SMS

en-noun

SMS (countable and uncountable, plural SMSes)

/ˌɛs ɛm ˈɛs/

stiff man syndrome
stiff man syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of stiff man syndrome.


project

en-verb

project (third-person singular simple present projects, present participle projecting, simple past and past participle projected)

projects (present singular third-person)
projecting (participle present)
projected (participle past)
projected (past)

/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/

From Latin prōiectus, perfect passive participle of prōiciō (“throw forth, extend; expel”).

(neuroanatomy) (of a neuron or group of neurons) to have axon(s) extending to and therefore able to influence a remote location


olive

From Middle English olyve, from Old French olive (“olive, olive tree”), from Latin olīva (“olive”), from Etruscan *𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (*eleiva) or Proto-Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *loiwom (compare Old Church Slavonic лои (loi, “tallow”), Old Armenian եւղ (ewł, “oil”)). Doublet of oliva. Displaced native Old English eleberġe, literally "oil berry."

(neuroanatomy) An olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata.


MS

en-noun

MS (countable and uncountable, plural MSes)

multiple sclerosis
multiple sclerosis#English

(neurology, uncountable) Initialism of multiple sclerosis.


Down syndrome

Named after John Langdon Haydon Down (1828–1896), an English physician who first described the condition as a distinct form of mental disability in the 1860s.

(neurology, medical genetics) A genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (a chromosomal excess), whereby the patients typically have a delay in cognitive ability and physical growth, as well as a small head and tilted eyelids.

مُتَلَازِمَة دَاوْن

genetic disorder caused by a chromosomal excess

唐氏綜合症 /唐氏综合症

tong⁴ si⁶ zung³ hap⁶ zing³, tong⁴ si⁶ zung¹ hap⁶ zing³


down

down (nominative singular)
downa (genitive singular)
downowi (dative singular)
downa (accusative singular)
downem (instrumental singular)
downie (locative singular)
downie (singular vocative)

Named after British physician John Langdon Down.

named-after

(informal, neurology) Down syndrome (genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (a chromosomal excess), whereby the patients typically have a delay in cognitive ability and physical growth, as well as a small head and tilted eyelids)


neurotomist

One who is skilled in or practices neurotomy.


neurotome

(neurology, neuroscience) An instrument for cutting or dissecting nerves.


neurotomy

/nʊəˈɹɑtəmi/

(neuroscience) The dissection, or anatomy, of the nervous system.

(neurology) The division of a nerve, for the relief of neuralgia, or for other purposes.


neurotomical

en-adj

neurotomical (comparative more neurotomical, superlative most neurotomical)

more neurotomical (comparative)
most neurotomical (superlative)

(neuroscience) Of or pertaining to neurotomy.


oddball

Compound of odd + ball. First used in late 1930s, describing an extra ball played as a bonus in pin-ball type games. Well-attested since the 1940s, with the adjective appearing earlier than the noun.

event-related potential
event-related potential

(neuroscience) A deviant stimulus that appears among repetitive stimuli during an experiment, to trigger an event-related potential in the participant.


脳

脳 (canonical)
nō (romanization)
nau (romanization)
なう (hiragana historical)

/nau/ → /nɔː/ → /noː/
From Middle Chinese 腦 (MC nawX).


脳

脳 (canonical)
nazuki (romanization)
naduki (romanization)
なづき (hiragana historical)

⟨naduki₁⟩ → */nadukʲi/ → /nad͡zuki/ → /nazuki/
From Old Japanese.
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of classical verb 漬く (nazuku, “to be immersed in water (or other liquid)”).


EEG

(neurology) Initialism of elektroensefalogram (“electroencephalogram”).

(neurology) Initialism of elektroensefalograf (“electroencephalograph”).

(neurology) Initialism of elektroensefalografi (“electroencephalography”).


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(neuroanatomy) A ganglion, cluster of many neuronal bodies where synapsing occurs.

nukleus

neuroanatomy: cluster of many neuronal bodies


pyramid

en-noun

pyramid (countable and uncountable, plural pyramids)

From French pyramide, from Old French piramide, from Latin pȳramis, pȳramidis, from Ancient Greek πῡραμίς (pūramís), possibly from πῡρός (pūrós, “wheat”) + ἀμάω (amáō, “reap”) or from Egyptian pr-m-ws (“height of a pyramid”), from pr (“(one that) comes forth”) + m (“from”) + ws (“height”). Schenkel and K. Lang proposed hypothetical Coptic *ⲡⲓⲣⲁⲙ (*piram) or *ⲫⲣⲁⲙ (*phram) derived from Egyptian mr via metathesis as a source of πῡραμίς (pūramís) while Schenkel also suggested it being the source of Arabic هرم although the latter is considered far-fetched by Takacs.

der

(neuroanatomy) A medullary pyramid, the medial-most bumps on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata


insula

From Latin insula (“island”). Doublet of isle.

All mammals have insulas that read their body condition, Dr. Craig said.

2007 February 6, Sandra Blakeslee, “A Small Part of the Brain, and Its Profound Effects”, in New York Times:

The insula registers our physical gut feelings, including the sensation of a distended stomach and other inner states like nausea, warmth, a full bladder, and a pounding heart.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 608:

(neuroanatomy) A structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus.

aivosaari

a structure of the human brain located within the lateral sulcus


ERP

en-noun

ERP (countable and uncountable, plural ERPs)

event-related potential
event-related potential#English

(countable, neurology) Initialism of event-related potential.


BSE

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.


BSE

bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bovine spongiform encephalopathy

(pathology, neurology) BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy


bovine spongiform encephalopathy

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (uncountable)

The outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) have limited some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords.

(pathology, neurology) A fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cattle, which is transmissible to humans through misshaped prion proteins, caused by eating infected tissues.

牛海綿状脳症

うしかいめんじょうのうしょう

gubčataja encefalopatija krupnovo rogatovo skota

губчатая энцефалопатия крупного рогатого скота


tau

Hospital Brothers of Saint Anthony
Trần Thanh Vân

From Middle English tau, taue, from Latin tau, from Ancient Greek ταῦ (taû) and Hebrew תָּו (tav).
Sense 6 (“mathematical constant equal to 2π”) was used by Joseph M. Lindenberg in 1991, and popularized by the American educator and entrepreneur Michael Hartl in a 2010 paper which explains that τ resembles π; and that τ is the Greek equivalent of t, the first letter of turn, and 2π corresponds to one turn of a circle with a radius of one unit.
Sense 8.1 (“short for tau lepton or tau particle”) was coined by the American physicist Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014) after the first letter of Ancient Greek τρίτον (tríton, “third”), since the tau lepton or tauon was the third charged lepton discovered.

sequence box

Ancient Greek Alphabet

<big>Τ τ </big>
Ancient Greek: ταῦ

croix en tau

Saint Anthony’s cross — see also Saint Anthony's cross

Quite what that job is remains obscure, but one theory is that it is to stabilise another protein called tau, which is supposed in turn to keep in shape the tubular ‘skeleton’ of a neuron.

1999, Matt Ridley, Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters, London: Harper Perennial, published 2004, →ISBN, page 263:

central nervous system
central nervous system

Parkinson's diseases
Parkinson's disease

(neurology) Short for tau protein (“a protein abundant especially in the neurons of the human central nervous system that stabilizes microtubules, and when misfolded is associated with forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases”).

tau

short for tau protein — see also tau protein


Alzheimer's disease

Named after Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915), a German neurologist who described the disease in 1906.

(neurology, pathology) A disorder involving loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes; senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

Alzheimersiekte

mental disorder from brain tissue changes


AS

Asperger's syndrome
Asperger's syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of Asperger's syndrome.


Parkinson's disease

Named after English physician James Parkinson (1755-1824).

(neurology, pathology) A chronic neurological disorder affecting movement, characterized by tremor, slowness of movement (bradykinesia), cogwheel or lead-pipe rigidity, and postural instability.


pons

Borrowed from Latin pōns (“bridge”). Doublet of Pontus.

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve fibres, from the Latin term pōns Varoliī, within the brain stem.


homunculus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin homunculus (“little man”). Compare the adapted borrowing omuncolo.

ubor

homunculus corticale

homunculus motorio

(physiology, neuroscience) homunculus (nerve map realized as a distorted representation of the human body)


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós)bor.
Latin bulbusder.
English bulb
Inherited from Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

der

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata#English

(dated, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


moment

en-noun

moment (countable and uncountable, plural moments)

From Middle English moment, from Old French moment, from Latin mōmentum. Doublet of momentum and movement.

(neurology, informal) A petit mal episode; such a spell.


ADHD

gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas

(colloquial, neurology, psychiatry, psychology) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ADHD


ADHD

ja-noun

ADHD(エーディーエッチディー) • (ēdīetchidī)

ADHD (canonical)
ēdīetchidī (romanization)

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder


ADHD

Orthographic borrowing from English ADHD.

obor

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) ADHD


reflex arc

(neuroanatomy, neurophysiology) The neural pathway that mediates a reflex.


hippocampus

en-noun

hippocampus (plural hippocampi or hippocampuses)

hippocampi (plural)
hippocampuses (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hippocampus.wav

From Late Latin hippocampus, from Ancient Greek ἱππόκαμπος (hippókampos, from ῐ̔́ππος (hĭ́ppos, “horse”) + κάμπος (kámpos, “sea-monster”)). The anatomy sense is so named from its resemblance to the seahorse.

der

The hippocampus is central to the laying down of memories.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 63:

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) A part of the brain located inside the temporal lobe, consisting mainly of grey matter. It is a component of the limbic system and plays a role in memory and emotion.


nerve

Recorded since circa 1374 as Middle English nerve, from Medieval Latin nervus (“nerve”), from Latin nervus (“sinew”). Doublet of neuron and sinew.

He had the nerve to enter my house uninvited.

He hasn't the nerve to tell her he likes her.

“Oh?” she said. “So you have decided to revise my guest list for me? You have the nerve, the – the –” I saw she needed helping out. “Audacity,” I said, throwing her the line. “The audacity to dictate to me who I shall have in my house.” It should have been “whom”, but I let it go. “You have the –” “Crust.” “– the immortal rind,” she amended, and I had to admit it was stronger, “to tell me whom” – she got it right that time – “I may entertain at Brinkley Court and who” – wrong again – “I may not.”

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XVIII, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

You got a lot of nerve / To say you are my friend / When I was down / You just stood there grinning

1965, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Positively 4th Street”:

A trip to the whistling, fire-cracking Stadio San Paolo is always a test of nerve but Wenger's men have already outplayed the Italians once.

2013 November 26, Daniel Taylor, The Guardian:

Southgate's side kept their nerve and discipline in the unsettling, intimidating surroundings of Budapest, with the behaviour of Hungary's fans leaving much to be desired, to turn up the heat and punish their opponents ruthlessly once they had gone ahead.

2021 September 2, Phil McNulty, “Hungary 0-4 England”, in BBC:

Come on; obey: / Thy nerves are in their infancy again, / And have no vigour in them.

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

Whilst thus their fury rages at the bay,
 My sword our cables cut, I call'd to weigh,
And charg'd my men, as they from fate would fly,
Each nerve to strain, each bending oar to ply.

