по

Вървя по улицата.

used to indicate movement over a surface or movement bound to certain limits (usually continuous or repeating in time), on, over, through, along

Потупах го по рамото.

Ударих го по главата.

Тъгувам по лятото.

introducing the object of a targeted action or for an action related to certain state, on, over, for

По евро за книга.

Двама по двама.

Тичам по малко (всеки ден).
Tičam po malko (vseki den).
I am running a little (every day).

in conjunction with countable nouns for price or quantity, expressing quantity, expressing distribution, by

По обед.

По Коледа.

Ходя по чорапи.

used to describe attire, in, with ... on

Пращам го по автобус.

Пращам го по въздушна поща.

Говоря по телефона.

Учител по история.

Факултет по физика.

indicating an activity or its domain, of

Съдя го по външността му.

Работя по усмотрение.

Пропуснато е по погрешка.

По негова вина закъснях.

Плувам по течението.

Ходя по пътеката.


по

Корабите са по-бавни от самолетите.

Този филм е по-интересен.

Трябва да ходя по-бързо.

used as a prefix to form comparative for adjectives and adverbs, more

head

по́- • (pó-)


по

По́ я обичам!

Той е по́ юнак от теб.

used for nouns, verbs and other parts of speech to form a comparative, more

Областта е по́ на север.

used before prepositions to form a comparative, more, further


по

Ќе се вратат по вечерата.

Одам по улицата.

Влезете еден по еден.

Два по два е четири.

По тебе, што ќе се случи следно?

According to you, what's going to happen next?

Излегува по кратки ракави.

Отиде на пазар по пиперки.

He went to the marketplace to get peppers.


по

Тарака́н бе́гал по столу́.

Он плыл по реке́.

Они́ путеше́ствовали по Евро́пе.

Они́ путеше́ствовали по ра́зным города́м.

Он погла́дил меня́ по щеке́.

He stroked my cheek. / He stroked me on/across the cheek.

Они́ уда́рили меня́ по голове́.

used broadly to indicate action, typically involving movement, across a surface or across several things in a generally flat plane; across, on, along, down, up, all over, (all) around:

Министе́рство по чрезвыча́йным ситуа́циям (МЧС) ― Ministérstvo po črezvyčájnym situácijam (MČS) ― The Ministry of Emergency Situations (MChS)

руково́дство по шитью́

рекоменда́ции по устране́нию угро́з

recommendations to eliminate threats / recommendations for/on eliminating threats

экза́мен по биоло́гии

biology exam (literally, “exam on/in/for biology”)

used to indicate the object/field/topic that something applies to; for, on, about, in, of (or translated with an attributive noun followed by a noun)

су́дя по его́ поведе́нию

Я по́нял э́то по его́ го́лосу.

по пла́ну

де́йствовать по пра́вилам

to act according to / in accordance/line with the rules

used to indicate accordance with, adherence to or judgement based on something; according to, from, by

Он ушёл на пе́нсию по боле́зни.

Аро́н вчера́ опозда́л по рассе́янности.

Aaron was late yesterday because of a distraction.

used to indicate the reason for something, typically undesired/undesirable (see usage notes on из-за (iz-za)); due to, on account of, out of, from, by

по четверга́м

по вечера́м

used with time (usually times of day or days of the week) to indicate regular repetition; on, in (the), every (or translated with a plural noun)

Я дал ка́ждому челове́ку по двадцати́ одному́ рублю́.

Ja dal káždomu čelovéku po dvadcatí odnomú rubljú.

Он пла́вал ка́ждый день по ты́сяче ме́тров.

On plával káždyj denʹ po týsjače métrov.

Они́ продаю́т по миллио́ну альбо́мов в год.

Oní prodajút po milliónu alʹbómov v god.

used with numbers when there is distribution among multiple objects or repetition across multiple instances in time (dative case is used with the numbers one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. and numbers ending in these words)

Они́ бы́ли разделены́ на гру́ппы по три челове́ка. ― Oní býli razdelený na grúppy po tri čelovéka. ― They were divided into groups of three people. (Note: not the animate трёх (trjox).)

Он получа́л по два́дцать пять фу́нтов в неде́лю. ― On polučál po dvádcatʹ pjatʹ fúntov v nedélju. ― He received £25 a week.

used with numbers when there is distribution among multiple objects or repetition across multiple instances in time (inanimate accusative case is used with numbers other than one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion etc. or numbers ending in these words)

Я всади́л в ружьё штык по са́мое ду́ло.

I stuck a bayonet into a gun to the very barrel.

Used to indicate something serving as the boundary of the extent of some action.

