See чугун on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "čugúnka",
"word": "чугу́нка"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "čugunolitejnyj",
"word": "чугунолитейный"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "չուգուն",
"bor": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "çuqun",
"bor": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Azerbaijani: çuqun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Azerbaijani: çuqun"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "cuguna",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: cuguna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: cuguna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "چدن",
"bor": "on",
"tr": "čodan"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: چدن (čodan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: چدن (čodan)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "zle-mru",
"3": "чюгунъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "zle-mru",
"3": "чюгунъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "чугун"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash чугун (čugun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "çuqun",
"3": "",
"4": "cast iron; iron pot"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani çuqun (“cast iron; iron pot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "чуен"
},
"expansion": "Tatar чуен (çuyen)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "çoyun"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar çoyun",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "جويكن",
"t": "cast iron; teapot",
"tr": "çöygen"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, “cast iron; teapot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "чоюн"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk чоюн (çoyun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "чӧйгӧн",
"t": "teapot"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, “teapot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "чавун",
"3": "",
"4": "cast iron; iron pot"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian чавун (čavun, “cast iron; iron pot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "ceaun",
"3": "",
"4": "cauldron"
},
"expansion": "Romanian ceaun (“cauldron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "جُوذِن",
"tr": "čoδïn"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "鑄",
"4": "",
"5": "to cast"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun) (att. no later than 1665), likely a back-formation from чюгунной (čjugunnoj) first appearing in the Pskov 3rd Chronicle in the context of a 1615 siege (even though iron shot was cast in Russia already in late 16th century).\nA Turkic borrowing, the most closely fitting are Chuvash чугун (čugun) and Azerbaijani çuqun (“cast iron; iron pot”), but both may be Russian loans. Cf. also Tatar чуен (çuyen), Crimean Tatar çoyun, Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, “cast iron; teapot”), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, “teapot”), Ukrainian чавун (čavun, “cast iron; iron pot”), Romanian ceaun (“cauldron”).\nMudrak notes that medieval Turkic cognates meant either 'bronze, copper' as with Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn) or 'iron ore', that in Karluk-Yugur, Altay and Teleut they denote metallic vessels, and suggests that it was derived from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”).\nRäsänen notes that common turkic cognates (like to Southern Altai чой (čoy), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), etc) were from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”). Given that South Siberian Turkic has -y- (like to Shor шойун (šoyun), Tuvan шой (şoy), Khakas сойын (soyın), etc.), ultimately it was borrowed by 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”).\nAlso, See also Bashkir ҡурғаш (qurğaş), Kyrgyz коргошун (korgoşun), Southern Altai коргожын (korgožïn).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "čugún",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́в",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́нный",
"tags": [
"adjective",
"relational"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́к",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-b",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"roman": "čugún",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"roman": "čuguný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́",
"roman": "čuguná",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́в",
"roman": "čugunóv",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуну́",
"roman": "čugunú",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́м",
"roman": "čugunám",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"roman": "čugún",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"roman": "čuguný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́м",
"roman": "čugunóm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́ми",
"roman": "čugunámi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуне́",
"roman": "čuguné",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́х",
"roman": "čugunáx",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "чугу́н",
"adj": "чугу́нный",
"dim": "чугуно́к"
},
"expansion": "чугу́н • (čugún) m inan (genitive чугуна́, nominative plural чугуны́, genitive plural чугуно́в, relational adjective чугу́нный, diminutive чугуно́к)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "želézo",
"word": "желе́зо"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "stalʹ",
"word": "сталь"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian nouns with accent pattern b",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "69 31",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ru",
"name": "Alloys",
"orig": "ru:Alloys",
"parents": [
"Metals",
"Matter",
"Metallurgy",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Technology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gray cast iron",
"roman": "séryj čugún",
"text": "се́рый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "white cast iron",
"roman": "bélyj čugún",
"text": "бе́лый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pig iron",
"roman": "peredélʹnyj čugún",
"text": "переде́льный чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pig iron",
"roman": "čúškovyj čugún",
"text": "чу́шковый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "malleable iron",
"roman": "kóvkij čugún",
"text": "ко́вкий чугу́н",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cast iron"
],
"id": "en-чугун-ru-noun-52sOX8By",
"links": [
[
"cast iron",
"cast iron"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 84",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ru",
"name": "Cookware and bakeware",
"orig": "ru:Cookware and bakeware",
"parents": [
"Kitchenware",
"Cooking",
"Home appliances",
"Tools",
"Food and drink",
"Home",
"Machines",
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cooking pot (traditionally made of cast iron)"
],
"id": "en-чугун-ru-noun-2LlWI60y",
"links": [
[
"cooking pot",
"cooking pot"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕʊˈɡun]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "čugún",
"word": "чугу́нъ — Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ru:чугун"
],
"word": "чугун"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Russian 2-syllable words",
"Russian entries with incorrect language header",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form accent-b nouns",
"Russian hard-stem masculine-form nouns",
"Russian inanimate nouns",
"Russian lemmas",