1725, Homer, “Book X”, in [Alexander Pope], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume III, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC:


dyslexia

en-noun

dyslexia (countable and uncountable, plural dyslexias)

From dys- + lexis + -ia. Via learned borrowing from New Latin dyslexia, produced from Latin dys- + lexis, -ia, a calque of German Dyslexie, coined by German ophthalmologist Rudolf Berlin in 1887, from Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) expressing the idea of difficulty, and λέξις (léxis, “diction”, “word”), the root chosen due to apparent semantic conflation of Greek λέγω (légō, “to speak”) and Latin legō (“to read”). Cf. the root of lexicon, Medieval Latin lexicon, Byzantine Greek λεξικόν (lexikón, “dictionary”, literally “[book of] words”).

cog

(neurology, pathology) A learning disability characterized by reading and writing difficulties.


dyslexia

sk-noun

dyslexia f (genitive singular dyslexie, nominative plural dyslexie, genitive plural dyslexií)

dyslexie (genitive singular)
dyslexie (nominative plural)
dyslexií (genitive plural)


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

Spines are distinguished by the presence of globular tips called spine heads; when spines are present, the synapses innervating dendrites are made from these heads.

2008, Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, Leonard E. White, Neuroscience, 4th edition, Sinauer Associates:

(neuroscience) Ellipsis of dendritic spine..


limbic

From French limbique, from Latin limbus (“edge, border”).

(neuroanatomy) Relating to the limbic system.


neuron

pl-noun

neuron m inan (related adjective neuronowy or neuronalny)

neuronowy (adjective)
neuronalny (adjective)
neuron (nominative singular)
neurony (nominative plural)
neuronu (genitive singular)
neuronów (genitive plural)
neuronowi (dative singular)
neuronom (dative plural)
neuron (accusative singular)
neurony (accusative plural)
neuronem (instrumental singular)
neuronami (instrumental plural)
neuronie (locative singular)
neuronach (locative plural)
neuronie (singular vocative)
neurony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron). Doublet of nerw.

lbor

(cytology, neuroanatomy) neuron (cell of the nervous system, which conducts nerve impulses; consisting of an axon and several dendrites)


tic

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple tics. A tic is a sudden, rapid, repetitive, non-rhythmic movement (e.g. eye blinking) or vocalization (e.g. throat clearing).

2020, Andrea E. Cavanna, Pharmacological Treatment of Tics, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 9:

(neurology) A sudden, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization.


tic

Borrowed from French tic. Attested since 1885.

(neurology, chiefly in the plural) a tic


compensation

en-noun

compensation (countable and uncountable, plural compensations)

From Middle English compensacioun, from Old French compensacion, from Latin compensātiōnem, accusative singular of compensātiō.

(neuroscience) The ability of one part of the brain to overfunction in order to take over the function of a damaged part (e.g. following a stroke).


gyration

gyration (countable and uncountable, plural gyrations)

/ˌd͡ʒaɪˈɹeɪʃ(ə)n/

From gyre (“to spin around; to gyrate, to whirl; (rare) to make (something) spin or whirl around; to spin, to whirl”) + -ation (suffix indicating actions or processes). Gyre is from Late Middle English giren (“to turn (something) away; to cause (something) to revolve or rotate; to travel in a circle”), from Old French girer (“to turn”), and directly from its etymon Latin gȳrāre, the present active infinitive of gȳrō (“to turn in a circle, rotate; to circle or revolve around”) (from gȳrus (“circle; circular motion; circuit, course”), from Ancient Greek γῦρος (gûros, “a circle, a ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *gew- (“to bend; to curve”)) + -ō (suffix forming regular first-conjugation verbs).

ĝirado

act of turning or whirling, especially around a fixed axis or centre — see also rotation

(neurology) The arrangement of convolutions of gyri in the cerebral cortex of the brain.


anomia

en-noun

anomia (countable and uncountable, plural anomias)

(neurology) The inability to remember names.

anòmia

neurology: the inability to remember names

(neurology) The difficulty in finding the right word.

anòmia

neurology: the difficulty in finding the right word


anomia

anomia (nominative singular)
anomiat (nominative plural)
anomia (accusative nominative singular)
anomiat (accusative nominative plural)
anomian (accusative genitive singular)
anomiat (accusative genitive plural)
anomian (genitive singular)
anomioiden (genitive plural)
anomioitten (genitive plural)
anomiain (genitive plural rare)
anomiaa (partitive singular)
anomioita (partitive plural)
anomiassa (inessive singular)
anomioissa (inessive plural)
anomiasta (elative singular)
anomioista (elative plural)
anomiaan (illative singular)
anomioihin (illative plural)
anomialla (adessive singular)
anomioilla (adessive plural)
anomialta (ablative singular)
anomioilta (ablative plural)
anomialle (allative singular)
anomioille (allative plural)
anomiana (essive singular)
anomioina (essive plural)
anomiaksi (singular translative)
anomioiksi (plural translative)
anomiatta (abessive singular)
anomioitta (abessive plural)
anomioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
anomiani (nominative singular)
anomiani (nominative plural)
anomiani (accusative nominative singular)
anomiani (accusative nominative plural)
anomiani (accusative genitive singular)
anomiani (accusative genitive plural)
anomiani (genitive singular)
anomioideni (genitive plural)
anomioitteni (genitive plural)
anomiaini (genitive plural rare)
anomiaani (partitive singular)
anomioitani (partitive plural)
anomiassani (inessive singular)
anomioissani (inessive plural)
anomiastani (elative singular)
anomioistani (elative plural)
anomiaani (illative singular)
anomioihini (illative plural)
anomiallani (adessive singular)
anomioillani (adessive plural)
anomialtani (ablative singular)
anomioiltani (ablative plural)
anomialleni (allative singular)
anomioilleni (allative plural)
anomianani (essive singular)
anomioinani (essive plural)
anomiakseni (singular translative)
anomioikseni (plural translative)
anomiattani (abessive singular)
anomioittani (abessive plural)
anomioineni (comitative plural)
anomiasi (nominative singular)
anomiasi (nominative plural)
anomiasi (accusative nominative singular)
anomiasi (accusative nominative plural)
anomiasi (accusative genitive singular)
anomiasi (accusative genitive plural)
anomiasi (genitive singular)
anomioidesi (genitive plural)
anomioittesi (genitive plural)
anomiaisi (genitive plural rare)
anomiaasi (partitive singular)
anomioitasi (partitive plural)
anomiassasi (inessive singular)
anomioissasi (inessive plural)
anomiastasi (elative singular)
anomioistasi (elative plural)
anomiaasi (illative singular)
anomioihisi (illative plural)
anomiallasi (adessive singular)
anomioillasi (adessive plural)
anomialtasi (ablative singular)
anomioiltasi (ablative plural)
anomiallesi (allative singular)
anomioillesi (allative plural)
anomianasi (essive singular)
anomioinasi (essive plural)
anomiaksesi (singular translative)
anomioiksesi (plural translative)
anomiattasi (abessive singular)
anomioittasi (abessive plural)
anomioinesi (comitative plural)
anomiamme (nominative singular)
anomiamme (nominative plural)
anomiamme (accusative nominative singular)
anomiamme (accusative nominative plural)
anomiamme (accusative genitive singular)
anomiamme (accusative genitive plural)
anomiamme (genitive singular)
anomioidemme (genitive plural)
anomioittemme (genitive plural)
anomiaimme (genitive plural rare)
anomiaamme (partitive singular)
anomioitamme (partitive plural)
anomiassamme (inessive singular)
anomioissamme (inessive plural)
anomiastamme (elative singular)
anomioistamme (elative plural)
anomiaamme (illative singular)
anomioihimme (illative plural)
anomiallamme (adessive singular)
anomioillamme (adessive plural)
anomialtamme (ablative singular)
anomioiltamme (ablative plural)
anomiallemme (allative singular)
anomioillemme (allative plural)
anomianamme (essive singular)
anomioinamme (essive plural)
anomiaksemme (singular translative)
anomioiksemme (plural translative)
anomiattamme (abessive singular)
anomioittamme (abessive plural)
anomioinemme (comitative plural)
anomianne (nominative singular)
anomianne (nominative plural)
anomianne (accusative nominative singular)
anomianne (accusative nominative plural)
anomianne (accusative genitive singular)
anomianne (accusative genitive plural)
anomianne (genitive singular)
anomioidenne (genitive plural)
anomioittenne (genitive plural)
anomiainne (genitive plural rare)
anomiaanne (partitive singular)
anomioitanne (partitive plural)
anomiassanne (inessive singular)
anomioissanne (inessive plural)
anomiastanne (elative singular)
anomioistanne (elative plural)
anomiaanne (illative singular)
anomioihinne (illative plural)
anomiallanne (adessive singular)
anomioillanne (adessive plural)
anomialtanne (ablative singular)
anomioiltanne (ablative plural)
anomiallenne (allative singular)
anomioillenne (allative plural)
anomiananne (essive singular)
anomioinanne (essive plural)
anomiaksenne (singular translative)
anomioiksenne (plural translative)
anomiattanne (abessive singular)
anomioittanne (abessive plural)
anomioinenne (comitative plural)
anomiansa (nominative singular)
anomiansa (nominative plural)
anomiansa (accusative nominative singular)
anomiansa (accusative nominative plural)
anomiansa (accusative genitive singular)
anomiansa (accusative genitive plural)
anomiansa (genitive singular)
anomioidensa (genitive plural)
anomioittensa (genitive plural)
anomiainsa (genitive plural rare)
anomiaansa (partitive singular)
anomioitaan (partitive plural)
anomioitansa (partitive plural)
anomiassaan (inessive singular)
anomiassansa (inessive singular)
anomioissaan (inessive plural)
anomioissansa (inessive plural)
anomiastaan (elative singular)
anomiastansa (elative singular)
anomioistaan (elative plural)
anomioistansa (elative plural)
anomiaansa (illative singular)
anomioihinsa (illative plural)
anomiallaan (adessive singular)
anomiallansa (adessive singular)
anomioillaan (adessive plural)
anomioillansa (adessive plural)
anomialtaan (ablative singular)
anomialtansa (ablative singular)
anomioiltaan (ablative plural)
anomioiltansa (ablative plural)
anomialleen (allative singular)
anomiallensa (allative singular)
anomioilleen (allative plural)
anomioillensa (allative plural)
anomianaan (essive singular)
anomianansa (essive singular)
anomioinaan (essive plural)
anomioinansa (essive plural)
anomiakseen (singular translative)
anomiaksensa (singular translative)
anomioikseen (plural translative)
anomioiksensa (plural translative)
anomiattaan (abessive singular)
anomiattansa (abessive singular)
anomioittaan (abessive plural)
anomioittansa (abessive plural)
anomioineen (comitative plural)
anomioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈɑ̝no̞ˌmiɑ̝]

Internationalism (see French anomie), ultimately from Ancient Greek ἀνομία (anomía). Contains the suffix -nomia.


anomia

(neurology) anomia; nominal aphasia (difficulty recalling nouns)


amygdala

amygdala (plural amygdalas or amygdalae)

Because of its shape, from Latin amygdala (“almond”), from Ancient Greek ἀμυγδάλη (amugdálē, “almond”). Doublet of almond, amygdale, and mandorla.

doublet

Cognitive scientists distinguish between normal risk-assessment decisions, which activate the reward-prediction regions of the brain, and decisions made amid extreme uncertainty, which generate activity in the amygdala.

