war

war (nominative singular)
waru (genitive singular)
warowi (dative singular)
war (accusative singular)
warem (instrumental singular)
warze (locative singular)
warze (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish war. By surface analysis, deverbal from warzyć.

surf

(obsolete) boiling water or other liquid


lukewarm

en-adj

lukewarm (comparative lukewarmer or more lukewarm, superlative lukewarmest or most lukewarm)

lukewarmer (comparative)
more lukewarm (comparative)
lukewarmest (superlative)
most lukewarm (superlative)

From Middle English leukwarm, lukewarm (“lukewarm, tepid”), equivalent to luke (“lukewarm”) + warm. Compare Saterland Frisian luukwoarm (“lukewarm”), German Low German luukwarm (“lukewarm”), German lauwarm (“lukewarm”). First element believed to be an alteration of Middle English lew (“tepid”) (> English dialectal lew), from Old English hlēow (“warm, sunny”), from Proto-Germanic *hliwjaz, *hlēwaz, *hlūmaz, *hleumaz (“warm”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱal(w)e-, *ḱel(w)e-, *k(')lēw- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Dutch lauw (“tepid”), German lau (“lukewarm”), Faroese lýggjur (“warm”), Swedish ljum (“lukewarm”), ljummen (“lukewarm”) and ly (“warm”), Danish lummer (“muggy”), Danish and Norwegian lunken (“tepid”), dialectal Swedish ljummen (“lukewarm”).

cog

Coordinate term: underwarm

Wash it in lukewarm water.

My curry is lukewarm.


cool

en-adj

cool (comparative cooler, superlative coolest)

cooler (comparative)
coolest (superlative)

→ Chinese: 酷 (kù)

→ Danish: cool

→ Dutch: cool

→ French: cool

→ German: cool

→ Hebrew: קוּל (kul)

→ Japanese: クール (kūru)

⇒ Japanese: クーデレ (kūdere)

→ English: kuudere

→ Polish: cool

→ Romanian: cool

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кул

Latin script: kul

→ Spanish: cool

→ Swedish: cool

→ Turkish: cool

From Middle English cool, from Old English cōl (“cool, cold, tranquil, calm”), from Proto-West Germanic *kōl(ī), from Proto-Germanic *kōlaz, *kōluz (“cool”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian köil (“cool”), West Frisian koel (“cool”), Dutch koel (“cool”), Limburgish kool (“cool”), German Low German köhl (“cool”), German kühl (“cool”). Related to cold.

inh

I like cool weather the most 'cause it's not too hot to wear a jacket but I won't be too cold in my shorts.

The day was cool and snappy for August, and the Rise all green with a lavish nature. Now we plunged into a deep shade with the boughs lacing each other overhead, and crossed dainty, rustic bridges over the cold trout-streams, the boards giving back the clatter of our horses' feet:[…].

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


warm

en-adj

warm (comparative warmer, superlative warmest)

warmer (comparative)
warmest (superlative)

From Middle English warm, werm, from Old English wearm, from Proto-West Germanic *warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz, with different proposed origins:
# Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”), related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós), Latin formus, Sanskrit घर्म (gharma).
# Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to burn”), related to Hittite [script needed] (warnuzi) and to Old Church Slavonic варити (variti).
The dispute is due to differing opinions on how initial Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰ- evolved in Germanic: some think that *gʷʰ would have turned to *b, and that the root *gʷʰer- would instead have given rise to burn etc. Some have also proposed a merger of the two roots.

der

The tea is still warm.

This is a very warm room.

Warm and still is the summer night.

1863, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Herons of Elmwood:

It seemed I was too excited for sleep, too warm, too young.


warm

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm. Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.


warm

nl-adj

warm (comparative warmer, superlative warmst)

warmer (comparative)
warmst (superlative)
warm (adverbial positive predicative)
warmer (adverbial comparative predicative)
het warmst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het warmste (adverbial predicative superlative)
warme (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
warmere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
warmste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
warm (indefinite neuter positive singular)
warmer (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
warmste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
warme (indefinite plural positive)
warmere (comparative indefinite plural)
warmste (indefinite plural superlative)
warme (definite positive)
warmere (comparative definite)
warmste (definite superlative)
warms (partitive positive)
warmers (comparative partitive)

Afrikaans: warm

Berbice Creole Dutch: warum

Negerhollands: warm, werm

From Middle Dutch warm, from Old Dutch warm, from Proto-West Germanic *warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz, of uncertain origin; derivations from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) or *wer- (“to burn”) have been proposed.


warm

head

warm (plural and weak singular warme, comparative warmer, superlative warmest)

warme (plural)
warme (singular weak)
warmer (comparative)
warmest (superlative)

Scots: wairm

English: warm


zima

zíma (canonical feminine)
зи́ма (Cyrillic)
zima (nominative singular)
zime (nominative plural)
zime (genitive singular)
zima (genitive plural)
zimi (dative singular)
zimama (dative plural)
zimu (accusative singular)
zime (accusative plural)
zimo (singular vocative)
zime (plural vocative)
zimi (locative singular)
zimama (locative plural)
zimom (instrumental singular)
zimama (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zima, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

cold, coldness (of weather or temperature)


zima

sk-noun

zima f (genitive singular zimy, nominative plural zimy, genitive plural zím, declension pattern of žena)

zimy (genitive singular)
zimy (nominative plural)
zím (genitive plural)
žena (declension-pattern-of)
zima (nominative singular)
zimy (nominative plural)
zimy (genitive singular)
zím (genitive plural)
zime (dative singular)
zimám (dative plural)
zimu (accusative singular)
zimy (accusative plural)
zime (locative singular)
zimách (locative plural)
zimou (instrumental singular)
zimami (instrumental plural)

very cold weather (regardless of the season)


cold

en-adj

cold (comparative colder, superlative coldest)

colder (comparative)
coldest (superlative)

Sranan Tongo: kowru
Aukan: koo

From Middle English cold, from Old English, specifically Anglian cald. The West Saxon form, ċeald (“cold”), survived as early Middle English cheald, cheld, or chald. Both descended from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz, a participle form of *kalaną (“to be cold”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots cald, cauld (“cold”), Saterland Frisian koold (“cold”), West Frisian kâld (“cold”), Dutch koud (“cold”), Low German kold, koolt, koold (“cold”), German kalt (“cold”), Danish kold (“cold”), Norwegian kald (“cold”), Swedish kall (“cold”).

faire froid (idiom in French; there is no translation for the adjective alone)

κάνει κρύο (kánei krýo) (idiom in Greek; there is no translation for the adjective alone)

хо́лодно (xólodno) (+ dative, “to be cold”)

cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey

cold as a witch's tit

cold as a witch's teat, cold as a witch's tit in a brass bra

make someone's blood run cold

make the blood run cold, one's blood runs cold

A cold wind whistled through the trees.

As cold waters to a thirstie soule: so is good newes from a farre countrey.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 25:25:

Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful Death, set up thine altar here, and dress it with such terrors as thou hast at thy command: for this is thy dominion!

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Four. The Last of the Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 137:

I had always supposed that playboys didn't give a hoot for anything except blondes and cold bottles.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter V, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

The forecast is that it will be very cold today.

(of the weather) Causing the air to be cold.

She was so cold she was shivering.

(of a person or animal) Feeling the sensation of coldness, especially to the point of discomfort.

I can't believe she said that...that was cold!

River Song: (upon seeing the still-living Doctor, moments after he made her and two other friends watch what they thought was his death) This is cold. Even by your standards, this is cold.

2011 April 23, The Impossible Astronaut (Doctor Who), season series 6, episode 1:

"At the risk of sounding cold though, I'm glad he's gone. His abandonment left me in Aunt Fara's custody, and that's honestly the best thing he's ever done for me."

2015, Jocelyn Samara D., Rain, volume 3, page 237:

(informal) Without compassion; heartless; ruthless.


cold

en-noun

cold (countable and uncountable, plural colds)

From Middle English cold, colde, from Old English cald, ċeald (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldą (“coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognates
Compare Saterland Frisian Keelde (“cold”), West Frisian kjeld (“cold”), Dutch koude (“cold”), German Low German Kolle, Koll (“cold”), German Kälte (“cold”), Danish kulde (“cold”), Swedish köld (“cold”), Norwegian kulde (“cold”), Icelandic kuldi (“cold”).

Come in, out of the cold.

(uncountable) A condition of low temperature.


cold

en-adv

cold (comparative more cold, superlative most cold)

more cold (comparative)
most cold (superlative)

From Middle English colde, from Old English calde, ċealde (“coldly”), from the adjective (see above).

The steel was processed cold.


cold

head

cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative colder, superlative *coldest)

colde (plural)
colde (singular weak)
colder (comparative)
*coldest (superlative)

English: cold

Geordie English: cawd, cauld

Scots: cald, cauld

Yola: coale, khoal, cole

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

From Old English cald, an Anglian form of ċeald.

cold-feeling, cold when touched, cooled, chilly


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld


hot

en-adj

hot (comparative hotter, superlative hottest)

hotter (comparative)
hottest (superlative)

From Middle English hot, hat, from Old English hāt, from Proto-Germanic *haitaz (“hot”), from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“hot; to heat”). Cognate with Scots hate, hait (“hot”), North Frisian hiet (“hot”), Saterland Frisian heet (“hot”), West Frisian hjit (“hot”).

der

Relating to heat and conditions which produce it.

meleg van (the adjective cannot be translated alone in this sense)


frozen

en-adj

frozen (comparative more frozen, superlative most frozen)

more frozen (comparative)
most frozen (superlative)

From Middle English frozen, frosen, ifrozen, variant of froren, ifroren ("frozen"; > see frorn), past participle of Middle English fresen, freosen (“to freeze”). By surface analysis, freeze + -n.

The mammoth has been frozen for ten thousand years.

The San Juan market is Mexico City's most famous deli of exotic meats, where an adventurous shopper can hunt down hard-to-find critters … But the priciest items in the market aren't the armadillo steaks or even the bluefin tuna. That would be the frozen chicatanas – giant winged ants – at around $500 a kilo.

2013 July 26, Nick Miroff, “Mexico gets a taste for eating insects …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 7, page 32:

Having undergone the process of freezing; in ice form.


freeze

en-verb

freeze (third-person singular simple present freezes, present participle freezing, simple past froze, past participle frozen or (now colloquial) froze)

freezes (present singular third-person)
freezing (participle present)
froze (past)
frozen (participle past)
froze (colloquial participle past)

→ Maltese: ffriża

From Middle English fresen, from Old English frēosan (“to freeze”), from Proto-West Germanic *freusan, from Proto-Germanic *freusaną (“to frost, freeze”), from Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to frost, freeze”).
Cognate with Scots frese (“to freeze”), Saterland Frisian frjoze (“to freeze”), West Frisian frieze (“to freeze”), Dutch vriezen (“to freeze”), Low German freren, freern, fresen (“to freeze”), German frieren (“to freeze”), Danish fryse (“to freeze”), Norwegian fryse, Swedish frysa (“to freeze”), Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost”), Welsh (Northern) rhew (“frost, ice”), and Sanskrit प्रुष्व (pruṣvá, “water drop, frost”).

cog

The lake froze solid.

