See ɣwino- on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "ღჳნო"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: ღჳნო (ɣwino)\nGeorgian: ღვინო (ɣvino), ღუ̈ნეჲ (ɣüney) — Ingilo, ღინო (ɣino) — Fereydan\n→ Avar: гъино (ğino), гъвину (ğʷinu) — Antsukh\n→ Bezhta: гъино (ğino)\n→ Hinukh: гъино (ġino)\n→ Hunzib: гъино (ǧino)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: ღჳნო (ɣwino)\nGeorgian: ღვინო (ɣvino), ღუ̈ნეჲ (ɣüney) — Ingilo, ღინო (ɣino) — Fereydan\n→ Avar: гъино (ğino), гъвину (ğʷinu) — Antsukh\n→ Bezhta: гъино (ğino)\n→ Hinukh: гъино (ġino)\n→ Hunzib: гъино (ǧino)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "ღვინი",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Laz: ღვინი (ğvini), ყვინი (qvini) — Khopa, ღინი (ğini), ღენი (ğeni) — Vitse, ღვენი (ğveni) — Atina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: ღვინი (ğvini), ყვინი (qvini) — Khopa, ღინი (ğini), ღენი (ğeni) — Vitse, ღვენი (ğveni) — Atina"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "ღვინი",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: ღვინი (ɣvini)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: ღვინი (ɣvini)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "ღუ̂ინელ",
"alts": "1",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-abz-pro",
"2": "*aʕʷә",
"alt": "*a-ʕʷә",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *a-ʕʷә\n⇒ Abaza: гӏва-дза (ʻʷa-dza)\nAbkhaz: аҩы (ajʷə)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *a-ʕʷә\n⇒ Abaza: гӏва-дза (ʻʷa-dza)\nAbkhaz: аҩы (ajʷə)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wéyh₁ō",
"4": "*wéyh₁ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sem-wes-pro",
"2": "*wayn-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Semitic *wayn-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xag",
"2": "𐕔𐔼"
},
"expansion": "Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bbl",
"2": "ვენ",
"3": "ვეჼ"
},
"expansion": "Bats ვეჼ (vẽ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xht",
"t": "wine-bearer",
"tr": "finduqqaram"
},
"expansion": "Hattic [script needed] (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "hyx-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գինի",
"t": "wine"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*w"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *w",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wéh₁itis",
"3": "*wi(H)-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ɣʷi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գի",
"3": "",
"4": "juniper"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*ɣwiw-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "*wenaq-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq-",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "ვაზი"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Usually considered a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō.. However, the nature of relationship with it, as well as with Proto-West Semitic *wayn-, Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi), Bats ვეჼ (vẽ), and the first part of Hattic [script needed] (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”) may be more complicated.\nAccording to many, the borrowing occured via the (Pre-)Proto-Armenian ancestor of Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”), genitive գինւոյ (ginwoy), variously reconstructed as *ɣʷeinyo-, *ɣʷino- or *gwīníyo-. Martirosyan describes the sound change Proto-Indo-European *w → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷ → Kartvelian *ɣw as impeccable and observes it also in Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)- → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi- (→ Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)) → Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-. According to others, however, the term was borrowed directly from Proto-Indo-European; for example, Klimov (1998) agrees with the ultimate Proto-Indo-European origin of the word but denies derivation from Old Armenian գինի (gini), citing Diakonoff: \"It cannot go back to Armenian gini because the change *w → g probably must have been accomplished there long before the first Kartvelian-Armenian contacts in the 7th–6th centuries B.C.\".\nFähnrich, rejecting the Indo-European origin considered the word to be a native South Caucasian formation derived from the Proto-Kartvelian verbal root *ɣun- (“to bend”) (whence Georgian ღუნვა (ɣunva), გადაღუნავს (gadaɣunavs), etc).\nEven though agrohistorians regard the Caucasus and vicinity as the cradle of grape-growing and winemaking, this has not prevented Kartvelians from borrowing wine-related terminology from Indo-Europeans, for example in the cases of Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- and Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi).\nThe ending of Svan ღვინ-ელ (ɣvin-el), ღვინ-ა̈ლ (ɣvin-äl) represents a petrified diminutive affix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ɣwin-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ɣwin(o)-"
},
"expansion": "*ɣwin(o)-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wine"
],
"id": "en-ɣwino--ccs-pro-noun-MsT-7Zlo",
"links": [
[
"wine",
"wine"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birgit Anette Olsen",
"Mate Kapović"
]
}
],
