gas

gasen (definite singular)
gaser (indefinite plural)
gasene (definite plural)


gas

gasen (definite singular)
gasar (indefinite plural)
gasane (definite plural)


say

head

say (countable and uncountable, plural says)

From Middle French saie, from Latin saga, plural of sagum (“military cloak”).

Per.[igot] VVell decked in a frocke of gray, / Will.[y] hey ho, gray is greet, / Per. And in a kirtle of greene ſaye, / Will. the greene is for maydens meete.

1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “August. Ægloga Octaua.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […], London: […] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, […], →OCLC, folio 32, recto:

All in a kirtle of diſcolourd ſay / He clothed was […]

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 53:


say

This fellow, Captaine, Will come, in time, to be a great distiller, And giue a say[…]at the philosophers stone.

1610 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, The Alchemist, London: […] Thomas Snodham, for Walter Burre, and are to be sold by Iohn Stepneth, […], published 1612, →OCLC; reprinted Menston, Yorkshire: The Scolar Press, 1970, →OCLC, (please specify the GB page), (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


alpaca

Borrowed from Spanish alpaca, from Aymara allpaqa.

(uncountable) a fabric made out of a mixture of wool and cotton


mikado

en-noun

mikado (countable and uncountable, plural mikados)

Borrowed from Japanese 御門 (mikado), from 御 (mi, “honorable”) + 門 (kado, “gate, portal”).

com

A game of skill, in which identically shaped (but differently colored and valued) wooden sticks must be removed from a pile without disturbing the remaining stack.


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamy (nominative plural)
lamy (genitive singular)
lam (genitive plural)
lamie (dative singular)
lamom (dative plural)
lamę (accusative singular)
lamy (accusative plural)
lamą (instrumental singular)
lamami (instrumental plural)
lamie (locative singular)
lamach (locative plural)
lamo (singular vocative)
lamy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: lama


lama

lama (nominative singular)
lamy (genitive singular)
lamie (dative singular)
lamę (accusative singular)
lamą (instrumental singular)
lamie (locative singular)
lamo (singular vocative)


flaxen

From Middle English flaxen, flexon, flexin, from Old English fleaxen (“of flax; flaxen”), equivalent to flax + -en (“made of”). Compare Dutch vlassen.


felt

en-noun

felt (countable and uncountable, plural felts)

From Middle English felt, from Old English felt, from Proto-West Germanic *felt (compare Dutch vilt, German Filz, Danish filt, French feutre), from Proto-Indo-European *pilto, *pilso 'felt' (compare Latin pilleus (“felt”, adjective), Old Church Slavonic плъсть (plŭstĭ), Albanian plis, Ancient Greek πῖλος (pîlos)), from *pel- 'to beat'. More at anvil.

You'll notice that all the illustrations are done in different media: some with pencil crayons, some with felts, some with paint, some with chalk pastels.

1989, Anne D. Forester, Margaret Reinhard, The Learners' Way, page 116:


felt

English: felt

Scots: felt

From Old English felt, from Proto-West Germanic *felt.

Felted fabric or a sample or swab of it; felt.

A piece of headgear made from felted fabric; a felt hat.


wool

wool (usually uncountable, plural wools)

→ Japanese: ウール (ūru)

From Middle English wolle, from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂.
Cognates
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Wulle, German Low German Wull, Dutch wol, German Wolle, Norwegian ull; also Welsh gwlân, Latin lāna, Lithuanian vìlna, Russian во́лос (vólos), Slovak vlna, Bulgarian влас (vlas), Albanian lesh (“wool, hair, fleece”). Doublet of lana.
The vowel development u → o → oo is purely graphical. Modern English generally avoids the string ‹wu› in favour of ‹wo›, and the resulting woll was then altered to wool (as supposedly better representing the pronunciation).

(British, New Zealand) Yarn, including that made from synthetic fibers.


curtain

Inherited from Middle English curtine, from Old French cortine, from Late Latin cōrtīna (“curtain”), a calque from Ancient Greek.

The uninterrupted stream of fluid that falls onto a moving substrate in the process of curtain coating.


cloth

cloth (countable and uncountable, plural cloths or (obsolete) clothes)

cloths (plural)
clothes (obsolete plural)

From Middle English cloth, clath, from Old English clāþ (“cloth, clothes, covering, sail”), from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą (“garment”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gleyt- (“to cling to, cleave, stick”) (compare Albanian ngjit (“to stick, attach, glue”)), a form of *gleh₁y- (“to smear; to stick”). Cognate with Scots clath (“cloth”), North Frisian klaid (“dress, garment”), Saterland Frisian Klood (“dress, apparel”), West Frisian kleed (“cloth, article of clothing”), Dutch kleed (“robe, dress”), Low German kleed (“dress, garment”), German Kleid (“gown, dress”), Danish klæde (“cloth, dress”), Norwegian klede, Swedish kläde (“cloth”), Icelandic klæði (“cloth, dressing”), Old English clīþan (“to adhere, stick”).

cog

In trumpets for assisting the hearing, all reverbation of the trumpet must be avoided. It must be made thick, of the least elastic materials, and covered with cloth externally.

1820, Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, 6th edition, volume 20, Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Company, page 501:

“It was last Saturday […] that two boys, playing in the little spinney just outside Wembley Park Station, came across three large parcels done up in American cloth.[…]”

1904–1905, Baroness Orczy [i.e., Emma Orczy], “The Lisson Grove Mystery”, in The Case of Miss Elliott, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin, published 1905, →OCLC; republished as popular edition, London: Greening & Co., 1909, OCLC 11192831, quoted in The Case of Miss Elliott (ebook no. 2000141h.html), Australia: Project Gutenberg of Australia, February 2020:

There were other types of looms for producing various specialised types of cloth, for example fustians and velvets, but there is not space here to discuss these.

2017, Roger Holden, Manufacturing the Cloth of the World, →ISBN, page 26:

(countable, uncountable) A fabric, usually made of woven, knitted, or felted fibres or filaments, such as used in dressing, decorating, cleaning or other practical use.


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric or an individual piece of it, especially made by weaving:

Table linen; a decorative cloth for the table.


wadmal

en-noun

wadmal (countable and uncountable, plural wadmals)

From Middle English wadmal, wadmol, from Old Norse váðmál (“woolen stuff”), from váð (“cloth”) + mál (“measure”). Cognate to Danish vadmel, Icelandic vaðmál. Compare wad (“a small mass”) and woodmeil.

Thick coarse heavily napped wool mostly used in winter clothing for the poor.


繒

Further to the east are the White Barbarians, whose men and women use white silk for clothing, which does not descend beneath the knee.

Tang Dynasty, Fan Chuo, Manshu, chapter 4, part 20

Yòu dōng yǒu Báimán, zhàngfū fùrén yǐ bái zēng wéi yī, xià bù guò xī.

又東有白蠻，丈夫婦人以白繒為衣，下不過膝。

又东有白蛮，丈夫妇人以白缯为衣，下不过膝。


紗

muslin (a lightweight cotton cloth in a plain weave; or thin fabric made of silk or linen)


絲

qualifier

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">sēricus</i> for descendants of this

→ Ancient Greek: Σήρ (Sḗr, “Chinese; silkworm”)
→ Latin: Sēres
English: Seres
Portuguese: Seres
Spanish: Seres
 (see sēricus for descendants of this)

→ Aramaic:

desc

Classical Syriac: ܫܺܐܪܳܐ (šērā), ܫܺܐܪܳܝܳܐ (šērāyā), ܫܻܝܪܳܝܳܐ (šērāyā, “silk; silk garment”)

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שִׁירָאָה (šērāʾā), שִּׁירָא (šērā, “silk; silk garment”)

Mandaic: ࡔࡉ࡚ࡓࡀࡉࡀ (/šērāyā/)

→ Arabic: سِيرَاء (sīrāʔ, “a kind of silk garment”)

ሢራይ, ሥራይ, ሤራይ

→ Ge'ez: ሢራይ, ሥራይ, ሤራይ (śiray, śəray, śeray, “silk; silk garment”)

→? Old Korean: 糸利 (*SIli, “thread”)

Middle Korean: 실〯 (sǐl, “id.”)

Korean: 실 (sil, “id.”)

→ Vietnamese: tơ

Obsolete. 皮 is used for SI prefix pico-.

蠶絲

蚕丝

絲織品

丝织品

絲帶

丝带

絲綢之路

丝绸之路

絲竹

丝竹

(dated) the number 10⁻⁴; 1/10000th of certain units of measure

(Mainland China) traditional unit of length equal to 1/10000th of 寸 (cùn, “Chinese inch, ¹/₃ decimeter”) ≈ 3.3 micron

(Mainland China) traditional unit of weight equal to 1/10000th of 錢／钱 (qián, “mace”) = 1/1000000th of 斤 (jīn, “catty, 0.5 kilogram”) = 0.5 milligram

絲米

丝米


錦

Originally a compound of 丹 (ni, “red”) + 頻 (shiki, “repetition”).

brocade (generic name for weaving fabrics with various colored threads)


textile

→ Turkish: tekstil


textile

la-noun

textile n (genitive textilis); third declension

textilis (genitive)
textile (nominative singular)
textilia (nominative plural)
textilis (genitive singular)
textilium (genitive plural)
textilī (dative singular)
textilibus (dative plural)
textile (accusative singular)
textilia (accusative plural)
textilī (ablative singular)
textilibus (ablative plural)
textile (singular vocative)
textilia (plural vocative)

Catalan: tèxtil

Danish: tekstil

Dutch: textiel

English: textile

French: textile
→ Turkish: tekstil

German: Textil, Textilie

Latvian: tekstils

Norwegian Bokmål: tekstil

Norwegian Nynorsk: tekstil

Portuguese: têxtil

Romanian: textil

Russian: текстиль (tekstilʹ)

Spanish: textil

Swedish: textil

[ˈt̪ɛks̠t̪ɪɫ̪ɛ]


Marseilles

From Old French Marseilles (nominative of Marseille), from Latin Massilia, Marsilia, from Ancient Greek Μασσαλία (Massalía), probably from a pre-Latin language of Italy, perhaps Ancient Ligurian mas (“spring”).

bor

nominative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">Marseille</i>

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur#English

Alternative spelling of Marseille, the capital city of the Bouches-du-Rhône department, France; capital city of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.


Florence

Florence (disambiguation)
Florence Nightingale

Borrowed from French Florence, from Latin Flōrentia (as a given name, a feminine form of Flōrentius), from flōrens (“flowering, flourishing”), from flōs (“flower”), connected with English bloom and blossom. Doublet of Firenze.
The female given name gained popularity from Florence Nightingale who was born in the Tuscan city.