1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, Book XX: The Famine,
Ever thicker, thicker, thicker / Froze the ice on lake and river,

He got to Dawson before the river froze, and now I suppose I won't hear any more until spring.

1913, Willa Cather, “O Pioneers!”, in Winter Memories, section I:

1915, Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson, The How and Why Library: Wonders, Section II: Water,
Running water does not freeze as easily as still water.

(intransitive, copulative) Especially of a liquid, to become solid due to low temperature.

Don't freeze meat twice.

1888, Elias Lönnrot, John Martin Crawford (translator, from German), The Kalevala, Rune XXX: The Frost-fiend,
Freeze the wizard in his vessel, / Freeze to ice the wicked Ahti, ...

(transitive) To lower something's temperature to the point that it freezes or becomes hard.

dondurmaq

to lower something's temperature to freezing point

jähmettää

cause to become (more) solid by freezing or other way

kohmettaa

It didn't freeze this winter, but last winter was very harsh.

(intransitive) To drop to a temperature below zero degrees celsius, where water turns to ice.

A faint, cold fear runs through my veins, / That almost freezes up the heat of life.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill.

palelluttaa

to cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat


freeze

In order to work properly, the cotton stripper required that the plant be brown and brittle, as happened after a freeze, so that the cotton bolls could snap off easily.

2009, Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy, 2nd edition, page 38:


wore

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz. Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.


melt

en-noun

melt (countable and uncountable, plural melts)

From Middle English melten, from a merger of Old English meltan (intransitive) and mieltan (transitive), both meaning “to melt, digest,” from Proto-West Germanic *meltan and *maltijan, from Proto-Germanic *meltaną and *maltijaną, both from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“melt”). Cognate with Icelandic melta (“to digest”).

The crust (a mere 1% of the Earth's volume) is made of lighter melt products from the mantle.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

Molten material, the product of melting.


boiling

boiling (countable and uncountable, plural boilings)

(uncountable, countable) The process of changing the state of a substance from liquid to gas by heating it to its boiling point.


boiling

en-adj

boiling (comparative more boiling, superlative most boiling)

more boiling (comparative)
most boiling (superlative)

I’m boiling – can’t we open a window?

(informal, hyperbolic) Of a person: feeling uncomfortably hot.

It’s boiling out today!

(informal, hyperbolic) Of the weather: very hot.


thermometer

→ Bengali: থার্মমিটার (tharmomiṭar)

Borrowed from French thermomètre; equivalent to thermo- + -meter.

Towards the following morning, the thermometer fell to 5°; and at daylight, there was not an atom of water to be seen in any direction.

1835, John Ross, James Clark Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage …, Volume 1, pages 284–5:

The brothers had thrust the thermometer between two circuit boards in order to look for hot spots inside m zero. The thermometer’s dial was marked “Beef Rare—Ham—Beef Med—Pork.” “You want to keep the machine below ‘Pork,’” Gregory remarked.

1992 March 2, Richard Preston, “The Mountains of Pi”, in The New Yorker:

An apparatus used to measure temperature.

เทอร์มอมิเตอร์

təə-mɔɔ-mí-dtə̂ə

the thermometer is pointing to 7 degrees


thermometer

nl-noun

thermometer m (plural thermometers, diminutive thermometertje n)

thermometers (plural)
thermometertje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: termometer


溫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (溫):
* → Japanese: 温(おん) (on)
* → Korean: 온(溫) (on)
* → Vietnamese: ôn (溫)

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔunᴮ

Thai: อุ่น (ùn)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːn): semantic 水 + phonetic 𥁕 (OC *quːn).


熱

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (熱):
* → Japanese: 熱(ねつ) (netsu)
* → Korean: 열(熱) (yeol)
* → Vietnamese: nhiệt (熱)

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋjed): phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).
Schuessler (2024) considers this a *-t derivation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwe (“warm”), whence also Burmese နွေး (nwe:, “warm; lukewarm”), နွှေး (hnwe:, “to warm something; to revise”).
Often considered to be related to 爇 (OC *ŋʷjed, “to burn; to toast”) and 焫 (OC *njod, “hot”).

Han compound

一杯熱茶

一杯热茶

di¹ tong¹ zung⁶ hou² jit⁶, siu² sam¹ di¹ laa¹.

啲湯仲好熱，小心啲啦。

啲汤仲好热，小心啲啦。

湯還熱呢，要小心。

汤还热呢，要小心。

Once the pan is hot enough, you must put the oil down quickly.

Thèng-hāu tiáⁿ lia̍t ê sî, ài kóaⁿ-kín khǹg iû lo̍h-khì.

聽候鼎熱的時，愛趕緊囥油落去。

听候鼎热的时，爱赶紧囥油落去。

今天很熱。

今天很热。

今仔日真熱。

今仔日真热。

傳熱

传热

heat; hotness; warmness; high temperature


heatwave

On a hot summer's day, one can literally see heatwaves shimmering off the surfaces of inanimate objects.

2021, Murray du Plessis, Modern Meditations: 101 Ways to Slow Down & Connect to Spirit:


tepid

en-adj

tepid (comparative more tepid, superlative most tepid)

more tepid (comparative)
most tepid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin tepidus. Cognate with Sanskrit tap-, Proto-Slavic *teplъ.

I'm drinking a cup of tepid water.

He gave me a tepid response to the proposal.

The erratic behaviour of Hariri now is largely explained by the fact that his best days may be behind him, given his long absences from the country for security reasons, his declining Saudi business interests, some local challenges to his tepid leadership in recent municipal elections, and his decline in stature in the eyes of his Saudi backers.

2016 October 22, Rami G Khouri, “Lebanese oligarchy preserves its interests once again”, in Aljazeera:

Uninterested; exhibiting little passion or eagerness; lukewarm.


degree

From Middle English degre, borrowed from Old French degré (French: degré), itself from Latin gradus, with the prefix de-.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 26. Degree

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 31. Greatness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

212 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 100 degrees Celsius.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

(physics) A unit of measurement of temperature on any of several scales, such as Celsius or Fahrenheit.


heat

en-noun

heat (countable and uncountable, plural heats)

From Middle English hete, from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄ (“heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“heat; hot”). Cognate with Scots hete (“heat”), North Frisian hiet (“heat”), Old High German heizī (“heat”). Related also to Dutch hitte (“heat”), German Hitze (“heat”), Swedish hetta (“heat”), Icelandic hiti (“heat”).

op hitte

condition where a mammal is aroused sexually or where it is especially fertile

The chili sauce gave the dish heat.

(uncountable) An attribute of a spice that causes a burning sensation in the mouth.

pikante

I can make a scroll like that in a single heat.

The smiths themselves were a grand lot of fellows, full of a robust, and sometimes Rabelaisian sense of humour, and between "heats," they could be most entertaining.

1945 January and February, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—III”, in Railway Magazine, page 13:

(countable) One cycle of bringing metal to maximum temperature and working it until it is too cool to work further.

verhitting

one cycle of bringing metal to maximum temperature and working it until it is too cool to work further

I'm freezing; could you turn on the heat?

(uncountable) Heating system; a system that raises the temperature of a room or building.


heat

en-verb

heat (third-person singular simple present heats, present participle heating, simple past and past participle heated or (dialectal) het)

heats (present singular third-person)
heating (participle present)
heated (participle past)
heated (past)
het (dialectal participle past)
het (dialectal past)

From Middle English heten, from Old English hǣtan (“to heat; become hot”), from Proto-Germanic *haitijaną (“to heat, make hot”).

inh

I'll heat up the water.

(transitive) To cause an increase in temperature of (an object or space); to cause to become hot (often with "up").

verhit

to cause an increase in temperature of an object or space

Ile leaue you my ſweete Ladie, for a while, pray walke ſoftly, doe not heate your bloud, what, I muſt haue care of you.

c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

(transitive, figurative) To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish.


red-hot

(dated, US) Alternative spelling of red hot


heater

→ Japanese: ヒーター (hītā)

Turn on the heater; I'm cold.

A device that produces and radiates heat, typically to raise the temperature of a room or building.


té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

From Proto-Celtic *teɸents, from the present participle of Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”) (compare Latin tepēns).


frigidus

la-adj

frīgidus (feminine frīgida, neuter frīgidum, comparative frīgidior, superlative frīgidissimus, adverb frīgidē); first/second-declension adjective

frīgidus (canonical)
frīgida (feminine)
frīgidum (neuter)
frīgidior (comparative)
frīgidissimus (superlative)
frīgidē (adverb)
frīgidus (masculine nominative singular)
frīgida (feminine nominative singular)
frīgidum (neuter nominative singular)
frīgidī (masculine nominative plural)
frīgidae (feminine nominative plural)
frīgida (neuter nominative plural)
frīgidī (genitive masculine singular)
frīgidae (feminine genitive singular)
frīgidī (genitive neuter singular)
frīgidōrum (genitive masculine plural)
frīgidārum (feminine genitive plural)
frīgidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
frīgidō (dative masculine singular)
frīgidae (dative feminine singular)
frīgidō (dative neuter singular)
frīgidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
frīgidum (accusative masculine singular)
frīgidam (accusative feminine singular)
frīgidum (accusative neuter singular)
frīgidōs (accusative masculine plural)
frīgidās (accusative feminine plural)
frīgida (accusative neuter plural)
frīgidō (ablative masculine singular)
frīgidā (ablative feminine singular)
frīgidō (ablative neuter singular)
frīgidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
frīgide (masculine singular vocative)
frīgida (feminine singular vocative)
frīgidum (neuter singular vocative)
frīgidī (masculine plural vocative)
frīgidae (feminine plural vocative)
frīgida (neuter plural vocative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: freddu, frettu, fritu

Italian: freddo

→ Spanish: fredo

Sicilian: friddu

North Italian:

Emilian: frèd

Istriot: frido

desc

Friulian: frêt, frêd (alternative orthography), frêd

Ladin: frëit

Lombard: fregg, fred, hegg

Piedmontese: frèid, fregg

Romagnol: frèd

Romansch: fraid, fred (Sutsilvan), freid (Sursilvan, Surmiran), freid, fraid (Rumantsch Grischun, Puter, Vallader), fred (Sutsilvan)

Venetan: fredo, fret

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frêd

desctree

Old French: freid, frait, freit, froit
Middle French: froit
French: froid
Norman: fraid, fré, fréi (Guernsey), freid (continental Normandy)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: fret

Catalan: fred

Occitan:

Auvergnat: fred, freid

Gascon: hred, hered

Languedocien: freg, fred (southern)

Limousin: fred, freid

Provençal: freid, fred

Vivaro-Alpine: freid, fred

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: fredo, frido

Aragonese: fredo

Asturian: fríu

Old Galician-Portuguese: frio
Galician: frío
Portuguese: frio

Old Spanish: frido, frio

Spanish: frío

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: frittu

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: frígid

→ English: frigid

→ French: frigide

→ Italian: frigido

→ Portuguese: frígido

→ Romanian: frigid

→ Spanish: frígido

[ˈfriːɡɪd̪ʊs̠]

frīgida Carseolīs nec olīvīs apta ferendīs

[It was] cold in the land of Carseoli, not even fit for growing olives,
but with soil well-adapted for grain crops.
(See Carsoli.)


kalt

From Middle High German kalt, from Old High German kalt, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz. Cognate with German kalt, English cold.


frost

English: frost

Scots: frost

Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

From Old English frost, forst, from Proto-West Germanic *frost, from Proto-Germanic *frustaz, *frustą; akin to Middle Dutch vorst, Middle High German vrost, Middle Low German vrost, and Old Swedish frost.

