See ɢʷəm on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "och",
"2": "熊",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Chinese: 熊",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/*C.ɢʷəm/"
},
"expansion": "/*C.ɢʷəm/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/*ɢʷlɯm/"
},
"expansion": "/*ɢʷlɯm/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bear"
},
"expansion": "“bear”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 熊 /*C.ɢʷəm/ (B-S) /*ɢʷlɯm/ (ZS) (“bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltc",
"2": "熊",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese: 熊",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 熊 /ɦɨuŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmn"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mandarin:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 熊 (xióng) /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yue"
},
"expansion": "Cantonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cantonese:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "4"
},
"expansion": "⁴",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"text": "Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 熊 (hung⁴) /hʊŋ²¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wuu"
},
"expansion": "Wu:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wu:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wuu-sha",
"2": "熊"
},
"expansion": "Shanghainese: 熊 (⁶yon)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shanghainese: 熊 (⁶yon) /ɦiʊ̆ŋ²³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Coastal Min:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Min Nan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-hbl"
},
"expansion": "Hokkien:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hokkien:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taiwan: 熊 /him²⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "དོམ",
"gloss": "bear"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: དོམ (dom, “bear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: དོམ (dom, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Bodish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xkz",
"2": "ཝམ"
},
"expansion": "Kurtöp: ཝམ (wam)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurtöp: ཝམ (wam)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𗴈"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²) /dõ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "təwam"
},
"expansion": "Situ: təwam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: təwam /təwaʔm/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ဝံ",
"3": "ဝက်ဝံ",
"t2": "bear"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ဝံ (wam), ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ဝံ (wam), ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꊈ (wo, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*thamᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*wom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khomic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnk",
"2": "tävawng"
},
"expansion": "Khumi Chin: tävawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khumi Chin: tävawng"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "곰",
"2": "bear"
},
"expansion": "곰 (gom, “bear”)",
"name": "ko-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kmum",
"3": "*kmum",
"4": "bear, black bear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dɣwjəm (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-wam (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *d-wam(*A) (Coblin, 1986); *d-wɑm (Chou, 1972)\nOld Chinese had *-m final, as suggested by Shuowen (炎 (yán) - phonetic), which is preserved only in a few Min dialects, e.g. Amoy, Fu'an, Yong'an; elsewhere the final changed mainly to -ŋ.\nOther languages in East Asia have words which look similar to the OC form: Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”), Japanese 熊 (kuma); also, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”) (Mon ကၟဳ (mɛm), Khmer ឃ្មុំ (kmum) (as in ខ្លាឃ្មុំ (klaa kmum, “sun bear”))), Vietnamese hùm (“tiger”).\nQiangic and Tibetan report a coronal initial element t/d, possibly from a presyllable.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ɢʷəm"
},
"expansion": "*ɢʷəm",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ɢʷəm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"id": "en-ɢʷəm-sit-pro-noun-vJi7UOgJ",
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"related": [
{
"alt": "*pral",
"english": "brown bear",
"roman": "pí",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "羆"
},
{
"alt": "*pral",
"english": "brown bear",
"roman": "pí",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "罴"
},
{
"alt": "*duːl",
"english": "a bear-like animal",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "魋"
},
{
"alt": "whence Thai หมี (mǐi); Lao ໝີ (mī)",
"english": "bear",
"word": "ʰmwɯjᴬ"
},
{
"alt": "*meʔ",
"word": "recorded in Chinese literature as 羋"
},
{
"alt": "*meʔ",
"word": "芈"
},
{
"word": "the ancestral name of the Chu state rulers"
}
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Asian black bear",
"Shuowen"
]
}
],
"word": "ɢʷəm"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "och",
"2": "熊",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Chinese: 熊",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/*C.ɢʷəm/"
},
"expansion": "/*C.ɢʷəm/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/*ɢʷlɯm/"
},
"expansion": "/*ɢʷlɯm/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bear"
},
"expansion": "“bear”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"text": "Old Chinese: 熊 /*C.ɢʷəm/ (B-S) /*ɢʷlɯm/ (ZS) (“bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltc",