Stephenson County
Stephenson County#English

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Stephenson County, Illinois.

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Ravalli County, Montana.

Codington County
Codington County#English

A town in Codington County, South Dakota.

Snohomish County
Snohomish County#English

An unincorporated community in Snohomish County, Washington.


rash

Uncertain; the word is similar to other words from Germanic or Romance languages listed in the table below, but the connection between the English word and those words is unclear. One suggestion is that they ultimately derive from the town of Arras in France, known for its cloth and wool industries (whence arras (“tapestry, wall hanging”)); compare German Rasch (“lightly woven silk or (usually) worsted fabric”) (said to be from Middle High German arrasch (“arras”), and ultimately from the name of the town), and the obsolete names for the fabric, Catalan drap de arraz, drap d'Arraç, Italian paño de ras (literally “cloth of Arras”). The Oxford English Dictionary states that even if rash did not originally derive from Arras, the name of the town could have influenced the English word.
possible cognates
* Catalan ras (“smooth fabric woven from silk”) (also raç (obsolete))
* Danish rask (“thin, coarse woollen cloth usually made from worsted”) (also rasch (obsolete), derived from German)
* Dutch ras (“woven silk or (usually) worsted fabric”) (also rasch (obsolete, rare), rass (obsolete))
* Middle French ras (modern French ras (“various types of short-nap cloth”))
* German Rasch, Low German Rasch (“lightly woven silk or (usually) worsted fabric”) (archaic or historical)
* Italian raso (“smooth fabric woven from silk”), rascia (“serge”)
* Late Latin rasum (“some form of fabric”), pannus rasus (“satin”)
* Old Occitan ras (modern Occitan ras (“smooth fabric woven from silk”); also rac (obsolete))
* Spanish raso (“smooth fabric woven from silk; other types of fabric”)
* Swedish rask (“thin woollen cloth usually made from worsted; similar cloth made from silk”) (also rasch (archaic), rass (obsolete))

cog

cloth rash    silk rash

Sleeveleſſe his jerkin vvas, and it had beene / Velvet, but 'tvvas novv (ſo much ground vvas ſeene) / Become Tufftaffatie; and our children ſhall / See it plaine Raſhe avvhile, or nought at all.

p. 1597, J[ohn] Donne, “[Satyres] Satyre IIII”, in Poems, […] with Elegies on the Authors Death, London: […] M[iles] F[lesher] for Iohn Marriot, […], published 1633, →OCLC, page 338:

(historical) Chiefly preceded by a descriptive word: a fabric with a smooth texture woven from silk, worsted, or a mixture of the two, intended as an inferior substitute for silk.


rash

en-verb

rash (third-person singular simple present rashes, present participle rashing, simple past and past participle rashed)

rashes (present singular third-person)
rashing (participle present)
rashed (participle past)
rashed (past)

From Late Middle English rashen, rassh (“to hasten, hurry, rush”) [and other forms], from Old English ræscan (“to move rapidly; to flicker; to flash; to glitter; to quiver”); see further at etymology 1.
probable cognates
* Dutch rasschen, rassen (“to hasten, hurry, rush”) (obsolete)
* Old Norse raska (“to dislodge, displace; to stir up”) (Swedish raska (“to hurry; to act carelessly or hastily”))

cog

Retur[n]e to the places of Peter, the one in his firſt epiſtle, the other in the latter: and ſo be you contented with this preſent anſvver raſhed up in haſte.

1610 October, John Foxe, “[Translation of a Letter of Huldricus Zuinglius, 1 September 1527 (Julian calendar)]”, in The Second Volume of the Ecclesiasticall Historie, Containing the Acts and Monuments of Martyrs, […], 6th edition, volume II, London: […] [Humphrey Lownes] for the Company of Stationers, →OCLC, book VIII, page 987, column 1:

(rare) Usually followed by up: to prepare (something) with haste; to cobble together, to improvise.

Chiefly followed by against, at, or upon: to collide or hit.


rash

PIE word
 *wréh₂ds
Probably an aphetic form of arace (“to tear up by the roots; to draw away”) (obsolete), from Middle English aracen (“to remove (something) by force, pluck or pull out, tear out; to grab; to lacerate; to flay or skin (an animal); to erase, obliterate”) [and other forms], from Old French aracer, arachier (“to pull off (by physical force)”) [and other forms] (whence Anglo-Norman racher, aracher (“to pluck out, pull out”); modern French arracher (“to pull up, tear out, uproot; to extract, take out (a tooth); to peel, pull off, rip off; to buy, snap up; to fight over; to tear (oneself) away from”)), a variant of esrachier (“to eradicate, get rid of”), from Latin exrādīcāre, ērādīcāre, the present active infinitive of ērādīcō (“to root out; to annihilate, extirpate”), from ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + rādīx (“root of a plant”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

cog

There Marinell great deeds of armes did ſhevv; / And through the thickeſt like a Lyon flevv, / Raſhing off helmes, and ryuing plates a ſonder, / That euery one his daunger did eſchevv.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto III”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 8, page 214:

His Creſt is raſh'd away; his ample Shield / Is falſify'd and round with Jav'lins fill'd.

1697, Virgil, “The Ninth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 496, lines 1094–1095:

Chiefly followed by away, down, off, out, etc.: to pluck, pull, or rip (something) violently.


rash

Probably a variant of race, raze (“to demolish; to destroy, obliterate; to scrape as if with a razor”), possibly modelled after rash (etymology 5 or etymology 6). Raze is derived from Middle English rasen, racen, rase (“to scrape; to shave; to erase; to pull; to strip off; to pluck or tear out; to root out (a tree, etc.); to pull away, snatch; to pull down; to knock down; to rend, tear apart; to pick clean, strip; to cleave, slice; to sever; to lacerate; to pierce; to carve, engrave; to dig; (figuratively) to expunge, obliterate; to alter”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman raser, rasere, rasser, Middle French, Old French raser (“to shave; to touch lightly, graze; to level off (grain, etc.) in a measure; to demolish, tear down; to erase; to polish; to wear down”), from Vulgar Latin *raso (“to shave; to scrape; to scratch; to touch lightly, graze”), from Latin rāsus (“scraped; shaved”); see further at etymology 2.

der

(rare) Chiefly followed by out: to scrape or scratch (something); to obliterate.


gabardine

en-noun

gabardine (usually uncountable, plural gabardines)

/ˈɡæbəˌdiːn/

Recorded since 1904, altering the earlier gaberdine (“long, coarse outer garment”) (since 1520), from Spanish gabardina (perhaps influenced by gabán (“overcoat”) and tabardina (“coarse coat”)), from Middle French galverdine, itself probably from (Old or Middle) High German wallevart (“pilgrimage”), in the sense of “pilgrim's cloak” (from wallen (“to ambulate”) + vart (“journey”)).

(uncountable, countable) A similar fabric, made from cotton.


fustian

fustian (usually uncountable, plural fustians)

The noun is derived from Middle English fustian (“type of fabric, probably made from cotton, flax, or wool; piece of fustian spread over a bed or mattress”) [and other forms], from Old French fustaine, fustaigne (modern French futaine), from Medieval Latin fūstāneum, from (pannus) fūstāneus or (tela) fūstānea, of disputed origin.
Sense 3 (“inflated, pompous, or pretentious speech or writing”) is possibly from the fact that the fabric was sometimes used to make cushion- and pillowcases, thus suggesting that the speech or writing is “padded” or “stuffed”; compare bombast. The relationship between sense 4 (“hot drink made of a mixture of alcoholic beverages with egg yolk, lemon, and spices”) and the fabric is unclear.
The adjective is from an attributive use of the noun.
cognates
* Italian fustagno
* Occitan fustani
* Portuguese fustão
* Spanish fustan

nb...

fustain, fustiane, fustane, fustayn, fustein, fusten, fustene, fustien, fustion, fustyane, fustyn, fustyon

VVWhere's the Cooke, is ſupper ready, the houſe trim'd, ruſhes ſtrevv'd, cobvvebs ſvvept, the ſeruingmen in their nevv fuſtian, their vvhite ſtockings, and euery officer his vvedding garment on?

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 221, column 1:

Fustian, of which I found only one entry before 1401, occurs frequently in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It appears to have been a ribbed cloth. […] On one occasion (1443) it is described as 'white ribbed fustian.'

1882, James E[dwin] Thorold Rogers, “On the Price of Textile Fabrics and Clothing”, in A History of Agriculture and Prices in England […], volumes IV (1401–1582), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 568:

His clothes were of fustian, and his boots hobnailed, yet in his progress he showed not the mud-accustomed bearing of hobnailed and fustained peasantry.

1883 March, Thomas Hardy, “The Three Strangers”, in Wessex Tales: Strange, Lively, and Commonplace […], volume I, London; New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., published 1888, →OCLC, pages 12–13:

The different names given to fustian cloths depend upon their degree of fineness, and the manner in which they are woven and finished. […] In all fustians there is a warp and filling, or weft thread, independent of the additional filling-thread forming the pile; but in corduroys the pile thread is only 'thrown in' where the corded portions are and is absent in the narrow spaces between.

1903, “FUSTIAN”, in Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, editors, The New International Encyclopædia, volume VIII, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, →OCLC, page 30, column 2:

The East India company was pursuing its own financial interests, but in doing so was also fostering the establishment of industries such as calico printing — an industry that would have not achieved the same degree of accomplishment if it had confined itself simply to the printing of European fustians (mixed cottons) and linens, both of which were more difficult to print on than cotton.

2009, Giorgio Riello, “The Indian Apprenticeship: The Trade of Indian Textiles and the Making of European Cottons”, in Giorgio Riello, Tirthankar Roy, editors, How India Clothed the World: The World of South Asian Textiles, 1500-1850 (Global Economic History Series; 4), Leiden, Boston, Mass.: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, part III (Regions of Change: Indian Textiles and European Development), page 334:

Originally, a kind of coarse fabric made from cotton and flax; now, a kind of coarse twilled cotton, or cotton and linen, stuff with a short pile and often dyed a dull colour, which is chiefly prepared for menswear.

فسطاطي

kind of coarse fabric made from cotton and flax; kind of coarse twilled cotton, or cotton and linen, stuff often dyed a drab colour

Fustian is a species of coarse twilled cotton, but may be considered as a general term which comprehends several varieties of cotton fabrics, as corduroy, jean, velveret, velveteen, thickset, thickset cord, and other stout cloths for men's wearing apparel; from their strength and cheapness, they are very serviceable to agricultural people. It is generally dyed of an olive, leaden, or other colours. […] Fustians are either plain or twilled.

