界

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːds): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds).
Compare perhaps Burmese ခြား (hkra:, “to keep separated”).


界

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).
In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).


域

Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷrɯɡ): semantic 土 + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).
國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ, “state”) is the k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “territory”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 國 for more.


屬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjoɡ, *djoɡ): semantic 㞑 (“tail”) + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(y)u-k (“to belong, trust, depend, accept, take”). Cognate with Burmese ယူ (yu, “to take”) (STEDT).


目

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (目):
* → Japanese: 目(もく) (moku)
* → Korean: 목(目) (mok)
* → Vietnamese: mục (目)

Pictogram (象形) – human eye, now rotated 90 degrees. Compare the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.
See also 直, 真, 見, 頁, 夏, 面, 臣 and the earlier versions of 要. The eye is not rotated in the character 𢛳, 曼, 睪, and 眔 (used in 褱).
Sometimes it depicts a web (网) through its variant 罒, e.g., 買, 罵, 罪, 詈 (used in 罰) and 羅 (> 罗). Unrelated to 鼎 and 貝.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjak ~ s-mik. Cognate with Tibetan མིག (mig, “eye”), Burmese မျက် (myak, “eye, face”).


目

目迎

turning one's gaze towards the direction from which someone is coming

目算

eyeball something, making a visual estimate or calculation of something

目笑

smiling with one's eyes; smiling at one another, catching another's eye and smiling or laughing

目食耳視

eating with one's eyes, looking with one's ears→ choosing foods based on what they look like instead of their taste, and choosing fashions based on what people say instead of how comfortable they are → all style and no substance

目銭: a kind of tax levied in the Kamakura and Muromachi period

a property tax based on the area of agricultural land

目前

right before one's eye, right away, imminent, immediate

目送

follow something or someone with one's eyes

executor of a lord starting from the late Heian period

deputy starting from the Kamakura period

目礼

greet or acknowledging someone with one's eyes

目割れ

plot, conspiracy, or other hidden plan being expose or found out

岡目八目

lookers-on see most of the game; Observers can read eight moves ahead while watching a game of Go from the side

真面目

real appearance or worth of something; serious

面目

one's honor, one's metaphorical face; external appearance

(taxonomy) an order in biology: smaller than a class, bigger than a family


科

Sino-Xenic (科):
* → Japanese: 科(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 과(科) (gwa)
* → Vietnamese: khoa (科)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).
Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).


科

科 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)


種

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).
Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).
Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).

cog

种
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
𥠭


種

Fourth grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


種

種 (canonical)
shu (romanization)
syu (romanization)
しゆ (hiragana historical)

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/
From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).


綱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *klaːŋ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ).


門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門):
* → Japanese: 門(もん) (mon)
* → Korean: 문(門) (mun)
* → Vietnamese: môn (門)

Wutunhua: men

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character (𠁣).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-muːr (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”).
; “-gate”


chi

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支 (“branch; to spend”).


목

the hanja entry at 目 for Sino-Korean compounds of 목


गण

gaṇ (romanization)
गण (direct singular)
गण (direct plural)
गण (oblique singular)
गणों (oblique plural)
गण (singular vocative)
गणो (plural vocative)


문

the hanja entry at 門 for Sino-Korean compounds of 문


강

From Sino-Korean word from 綱 (“class”). Compare Japanese 綱.


जगत्

jagat (romanization)
جگت (Urdu)
जगत् (direct singular)
जगत् (direct plural)
जगत् (oblique singular)
जगतों (oblique plural)
जगत् (singular vocative)
जगतो (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जगत् (jagat). Doublet of जग (jag).


과

the hanja entry at 科 for Sino-Korean compounds of 과

사다샛과


계

—계 (canonical)
-gye (romanization)
界 (hanja)


شاخه

→ Khalaj: şâxa

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćā́kʰaH, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱókh₂eh₂ (“branch”). Cognate with Sanskrit शाखा (śākhā, “branch, twing, limb, finger”), Old Armenian ցախ (cʻax, “branch, twig”), Lithuanian šakà (“branch”), Gothic 𐌷𐍉𐌷𐌰 (hōha, “plough”), Old East Slavic соха (soxa, “stake, club, brace, plough”), Old Irish géc (“branch”). Compare شاخ (šâx).


رده

der

Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to arrange, count”)


속

소속(屬)의 다른 종(種)들도 때때로 "소" 또는 "야생소"라고 불린다.

Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.

Sosog-ui dareun jong-deul-do ttaettaero so tto-neun yasaengso-rago bullinda.

the hanja entry at 屬 for Sino-Korean compounds of 속


कुल

kul (romanization)
کل (Urdu)
कुल (direct singular)
कुल (direct plural)
कुल (oblique singular)
कुलों (oblique plural)
कुल (singular vocative)
कुलो (plural vocative)


خانواده

head

خانِوادِه • (xâne-vâde) (plural خانوادهها (xâne-vâde-hâ))

خانِوادِه (canonical)
xâne-vâde (romanization)
خانوادهها (plural)

A compound composed of خانه (xâneh) + واده (-wâdeh), the latter part is most likely either a clipping of Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] ('wb'tk /āwādag/, “generation, progeny”), or etymologically related to it. Compare نواده (nawādeh, “grandchild, descendant”).


जाति

jāti (romanization)
جاتی (Urdu)
जाति (direct singular)
जातियाँ (direct plural)
जाति (oblique singular)
जातियों (oblique plural)
जाति (singular vocative)
जातियो (plural vocative)

/d͡ʒɑː.t̪iː/

[d͡ʒäː.t̪iː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁tis
Sanskrit जा॒ति (jātí)bor.
Hindi जाति (jāti)
Borrowed from Sanskrit जा॒ति (jātí).