Hail; precipitation below freezing temperature.


thermo-

From Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós, “warm, hot”).


kuuma

kuumemp (comparative)
kuuma (nominative singular)
kuumat (nominative plural)
kuuman (genitive singular)
kuumiin (genitive plural)
kuumaa (partitive singular)
kuumia (partitive plural)
kuumaa (illative singular)
kuumii (illative plural)
kuumaas (inessive singular)
kuumiis (inessive plural)
kuumast (elative singular)
kuumist (elative plural)
kuumalle (allative singular)
kuumille (allative plural)
kuumaal (adessive singular)
kuumiil (adessive plural)
kuumalt (ablative singular)
kuumilt (ablative plural)
kuumaks (singular translative)
kuumiks (plural translative)
kuumanna (essive singular)
kuumaan (essive singular)
kuuminna (essive plural)
kuumiin (essive plural)
kuumant (exessive singular)
kuumint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kuuma. Cognates include Finnish kuuma and Estonian kuum.


kylmä

kylmä (nominative singular)
kylmät (nominative plural)
kylmän (genitive singular)
kylmiin (genitive plural)
kylmää (partitive singular)
kylmiä (partitive plural)
kylmää (illative singular)
kylmii (illative plural)
kylmääs (inessive singular)
kylmiis (inessive plural)
kylmäst (elative singular)
kylmist (elative plural)
kylmälle (allative singular)
kylmille (allative plural)
kylmääl (adessive singular)
kylmiil (adessive plural)
kylmält (ablative singular)
kylmilt (ablative plural)
kylmäks (singular translative)
kylmiks (plural translative)
kylmännä (essive singular)
kylmään (essive singular)
kylminnä (essive plural)
kylmiin (essive plural)
kylmänt (exessive singular)
kylmint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *külmä. Cognates include Finnish kylmä and Estonian külm.

Lämmää, turpia karva i paksu sloja rasvaa hoitaat kylmäst.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 103:

The warm, dense fur and a thick layer of fat protect [it] from the cold.

Jään al hänel ei oo kylmä.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:


absolute zero

(physics) The coldest possible temperature, zero on the Kelvin scale, or approximately −273.15 °C, −459.67 °F; total absence of heat; temperature at which motion of all molecules would cease.


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:


cauma

Borrowed from Latin cauma (“heat”), from Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma, “heat, especially of the sun”). Probably a doublet of calm.


baking

From Middle English bakynge; equivalent to bake + -ing.

I’m baking—could you open the window?

The car was baking after having been parked in the sun the whole afternoon.

(figuratively) Of a person, an object, or the weather: very hot; boiling, broiling, roasting.


frigid

en-adj

frigid (comparative more frigid or frigider, superlative most frigid or frigidest)

more frigid (comparative)
frigider (comparative)
most frigid (superlative)
frigidest (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin frīgidus (“cold”), from frīgeō (“I am cold”), from frīgus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sríHgos.

A frigid, fine rain was falling.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Eternal City”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 427:

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

2013 March 14, Nancy Langston, “Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2016-04-13, page 98:

Chilly in manner; lacking affection or zeal; impassive.

студен

chilly in manner; lacking affection or zeal; impassive


mráz

mráz (nominative singular)
mrazy (nominative plural)
mrazu (genitive singular)
mrazů (genitive plural)
mrazu (dative singular)
mrazům (dative plural)
mráz (accusative singular)
mrazy (accusative plural)
mraze (singular vocative)
mrazy (plural vocative)
mrazu (locative singular)
mrazech (locative plural)
mrazem (instrumental singular)
mrazy (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech mráz, from Proto-Slavic *mòrzъ.


mráz

sk-noun

mráz m inan (related adjective mrazový, diminutive mrázik or mrazík, augmentative mrazisko)

mrazový (adjective)
mrázik (diminutive)
mrazík (diminutive)
mrazisko (augmentative)
nominative
mráz (singular)
mrazy (plural)
genitive
mrazu (singular)
mrazov (plural)
dative
mrazom (plural)
accusative
locative
mraze (singular)
mrazoch (plural)
instrumental
mrazom (singular)
mrazmi (plural)


Celsius

Named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed the centigrade scale in 1742. The surname is Latinized from the estate's name, Latin celsus (“mound”).

named-after

Related to a metric temperature scale, originally defined as having the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and its boiling point as 100 degrees, at standard atmospheric pressure. The standardized definition has 0.01 °C as the triple point of water, and a difference in temperature of 1 °C corresponds to ¹⁄_(273.16) of the difference in temperature between the triple point and the absolute zero.

سِيلْزْيُوس

related to a metric scale of temperature


barm

head

barm (comparative bérmor, superlative dar bérmorste)

bérmor (comparative)
dar bérmorste (superlative)
èar ist barm (masculine predicative singular)
zi ist barm (feminine predicative singular)
is ist barm (neuter predicative singular)
ze zèint barm (plural predicative)
dar barme (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular)
de barma (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular)
's barme (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular)
de barmen (definite includes-article nominative plural)
in barmen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular)
de barma (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular)
's barme (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular)
de barmen (accusative definite includes-article plural)
me barmen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular)
dar barmen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular)
me barmen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular)
in barmen (dative definite includes-article plural)
an barmar (includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular)
an barma (feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular)
an barmes (includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular)
barmen (indefinite nominative plural)
khòone barmen (includes-article indefinite nominative plural)
an barmen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
an barma (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
an barmes (accusative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
barmen (accusative indefinite plural)
khòone barmen (accusative includes-article indefinite plural)
aname barmen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
anara barmen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
aname barmen (dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
barmen (dative indefinite plural)
khòonen barmen (dative includes-article indefinite plural)
barme (nominative plural without-article)
barme (accusative plural without-article)
barmen (dative plural without-article)
èar ist bérmor (comparative masculine predicative singular)
zi ist bérmor (comparative feminine predicative singular)
is ist bérmor (comparative neuter predicative singular)
ze zèint bérmor (comparative plural predicative)
dar bérmore (comparative definite includes-article masculine nominative singular)
de bérmora (comparative definite feminine includes-article nominative singular)
's bérmore (comparative definite includes-article neuter nominative singular)
de bérmorn (comparative definite includes-article nominative plural)
in bérmorn (accusative comparative definite includes-article masculine singular)
de bérmora (accusative comparative definite feminine includes-article singular)
's bérmore (accusative comparative definite includes-article neuter singular)
de bérmorn (accusative comparative definite includes-article plural)
me bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article masculine singular)
dar bérmorn (comparative dative definite feminine includes-article singular)
me bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article neuter singular)
in bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article plural)
an bérmorar (comparative includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular)
an bérmora (comparative feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular)
an bérmors (comparative includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular)
bérmorn (comparative indefinite nominative plural)
khòone bérmorn (comparative includes-article indefinite nominative plural)
an bérmorn (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
an bérmora (accusative comparative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
an bérmors (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
bérmorn (accusative comparative indefinite plural)
khòone bérmorn (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite plural)
aname bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
anara bérmorn (comparative dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
aname bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
bérmorn (comparative dative indefinite plural)
khòonen bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite plural)
bérmore (comparative nominative plural without-article)
bérmore (accusative comparative plural without-article)
bérmorn (comparative dative plural without-article)
èar ist dar bérmorste (masculine predicative singular superlative)
zi ist dar bérmorsta (feminine predicative singular superlative)
is ist dar bérmorste (neuter predicative singular superlative)
ze zèint dar bérmorste (plural predicative superlative)
dar bérmorste (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular superlative)
de bérmorsta (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular superlative)
's bérmorste (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular superlative)
de bérmorsten (definite includes-article nominative plural superlative)
in bérmorsten (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative)
de bérmorsta (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative)
's bérmorste (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative)
de bérmorsten (accusative definite includes-article plural superlative)
me bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative)
dar bérmorsten (dative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative)
me bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative)
in bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article plural superlative)
an bérmorstar (includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular superlative)
an bérmorsta (feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular superlative)
an bérmorstes (includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular superlative)
bérmorsten (indefinite nominative plural superlative)
khòone bérmorsten (includes-article indefinite nominative plural superlative)
an bérmorsten (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine singular superlative)
an bérmorsta (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite singular superlative)
an bérmorstes (accusative includes-article indefinite neuter singular superlative)
bérmorsten (accusative indefinite plural superlative)
khòone bérmorsten (accusative includes-article indefinite plural superlative)
aname bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular superlative)
anara bérmorsten (dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular superlative)
aname bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular superlative)
bérmorsten (dative indefinite plural superlative)
khòonen bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite plural superlative)
bérmorste (nominative plural superlative without-article)
bérmorste (accusative plural superlative without-article)
bérmorsten (dative plural superlative without-article)

cim-decl-adj-table

Positive forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

Comparative forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

Superlative forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz (“warm”). Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.

Hòite machetz barm.