1855, T[homas] Webster, Mrs. [William] Parkes, “Book XVII. On the Various Textile Fabrics for Clothing and Furniture.”, in D[avid] M[eredith] Reese, editor, An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy: […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, chapter IV (Cotton Fabrics for Dress and Furniture), section VIII (Description of the Various Cotton Fabrics), paragraph 5665, page 962:

Fustian originally referred to a large variety of textiles of linen-and-cotton blend; later it came to mean all-cotton textiles. Common varieties of the fancy fustians are corduroy, jean, pillow, thickset, velveret and velveteen.

1986 fall (June), Richard Henning Field, “Lunenberg-German Household Textiles: The Evidence from Lunenburg County Estate Inventories, 1780–1830”, in Material History Bulletin = Bulletin d’histoire de la Culture Matérielle, volume 24, Hull, Que.: Canadian Museum of Civilization; Ottawa, Ont.: National Museum of Science and Technology, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-07, page 18, column 2:

Fustians, a large group of general-purpose fabrics were mainly woven with a tight heavy texture. Sometimes they were plainly woven, but fustians could also be fashioned with “tufts” creating fabric like corduroy or velveteen. Fustians were used for anything from draperies to dresses or upholstery to men’s waistcoats.

2007, Susan M. Ouellette, “Flax from the Field, Cotton from the Sea”, in US Textile Production in Historical Perspective: A Case Study from Massachusetts (Studies in American Popular History and Culture), New York, N.Y., Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 34–35:

In the nineteenth century fustian cutting was a major occupation right across the North West and thousands of people in the cotton towns were employed at it. Sometimes the work was done at tables but more often than not the cloth was stretched across rollers and they'd walk up and down all day, slicing through the threads of the weave row by row, using tiny blades fashioned from watch springs and honed until they were as sharp as razorblades. Cutting even a basic fustian, they could walk ten or eleven miles over the length of a shift. With more sophisticated fustians – fabrics like velveteen, for instance – you had to walk further, much further.

2008, Steve Haywood, chapter 9, in Narrowboat Dreams: A Journey North by England’s Waterways, Chichester, West Sussex: Summersdale Publishers, →ISBN, page 103:

A class of fabric including corduroy and velveteen.

Wag[ner]. Vilaine, call me Maiſter Wagner, and let thy left eye be diametarily fixt vpon my right heele, with quaſi veſtigias nostras inſistere [as if to follow in our footsteps]. / Clo[wn]: God forgiue me, he ſpeakes Dutch fuſtian: / well, Ile folow him, Ile ſerue him, thats flat.

1589–1592 (date written), Ch[ristopher] Marl[owe], The Tragicall History of D. Faustus. […], London: […] V[alentine] S[immes] for Thomas Bushell, published 1604, →OCLC, signature [B4], recto:

Monſieur Orenge, yond' Gallants obſerues vs; pr'y thee let's talke Fuſtian a little and gull 'hem: make 'hem beleeue vve are great Schollers.

1599 (first performance), B. I. [i.e., Ben Jonson], The Comicall Satyre of Euery Man out of His Humor. […], London: […] [Adam Islip] for William Holme, […], published 1600, →OCLC, Act III, scene i, signature [H iiij], verso:

If hee can havvke & hunt, ride a horſe, play at cards and dice, ſvvagger, drinke, ſvveare, take Tobacco vvith a grace, ſing, dance, vveare his cloathes in faſhion, court and pleaſe his miſtris, talke bigge fuſtian, inſult, ſcorne, contemne others and vſe a litle mimicall and apiſh complement aboue the reſt, he is a compleat, (Egregiam verò laudem) a vvell-qualified Gentleman, theſe are moſt of their imployments, this their greateſt cõmendation.

1624, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Deformity of Body. Sicknesse. Basenesse of Birth, Peculiar Discontents.”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy: […], 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and James Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 2, section 3, member 2, page 260:

I am much deceiv'd if this be not abominable fuſtian, that is, thoughts and vvords ill ſorted, and vvithout the leaſt relation to each other: […]

1681, John Dryden, “The Epistle Dedicatory to the Right Honourable John, Lord Haughton”, in The Spanish Fryar: Or, the Double Discovery. […], London: […] Richard Tonson and Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

Nothing that belongs to Homer ſeems to have been more commonly miſtaken than the juſt Pitch of his Style: Some of his Tranſlators having ſvvell'd into Fuſtian in a proud Confidence of the Sublime; others ſunk into Flatneſs in a cold and timorous Notion of Simplicity.

1715, Homer, translated by Alexander Pope, “Preface”, in The Iliad of Homer, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC:

Claudian in the deſcription of his infant Titan deſcants on this glory about his head, but has run his deſcription into moſt wretched fustian.

a. 1720, Joseph Addison, “Dialogues upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals. […]. Dialogue II.”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; […], volume I, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], published 1721, →OCLC, page 490:

And he, vvhoſe Fuſtian’s ſo ſublimely bad, / It is not Poetry, but Proſe run mad: […]

1735 January 13 (Gregorian calendar; indicated as 1734), [Alexander] Pope, An Epistle from Mr. Pope, to Dr. Arbuthnot, London: […] J[ohn] Wright for Lawton Gilliver […], →OCLC, page 10, lines 182–183:

Every preparative of pomp, attitude, and lofty language were called in to make him [John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute] worthy of himself. His admirers were in ecstasies; the few that dared to sneer at his theatric fustian, did not find it quite so ridiculous as they wished.

a. 1798 (date written), Horace Walpole, chapter IX, in Denis Le Marchant, editor, Memoirs of the Reign of King George the Third. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley […], published 1845, →OCLC, page 131:

Sensible Englishmen, like Endymion and Trenchard, looked upon the whole exhibition as fustian, and received the revelations with a smile of frigid courtesy.

1880, [Benjamin Disraeli], chapter XXIII, in Endymion […], volume III, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 230:

What made [Édouard] Manet a veritable prophet in his day, was that he brought a simple formula to a period in which the official art was merely fustian and conventionality.

1923, Ambroise Vollard, “Cézanne Aspires to the Salon of Bouguereau (1866–1895)”, in Harold L. Van Doren, transl., Paul Cézanne: His Life and Art […], New York, N.Y.: Nicholas L. Brown, →OCLC, page 49:

Anything grandiose or historically based tends to sound flat and banal when it reaches English, partly because translators get stuck between contradictory imperatives: juggling fidelity to the original sense with what is vocally viable, they tend to resort to a genteel fustian which lacks either poetic resonance or demotic realism, adding to a sense of artificiality rather than enhancing credibility.

2014 March 1, Rupert Christiansen, “English translations rarely sing”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review), London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, page R19:

(figuratively) Inflated, pompous, or pretentious speech or writing; bombast; also (archaic), incoherent or unintelligible speech or writing; gibberish, nonsense.

RUMFUSTIAN. The yolks of twelve eggs, one quart of strong beer, one bottle of white wine, half a pint of gin, a grated nutmeg, the juice from the peeling of a lemon, a small quantity of cinnamon, and sufficient sugar to sweeten it;[…]

[1827, [Richard Cook], “RUMFUSTIAN”, in Oxford Night Caps. Being a Collection of Receipts for Making Various Beverages Used in the University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, London: […] Henry Slatter; and Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, […], →OCLC, page 24:

Rum Fustian is a "night-cap" made precisely in the same way as the preceding [egg-posset or egg-flip], with the yolks of twelve eggs, a quart of strong home-brewed beer, a bottle of white wine, half-a-pint of gin, a grated nutmeg, the juice from the peel of a lemon, a small quantity of cinnamon, and sugar sufficient to sweeten it.

1832, William Hone, “January 9”, in The Year Book of Daily Recreation and Information, […], London: […] [J. Haddon] for Thomas Tegg, […], →OCLC, column 62:

Rum fustian [i]s prepared at Oxford as follows: whisk up to a froth the yolks of six eggs and add them to a pint of gin and a quart of strong beer; boil up a bottle of sherry in a sauce-pan, with a stick of cinnamon or nutmeg grated, a dozen large lumps of sugar, and the rind of a lemon peeled very thin; when the wine boils, it is poured upon the beer and gin and drank hot.

1853, [Robert F. Riddell], “Drinks, Liqueurs, etc.”, in Indian Domestic Economy and Receipt Book; […], 4th edition, Madras: […] D. P. L. C. Connor, at the Christian Knowledge Society’s Press, […], →OCLC, page 350:

(alcoholic beverages, archaic) Chiefly in rum fustian: a hot drink made of a mixture of alcoholic beverages (as beer, gin, and sherry or white wine) with egg yolk, lemon, and spices.


fustian

en-adj

fustian (comparative more fustian, superlative most fustian)

more fustian (comparative)
most fustian (superlative)

I was never ſo ſplenetique, when I was moſt dumpiſh, but I could ſmile at a friſe jeſt, when the good man would be pleaſurable, and laugh at fuſtion earneſt, when the merry man would be ſurly.

1593, Gabriel Harvey, Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse, London: […] Iohn Wolfe, →OCLC; republished as John Payne Collier, editor, Pierces Supererogation: Or A New Prayse of the Old Asse. A Preparative to Certaine Larger Discourses, Intituled Nashes S. Fame (Miscellaneous Tracts. Temp. Eliz. & Jac. I; no. 8), [London: [s.n.], 1870], →OCLC, page 161:

For my clothes being but a threed-bare fuſtian caſe vvere ſo meane (my cloake onely excepted) that the Boores could not haue made an ordinary ſupper vvith the mony for vvᶜʰ they ſhould haue ſold them; […]

1611, Thomas Coryate [i.e., Thomas Coryat], “My Obseruations of Argentina or Argentoratum, Commonly Called Strasbourg the Metropolitan City of Alsatia”, in Coryats Crudities Hastily Gobled Vp in Five Moneths Trauells […], London: […] W[illiam] S[tansby for the author], →OCLC, page 465, lines 14–18:

About a fortnight since, as I was diverting myself with a pennyworth of walnuts at the Temple-gate, a lively young fellow in a fustian jacket shot by me, beckoned a coach, and told the coachman he wanted to go as far as Chelsea.

1712 October 12 (Gregorian calendar), [Richard Steele], “WEDNESDAY, October 1, 1712. To the Spectator-General of Great Britain.”, in The Spectator, number 498; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume V, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 449:

[F]or all my bit of a fuſtian frock, that coſt me in all but forty ſhillings, I believe, betvveen you and me, knight, I have more duſt in my fob, than all theſe povvdered ſparks put together.

