jianghuai-Mandarin",
"Yangzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangzhou"
],
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Hong-Kong"
],
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Dongguan"
],
"word": "叔伯細佬"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Nanchang"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Lichuan"
],
"word": "堂下個弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gan",
"Lichuan"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Yudu"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jixi"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Huizhou",
"Jixi"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Taiyuan"
],
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jin",
"Xinzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Fuzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiamen"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Quanzhou"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Jinjiang"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Zhangzhou"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tainan"
],
"word": "叔伯小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Manila"
],
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Leizhou"
],
"word": "隔皮老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Haikou"
],
"word": "從弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Southern-Pinghua",
"Nanning",
"Tingzi"
],
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Shanghai"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Suzhou"
],
"word": "堂房兄弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Danyang"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Danyang"
],
"word": "房門弟子"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Hangzhou"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Ningbo"
],
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "堂房阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Wenzhou"
],
"word": "叔伯阿弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu",
"Jinhua"
],
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Changsha"
],
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Loudi"
],
"word": "排房老弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Xiang",
"Loudi"
],
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"word": "堂弟"
},
{
"word": "Taiwan"
},
{
"word": "Harbin"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟弟"
},
{
"word": "Jinan"
},
{
"tags": [
"Muping"
],
"word": "Yantai"
},
{
"word": "叔伯兒兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Xi'an"
},
{
"word": "叔伯兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Xining"
},
{
"word": "Xuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Yinchuan"
},
{
"word": "Ürümqi"
},
{
"word": "Chengdu"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟娃兒"
},
{
"word": "Wuhan"
},
{
"word": "Guiyang"
},
{
"word": "Liuzhou"
},
{
"word": "叔伯弟"
},
{
"word": "Nanjing"
},
{
"word": "堂弟弟"
},
{
"word": "Yangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Guangzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂細佬"
},
{
"word": "Hong Kong"
},
{
"word": "Dongguan"
},
{
"word": "叔伯細佬"
},
{
"word": "Nanchang"
},
{
"word": "Lichuan"
},
{
"word": "堂下個弟"
},
{
"word": "Meixian"
},
{
"word": "叔伯老弟"
},
{
"word": "Yudu"
},
{
"word": "Jixi"
},
{
"word": "Taiyuan"
},
{
"word": "Xinzhou"
},
{
"word": "Fuzhou"
},
{
"word": "Xiamen"
},
{
"word": "隔腹小弟"
},
{
"word": "Quanzhou"
},
{
"word": "Jinjiang"
},
{
"word": "Zhangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Tainan"
},
{
"word": "叔伯小弟"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "Manila"
},
{
"word": "Leizhou"
},
{
"word": "堂老弟"
},
{
"word": "隔皮老弟"
},
{
"word": "Haikou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Tingzi"
],
"word": "Nanning"
},
{
"word": "Shanghai"
},
{
"word": "堂阿弟"
},
{
"word": "Suzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂房兄弟"
},
{
"word": "Danyang"
},
{
"word": "房門弟子"
},
{
"word": "Hangzhou"
},
{
"word": "Ningbo"
},
{
"word": "Wenzhou"
},
{
"word": "堂房阿弟"
},
{
"word": "叔伯阿弟"
},
{
"word": "Jinhua"
},
{
"word": "Changsha"
},
{
"word": "Loudi"
},
{
"word": "排房老弟"
}
],
"word": "從弟"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 從弟 meaning in All languages combined (6.6kB)
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺'",
"path": [
"從弟"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "從弟",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺'",
"path": [
"從弟"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "從弟",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.