वर्ग

varg (romanization)
ورگ (Urdu)
वर्ग (direct singular)
वर्ग (direct plural)
वर्ग (oblique singular)
वर्गों (oblique plural)
वर्ग (singular vocative)
वर्गो (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit वर्ग (varga).


giống

From Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ, from a descendant of reconstructed Old Chinese 種 (OC *k.toŋʔ) when the dental stop already palatalized; non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 種 (“seed; species”, SV: chủng). Doublet of chủng.
The same sound change also yields Vietnamese giấy, from Proto-Vietic *k-cajʔ, from a descendant of ultimately Old Chinese 紙 (OC *k.teʔ).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">chủng</i>


giới

giới Động vật


loài

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 類 (“kind; class; category”, SV: loại). Doublet of loại.
This noun used to have wider usage in the past, as compounds like loài đá (“rocks”), loài kim (“metals”) (cf. modern kim loại) were widely attested.
Unlike Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, which use 種 /种 (chủng) for "species", Vietnamese chủng is used for "strain".

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">loại</i>


họ

head

họ • (户, 戶, 𢩜, 𣱆)

vi-noun

họ • (户, 戶, 𢩜, 𣱆)

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-họ.wav

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 戶 (“family”, SV: hộ). Doublet of cửa and hộ.

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">hộ</i>


ngành

Non-Sino-Vietnamese reading of Chinese 梗 (“branch (of a plant)”, SV: ngạnh).

der

SV: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">ngạnh</i>


वंश

hi-noun

वंश • (vañś) m

vañś (romanization)
वंश (direct singular)
वंश (direct plural)
वंश (oblique singular)
वंशों (oblique plural)
वंश (singular vocative)
वंशो (plural vocative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanćás
Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśa)bor.
Hindi वंश (vañś)
Borrowed from Sanskrit वंश (vaṃśá). Doublet of बंस (bans) and बाँस (bā̃s).


سرده

head

سرده • (sarde) (plural سردهها (sarde-hâ))

Semi-learned borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (sltk' /sardag/, “sort, kind”).


جاندار

head

جاندار • (jândâr)

fa-noun

جاندار • (jândâr)

[dʒɒːnˈd̪ɒːɾ]

(biology) life (the highest taxonomic rank)


طبقه آرایه‌شناختی

head

طبقه آرایهشناختی • (tabaqe-ye ârâye-šenâxti)

طبقه آرایهشناختی (canonical)
tabaqe-ye ârâye-šenâxti (romanization)

fa:طبقه آرایه‌شناختی


رتبه آرایه‌شناختی

رتبه آرایهشناختی • (rotbe-ye ârâye-šenâxti)

رتبه آرایهشناختی (canonical)
rotbe-ye ârâye-šenâxti (romanization)

fa:طبقه آرایهشناختی


دامنه

دامنه • (dâmane) (plural دامنهها (dâmane-hâ))

From دامن (dâman, “skirt, hems of a robe”) + ـه (-e). "Domain; range" is a phono-semantic matching of French domaine.


راسته

head

راسته • (râste) (plural راستهها (râste-hâ))


گونه

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwnk'), 𐫃𐫇𐫗𐫃 (gwng /gōnag/, “sort, kind, form”). Compare Iranian borrowing Old Armenian գունակ (gunak).

inh

fa:گونه (ابهامزدایی)


bộ

Sino-Vietnamese word from 部, from Literary Chinese 部 (bù). 部 (bù) is used for ministries based on historical and modern Chinese models. South Korea also uses 部 (bù), while feudal Korea used 조 (jo), from Literary Chinese 曹 (cáo, “agency”). North Korea and Japan use 省 (tỉnh), which was a higher type of government agency in feudal China.

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-bộ.wav


lớp

head

立, 笠, 泣, 垃, 𧙀

vi-noun

立, 笠, 泣, 垃, 𧙀

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Jessica Nguyen (Pamputt)-lớp.wav

lớp Thú / lớp Có Vú


ពួក

km-noun

ពួក • (puək)

From Angkorian Old Khmer vvak, vvāk, vok, bok (“to come together, to assemble; group, gathering”), from Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer vok. Cognate with Thai พวก (pûuak), Lao ພວກ (phūak), Malay puak.


អំបូរ

អំបូរ • (ʼɑmbou)


ប្រភេទ

ប្រភេទ • (prɑɑpheit)


ថ្នាក់

ថ្នាក់ • (thnak)

From ដាក់ (dak, “to place”) with infixed -n- (locative).


संघ

saṅgh (romanization)
سنگھ (Urdu)
संघ (direct singular)
संघ (direct plural)
संघ (oblique singular)
संघों (oblique plural)
संघ (singular vocative)
संघो (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सङ्घ (saṅgha).


សាខា

From Pali sākhā or Sanskrit शाखा (śākhā, “branch”).


វិស័យ

From Pali visaya (“region, scope”). Cognate with Thai วิสัย (wí-sǎi).


រជ្ជៈ

km-noun

រជ្ជៈ • (raccĕəʼ)

រជ្ជៈសត្វ

រជ្ជៈរុក្ខជាតិ


phân loại sinh học

[fən˧˧ lwaːj˧˨ʔ sïŋ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[fəŋ˧˧ lwaːj˨˩ʔ ʂɨn˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[fəŋ˧˧ lwaːj˨˩ʔ sɨn˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[fəŋ˧˧ l⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩˨ ʂɨn˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

[fəŋ˧˧ l⁽ʷ⁾aːj˨˩˨ sɨn˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]

phân loại (“to classify; classification”) + sinh học (“biology”).