แข็ง in All languages combined

IPA: /kʰɛŋ˩˩˦/ [standard] Forms: kɛ̌ng [romanization], ความแข็ง [abstract-noun] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”), from Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ or ᨡᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, Lao ແຂງ (khǣng), Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng), Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ, Shan ၶႅင် (khěng), Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng), Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ), Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ), Sapa xeŋᴬ¹, Bouyei jeengl, Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”) and แข้ง (“tight; tense”). Etymology templates: {{inh|th|tai-swe-pro|*kʰɛːŋᴬ¹||solid; hard}} Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”), {{inh|th|tai-pro|*k.reːŋᴬ||hard}} Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”), {{cog|nod|ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ}} Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ, {{cog|lo|ແຂງ}} Lao ແຂງ (khǣng), {{cog|khb|ᦶᦃᧂ}} Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng), {{cog|blt|ꪵꪄꪉ}} Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ, {{cog|shn|ၶႅင်}} Shan ၶႅင် (khěng), {{cog|tdd|ᥑᥦᥒᥴ}} Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng), {{cog|phk|ၵိင်}} Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ), {{cog|aho|𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫}} Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ), {{cog|tys||xeŋᴬ¹}} Sapa xeŋᴬ¹, {{cog|pcc|jeengl}} Bouyei jeengl, {{cog|skb|เถรี่ยง||hard}} Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”) Head templates: {{th-adj}} แข็ง • (kɛ̌ng) (abstract noun ความแข็ง)

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{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "nîm",
      "word": "นิ่ม"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ɔ̀ɔn",
      "word": "อ่อน"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-swe-pro",
        "3": "*kʰɛːŋᴬ¹",
        "4": "",
        "5": "solid; hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*k.reːŋᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nod",
        "2": "ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ແຂງ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ແຂງ (khǣng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦶᦃᧂ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪵꪄꪉ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၶႅင်"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၶႅင် (khěng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tdd",
        "2": "ᥑᥦᥒᥴ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "phk",
        "2": "ၵိင်"
      },
      "expansion": "Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tys",
        "2": "",
        "3": "xeŋᴬ¹"
      },
      "expansion": "Sapa xeŋᴬ¹",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pcc",
        "2": "jeengl"
      },
      "expansion": "Bouyei jeengl",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "skb",
        "2": "เถรี่ยง",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”), from Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ or ᨡᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, Lao ແຂງ (khǣng), Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng), Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ, Shan ၶႅင် (khěng), Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng), Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ), Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ), Sapa xeŋᴬ¹, Bouyei jeengl, Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”) and แข้ง (“tight; tense”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kɛ̌ng",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ความแข็ง",
      "tags": [
        "abstract-noun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "แข็ง • (kɛ̌ng) (abstract noun ความแข็ง)",
      "name": "th-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Thai terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "roman": "grà-dàat-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "กระดาษแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɔ̌ɔng-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "ของแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kêm-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "เข้มแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "word": "แข็งแกร่ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɛ̌ng-kɔ̂ɔ",
          "word": "แข็งข้อ"
        },
        {
          "word": "แข็งขัน"
        },
        {
          "word": "แข็งขืน"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɛ̌ng-jai",
          "word": "แข็งใจ"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɛ̌ng-dtuua",
          "word": "แข็งตัว"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɛ̌ng-rɛɛng",
          "word": "แข็งแรง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "kɔɔ-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "คอแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "jùt-yʉ̂ʉak-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "จุดเยือกแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chɛ̂ɛ-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "แช่แข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "dtàp-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "ตับแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "nám-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "น้ำแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "nám-káang-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "น้ำค้างแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "nəəi-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "เนยแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "má-lɛɛng-bpìik-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "แมลงปีกแข็ง"
        },
        {
          "roman": "máai-kɛ̌ng",
          "word": "ไม้แข็ง"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; rigid."
      ],
      "id": "en-แข็ง-th-adj-QspylKCt",
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "kɛ̌ɛng",
          "tags": [
            "obsolete"
          ],
          "word": "แขง"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɛŋ˩˩˦/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "แข็ง"
}

