See ضربة on Wiktionary
{ "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "mt", "2": "darba" }, "expansion": "Maltese: darba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Maltese: darba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "az", "2": "zərbə", "3": "ضربه", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Azerbaijani: zərbə, ضربه", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Azerbaijani: zərbə, ضربه" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ota", "2": "ضربه", "bor": "1", "tr": "żarbe, darbe" }, "expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ضربه (żarbe, darbe)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ضربه (żarbe, darbe)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "tr", "2": "darbe", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "> Turkish: darbe (inherited)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "> Turkish: darbe (inherited)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "zerbe", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Northern Kurdish: zerbe", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Northern Kurdish: zerbe" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "fa", "2": "ضربه", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Persian: ضربه", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Persian: ضربه" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "sw", "2": "dhoruba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Swahili: dhoruba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Swahili: dhoruba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "tk", "2": "zarba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Turkmen: zarba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Turkmen: zarba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ug", "2": "زەربە", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Uyghur: زەربە (zerbe)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Uyghur: زەربە (zerbe)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "zarba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Uzbek: zarba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Uzbek: zarba" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "Instance noun", "name": "ar-instance noun" } ], "etymology_text": "Instance noun from ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, hit”).", "forms": [ { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "ḍarba", "tags": [ "romanization" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "tags": [ "plural" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "ar-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "roman": "ḍarba", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَة", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarba", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "roman": "ḍarbat", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةٌ", "roman": "ḍarbatun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةُ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةُ", "roman": "ḍarbatu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةً", "roman": "ḍarbatan", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةَ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbata", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "definite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةَ", "roman": "ḍarbata", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "construct", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةٍ", "roman": "ḍarbatin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "genitive", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbati", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةِ", "roman": "ḍarbati", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْن", "roman": "ḍarbatayn", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْن", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayn", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَانِ", "roman": "ḍarbatāni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَانِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatāni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَا", "roman": "ḍarbatā", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "genitive", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "indefinite", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَات", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٌ", "roman": "ḍarabātun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "indefinite", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتُ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabātu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتُ", "roman": "ḍarabātu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٍ", "roman": "ḍarabātin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "feminine", "indefinite", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "definite", "feminine", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتِ", "roman": "ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "construct", "feminine", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٍ", "roman": "ḍarabātin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "genitive", "indefinite", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "genitive", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتِ", "roman": "ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "genitive", "plural", "sound-form" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ضَرْبَة", "2": "f", "pl": "ضَرَبَات" }, "expansion": "ضَرْبَة • (ḍarba) f (plural ضَرَبَات (ḍarabāt))", "name": "ar-noun" } ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ضَرْبَة", "pl": "ضَرَبَات" }, "name": "ar-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Arabic", "lang_code": "ar", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "a blow, a stroke, a hit" ], "id": "en-ضربة-ar-noun-EVnNPHsn", "links": [ [ "blow", "blow" ], [ "stroke", "stroke" ], [ "hit", "hit" ] ] }, { "glosses": [ "a shot, a report of a gun" ], "id": "en-ضربة-ar-noun-6WwONNr5", "links": [ [ "shot", "shot" ], [ "report", "report" ], [ "gun", "gun" ] ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "5 24 71", "kind": "other", "name": "Arabic entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "20 31 49", "kind": "other", "name": "Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "20 27 54", "kind": "other", "name": "Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "12 26 63", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 1 entry", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "7 14 79", "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "5 12 83", "kind": "topical", "langcode": "ar", "name": "Violence", "orig": "ar:Violence", "parents": [ "Human behaviour", "Human", "All topics", "Fundamental" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "a punishment, a torment" ], "id": "en-ضربة-ar-noun-TQGjsfEd", "links": [ [ "punishment", "punishment" ], [ "torment", "torment" ] ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/dˤar.ba/" }, { "audio": "Ar-ضربة.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg" } ], "word": "ضربة" }