"word": "ɣwino-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "ღჳნო"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: ღჳნო (ɣwino)\nGeorgian: ღვინო (ɣvino), ღუ̈ნეჲ (ɣüney) — Ingilo, ღინო (ɣino) — Fereydan\n→ Avar: гъино (ğino), гъвину (ğʷinu) — Antsukh\n→ Bezhta: гъино (ğino)\n→ Hinukh: гъино (ġino)\n→ Hunzib: гъино (ǧino)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: ღჳნო (ɣwino)\nGeorgian: ღვინო (ɣvino), ღუ̈ნეჲ (ɣüney) — Ingilo, ღინო (ɣino) — Fereydan\n→ Avar: гъино (ğino), гъвину (ğʷinu) — Antsukh\n→ Bezhta: гъино (ğino)\n→ Hinukh: гъино (ġino)\n→ Hunzib: гъино (ǧino)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "ღვინი",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Laz: ღვინი (ğvini), ყვინი (qvini) — Khopa, ღინი (ğini), ღენი (ğeni) — Vitse, ღვენი (ğveni) — Atina",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: ღვინი (ğvini), ყვინი (qvini) — Khopa, ღინი (ğini), ღენი (ğeni) — Vitse, ღვენი (ğveni) — Atina"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "ღვინი",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: ღვინი (ɣvini)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: ღვინი (ɣvini)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "ღუ̂ინელ",
"alts": "1",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Svan: ღუ̂ინელ (ɣûinel), ღუ̂ინა̈ლ (ɣûinäl)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cau-abz-pro",
"2": "*aʕʷә",
"alt": "*a-ʕʷә",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *a-ʕʷә\n⇒ Abaza: гӏва-дза (ʻʷa-dza)\nAbkhaz: аҩы (ajʷə)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza: *a-ʕʷә\n⇒ Abaza: гӏва-дза (ʻʷa-dza)\nAbkhaz: аҩы (ajʷə)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wéyh₁ō",
"4": "*wéyh₁ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sem-wes-pro",
"2": "*wayn-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Semitic *wayn-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xag",
"2": "𐕔𐔼"
},
"expansion": "Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bbl",
"2": "ვენ",
"3": "ვეჼ"
},
"expansion": "Bats ვეჼ (vẽ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xht",
"t": "wine-bearer",
"tr": "finduqqaram"
},
"expansion": "Hattic [script needed] (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "hyx-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գինի",
"t": "wine"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*w"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *w",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*wéh₁itis",
"3": "*wi(H)-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*ɣʷi-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "գի",
"3": "",
"4": "juniper"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "*ɣwiw-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "*wenaq-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq-",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "ვაზი"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Usually considered a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *wéyh₁ō.. However, the nature of relationship with it, as well as with Proto-West Semitic *wayn-, Aghwan 𐕔𐔼 (fi), Bats ვეჼ (vẽ), and the first part of Hattic [script needed] (finduqqaram, “wine-bearer”) may be more complicated.\nAccording to many, the borrowing occured via the (Pre-)Proto-Armenian ancestor of Old Armenian գինի (gini, “wine”), genitive գինւոյ (ginwoy), variously reconstructed as *ɣʷeinyo-, *ɣʷino- or *gwīníyo-. Martirosyan describes the sound change Proto-Indo-European *w → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷ → Kartvelian *ɣw as impeccable and observes it also in Proto-Indo-European *wi(H)- → Proto-Armenian *ɣʷi- (→ Old Armenian գի (gi, “juniper”)) → Proto-Kartvelian *ɣwiw-. According to others, however, the term was borrowed directly from Proto-Indo-European; for example, Klimov (1998) agrees with the ultimate Proto-Indo-European origin of the word but denies derivation from Old Armenian գինի (gini), citing Diakonoff: \"It cannot go back to Armenian gini because the change *w → g probably must have been accomplished there long before the first Kartvelian-Armenian contacts in the 7th–6th centuries B.C.\".\nFähnrich, rejecting the Indo-European origin considered the word to be a native South Caucasian formation derived from the Proto-Kartvelian verbal root *ɣun- (“to bend”) (whence Georgian ღუნვა (ɣunva), გადაღუნავს (gadaɣunavs), etc).\nEven though agrohistorians regard the Caucasus and vicinity as the cradle of grape-growing and winemaking, this has not prevented Kartvelians from borrowing wine-related terminology from Indo-Europeans, for example in the cases of Proto-Georgian-Zan *wenaq- and Old Georgian ვაზი (vazi).\nThe ending of Svan ღვინ-ელ (ɣvin-el), ღვინ-ა̈ლ (ɣvin-äl) represents a petrified diminutive affix.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ɣwin-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ɣwin(o)-"
},
"expansion": "*ɣwin(o)-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/ɣwino-",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European links with redundant alt parameters",
"Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Kartvelian lemmas",
"Proto-Kartvelian nouns",
"Proto-Kartvelian terms borrowed from Proto-Armenian",
"Proto-Kartvelian terms borrowed from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Kartvelian terms derived from Proto-Armenian",
"Proto-Kartvelian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Requests for native script for Hattic terms",
"ccs-pro:Wine"
],
"glosses": [
"wine"
],
"links": [
[
"wine",
"wine"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Birgit Anette Olsen",
"Mate Kapović"
]
}
],
"word": "ɣwino-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ɣwino- meaning in All languages combined (6.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (f90d964 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.