"對拗" meaning in All languages combined

See 對拗 on Wiktionary

Noun [Chinese]

IPA: /tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/ [Hakka, Sinological-IPA], /tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/ [Hokkien, Xiamen, Zhangzhou], /tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/, /tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/, /tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/, /tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/, /tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/ Chinese transliterations: tui-áu [Hakka, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], tùi-áu, tùi-auh, tui-áu [Hakka, Phak-fa-su], dui^ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], auˋ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], dui⁴ au³ [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka], tùi-áu [Hokkien, POJ], tuì-áu [Hokkien, Tai-lo], duie'ao [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], tùi-auh [Hokkien, POJ], tuì-auh [Hokkien, Tai-lo], duie'auq [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun] Forms: 对拗
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 對拗
  1. (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) half-price Tags: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou-Hokkien Synonyms: 折半 (zhébàn), 對半折 [Hokkien], 对半折 [Hokkien]
    Sense id: en-對拗-zh-noun-rt45A5Ay Categories (other): Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien, Chinese entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Chinese entries with incorrect language header: 64 36 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 84 16 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 93 7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: 對折/对折 (duìzhé), 對折 (duìzhé), 对折 (duìzhé)

Verb [Chinese]

IPA: /tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/ [Hakka, Sinological-IPA], /tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/ [Hokkien, Xiamen, Zhangzhou], /tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/, /tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/, /tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/, /tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/, /tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/ Chinese transliterations: tui-áu [Hakka, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], tùi-áu, tùi-auh, tui-áu [Hakka, Phak-fa-su], dui^ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], auˋ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System], dui⁴ au³ [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka], tùi-áu [Hokkien, POJ], tuì-áu [Hokkien, Tai-lo], duie'ao [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun], tùi-auh [Hokkien, POJ], tuì-auh [Hokkien, Tai-lo], duie'auq [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun] Forms: 对拗
Head templates: {{zh-verb}} 對拗
  1. (Hakka, Southern Min) to fold in half Tags: Hakka, Min, Southern Synonyms: 對摺/对折 (duìzhé), 對摺 (duìzhé)
    Sense id: en-對拗-zh-verb-6VzXFZCI Categories (other): Hakka Chinese, Southern Min Chinese
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: 對折/对折 (duìzhé), 對折 (duìzhé), 对折 (duìzhé)
{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "对拗",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "對拗",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Hakka Chinese",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Southern Min Chinese",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to fold in half"
      ],
      "id": "en-對拗-zh-verb-6VzXFZCI",
      "links": [
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
        ],
        [
          "half",
          "half"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hakka, Southern Min) to fold in half"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "duìzhé",
          "word": "對摺/对折"
        },
        {
          "roman": "duìzhé",
          "word": "對摺"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Min",
        "Southern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui^"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "auˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui⁴ au³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'ao"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'auq"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折/对折"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "对折"
    }
  ],
  "word": "對拗"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "对拗",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "對拗",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Quanzhou Hokkien",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Xiamen Hokkien",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Zhangzhou Hokkien",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "64 36",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "84 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "93 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "half-price"
      ],
      "id": "en-對拗-zh-noun-rt45A5Ay",
      "links": [
        [
          "half-price",
          "half-price"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) half-price"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "zhébàn",
          "word": "折半"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hokkien"
          ],
          "word": "對半折"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hokkien"
          ],
          "word": "对半折"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Quanzhou",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui^"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "auˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui⁴ au³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'ao"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'auq"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折/对折"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "对折"
    }
  ],
  "word": "對拗"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 對",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 拗",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "对拗",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "對拗",
      "name": "zh-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Hakka Chinese",
        "Southern Min Chinese"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to fold in half"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fold",
          "fold"
        ],
        [
          "half",
          "half"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Hakka, Southern Min) to fold in half"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Min",
        "Southern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui^"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "auˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui⁴ au³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'ao"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'auq"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折/对折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對摺/对折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "对折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對摺"
    }
  ],
  "word": "對拗"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese nouns",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 對",
    "Chinese terms spelled with 拗",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Chinese verbs",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "对拗",
      "raw_tags": [
        "Simplified Chinese"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "對拗",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Quanzhou Hokkien",
        "Xiamen Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou Hokkien"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "half-price"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "half-price",
          "half-price"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) half-price"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Quanzhou",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tui-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui^"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "auˋ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dui⁴ au³"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-áu"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'ao"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tùi-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tuì-auh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "duie'auq"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tu̯i⁵⁵ au̯³¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁴¹ au⁴¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui¹¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui²¹⁻⁵³ au⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ auʔ⁵/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "zhébàn",
      "word": "折半"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折/对折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "對折"
    },
    {
      "roman": "duìzhé",
      "word": "对折"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien"
      ],
      "word": "對半折"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien"
      ],
      "word": "对半折"
    }
  ],
  "word": "對拗"
}

Download raw JSONL data for 對拗 meaning in All languages combined (4.5kB)

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
  "path": [
    "對拗"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "對拗",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)'",
  "path": [
    "對拗"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "對拗",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
  "path": [
    "對拗"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "對拗",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (f90d964 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.