2009 February 12, David Brooks, “The Worst-Case Scenario”, in New York Times:

medial temporal lobe
medial temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy) Each one of the two regions of the brain, located as a pair in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in processing emotions, such as fear and pleasure, in both animals and humans.


amygdala

amygdala (nominative singular)
amygdaly (nominative plural)
amygdaly (genitive singular)
amygdal (genitive plural)
amygdale (dative singular)
amygdalám (dative plural)
amygdalu (accusative singular)
amygdaly (accusative plural)
amygdalo (singular vocative)
amygdaly (plural vocative)
amygdale (locative singular)
amygdalách (locative plural)
amygdalou (instrumental singular)
amygdalami (instrumental plural)

From Latin amygdala. Doublet of mandle and mandorla.


agnosia

en-noun

agnosia (countable and uncountable, plural agnosias)

From Ancient Greek ἀγνωσία (agnōsía, “ignorance”).

der

(neurology) The inability to recognise objects by use of the senses.


agnosia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀγνωσία (agnōsía, “ignorance”).


agnosia

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀγνωσία (agnōsía, “ignorance”).

lbor

(medicine, neurology) agnosia (the inability to recognise objects)


agnosia

(medicine, neurology, pathology) agnosia


prosopagnosia

en-noun

prosopagnosia (countable and uncountable, plural prosopagnosias)

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊʒə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊzɪə/

/ˌpɹɒsəpaɡˈnəʊsɪə/

/ˌpɹɑsoʊpæɡˈnoʊʒə/

Borrowed from German Prosopagnosie (see there for more). By surface analysis, prosop- + agnosia.

A normal person can name someone from facial features alone, even if the features have changed substantially over the years. People with prosopagnosia are not able to make this association, but have few other neurological symptoms other than a loss of some part of the visual field.

1984, Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, page 102:

(neurology, pathology, psychology) A form of visual agnosia characterized by difficulty with face recognition despite intact low-level visual processing.


rabies

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch rabiës, from Latin rabies (“madness”).

(pathology, neurology) rabies: an infectious disease caused by species of Lyssavirus that causes acute encephalitis in warm-blooded animals and people, characterised by abnormal behaviour such as biting, excitement, aggressiveness, and dementia, followed by paralysis and death.


SN

SN (countable and uncountable, plural SNs)

substantia nigra
substantia nigra#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of substantia nigra.


Alzheimer-Krankheit

de-noun

Alzheimer-Krankheit f (genitive Alzheimer-Krankheit, no plural)

Alzheimer-Krankheit (genitive)
Alzheimer-Krankheit (nominative singular)
Alzheimer-Krankheit (genitive singular)
Alzheimer-Krankheit (dative singular)
Alzheimer-Krankheit (accusative singular)

Synonym of Alzheimer (“Alzheimer's disease”)


アルツハイマー病

ja-noun

^アルツハイマー-びょう

アルツハイマー病 (canonical)
Arutsuhaimā-byō (romanization)

[a̠ɾɯ̟t͡sɨha̠ima̠ː bʲo̞ː]

アルツハイマー (Arutsuhaimā, from German Alzheimer) + 病 (byō, “illness”)

compound

from German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Alzheimer</i>

(pathology, neurology) Alzheimer's disease


tonic

en-adj

tonic (comparative more tonic, superlative most tonic)

more tonic (comparative)
most tonic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek τονικός (tonikós), from τόνος (tónos). 17th century writers believed health to be derived from firmly stretched muscles, thus tonic; the extension of tonic medicine appeared in the late 18th century. By surface analysis, ton(e) + -ic.

Peter Redgrave (2007) Basal ganglia. Scholarpedia, 2(6):1825.
GABAergic neurones in the basal ganglia output nuclei have high tonic firing rates (40-80 Hz).

(medicine, neuroscience) In a state of continuous unremitting action.


torpedo

* Borrowed from Latin torpēdō (“a torpedo fish; numbness, torpidity, electric ray”), from torpeō (“I am stiff, numb, torpid; I am astounded; I am inactive”) + -ēdō (noun suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *ster- (“stiff”). In the military sense coined by Robert Fulton in 1805. Cognate with Old English steorfan (“to die”), Ancient Greek στερεός (stereós, “solid”), Lithuanian tirpstu (“to become rigid”), Old Church Slavonic трупети (trupeti).
* (type of car): From 1908, after "the Torpedo", a car designed by Captain Theo Masui.

cog

In several human neurodegenerative diseases, focal axonal swellings on Purkinje cells – known as torpedoes – have been associated with Purkinje cell loss. Interestingly, torpedoes are also reported to appear transiently during development in rat cerebellum.

2016 November 2, Lovisa Ljungberg, Daneck Lang-Ouellette, Angela Yang, Sriram Jayabal, Sabrina Quilez, Alanna J. Watt, “Transient Developmental Purkinje Cell Axonal Torpedoes in Healthy and Ataxic Mouse Cerebellum”, in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, volume 10, →DOI, article 248, page 1:

(neuroscience) A focal ovoid swelling on the axons of Purkinje cells, observed in several diseases such as essential tremor and spinocerebellar ataxia.


alexia

en-noun

alexia (countable and uncountable, plural alexias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-alexia.wav

From Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “not”) + λέξις (léxis, “speech”) + -ia.

af

Coordinate term: letter blindness

(medicine, neurology) The inability, due to a cerebral disorder, to comprehend or understand writing.


synapse

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek σύναψις (súnapsis, “conjunction”), from συνάπτω (sunáptō, “to clasp”).


vyö

vyö (nominative singular)
vyöt (nominative plural)
vyö (accusative nominative singular)
vyöt (accusative nominative plural)
vyön (accusative genitive singular)
vyöt (accusative genitive plural)
vyön (genitive singular)
vöiden (genitive plural)
vöitten (genitive plural)
vyötä (partitive singular)
vöitä (partitive plural)
vyössä (inessive singular)
vöissä (inessive plural)
vyöstä (elative singular)
vöistä (elative plural)
vyöhön (illative singular)
vöihin (illative plural)
vyöllä (adessive singular)
vöillä (adessive plural)
vyöltä (ablative singular)
vöiltä (ablative plural)
vyölle (allative singular)
vöille (allative plural)
vyönä (essive singular)
vöinä (essive plural)
vyöksi (singular translative)
vöiksi (plural translative)
vyöttä (abessive singular)
vöittä (abessive plural)
vöin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
vyöni (nominative singular)
vyöni (nominative plural)
vyöni (accusative nominative singular)
vyöni (accusative nominative plural)
vyöni (accusative genitive singular)
vyöni (accusative genitive plural)
vyöni (genitive singular)
vöideni (genitive plural)
vöitteni (genitive plural)
vyötäni (partitive singular)
vöitäni (partitive plural)
vyössäni (inessive singular)
vöissäni (inessive plural)
vyöstäni (elative singular)
vöistäni (elative plural)
vyöhöni (illative singular)
vöihini (illative plural)
vyölläni (adessive singular)
vöilläni (adessive plural)
vyöltäni (ablative singular)
vöiltäni (ablative plural)
vyölleni (allative singular)
vöilleni (allative plural)
vyönäni (essive singular)
vöinäni (essive plural)
vyökseni (singular translative)
vöikseni (plural translative)
vyöttäni (abessive singular)
vöittäni (abessive plural)
vöineni (comitative plural)
vyösi (nominative singular)
vyösi (nominative plural)
vyösi (accusative nominative singular)
vyösi (accusative nominative plural)
vyösi (accusative genitive singular)
vyösi (accusative genitive plural)
vyösi (genitive singular)
vöidesi (genitive plural)
vöittesi (genitive plural)
vyötäsi (partitive singular)
vöitäsi (partitive plural)
vyössäsi (inessive singular)
vöissäsi (inessive plural)
vyöstäsi (elative singular)
vöistäsi (elative plural)
vyöhösi (illative singular)
vöihisi (illative plural)
vyölläsi (adessive singular)
vöilläsi (adessive plural)
vyöltäsi (ablative singular)
vöiltäsi (ablative plural)
vyöllesi (allative singular)
vöillesi (allative plural)
vyönäsi (essive singular)
vöinäsi (essive plural)
vyöksesi (singular translative)
vöiksesi (plural translative)
vyöttäsi (abessive singular)
vöittäsi (abessive plural)
vöinesi (comitative plural)
vyömme (nominative singular)
vyömme (nominative plural)
vyömme (accusative nominative singular)
vyömme (accusative nominative plural)
vyömme (accusative genitive singular)
vyömme (accusative genitive plural)
vyömme (genitive singular)
vöidemme (genitive plural)
vöittemme (genitive plural)
vyötämme (partitive singular)
vöitämme (partitive plural)
vyössämme (inessive singular)
vöissämme (inessive plural)
vyöstämme (elative singular)
vöistämme (elative plural)
vyöhömme (illative singular)
vöihimme (illative plural)
vyöllämme (adessive singular)
vöillämme (adessive plural)
vyöltämme (ablative singular)
vöiltämme (ablative plural)
vyöllemme (allative singular)
vöillemme (allative plural)
vyönämme (essive singular)
vöinämme (essive plural)
vyöksemme (singular translative)
vöiksemme (plural translative)
vyöttämme (abessive singular)
vöittämme (abessive plural)
vöinemme (comitative plural)
vyönne (nominative singular)
vyönne (nominative plural)
vyönne (accusative nominative singular)
vyönne (accusative nominative plural)
vyönne (accusative genitive singular)
vyönne (accusative genitive plural)
vyönne (genitive singular)
vöidenne (genitive plural)
vöittenne (genitive plural)
vyötänne (partitive singular)
vöitänne (partitive plural)
vyössänne (inessive singular)
vöissänne (inessive plural)
vyöstänne (elative singular)
vöistänne (elative plural)
vyöhönne (illative singular)
vöihinne (illative plural)
vyöllänne (adessive singular)
vöillänne (adessive plural)
vyöltänne (ablative singular)
vöiltänne (ablative plural)
vyöllenne (allative singular)
vöillenne (allative plural)
vyönänne (essive singular)
vöinänne (essive plural)
vyöksenne (singular translative)
vöiksenne (plural translative)
vyöttänne (abessive singular)
vöittänne (abessive plural)
vöinenne (comitative plural)
vyönsä (nominative singular)
vyönsä (nominative plural)
vyönsä (accusative nominative singular)
vyönsä (accusative nominative plural)
vyönsä (accusative genitive singular)
vyönsä (accusative genitive plural)
vyönsä (genitive singular)
vöidensä (genitive plural)
vöittensä (genitive plural)
vyötään (partitive singular)
vyötänsä (partitive singular)
vöitään (partitive plural)
vöitänsä (partitive plural)
vyössään (inessive singular)
vyössänsä (inessive singular)
vöissään (inessive plural)
vöissänsä (inessive plural)
vyöstään (elative singular)
vyöstänsä (elative singular)
vöistään (elative plural)
vöistänsä (elative plural)
vyöhönsä (illative singular)
vöihinsä (illative plural)
vyöllään (adessive singular)
vyöllänsä (adessive singular)
vöillään (adessive plural)
vöillänsä (adessive plural)
vyöltään (ablative singular)
vyöltänsä (ablative singular)
vöiltään (ablative plural)
vöiltänsä (ablative plural)
vyölleen (allative singular)
vyöllensä (allative singular)
vöilleen (allative plural)
vöillensä (allative plural)
vyönään (essive singular)
vyönänsä (essive singular)
vöinään (essive plural)
vöinänsä (essive plural)
vyökseen (singular translative)
vyöksensä (singular translative)
vöikseen (plural translative)
vöiksensä (plural translative)
vyöttään (abessive singular)
vyöttänsä (abessive singular)
vöittään (abessive plural)
vöittänsä (abessive plural)
vöineen (comitative plural)
vöinensä (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *vöö, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *üwä.