1753, [Tobias Smollett], “He Overlooks the Advances of His Friends, and Smarts Severely for His Neglect”, in The Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom. […], volume I, London: […] W. Johnston, […], →OCLC, page 156:

He was soon at ease with his honest host, whose manners were quite simple and cordial, and who looked and seemed perfectly a gentleman, though he wore a plain fustian coat, and a waistcoat without a particle of lace.

1857–1858, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, “In Hospital”, in The Virginians. A Tale of the Last Century, volume I, London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1858, →OCLC, page 170:

[S]he was conscious of a rough coffin passing her shoulder, borne by four men. It was open, and in it lay the body of a young man, wearing the smockfrock of a rustic, and fustian breeches.

1888 January, Thomas Hardy, “The Withered Arm”, in Wessex Tales: Strange, Lively, and Commonplace […], volume I, London; New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., published 1888, →OCLC, chapter IX (A Rencounter), pages 121–122:

His fustian shirt, sanguineflowered, trembles its Spanish tassels at his secrets.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 3: Proteus]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC, part I [Telemachia], page 43:

Her husband was trying to calm her down, assuage her, and in the end what she did was to put a handkerchief over her face and secure it with the brim of a fustian hat.

1972, Edna O’Brien, Night, revised edition, New York, N.Y.: Farrar Straus Giroux, published 1987, →ISBN, page 103:

Monélle, a roguiſh or fustian word, a word in pedlers French, ſignifying wenches, ſtrumpets or whores.

1598, John Florio, “Monélle”, in A Worlde of Words, or Most Copious, and Exact Dictionarie in Italian and English, […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield for Edw[ard] Blount, →OCLC, page 231, column 1:

Svb[tle]. VVhy, you muſt entertaine him. Fac[e]. VVhat'll you doe / VVith theſe the vvhile? Svb. VVhy, haue 'hem vp, and ſhew 'hem / Some Fuſtian Booke, or the Darke Glaſſe.

1610 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, The Alchemist, London: […] Thomas Snodham, for Walter Burre, and are to be sold by Iohn Stepneth, […], published 1612, →OCLC; reprinted Menston, Yorkshire: The Scolar Press, 1970, →OCLC, Act IV, scene ii:

VVherein by the way let me pray thee to obſerue that I haue alſo inſerted […] euen of the fuſtian termes, vſed by too many vvho ſtudy rather to bee heard ſpeake, than to vnderſtand themſelues.

1623, H[enry] C[ockeram], “A Premonition from the Author to the Reader”, in The English Dictionarie: or, An Interpreter of Hard English VVords. […], London: […] [Eliot’s Court Press] for Edmund Weauer, […], →OCLC, signature A4, verso:

And why wou'dſt thou theſe mightly Morſels chuſe, / Of Words unchaw'd, and fit to choak the Muſe? / Let Fuſtian Poets with their Stuff be gone, / And ſuck the Miſts that hang o're Helicon; […]

1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, W. Bowles, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Fifth Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: Printed for Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page 60:

[Alexander] Pope, after censuring the haste, negligence, and fustian language of [George] Chapman, observes "that which is to be allowed him, and which very much contributed to cover his defects, is a free daring spirit that animates his translation, which is something like what one might imagine Homer himself would have written before he arrived at years of discretion."

1837–1839, Henry Hallam, “History of Poetry from 1550 to 1600”, in Introduction to the Literature of Europe, in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, section IV (On English Poetry), paragraph 73, page 318:

Of a person, or their speech or writing: using inflated, pompous, or pretentious language; bombastic; grandiloquent; also (obsolete) using incoherent or unintelligible language.


fustian

English: fustian

⇒ Scots: foustie

Borrowed from Old French fustaine, from Medieval Latin fūstāneum.

Of fustian he wered a gypon / Al bismotered with his habergeoun, / For he was late ycome from his viage, / And wente for to doon his pilgrymage.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 75-8:

He wore a fustian tunic, / all smothered [with rust]] from his habergeon / because he'd lately returned from his travels / and went to make his pilgrimage.

A cloth made of cotton, flax or wool, being the ancestor of modern fustian.


Saxony

en-noun

Saxony (countable and uncountable, plural Saxonies)

Saxony yarn, or flannel made from this or similar yarn.


gauze

gauze (countable and uncountable, plural gauzes)

Borrowed from French gaze, from Arabic قَزّ (qazz, “silk”).

(medicine) A similar bleached cotton fabric used as a surgical dressing.


linen

linen (countable and uncountable, plural linens)

From Middle English lynnen, lynen, from Old English līnen (“linen", "made of flax”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnīn (“made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”), equivalent to line + -en. Cognate with Latin līnum (“flax”) and thus also Linum. More at line.

inh

She put the freshly cleaned linens into the linen closet.

But then I had the [massive] flintlock by me for protection. ¶[…]The linen-press and a chest on the top of it formed, however, a very good gun-carriage; and, thus mounted, aim could be taken out of the window at the old mare feeding in the meadow below by the brook,[…].

1879, R[ichard] J[efferies], chapter 1, in The Amateur Poacher, London: Smith, Elder, & Co., […], →OCLC:

(countable) Domestic textiles, such as tablecloths, bedding, towels, underclothes, etc., that are made of linen or linen-like fabrics of cotton or other fibers; linens.


linen

From English linen, from Middle English lynnen, lynen, from Old English līnen (“linen", "made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līnīnaz (“made of flax”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”). Superseded lino.

der

linen; thread or cloth made from flax fiber


Büffel

de-noun

Büffel m (strong, genitive Büffels, plural Büffel)

Büffels (genitive)
Büffel (plural)
Büffel (nominative singular)
Büffel (definite nominative plural)
Büffels (genitive singular)
Büffel (definite genitive plural)
Büffel (dative singular)
Büffeln (dative definite plural)
Büffel (accusative singular)
Büffel (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German büffel, püffel (14th c.), from Middle French bufle, from Italian bufalo, from Late Latin būbalus, from Ancient Greek βούβαλος (boúbalos), a derivative of βοῦς (boûs, “ox”).


atlas

en-noun

atlas (countable and uncountable, plural atlases or atlasses)

I saw ye Taffaties and Atlasses in ye warehouse, and gave directions concerning their severall colours and stripes, ordering Mr. Charnock to use his best endeavours to encrease their quantity; […]

1887, Sir William Hedges, Sir Henry Yule, The Diary of William Hedges, Esq.:

Surat was an important port on the west coast of India from where atlases were exported on a large scale […]

2016, Pius Malekandathil, The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India, page 53:


dreadnought

Named after HMS Dreadnought, the first battleship finished of this type, itself named for Etymology 2.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dreadnought.wav

Perturbed at being overtaken, the USS Texas is leading the 6th Battle Squadron at 22-and-a-half knots as the engineers pour everything they have into the effort. Behind the colossal clouds of smoke and cinders they put out come a seemingly-endless stream of dreadnoughts, battle flags flying from every mast and line they can find. It is the Grand Fleet.

2018 October 17, Drachinifel, 18:32 from the start, in Last Ride of the High Seas Fleet - Battle of Texel 1918, archived from the original on 2022-08-04:

(military, nautical, historical) A battleship, especially of the World War I era, in which most of the firepower is concentrated in large guns that are of the same caliber.

Sovereign is the flagship of the rogue Spectre Saren. An enormous dreadnought larger than any other ship in any known fleet, Sovereign is crewed with both geth and krogan. At two kilometers long, its spinal-mounted main gun is likely capable of penetrating another dreadnought's kinetic barriers with a single shot.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect, Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Sovereign Codex entry:

(informal) Any type of warship heavier in armour or armament than a typical battleship.

"Much obliged to you, ma'am!" says Mr. Guppy, divesting himself of his wet dreadnought in the hall.

1853, Charles Dickens, chapter 7, in Bleak House:

(by extension) One that is the largest or the most powerful of its kind.

A garment made of thick woollen cloth that can defend against storm and cold.


tartan

tartan (nominative singular)
tartany (nominative plural)
tartanu (genitive singular)
tartanów (genitive plural)
tartanowi (dative singular)
tartanom (dative plural)
tartan (accusative singular)
tartany (accusative plural)
tartanem (instrumental singular)
tartanami (instrumental plural)
tartanie (locative singular)
tartanach (locative plural)
tartanie (singular vocative)
tartany (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English tartan, from Middle English tartaryn, from Middle French tartarin, tiretaine, from Old French tiret, from tire, from Medieval Latin tyrius, from Latin Tyrus, from Ancient Greek Τύρος (Túros), from Phoenician 𐤑𐤅𐤓 (ṣwr).


stuff

stuff (usually uncountable, plural stuffs)

→ Irish: stuif

From Middle English stuffen (“to equip, furnish”), borrowed from Old French estoffer, estofer (“to provide what is necessary, equip, stuff”), borrowed from Old High German stoffōn, from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn (“to clog up, block, fill”). More at stop.

materie

the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object

Without waiting for a reply, she unbound the veil from her head, and took off the loose black novice's robe, which she had put over a gray stuff dress similar to that worn by Lucy.

1834, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VII, in Francesca Carrara. […], volume III, London: Richard Bentley, […], (successor to Henry Colburn), →OCLC, page 51:

"And you can buy a dress for your wife off this piece of stuff," said Lisetta, who had always an eye to business.

1857, The National Magazine, volumes 10-11, page 350:

She was going out to buy some lengths of good woollen stuff for Louise's winter dresses.

1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial 2007, page 147:

The tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object.

(archaic) A material for making clothing; any woven textile, but especially a woollen fabric.


kaki

head

kaki (definite and plural kaki or kakie)

kaki (definite plural)
kakie (definite plural)


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.

A sheet or blanket made of fabric or fur.

(rare) A piece of glass fitted in a window.


crepe

en-noun

crepe (countable and uncountable, plural crepes)

From French crêpe, from Latin crispus. Doublet of crisp and crape.

Crepe paper; thin, crinkled tissue paper.


crepe

Borrowed from French crêpe, from Latin crīspus. Doublet of crespo.

crepe; crêpe (light fabric with a crinkled surface)


clothing

English: clothing

Linen or sheets used as a cover or a protective layer.


cabesse

(obsolete) The finest kind of silk received from India.


loden

The first thing that caught my eye on this excursion was the number of grey, brown and green loden coats and hats, and how well and sensibly everyone was dressed in general, how remarkably solid were the shoes of the pedestrians of Nuremberg.