"Russian links with redundant wikilinks",
"Russian masculine nouns",
"Russian nouns",
"Russian nouns with accent pattern b",
"Russian terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Russian terms derived from Middle Russian",
"Russian terms derived from Turkic languages",
"Russian terms inherited from Middle Russian",
"Russian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"ru:Alloys",
"ru:Cookware and bakeware"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "čugúnka",
"word": "чугу́нка"
},
{
"roman": "čugunolitejnyj",
"word": "чугунолитейный"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "չուգուն",
"bor": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Armenian: չուգուն (čʻugun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "çuqun",
"bor": "on"
},
"expansion": "→ Azerbaijani: çuqun",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Azerbaijani: çuqun"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "cuguna",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ingrian: cuguna",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ingrian: cuguna"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "چدن",
"bor": "on",
"tr": "čodan"
},
"expansion": "→ Persian: چدن (čodan)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Persian: چدن (čodan)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "zle-mru",
"3": "чюгунъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "zle-mru",
"3": "чюгунъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "trk"
},
"expansion": "Turkic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cv",
"2": "чугун"
},
"expansion": "Chuvash чугун (čugun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "çuqun",
"3": "",
"4": "cast iron; iron pot"
},
"expansion": "Azerbaijani çuqun (“cast iron; iron pot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tt",
"2": "чуен"
},
"expansion": "Tatar чуен (çuyen)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "crh",
"2": "çoyun"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Tatar çoyun",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "جويكن",
"t": "cast iron; teapot",
"tr": "çöygen"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, “cast iron; teapot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kum",
"2": "чоюн"
},
"expansion": "Kumyk чоюн (çoyun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "alt",
"2": "чӧйгӧн",
"t": "teapot"
},
"expansion": "Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, “teapot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "чавун",
"3": "",
"4": "cast iron; iron pot"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian чавун (čavun, “cast iron; iron pot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "ceaun",
"3": "",
"4": "cauldron"
},
"expansion": "Romanian ceaun (“cauldron”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xqa",
"2": "جُوذِن",
"tr": "čoδïn"
},
"expansion": "Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "鑄",
"4": "",
"5": "to cast"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Russian чюгунъ (čjugun) (att. no later than 1665), likely a back-formation from чюгунной (čjugunnoj) first appearing in the Pskov 3rd Chronicle in the context of a 1615 siege (even though iron shot was cast in Russia already in late 16th century).\nA Turkic borrowing, the most closely fitting are Chuvash чугун (čugun) and Azerbaijani çuqun (“cast iron; iron pot”), but both may be Russian loans. Cf. also Tatar чуен (çuyen), Crimean Tatar çoyun, Ottoman Turkish جويكن (çöygen, “cast iron; teapot”), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), Southern Altai чӧйгӧн (čöygön, “teapot”), Ukrainian чавун (čavun, “cast iron; iron pot”), Romanian ceaun (“cauldron”).\nMudrak notes that medieval Turkic cognates meant either 'bronze, copper' as with Karakhanid جُوذِن (čoδïn) or 'iron ore', that in Karluk-Yugur, Altay and Teleut they denote metallic vessels, and suggests that it was derived from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”).\nRäsänen notes that common turkic cognates (like to Southern Altai чой (čoy), Kumyk чоюн (çoyun), etc) were from Middle Chinese 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”). Given that South Siberian Turkic has -y- (like to Shor шойун (šoyun), Tuvan шой (şoy), Khakas сойын (soyın), etc.), ultimately it was borrowed by 鑄 (t͡ɕɨoᴴ, “to cast”).\nAlso, See also Bashkir ҡурғаш (qurğaş), Kyrgyz коргошун (korgoşun), Southern Altai коргожын (korgožïn).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "čugún",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́в",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́нный",
"tags": [
"adjective",
"relational"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́к",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ru-noun-table",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "hard-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "accent-b",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"roman": "čugún",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"roman": "čuguný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́",
"roman": "čuguná",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́в",
"roman": "čugunóv",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуну́",
"roman": "čugunú",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́м",
"roman": "čugunám",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугу́н",
"roman": "čugún",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуны́",
"roman": "čuguný",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуно́м",
"roman": "čugunóm",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́ми",
"roman": "čugunámi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуне́",
"roman": "čuguné",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"prepositional",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "чугуна́х",
"roman": "čugunáx",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prepositional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "b",
"2": "чугу́н",
"adj": "чугу́нный",
"dim": "чугуно́к"
},
"expansion": "чугу́н • (čugún) m inan (genitive чугуна́, nominative plural чугуны́, genitive plural чугуно́в, relational adjective чугу́нный, diminutive чугуно́к)",
"name": "ru-noun+"
}
],
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "želézo",
"word": "желе́зо"
},
{
"roman": "stalʹ",
"word": "сталь"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Russian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "gray cast iron",
"roman": "séryj čugún",
"text": "се́рый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "white cast iron",
"roman": "bélyj čugún",
"text": "бе́лый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pig iron",
"roman": "peredélʹnyj čugún",
"text": "переде́льный чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pig iron",
"roman": "čúškovyj čugún",
"text": "чу́шковый чугу́н",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "malleable iron",
"roman": "kóvkij čugún",
"text": "ко́вкий чугу́н",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cast iron"
],
"links": [
[
"cast iron",
"cast iron"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"cooking pot (traditionally made of cast iron)"
],
"links": [
[
"cooking pot",
"cooking pot"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[t͡ɕʊˈɡun]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "čugún",
"word": "чугу́нъ — Pre-reform orthography (1918)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"ru:чугун"
],
"word": "чугун"
}
Download raw JSONL data for чугун meaning in All languages combined (8.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.