индейское лето

ru-noun+

инде́йское ле́то • (indéjskoje léto) n inan (genitive инде́йского ле́та, nominative plural инде́йские лета́, genitive plural инде́йских ле́т)

инде́йское ле́то (canonical)
indéjskoje léto (romanization)
инде́йского ле́та (genitive)
инде́йские лета́ (nominative plural)
инде́йских ле́т (genitive plural)
инде́йское ле́то (nominative singular)
инде́йские лета́ (nominative plural)
инде́йского ле́та (genitive singular)
инде́йских ле́т (genitive plural)
инде́йскому ле́ту (dative singular)
инде́йским лета́м (dative plural)
инде́йское ле́то (accusative singular)
инде́йские лета́ (accusative plural)
инде́йским ле́том (instrumental singular)
инде́йскими лета́ми (instrumental plural)
инде́йском ле́те (prepositional singular)
инде́йских лета́х (plural prepositional)

LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-индейское лето.wav


бабье лето

ба́бье ле́то • (bábʹje léto) n inan (genitive ба́бьего ле́та, nominative plural ба́бьи лета́, genitive plural ба́бьих ле́т)

ба́бье ле́то (canonical)
bábʹje léto (romanization)
ба́бьего ле́та (genitive)
ба́бьи лета́ (nominative plural)
ба́бьих ле́т (genitive plural)
ба́бье ле́то (nominative singular)
ба́бьи лета́ (nominative plural)
ба́бьего ле́та (genitive singular)
ба́бьих ле́т (genitive plural)
ба́бьему ле́ту (dative singular)
ба́бьим лета́м (dative plural)
ба́бье ле́то (accusative singular)
ба́бьи лета́ (accusative plural)
ба́бьим ле́том (instrumental singular)
ба́бьими лета́ми (instrumental plural)
ба́бьем ле́те (prepositional singular)
ба́бьих лета́х (plural prepositional)

Literally, “old woman's summer”. Cognate with Polish babie lato. See also German Altweibersommer and Hungarian vénasszonyok nyara.

Indian summer (summerlike days in early autumn)


babie lato

babie lato (nominative singular)
babie lata (nominative plural)
babiego lata (genitive singular)
babich lat (genitive plural)
babiemu latu (dative singular)
babim latom (dative plural)
babie lato (accusative singular)
babie lata (accusative plural)
babim latem (instrumental singular)
babimi latami (instrumental plural)
babim lecie (locative singular)
babich latach (locative plural)
babie lato (singular vocative)
babie lata (plural vocative)

(idiomatic) Indian summer (stretch of warm days in autumn)


nippy

en-adj

nippy (comparative nippier, superlative nippiest)

nippier (comparative)
nippiest (superlative)

Gosh, it's a bit nippy today: I'd better wear my gloves.

Raj took a deep breath, and reached out to give Armitage the gentlest little stroke. “It’s nippy out. Let’s take him inside.”

2012, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], Ratburger, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN:


algid

algid (comparative more algid, superlative most algid)

more algid (comparative)
most algid (superlative)

Probably borrowed from Latin algidus (“cold”).

algid malaria

1875 March 15, J. C. Morgan, More on Typho-Malarial Fever, United States Medical Investigator, New Series, Volume 1, No. 6, page 261,
[…] with cold sweat, blueness, stupidity, no heat, no sort of reaction or remission, intense venous congestion in divers organs, getting steadily worse and worse, more and more algid, wet, and stupid, with death in thirty-six hours.

The coldest, most algid moments of this savage industrialization, commanded by the Robber Barons (Josephson 1962), were featured in a recent book on the expansionary experience of the railroads, which by 1900, had already built 193,000 miles of track:

2002, Eduardo Ibarro-Caldo, “Chapter 8: Organizational paradoxes and business ethics: In search of new modes of existence”, in Stewart Clegg, editor, Management and Organization Paradoxes, page 268:

Having such a large amount of skin touching the glass (her feet and her rear) while it grew more and more algid was getting to be quite arrestive.

2013, Troy Theisen, House of Dred, page 194:

(medicine) Cold, chilly; used of low body temperature, especially in connection with certain diseases such as malaria and cholera.


compensation

en-noun

compensation (countable and uncountable, plural compensations)

From Middle English compensacioun, from Old French compensacion, from Latin compensātiōnem, accusative singular of compensātiō.

The relationship between air temperature outside a building and a calculated target temperature for provision of air or water to contained rooms or spaces for the purpose of efficient heating. In building control systems, the compensation curve is defined to a compensator for this purpose.


teth

From Old Irish té, from Proto-Celtic *teɸents, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”).


thaw

en-verb

thaw (third-person singular simple present thaws, present participle thawing, simple past and past participle thawed)

thaws (present singular third-person)
thawing (participle present)
thawed (participle past)
thawed (past)

From Middle English thowen, thawen, from Old English þāwian, from Proto-West Germanic *þauwjan, from Proto-Germanic *þawjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *teh₂- (“to melt”).

the ice thaws

(intransitive) To gradually melt, dissolve, or become fluid; to soften from frozen

It's beginning to thaw.

(impersonal, intransitive) To become sufficiently warm to melt ice and snow — said in reference to the weather

Mor. Miſlike me not for my complexion, / The ſhadowed liuerie of the burniſht ſunne, / To whom I am a neighbour,and neere bred. / Bring me the faireſt creature North-ward borne, / Where Phœbus fire ſcarce thawes the yſicles, / And let vs make inciſion for your loue, / To proue whoſe blood is reddeſt,his or mine.

c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], page 167:

The frame of burnish'd steel, that cast a glare / From far, and seemed to thaw the freezing air.

1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

(transitive) To gradually cause frozen things (such as earth, snow, ice) to melt, soften, or dissolve.

أَذَابَ

to cause frozen things to melt, soften, or dissolve


thaw

The melting of ice, snow, or other frozen or congealed matter; the transformation of ice or the like into the state of a fluid; liquefaction by heat of anything congealed by frost

jigãrditsã

the melting of ice, snow or other congealed matter

raging floods pursue their hasty thaw; / Our thaw was mild , the cold not chased away

a period of weather warm enough to melt that which is frozen


hypothermia

en-noun

hypothermia (countable and uncountable, plural hypothermias)

→ Japanese: ハイポサーミア

→ Turkish: hipotermiya

/ˌhaɪpəʊˈθɜː(ɹ)mi.ə/

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupo-, “under”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + feminine suffix -ία.

affix

Hypothermia is the systemic cold injury.

(pathology) Abnormally low body temperature; specifically, below 35 degrees Celsius for humans.


gelid

en-adj

gelid (comparative more gelid, superlative most gelid)

more gelid (comparative)
most gelid (superlative)

First attested in 1630. From Latin gelidus (“cold”), from gelu (“frost”).

Of Cassandra-Marat we have spoken often; yet the most surprising truth remains to be spoken: that he actually does not want sense; but, with croaking gelid throat, croaks out masses of the truth, on several things.

1837, Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, (please specify the book or page number):

Above the gelid source of mountain springs,
A solitary eagle, circling, flies.

1898, Florence Earle Coates, “Siberia”, in Poems:

In the worst of summer the tower remained cool, yet the air seemed feverish and gelid when sisters of different Ajahs came too close.


thermal

From French thermal, from New Latin *thermalis, from Ancient Greek θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“to heat, warm”).

der

Similar studies of rats have employed four different intracranial resorbable, slow sustained release systems—surgical foam, a thermal gel depot, a microcapsule or biodegradable polymer beads.

2013 May-June, Charles T. Ambrose, “Alzheimer’s Disease”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 200:


bust ass cold

It was bust ass cold out, but I still had to go in to work.

(rare, Canada, US, slang) Extremely cold.


Fahrenheit

From German Fahrenheit, named after Prussian scientist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.

named-after

Pyeongchang sits nearly half a mile above sea level in the northeastern corner of South Korea, not too far from the border with the North. It is one of the coldest parts of the country — wind chill in February is often in single digits (Fahrenheit) — and notorious for a powerful, biting wind that gathers force as it barrels down out of Siberia and the Manchurian Plain and then across the jagged granite peaks of North Korea.

2017 December 21, Foster Klug, Kim Tong-hyung, Yong Jun Chang, “The cold returns for Winter Games in mountainous Pyeongchang”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2024-02-18:

For example, in the Fahrenheit scale 212°F is the boiling point of water.

2021, Claire Cock-Starkey, Hyphens & Hashtags, Bodleian Library, page 142:

Describing a temperature scale originally defined as having 0°F as the lowest temperature obtainable with a mixture of ice and salt, and 96°F as the temperature of the human body, and now defined with 32°F equal to 0°C, and each degree Fahrenheit equal to 5/9 of a degree Celsius or 5/9 kelvin.


furnish

head

furnish m (genitive singular furnish, plural furnishyn)

furnish (genitive singular)
furnishyn (plural)
furnish (mutation mutation-radical)
urnish (lenition mutation)
vurnish (eclipsis mutation)

From Old French fornais (compare Irish foirnéis, Scottish Gaelic fòirneis), from Latin fornāx.


molten

en-adj

molten (comparative more molten, superlative most molten)

more molten (comparative)
most molten (superlative)

From Middle English molten, from Old English molten, ġemolten (“melted, molten”), from Proto-Germanic *multanaz, past participle of Proto-Germanic *meltaną (“to melt”). Cognate with Scots moltin, Swedish multen.


dog days

en-noun

dog days pl (normally plural, singular dog day)

Calque of Latin diēs caniculārēs (“puppy days”), a calque of Ancient Greek κυνάδες ἡμέραι (kunádes hēmérai, “dog days”), from κυνάς (kunás, “of or related to dogs”), from Κῠ́ων (Kúōn, “the Dog”) in reference to the star Sirius, which appears in Homeric Greek as "Orion's dog". The return of Sirius to the night sky (its heliacal rising), occurring in antiquity around July 25 (Athens) or 29 (Rome), was considered by the Greeks and Romans to herald what were considered the hottest, least healthy, and least lucky days of summer.

der

κυνάδες ἡμέραι

lang

κῠ́ων Ὠρίωνος

κῠ́ων Ὠρίωνος

κύν᾽ Ὠρίωνος

κύν᾽ Ὠρίωνος

... a sterre, wherof canicular or dogge days be named Dies caniculares.

1538, Thomas Elyot, “Canicula”, in The Dictionary of Syr Thomas Eliot:

Dog days bright and clear
Indicate a good year;
But when accompanied by rain,
We hope for better times in vain.

1883, H.H.C. Dunwoody, "Proverbs Relating to Months, Weeks, and Days" in Weather Proverbs, Signal Service Notes, No. IX, p. 98

(archaic) The days following the heliacal rising of Sirius, now in early August (Gregorian) at dates varying by latitude.