2011 [2001], Anthea Bell, transl., Austerlitz, Penguin, translation of original by W. G. Sebald, page 314:

A thick waterproof cloth used for garments.


part

part (nominative singular)
party (nominative plural)
partu (genitive singular)
partów (genitive plural)
partowi (dative singular)
partom (dative plural)
part (accusative singular)
party (accusative plural)
partem (instrumental singular)
partami (instrumental plural)
parcie (locative singular)
partach (locative plural)
parcie (singular vocative)
party (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish port, from Proto-Slavic *pъrtъ.


buckram

buckram (usually uncountable, plural buckrams)

From Middle English bukeram (“fine linen”), from Anglo-Norman bokeram, from Old French boquerant, bougherant (“fine cloth”), bougueran, probably ultimately from Bokhara, a city in southeastern Uzbekistan.

Four rogues in buckram let drive at me—

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene iv]:

Buckram was probably from the first a stiffened material employed for lining, often dyed.

1882, James Edwin Thorold Rogers, A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 4, page 557:

A coarse cloth of cotton, linen or hemp, stiffened with size or glue, used in bookbinding to cover and protect the books, in garments to keep them in the form intended, and for wrappers to cover merchandise.

A crab that has just molted; a papershell.


buckram

Perhaps a back-formation from earlier buckrams, from buck + ramps, ramsh (“wild garlic, ramson”). Compare Danish ramsløg (“ramson”), Swedish ramslök (“bear garlic, ramson”).

compound

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual

A plant, Allium ursinum, also called ramson, wild garlic, or bear garlic.


cogware

en-noun

cogware (usually uncountable, plural cogwares)

A coarse, narrow cloth, like frieze, used by the lower classes in the 16th century.


aba

head

aba (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute taba, R1 raba, R2 saba)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *rap, from Proto-Mawé-Guaraní *t͡sap, from Proto-Tupian *jap.
Cognate with Sateré-Mawé sap, Guaraní ague.


fabric

en-noun

fabric (countable and uncountable, plural fabrics)

→ Irish: fabraic

Borrowed from French fabrique, from Latin fabrica (“a workshop, art, trade, product of art, structure, fabric”), from faber (“artisan, workman”). Doublet of forge, borrowed from Old French.

der

cotton fabric

A material made of fibers, a textile or cloth.


clout

English: clout

Scots: clout, cloot

From Old English clūt, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz. Compare cloud.

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A patch (fabric for mending).

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A bandage or dressing (for wounds)

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
rag, tatter (piece of clothing)

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
Threadbare or inferior clothing.

Cloth for wrapping babies; swaddling clothes.

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
A burial shroud.


burel

en-noun

burel (countable and uncountable, plural burels)

From Middle English burel, burrel, borel, from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure (compare Middle French bure (“coarse woolen cloth”), French bourre (“hair, fluff”)), from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric”). Doublet of bureau, which was taken from later (early modern) French.

der

Burels at this time seem to have been made in lengths of 20 ells and sold at 8d. the ell, while the better quality cloths - browns, plunkets, blues, and greens - were nearly twice the length, and cost about 22d. the ell.

1964, L. F. Salzman, English Industries of the Middle Ages, page 199:


burel

English: burel

Borrowed from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure.


silk

en-noun

silk (countable and uncountable, plural silks)

From Middle English silk, sylk, selk, selc, from Old English sioloc, seoloc, seolc (“silk”). The immediate source is uncertain; it probably reached English via the Baltic trade routes (cognates in Old Norse silki (> Danish silke, Swedish silke (“silk”)), Russian шёлк (šolk), obsolete Lithuanian zilkaĩ), all ultimately from Late Latin sēricus, from Ancient Greek σηρικός (sērikós), ultimately from an Oriental language (represented now by e.g. Chinese 絲／丝 (sī, “silk”)). Compare Seres. Doublet of seric and serge.

you can't make a silk purse of a sow's ear

(colloquial) A Queen's Counsel, King's Counsel or Senior Counsel.


bever

English: beaver

Scots: bever, baiver

→ Irish: béabhar

Inherited from Old English befer, from Proto-West Germanic *bebru, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus.


בד

he-noun

בַּד • (bad) m (plural indefinite בַּדִּים) [pattern: קֶטֶל]

בַּד (canonical)
bad (romanization)
בַּדִּים (indefinite plural)

Root
 ב־ד־ד (b-d-d)
Borrowed from Egyptian D58-U28-G1-O39 (bḏꜣ, “a piece of linen employed for a splint”).


gloria

en-noun

gloria (countable and uncountable, plural glorias)

Borrowed from Latin gloria. Doublet of glory.

A lightweight fabric used for umbrellas and dresses.


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

A swatch or portion of textiles or cloth.


caddis

caddis (countable and uncountable, plural caddises)

Unknown. See dialect forms caddew, caddy, cad-bait.

The larva of a caddis fly. They generally live in cylindrical cases, open at each end, and covered externally with debris.


damask

damask (countable and uncountable, plural damasks)

From Middle English damaske, from Medieval Latin damascus, named after the city Damascus, where the fabric was originally made.

True damasks are pure silk.

[…]but what struck Tom's fancy most was a strange, grim-looking, high backed chair, carved in the most fantastic manner, with a flowered damask cushion, and the round knobs at the bottom of the legs carefully tied up in red cloth, as if it had got the gout in its toes.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “(please specify the chapter name)”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

An ornate silk fabric originating from Damascus.

Linen so woven that a pattern is produced by the different directions of the thread, without contrast of colour.

Thus the red damask curtains which now shut out the fog-laden, drizzling atmosphere of the Marylebone Road, had cost a mere song, and yet they might have been warranted to last another thirty years. A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor; as, again, the arm-chair in which Bunting now sat forward, staring into the dull, small fire.

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0016:

A heavy woolen or worsted stuff with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask; made for furniture covering and hangings.

domàs

heavy cloth with a pattern woven in the same way as the linen damask


gunny

gunny (usually uncountable, plural gunnies)

From Hindi and Marathi गनी (ganī) or गोन (gon), from Sanskrit गोणी (goṇī), ultimately of Dravidian origin.

Traffic is brisk, and goods consists of rice, gunny (hessian), maize and native implements.

1946 September and October, “Notes and News: Light Railways in India”, in Railway Magazine, page 316:

Provisions were ferried by camel in stout sacks of gunny with blocks of ice packed round them; a herculean task.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 102:

(uncountable) A coarse heavy fabric made of jute or hemp.


gunny

The gunny's voice reverberated between the barracks as we marched, “Ya left right . . . left right . . . left right left. […] Then the gunny unexpectedly stopped our forward movement. “Company, halt!”

2004, Buzz Williams, Spare parts: a marine reservist's journey from campus to combat in Vietnam:

“As a rule of thumb, Marine corporals, when a gunny asks a question, answer it,”

Alongside even' officer chain of command is an enlisted one, and the company gunnery sergeant ("gunny" for short) is the enlisted counterpart […] Without a gunny, the day-to-day operations of the infantry would likely grind to a halt.

2010, Donovan Campbell, Joker One: A Marine Platoon's Story of Courage, Leadership, and ..., page 37:

(countable, informal) A gunnery sergeant.


eyelet

From Middle English oylet, from Old French oillet, equivalent to Old French oil (“eye”) + -et (diminutive suffix). Spelling as eye + -let is due to folk etymology.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.


scrim

scrim (countable and uncountable, plural scrims)

Attested since the end of the 18th century. Origin unknown.
In one of the earliest mentions, "The Statistical Account of Scotland", 1793, by John Sinclair, page 593, we read in a paragraph devoted to weavers: "Besides these, they are now much employed in working a thin kind of coarse linen called Silesias, vulgarly Scrims, whereof each piece is 27 or 30 inches broad".

unk

unknown

A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, used for curtains, etc,.

A woven, nonwoven or knitted fabric composed of continuous strands of material used for reinforcing or strengthening membranes.

(photography) A sheet of gauze etc. used to reduce the intensity of light.

Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc.


tulle

en-noun

tulle (countable and uncountable, plural tulles)

I kept thinking of Marie Osmond — standing there at the altar, so brave in white tull ^([sic]). "Marriage isn't just for life," she said, "it's for eternity."

1985 December 21, Larry Hitt, “Perfect Couple Creation”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 23, page 7:

‘Before I forget, there is one turquoise tulle fabric I think you would love . . .’

2020, Abi Daré, The Girl With The Louding Voice, Sceptre, page 240:

A kind of silk lace or light netting, used for clothing, veils, etc.


tulle

→ English: tulle

→ Esperanto: tulo

→ Turkish: tül

→ Russian: тюль (tjulʹ)

Named after Tulle, where the fabric was first manufactured.


rabat

rabat (countable and uncountable, plural rabats)

A polishing material made of potter's clay that has failed in baking.

(countable) A piece of fabric fitted to the collar covering the shirt-front worn by Catholic and Anglican clergy.

(countable) The clerical linen collar itself.


swag

From Middle English *swaggen, swagen, swoggen, probably from Old Norse sveggja (“to swing, sway”). Compare dialectal Norwegian svaga (“to sway, swing, stagger”).

cog

He looked in bewilderment at number 24, the final house with its regalia of stucco swags and bows.

2004, Alan Hollinghurst, The Line of Beauty […], 1st US edition, New York, N.Y.: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN:

(window coverings) A loop of draped fabric.


swag

en-noun

swag (countable and uncountable, plural swags)

The swag, is a term used in speaking of any booty you have lately obtained, be it of what kind it may, except money; as where did you lumber the swag? that is, where did you deposit the stolen property? To carry the swag is to be the bearer of the stolen goods to a place of safety.

1819, James Hardy Vaux, Memoirs of James Hardy Vaux, volume 1, page 216:

“It′s all arranged about bringing off the swag, is it?” asked the Jew. Sikes nodded.

1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], “Chapter 19”, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

‘I understand that the district was considered a sort of sanctuary,’ the Chief was saying. ‘[…] They tell me there was a recognized swag market down here.’

1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

He was on his way to call on other dealers to check out their swag and to see if he could trade away some of his leftover odds and ends.

1971 November 22, Frank E. Emerson, “They Can Get It For You BETTER Than Wholesale”, in New York Magazine, page 38:

(uncountable, thieves' cant) Stolen goods; the booty of a burglar or thief; boodle.


swag

en-verb

swag (third-person singular simple present swags, present participle swagging, simple past and past participle swagged)

swags (present singular third-person)
swagging (participle present)
swagged (participle past)
swagged (past)

Well, one night we were rather hard up and we wanted a good feed, so five or six of us set out, along with a great stout fellow, and we actually stole a whole sheep that was hanging at a butcher's door, and the big chap swagged it home.

