See ŋwa on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 牛 (niú) /*ŋʷə/ (B-S), /*ŋʷɯ/ (ZS) (\"cattle\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "(in the oracle bone script)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Nuosu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Nuosu",
"2": "ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Nuosu: ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Nuosu: ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 牛 (niú) (niú, /ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 牛 (niú) /ŋɐu²¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 牛 (ȵiɜ²³)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "colloquial"
},
"expansion": "(colloquial)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "literary"
},
"expansion": "(literary)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Taiwan: 牛 (gu²⁴ (colloquial), giu²⁴ (literary))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နွား",
"t": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နွား (nwa:, “cattle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: နွား (nwa:, “cattle”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lsi",
"2": "no³³",
"t": "year of the ox"
},
"expansion": "Lashi: no³³ (“year of the ox”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lashi: no³³ (“year of the ox”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꆈꑌ (nuo nyi, “beef cow”), ꒈꑌ (yyx nyi, “water buffalo”), ꑍꃀ (nyip mop, “cow”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lkc",
"2": "nv³¹ ȵi³³",
"t": "ox, cattle"
},
"expansion": "Kucong: nv³¹ ȵi³³ (“ox, cattle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kucong: nv³¹ ȵi³³ (“ox, cattle”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lhu",
"2": "nu⁵³",
"t": "year of the ox"
},
"expansion": "Lahu: nu⁵³ (“year of the ox”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lahu: nu⁵³ (“year of the ox”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʷṓws",
"3": "",
"4": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "bōs"
},
"expansion": "Latin bōs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "งัว",
"tr": "ngua"
},
"expansion": "Thai งัว (ngua)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ງົວ",
"3": "",
"4": "bullock, cow"
},
"expansion": "Lao ງົວ (ngūa, “bullock, cow”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngwjəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ŋwa (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ngwa(*B) (Coblin, 1986)\nSome have noticed a similarity with Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”) (whence English cow, Latin bōs) (Koenraad, 1999; Chang, 1988).\nCompare Thai งัว (ngua) / วัว (wua, “bullock, cow”), Lao ງົວ (ngūa, “bullock, cow”). Because of the restricted geographic distribution of this Tai etymon, Benedict (1972) suspects Chinese to be a loan from Tai: Li (1976) concludes the Tai item is not a loan from Chinese as it is not found in northern Tai dialects. The relationship between this PST root and the Tai comparanda remains unclear.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ŋwa"
},
"expansion": "*ŋwa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ŋwa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cattle, ox"
],
"id": "en-ŋwa-sit-pro-noun-SnpFFGgl",
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ŋwa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "awg",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ŋwa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Anguthimri",
"lang_code": "awg",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Anguthimri entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sun"
],
"id": "en-ŋwa-awg-noun-J3VvBQ4U",
"links": [
[
"sun",
"sun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mpakwithi) sun"
],
"tags": [
"Mpakwithi"
]
}
],
"word": "ŋwa"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "awg",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "ŋwa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Anguthimri",
"lang_code": "awg",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Anguthimri entries with incorrect language header",
"Anguthimri lemmas",
"Anguthimri nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"sun"
],
"links": [
[
"sun",
"sun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Mpakwithi) sun"
],
"tags": [
"Mpakwithi"
]
}
],
"word": "ŋwa"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Old Chinese: 牛 (niú) /*ŋʷə/ (B-S), /*ŋʷɯ/ (ZS) (\"cattle\")"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "(in the oracle bone script)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ii",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Nuosu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Nuosu",
"2": "ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)",
"l": "y"
},
"expansion": "→Nuosu: ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)",
"name": "sit-loan"
}
],
"text": "→Nuosu: ꑛ (nyu, “cow, ox (for traditional calendar dates)”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Modern Mandarin"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Beijing: 牛 (niú) (niú, /ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Cantonese"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Guangzhou: 牛 (niú) /ŋɐu²¹/"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Wu"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Shanghai: 牛 (ȵiɜ²³)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Min Nan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "colloquial"
},
"expansion": "(colloquial)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "literary"
},
"expansion": "(literary)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Taiwan: 牛 (gu²⁴ (colloquial), giu²⁴ (literary))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese-Naxi"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Lolo-Burmese"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Burmish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "my",
"2": "နွား",
"t": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "Burmese: နွား (nwa:, “cattle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Written Burmese: နွား (nwa:, “cattle”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lsi",
"2": "no³³",
"t": "year of the ox"
},
"expansion": "Lashi: no³³ (“year of the ox”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lashi: no³³ (“year of the ox”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [],
"text": "Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Northern Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [],
"text": "Yi (Liangshan): ꆈꑌ (nuo nyi, “beef cow”), ꒈꑌ (yyx nyi, “water buffalo”), ꑍꃀ (nyip mop, “cow”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [],
"text": "Central Loloish"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lkc",
"2": "nv³¹ ȵi³³",
"t": "ox, cattle"
},
"expansion": "Kucong: nv³¹ ȵi³³ (“ox, cattle”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kucong: nv³¹ ȵi³³ (“ox, cattle”)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lhu",
"2": "nu⁵³",
"t": "year of the ox"
},
"expansion": "Lahu: nu⁵³ (“year of the ox”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lahu: nu⁵³ (“year of the ox”)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*gʷṓws",
"3": "",
"4": "cattle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cow"
},
"expansion": "English cow",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "bōs"
},
"expansion": "Latin bōs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "งัว",
"tr": "ngua"
},
"expansion": "Thai งัว (ngua)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lo",
"2": "ງົວ",
"3": "",
"4": "bullock, cow"
},
"expansion": "Lao ງົວ (ngūa, “bullock, cow”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "* Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ngwjəɣ (Coblin, 1986)\n** Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ŋwa (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *ngwa(*B) (Coblin, 1986)\nSome have noticed a similarity with Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws (“cattle”) (whence English cow, Latin bōs) (Koenraad, 1999; Chang, 1988).\nCompare Thai งัว (ngua) / วัว (wua, “bullock, cow”), Lao ງົວ (ngūa, “bullock, cow”). Because of the restricted geographic distribution of this Tai etymon, Benedict (1972) suspects Chinese to be a loan from Tai: Li (1976) concludes the Tai item is not a loan from Chinese as it is not found in northern Tai dialects. The relationship between this PST root and the Tai comparanda remains unclear.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sit-pro",
"2": "noun",
"head": "*ŋwa"
},
"expansion": "*ŋwa",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
"lang_code": "sit-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ŋwa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages using invalid parameters when calling Template:Sinoxenic",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan lemmas",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan nouns",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots",
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan terms with redundant head parameter",
"Vietnamese terms with redundant script codes",
"sit-pro:Animals"
],
"glosses": [
"cattle, ox"
],
"links": [
[
"cattle",
"cattle"
],
[
"ox",
"ox"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "ŋwa"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ŋwa meaning in All languages combined (5.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (f90d964 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.