горещници

the days between early July and early September


swelter

From Middle English swelteren, frequentative form of Middle English swelten (“to die; faint”), from Old English sweltan (“to die”), from Proto-West Germanic *sweltan, from Proto-Germanic *sweltaną (“to die”), from Proto-Indo-European *swel- (“to smolder; burn”), equivalent to swelt + -er (frequentative suffix).

inh

The summer swelter did not relent until late in September, most years.


bero

bero (absolutive indefinite)
beroa (absolutive indefinite singular)
beroak (absolutive indefinite plural)
berok (ergative indefinite)
beroak (ergative indefinite singular)
beroek (ergative indefinite plural)
berori (dative indefinite)
beroari (dative indefinite singular)
beroei (dative indefinite plural)
beroren (genitive indefinite)
beroaren (genitive indefinite singular)
beroen (genitive indefinite plural)
berorekin (comitative indefinite)
beroarekin (comitative indefinite singular)
beroekin (comitative indefinite plural)
berorengatik (causative indefinite)
beroarengatik (causative indefinite singular)
beroengatik (causative indefinite plural)
berorentzat (benefactive indefinite)
beroarentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
beroentzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
beroz (indefinite instrumental)
beroaz (indefinite instrumental singular)
beroez (indefinite instrumental plural)
berotan (indefinite inessive)
beroan (indefinite inessive singular)
beroetan (indefinite inessive plural)
berotako (indefinite locative)
beroko (indefinite locative singular)
beroetako (indefinite locative plural)
berotara (allative indefinite)
berora (allative indefinite singular)
beroetara (allative indefinite plural)
berotaraino (indefinite terminative)
beroraino (indefinite singular terminative)
beroetaraino (indefinite plural terminative)
berotarantz (directive indefinite)
berorantz (directive indefinite singular)
beroetarantz (directive indefinite plural)
berotarako (destinative indefinite)
berorako (destinative indefinite singular)
beroetarako (destinative indefinite plural)
berotatik (ablative indefinite)
berotik (ablative indefinite singular)
beroetatik (ablative indefinite plural)
berorik (indefinite partitive)
berotzat (indefinite prolative)


frore

en-adj

frore (comparative more frore, superlative most frore)

more frore (comparative)
most frore (superlative)

From Middle English froren, past participle of fresen (“to freeze”), from Old English frēosan.

We die, even as the winds of Autumn fade,
Expiring in the frore and foggy air.

1818, Percy Shelley, The Revolt of Islam, canto 9:

For heavenly beauty, mid perennial springs, Feels not the change, which frore sad winter brings.

1883, Religion in Europe, historically considered, page 13:

Till we conceive their heavens hoar,
Those lights they raise but sparkles frore,

1888, George Meredith, Meditation under Stars:

Or if one haulm whose year is o'er / Shivers on the upland frore.

1896, A. E. Housman, A Shropshire Lad, XLVI, lines 15-16:

My heart all Winter lay so numb / The earth so dead and frore.


axis of evil

2002 State of the Union Address
George W. Bush
axis of evil

Coined by American political commentator David Frum in 2002 and first used publicly by President George W. Bush in the 2002 State of the Union Address. Possibly from a historical analogy to the German-Italian-Japanese axis. Extended to astrophysics by Portuguese scientist João Magueijo in 2005.

coin

cosmic microwave background
cosmic microwave background

(astrophysics, cosmology) An anomaly in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background as the result of a preferential axis which may have shaped the development of the universe, sometimes abbreviated AOE.


chilly

en-adj

chilly (comparative chillier, superlative chilliest)

chillier (comparative)
chilliest (superlative)

From chill + -y. Cognate with Swedish kylig (“chilly”), Norwegian kjølig (“chilly”).

I’m getting rather chilly over here – could you shut the window please?

June 18. Rain'd all Day, and I ſtay'd within. I thought at this Time the Rain felt Cold, and I was ſomething chilly, which I knew was not uſual in that Latitude.

1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC, page 101:

And now, behold, with the first imagination of danger, or, if you will, the first mighty and terrific trial of your courage, you shrink away, and are content to be handed down as men who had not strength enough to endure cold and peril; and so, poor souls, they were chilly and returned to their warm fire-sides.

1816 June – 1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter VII, in Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. […], volume III, London: […] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818, →OCLC, page 169:


chill

en-noun

chill (countable and uncountable, plural chills)

From Middle English chele, chile, from Old English ċiele, ċele (“cold; coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kali, from Proto-Germanic *kaliz, from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to be cold”). Closely related with Dutch kil. Also akin to cool, cold, which see.

der

There was a chill in the air.

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame. With more settled people, animals were harnessed to capstans or caged in treadmills to turn grist into meal.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

A moderate, but uncomfortable and penetrating coldness.

Rossiter W[orthington] Raymond
w:Rossiter W. Raymond

An iron mould or portion of a mould, serving to cool rapidly, and so to harden, the surface of molten iron brought in contact with it.

It was a courageous move by these activists, still living in the chill of the Cold War, to face red-baiting for holding protests that turned Washington's charges against the Cuban Revolution back on the U.S. government.

2006 April 1, Leslie Feinberg, “Mid-1960s gay activists tarrget U.S. gov't”, in Workers World:

A chilling effect; an atmosphere of this.


chill

en-adj

chill (comparative more chill, superlative most chill)

more chill (comparative)
most chill (superlative)

A chill wind was blowing down the street.

Noisome winds, and blasting vapours chill.

1634, John Milton, “Arcades”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], published 1646, →OCLC:


chill

en-verb

chill (third-person singular simple present chills, present participle chilling, simple past and past participle chilled)

chills (present singular third-person)
chilling (participle present)
chilled (participle past)
chilled (past)

→ Danish: chille

→ Dutch: chillen

→ French: chiller

→ German: chillen

→ Norwegian: chille

→⇒ Portuguese: chilar

→ Swedish: chilla

From Middle English chillen, from Old English ċilian (“to be cold”), from Proto-West Germanic *kilēn (“to be cold”). Cognate with Middle Dutch killen (“to be cold”), Dutch killen (“to be cold, shiver”).

inh

Chill before serving.

(transitive) To lower the temperature of something; to cool.

охлаждам

to lower the temperature of something; to cool


boiling point

en-noun

boiling point (countable and uncountable, plural boiling points)

/ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ˌpɔɪnt/

(physical chemistry, physics) The temperature at which a liquid boils, with the vapor pressure equal to the given external pressure.


parky

en-adj

parky (comparative parkier, superlative parkiest)

parkier (comparative)
parkiest (superlative)

Uncertain, but probably from parky above or from dialectical pronunciation of perky.

Gene Hunt: [seeing a woman in a sari] A bit parky to be out in just her nighty.

2007 March 6, Julie Rutterford, Life on Mars, Season 2, Episode 3:

(British, informal) Synonym of chilly: somewhat cold but not extremely so.


summery

summery (comparative summerier, superlative summeriest)

summerier (comparative)
summeriest (superlative)

From Middle English somery; equivalent to summer + -y. Compare Swedish somrig (“summery”).


burning

burning (comparative more burning, superlative most burning)

more burning (comparative)
most burning (superlative)

burning skin

her burning heart


varma

eo-head

varma (accusative singular varman, plural varmaj, accusative plural varmajn)

varman (accusative singular)
varmaj (plural)
varmajn (accusative plural)

Borrowed from English warm and German warm, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *warmaz. Compare Yiddish וואַרעם (varem).

Ni portis eksteren garbojn da pajlo kaj kovris nin per feloj, sub kiuj ni restis sufiĉe varmaj kaj sekaj.

1999, Anna Löwenstein, La ŝtona urbo, Antwerp: Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, →ISBN, →OCLC:

He carried out sheaves of straw and covered us with pelts, under which we stayed warm and dry enough.


varma

From Esperanto varma, from English warm, German warm.


white-hot

a white-hot rage

Swift’s catalog of generation-defining hits and canny marketing sense have helped her achieve a level of white-hot demand and media saturation not seen since the 1980s heyday of Michael Jackson and Madonna[…]

2023 August 5, Ben Sisario, “How Taylor Swift’s Eras Tour Conquered the World”, in New York Times:

French protests are always lively, but as the journalist John Lichfield observed, “the white-hot anger” of the gilets jaunes was “something new and different”.

2023 November 17, Oliver Haynes, “Five years on, the world is failing to learn the gilets jaunes’ lesson about class and climate”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

(figurative) Extremely fervid or zealous.


var

var (nominative singular)
vary (nominative plural)
varu (genitive singular)
varů (genitive plural)
varu (dative singular)
varům (dative plural)
var (accusative singular)
vary (accusative plural)
vare (singular vocative)
vary (plural vocative)
varu (locative singular)
varech (locative plural)
varem (instrumental singular)
vary (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech var, from Proto-Slavic *varъ.


var

vȃr (canonical feminine masculine)
ва̑р (Cyrillic)
var (nominative singular)
vara (genitive singular)
varu (dative singular)
var (accusative singular)
varu (singular vocative)
varu (locative singular)
varom (instrumental singular)
var (nominative singular)
vari (genitive singular)
vari (dative singular)
var (accusative singular)
vari (singular vocative)
vari (locative singular)
vari (instrumental singular)
varju (instrumental singular)

sh-decl-noun-unc

masculine declension

feminine declension

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vȃrъ (“heat”).


glacial

en-adj

glacial (comparative more glacial, superlative most glacial)

more glacial (comparative)
most glacial (superlative)

From French glacial, from Latin glaciālis, from glaciēs (“ice”). The sense "slow" refers to the speed of actual glaciers, typically around 1 meter per day.

After the rain and frost, the pavements were glacial.


cryo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”).


global warming

First attested in the 1950s. Came into common use in the mid-1970s with Wallace Smith Broecker's paper “Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?” and Mikhail Budyko's statement in 1976 that “a global warming up has started”.

As a movie, The Day After Tomorrow is your classic computer-generated cinematic confection, only the bad guy isn't an alien or a giant lizard, it's global warming.

2004 May 17, Lev Grossman, “Hollywood's Global Warming”, in Time, archived from the original on 2011-06-28:

In the popular imagination, global warming is mostly seen as a threat to cold-loving species, and there are good reasons for this. […] But global warming is going to have just as great an impact—indeed, according to Silman, an even greater impact—in the tropics.

2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, →ISBN, page 150:

The study is one of the first to implicate global warming from human activities as one of the factors that played into the Syrian conflict which is estimated to have claimed more than 190,000 lives.

2015 March 2, Ian Sample, “Global warming contributed to Syria's 2011 uprising, scientists claim”, in The Guardian:

The Tibetan Plateau will experience significant water loss this century due to global warming, according to research published Monday that warns of severe supply stress in a climate change "hotspot".