1869, Frank Henderson, Six years in the prisons of England, page 225:

型

(slang) style; a fashionable appearance or manner


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


baize

en-noun

baize (countable and uncountable, plural baizes)

From French baies, feminine plural of adjective bai (“bay-colored”) mistaken as a singular noun.

A thick, soft, usually woolen cloth resembling felt; often colored green and used for coverings on card tables, billiard and snooker tables, etc.

сукно

woollen cloth used for covering card tables etc.


crape

crape (countable and uncountable, plural crapes)

Alteration of French crepe, from Middle French crespe (“curly”), from Latin crispus. Doublet of crisp and crepe.

Alternative form of crepe (“a thin fabric, paper, or pancake”).


grisette

→ English: grisette, grizette

→ German: Grisette


crisp

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


gaze

→ English: gauze

→ Danish: gaze

→ Dutch: gaas

→ German: Gaze

→ Polish: gaza

→ Russian: газ (gaz)

→ Scots: gais, gaes

Borrowed from Arabic قَزّ (qazz, “silk”)


frieze

From French and Middle French frise f, derived from an Upper Italian fris f, Medieval Latin frisum, frisium, frigium, frixum, frigium, of controversial origin, possibly from multiple sources, Arabic إِفْرِيز (ʔifrīz, “king beam, cornice”) and Latin opus Phrygium (“a kind of embroidery”, literally “work of Phrygia”), the demonym Frisian and terms related to the textile term above in a transferred sense.

der

work of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">Phrygia</i>

Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture.


stockinet

en-noun

stockinet (countable and uncountable, plural stockinets)

The black cloth bodies were stuffed, and were sometimes made of stockinet, or old stockings, for everyone wore black ones in those days.

1971, Gwen White, Antique Toys And Their Background, page 162:

An elastic textile fabric imitating knitting, of which stockings, undergarments, etc., are made.


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

A kind of fabric that is sanguine-coloured or the colour of blood.


denim

denim (countable and uncountable, plural denims)

→ Danish: denim

→ Dutch: denim

→ Finnish: denimi

→ Irish: deinim

→ Japanese: デニム (denimu)

→ Korean: 데님 (denim)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-denim.wav

From the French phrase de Nîmes (“from Nîmes”), after the French town of Nîmes, where denim fabric was originally produced.

The Mexican people want a cheaper grade of drillings, sheetings, denims, and other fabrics than are called for in our domestic markets, and purchase them in England because they can not be bought in the United States.

1889, William Eleroy Curtis, “The Commerce of Mexico”, in Trade and Transportation Between the United States and Spanish America, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, part first (Trade), chapter section “The cotton trade”, page 31:

Fabrics: Gamine fabrics are informal as possible. For sports: tweeds, flannels, suedes, cottons, and denims;

Indigo, a typical member of this group of dyes, is widely used on denims and other fabrics for work clothes because of its very low cost and excellent fastness to washing.

1946, United States Tariff Commission, Dyes: Prepared in Response to Requests from the Committee on Finance of the United States Senate and the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives (War Changes in Industry Series; Report No. 19), Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, page 25:

A textile often made of cotton with a distinct diagonal pattern.


voile

voile (countable and uncountable, plural voiles)

→ Irish: voil

Borrowed from French voile (“veil”). Doublet of veil and velum.

The domestic voile made from imported gray yarns and woven in the United States is the best combination to be had.

1920, United States Tariff Commission, William Alexander Graham Clark, Henry Chalmers, Blanche C. Howlett, Cotton Yarn: Import and Export Trade in Relation to the Tariff, page 80:

Cheap narrow voiles.—Plain color voiles practically are off the market.[…]Better grades of voiles usually come in the 39-inch width,[…].

1932, Hiram T. Nones, Philippine Cotton Piece-Goods Market, page 14:

Pull out the basting thread, gently remove the voile from the three-minute sample, and reshape the sample with a steam iron.

2006, Jorie Johnson, Feltmaking and Wool Magic, page 84:

A light, translucent cotton fabric used for making curtains and dresses.


волна

mk-noun

волна • (volna) f (relational adjective волнен, diminutive волничка or волниче)

volna (romanization)
волнен (adjective relational)
волничка (diminutive)
волниче (diminutive)
волна (indefinite singular)
волната (definite singular unspecified)
волнава (definite proximal singular)
волнана (definite distal singular)
волно (singular vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьlna (“wool”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *wílˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂ (“wool”).


jeans

O jeans é frequentemente tingido de anil.


viscose

en-noun

viscose (countable and uncountable, plural viscoses)

From Latin viscōsus, from viscum (“birdlime”). Doublet of viscous.

A viscous orange-brown liquid obtained by chemical treatment of cellulose and used as the basis of manufacturing rayon and cellulose film.

Her mission statement is that clothes made from sustainable viscose and cruelty-free alternatives to leather should not be targeted at a niche market, but shown to hold their own on the Paris fashion week catwalk.

2017 October 2, Jess Cartner-Morle, “Stella McCartney lays waste to disposable fashion in Paris”, in the Guardian:

Here you are […] in your favourite viscose shirt and palazzo pants.

2022, NoViolet Bulawayo, Glory, Chatto & Windus, page 191:


dungaree

dungaree (countable and uncountable, plural dungarees)

/ˌdʌŋ.ɡəˈɹiː/

From Hindi डूंगरी (ḍūṅgrī, “coarse calico”), from the name of a village.

This fellow was in the native costume, which is literally worse than nothing, consisting only of a straw tube, about a foot long, with a shred of blue dungaree hanging from its upper end.

1833, W. F. W. Owen, Narrative of Voyages to Explore the Shores of Africa, Arabia and Madagascar, volume 1, page 76:

1893, Arthur Conan Doyle, The "Gloria Scott"
He wore an open jacket, with a splotch of tar on the sleeve, a red-and-black check shirt, dungaree trousers, and heavy boots badly worn.

(uncountable) Heavy denim fabric, often blue; blue jean material.

дънков плат

heavy denim fabric, often blue; blue jean material


cashmere

cashmere (usually uncountable, plural cashmeres)

a cashmere sweater

(chiefly uncountable) A soft fabric made of this wool.


velvet

velvet (countable and uncountable, plural velvets)

From Middle English velvet, velwet, veluet, from Old Occitan veluet, from Late Latin villutittus, diminutive of villūtus, from Latin villus (“shaggy hair, tuft of hair”). Cognate with French velours.

uder

For the first time since her husband's death, she had thrown off her weeds, and put on attire more suited to the occasion. She was richly, yet plainly dressed, in a purple velvet, with a hood of white point lace. Even her silent handmaids were surprised out of their ordinary propriety by her appearance.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, pages 206–207:

She was a fat, round little woman, richly apparelled in velvet and lace,[…]; and the way she laughed, cackling like a hen, the way she talked to the waiters and the maid, […] all these unexpected phenomena impelled one to hysterical mirth, and made one class her with such immortally ludicrous types as Ally Sloper, the Widow Twankey, or Miss Moucher.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter II, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

A closely woven fabric (originally of silk, now also of cotton or man-made fibres) with a thick short pile on one side.


velvet

English: velvet

Scots: velvet

Borrowed from Old Occitan veluet, from Late Latin villutittus.


nylon

en-noun

nylon (countable and uncountable, plural nylons)

→ Persian: نایلون (nâylon)

→ Polish: nylon

desctree

→ Spanish: nailon
→ Southeastern Tepehuan: nailo

→ Tibetan: ནེ་ལོན (ne lon)

→ Turkish: naylon

→ Chinese: 尼龍／尼龙 (nÍlóng)

Arbitrary letters + -on (by analogy with cotton); the widespread claim that the word derives from abbreviations of New York and London is a myth. Another claim is that an earlier name proposed for the material, intended for use in stockings, was "no-run", which was altered to avoid falsely representing that stockings made from the material would not run at all.

(perjoratively, by comparison to silk) A Queen's Counsel, King's Counsel or Senior Counsel who was appointed as a courtesy, rather than on merit.


nylon

nylon (nominative singular)
nylonu (genitive singular)
nylonowi (dative singular)
nylon (accusative singular)
nylonem (instrumental singular)
nylonie (locative singular)
nylonie (singular vocative)


ottoman

en-noun

ottoman (countable and uncountable, plural ottomans)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ottoman.wav

From Ottoman in the early 19th century; so named because reclining on a couch was associated with Middle Eastern customs.

(textiles) A fabric with a pronounced ribbed or corded effect, often made of silk or a mixture of cotton and silk-like yarns.


sarge

From Old French [Term?], from Vulgar Latin *sarica, from Latin sērica.


flannel

From Middle English flaunneol, from Anglo-Norman flanelle (compare Norman flianné), diminutive of Old French flaine, floene (“coarse wool”), from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *wlānos, *wlanā (“wool”) (compare Welsh gwlân, Breton gloan), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. More at wool.


cypress

Alternative form of Cyprus (“type of fabric”)


chino

chino (countable and uncountable, plural chinos)

from American Spanish chino, literally "toasted;" so called in reference to its usual color.

A coarse cotton fabric commonly used to make trousers and uniforms.


laine

From Old French lainne, leine, from Latin lāna.


gore

English: gore

Scots: gair

Inherited from Old English gāra, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *gaizô.

A triangle-shaped piece or patch of fabric.


velveteen

velveteen (countable and uncountable, plural velveteens)

[…] I'm trying to build a story that not only unlocks the velveteen secrets of her teenager's heart, but also contains action, development, along with—God help me—some imitation of meaning.