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{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "nîm",
      "word": "นิ่ม"
    },
    {
      "roman": "ɔ̀ɔn",
      "word": "อ่อน"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "grà-dàat-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "กระดาษแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɔ̌ɔng-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "ของแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kêm-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "เข้มแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "word": "แข็งแกร่ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɛ̌ng-kɔ̂ɔ",
      "word": "แข็งข้อ"
    },
    {
      "word": "แข็งขัน"
    },
    {
      "word": "แข็งขืน"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɛ̌ng-jai",
      "word": "แข็งใจ"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɛ̌ng-dtuua",
      "word": "แข็งตัว"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɛ̌ng-rɛɛng",
      "word": "แข็งแรง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "kɔɔ-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "คอแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "jùt-yʉ̂ʉak-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "จุดเยือกแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chɛ̂ɛ-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "แช่แข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dtàp-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "ตับแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nám-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "น้ำแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nám-káang-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "น้ำค้างแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "nəəi-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "เนยแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "má-lɛɛng-bpìik-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "แมลงปีกแข็ง"
    },
    {
      "roman": "máai-kɛ̌ng",
      "word": "ไม้แข็ง"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-swe-pro",
        "3": "*kʰɛːŋᴬ¹",
        "4": "",
        "5": "solid; hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "th",
        "2": "tai-pro",
        "3": "*k.reːŋᴬ",
        "4": "",
        "5": "hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nod",
        "2": "ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lo",
        "2": "ແຂງ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lao ແຂງ (khǣng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "khb",
        "2": "ᦶᦃᧂ"
      },
      "expansion": "Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "blt",
        "2": "ꪵꪄꪉ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "shn",
        "2": "ၶႅင်"
      },
      "expansion": "Shan ၶႅင် (khěng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tdd",
        "2": "ᥑᥦᥒᥴ"
      },
      "expansion": "Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "phk",
        "2": "ၵိင်"
      },
      "expansion": "Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "aho",
        "2": "𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫"
      },
      "expansion": "Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tys",
        "2": "",
        "3": "xeŋᴬ¹"
      },
      "expansion": "Sapa xeŋᴬ¹",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pcc",
        "2": "jeengl"
      },
      "expansion": "Bouyei jeengl",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "skb",
        "2": "เถรี่ยง",
        "3": "",
        "4": "hard"
      },
      "expansion": "Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Southwestern Tai *kʰɛːŋᴬ¹ (“solid; hard”), from Proto-Tai *k.reːŋᴬ (“hard”). Cognate with Northern Thai ᨡᩯ᩠ᨦ or ᨡᩯᩢ᩠ᨦ, Lao ແຂງ (khǣng), Lü ᦶᦃᧂ (ẋaeng), Tai Dam ꪵꪄꪉ, Shan ၶႅင် (khěng), Tai Nüa ᥑᥦᥒᥴ (xáeng), Phake ၵိင် (khiṅ), Ahom 𑜁𑜢𑜂𑜫 (khiṅ), Sapa xeŋᴬ¹, Bouyei jeengl, Saek เถรี่ยง (“hard”) and แข้ง (“tight; tense”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "kɛ̌ng",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ความแข็ง",
      "tags": [
        "abstract-noun"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "แข็ง • (kɛ̌ng) (abstract noun ความแข็ง)",
      "name": "th-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Thai",
  "lang_code": "th",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Rhymes:Thai/ɛŋ",
        "Thai 1-syllable words",
        "Thai adjectives",
        "Thai entries with incorrect language header",
        "Thai lemmas",
        "Thai terms derived from Proto-Southwestern Tai",
        "Thai terms derived from Proto-Tai",
        "Thai terms inherited from Proto-Southwestern Tai",
        "Thai terms inherited from Proto-Tai",
        "Thai terms spelled with ◌็",
        "Thai terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Thai terms with redundant script codes"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hard; rigid."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hard",
          "hard"
        ],
        [
          "rigid",
          "rigid"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/kʰɛŋ˩˩˦/",
      "tags": [
        "standard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "kɛ̌ɛng",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "แขง"
    }
  ],
  "word": "แข็ง"
}

Download raw JSONL data for แข็ง meaning in All languages combined (4.2kB)

[Show JSON error data ▼] [Hide JSON error data ▲]

{
  "called_from": "parser/304",
  "msg": "HTML tag <table> not properly closed",
  "path": [
    "แข็ง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "แข็ง",
  "trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 3"
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </tr>",
  "path": [
    "แข็ง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "แข็ง",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "parser/1336",
  "msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </table>",
  "path": [
    "แข็ง"
  ],
  "section": "Thai",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "แข็ง",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"แข็ง" meaning in All languages combined

Adjective [Thai]