cause (English verb) cause/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English conjunctions", "English control verbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms with homophones", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 10 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Mandarin translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz/1 syllable", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Etruscan translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Kilivila translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "en:Philanthropy"], "derived": [{"word": "causable"}, {"word": "causation"}, {"word": "cause a stir"}, {"word": "causee"}, {"word": "causer"}, {"word": "causingness"}, {"word": "uncause"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cause"}, "expansion": "Middle English cause", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "cause", "4": "", "5": "a cause, a thing"}, "expansion": "Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "causa", "4": "", "5": "reason, sake, cause"}, "expansion": "Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "itc-pro", "3": "*kaussā"}, "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaussā", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "law"}, "expansion": "(law)", "name": "q"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "chose", "t1": "(law) a thing; personal property"}, "expansion": "Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”)", "name": "doublet"}, {"args": {"1": "ang", "2": "intinga"}, "expansion": "Old English intinga", "name": "ncog"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "causen"}, "expansion": "Middle English causen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "causer"}, "expansion": "Old French causer", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ML.", "3": "causāre"}, "expansion": "Medieval Latin causāre", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.\n* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.", "forms": [{"form": "causes", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "causing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "no-table-tags", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["table-tags"]}, {"form": "glossary", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["inflection-template"]}, {"form": "cause", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["infinitive"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cause (third-person singular simple present causes, present participle causing, simple past and past participle caused)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "The lightning caused thunder.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):", "text": "An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "links": [["set off", "set off"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English ditransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "His dogged determination caused the fundraising to be successful.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 7:4:", "text": "I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them. Soft heartedness caused more harm than good.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "links": [["produce", "produce"], ["result", "result"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ditransitive) To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "tags": ["ditransitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with obsolete senses", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:", "text": "He, to shifte their curious request, / Gan causen why she could not come in place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete) To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "tags": ["obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "kôz", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔːz/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰoːz̥]", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔz/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰɒːz̥]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑz/", "tags": ["cot-caught-merger"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cause.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg/En-us-cause.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg"}, {"homophone": "caws"}, {"homophone": "'cause"}, {"homophone": "cores (non-rhotic)"}, {"rhymes": "-ɔːz"}], "translations": [{"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "sabbaba", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "سَبَّبَ"}, {"code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "patčaṙel", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "պատճառել"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəb olmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "əmələ gətirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəbləndirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "doğurmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "bais olmaq"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "pryčynjácʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "прычыня́ць"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "ghoṭanō", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "ঘটানো"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "pričinjavam", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причинявам"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "způsobit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "zapříčinit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "způsobovat"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "zapříčinovat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsage"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kaŭzi"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "põhjustama"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "tekitama"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "saada aikaan"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causer"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "gamoc̣veva", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "გამოწვევა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "verursachen"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "auslösen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "prokaló", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "προκαλώ"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "garám", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "גרם"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "okoz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "előidéz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kivált"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "valda"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "igar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efektigar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kauzigar"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "izh", "lang": "Ingrian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "synnyttää"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "provocare"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causare"}, {"alt": "げんいんとなる", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "gen'in to naru", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "原因となる"}, {"alt": "ひきおこす", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "hikiokosu", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "引き起こす"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "ireukida", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "일으키다"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "whakatae"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "bâ'es šodan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "باعث شدن"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "powodować"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "spowodować"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "cauza"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "pricinui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "pričinjátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причиня́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "proizvodítʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "производи́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "zastavljátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "заставля́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "vyzyvátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "вызыва́ть"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "izazvati"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "povzročiti"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "orsaka"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "förorsaka"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "uğratmak"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "achosi"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "peri"}, {"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "predizvikvam", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "предизвиквам"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "gør"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "resultere i"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "johtaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "saada"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armošoba", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოშობა"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armokmna", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოქმნა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "lassen"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "produrre"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "ottenere"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "creō"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "fazer"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "póraś"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "achosi"}], "word": "cause"}