2010, Jennifer Egan, “Forty-Minute Lunch […] ”, in A Visit from the Goon Squad:

A cotton fabric with a short pile, resembling velvet.


zij

ik (first-person personal pronoun singular stressed subjective)
'k (first-person personal pronoun singular subjective unstressed)
mij (first-person objective personal pronoun singular stressed)
me (first-person objective personal pronoun singular unstressed)
mijn (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular stressed)
m'n (first-person personal possessive pronoun singular unstressed)
mijne (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun)
me (first-person personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
mijner (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
mijns (archaic first-person genitive personal predicative pronoun)
jij (personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
je (personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
jou (objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (objective personal pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouw (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
je (personal possessive pronoun second-person singular unstressed)
jouwe (personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
je (personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
jouwer (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
jouws (archaic genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
ge (archaic dialectal personal pronoun second-person singular subjective unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal pronoun second-person singular stressed subjective)
u (formal objective personal pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uw (formal personal possessive pronoun second-person singular stressed)
uwe (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal predicative pronoun second-person)
hij (masculine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ie (masculine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
hem (masculine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
'm (masculine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (masculine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (masculine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive masculine personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zij (feminine personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
ze (feminine personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
haar (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
h'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
d'r (feminine personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
hare (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (feminine personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
harer (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
haars (archaic feminine genitive personal predicative pronoun third-person)
het (neuter personal pronoun singular stressed subjective third-person)
't (neuter personal pronoun singular subjective third-person unstressed)
het (neuter objective personal pronoun singular stressed third-person)
't (neuter objective personal pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijn (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular stressed third-person)
z'n (neuter personal possessive pronoun singular third-person unstressed)
zijne (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (neuter personal possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
zijner (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
zijns (archaic genitive neuter personal predicative pronoun third-person)
wij (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
we (first-person personal plural pronoun unstressed)
ons (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural pronoun stressed)
onze (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun)
ons (first-person personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive)
onzer (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
onzes (archaic first-person genitive personal plural predicative pronoun)
jullie (personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
je (personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
je (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
gij (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
ge (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person unstressed)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (archaic dialectal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
u (archaic dialectal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic dialectal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
u (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uw (formal personal plural pronoun second-person stressed)
uwe (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun second-person)
zich (formal personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive second-person)
uwer (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
uws (archaic formal genitive personal plural predicative pronoun second-person)
zij (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
ze (personal plural pronoun third-person unstressed)
hen (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hun (personal plural pronoun stressed third-person)
hunne (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun third-person)
zich (personal plural possessive predicative pronoun reflexive third-person)
hunner (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)
huns (archaic genitive personal plural predicative pronoun third-person)

Afrikaans: sy

Javindo: sij

Jersey Dutch: zāi

From Middle Dutch sī, from Old Dutch siu, sia, from Proto-Germanic *iz and *hiz.

Third person singular feminine subject pronoun; she

Third person plural subject pronoun; they


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag or gonfalon; a piece of fabric or other visible structure used for identification on the field.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.

A weathervane or weathercock (used to indicate changeableness)


fane

English: fane

Borrowed from Latin fānum, from Proto-Italic *faznom.

(rare) A temple, especially that used to worship Roman gods.


bump

bump (countable and uncountable, plural bumps)

From Early Modern English bump (“a shock, blow from a collision”), probably of North Germanic origin; compare Danish bump (“a thump”), Danish bumpe (“to thump”), Old Danish bumpe (“to strike with a clenched fist”), all probably of imitative origin.
Apparently related to Middle English bumben, bummen (“to make a hollow noise”), Dutch bommen (“to hum, buzz”), German Low German bumsen (“to bump, push”), German bummen (“to hum, buzz”), Icelandic bumba (“drum”). More at bum, bumble. Compare also bomb.

onom

imitative


khaddar

en-noun

khaddar (usually uncountable, plural khaddars)

A coarse homespun cotton cloth from India.


shoddy

en-adj

shoddy (comparative shoddier, superlative shoddiest)

shoddier (comparative)
shoddiest (superlative)

* Unknown, but possibly from shoad (“loose stone and rubble; fragments”), equivalent to shoad + -y; or possibly from the Arabic word for reuse. Shoad was of inferior quality for building.
* The modern adjectival sense was apparently derived from inexpensive shoddy (“fabric from wool-processing byproduct”), which was not really suitable for (but was sometimes still used for) things such as military uniforms at the beginning of the US Civil War.

(dated) Ambitious by reason of newly-acquired wealth; nouveau riche.


terry

en-noun

terry (countable and uncountable, plural terries)

Of uncertain origin, possibly French tiré (“drawn out”), past participle of tirer (“to draw out”).

A type of coarse cotton fabric covered in many small raised loops that is used to make towels, bathrobes and some types of nappy/diaper.

(Commonwealth, dated) Any makeshift cloth nappy folded from a large piece of absorbent fabric and held in place by a nappy pin or nappy fastener; a flat nappy.


leatherette

leatherette (countable and uncountable, plural leatherettes)

From leather + -ette (suffix forming nouns meaning an imitation or substitute of something); originally a trademark that has since been genericized.

refn

From the collection of the Auckland War Memorial Museum in Auckland, New Zealand.

From the collection of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York City, New York, USA.

suffix

Coordinate term: see pseudoleather § Hyponyms

Many attempts have been made to supply a material to take the place of leather on cheap books, but hitherto nothing has been quite successful. [...] Such a material has apparently appeared in the form of "Leatherette," which is a kind of felted paper, very tough, the same colour throughout, and which may be grained to imitate leather; indeed, the imitation is so close, both in appearance and in feel, that only a practised eye can perceive that it is not leather.

1875 May 4, “Leatherette”, in The Bookseller: A Newspaper of British and Foreign Literature, […], number CCX, London: Printed b John Ogden & Co., […], for the proprietor, Joseph Whitaker, […], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 405, column 1:

Material.—A rather stiff quality of jute board or tar board, similar to that used by bookbinders. Straw board is not serviceable, being too brittle. Also leatherette for covering and some figured paper for lining. Also some muslin or sateen for hinges. This should match the leatherette as nearly as possible in color. (Leatherette is an imitation leather, very durable, obtained at a paper house.)

1894 September 1, Walter J. Kenyon, “Paper and Cardboard Sloyd. VIII.”, in The School Journal: A Weekly Journal of Education, volume XLIX, number 7, New York, N.Y., Chicago, Ill.: E. L. Kellogg & Co., →OCLC, page 157:

The present bound book will be changed to a loose-leaf one, by shearing off the back and punching the leaves to fit an up-to-date cover. We have obtained a neat, classy, leatherette cover for this purpose, using imitation leather because it is neater than cloth, and cheaper and more durable than real leather.

1912 January, R[obert] C. Matthews, Secretary, the Executive Council, “The Catalog Plan”, in Harold C. Dean, editor, The Bent of Tau Beta Pi, volume VII, number I, Menasha, Wis.: Tau Beta Pi; George Banta, official printer to the fraternity, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 45:

[T]he pink throats of gramophones opened their giant convolutions in a soundless chorus; or bicycles shining in neat ranks seemed to await the signal of an invisible starter; or tiers of fancy-goods in leatherette and paste and celluloid dangled their insidious graces; [...]

1917, Edith Wharton, chapter IX, in Summer […], New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 133:

[H]e proceeded to a very hard seat in Block J. and, having forced his way into it, was immediately ordered to force his way out again for the purpose of hiring two small leatherette pads from the Kumfy Kushion Company—who, however, had only one small leatherette pad left, so that Chunks Rivers found himself in considerable torment long before the downfall of England began.

1926 December, Denis Mackail, “The Two Mirrors”, in Geo[rge] Newnes, editor, The Strand Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly, volume LXXII, London: George Newnes, Ltd., […], →OCLC, page 532, column 2:

Beside the wallet and its contents there were three gaily colored silk handkerchiefs fragrant of chypre; a platinum Longines watch on a platinum and red gold chain, attached at the other end to a small pear-shaped pendant of some white metal; a handful of United States, British, French, and Chinese coins; a ring holding half a dozen keys; a silver and onyx fountain-pen; a metal comb in a leatherette case; a nail-file in a leatherette case; [...]

1930, Dashiell Hammet, “The Levantine”, in The Maltese Falcon, New York, N.Y., London: Alfred A[braham] Knopf, →OCLC, pages 57–58:

Quick let's make love, / Before we die. / On Warm Leatherette, / Join the carcrash set.

1978 November, “Warm Leatherette”, Daniel Miller (lyrics), performed by The Normal:

Fishnet leatherette / Pussy Galore / Pseudo Sumo wrestler / On the door

1980 November 3, Bauhaus (Daniel Ash; Kevin Haskins; David J; Peter Murphy) (lyrics and music), “Dive”, in In the Flat Field, performed by Bauhaus:

We returned to the old leatherette couches with the bottom cushions covered in cloth.

1990, Robert Klitgaard, Tropical Gangsters: One Man’s Experience with Development and Decadence in Deepest Africa, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, →ISBN, page 25:

There many covering papers, through generally in the rigid box industry, there are a number of standard types in use. These include enamels, flints, tints, leatherettes, and many others.

1991, “Paperboard”, in F. A. Paine, editor, The Packaging User’s Handbook, Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & Hall, published 1996, →ISBN, page 77:

Today, four of Barberton's old-line chicken dinner restaurants survive: Belgrade Gardens, Hopocan Gardens, Village Inn, and White House Chicken. With the possible exception of Belgrade Gardens, all are best appreciated as linoleum-and-leatherette warhorses, glorified cafeterias that are long on value but short on decor.

2004, John T. Edge, Fried Chicken: An American Story, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, →ISBN, page 22:

He weighed the camera in his hands, running his thumb over its leatherette sides, the worn nickel fittings.

2015, Clare Clark, We That Are Left, London: Harvill Secker, →ISBN; republished London: Vintage, 2016, →ISBN, page 106:

(countable, uncountable, also attributively) A type of fabric, often plastic, made to imitate the appearance of leather.

изкуствена кожа

type of fabric made to imitate the appearance of leather


jaspe

en-noun

jaspe (countable and uncountable, plural jaspes)

(textiles) cotton or rayon cloth with shaded effect


cellular

en-adj

cellular (comparative more cellular, superlative most cellular)

more cellular (comparative)
most cellular (superlative)

From New Latin cellulāris, from cellula (“cell”) + -āris.

a cellular sports shirt

for man is born free but everywhere is in cellular underwear

1963, Jonathan Miller, “The Heat-Death of the Universe”, in Richard Wilmut, editor, The Complete Beyond the Fringe, London: Mandarin, published 1993, page 32:

the wind hitting your chest through your cellular blouse as though you had absolutely nothing on

1988, Clare Morgan, “Losing”, in John Davies, editor, The Green Bridge: Stories from Wales, Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan: Seren, page 262:

(of a fabric) Light to mid-weight, having a regular cell-like construction with small perforations, generally woven; (of a garment) made of cellular fabric.


stammel

The Violet’s purple, the sweet Rose’s stammell,

1611, “The Third Daie of the First Week”, in Josuah Sylvester, transl., Du Bartas his Deuine Weekes, London:

Of a bright red colour, like that of the stammel cloth.


damasko

eo-head

damasko (accusative singular damaskon, plural damaskoj, accusative plural damaskojn)

damaskon (accusative singular)
damaskoj (plural)
damaskojn (accusative plural)

Juliusz Kriss, "Kavaliro":
Ĉeval' vestita en or', damasko
Sur mia kapo — flugila kasko
Horse dressed in gold, damask
On my head — a winged helmet


holland

en-noun

holland (countable and uncountable, plural hollands)

After Holland, where it originally came from. From Old Dutch holt lant (“wood land”).