(neuroanatomy) Synonym of aivovyö (“cingulum”).


neurology

en-noun

neurology (countable and uncountable, plural neurologies)

From New Latin neurologia. By surface analysis, neuro- + -logy.

The branch of medicine that deals with the disorders of nervous system including the brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system and the nerves, muscles, and neuromuscular junction of the peripheral nervous system.

newoloji

branch of medicine that deals with the nervous system and its disorders


glutamate

[ˈɡlʉː.ɾə.mæɪt]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-glutamate.wav

At a synaptic level, the axon terminal having to repeatedly release glutamate is the lecturer droning on repetitively; the moment when the postsynaptic threshold is passed and the NMDA receptors first activate is the dendritic spine finally getting it.

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 5, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

(neuroscience) The anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter.


neurotoxin

There were stretches of days when the lakes were closed because of the algae. It sometimes secreted neurotoxins that could be fatal.

2020, Brandon Taylor, Real Life, Daunt Books Originals, page 31:

(neuroscience, toxicology, pharmacology) A toxin that specifically acts upon neurons, their synapses, or the nervous system in its entirety.


ventral

From French ventral, from Latin ventrālis, from venter (“belly, abdomen”).

ventraalinen

(anatomy) on or relating to the bottom portion of either foot and/or hand

(neuroanatomy) On the lower side of the brain.


grey matter

(neuroanatomy) A collection of cell bodies and (usually) dendritic connections, in contrast to white matter.


photographic memory

photographic memory (plural photographic memories)

(neuroscience) The ability to recall images, sounds, smells, or objects in memory with great accuracy and in seemingly unlimited volume.


ventral tegmentum

ventral tegmentum (canonical)
ventral tegmental area (canonical)

(neuroanatomy) A part of the midbrain, close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus, that contains dopamine and serotonin.

(neuroanatomy) The part of the mesencephalon that projects to the nucleus accumbens via the mesolimbic pathway and to the cortex via the mesocortical pathway


ventricle

From late Middle English, from Latin ventriculus (“the belly”), diminutive of venter (“the belly”). Doublet of ventriculus.

Meronyms: fourth ventricle, lateral ventricle, third ventricle

the ventricle of memory

c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Loues Labour’s Lost”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:

(anatomy, zootomy) Any small cavity within a body; a hollow part or organ, especially:

(neuroanatomy) One of four fluid-filled cavities in the brain, that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.


dysarthria

dysarthria (countable and uncountable, plural dysarthrias)

From international scientific vocabulary, from German Dysarthrie, from New Latin, using the combining forms dys- + arthr- + -ia.

acetylcholine receptors
acetylcholine receptor

(neurology, neuropsychology) Difficulty in articulating words due to a disturbance in the form or function of the structures that modulate voice into speech; one of the first indicative symptoms of myasthenia gravis, brought about by an autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors.

classical compound
dysarthria
international scientific vocabulary

dysphasia

language impairment due to cognitive problems rather than neuromuscular or other structural problems


sild

silla (genitive)
silda (partitive)
sild (nominative singular)
sillad (nominative plural)
sild (accusative nominative singular)
sillad (accusative nominative plural)
silla (accusative genitive singular)
sillad (accusative genitive plural)
silla (genitive singular)
sildade (genitive plural)
silda (partitive singular)
sildu (partitive plural)
sildasid (partitive plural)
silda (illative singular)
sillasse (illative singular)
sildadesse (illative plural)
sillusse (illative plural)
sillas (inessive singular)
sildades (inessive plural)
sillus (inessive plural)
sillast (elative singular)
sildadest (elative plural)
sillust (elative plural)
sillale (allative singular)
sildadele (allative plural)
sillule (allative plural)
sillal (adessive singular)
sildadel (adessive plural)
sillul (adessive plural)
sillalt (ablative singular)
sildadelt (ablative plural)
sillult (ablative plural)
sillaks (singular translative)
sildadeks (plural translative)
silluks (plural translative)
sillani (singular terminative)
sildadeni (plural terminative)
sillana (essive singular)
sildadena (essive plural)
sillata (abessive singular)
sildadeta (abessive plural)
sillaga (comitative singular)
sildadega (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *cilta, earlier *tilta, from a Baltic language (cf. Latvian tilts, Lithuanian tiltas). Cognates include Finnish silta, Ingrian silta, silda, Livonian sīlda, Livvi sildu, Ludian šild, Veps süud, sild, Võro sild, Votic siltõ and Northern Sami šaldi (the latter is derived from Proto-Finnic).

(neuroanatomy) A part of the brain located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata.


brain surgery

brain surgery (usually uncountable, plural brain surgeries)

Surgery on any part of the nervous system, especially the brain; neurosurgery.

нейрохірургі́я f (nejroxirurhíja, literally “neurosurgery”)


ganglion

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γᾰγγλῐ́ον (gănglĭ́on, “encysted tumour on a tendon or aponeurosis”).

bor

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

[T]he wonderfully diversified instincts, mental powers, and affections of ants are generally known, yet their cerebral ganglia are not so large as the quarter of a small pin's head.

1871, Charles Darwin, “On the Manner of Development of Man from some Lower Form”, in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. […], volume I, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Part I (On the Descent of Man), page 145:

An encapsulated collection of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.

gangli

collection of nerve cell bodies outside the brain

The yawning gap in neuroscientists’ understanding of their topic is in the intermediate scale of the brain’s anatomy. Science has a passable knowledge of how individual nerve cells, known as neurons, work. It also knows which visible lobes and ganglia of the brain do what. But how the neurons are organised in these lobes and ganglia remains obscure.

2013 August 3, “The machine of a new soul”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:

Any of certain masses of gray matter in the central nervous system, as the basal ganglia.


centripetal

From New Latin centripetālis coined by Sir Isaac Newton, from Latin centrum (“center”) + petō (“to seek, aim”) + -al. Analysable as centri- + -petal.

(neuroanatomy, of a nerve impulse) Directed towards the central nervous system; afferent.

կենտրոնաձիգ

directed towards the central nervous system


Synapse

de-noun

Synapse f (genitive Synapse, plural Synapsen)

Synapse (genitive)
Synapsen (plural)
Synapse (nominative singular)
Synapsen (definite nominative plural)
Synapse (genitive singular)
Synapsen (definite genitive plural)
Synapse (dative singular)
Synapsen (dative definite plural)
Synapse (accusative singular)
Synapsen (accusative definite plural)


TS

en-noun

TS (countable and uncountable, plural TSs or TSes)

One mother of a TS boy with encopresis reported It came on suddenly, lasted two weeks and went away just as suddenly, almost like a tic, […]

1992, David E. Comings, Tourette syndrome and human behavior, page 247:

We report (1) […]; (2) TS boys showed thinner cortex relative to TS girls […]

2012, Basal Ganglia Diseases: Advances in Research and Treatment, →ISBN, page 237:

Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome#English

(neurology) Initialism of Tourette syndrome.


resilient

en-adj

resilient (comparative more resilient, superlative most resilient)

more resilient (comparative)
most resilient (superlative)

From Middle English resilient, from Old French resilient, from Latin resiliēns, present active participle of resiliō (“I leap or spring back”).

veerkragtig

able to withstand force without cracking; elastic

veerkragtig

returning quickly to normal after damaging events or conditions; psychologically or structurally tough

Returning quickly to normal after damaging events or conditions. (of systems, organisms or people)

(psychology, neuroscience) Having the ability to recover from mental illness, trauma, etc.; having resilience.


mediator

mediator (nominative singular)
mediatory (nominative plural)
mediatora (genitive singular)
mediatorów (genitive plural)
mediatorowi (dative singular)
mediatorom (dative plural)
mediator (accusative singular)
mediatory (accusative plural)
mediatorem (instrumental singular)
mediatorami (instrumental plural)
mediatorze (locative singular)
mediatorach (locative plural)
mediatorze (singular vocative)
mediatory (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) mediator (chemical substance transmitting information to a targeted cell)


TSE

en-noun

TSE (countable and uncountable, plural TSEs)

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.


transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (countable and uncountable, plural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)

(pathology, neurology) Any fatal, incurable degenerative disease of the brain transmitted by prions.

overførbare svampeagtige hjernesygdomme

any fatal, degenerative disease transmitted by prions

трансмисси́вная гу́бчатая энцефалопа́тия


hypothalamus

hypothalamus (plural hypothalami or hypothalamuses)

hypothalami (plural)
hypothalamuses (plural)

To avoid catastrophe, the brain has its trusty control centre, the hypothalamus, which tells the body to cool itself by sweating or to warm itself by shivering.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan (2020), page 217:

autonomic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon, and functioning to regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes and governing the autonomic nervous system.

hipotalamusi

a region of the brain, below the thalamus


encephalopathy

encephalopathy (countable and uncountable, plural encephalopathies)

/ɛnˌsɛfəˈlɒpəθi/

(pathology, neurology) Any of various conditions affecting the brain.


Asperger's syndrome

/ˈæspɜːɡəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

/ˈæspɜːdʒəz ˈsɪndɹəʊm/

Named after Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger (1906–1980).

named-after

Coordinate term: Kanner's syndrome

developmental disorder
developmental disorder

(dated, uncountable, neurology) An autism-related developmental disorder characterised by sustained impairment in social interaction and nonverbal communication and by repetitive behaviour as well as restricted interests and routines.


CNS

central nervous system
central nervous system#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of central nervous system.


neurotransmitter

Together with this is the influence of an infinite number of neurotransmitters, neurohormones, environmental hazards, and accidental programmings.

2016, David R. Hawkins, The Eye of the I: From Which Nothing is Hidden, page 142:

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons.

نَاقِل عَصَبِيّ

substance responsible for sending nerve signals across a synapse between two neurons

神経伝達物質

しんけいでんたつぶっしつ

нейромедіа́тор m (nejromediátor, literally “neuromediator”)


TD

en-noun

TD (countable and uncountable, plural TDs)

tardive dyskinesia
tardive dyskinesia#English

(neurology) Initialism of tardive dyskinesia.


STN

STN (countable and uncountable, plural STNs)

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of subthalamic nucleus.


resilience

resilience (countable and uncountable, plural resiliences)

From resilio + -ence, from Latin resiliō (“to spring back”).

