"طوكوز" meaning in All languages combined

See طوكوز on Wiktionary

Noun [Ottoman Turkish]

Forms: doñuz [romanization], طوكوزی [accusative, definite], طوكوزلر [plural], طوكز [alternative], طوموز [alternative], տօնկուզ [alternative], տօմուզ [alternative]
Etymology: Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”); cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz), Azerbaijani donuz, Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź), Kazakh доңыз (doñyz), Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz), Turkmen doňuz, Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz) and Uzbek toʻngʻiz. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|ota|trk-cmn-pro|*toŋuz||pig|g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”), {{inh+|ota|trk-cmn-pro|*toŋuz|t=pig}} Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”), {{cog|otk|𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕|tr=toŋuz}} Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz), {{cog|az|donuz}} Azerbaijani donuz, {{cog|ba|дуңғыҙ}} Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź), {{cog|kk|доңыз}} Kazakh доңыз (doñyz), {{cog|ky|доңуз}} Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz), {{cog|tk|doňuz}} Turkmen doňuz, {{cog|ug|توقگۇز}} Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz), {{cog|uz|toʻngʻiz}} Uzbek toʻngʻiz Head templates: {{head|ota|noun|definite accusative|طوكوزی|plural|طوكوزلر|f1tr=doñuzu|f2tr=doñuzlar|tr=doñuz}} طوكوز • (doñuz) (definite accusative طوكوزی (doñuzu), plural طوكوزلر (doñuzlar))
  1. pig, swine, any of several mammalian species of the genus Sus, having cloven hooves, bristles and a nose adapted for digging Synonyms: خنزیر, خوك
    Sense id: en-طوكوز-ota-noun-7rCcGucb Categories (other): Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations, Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries, Pigs Disambiguation of Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations: 84 16 Disambiguation of Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header: 78 22 Disambiguation of Pages with 1 entry: 79 21 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 81 19 Disambiguation of Pigs: 68 32
  2. (derogatory) swine, a contemptible and extremely disagreeable person that usually behaves in a very unpleasant and mean way Tags: derogatory Synonyms: خنزیر
    Sense id: en-طوكوز-ota-noun-ZZqpiRxl
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: دیشی طوكوز (dişi doñuz) (english: sow), طوكوز آغرشاغی (doñuz ağırşağı) (english: cyclamen), طوكوز آیاغی (doñuz ayağı) (english: caltrop), طوكوز آیریغی (doñuz ayrığı) (english: bogrush), طوكوز اكمكی (doñuz ekmeği) (english: cyclamen), طوكوز الماسی (doñuz elması) (english: truffle), طوكوز باشی (doñuz başı) (english: scrophula), طوكوز باصدرمهسی (doñuz basdırması) (english: bacon), طوكوز بالغی (doñuz balığı) (english: grampus), طوكوز بودی (doñuz budu) (english: leg of pork), طوكوز بورونی (doñuz burunu) (english: kind of whitlow), طوكوز عربهسی (doñuz ʼarabası) (english: truck), طوكوز قیلی (doñuz kılı) (english: pig bristle), طوكوز كبی (doñuz gibi) (english: great bully), طوكوز یاغی (doñuz yağı) (english: pork lard), طوكوز یاوروسی (doñuz yavrusu) (english: piglet), طوكوزلان (doñuzlan) (english: which lives like swine), طوكوزلانمق (doñuzlanmak) (english: to become like a pig), طوكوزلق (doñuzluk) (english: pigsty), چالیجی طوكوز (çalıcı doñuz) (english: boar), یابان طوكوزی (yaban doñuzu) (english: boar)
{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "sow",
      "roman": "dişi doñuz",
      "word": "دیشی طوكوز"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "cyclamen",
      "roman": "doñuz ağırşağı",
      "word": "طوكوز آغرشاغی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "caltrop",
      "roman": "doñuz ayağı",
      "word": "طوكوز آیاغی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "bogrush",
      "roman": "doñuz ayrığı",
      "word": "طوكوز آیریغی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "cyclamen",
      "roman": "doñuz ekmeği",
      "word": "طوكوز اكمكی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "truffle",
      "roman": "doñuz elması",
      "word": "طوكوز الماسی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "scrophula",
      "roman": "doñuz başı",
      "word": "طوكوز باشی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "bacon",
      "roman": "doñuz basdırması",
      "word": "طوكوز باصدرمهسی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "grampus",
      "roman": "doñuz balığı",
      "word": "طوكوز بالغی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "leg of pork",
      "roman": "doñuz budu",
      "word": "طوكوز بودی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "kind of whitlow",
      "roman": "doñuz burunu",
      "word": "طوكوز بورونی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "truck",
      "roman": "doñuz ʼarabası",
      "word": "طوكوز عربهسی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "pig bristle",
      "roman": "doñuz kılı",
      "word": "طوكوز قیلی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "great bully",
      "roman": "doñuz gibi",
      "word": "طوكوز كبی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "pork lard",
      "roman": "doñuz yağı",
      "word": "طوكوز یاغی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "piglet",
      "roman": "doñuz yavrusu",
      "word": "طوكوز یاوروسی"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "which lives like swine",
      "roman": "doñuzlan",
      "word": "طوكوزلان"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "to become like a pig",
      "roman": "doñuzlanmak",
      "word": "طوكوزلانمق"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "pigsty",
      "roman": "doñuzluk",
      "word": "طوكوزلق"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "boar",
      "roman": "çalıcı doñuz",
      "word": "چالیجی طوكوز"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "english": "boar",
      "roman": "yaban doñuzu",
      "word": "یابان طوكوزی"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "domuz"
          },