"2": "熊",
"tr": "-"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese: 熊",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Chinese: 熊 /ɦɨuŋ/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cmn"
},
"expansion": "Mandarin:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mandarin:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 熊 (xióng) /ɕi̯ʊŋ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yue"
},
"expansion": "Cantonese:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cantonese:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "4"
},
"expansion": "⁴",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"text": "Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 熊 (hung⁴) /hʊŋ²¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wuu"
},
"expansion": "Wu:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Wu:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wuu-sha",
"2": "熊"
},
"expansion": "Shanghainese: 熊 (⁶yon)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Shanghainese: 熊 (⁶yon) /ɦiʊ̆ŋ²³/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Coastal Min:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Min Nan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nan-hbl"
},
"expansion": "Hokkien:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hokkien:"
},
{
"depth": 6,
"templates": [],
"text": "Taiwan: 熊 /him²⁴/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Himalayish"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibeto-Kanauri"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Bodic"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tibetan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bo",
"2": "དོམ",
"gloss": "bear"
},
"expansion": "Tibetan: དོམ (dom, “bear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Tibetan: དོམ (dom, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Eastern Bodish:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xkz",
"2": "ཝམ"
},
"expansion": "Kurtöp: ཝམ (wam)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kurtöp: ཝམ (wam)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Tangut-Qiang"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Tangut"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txg",
"2": "𗴈"
},
"expansion": "Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tangut: 𗴈 (*dow²) /dõ³⁵/"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "rGyalrongic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-sit",
"2": "təwam"
},
"expansion": "Situ: təwam",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Situ: təwam /təwaʔm/"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "ဝံ",
"3": "ဝက်ဝံ",
"t2": "bear"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: ဝံ (wam), ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Burmese: ဝံ (wam), ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꊈ (wo, “bear”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kar-pro",
"2": "*thamᴬ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Karen: *thamᴬ (Luangthongkum, 2013)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tbq-kuk-pro",
"2": "*wom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Kuki-Chin: *wom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Khomic"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cnk",
"2": "tävawng"
},
"expansion": "Khumi Chin: tävawng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Khumi Chin: tävawng"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "곰",
"2": "bear"
},
"expansion": "곰 (gom, “bear”)",
"name": "ko-l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mkh-pro",
"2": "*kmum",
"3": "*kmum",
"4": "bear, black bear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dɣwjəm (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *d-wam (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *d-wam(*A) (Coblin, 1986); *d-wɑm (Chou, 1972)\nOld Chinese had *-m final, as suggested by Shuowen (炎 (yán) - phonetic), which is preserved only in a few Min dialects, e.g. Amoy, Fu'an, Yong'an; elsewhere the final changed mainly to -ŋ.\nOther languages in East Asia have words which look similar to the OC form: Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”), Japanese 熊 (kuma); also, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]mum (“bear, black bear”) (Mon ကၟဳ (mɛm), Khmer ឃ្មុំ (kmum) (as in ខ្លាឃ្មុំ (klaa kmum, “sun bear”))), Vietnamese hùm (“tiger”).\nQiangic and Tibetan report a coronal initial element t/d, possibly from a presyllable.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ɢʷəm"
},
"expansion": "*ɢʷəm",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ɢʷəm",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"alt": "*pral",
"english": "brown bear",
"roman": "pí",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "羆"
},
{
"alt": "*pral",
"english": "brown bear",
"roman": "pí",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "罴"
},
{
"alt": "*duːl",
"english": "a bear-like animal",
"tags": [
"Chinese"
],
"word": "魋"
},
{
"alt": "whence Thai หมี (mǐi); Lao ໝີ (mī)",
"english": "bear",
"word": "ʰmwɯjᴬ"
},
{
"alt": "*meʔ",
"word": "recorded in Chinese literature as 羋"
},
{
"alt": "*meʔ",
"word": "芈"
},
{
"word": "the ancestral name of the Chu state rulers"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with redundant head parameter",
"sit-pro:Animals"
],
"glosses": [
"bear"
],
"links": [
[
"bear",
"bear"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
],
"wikipedia": [
"Asian black bear",
"Shuowen"
]
}
],
"word": "ɢʷəm"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ɢʷəm meaning in All languages combined (6.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (05fdf6b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.