Martin Seligman's impressive body of research showed that a pessimistic explanatory style carves a path to depression, while an optimistic explanatory style leads to resilience.

2021, Lisa Miller, The Awakened Brain, Ch.2, at p.36

(psychology, neuroscience) The mental ability to recover quickly from depression, illness or misfortune.

veerkragtigheid

ability of a system or company to recover


sympathetic

en-adj

sympathetic (comparative more sympathetic, superlative most sympathetic)

more sympathetic (comparative)
most sympathetic (superlative)

Mid 17th century in the sense “relating to an affinity or paranormal influence”, from Latin sympathēticus. By surface analysis, sympathy + -etic (“pertaining to”); compare pathetic. Displaced native Old English efnþrōwiende.

съчувствен

of, related to, showing, or characterized by sympathy

симпатичен

of a person: attracting the liking of others

Sympathetic innervation involves epinephrine.

It was suggested that adrenaline might act at the junction of sympathetic nerves and the effector organs, and that adrenaline might be released at sympathetic nerve endings.

1967, Leslie L. Iversen, The Uptake and Storage of Noradrenaline in Sympathetic Nerves, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 23:

(neuroanatomy, neurology, relational) Relating to or denoting the part of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerves arising from ganglia near the middle part of the spinal cord, supplying the internal organs, blood vessels, and glands, and balancing the action of the parasympathetic nerves.

交感的

relating to part of the autonomic nervous system


pineal gland

From pineal + gland, from its pine-cone shape.

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) A small, pinecone-shaped endocrine gland found near the centre of the brain that produces melatonin.


freezer

→ Macanese: friza

(neuroscience, Parkinson's disease) A Parkinson's disease patient that experiences freezing of gait (FOG) episodes.


cerebrum

Inherited from Middle English cerebrum, from Latin cerebrum (“a brain; a skull”); see there for more.

Holonym: forebrain

(neuroanatomy) The principal and most anterior part of the brain in vertebrates, which is located in the front area of the skull and divided into two hemispheres, left and right, separated by a fissure. In humans it is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for the integration of complex sensory functions and the initiation and coordination of voluntary activity, and the higher mental functions such as consciousness, thought, reason, emotion, and memory.


IAD

Internet addiction disorder
Internet addiction disorder#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Internet addiction disorder.


autonomic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-autonomic.wav

(neurology) Acting or occurring involuntarily, without conscious control.

autonòmic

acting or occurring involuntarily, without conscious control

(neuroanatomy, neurology) Pertaining to the autonomic nervous system.

autonomiczny

pertaining to the autonomic nervous system


peripheral nervous system

en-noun

peripheral nervous system (plural peripheral nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the nervous system which is not the central nervous system.


autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system (plural autonomic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In humans and other vertebrates, the part of the nervous system that regulates the involuntary activity of the heart, intestines and glands. These activities include digestion, respiration, perspiration, metabolism, and the modulation of blood pressure.


central nervous system

central nervous system (plural central nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) In vertebrates, that part of the nervous system comprising the brain, brainstem and spinal cord.


koma

From Dutch coma, from Ancient Greek κῶμα (kôma, “deep sleep”).

(medicine, neurology) coma, a state of unconsciousness from which one may not wake up, usually induced by some form of trauma.


neuralgia

neuralgia (countable and uncountable, plural neuralgias)

From New Latin neuralgia, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”). By surface analysis, neur- + -algia.

(pathology, neurology) An acute, severe, intermittent pain that radiates along a nerve.


neuralgia

neuralgia (nominative singular)
neuralgiat (nominative plural)
neuralgia (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgiat (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgian (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgiat (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgian (genitive singular)
neuralgioiden (genitive plural)
neuralgioitten (genitive plural)
neuralgiain (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaa (partitive singular)
neuralgioita (partitive plural)
neuralgiassa (inessive singular)
neuralgioissa (inessive plural)
neuralgiasta (elative singular)
neuralgioista (elative plural)
neuralgiaan (illative singular)
neuralgioihin (illative plural)
neuralgialla (adessive singular)
neuralgioilla (adessive plural)
neuralgialta (ablative singular)
neuralgioilta (ablative plural)
neuralgialle (allative singular)
neuralgioille (allative plural)
neuralgiana (essive singular)
neuralgioina (essive plural)
neuralgiaksi (singular translative)
neuralgioiksi (plural translative)
neuralgiatta (abessive singular)
neuralgioitta (abessive plural)
neuralgioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
neuralgiani (nominative singular)
neuralgiani (nominative plural)
neuralgiani (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgiani (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgiani (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgiani (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgiani (genitive singular)
neuralgioideni (genitive plural)
neuralgioitteni (genitive plural)
neuralgiaini (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaani (partitive singular)
neuralgioitani (partitive plural)
neuralgiassani (inessive singular)
neuralgioissani (inessive plural)
neuralgiastani (elative singular)
neuralgioistani (elative plural)
neuralgiaani (illative singular)
neuralgioihini (illative plural)
neuralgiallani (adessive singular)
neuralgioillani (adessive plural)
neuralgialtani (ablative singular)
neuralgioiltani (ablative plural)
neuralgialleni (allative singular)
neuralgioilleni (allative plural)
neuralgianani (essive singular)
neuralgioinani (essive plural)
neuralgiakseni (singular translative)
neuralgioikseni (plural translative)
neuralgiattani (abessive singular)
neuralgioittani (abessive plural)
neuralgioineni (comitative plural)
neuralgiasi (nominative singular)
neuralgiasi (nominative plural)
neuralgiasi (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgiasi (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgiasi (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgiasi (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgiasi (genitive singular)
neuralgioidesi (genitive plural)
neuralgioittesi (genitive plural)
neuralgiaisi (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaasi (partitive singular)
neuralgioitasi (partitive plural)
neuralgiassasi (inessive singular)
neuralgioissasi (inessive plural)
neuralgiastasi (elative singular)
neuralgioistasi (elative plural)
neuralgiaasi (illative singular)
neuralgioihisi (illative plural)
neuralgiallasi (adessive singular)
neuralgioillasi (adessive plural)
neuralgialtasi (ablative singular)
neuralgioiltasi (ablative plural)
neuralgiallesi (allative singular)
neuralgioillesi (allative plural)
neuralgianasi (essive singular)
neuralgioinasi (essive plural)
neuralgiaksesi (singular translative)
neuralgioiksesi (plural translative)
neuralgiattasi (abessive singular)
neuralgioittasi (abessive plural)
neuralgioinesi (comitative plural)
neuralgiamme (nominative singular)
neuralgiamme (nominative plural)
neuralgiamme (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgiamme (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgiamme (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgiamme (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgiamme (genitive singular)
neuralgioidemme (genitive plural)
neuralgioittemme (genitive plural)
neuralgiaimme (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaamme (partitive singular)
neuralgioitamme (partitive plural)
neuralgiassamme (inessive singular)
neuralgioissamme (inessive plural)
neuralgiastamme (elative singular)
neuralgioistamme (elative plural)
neuralgiaamme (illative singular)
neuralgioihimme (illative plural)
neuralgiallamme (adessive singular)
neuralgioillamme (adessive plural)
neuralgialtamme (ablative singular)
neuralgioiltamme (ablative plural)
neuralgiallemme (allative singular)
neuralgioillemme (allative plural)
neuralgianamme (essive singular)
neuralgioinamme (essive plural)
neuralgiaksemme (singular translative)
neuralgioiksemme (plural translative)
neuralgiattamme (abessive singular)
neuralgioittamme (abessive plural)
neuralgioinemme (comitative plural)
neuralgianne (nominative singular)
neuralgianne (nominative plural)
neuralgianne (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgianne (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgianne (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgianne (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgianne (genitive singular)
neuralgioidenne (genitive plural)
neuralgioittenne (genitive plural)
neuralgiainne (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaanne (partitive singular)
neuralgioitanne (partitive plural)
neuralgiassanne (inessive singular)
neuralgioissanne (inessive plural)
neuralgiastanne (elative singular)
neuralgioistanne (elative plural)
neuralgiaanne (illative singular)
neuralgioihinne (illative plural)
neuralgiallanne (adessive singular)
neuralgioillanne (adessive plural)
neuralgialtanne (ablative singular)
neuralgioiltanne (ablative plural)
neuralgiallenne (allative singular)
neuralgioillenne (allative plural)
neuralgiananne (essive singular)
neuralgioinanne (essive plural)
neuralgiaksenne (singular translative)
neuralgioiksenne (plural translative)
neuralgiattanne (abessive singular)
neuralgioittanne (abessive plural)
neuralgioinenne (comitative plural)
neuralgiansa (nominative singular)
neuralgiansa (nominative plural)
neuralgiansa (accusative nominative singular)
neuralgiansa (accusative nominative plural)
neuralgiansa (accusative genitive singular)
neuralgiansa (accusative genitive plural)
neuralgiansa (genitive singular)
neuralgioidensa (genitive plural)
neuralgioittensa (genitive plural)
neuralgiainsa (genitive plural rare)
neuralgiaansa (partitive singular)
neuralgioitaan (partitive plural)
neuralgioitansa (partitive plural)
neuralgiassaan (inessive singular)
neuralgiassansa (inessive singular)
neuralgioissaan (inessive plural)
neuralgioissansa (inessive plural)
neuralgiastaan (elative singular)
neuralgiastansa (elative singular)
neuralgioistaan (elative plural)
neuralgioistansa (elative plural)
neuralgiaansa (illative singular)
neuralgioihinsa (illative plural)
neuralgiallaan (adessive singular)
neuralgiallansa (adessive singular)
neuralgioillaan (adessive plural)
neuralgioillansa (adessive plural)
neuralgialtaan (ablative singular)
neuralgialtansa (ablative singular)
neuralgioiltaan (ablative plural)
neuralgioiltansa (ablative plural)
neuralgialleen (allative singular)
neuralgiallensa (allative singular)
neuralgioilleen (allative plural)
neuralgioillensa (allative plural)
neuralgianaan (essive singular)
neuralgianansa (essive singular)
neuralgioinaan (essive plural)
neuralgioinansa (essive plural)
neuralgiakseen (singular translative)
neuralgiaksensa (singular translative)
neuralgioikseen (plural translative)
neuralgioiksensa (plural translative)
neuralgiattaan (abessive singular)
neuralgiattansa (abessive singular)
neuralgioittaan (abessive plural)
neuralgioittansa (abessive plural)
neuralgioineen (comitative plural)
neuralgioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈne̞u̯rɑ̝lˌɡiɑ̝]

Internationalism (see English neuralgia), ultimately from New Latin neuralgia.


neuralgia

neuralgia (nominative singular)
neuralgie (nominative plural)
neuralgii (genitive singular)
neuralgii (genitive plural)
neuralgij (archaic genitive plural)
neuralgii (dative singular)
neuralgiom (dative plural)
neuralgię (accusative singular)
neuralgie (accusative plural)
neuralgią (instrumental singular)
neuralgiami (instrumental plural)
neuralgii (locative singular)
neuralgiach (locative plural)
neuralgio (singular vocative)
neuralgie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English neuralgia, from New Latin neuralgia, from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neûron, “nerve”) + ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”).