{ "categories": [ "Arabic 2-syllable words", "Arabic entries with incorrect language header", "Arabic feminine nouns", "Arabic instance nouns", "Arabic lemmas", "Arabic nouns", "Arabic nouns with sound feminine plural", "Arabic nouns with triptote singular in -a", "Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "ar:Violence" ], "descendants": [ { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "mt", "2": "darba" }, "expansion": "Maltese: darba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "Maltese: darba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "az", "2": "zərbə", "3": "ضربه", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Azerbaijani: zərbə, ضربه", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Azerbaijani: zərbə, ضربه" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ota", "2": "ضربه", "bor": "1", "tr": "żarbe, darbe" }, "expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ضربه (żarbe, darbe)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ضربه (żarbe, darbe)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "tr", "2": "darbe", "inh": "1" }, "expansion": "> Turkish: darbe (inherited)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "> Turkish: darbe (inherited)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "zerbe", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Northern Kurdish: zerbe", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Northern Kurdish: zerbe" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "fa", "2": "ضربه", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Persian: ضربه", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Persian: ضربه" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "sw", "2": "dhoruba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Swahili: dhoruba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Swahili: dhoruba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "tk", "2": "zarba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Turkmen: zarba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Turkmen: zarba" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ug", "2": "زەربە", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Uyghur: زەربە (zerbe)", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Uyghur: زەربە (zerbe)" }, { "depth": 1, "templates": [ { "args": { "1": "uz", "2": "zarba", "bor": "1" }, "expansion": "→ Uzbek: zarba", "name": "desc" } ], "text": "→ Uzbek: zarba" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "Instance noun", "name": "ar-instance noun" } ], "etymology_text": "Instance noun from ضَرَبَ (ḍaraba, “to beat, hit”).", "forms": [ { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "tags": [ "canonical" ] }, { "form": "ḍarba", "tags": [ "romanization" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "tags": [ "plural" ] }, { "form": "no-table-tags", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "table-tags" ] }, { "form": "ar-decl-noun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "inflection-template" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "roman": "ḍarba", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَة", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarba", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَة", "roman": "ḍarbat", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةٌ", "roman": "ḍarbatun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةُ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةُ", "roman": "ḍarbatu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةً", "roman": "ḍarbatan", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةَ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbata", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "definite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةَ", "roman": "ḍarbata", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "construct", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةٍ", "roman": "ḍarbatin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "genitive", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَةِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbati", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَةِ", "roman": "ḍarbati", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْن", "roman": "ḍarbatayn", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْن", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayn", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "informal", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَانِ", "roman": "ḍarbatāni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَانِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatāni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَا", "roman": "ḍarbatā", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "nominative", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "dual", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "dual", "genitive", "indefinite", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرْبَتَيْنِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarbatayni", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "definite", "dual", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرْبَتَيْ", "roman": "ḍarbatay", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "ar-infl-a", "construct", "dual", "genitive", "singular", "triptote" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "indefinite", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَات", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَات", "roman": "ḍarabāt", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "informal", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٌ", "roman": "ḍarabātun", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "indefinite", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتُ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabātu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتُ", "roman": "ḍarabātu", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "nominative", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٍ", "roman": "ḍarabātin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "feminine", "indefinite", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "definite", "feminine", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتِ", "roman": "ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "accusative", "construct", "feminine", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتٍ", "roman": "ḍarabātin", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "feminine", "genitive", "indefinite", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "الضَّرَبَاتِ", "roman": "aḍ-ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "definite", "feminine", "genitive", "plural", "sound-form" ] }, { "form": "ضَرَبَاتِ", "roman": "ḍarabāti", "source": "declension", "tags": [ "construct", "feminine", "genitive", "plural", "sound-form" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ضَرْبَة", "2": "f", "pl": "ضَرَبَات" }, "expansion": "ضَرْبَة • (ḍarba) f (plural ضَرَبَات (ḍarabāt))", "name": "ar-noun" } ], "inflection_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "ضَرْبَة", "pl": "ضَرَبَات" }, "name": "ar-decl-noun" } ], "lang": "Arabic", "lang_code": "ar", "pos": "noun", "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "a blow, a stroke, a hit" ], "links": [ [ "blow", "blow" ], [ "stroke", "stroke" ], [ "hit", "hit" ] ] }, { "glosses": [ "a shot, a report of a gun" ], "links": [ [ "shot", "shot" ], [ "report", "report" ], [ "gun", "gun" ] ] }, { "glosses": [ "a punishment, a torment" ], "links": [ [ "punishment", "punishment" ], [ "torment", "torment" ] ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/dˤar.ba/" }, { "audio": "Ar-ضربة.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Ar-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9.ogg" } ], "word": "ضربة" }
Download raw JSONL data for ضربة meaning in All languages combined (9.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (9a96ef4 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.