2022 August 16, “Tibetan Plateau water stores under threat: study”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:

A sustained increase in the average temperature of the Earth, sufficient to cause climate change.

aardverwarming

increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere to cause climate change


bod

bod (nominative singular)
body (nominative plural)
bodu (genitive singular)
bodů (genitive plural)
bodu (dative singular)
bodům (dative plural)
bod (accusative singular)
body (accusative plural)
bode (singular vocative)
body (plural vocative)
bodě (locative singular)
bodu (locative singular)
bodech (locative plural)
bodem (instrumental singular)
body (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech bod, from Proto-Slavic *bodъ.

bod mrazu


koud

nl-adj

koud (comparative kouder, superlative koudst)

kouder (comparative)
koudst (superlative)
koud (adverbial positive predicative)
kouder (adverbial comparative predicative)
het koudst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het koudste (adverbial predicative superlative)
koude (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
koudere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
koudste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
koud (indefinite neuter positive singular)
kouder (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
koudste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
koude (indefinite plural positive)
koudere (comparative indefinite plural)
koudste (indefinite plural superlative)
koude (definite positive)
koudere (comparative definite)
koudste (definite superlative)
kouds (partitive positive)
kouders (comparative partitive)

Afrikaans: koud

Berbice Creole Dutch: kautu

desc

Negerhollands: koud, koude, kout, kot, kou

Skepi Creole Dutch: kout

→ Kwinti: kowru

→ Saramaccan: koto

From Middle Dutch cout, from Old Dutch *kalt, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gel-.

Het is buiten koud, dus zorg ervoor dat je je warm aankleedt.

It's cold outside, so make sure to dress warmly.


freezing

en-adj

freezing (comparative more freezing, superlative most freezing)

more freezing (comparative)
most freezing (superlative)

(by extension, chiefly hyperbolic) Very cold


Thermometer

de-noun

Thermometer n or m (strong, genitive Thermometers, plural Thermometer)

Thermometers (genitive)
Thermometer (plural)
Thermometer (definite nominative singular)
Thermometer (definite nominative plural)
Thermometers (genitive singular)
Thermometer (definite genitive plural)
Thermometer (dative singular)
Thermometern (dative definite plural)
Thermometer (accusative definite singular)
Thermometer (accusative definite plural)


Arctic

From Middle French artique (with -c- reintroduced after Latin in the 17th century), from Latin arcticus, from Ancient Greek ἀρκτικός (arktikós, “northern, of the (Great) Bear”), from ἄρκτος (árktos, “bear, Ursa Major”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). Cognate with Latin ursus.

etymon

frm>artique>pertaining to the North Pole

der

‘Could you close that window, please!’ Strickland called, dialling again. ‘It's bloody arctic down this end.’

1979, John Le Carré, Smiley's People, Folio Society, published 2010, page 45:

Extremely cold, snowy, or having other properties of extreme winter associated with the Arctic.


calor

es-noun

calor m or (colloquial in Latin America) f (plural calores)

in Latin America (colloquial)
calores (plural)

Inherited from Latin calōrem (“heat, warmth”). Compare French chaleur and English calorie.

inh+

Tengo calor.

Hace calor.


icy

en-adj

icy (comparative icier, superlative iciest)

icier (comparative)
iciest (superlative)

To go through this experience in bitter winter weather and stumble along the line in the pitch darkness at 6 o'clock in the morning, into an icy-cold foundry, as was the writer's experience, was not too good.

1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 342:

Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in ice; cold; frosty.

ysig

pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in ice

I wasn't all the way icy. It wasn't like I could just give a girl a baby and forget about them.

2006, Noire [pseudonym], Thug-A-Licious: An Urban Erotic Tale, New York, N.Y.: One World, Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 206:

Gone was the gleam of desire, and the teasingly provocative remarks, and Alexa realised the truth in the saying that indifference was death. His demeanour was haughty and icy towards her.

2009, Sharon Kendrick, The Desert Princes Bundle: The Sheikh's English Bride:

Characterized by coldness of manner; frigid; cold.

студе́н

characterized by coldness, as of manner, influence, etc.


sultry

sultry (comparative sultrier, superlative sultriest)

sultrier (comparative)
sultriest (superlative)

From sulter (“verb (obsolete), a variant of swelter”) + -y; compare sweltry.

suffix

verb (obsolete), a variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">swelter</i>

Other ſignes of the Hiues fullneſſe and readineſſe to ſwarm are at the Hiue-doore, […] Fourthly, their firſt lying forth in foggy and ſultrie mornings & euenings, & going in again when the aire is cleere.

1623, Charles Butler, “Of the Swarming of Bees, and the Hiuing of Them”, in The Feminine Monarchie: Or The Historie of Bees. Shewing Their Admirable Nature, and Propertes, Their Generation, and Colonies, Their Gouernment, Loyaltie, Art, Industrie, Enemies, Warres, Magnanimitie, &c. Together with the Right Ordering of Them from Time to Time: And the Sweet Profit Arising thereof. Written out of Experience, London: Printed by Iohn Haviland for Roger Iackson, and are to be sold at his shop in Fleetstreet, ouer against the Conduit, →OCLC:

On recollecting myself, I diſcovered that I had almoſt reached the entrance of the lagoon, and determined to venture in, if poſſible, to take a few fiſh, […] I ſoon caught more trout than I had preſent occaſion for, and the air was too hot and ſultry to admit of their being kept for many hours, even though ſalted or barbecued.

1793 January, William Bartram, “Art. II. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws. Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of Those Regions; together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians. Embellished with Copper Plates. By William Bartram. Re-printed from the Philadelphia Edition. 8vo. pp. 520. 7s. 6d. boards. Johnson. 1792.”, in The Monthly Review; or, Literary Journal, Enlarged, volume X, London: Printed for R[alph] Griffiths; and sold by T[homas] Becket, in Pall Mall, published 1794, →OCLC, page 17:

Here in the sultriest season let him rest, / Fresh is the green beneath those aged trees; / Here winds of gentlest wing will fan his breast, / From heaven itself he may inhale the breeze: […]

1812, Lord Byron, “Canto II”, in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. A Romaunt, London: Printed for John Murray, […]; William Blackwood, Edinburgh; and John Cumming, Dublin; by Thomas Davison, […], →OCLC, stanza XLIX, page 85:

The detachment of Tancred, fifty spears and their armed retinue, which amounted fully to five hundred men, after having taken a short and hasty refreshment, were in arms and mounted before the sultry hour of noon.

1830 November – 1831 November (date written), Jedadiah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter XII, in Tales of My Landlord, Fourth and Last Series. […], volume II (Count Robert of Paris), Edinburgh: […] [Ballantyne and Company] for Robert Cadell; London: Whittaker and Co., published 1 December 1831 (indicated as 1832), →OCLC, page 305:

The heat had been painfully oppressive all day; and it was now a close and sultry night.

1859 November 26 – 1860 August 25, [William] Wilkie Collins, “The Narrative of Walter Hartwright, of Clement’s Inn, London”, in The Woman in White. […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, […], published 1860, →OCLC, part I, section III, page 10, column 1:

The weather of the summer of 1863 was, if we include the above four months, not remarkable; but June and September had exceedingly fine weather, while July and August were very unhealthy, being warmer than usual and much damper—that is, sultry.

1864 January 22, Board of Aldermen of New York City, “Summary of Seven Daily Observations of the Temperature, Moisture, Weight, Direction, and Condition of the Atmosphere, for the Year 1863”, in Annual Report of the City Inspector of the City of New York for the Year Ending December 31, 1863 (Document No. 7), New York, N.Y.: Edmund Jones & Co., printers to the Corporation, No. 26 John Street, →OCLC, page 154:

The storm-center gathered slowly around the peaks; low rumble and bowl of thunder increased in frequence; slowly the light shaded as smoky clouds rolled up; the air grew sultrier, and the exasperating breeze puffed a few times and then failed.

1914 January, Zane Grey, “The Mountain Trail”, in The Light of Western Stars: A Romance, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, →OCLC, page 225:

The soldiers in charge of the English, puzzled apparently how to secure them, conceived the barbarous idea of diving the whole number into a cell which would have been overcrowded with ten captives during the sultry heat of a Bengal midsummer night. The hundred and forty-six unfortunate prisoners were crushed into the narrow space.

1931, Annie Besant, “Conquest and Tyranny”, in England, India, and Afghanistan: And the Story of Afghanistan or Why the Tory Government Gags the Indian Press: A Plea for the Weak against the Strong, 1st Indian edition, Aydar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House, →OCLC, pages 26–27:

The Champions League has brought suffering to City and Guardiola - especially when they lost to Premier League rivals Chelsea in the 2021 final - but all the pain disappeared just before midnight on a sultry night in Istanbul.

2023 June 10, Phil McNulty, “Manchester City 1 - 0 Inter Milan”, in BBC Sport:

The battlefield—an undulating, parched, and dusty expanse—is lying under the sultry sun of a July afternoon.

1908, Thomas Hardy, The Dynasts: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars, […], part third, London: Macmillan and Co., […], →OCLC, Act I, scene iii, page 15:


coldness

en-noun

coldness (countable and uncountable, plural coldnesses)

From Middle English coldnesse, from Old English cealdness, cealdnys (“coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kaldanassī (“coldness”), equivalent to cold + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian kâldens (“coldness”), Middle Low German koldenisse, kōldenisse (“coldness”), Middle High German kaltnisse, keltnisse (“coldness”).

inh

The coldness is the reciprocal of absolute temperature.

1969, W. A. Day, Morton E. Gurtin, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 33, number 1, Springer, pages 26–32:

(article title) The coldness, a universal function in thermoelastic bodies.

1971, Ingo Müller, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 41, number 5, Springer, pages 319–332:

This function will be called the coldness, its equilibrium value will be the reciprocal of absolute temperature.

1972, Ingo Müller, Entropy, Absolute Temperature, and Coldness in Thermodynamics: Boundary Conditions in Porous Materials Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Wein GMBH, page 3

(article title) Coldness and Temperature.

1975, J. Meixner, Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, volume 57, number 3, Springer, pages 281–290:

α is called the affinity, β the inverse temperature or coldness, and γ the free expansion coefficient.

1995, Claude Garrod, Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Oxford University Press, page 111:

absolute temperature
absolute temperature

(physics) The reciprocal of absolute temperature.