(neurology, pathology) neuralgia (severe, intermittent pain that radiates along a nerve)


sciatica

sciatica (countable and uncountable, plural sciaticas)

Late Middle English, from Late Latin sciatica, feminine of sciaticus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).

(pathology, neurology) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, characterised by pain radiating down through the buttocks and the back of the thigh.


vagus nerve

Partial translation of New Latin nervus vagus (“wandering nerve”).

der

(neuroanatomy) Either of the tenth pair of cranial nerves which extend from the medulla oblongata down into the abdomen. Branches of these important nerves supply the tongue, larynx, lungs, gut, and heart.


cranial nerve

(neuroanatomy) Any of the twelve paired nerves that originate from the brainstem or base of the brain instead of the spinal cord.


sensory

sensory neurons

(neuroanatomy) Conveying nerve impulses from the sense organs to the nerve centers.


vagus

Borrowing from Latin vagus (“wandering, rambling, strolling”).


cerebellum

en-noun

cerebellum (plural cerebellums or cerebella)

Learned borrowing from Latin cerebellum, diminutive of cerebrum.

Holonym: hindbrain

Although the cerebellum occupies just 10 per cent of the cranial cavity, it has more than half the brain’s neurons.

2019, Bill Bryson, The Body: A Guide for Occupants, Black Swan, page 61:

(neuroanatomy) Part of the hindbrain in vertebrates. In humans it lies between the brainstem and the back of the cerebrum and is formed of two lateral lobes and a median lobe. It plays an important role in sensory perception, motor output, balance and posture.


cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex (plural cerebral cortices or cerebral cortexes)

cerebral cortices (plural)
cerebral cortexes (plural)

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems— […]. Such a slow-release device containing angiogenic factors could be placed on the pia mater covering the cerebral cortex and tested in persons with senile dementia in long term studies.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:

(neuroanatomy) The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory.


thalamus

From Latin thalamus, from Ancient Greek θάλαμος (thálamos, “an inner chamber, a bedroom, a bed”).

der

Holonym: diencephalon

(neuroanatomy) Either of two large, ovoid structures of grey matter within the forebrain that relay sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.


SPD

en-noun

SPD (countable and uncountable, plural SPDs)

sensory processing disorder
w:sensory processing disorder

(neuroscience) Initialism of sensory processing disorder.


neurological

Dealing with neurology, the study of the nervous system or the health care specialty that provides care for it.


synaesthesia

synaesthesia (countable and uncountable, plural synaesthesiae or synaesthesias)

synaesthesiae (plural)
synaesthesias (plural)

/ˌsɪn.ɪsˈθiː.ʒə/

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + αἴσθησις (aísthēsis, “sensation”), modelled after anaesthesia. It is analysable as syn- + -aesthesia.

M. [Théodore] Flournoy includes all the phenomena of "Colored Hearing" and of "Mental Forms" under the convenient and adequate name Synæsthesia—in place of which, to be sure, he himself usually employs the less defensible term Synopsie. […] The phenomena of synæsthesia are divided into three main groups: "photisms," among which are included, as by [Eugen] Bleuler and Lehmann, all the varieties of pseudo-chromesthesia; "Schemes," comprising not only "forms" (diagrammes) associated with series of words or numbers, but "symbols," or particular figures associated with single letters, numerals, colors and the like; and "personifications," in which the associated factor is no mere color or form, but has become richer and more concrete.

1893 July, Mary Whiton Calkins, “De Phénomènes de Synopsie. Par Th. Flournoy. Paris, Alean, 1893. [book review]”, in G[ranville] Stanley Hall, editor, The American Journal of Psychology, volume V, number 4, Worcester, Mass.: J. H. Orpha, publisher, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 550:

Probably in all of us, though in some men much more distinctly than in others, there exist certain synæsthesiæ or concomitances of sense-impression, which are at any rate not dependent on any recognisable link of association.

1903, Frederic W[illiam] H[enry] Myers, “Sensory Automatism”, in Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death … In Two Volumes, volume I, London, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green, and Co., […], →OCLC, paragraph 603, page 224:

[…] R. H. Gault's case of synesthesia in a deaf and blind girl, who could distinguish colors by the sense of smell, […]

1926 July, Paul Campbell Young, “An Experimental Study of Mental and Physical Functions in the Normal and Hypnotic States: Additional Results”, in Margaret F[loy] Washburn, Karl M. Dallenbach, [Isaac] Madison Bentley, Edward G. Boring, editors, The American Journal of Psychology, volume XXXVII, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, →ISSN, →OCLC, footnote 6, page 346:

Now just as normal perceptions in terms of sense organs different from those stimulated can be interpreted through common past experiences, so it is likely that synæsthesias may be partly explicable in terms of individual experiences.

1945, Julian Blackburn, “Introduction”, in Psychology and the Social Pattern (International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction; 251), London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., →OCLC; republished London: Routledge, 2013, →ISBN:

Into her darkness, a churning synaesthesia, where her pain was the taste of old iron, scent of melon, wings of a moth brushing her cheek.

1984, William Gibson, chapter 18, in Neuromancer (Sprawl; book 1), New York, N.Y.: Ace Books, →ISBN, page 221:

For example, I myself have a type of synaesthesia: The sounds of musical instruments will sometimes make me see colors, about a yard in front of me, each color specific and consistent with the particular instrument playing.

2002, Sean A. Day, “What Synaesthesia Is (and Is Not)”, in Paul Mc Kevitt, Seán Ó Nualláin, Conn Mulvihill, editors, Language, Vision and Music: Selected Papers from the 8th International Workshop on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing, Galway, Ireland 1999 (Advances in Consciousness Research; 35), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 171:

Colour is the most commonly induced synaesthetic percept and it can be invoked not only by auditory stimuli, but also by smells, tastes and touch sensations[…]. Other synaesthesiae include musical taste and smell, visual smell, perceptions of shaped or auditory pain, and polymodal synaesthesiae.

2003, Marina Rakova, “Across Sensory Modalities”, in The Extent of the Literal: Metaphor, Polysemy and Theories of Concepts, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →DOI, →ISBN, section 4.2 (Seeing Sounds and Tasting Shapes), page 52:

For me Saturday was a bright red color, just as the other days of the week were chromatically coded. […] This wasn't the true synæsthesia which is such a fascinating mystical hint, a loose thread in the fabric of perception left a-dangle, an unravelling which suggests that we could dissolve all our unreal categories.

2008, Adam Mars-Jones, “Permission to Die”, in Pilcrow: Novel, London: Faber and Faber, →ISBN; 1st paperback edition, London, 2009, →ISBN, page 231:

Synaesthesia can occur particularly powerfully during mescalin and LSD intoxication, and is often given mystical significance.

2009, Graham Richards, Psychology: The Key Concepts (Key Concepts), London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 244:

[S]ynesthetes themselves can provide the indispensable cues to design a structured qualitative questionnaire: color synesthesias and their variations during sexual arousal, direct physical stimulation, and orgasm […] can help scientists differentiate the specific triggers and their characteristics.

2018 April, Helena Melero, “From Pain to Pleasure: A Neuroscientific Approach to Pain-color and Orgasm-color Synesthesias”, in M[ari]a José de Córdoba Serrano, Julia López de la Torre Lucha, Timothy B. Leiden, editors, Actas del ‘VI Congreso Internacional de Sinestesia, Ciencia y Arte + Actividades Paralelas 2018’: Alcalá la Real, Jaén (España), Granada, Spain: Fundació Internacional Artecittà, →ISBN, page 4, column 1:

(neurology, psychology) A neurological or psychological phenomenon whereby a particular sensory stimulus triggers a second kind of sensation.


CJD

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease#English

(pathology, neurology) Initialism of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.


Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Named after German neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964) and Alfons Maria Jakob (1884–1931).

named-after

(pathology, neurology) A rare, progressive, fatal disease of the nervous system, characterized by dementia and loss of muscle control. It is a prion disease, apparently transmissible from animals to humans by eating infected tissue, as well as from tissue interchanges among humans (e.g. corneal transplants, blood transfusions).


PFC

To quote George W. Bush, within the frontal cortex, it's the PFC that is “the decider.”

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex#English

(neuroanatomy) Initialism of prefrontal cortex.


electroencephalography

en-noun

electroencephalography (countable and uncountable, plural electroencephalographies)

(neurology) The measurement and recording of electrical activity in the brain for diagnostic purposes.

electroencefalograma

measurement of electrical activity in medicine


neuritis

neuritis (countable and uncountable, plural neuritides or neuritises)

Optic neuritis (or retrobulbar neuritis) is the inflammation of the optic nerve that may cause a complete or partial loss of vision.

(neurology, pathology) Inflammation of one or more nerves.


neurologist

A doctor or scientist who practices or specializes in neurology.


neurotransmiter

neurotransmiter (nominative singular)
neurotransmitery (nominative plural)
neurotransmitera (genitive singular)
neurotransmiterów (genitive plural)
neurotransmiterowi (dative singular)
neurotransmiterom (dative plural)
neurotransmiter (accusative singular)
neurotransmitery (accusative plural)
neurotransmiterem (instrumental singular)
neurotransmiterami (instrumental plural)
neurotransmiterze (locative singular)
neurotransmiterach (locative plural)
neurotransmiterze (singular vocative)
neurotransmitery (plural vocative)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) neuromediator, neurotransmitter


grand mal

Borrowed from French grand mal (literally “great illness”).

bor

Coordinate term: petit mal

A form of epilepsy where the seizures are characterized as severe and involve spasms and unconsciousness. A formal medical term would be tonic-clonic seizures.


petit mal

Borrowed from French petit mal (literally “little illness”).

Coordinate term: grand mal

Petit mal seizures are also known as absence seizures, which cause a loss of consciousness that is usually brief and barely noticeable. The neurons in a normal brain communicate by firing tiny electric signals.

2010, Carol Turkington, Joseph Harris, The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders, 3rd edition, Infobase Publishing, →ISBN, page 289:

(neurology) A form of epilepsy where the seizures are characterized as minor, the person becomes vacant or unaware, but not involving spasms and unconsciousness. These seizures are usually brief, lasting up to 30 seconds, and may include twitching. A formal medical term would be absence seizures.


midbrain

When the instinctive and subconscious world of the snake is confronted in initiation, the vital force of the snake rises and floods the second brain, the midbrain, the limbic ring.

1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 226:

(neuroanatomy) A part of the brain located rostral to the pons and caudal to the thalamus and the basal ganglia, composed of the tectum (dorsal portion) and the tegmentum (ventral portion).


peripheral

en-adj

peripheral (comparative more peripheral, superlative most peripheral)

more peripheral (comparative)
most peripheral (superlative)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-der.
Ancient Greek περί (perí)
Ancient Greek περῐ- (perĭ-)
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Hellenic *pʰérō
Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō)
Ancient Greek περιφέρω (periphérō)
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *-ēs
Ancient Greek -ης (-ēs)
Ancient Greek περιφερής (peripherḗs)
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂der.
Ancient Greek -ια (-ia)
Ancient Greek περιφέρεια (periphéreia)bor.
Latin peripheriabor.
Middle French peripheriebor.
English periphery
Proto-Italic *-ālis
Latin -ālisbor.
Old French -albor.
Latin -ālis
Old French -elbor.
Latin -ālisbor.
Middle English -al
English -al
English peripheral
From peripher(y) + -al.

etymon

We have isolated the gene encoding the Schwann cell glycoprotein P0, the major structural protein of the peripheral myelin sheath.