по прие́зде/прибы́тии

по истече́нии полуго́да

(literary, official) Used to indicate a temporal or spatial boundary; (immediately) after, upon, on

по нём

Он горева́л по моём отсу́тствии. ― On gorevál po mojóm otsútstvii. ― He grieved (over) my absence.

Они́ сходи́ли по нём с ума́.

Я скуча́ю по тебе́. ― Ja skučáju po tebé. ― I miss you.

used to indicate an object of rumination, yearning, mourning; over, for


по

сат и по

четири и по

чов(ј)ек и по

From пол, from Proto-Slavic *polъ. See по-.


по

отићи по мл(иј)еко

по ц(иј)ели дан

по шести пут

бити штетан по некога/нешто

добро/лоше по њега

ударити по глави

сн(иј)ег је пао по цести

вода се пролила по поду

шетати по шуми

over, through, across, in, on [with locative]

Послао сам му пакет по заједничком пријатељу.

I've sent him a package via a mutual friend.

по зраку/води

by, with, through (using an intermediary or medium) [with locative]

све иде по плану

everything is going according to the plan

Америка је прва држава по богатству у св(иј)ету.

America is the richest country in the world.

по глави становника

жив(ј)ети по принципима

по мом(е) мишљењу

по мом рачуну

по мени

свирати по слуху

судити по вањштини

по свршетку сукоба

по киши/сунцу

по дану

разум(иј)е се (само) по себи

нека буде по твоме

једнак по величини

све је по старом

everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner

по обичају

по вр(иј)едности

по свој прилици

по роду

по нарави/природи

по тој ц(иј)ени

по параграфу 13

по што по то

по могућности

по реду

по мом укусу

по квалитети

по томе

according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then

по закону

по дуљини

in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs [with locative]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.


по

Попили смо сви по чашицу ракије.

корак по корак

један по један

трипут по сату

Cви смо добили по јабуку.

(+ accusative case or nominative case) denoting distribution and succession; by, per, each, apiece


по

From Proto-Turkic *bu(-n) (“this”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰉𐰆 (bu, “this”).


по

po (romanization)
spelling پا (Persian)
по
поҳо (plural)
Term?
поро (definite direct-object)
поҳоро (definite direct-object plural)
ро (definite direct-object)
пои (ezafe)
поҳои (ezafe plural)
и (ezafe)
пое (relative)
поеро (objective relative)
поям (first-person possessive singular)
поҳоям (first-person possessive singular)
ам (first-person possessive singular)
поят (possessive second-person singular)
поҳоят (possessive second-person singular)
ат (possessive second-person singular)
пояш (possessive singular third-person)
поҳояш (possessive singular third-person)
аш (possessive singular third-person)
поямон (first-person plural possessive)
поҳоямон (first-person plural possessive)
амон (first-person plural possessive)
поятон (plural possessive second-person)
поҳоятон (plural possessive second-person)
атон (plural possessive second-person)
пояшон (plural possessive third-person)
поҳояшон (plural possessive third-person)
ашон (plural possessive third-person)
поямро (definite direct-object first-person possessive singular)
поҳоямро (definite direct-object first-person possessive singular)
амро (definite direct-object first-person possessive singular)
поятро (definite direct-object possessive second-person singular)
поҳоятро (definite direct-object possessive second-person singular)
атро (definite direct-object possessive second-person singular)
пояшро (definite direct-object possessive singular third-person)
поҳояшро (definite direct-object possessive singular third-person)
ашро (definite direct-object possessive singular third-person)
поямонро (definite direct-object first-person plural possessive)
поҳоямонро (definite direct-object first-person plural possessive)
амонро (definite direct-object first-person plural possessive)
поятонро (definite direct-object plural possessive second-person)
поҳоятонро (definite direct-object plural possessive second-person)
атонро (definite direct-object plural possessive second-person)
пояшонро (definite direct-object plural possessive third-person)
поҳояшонро (definite direct-object plural possessive third-person)
ашонро (definite direct-object plural possessive third-person)

Inherited from Classical Persian پَا (pā).


по

По столі́/столу́ розки́дані ру́чки.

По мі́сті/мі́сту/мі́стові ді́є коменда́нтська годи́на.

Po místi/místu/místovi díje komendántsʹka hodýna.

used to indicate a physical object on which an action is taking place, or to indicate a space in which something is taking place.

йти вниз по ріці́

to follow the river downstream (literally, “to go down in the direction of the river”)

плисти́ по ві́трі/ві́тру

Мене́ вда́рили по голові́.

Він зи́ркає по на́товпі час від ча́су.

He looks at the crowd from time to time.

used to indicate a direct object upon which an action is performed.

По ньо́му пла́кала вся Украї́на.