温度

温度 (canonical)
ondo (romanization)
wondo (romanization)
をんど (hiragana historical)

Compound of 温(おん) (on, “warm”) + 度(ど) (do, “degree”).
Appeared in 舎密開宗 (Seimi Kaisō) of 1837-1847.

lw

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serin

serinim (first-person predicative present singular)
serin miyim? (first-person interrogative predicative present singular)
serin değilim (first-person interrogative negative predicative present singular)
serin değil miyim? (first-person interrogative negative predicative present singular)
serinsin (predicative present second-person singular)
serin misin? (interrogative predicative present second-person singular)
serin değilsin (interrogative negative predicative present second-person singular)
serin değil misin? (interrogative negative predicative present second-person singular)
serin (predicative present singular third-person)
serindir (predicative present singular third-person)
serin mi? (interrogative predicative present singular third-person)
serin değil (interrogative negative predicative present singular third-person)
serin değil mi? (interrogative negative predicative present singular third-person)
seriniz (first-person plural predicative present)
serin miyiz? (first-person interrogative plural predicative present)
serin değiliz (first-person interrogative negative plural predicative present)
serin değil miyiz? (first-person interrogative negative plural predicative present)
serinsiniz (plural predicative present second-person)
serin misiniz? (interrogative plural predicative present second-person)
serin değilsiniz (interrogative negative plural predicative present second-person)
serin değil misiniz? (interrogative negative plural predicative present second-person)
serin (plural predicative present third-person)
serinler (plural predicative present third-person)
serin mi? (interrogative plural predicative present third-person)
serinler mi? (interrogative plural predicative present third-person)
serin değil (interrogative negative plural predicative present third-person)
serin değiller (interrogative negative plural predicative present third-person)
serin değiller mi? (interrogative negative plural predicative present third-person)
serindim (first-person past predicative singular)
serin miydim? (first-person interrogative past predicative singular)
serin değildim (first-person interrogative negative past predicative singular)
serin değil miydim? (first-person interrogative negative past predicative singular)
serindin (past predicative second-person singular)
serin miydin? (interrogative past predicative second-person singular)
serin değildin (interrogative negative past predicative second-person singular)
serin değil miydin? (interrogative negative past predicative second-person singular)
serindi (past predicative singular third-person)
serin miydi? (interrogative past predicative singular third-person)
serin değildi (interrogative negative past predicative singular third-person)
serin değil miydi? (interrogative negative past predicative singular third-person)
serindik (first-person past plural predicative)
serin miydik? (first-person interrogative past plural predicative)
serin değildik (first-person interrogative negative past plural predicative)
serin değil miydik? (first-person interrogative negative past plural predicative)
serindiniz (past plural predicative second-person)
serin miydiniz? (interrogative past plural predicative second-person)
serin değildiniz (interrogative negative past plural predicative second-person)
serin değil miydiniz? (interrogative negative past plural predicative second-person)
serindiler (past plural predicative third-person)
serin miydiler? (interrogative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değildi (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değildiler (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
değillerdi (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değil miydiler? (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serinmişim (first-person past predicative singular)
serin miymişim? (first-person interrogative past predicative singular)
serin değilmişim (first-person interrogative negative past predicative singular)
serin değil miymişim? (first-person interrogative negative past predicative singular)
serinmişsin (past predicative second-person singular)
serin miymişsin? (interrogative past predicative second-person singular)
serin değilmişsin (interrogative negative past predicative second-person singular)
serin değil miymişsin? (interrogative negative past predicative second-person singular)
serinmiş (past predicative singular third-person)
serin miymiş? (interrogative past predicative singular third-person)
serin değilmiş (interrogative negative past predicative singular third-person)
serin değil miymiş? (interrogative negative past predicative singular third-person)
serinmişiz (first-person past plural predicative)
serin miymişiz? (first-person interrogative past plural predicative)
serin değilmişiz (first-person interrogative negative past plural predicative)
serin değil miymişiz? (first-person interrogative negative past plural predicative)
serinmişsiniz (past plural predicative second-person)
serin miymişsiniz? (interrogative past plural predicative second-person)
serin değilmişsiniz (interrogative negative past plural predicative second-person)
serin değil miymişsiniz? (interrogative negative past plural predicative second-person)
serinmişler (past plural predicative third-person)
serin miymişler? (interrogative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değilmiş (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değilmişler (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
değillermiş (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serin değil miymişler? (interrogative negative past plural predicative third-person)
serinsem (conditional first-person predicative singular)
serin miysem? (conditional first-person interrogative predicative singular)
serin değilsem (conditional first-person interrogative negative predicative singular)
serin değil miysem? (conditional first-person interrogative negative predicative singular)
serinsen (conditional predicative second-person singular)
serin miysen? (conditional interrogative predicative second-person singular)
serin değilsen (conditional interrogative negative predicative second-person singular)
serin değil miysen? (conditional interrogative negative predicative second-person singular)
serinse (conditional predicative singular third-person)
serin miyse? (conditional interrogative predicative singular third-person)
serin değilse (conditional interrogative negative predicative singular third-person)
serin değil miyse? (conditional interrogative negative predicative singular third-person)
serinsek (conditional first-person plural predicative)
serin miysek? (conditional first-person interrogative plural predicative)
serin değilsek (conditional first-person interrogative negative plural predicative)
serin değil miysek? (conditional first-person interrogative negative plural predicative)
serinseniz (conditional plural predicative second-person)
serin miyseniz? (conditional interrogative plural predicative second-person)
serin değilseniz (conditional interrogative negative plural predicative second-person)
serin değil miyseniz? (conditional interrogative negative plural predicative second-person)
serinseler (conditional plural predicative third-person)
serin miyseler? (conditional interrogative plural predicative third-person)
serin değilseler (conditional interrogative negative plural predicative third-person)
değillerse (conditional interrogative negative plural predicative third-person)
serin değil miyseler? (conditional interrogative negative plural predicative third-person)

From Ottoman Turkish سرین (serin, “cool, cold, chilly”), from Proto-Mongolic *serixün (“cool, fresh”). Cognate with Kyrgyz салқын, Kyrgyz салкын (salkın), Shor сеpён, Tatar салкын (salkın), Turkmen sergin, salkyn, Tuvan сериин (seriin, “cold”).

cog

Kyrgyz салқын


tropic

From Late Latin tropicus (“of or pertaining to the solstice, as a noun, one of the tropics”), from Ancient Greek τροπικός (tropikós, “of or pertaining to a turn or change; or the solstice; or a trope or figure; tropic; tropical; etc.”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “turn; solstice; trope”).

der

O conſider my caſe, moſt blisfull Queen, […] Diſpell thoſe Clouds which hover 'twixt my King and his higheſt Counſell, […] that my great Law-making Court be forced to turn no more to polemicall Committees, […] but that they may come again to the old Parliamentary Rode, To the path of their Predeceſſours, to conſult of means how to ſweep away thoſe Cobwebs that hang in the Courts of Juſtice, and to make the Laws run in their right Channell; to retrench exceſſive fees, and finde remedies for the future, that the poor Client be not ſo peeled by his Lawyer, and made to ſuffer by ſuch monſtrous delays, that one may go from one Tropick to the other, and croſſe the Equinoctiall twenty times, before his ſute be done; […]

1645, James Howell, “England’s Tears, for the Present Wars, which for the Nature of the Quarrel, the Quality of the Strength, the Diversity of Battels, Skirmishes, Encounters, and Sieges, (Happened in so Short a Compasse of Time) Cannot be Parallel’d in Any Precedent Age”, in ΔΕΝΔΡΟΛΟΓΊΑ [DENDROLOGIA]: Dodona’s Grove, or The Vocall Forrest. The Third Edition More Exact and Perfect than the Former; with the Addition of Two Other Tracts: viz. Englands Tears for the Present Wars. And The Pre-eminence of Parlements, 3rd edition, Cambridge: Printed by R. D. for Humphrey Moseley, and are to be sold at his shop at the Prince's Arms in S. Pauls Church-yard, →OCLC, page 189:

For since on ev'ry Sea, on ev'ry Coast,
Your Men have been distress'd, your Navy tost,
Sev'n times the Sun has either Tropick view'd,

1697, John Dryden, The Works of Virgil, Aeneas, Book I, lines 1062-64

The Winter banishish'd, and the Spring renew'd.

(geography) Either of the two parallels of latitude 23°26′ north and south of the equator; the farthest points at which the sun can be directly overhead; the boundaries of the torrid zone or tropics.


tropic

en-adj

tropic (comparative more tropic, superlative most tropic)

more tropic (comparative)
most tropic (superlative)

Of, or relating to the tropics; tropical.


Curie temperature

en-noun

Curie temperature (plural Curie temperatures)

Named after scientist Pierre Curie, who discovered the phenomenon.

(electromagnetism, physical chemistry) The temperature at which the magnetism of a substance changes, specifically when a ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic.

curietemperatur

the temperature at which the magnetism of a substance changes


feverish

en-adj

feverish (comparative more feverish, superlative most feverish)

more feverish (comparative)
most feverish (superlative)

The illness made him feverish, so they applied cold compresses.

Having a fever, an elevated body temperature.


frío

This form derives from Old Spanish frio, from Latin frīgidus (“cold”) (by natural sound changes through a hypothetical intermediate early Ibero-Romance or proto-Spanish form *friyio), from frīgeō (“to be cold”), from frīgus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sríHgos. See also the variant Old Spanish form frido, which came instead from a Vulgar or Late Latin form fridus (attested in some Pompeian inscriptions), from frigdus, fricdus (attested in the Appendix Probi), syncopated form of frīgidus. It is from this form that most Romance descendants arose (e.g. Catalan fred, French froid, Italian freddo). Compare also the borrowed doublet frígido. Cognate with English frigid.

Había nevado tanto que el frío quemaba en la montaña.

(literally, “It had snowed so much that the cold was burning by the mountain.”)

It had snowed so much that it was freezing by the mountain.

cold, coldness (a condition of low temperature)


brumal

brumal (comparative more brumal, superlative most brumal)

more brumal (comparative)
most brumal (superlative)

From Latin brūmālis (“of or pertaining to the winter solstice; wintry”), from brūma (“the winter solstice; winter”), which is a contraction of *brevima (“the shortest (day)”).

der

Belonging to winter; winterlike; wintry.


hyperthermia

en-noun

hyperthermia (countable and uncountable, plural hyperthermias)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hyperthermia.wav

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”) + θέρμη (thérmē, “heat”) + -ία (-ía).

affix

Hyperthermia, that's just a word. The reality is different. You can't breathe. Sweating doesn't work. You're being roasted, like meat in an oven, and you can feel that.

2020, Kim Stanley Robinson, The Ministry for the Future, Little, Brown Book Group, →ISBN:

(pathology) The condition of having an abnormally high body temperature caused by a failure of the heat-regulating mechanisms of the body to deal with the heat coming from the environment.

熱中症

ねっちゅうしょう, ねっちゅうしょう, nettchūshō


silver bullet

[…] "the silver bullet"—a rectal thermometer, to ensure that their body core isn't dangerously overheated from the run.

1998, Thomas E. Ricks, Making the Corps, page 166:

Of course, there is the infamous “Silver Bullet,” which is a rectal thermometer that measures the body's core temperature in the event of a heat case. No one wanted to get it up the butt with the Silver Bullet, […]

2006, Cpl. Matthew D. Wojtecki, Every Other Four, page 140:

A Corpsman was yanking my pants down in order to administer a “silver bullet” (rectal thermometer). I squirmed away and shoved the Corpsman off me before he could insert it.