1988 March 1, “Isolation and analysis of the gene encoding peripheral myelin protein zero”, in Neuron, →DOI, page 73:

peripheral nervous system
peripheral nervous system

(neuroanatomy) Related to or located in the peripheral nervous system.


apraxia

en-noun

apraxia (usually uncountable, plural apraxias)

From Ancient Greek ἀπραξία (apraxía, “inaction”), from ἀ- (a-, “without”) + πρᾶξις (prâxis, “activity”) + -ία (-ía, abstract noun suffix).

confix

(neurology) Total or partial loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects in the absence of motor or sensory impairment; specifically, a disorder of motor planning.

hazééʼ nahonitłʼahgo doo hazhóʼó yájíłtiʼda


apraxia

(neurology) apraxia (disorder of motor planning)


apraxia

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀπραξία (apraxía).


dopaminergic

(biochemistry) Any substance that affects the production of dopamine


globus pallidus

From Latin globus pallidus (“pale body”).

(neuroanatomy) The inner part of the lenticular nucleus of the brain.


nucleus accumbens

(neuroanatomy) A dopaminergic nucleus found near the most anterior portion of the caudate nucleus.


GBS

Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome#English

(neurology, pathology) Initialism of Guillain-Barré syndrome.


płaszcz

płaszczyk (diminutive)
płaszcz (nominative singular)
płaszcze (nominative plural)
płaszcza (genitive singular)
płaszczy (genitive plural)
płaszczów (genitive plural)
płaszczowi (dative singular)
płaszczom (dative plural)
płaszcz (accusative singular)
płaszcze (accusative plural)
płaszczem (instrumental singular)
płaszczami (instrumental plural)
płaszczu (locative singular)
płaszczach (locative plural)
płaszczu (singular vocative)
płaszcze (plural vocative)


lateral geniculate nucleus

(neuroanatomy) The nucleus of the thalamus which receives input from the optic tract.


periaqueductal gray

en-noun

periaqueductal gray (plural not attested)

Shortening of periaqueductal gray matter.

The periaqueductal gray contains circuits that control the sensorimotor components of rage.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Penguin, published 2012, page 601:

(neuroanatomy) The region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain, playing an important role in analgesia.


cerebral aqueduct

cerebral aqueduct (plural cerebral aqueducts)

(neuroanatomy) The channel in the brain which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. It is surrounded by the periaqueductal gray.


antidromic

From anti- + Ancient Greek δρόμος (drómos, “a course, race course, road”) + -ic.

af

(neurology, of a nerve impulse) flowing in the opposite direction from normal

antadromach

of a nerve impulse: flowing in the opposite direction from normal


white matter

central nervous system
central nervous system

(neuroanatomy) A region of the central nervous system containing myelinated nerve fibres and no dendrites.


tegmentum

en-noun

tegmentum (plural tegmentums or tegmenta)

(neuroanatomy) The ventral portion of the midbrain, divided from the tectum by the cerebral aqueduct and the periaqueductal grey

ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area

(neuroanatomy) Containing the following nuclei: red nucleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area


multiple sclerosis

Ellipsis of multiple cerebral sclerosis, i.e. appearance of hardenings or nodules dispersed throughout parts of the central nervous system, in the brain or spinal cord. Confusingly, at some point during the 20th century most sources started dropping cerebral from the expression, even though sclerosis can occur in the other tissues of the body, in unrelated pathologies.

(pathology) A chronic non-contagious disease of the brain and spinal cord characterized by changes in sensation, visual problems, weakness, depression, difficulties with coordination and speech, impaired mobility and disability.

esclerosi múltiple

chronic disease of the brain and spinal cord


alpha wave

(neurology) An electrical signal produced by the brain while the subject is relaxed.


tectum

From Latin tēctum (“roof”), from tegō (“I cover”), cognate with Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos, “roof; any covered room of a house”). Doublet of tect.

(neuroanatomy) The dorsal portion of the midbrain of vertebrates; in mammals, containing the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus


beta wave

Doctor Chakwas: Physically, you're fine. But I detected some unusual brain activity, abnormal beta waves.
Doctor Chakwas: I also noticed an increase in your rapid eye movement, signs typically associated with intense dreaming.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →ISBN, →OCLC, PC, scene: Med Bay, SSV Normandy (Prologue: Find the Beacon):

(neurology) An electrical signal produced by the brain while the subject mentally active.


electroencephalograph

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ənˈsɛfələˌɡɹæf/

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ɛnˈsɛfloʊˌɡɹæf/

(neurology) An instrument used for recording electrical brain activity.

ηλεκτροεγκεφαλογράφος

an instrument used for recording of electrical brain activity


electroencephalogram

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ənˈsɛfələˌɡɹæm/

/əˌlɛktɹoʊ.ɛnˈsɛfloʊˌɡɹæm/

(neurology) A recording of electrical brain activity (brain waves) made by an electroencephalograph.

腦電圖 /脑电图

a recording of electrical brain activity made by an electroencephalograph


dyspraxia

dyspraxia (countable and uncountable, plural dyspraxias)

From Ancient Greek δυσπραξίᾱ (duspraxíā, “ill success, ill luck”), after the pattern of apraxia.

bor

Many people with dyspraxia have difficulty with tying shoelaces.

It is not clearly known what causes dyspraxia. It appears to be a developmental delay specifically in areas affecting motor function, which may involve gross motor, fine motor or articulatory skills. Some dyspraxic children also have other learning difficulties, while some are of average or above-average intelligence.

2010, Maureen Boon, Understanding Dyspraxia: A Guide for Parents and Teachers, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, →ISBN, page 17:

(neurology) A genetic neurological disorder where a person has motor skills severely below average due to their brain's inability to consistently send messages accurately to the body during the planning and execution of motor movements.


MPTP

(neurotoxicology) 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: a byproduct of synthetic heroin, or MPPP, which causes parkinsonian symptoms in users; and a neurotoxin that degrades into MPP+ after crossing the blood-brain barrier, which causes a degradation of the dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra.


locus coeruleus

Latin for "blue place", using a Medieval Latin spelling of Classical Latin caeruleus (“blue”). See also Wikipedia for more details.

Noradrenaline builds up carbon dioxide in yer blood, which activates your Locus Coeruleus, which essentially keeps you awake...

2023, Andrew MacDonald, “Twistwood Tales”, in Instagram:

(neurology) A small nucleus, located bilaterally in the pons, which contains norepinephrine and has projections to most of the brain.


(neurotoxicology) A neurotoxin that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier but which, once in contact, can destroy the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.


adrenergic

en-adj

adrenergic (comparative more adrenergic, superlative most adrenergic)

more adrenergic (comparative)
most adrenergic (superlative)


ядро

uk-noun

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядрі́ (locative singular)
я́драх (locative plural)
ядро́ (singular vocative)
я́дра (plural vocative)


eidetic

en-adj

eidetic (comparative more eidetic, superlative most eidetic)

more eidetic (comparative)
most eidetic (superlative)

From German eidetisch, from Ancient Greek εἰδητικός (eidētikós), from εἶδος (eîdos, “form”).

an eidetic memory

‘Funny that I should remember it? I have an eidetic memory for numbers, can't help

1979, Kyril Bonfiglioli, After You with the Pistol, Penguin, published 2001, page 276:

Eidetic images are pictures in the head. They are internal images that have the full force of conventional vision, but which are retained solely in the mind of the eidetiker.

Les Assassins’ M. Fortier and M. Broullime and some others of his comrades-on-wheels believed Remy Marathe to be eidetic, near-perfect in recall and detail.

1996, David Foster Wallace, Infinite Jest […], Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN, page 127:

(neuroscience) Marked by or resulting from extraordinary ability to recall detailed and vivid mental images of visual images.

кристално ясен

pertaining to a memory of perfect clarity


astrocyte

(neurology) A neuroglial cell, in the shape of a star, in the brain.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

en-noun

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (uncountable)

(neurology, pathology) A chronic, progressive disease characterized by degeneration of the central nervous system and the loss of voluntary muscle control.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症

きんいしゅくせいそくさくこうかしょう


medulla

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-medulla.wav

Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


hyperkinetic

(neurology, pathology, psychiatry, psychology) Of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity.

hyperkineettinen

of, relating to, or affected with hyperkinesis or hyperactivity


neuralgic

(neurology, pathology) Pertaining to or affected by neuralgia.


Huntington's disease

Named after American physician George Huntington.

named-after

(pathology, neurology) A hereditary disorder of the basal ganglia that leads to progressive loss of motor coordination.


temporal lobe

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) One of the four major divisions of the cerebrum of the brain, located behind the temples.


rhombencephalon

en-noun

rhombencephalon (plural rhombencephalons or rhombencephala)

rhombencephalons (plural)
rhombencephala (plural)


acetylcholine receptor

acetylcholine receptor (plural acetylcholine receptors)

(neuroscience) A feature of neurons that detects the presence of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine as part of neural activity.


syrinx

/sɪˈɹɪnd͡ʒiːz/

Learned borrowing from Latin sȳrinx (“reed; reed pipe, panpipes”), from Ancient Greek σῦριγξ (sûrinx, “panpipes; pipe-shaped object”), from Pre-Greek. Doublet of syringe.
The plural form syringes is a learned borrowing from Latin sȳringes.

der

The division of fluid-filled cavities, or syrinxes, into those lined with ependyma (hydromyelia) and those not so lined (syringomyelia) is probably somewhat artificial.

1989, Margaret M[iriam] Esiri, D. R. Oppenheimer, “The Cut-up”, in Diagnostic Neuropathology: A Practical Manual, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Blackwell Scientific Publications, →ISBN, page 32, column 2:

The myelin around the syrinx shows changes similar to edematous white matter, probably due to tearing of the tissues and transudation of serous fluid into them.

1990, W[alter] J[osef] Huk, “Malformations of the CNS [Central Nervous System]”, in W. J. Huk, G[ünther] Gademann, G[erd] Friedmann [et al.], translated by Terry Telger, Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Central Nervous System Diseases: Functional Anatomy—Imaging—Neurological Symptoms—Pathology, Berlin; Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg: Springer, →ISBN, part IV (Special Topics), page 164, column 1:

A syrinx (Latin, "tube") is a neuroglial cell-lined, fluid-filled cavity ("syringomyelia" in the spinal cord; "syringobulbia" in the brain stem) possibly due to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, genetic malformations, or the proliferation and subsequent regression of embryonic cell nests. A syrinx within the central canal interrupts the decussating spinothalamic tract fibers resulting in bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations around the level of the lesion.

2024, N. Nevin, M. M. Danzi, E. Ulanowski, M. R. Wiegand, “Orthopaedic Neurology”, in Jeffrey D. Placzek, David A. Boyce, editors, Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Secrets, 4th edition, St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Health Sciences, →ISBN, page 161:

(neurology, pathology) Any of several abnormal tube-shaped structures in the body, especially a rare, fluid-filled neuroglial cavity in the brain stem or within the spinal cord.