I am convinced that many if not all the Quality in France were shirts of the finest holand, for tho' I never saw of them strip I have seen what is an equivalent proof, I have seen on the Bulwarks of Paris above twenty entire shirts hanging to dry that the best Gentlemen in England might wear without disparagement.

1768, Joshua Reynolds, edited by John Ingamells and John Edgcumbe, The Letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds, Yale, published 2000, page 23:

His apartments were blank. Brown hollands covered his library-table

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 29, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

(now historical) A type of linen cloth, originally from Holland.


taffeta

taffeta (countable and uncountable, plural taffetas)

From Late Middle English, from Old French taffetas, from Medieval Latin taffata, from Classical Persian تافته (tāfta), from تافتن (tāftan).

Could a Taff'ta ſcarf, a long Eſtridge vvhing, / A ſtiffe Iron Doublet, and a Brazeel Pole / Tempt thee from Cambrick ſheets, fine active Thighs, / From Caudles vvhere the precious Amber ſvvims?

1634 (first performance), William D’avenant [i.e., William Davenant], The Wits: A Comedie; […], published 1636; republished in Two Excellent Plays: […], London: […] G. Bedel, and T[homas] Collins, […], 1665, →OCLC, Act I, page 1:

For a festive dinner, the belles pull out the stops. “Pull it tighter,” one urges as her corset is laced. Having unearthed their taffeta gowns from deep storage, they show off pinched waists, bare arms, throats and shoulders.

2017 June 30, Ruth La Ferla, “In ‘The Beguiled,’ Pretty Confections Whipped Up to Seduce”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A crisp, smooth woven fabric made from silk or synthetic fibers.


linsey-woolsey

linsey-woolsey (countable and uncountable, plural linsey-woolseys)

Diminutive of linen and wool. See -y, -ey.

I had as lieue haue no ſunne, as haue it ſhine faintly, no fire, as a ſmothering fire of ſmall coales, no cloathes, rather then weare linſey wolſey.

1599, [Thomas] Nashe, “To His Readers, Hee Cares Not What They Be”, in Nashes Lenten Stuffe, […], London: […] [Thomas Judson and Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and C[uthbert] B[urby] […], →OCLC:


flannelette

flannelette (countable and uncountable, plural flannelettes)

I am a draper mad with love. I love you more than all the flannelette and calico, candlewick, dimity, crash and merino, tussore, cretonne, crepon, muslin, poplin, ticking and twill in the whole Cloth Hall of the world.

1954, Dylan Thomas, Under Milk Wood […] , New York: New Directions, page 6:

A type of soft, woven fabric, made to imitate flannel by raising or brushing the fibers in the weft. Frequently used in sleepwear, pillows, and bedding.

Our flannelettes provide an extra layer between the underquilt and sheets.


balbriggan

balbriggan (countable and uncountable, plural balbriggans)

/bælˈbɹɪɡn̩/

An unbleached, knitted, cotton fabric mostly used for underwear.


horsehair

horsehair (countable and uncountable, plural horsehairs)

From Middle English hors her, horshere, hors-here, hors heer (also hors-hore), equivalent to horse + hair. Compare Old Norse hross-hár (“horsehair”).


tetra

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τετρα- (tetra-).


oilcloth

en-noun

oilcloth (countable and uncountable, plural oilcloths)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-oilcloth.wav

Ignatius pounded a paw into the oilcloth on the kitchen table.

a. 1969, John Kennedy Toole, chapter 9, in A Confederacy of Dunces, Penguin, published 1981, →ISBN, page 184:

When the Lincolns moved into the White House, it was not furnished, there was oilcloth on the floor in the State Rooms because of the overflow from the spittoons.

1995, Barbara Bush, Barbara Bush: A Memoir, page 346:

A fabric or cloth treated on one side with a waterproof covering, especially one made from linseed oil etc.; used for flooring, tablecloths, kitchen shelves and sometimes furniture covering.


seta

Inherited from Classical Latin sēta, monophthongized alternative form of saeta (“bristle, hair; (Late Latin) silk”), from Proto-Italic *saitā, from Proto-Indo-European *séh₂it-o/eh₂-, *sh₂éyt-o/eh₂-, derived from the root *sh₂ey-, *seh₂i- (“to bind”).


grogram

grogram (countable and uncountable, plural grograms)

desctree

→ French: gourgouran
→ Catalan: gorgorà
→ Portuguese: gorgorão
→ Spanish: gorgorán

Borrowed from French gros-grain (“coarse grain, a strong fabric”), from gros (“coarse”) + grain (“grain”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old, mature”)). The word is a doublet of grosgrain which was borrowed later.

refn

From the collection of the Museu Paulista or Museu do Ipiranga in São Paulo, Brazil.

grosgrain

corded fabric with the weft heavier than the warp

Are not your Frenchmen neate? Fine, as you ſee, / I have but one frenchman, looke, hee followes mee. / Certes they are neatly cloth'd. I, of this minde am, / Your only wearing is your Grogaram; / Not ſo Sir, I have more.

p. 1597, J[ohn] Donne, “[Satyres] Satyre IIII”, in Poems, […] with Elegies on the Authors Death, London: […] M[iles] F[lesher] for Iohn Marriot, […], published 1633, →OCLC, pages 339–340:

Tell him, if he will, / He ſhall ha' the grogran's, at the rate I told him, / And I will meet him, on the Exchange, anon.

1598, Beniamin Ionson [i.e., Ben Jonson], “Euery Man in His Humour. A Comœdie. […]”, in The Workes of Beniamin Ionson (First Folio), London: […] Will[iam] Stansby, published 1616, →OCLC, Act II, scene i, page 18:

I like ſome humors of the Cittie Dames well: to eate Cherries onely at an Angell a pound, good; to dye rich Scarlet black, pretty: to line a Grogaram gowne cleane thorough with veluet, tollerable; their pure linnen, their ſmocks of 3. li. a ſmock are to be borne withall. But your minſing nicetyes, taffata pipkins, durance petticotes & ſilver bodkins—Gods my life, as I ſhall be a Lady, I cannot indure it.

1605 August (first performance), Geo[rge] Chapman, Ben Ionson, Ioh[n] Marston, Eastward Hoe. […], London: […] [George Eld] for William Aspley, published September 1605, →OCLC, Act I, scene ii:

The merchants aduise mee, that there is intended a proclamation for the prohibition of grograms, which, if it may aduance our owne commodity, will be an act of good policy; but I am bound to informe, it will retrench halfe the trade of this port.

1622 June 27, Thomas Roe, “To Mr. Secretary Caluert”, in The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe, in His Embassy to the Ottoman Porte, from the Year 1621 to 1628 inclusive: […], London: Printed by Samuel Richardson, at the expence of the Society for the Encouragement of Learning; and sold by G[eorge] Strahan, […], published 1740, →OCLC, page 58:

Inſtead of Home-ſpun quoifs were ſeen / Good Pinners, edg'd with Colberteen: / Her Petticoats tra[n]sform'd apace, / Became Black Satin flounc'd with Lace. / Plain Goody would no longer down, / 'Twas Madam in her Grogram gown.

1708, [Jonathan Swift], “The Metamorphosis of Baucis and Philemon, Burlesqu’d; from the 8th Book of Ovid”, in Baucis and Philemon; a Poem. […], London: […] H. Hills, […], published 1709, →OCLC, pages 7–8:

The natural sweetness and innocence of her behaviour, the freshness of her complexion, the unaffected turn of her shape and person, shot me through and through every time I saw her, and did more execution upon me in grogram, than the greatest beauty in town or court had ever done in brocade.

1712 November 18 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison; Richard Steele et al.], “FRIDAY, November 7, 1712”, in The Spectator, number 530; republished in Alexander Chalmers, editor, The Spectator; a New Edition, […], volume VI, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton & Company, 1853, →OCLC, page 72:

[W]e shall have petulance and inattention, instead of bashful civility, because it is the fashion with fine folks to be easy; and rusticity shall be set off with impudence, like a grogram waistcoat with tinsel binding, that only makes its coarseness more disgusting.

1785 September 17, “The Lounger”, in The British Essayists: […], university edition, volume IV, number 33, London: Published by Jones and Company, […], published 1828, →OCLC, page 67, column 1:

Her mother [...] sat by the fire in the full glory of a grogram gown, lammer beads, and a clean cockernony, whiffing a snug pipe of tobacco, and superintending the affairs of the kitchen.

1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter XI, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume I (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 305:

An' here, they'n gi'en you lots o' good grogram an' flannel, as should ha' been gi'en by good rights to them as had the sense to keep away from such foolery. Ye might spare me a bit o' this grogram to make clothes for the lad—ye war ne'er ill-natur'd, Bess; I ne'er said that on ye.

1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Games”, in Adam Bede […], volume II, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book third, page 197:

The daily diet consisted of cheese, tough beef preserved in salt, pork, biscuits and half a pint of 'grog'. This was rum diluted with water to reduce its potency, as dictated by Admiral [Edward] Vernon back in 1740. Nicknamed 'Old Grogram' because of the grogram waterproof he so often wore, the rum ration took his nickname also.

1997, Denis Orde, “Mutiny”, in Nelson’s Mediterranean Command: Concerning Pride, Preferment & Prize Money, Edinburgh: Pentland Press, →ISBN; republished as Nelson’s Mediterranean Command, Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Maritime, Pen & Sword Books, 2014, →ISBN, page 38:

They had known nothing of woolen cloth, but now the popularity of obi made of imported grogram spread like wildfire. This popularity produced various stories in its wake.

2001, Yamakawa Kikue, “Dress”, in Kate Wildman Nakai, transl., Women of the Mito Domain: Recollections of Samurai Family Life, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 46:

A strong, rough fabric made up of a mixture of silk, and mohair or wool.

gorgorà

[W]ould you, Lady Alma, refuse to purchase a new gown, when by length of time your old grogram was worn to tatters, or grown so unfashionable as to excite ridicule in the very boys as you go to church?

1824, Vicesimus Knox, “Evening LVIII. On the Danger and Folly of Innovation.”, in The Works of Vicesimus Knox, D.D. with a Biographical Preface. In Seven Volumes, volume III, London: Printed for J. Mawman, […], →OCLC, pages 258–259:


без

бе̏з (canonical masculine)
bȅz (romanization)
без (nominative singular)
беза (genitive singular)
безу (dative singular)
без (accusative singular)
безу (singular vocative)
безу (locative singular)
безом (instrumental singular)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بز (bez), from Arabic بَزّ (bazz). Akin to безистан, безли, бесофра and беспара.