2017, Jason Delgado, Chris Martin, Bounty Hunter 4/3: From the Bronx to Marine Scout Sniper, page 109:

(military slang) A thermometer, especially one used for rectal temperature readings.


леденица

bg-noun

ледени́ца • (ledeníca) f

ледени́ца (canonical)
ledeníca (romanization)
ледени́ца (indefinite singular)
ледени́ци (indefinite plural)
ледени́цата (definite singular)
ледени́ците (definite plural)

From лед (led, “ice”) + -еница (-enica).


searing

Another source of discontent with the Phase I stock has been obviated by relocation of the interior heating elements and the introduction of thermostatic control; this has eradicated the searing blasts of hot air passengers used to feel about their calves [...].

1961 February, “Talking of Trains: Phase II units in service”, in Trains Illustrated, page 69:


мороз

ru-noun+

моро́з • (moróz) m inan (genitive моро́за, nominative plural моро́зы, genitive plural моро́зов, relational adjective моро́зный, diminutive моро́зец or моро́зик)

моро́з (canonical)
moróz (romanization)
моро́за (genitive)
моро́зы (nominative plural)
моро́зов (genitive plural)
моро́зный (adjective relational)
моро́зец (diminutive)
моро́зик (diminutive)
моро́з (nominative singular)
моро́зы (nominative plural)
моро́за (genitive singular)
моро́зов (genitive plural)
моро́зу (dative singular)
моро́зам (dative plural)
моро́з (accusative singular)
моро́зы (accusative plural)
моро́зом (instrumental singular)
моро́зами (instrumental plural)
моро́зе (prepositional singular)
моро́зах (plural prepositional)
моро́зу (partitive singular)

Inherited from Old East Slavic морозъ (morozŭ), from Proto-Slavic *morzъ. Doublet of мраз (mraz), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.


kosa

kosa (nominative singular)
kosy (nominative plural)
kosy (genitive singular)
kos (genitive plural)
kose (dative singular)
kosám (dative plural)
kosu (accusative singular)
kosy (accusative plural)
koso (singular vocative)
kosy (plural vocative)
kose (locative singular)
kosách (locative plural)
kosou (instrumental singular)
kosami (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech kosa, from Proto-Slavic *kosa.


kosa

sk-noun

kosa f (diminutive kosička, augmentative kosisko)

kosička (diminutive)
kosisko (augmentative)
nominative
kosa (singular)
kosy (plural)
genitive
kosy (singular)
kôs (plural)
dative
kose (singular)
kosám (plural)
accusative
kosu (singular)
locative
kosách (plural)
instrumental
kosou (singular)
kosami (plural)


tato

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀢𑀢𑁆𑀢 (tatta) + Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit तप्त (tapta).


lukewarmness

en-noun

lukewarmness (countable and uncountable, plural lukewarmnesses)

1665, Robert Boyle, New Experiments and Observations Touching Cold, Discourse II, in The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle, London: A. Millar, 1744, Volume II, p. 246,
And indeed, there is scarce any quality, for whose differences we have fewer distinct names, having scarce any for the many degrees of coldness, that may be conceived to be intermediate, betwixt lukewarmness and the freezing degree of cold […]

Mr. Hale was disappointed in his pupil’s lukewarmness about Greek literature, which had but a short time ago so great an interest for him.

1855, Elizabeth Gaskell, chapter 40, in North and South:

Sazonov was furious at the lukewarmness of the British and French reactions to Russia's protests.

2012, Christopher Clark, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin, published 2013, page 343:

The property of being lukewarm; ambivalence, weakness.


bila

sabila (first-person singular)
sa-bila (first-person singular)
pobila (first-person plural)
po-bila (first-person plural)
hapobila (first-person inclusive tri-plural)
hapo-bila (first-person inclusive tri-plural)
chibila (second-person singular)
chi-bila (second-person singular)
hachibila (plural second-person)
hachibila (second-person tri-plural)
hachi-bila (plural second-person)
hachi-bila (second-person tri-plural)
bila (singular third-person)
bila (plural third-person)
bila (third-person tri-plural)
hoobila (plural third-person)
hoobila (third-person tri-plural)
(hoo-)bila (plural third-person)
(hoo-)bila (third-person tri-plural)

(stative, intransitive) to melt, to be melted, to thaw, to dissolve


Arrhenius equation

Arrhenius equation (plural Arrhenius equations)

(physical chemistry) An equation which approximates the dependence of the rate of any chemical reaction on the temperature.


hitte

Afrikaans: hitte

Negerhollands: hitte, hit, heet

From Middle Dutch hitte, from Old Dutch *hitta, from Proto-Germanic *hitjō; see *haitį̄. Cognate with German Hitze. Now commonly interpreted as heet (“hot”) + -te (“ness”). Also related with English heat.

Ze konden niet langer werken door de hitte.

They couldn't work any longer because of the heat.


gelu

la-noun

gelū n sg (genitive gelūs); fourth declension

gelū (canonical neuter singular)
gelūs (genitive)
gelū (nominative singular)
gelūs (genitive singular)
gelū (dative singular)
gelū (accusative singular)
gelū (ablative singular)
gelū (singular vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: dzer

Romanian: ger

Italo-Romance:

desctree

Italian: gelo, gielo (obsolete)
→ Neapolitan: gelo

Neapolitan: jélo

Sicilian: jelu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: zel, zèil, ziel, zrù

Old Ligurian: zer

Ligurian: zêo

Lombard: zel, gel, zeld, geld, gild

Piedmontese: zel, zer, gèil, ger, gel

Venetan: geło, xeło

Gallo-Romance:

French: gel

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: gel

Occitan: gèl, gèu

Auvergnat: gial, giau

Limousin: giau

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: chelo

Asturian: xelu, xilu

Galician: xeo

Leonese: xelu, xielu

Spanish: hielo

→ Tagalog: yelo

Sardinian:

ghelu, belu, gelu

Borrowings:

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: gelo (or perhaps from Leonese)

Portuguese: gelo (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”). Related to English cold.


frosty

en-adj

frosty (comparative frostier, superlative frostiest)

frostier (comparative)
frostiest (superlative)

From Middle English frosty, forsty, from Old English forstiġ, fyrstiġ (“frosty”), from Proto-West Germanic *frostag, *frustīg, By surface analysis, frost + -y.
Cognates:
Cognate with West Frisian froastich (“frosty”), Dutch vorstig (“frosty”), German Low German fröstig (“frosty”), German frostig (“frosty”), Swedish frostig (“frosty”). Compare also Saterland Frisian froasterch (“frosty”), German Low German frösterg (“frosty”).

The air was frosty; I could see my breath and walked quickly with my hands in my pockets.

I'd like a frosty milkshake.


frosty

English: frosty

Scots: frosty

From Old English forstiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *frostag, equivalent to frost + -y. Compare Old English fyrstiġ.

cold, freezing, frosty (being or experiencing cold)


fuar

head

fuar (genitive singular masculine fuair, genitive singular feminine fuaire, plural fuara, comparative fuaire)

fuair (genitive masculine singular)
fuaire (feminine genitive singular)
fuara (plural)
fuaire (comparative)
nominative (positive)
fuar (masculine singular)
fuar
fhuar
bhfuar

From Old Irish úar, from Proto-Celtic *ougros (compare Welsh oer), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (compare Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc)). The initial f- of Modern Irish comes from a misinterpretation of uar as fhuar in lenition environments.


fuar

From Old Irish úar, from Proto-Celtic *ougros (compare Welsh oer), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewǵ- (compare Old Armenian ոյծ (oyc)). The initial f- of Scottish Gaelic comes from a misinterpretation of uar as fhuar in lenition environments.

cold, chilly, bleak, frigid, sober, stingy


topel

sl-adj

tópəł or tọ́pəł (comparative toplȇjši, superlative nȁjtoplȇjši)

tópəł (canonical)
tọ́pəł (canonical)
toplȇjši (comparative)
nȁjtoplȇjši (superlative)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
tôpel (masculine nominative singular)
tôpli (masculine nominative singular)
tôpla (feminine nominative singular)
tôplo (neuter nominative singular)
tôplega (genitive masculine singular)
tôple (feminine genitive singular)
tôplega (genitive neuter singular)
tôplemu (dative masculine singular)
tôpli (dative feminine singular)
tôplemu (dative neuter singular)
nominativeⁱⁿᵃⁿ or (accusative masculine singular)
genitive (accusative masculine singular)
tôplo (accusative feminine singular)
tôplo (accusative neuter singular)
tôplem (locative masculine singular)
tôpli (feminine locative singular)
tôplem (locative neuter singular)
tôplim (instrumental masculine singular)
tôplo (feminine instrumental singular)
tôplim (instrumental neuter singular)
tôpla (dual masculine nominative)
tôpli (dual feminine nominative)
tôpli (dual neuter nominative)
tôplih (dual genitive masculine)
tôplih (dual feminine genitive)
tôplih (dual genitive neuter)
tôplima (dative dual masculine)
tôplima (dative dual feminine)
tôplima (dative dual neuter)
tôpla (accusative dual masculine)
tôpli (accusative dual feminine)
tôpli (accusative dual neuter)
tôplih (dual locative masculine)
tôplih (dual feminine locative)
tôplih (dual locative neuter)
tôplima (dual instrumental masculine)
tôplima (dual feminine instrumental)
tôplima (dual instrumental neuter)
tôpli (masculine nominative plural)
tôple (feminine nominative plural)
tôpla (neuter nominative plural)
tôplih (genitive masculine plural)
tôplih (feminine genitive plural)
tôplih (genitive neuter plural)
tôplim (dative masculine plural)
tôplim (dative feminine plural)
tôplim (dative neuter plural)
tôple (accusative masculine plural)
tôple (accusative feminine plural)
tôpla (accusative neuter plural)
tôplih (locative masculine plural)
tôplih (feminine locative plural)
tôplih (locative neuter plural)
tôplimi (instrumental masculine plural)
tôplimi (feminine instrumental plural)
tôplimi (instrumental neuter plural)

From Proto-Slavic *toplъ, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“warm”).


vedro

vedro (nominative singular)
vedra (nominative plural)
vedra (genitive singular)
veder (genitive plural)
vedru (dative singular)
vedrům (dative plural)
vedro (accusative singular)
vedra (accusative plural)
vedro (singular vocative)
vedra (plural vocative)
vedru (locative singular)
vedrech (locative plural)
vedrem (instrumental singular)
vedry (instrumental plural)

heat (condition or quality of being hot)