фистула

any of several abnormal tube-shaped structures in the body


Parkinson's

Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease#English

(informal, neurology, pathology) Ellipsis of Parkinson's disease.


cuneus

Borrowed from Latin cuneus. Doublet of coign and coin.

(neuroanatomy) A portion of the occipital lobe of the human brain, involved in visual processing.


antinociception

en-noun

antinociception (countable and uncountable, plural antinociceptions)

(neurology) Reduced sensitivity to pain.


commissure

/ˈkɑm.əˌʃʊɹ/

From Latin commissura (“a joining or connecting together”), from commissus (passive perfect participle of committo (“I join, I connect”)) + -ura.

af

passive perfect participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">committo</i> (“I join, I connect”)

(neuroanatomy) A band of nerve tissue connecting the hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the spinal cord, etc.


medulla oblongata

/məˈdʌlə ˌɒblɒŋˈɡɑːtə/

[məˈdʌlə ˌɔb.lɔŋˈɡɑːtə]

/məˈdulə ˌɑblɑŋˈɡɑtə/

[məˈdʉɫə ˌɑb.ɫɑŋˈɡɑɾə]

(neuroanatomy, anatomy) The lower portion of the brainstem.


blok

From Dutch blok (“block”), from Middle Dutch blok, from Old Dutch *blok, from Proto-Germanic *blukką, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵ- (“thick plank, beam, pile, prop”). Cognate of Afrikaans blok.
* Semantic loan from English block for sense of (sport) an action to interfere.

der

(anesthesiology, neurology) deliberate interruption of signals traveling along a nerve, often for the purpose of pain relief.


cerebral palsy

en-noun

cerebral palsy (countable and uncountable, plural cerebral palsies)

(neurology, pathology) A group of non-progressive, non-contagious conditions, caused by brain damage before birth or during infancy, characterized by impairment of muscular coordination.


hemispherectomy

So Lacy's parents had brought her to Johns Hopkins for a hemispherectomy, which is probably the most radical procedure in neurosurgery.

2005 July 3, Christine Kennelly, The New Yorker, page 36:

(neurosurgery) Surgical removal of a hemisphere of the brain, usually performed to control otherwise uncontrollable epilepsy.


hemimegaloencephaly

(pathology) A condition where one hemisphere of the brain grows faster or larger than the other, causing neurological impairment.


neurosurgery

neurosurgery (countable and uncountable, plural neurosurgeries)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-neurosurgery.wav

(neurology, surgery, uncountable) The surgical discipline focused on treating those central and peripheral nervous system diseases.

neurocirurgia

surgical discipline focused on treating the nervous systems

(neurology, surgery, countable) Any surgical procedure performed on the nervous system, especially the brain.


neurosurgeon

A surgeon specializing in brain surgery.


sciatic

Borrowed from Middle French sciatique, from Late Latin sciaticus, variant of ischiadicus, from Ancient Greek ἰσχιαδικός (iskhiadikós), the adjective of ἰσχίον (iskhíon, “hip”).


magnetoencephalography

From magneto- + encephalography; compare magnetencephalography.

a technique used to measure and analyze magnetic activity in the brain


receptive

en-adj

receptive (comparative more receptive, superlative most receptive)

more receptive (comparative)
most receptive (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-receptive.wav

From Late Middle English receptive, receptyue (“capable of receiving something; acting as a receptacle”), borrowed from Medieval Latin receptivus (“capable of receiving something”), from Latin receptus (“retaken, having been retaken; received, having been received”) + -īvus (suffix added to the perfect passive participial stems of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning ‘doing; related to doing’). Receptus is the perfect passive participle of recipiō (“to regain possession, take back; to recapture; to receive; to accept, undertake”), from re- (prefix meaning ‘back, backwards; again’) + capiō (“to capture, catch, take; to take hold, take possession; to take on; to contain, hold; to occupy; to possess; to receive, take in; to comprehend, understand; to captivate, charm”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap-, *keh₂p- (“to hold; to seize”)).

der

(neurology, psychology) Of, affecting, or pertaining to the understanding of language rather than its expression.


myelin

en-noun

myelin (countable and uncountable, plural myelins)

From myelo- + -in.
From Ancient Greek μυελός (muelós, “marrow”).

As the result of prolonged action of water upon myelin, bird's-nests-cells are also said to be produced, and we are certain we have seen, as the result of such prolonged action of water, the appearances thus compared.

1868 January, Edmund Montgomery, “On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies”, in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, page 203:

This gene controls the production of an insulating sleeve that wraps around neurons. Known as myelin, it is crucial for long-range communication in the brain.

2018 December 13, Carl Zimmer, “Narrower Skulls, Oblong Brains: How Neanderthal DNA Still Shapes Us”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(neuroanatomy) A white, fatty material, composed of lipids and lipoproteins, that surrounds the axons of nerves.


tetrodotoxin

tetrodotoxin (countable and uncountable, plural tetrodotoxins)

From German Tetrodotoxin, corresponding to Tetrodon (tetr- + -odon) + toxin.

Both creatures belong to a large pan-tropical order of fish, many of which have tetrodotoxin in their skin, liver, ovaries, and intestines.

1985, Wade Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Simon & Schuster, page 118:

The blue-ringed octopus Hapalochlaena lunulata has tetrodotoxin, the deadly toxin it also releases in a bite, in their ink but the concentrations and effect in inking are not known.

2017 August 9, Mark Carnall, The Guardian:

(neurotoxicology) A neurotoxin, originally discovered in Tetraodontiformes, and found in pufferfish, blue-ringed octopus, etc.


Sydenham's chorea

Named after English physician Thomas Sydenham.

named-after

(neurology) A disease characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements affecting primarily the face, feet and hands.


neuroscience

en-noun

neuroscience (usually uncountable, plural neurosciences)

Creating a complete map of the human connectome would therefore be a monumental milestone but not the end of the journey to understanding how our brains work. The achievement will transform neuroscience and serve as the starting point for asking questions we could not otherwise have answered, […].

2012 March-April, Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Well-connected Brains”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-04-27, page 171:

The scientific study of the nervous system.


motor neuron disease

(neurology, pathology) Any of several neurodegenerative disorders that selectively affect motor neurons.


parasympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system (plural parasympathetic nervous systems)

parasympathetic nervous systems (plural)

(neuroanatomy) One of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, based between the brain and the spinal cord, that slows the heart and relaxes muscles.

副交感神経系

ふくこうかんしんけいけい


水管

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uaŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kuaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɑɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/t͡sui³³⁻³⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uaŋ³³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ kuaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

(neuroanatomy) Alternative name for 導水管／导水管 (dǎoshuǐguǎn, “aqueduct”).


degeneracy

degeneracy (countable and uncountable, plural degeneracies)

/dɪˈdʒɛnəɹəsi/

(neuroscience) The ability of one part of the brain to take over another's function without being overexerted.


neurosteroid

(biochemistry, neuroscience) A neuroactive steroid


neuroactive steroid

neuroactive steroid (plural neuroactive steroids)

(biochemistry, neuroscience) Any of several steroids, synthesized in the myelinating glial cells, which alter neuronal excitability through interaction with neurotransmitter-gated ion channels.


cingulate gyrus

cingulate gyrus (plural cingulate gyri or cingulate gyruses)

cingulate gyri (plural)
cingulate gyruses (plural)

(neuroanatomy) A section of the cerebral cortex, belonging to the fornicate gyrus, which arches over the corpus callosum.


fornix

Borrowing from Latin fornix (“an arch, vault”).

(anatomy) An archlike or vaulted structure or fold:

(neuroanatomy) A triangular area of white matter in the mammalian brain beneath the corpus callosum and between the hippocampus and the hypothalamus.


corpus callosum

corpus callosum (plural corpora callosa)

(neuroanatomy) In placental mammals, a broad band of nerve fibres that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.


uncus

parahippocampal gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

(anatomy, by extension) Any body part which is long, thin, and curved.

(neuroanatomy) Specifically, the hooked end of the parahippocampal gyrus of the temporal lobe.


central sulcus

(neuroanatomy) A fissure in the cerebral cortex of primates; it separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe


neurotoxicology

(neuroscience, toxicology) The scientific study of poisoning by neurotoxins.


neurotoxicologist

A toxicologist who specialises in neurotoxicology.


lentiform

en-adj

lentiform (comparative more lentiform, superlative most lentiform)

more lentiform (comparative)
most lentiform (superlative)

From lent-, stem of Latin lens + -iform.


neurotoxic

neurotoxic (comparative more neurotoxic, superlative most neurotoxic)

more neurotoxic (comparative)
most neurotoxic (superlative)

(toxicology, neuroscience, pharmacology) Having a toxic effect on nerve tissue.


asomatognosia

(neurology) A deficiency in the awareness of parts on one's own body.

assomatognosia

a deficiency in the awareness of parts on one's own body


sympathectomy

From sympathetic (nervous system) + -ectomy.

sympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system

(neurosurgery) The surgical cutting of a nerve in the sympathetic nervous system.


sympathetic nervous system

en-noun

sympathetic nervous system (plural sympathetic nervous systems)

(neuroanatomy) The part of the autonomic nervous system that raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils when under stress.


クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病

ja-noun

クロイツフェルト・ヤコブびょう

クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病 (canonical)
Kuroitsuferuto-Yakobu-byō (romanization)

[kɯ̟ɾo̞it͡sɨ̥ɸe̞ɾɯ̟to̞]

クロイツフェルト (Kuroitsuferuto, from German Creutzfeldt) + ヤコブ (Yakobu, “Jacob”) + 病 (byō, “disease”)

com

from German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Creutzfeldt</i>

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

(pathology, neurology) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

ja:クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病


ventral tegmental area

en-noun

ventral tegmental area (plural ventral tegmental areas)


狂牛病

ja-noun

狂(きょう)牛(ぎゅう)病(びょう) • (kyōgyūbyō) ^(←きやうぎうびやう (kyaugiubyau)?)

狂牛病 (canonical)
kyōgyūbyō (romanization)
kyaugiubyau (romanization)
きやうぎうびやう (hiragana historical)

[kʲo̞ːɡʲɨːbʲo̞ː]

牛海綿状脳症 牛海綿状脳症#Japanese

bovine spongiform encephalopathy
bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Synonym of 牛海綿状脳症 (ushikaimenjō nōshō, “bovine spongiform encephalopathy”); mad cow disease


parcellation

en-noun

parcellation (countable and uncountable, plural parcellations)

(neuroscience, medical imaging) A map or annotation associating spatial locations (e.g., voxels) with parcel identities (e.g., anatomically or functionally circumscribed regions); the map or annotation that results from or delineates the results of parcellation (sense 1)


striatum

Those nonaddicts who picked a winning card had increased blood flow to the striatum, but the gambling addicts who picked the right card had much less of it (their reward system was less active).

2006 June 25, Benoit Denizet-Lewis, “An Anti-Addiction Pill?”, in The New York Times Magazine:

(neuroanatomy) The caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus considered as a single structure.


neocortex

neocortex (plural neocortices or neocortexes)

neocortices (plural)
neocortexes (plural)

(neuroanatomy) The top layer of the cerebral hemispheres in the brain of mammals; part of the cerebral cortex.