cause (English verb) cause/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English conjunctions", "English control verbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms with homophones", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 10 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Mandarin translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz/1 syllable", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Etruscan translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Kilivila translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "en:Philanthropy"], "derived": [{"word": "causable"}, {"word": "causation"}, {"word": "cause a stir"}, {"word": "causee"}, {"word": "causer"}, {"word": "causingness"}, {"word": "uncause"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cause"}, "expansion": "Middle English cause", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "cause", "4": "", "5": "a cause, a thing"}, "expansion": "Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "causa", "4": "", "5": "reason, sake, cause"}, "expansion": "Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "itc-pro", "3": "*kaussā"}, "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaussā", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "law"}, "expansion": "(law)", "name": "q"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "chose", "t1": "(law) a thing; personal property"}, "expansion": "Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”)", "name": "doublet"}, {"args": {"1": "ang", "2": "intinga"}, "expansion": "Old English intinga", "name": "ncog"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "causen"}, "expansion": "Middle English causen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "causer"}, "expansion": "Old French causer", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ML.", "3": "causāre"}, "expansion": "Medieval Latin causāre", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.\n* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.", "forms": [{"form": "causes", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "causing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "no-table-tags", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["table-tags"]}, {"form": "glossary", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["inflection-template"]}, {"form": "cause", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["infinitive"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cause (third-person singular simple present causes, present participle causing, simple past and past participle caused)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "The lightning caused thunder.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):", "text": "An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "links": [["set off", "set off"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English ditransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "His dogged determination caused the fundraising to be successful.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 7:4:", "text": "I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them. Soft heartedness caused more harm than good.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "links": [["produce", "produce"], ["result", "result"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ditransitive) To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "tags": ["ditransitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with obsolete senses", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:", "text": "He, to shifte their curious request, / Gan causen why she could not come in place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete) To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "tags": ["obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "kôz", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔːz/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰoːz̥]", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔz/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰɒːz̥]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑz/", "tags": ["cot-caught-merger"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cause.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg/En-us-cause.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg"}, {"homophone": "caws"}, {"homophone": "'cause"}, {"homophone": "cores (non-rhotic)"}, {"rhymes": "-ɔːz"}], "translations": [{"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "sabbaba", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "سَبَّبَ"}, {"code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "patčaṙel", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "պատճառել"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəb olmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "əmələ gətirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəbləndirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "doğurmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "bais olmaq"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "pryčynjácʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "прычыня́ць"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "ghoṭanō", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "ঘটানো"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "pričinjavam", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причинявам"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "způsobit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "zapříčinit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "způsobovat"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "zapříčinovat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsage"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kaŭzi"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "põhjustama"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "tekitama"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "saada aikaan"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causer"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "gamoc̣veva", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "გამოწვევა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "verursachen"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "auslösen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "prokaló", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "προκαλώ"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "garám", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "גרם"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "okoz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "előidéz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kivált"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "valda"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "igar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efektigar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kauzigar"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "izh", "lang": "Ingrian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "synnyttää"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "provocare"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causare"}, {"alt": "げんいんとなる", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "gen'in to naru", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "原因となる"}, {"alt": "ひきおこす", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "hikiokosu", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "引き起こす"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "ireukida", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "일으키다"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "whakatae"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "bâ'es šodan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "باعث