          "expansion": "Turkish: domuz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Turkish: domuz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "domuz",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: domuz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: domuz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "trk-cmn-pro",
        "3": "*toŋuz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "pig",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "trk-cmn-pro",
        "3": "*toŋuz",
        "t": "pig"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "otk",
        "2": "𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕",
        "tr": "toŋuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "donuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani donuz",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ba",
        "2": "дуңғыҙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kk",
        "2": "доңыз"
      },
      "expansion": "Kazakh доңыз (doñyz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ky",
        "2": "доңуз"
      },
      "expansion": "Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tk",
        "2": "doňuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkmen doňuz",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ug",
        "2": "توقگۇز"
      },
      "expansion": "Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uz",
        "2": "toʻngʻiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Uzbek toʻngʻiz",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”); cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz), Azerbaijani donuz, Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź), Kazakh доңыз (doñyz), Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz), Turkmen doňuz, Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz) and Uzbek toʻngʻiz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "doñuz",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكوزی",
      "roman": "doñuzu",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكوزلر",
      "roman": "doñuzlar",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكز",
      "roman": "doñuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوموز",
      "roman": "domuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "տօնկուզ",
      "roman": "donguz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "տօմուզ",
      "roman": "domuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "definite accusative",
        "4": "طوكوزی",
        "5": "plural",
        "6": "طوكوزلر",
        "f1tr": "doñuzu",
        "f2tr": "doñuzlar",
        "tr": "doñuz"
      },
      "expansion": "طوكوز • (doñuz) (definite accusative طوكوزی (doñuzu), plural طوكوزلر (doñuzlar))",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
  "lang_code": "ota",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "84 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "78 22",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "79 21",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "81 19",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "68 32",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "ota",
          "name": "Pigs",
          "orig": "ota:Pigs",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "pig, swine, any of several mammalian species of the genus Sus, having cloven hooves, bristles and a nose adapted for digging"
      ],
      "id": "en-طوكوز-ota-noun-7rCcGucb",
      "links": [
        [
          "pig",
          "pig"
        ],
        [
          "swine",
          "swine"
        ],
        [
          "mammalian",
          "mammalian"
        ],
        [
          "Sus",
          "Sus"
        ],
        [
          "hooves",
          "hooves"
        ],
        [
          "bristle",
          "bristle"
        ],
        [
          "nose",
          "nose"
        ],
        [
          "digging",
          "digging"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "خنزیر"
        },
        {
          "word": "خوك"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "swine, a contemptible and extremely disagreeable person that usually behaves in a very unpleasant and mean way"
      ],
      "id": "en-طوكوز-ota-noun-ZZqpiRxl",
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "swine",
          "swine"
        ],
        [
          "contemptible",
          "contemptible"
        ],
        [
          "disagreeable",
          "disagreeable"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) swine, a contemptible and extremely disagreeable person that usually behaves in a very unpleasant and mean way"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "خنزیر"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "طوكوز"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Old Turkic terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
    "Ottoman Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Ottoman Turkish lemmas",
    "Ottoman Turkish nouns",
    "Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Proto-Common Turkic",
    "Ottoman Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Common Turkic",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ota:Pigs"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "sow",
      "roman": "dişi doñuz",
      "word": "دیشی طوكوز"
    },
    {
      "english": "cyclamen",
      "roman": "doñuz ağırşağı",
      "word": "طوكوز آغرشاغی"
    },
    {
      "english": "caltrop",
      "roman": "doñuz ayağı",
      "word": "طوكوز آیاغی"
    },
    {
      "english": "bogrush",
      "roman": "doñuz ayrığı",
      "word": "طوكوز آیریغی"
    },
    {
      "english": "cyclamen",
      "roman": "doñuz ekmeği",
      "word": "طوكوز اكمكی"
    },
    {
      "english": "truffle",
      "roman": "doñuz elması",
      "word": "طوكوز الماسی"
    },
    {
      "english": "scrophula",
      "roman": "doñuz başı",
      "word": "طوكوز باشی"
    },
    {
      "english": "bacon",
      "roman": "doñuz basdırması",
      "word": "طوكوز باصدرمهسی"
    },
    {
      "english": "grampus",
      "roman": "doñuz balığı",