All of Ukraine was mourning his death. (literally, “All of Ukraine was crying over him.”)

(colloquial) used to indicate someone or something that is being mourned over.

Пам'ята́й, си́нку: по те́мній но́чі завжди́ настає́ сві́тлий ра́нок.

Remember, son: after a dark night, a bright morning always comes.

Pamʺjatáj, sýnku: po témnij nóči zavždý nastajé svítlyj ránok.

Ку́хлик ви́слизнув з мої́х рук і по ньо́му ста́ло!

The mug slipped out of my hands and it broke! (literally, “The mug slipped out of my hands and the aftermath of it has become!”)

Kúxlyk výslyznuv z mojíx ruk i po nʹómu stálo!

(colloquial) used to indicate the disappearance, irreparable damage, or death of someone or something.

по яскра́вому мі́сяці/мі́сяцю

по ночах

during the night (literally, “at nights”)

(colloquial) used to indicate a time-frame during which an action occurs.

годи́на по годи́ні

пи́во по пи́ві ― pývo po pývi ― beer after beer

Йому́ було́ по шо́стому ро́ці коли́ він пішо́в до шко́ли.

He was six years old when he went to school. (literally, “He was at the sixth year when he went to school.”)

Jomú buló po šóstomu róci kolý vin pišóv do škóly.

(dialectal) used with a temporal noun to indicate the age of something

бабу́ся по ма́тері

maternal grandmother (literally, “grandmother through the mother”)

по ба́тькові

patronymic (literally, “through the father”)

това́риш по шко́лі

school friend (literally, “friend through school”)

підня́тися по моту́зці

to climb a rope (literally, “to climb via a rope”)

транслюва́ти по ра́діо

used to indicate the object with which an action is performed.

По її́ поведі́нці мо́жна було́ зрозумі́ти, що щось не так.

One could tell something is wrong by her behaviour.

Po jijí povedínci móžna buló zrozumíty, ščo ščosʹ ne tak.

Не суди́ кни́жку по обкла́динці.

used to indicate a justification by which one arrives at a conclusion.

Це, по су́ті, відве́рта брехня́.

Він, по ща́стю/ща́сті, зміг утекти́.

used with certain nouns to form parentheses.

Дай усі́м ді́тям по цуке́рці.

Лю́ди ви́мушені чека́ти по ти́жню/ти́жні, аби отри́мати ї́жу.

People are forced to wait for a week to get food.

Ljúdy výmušeni čekáty po týžnju/týžni, aby otrýmaty jížu.

with locative case
for (a length of time)

Мандрівники́ прохо́дять по п'ятна́дцать кіломе́трів на годину

Travelers travel fifteen kilometres each hour. (literally, “Travelers travel by fifteen kilometres each hour.”)

Mandrivnyký proxódjatʹ po pʺjatnádcatʹ kilométriv na hodynu

used to indicate distance traveled in a certain period of time.

Івасько́ прийшо́в до ньо́го по ді́лу.

(colloquial) used to indicate the purpose of an action.

Ми по ду́рості забу́ли ви́мкнути пра́ску вдо́ма.

We have forgotten to turn off the iron at home due to our foolishness.

My po dúrosti zabúly výmknuty prásku vdóma.

(colloquial) used to indicate the reason for an action.

по пра́ву ру́ку

по лі́ву сто́рону

used with directional nouns to indicate direction

по колі́на

Треба́ піти́ до крамни́ці по хліб.

We need to go to the store for some bread.

Гайда́ візьме́м сачки́ та й по мете́лики!

Let's take butterfly nets and go after the butterflies!

used to indicate an object which is the target of an action

Я коха́тиму тебе́ по смерть! ― Ja koxátymu tebé po smertʹ! ― I will love you until death!

Міст буду́ється по сей день.

The bridge is still being built to this day. (literally, “The bridge is being built until this day.”)

Сашко́ ро́бить усе́ по його́.

(with a personal pronoun) used to indicate an action done according to someone's wish or request.

Не тре́ба мені́ повто́рювати по де́сять разі́в!

You don't have to repeat it to me ten times!

Ne tréba mení povtórjuvaty po désjatʹ razív!

Ко́жному дали́ по кількана́дцять гри́вень. ― Kóžnomu dalý po kilʹkanádcjatʹ hrývenʹ. ― Everyone was given umpteen hryvnias.

with accusative case
used to indicate quantity.

З глу́зду з'ї́хали! Прода́ють я́йця по 80 гри́вень дю́жина!

They've gone insane! They're selling eggs for 80 hryvnias a dozen!

Z hlúzdu zʺjíxaly! Prodájutʹ jájcja po 80 hrývenʹ djúžyna!

used to indicate the price of something.