شدن"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "powodować"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "spowodować"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "cauza"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "pricinui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "pričinjátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причиня́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "proizvodítʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "производи́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "zastavljátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "заставля́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "vyzyvátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "вызыва́ть"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "izazvati"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "povzročiti"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "orsaka"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "förorsaka"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "uğratmak"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "achosi"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "peri"}, {"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "predizvikvam", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "предизвиквам"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "gør"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "resultere i"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "johtaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "saada"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armošoba", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოშობა"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armokmna", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოქმნა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "lassen"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "produrre"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "ottenere"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "creō"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "fazer"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "póraś"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "achosi"}], "word": "cause"}
cause (English verb) cause/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English conjunctions", "English control verbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms with homophones", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 10 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Mandarin translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz/1 syllable", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Etruscan translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Kilivila translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "en:Philanthropy"], "derived": [{"word": "causable"}, {"word": "causation"}, {"word": "cause a stir"}, {"word": "causee"}, {"word": "causer"}, {"word": "causingness"}, {"word": "uncause"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cause"}, "expansion": "Middle English cause", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "cause", "4": "", "5": "a cause, a thing"}, "expansion": "Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "causa", "4": "", "5": "reason, sake, cause"}, "expansion": "Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "itc-pro", "3": "*kaussā"}, "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaussā", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "law"}, "expansion": "(law)", "name": "q"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "chose", "t1": "(law) a thing; personal property"}, "expansion": "Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”)", "name": "doublet"}, {"args": {"1": "ang", "2": "intinga"}, "expansion": "Old English intinga", "name": "ncog"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "causen"}, "expansion": "Middle English causen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "causer"}, "expansion": "Old French causer", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ML.", "3": "causāre"}, "expansion": "Medieval Latin causāre", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.\n* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.", "forms": [{"form": "causes", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "causing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "no-table-tags", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["table-tags"]}, {"form": "glossary", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["inflection-template"]}, {"form": "cause", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["infinitive"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cause (third-person singular simple present causes, present participle causing, simple past and past participle caused)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "The lightning caused thunder.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):", "text": "An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "links": [["set off", "set off"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English ditransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "His dogged determination caused the fundraising to be successful.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 7:4:", "text": "I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them. Soft heartedness caused more harm than good.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "links": [["produce", "produce"], ["result", "result"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ditransitive) To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "tags": ["ditransitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with obsolete senses", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:", "text": "He, to shifte their curious request, / Gan causen why she could not come in place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete) To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "tags": ["obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "kôz", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔːz/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰoːz̥]", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔz/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰɒːz̥]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑz/", "tags": ["cot-caught-merger"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cause.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg/En-us-cause.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg"}, {"homophone": "caws"}, {"homophone": "'cause"}, {"homophone": "cores (non-rhotic)"}, {"rhymes": "-ɔːz"}], "translations": [{"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "sabbaba", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "سَبَّبَ"}, {"code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "patčaṙel", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "պատճառել"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəb olmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "əmələ gətirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəbləndirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "doğurmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "bais olmaq"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "pryčynjácʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "прычыня́ць"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "ghoṭanō", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "ঘটানো"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "pričinjavam", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причинявам"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "způsobit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "zapříčinit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "způsobovat"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "zapříčinovat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsage"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kaŭzi"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "põhjustama"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "tekitama"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "saada aikaan"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causer"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "gamoc̣veva", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "გამოწვევა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "verursachen"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "auslösen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "prokaló", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "προκαλώ"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "garám", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "גרם"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "okoz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "előidéz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kivált"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "valda"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "igar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efektigar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kauzigar"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "izh", "lang": "Ingrian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "synnyttää"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "provocare"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causare"}, {"alt": "げんいんとなる", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "gen'in to naru", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "原因となる"}, {"alt": "ひきおこす", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "hikiokosu", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "引き起こす"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "ireukida", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "일으키다"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "whakatae"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "bâ'es