      "word": "طوكوز بالغی"
    },
    {
      "english": "leg of pork",
      "roman": "doñuz budu",
      "word": "طوكوز بودی"
    },
    {
      "english": "kind of whitlow",
      "roman": "doñuz burunu",
      "word": "طوكوز بورونی"
    },
    {
      "english": "truck",
      "roman": "doñuz ʼarabası",
      "word": "طوكوز عربهسی"
    },
    {
      "english": "pig bristle",
      "roman": "doñuz kılı",
      "word": "طوكوز قیلی"
    },
    {
      "english": "great bully",
      "roman": "doñuz gibi",
      "word": "طوكوز كبی"
    },
    {
      "english": "pork lard",
      "roman": "doñuz yağı",
      "word": "طوكوز یاغی"
    },
    {
      "english": "piglet",
      "roman": "doñuz yavrusu",
      "word": "طوكوز یاوروسی"
    },
    {
      "english": "which lives like swine",
      "roman": "doñuzlan",
      "word": "طوكوزلان"
    },
    {
      "english": "to become like a pig",
      "roman": "doñuzlanmak",
      "word": "طوكوزلانمق"
    },
    {
      "english": "pigsty",
      "roman": "doñuzluk",
      "word": "طوكوزلق"
    },
    {
      "english": "boar",
      "roman": "çalıcı doñuz",
      "word": "چالیجی طوكوز"
    },
    {
      "english": "boar",
      "roman": "yaban doñuzu",
      "word": "یابان طوكوزی"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "tr",
            "2": "domuz"
          },
          "expansion": "Turkish: domuz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Turkish: domuz"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ro",
            "2": "domuz",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Romanian: domuz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Romanian: domuz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "trk-cmn-pro",
        "3": "*toŋuz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "pig",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "trk-cmn-pro",
        "3": "*toŋuz",
        "t": "pig"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "otk",
        "2": "𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕",
        "tr": "toŋuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "az",
        "2": "donuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Azerbaijani donuz",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ba",
        "2": "дуңғыҙ"
      },
      "expansion": "Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "kk",
        "2": "доңыз"
      },
      "expansion": "Kazakh доңыз (doñyz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ky",
        "2": "доңуз"
      },
      "expansion": "Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "tk",
        "2": "doňuz"
      },
      "expansion": "Turkmen doňuz",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ug",
        "2": "توقگۇز"
      },
      "expansion": "Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "uz",
        "2": "toʻngʻiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Uzbek toʻngʻiz",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Common Turkic *toŋuz (“pig”); cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃𐰆𐰭𐰆𐰕 (toŋuz), Azerbaijani donuz, Bashkir дуңғыҙ (duñğıź), Kazakh доңыз (doñyz), Kyrgyz доңуз (doŋuz), Turkmen doňuz, Uyghur توقگۇز (toqguz) and Uzbek toʻngʻiz.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "doñuz",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكوزی",
      "roman": "doñuzu",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "definite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكوزلر",
      "roman": "doñuzlar",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوكز",
      "roman": "doñuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "طوموز",
      "roman": "domuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "տօնկուզ",
      "roman": "donguz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "տօմուզ",
      "roman": "domuz",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ota",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "definite accusative",
        "4": "طوكوزی",
        "5": "plural",
        "6": "طوكوزلر",
        "f1tr": "doñuzu",
        "f2tr": "doñuzlar",
        "tr": "doñuz"
      },
      "expansion": "طوكوز • (doñuz) (definite accusative طوكوزی (doñuzu), plural طوكوزلر (doñuzlar))",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
  "lang_code": "ota",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "pig, swine, any of several mammalian species of the genus Sus, having cloven hooves, bristles and a nose adapted for digging"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pig",
          "pig"
        ],
        [
          "swine",
          "swine"
        ],
        [
          "mammalian",
          "mammalian"
        ],
        [
          "Sus",
          "Sus"
        ],
        [
          "hooves",
          "hooves"
        ],
        [
          "bristle",
          "bristle"
        ],
        [
          "nose",
          "nose"
        ],
        [
          "digging",
          "digging"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "خنزیر"
        },
        {
          "word": "خوك"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Ottoman Turkish derogatory terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "swine, a contemptible and extremely disagreeable person that usually behaves in a very unpleasant and mean way"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "derogatory",
          "derogatory"
        ],
        [
          "swine",
          "swine"
        ],
        [
          "contemptible",
          "contemptible"
        ],
        [
          "disagreeable",
          "disagreeable"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(derogatory) swine, a contemptible and extremely disagreeable person that usually behaves in a very unpleasant and mean way"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "خنزیر"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "derogatory"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "طوكوز"
}

Download raw JSONL data for طوكوز meaning in All languages combined (5.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.