šodan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "باعث شدن"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "powodować"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "spowodować"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "cauza"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "pricinui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "pričinjátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причиня́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "proizvodítʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "производи́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "zastavljátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "заставля́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "vyzyvátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "вызыва́ть"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "izazvati"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "povzročiti"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "orsaka"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "förorsaka"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "uğratmak"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "achosi"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "peri"}, {"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "predizvikvam", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "предизвиквам"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "gør"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "resultere i"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "johtaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "saada"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armošoba", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოშობა"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armokmna", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოქმნა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "lassen"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "produrre"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "ottenere"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "creō"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "fazer"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "póraś"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "achosi"}], "word": "cause"}
cause (English verb) cause/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English conjunctions", "English control verbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms with homophones", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 10 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Mandarin translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz/1 syllable", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Etruscan translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Kilivila translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "en:Philanthropy"], "derived": [{"word": "causable"}, {"word": "causation"}, {"word": "cause a stir"}, {"word": "causee"}, {"word": "causer"}, {"word": "causingness"}, {"word": "uncause"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cause"}, "expansion": "Middle English cause", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "cause", "4": "", "5": "a cause, a thing"}, "expansion": "Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "causa", "4": "", "5": "reason, sake, cause"}, "expansion": "Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "itc-pro", "3": "*kaussā"}, "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaussā", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "law"}, "expansion": "(law)", "name": "q"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "chose", "t1": "(law) a thing; personal property"}, "expansion": "Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”)", "name": "doublet"}, {"args": {"1": "ang", "2": "intinga"}, "expansion": "Old English intinga", "name": "ncog"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "causen"}, "expansion": "Middle English causen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "causer"}, "expansion": "Old French causer", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ML.", "3": "causāre"}, "expansion": "Medieval Latin causāre", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.\n* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.", "forms": [{"form": "causes", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "causing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "no-table-tags", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["table-tags"]}, {"form": "glossary", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["inflection-template"]}, {"form": "cause", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["infinitive"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cause (third-person singular simple present causes, present participle causing, simple past and past participle caused)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "The lightning caused thunder.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):", "text": "An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "links": [["set off", "set off"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English ditransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "His dogged determination caused the fundraising to be successful.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 7:4:", "text": "I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them. Soft heartedness caused more harm than good.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "links": [["produce", "produce"], ["result", "result"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ditransitive) To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "tags": ["ditransitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with obsolete senses", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:", "text": "He, to shifte their curious request, / Gan causen why she could not come in place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete) To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "tags": ["obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "kôz", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔːz/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰoːz̥]", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔz/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰɒːz̥]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑz/", "tags": ["cot-caught-merger"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cause.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg/En-us-cause.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg"}, {"homophone": "caws"}, {"homophone": "'cause"}, {"homophone": "cores (non-rhotic)"}, {"rhymes": "-ɔːz"}], "translations": [{"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "sabbaba", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "سَبَّبَ"}, {"code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "patčaṙel", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "պատճառել"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəb olmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "əmələ gətirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəbləndirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "doğurmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "bais olmaq"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "pryčynjácʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "прычыня́ць"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "ghoṭanō", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "ঘটানো"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "pričinjavam", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причинявам"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "způsobit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "zapříčinit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "způsobovat"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "zapříčinovat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsage"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kaŭzi"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "põhjustama"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "tekitama"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "saada aikaan"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causer"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "gamoc̣veva", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "გამოწვევა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "verursachen"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "auslösen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "prokaló", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "προκαλώ"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "garám", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "גרם"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "okoz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "előidéz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kivált"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "valda"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "igar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efektigar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kauzigar"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "izh", "lang": "Ingrian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "synnyttää"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "provocare"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causare"}, {"alt": "げんいんとなる", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "gen'in to naru", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "原因となる"}, {"alt": "ひきおこす", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "hikiokosu", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "引き起こす"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "ireukida", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "일으키다"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "whakatae"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "bâ'es šodan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "باعث شدن"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "powodować"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "spowodować"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "cauza"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "pricinui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "pričinjátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причиня́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "proizvodítʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "производи́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "zastavljátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "заставля́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "vyzyvátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "вызыва́ть"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "izazvati"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "povzročiti"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "orsaka"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "förorsaka"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "uğratmak"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "achosi"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "peri"}, {"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "predizvikvam", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "предизвиквам"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "gør"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "resultere i"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "johtaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "saada"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armošoba", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოშობა"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armokmna", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოქმნა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "lassen"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "produrre"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "ottenere"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "creō"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "fazer"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "póraś"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "achosi"}], "word": "cause"}
cause (English verb) cause/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English conjunctions", "English control verbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms with homophones", "English uncountable nouns", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 10 entries", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Mandarin translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz", "Rhymes:English/ɔːz/1 syllable", "Terms with Afrikaans translations", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Armenian translations", "Terms with Azerbaijani translations", "Terms with Bashkir translations", "Terms with Basque translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bengali translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Cebuano translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Danish translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Eastern Mari translations", "Terms with Egyptian Arabic translations", "Terms with Esperanto translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Etruscan translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Greek translations", "Terms with Haitian Creole translations", "Terms with Hebrew translations", "Terms with Hindi translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Icelandic translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Khmer translations", "Terms with Kilivila translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Kyrgyz translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Lower Sorbian translations", "Terms with Luxembourgish translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Malay translations", "Terms with Maltese translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Nepali translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations", "Terms with Norwegian translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Old English translations", "Terms with Old Irish translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Sanskrit translations", "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Sicilian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with South Levantine Arabic translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Tagalog translations", "Terms with Tajik translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Thai translations", "Terms with Turkish translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Urdu translations", "Terms with Uyghur translations", "Terms with Uzbek translations", "Terms with Vietnamese translations", "Terms with Welsh translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "Terms with Zulu translations", "en:Philanthropy"], "derived": [{"word": "causable"}, {"word": "causation"}, {"word": "cause a stir"}, {"word": "causee"}, {"word": "causer"}, {"word": "causingness"}, {"word": "uncause"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "cause"}, "expansion": "Middle English cause", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "cause", "4": "", "5": "a cause, a thing"}, "expansion": "Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "la", "3": "causa", "4": "", "5": "reason, sake, cause"}, "expansion": "Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”)", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "itc-pro", "3": "*kaussā"}, "expansion": "Proto-Italic *kaussā", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "law"}, "expansion": "(law)", "name": "q"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "chose", "t1": "(law) a thing; personal property"}, "expansion": "Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”)", "name": "doublet"}, {"args": {"1": "ang", "2": "intinga"}, "expansion": "Old English intinga", "name": "ncog"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "causen"}, "expansion": "Middle English causen", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "fro", "3": "causer"}, "expansion": "Old French causer", "name": "der"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ML.", "3": "causāre"}, "expansion": "Medieval Latin causāre", "name": "der"}], "etymology_text": "* From Middle English cause (also with the sense of “a thing”), borrowed from Old French cause (“a cause, a thing”), borrowed from Latin causa (“reason, sake, cause”), from Proto-Italic *kaussā, which is of unknown origin. Doublet of chose (“(law) a thing; personal property”). See accuse, excuse, recuse, ruse. Displaced native Old English intinga.\n* From Middle English causen, Old French causer and Medieval Latin causāre.", "forms": [{"form": "causes", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "causing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "caused", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "no-table-tags", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["table-tags"]}, {"form": "glossary", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["inflection-template"]}, {"form": "cause", "source": "conjugation", "tags": ["infinitive"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "cause (third-person singular simple present causes, present participle causing, simple past and past participle caused)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples", "English transitive verbs"], "examples": [{"text": "The lightning caused thunder.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes.[…]She put back a truant curl from her forehead where it had sought egress to the world, and looked him full in the face now, drawing a deep breath which caused the round of her bosom to lift the lace at her throat.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013 June 1, “A better waterworks”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 5 (Technology Quarterly):", "text": "An artificial kidney these days still means a refrigerator-sized dialysis machine. Such devices mimic[…]real kidneys[…]. But they are nothing like as efficient, and can cause bleeding, clotting and infection—not to mention inconvenience for patients, who typically need to be hooked up to one three times a week for hours at a time.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "links": [["set off", "set off"]], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To set off an event or action; to bring about; to produce."], "tags": ["transitive"]}, {"categories": ["English ditransitive verbs", "English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"text": "His dogged determination caused the fundraising to be successful.", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 7:4:", "text": "I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days.", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:", "text": "And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them. Soft heartedness caused more harm than good.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "links": [["produce", "produce"], ["result", "result"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ditransitive) To actively produce as a result, by means of force or authority."], "tags": ["ditransitive"]}, {"categories": ["English terms with obsolete senses", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:", "text": "He, to shifte their curious request, / Gan causen why she could not come in place.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "raw_glosses": ["(obsolete) To assign or show cause; to give a reason; to make excuse."], "tags": ["obsolete"]}], "sounds": [{"enpr": "kôz", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔːz/", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰoːz̥]", "tags": ["Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"ipa": "/kɔz/", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "[kʰɒːz̥]", "tags": ["General-American"]}, {"ipa": "/ˈkɑz/", "tags": ["cot-caught-merger"]}, {"audio": "en-us-cause.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg/En-us-cause.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/En-us-cause.ogg"}, {"homophone": "caws"}, {"homophone": "'cause"}, {"homophone": "cores (non-rhotic)"}, {"rhymes": "-ɔːz"}], "translations": [{"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "ar", "lang": "Arabic", "roman": "sabbaba", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "سَبَّبَ"}, {"code": "hy", "lang": "Armenian", "roman": "patčaṙel", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "պատճառել"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəb olmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "əmələ gətirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "səbəbləndirmək"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "doğurmaq"}, {"code": "az", "lang": "Azerbaijani", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "bais olmaq"}, {"code": "be", "lang": "Belarusian", "roman": "pryčynjácʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "прычыня́ць"}, {"code": "bn", "lang": "Bengali", "roman": "ghoṭanō", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "ঘটানো"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "pričinjavam", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причинявам"}, {"code": "ca", "lang": "Catalan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "způsobit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "zapříčinit"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "způsobovat"}, {"code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "zapříčinovat"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsage"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "eo", "lang": "Esperanto", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kaŭzi"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "põhjustama"}, {"code": "et", "lang": "Estonian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "tekitama"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "saada aikaan"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causer"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "gamoc̣veva", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "გამოწვევა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "verursachen"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "auslösen"}, {"code": "el", "lang": "Greek", "roman": "prokaló", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "προκαλώ"}, {"code": "he", "lang": "Hebrew", "roman": "garám", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "גרם"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "okoz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "előidéz"}, {"code": "hu", "lang": "Hungarian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kivált"}, {"code": "is", "lang": "Icelandic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "valda"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "igar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efektigar"}, {"code": "io", "lang": "Ido", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "kauzigar"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "izh", "lang": "Ingrian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "synnyttää"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "provocare"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causare"}, {"alt": "げんいんとなる", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "gen'in to naru", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "原因となる"}, {"alt": "ひきおこす", "code": "ja", "lang": "Japanese", "roman": "hikiokosu", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "引き起こす"}, {"code": "ko", "lang": "Korean", "roman": "ireukida", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "일으키다"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "whakatae"}, {"code": "nb", "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "nn", "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "forårsake"}, {"code": "fa", "lang": "Persian", "roman": "bâ'es šodan", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "باعث شدن"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "powodować"}, {"code": "pl", "lang": "Polish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "spowodować"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "cauza"}, {"code": "ro", "lang": "Romanian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "pricinui"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "pričinjátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "причиня́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "proizvodítʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "производи́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "zastavljátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "заставля́ть"}, {"code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "vyzyvátʹ", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "вызыва́ть"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "sh", "lang": "Serbo-Croatian", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "tags": ["perfective"], "word": "izazvati"}, {"code": "sl", "lang": "Slovene", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "povzročiti"}, {"code": "es", "lang": "Spanish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "orsaka"}, {"code": "sv", "lang": "Swedish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "förorsaka"}, {"code": "tr", "lang": "Turkish", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "uğratmak"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "achosi"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to set off an event or action", "word": "peri"}, {"code": "af", "lang": "Afrikaans", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorsaak"}, {"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "predizvikvam", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "предизвиквам"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "gør"}, {"code": "da", "lang": "Danish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "resultere i"}, {"code": "nl", "lang": "Dutch", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "veroorzaken"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "johtaa"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "saada"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "aiheuttaa"}, {"code": "gl", "lang": "Galician", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armošoba", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოშობა"}, {"code": "ka", "lang": "Georgian", "roman": "c̣armokmna", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "წარმოქმნა"}, {"code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "lassen"}, {"code": "id", "lang": "Indonesian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "menyebabkan"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "produrre"}, {"code": "it", "lang": "Italian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "ottenere"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "creō"}, {"code": "la", "lang": "Latin", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "efficiō"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "causar"}, {"code": "pt", "lang": "Portuguese", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "fazer"}, {"code": "gd", "lang": "Scottish Gaelic", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "adhbharaich"}, {"code": "dsb", "lang": "Lower Sorbian", "sense": "to produce as a result", "tags": ["imperfective"], "word": "póraś"}, {"code": "cy", "lang": "Welsh", "sense": "to produce as a result", "word": "achosi"}], "word": "cause"}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (1c4b89b and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.