aberrance

(statistics) character of what is aberrant


absorbing

en-adj

absorbing (comparative more absorbing, superlative most absorbing)

more absorbing (comparative)
most absorbing (superlative)

/əbˈzɔː.bɪŋ/

/əbˈsɔː.bɪŋ/

/æbˈzɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/æbˈsɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/əbˈzɔɹ.bɪŋ/

/əbˈsɔɹ.bɪŋ/

(statistics, of a state) Allowing a process to enter it, but not to leave it.


frequency

en-noun

frequency (countable and uncountable, plural frequencies)

From Latin frequentia, from frequens. English equivalent frequent + -cy.

תדר

used for a radio station or a two-way radio device

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 136. Frequency

(statistics) number of times an event occurred in an experiment (absolute frequency)


AA

AA (countable and uncountable, plural AAs)

arithmetic average
arithmetic average#English

(statistics) Initialism of arithmetic average.


feature

→ German: Feature

→ Ukrainian: фі́ча (fíča)

From Middle English feture, from Anglo-Norman feture, from Old French faiture, from Latin factūra, from Latin factus, from Latin faciō (“do, make”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). Doublet of facture.

feature

long, prominent article or item in the media

Coordinate term: (output) parameter

MIT researchers are striving to improve the interpretability of features so decision makers will be more comfortable using the outputs of machine-learning models. Drawing on years of field work, they developed a taxonomy to help developers craft features that will be easier for their target audience to understand.

2022 June 30, Adam Zewe, “Building explainability into the components of machine-learning models”, in MIT News:

(statistics, machine learning) An individual measurable property or characteristic of a phenomenon being observed; the input of a model.


brown

en-verb

brown (third-person singular simple present browns, present participle browning, simple past and past participle browned)

browns (present singular third-person)
browning (participle present)
browned (participle past)
browned (past)

From Middle English broun, from Old English brūn (“brown; dark; dusky”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-. Doublet of bruin.
cognates
* Dutch bruin
* German braun
* Ancient Greek φρύνη (phrúnē), φρῦνος (phrûnos, “toad”)
* Latin brunneus (“brown”)
* Lithuanian bė́ras (“brown”)
* Sanskrit बभ्रु (babhrú, “reddish-brown”)
* West Frisian brún

cog

the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

the browning of America

(demography, transitive, intransitive, slang, ethnic slur, usually derogatory, offensive) To turn progressively more Hispanic or Latino, in the context of the population of a geographic region.


young

en-verb

young (third-person singular simple present youngs, present participle younging, simple past and past participle younged)

youngs (present singular third-person)
younging (participle present)
younged (participle past)
younged (past)

Inherited from Middle English yong, yonge, from Old English ġeong, from Proto-West Germanic *jung, from Proto-Germanic *jungaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂yuHn̥ḱós, from *h₂yuh₁en- (“young”).

The aging (or younging) of a population refers to the fact that a population, as a unit of observation, is getting older (or younger).

1993, Jacob S. Siegel, A Generation of Change, page 5:

(informal or demography) To become or seem to become younger.

Medicare data was "younged" by a month to achieve conformity with the conventional completed ages recorded in the census.

1984, US Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, page 74:

(informal or demography) To cause to appear younger.


skew

skew (third-person singular simple present skews, present participle skewing, simple past and past participle skewed)

skews (present singular third-person)
skewing (participle present)
skewed (participle past)
skewed (past)

The verb is derived from Middle English skeuen, skewe, skewen (“to run at an angle or obliquely; to escape”), from Old Northern French escuer [and other forms], variants of Old French eschuer, eschever, eschiver (“to escape, flee; to avoid”) (modern French esquiver (“to dodge (a blow), duck; to elude, evade; to slip away; to sidestep”)), from Frankish *skiuhan (“to dread; to avoid, shun”), from Proto-Germanic *skiuhijaną (“to frighten”). The English word is cognate with Catalan esquiu (“evasive, shy”), Danish skæv (“crooked, slanting; skew, wry”) (> Norwegian Bokmål skjev), Dutch scheef (“crooked, slanting”), Norwegian skeiv (“crooked, lopsided; oblique, slanting; distorted”), Saterland Frisian skeeuw (“aslant, slanting; oblique; awry”), and is a doublet of eschew.
The adjective and adverb are probably derived from the verb and/or from askew, and the noun is derived from either the adjective or the verb.

cog

We have looked at the obese and anorexic communities, whose conditions fall on a curve skewed towards overweight for determining the social norm of body weight and who face a golden-mean social ideal of body weight.

2006, Andrew Stark, “Between the Normal and the Ideal”, in The Limits of Medicine: Cure or Enhancement, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 75:

(transitive) To form or shape in an oblique way; to cause to take an oblique position.

(statistics) To cause (a distribution) to be asymmetrical.

vinouttaa

to cause (a distribution) to be asymmetrical


skew

en-adj

skew (not generally comparable, comparative skewer or more skew, superlative skewest or most skew)

skewer (comparative)
more skew (comparative)
skewest (superlative)
most skew (superlative)

A slope value over 1 indicates that digits are skewer than the Benford condition in favor of low ones. A slope value less than 1 indicates that digits are less skewed as compared with the Benford condition.

2014, Alex Ely Kossovsky, “Saville Regression Measure”, in Benford’s Law: Theory, the General Law of Relative Quantities, and Forensic Fraud Detection Applications, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, →ISBN, section 3 (Data Compliance Tests), page 137:

The skewest possible distribution is that in which every but one target value has only one element and the other target value has all the other elements.

2016, Bettina Hüttenrauch, “Analysis of Data Augmentation KPIs”, in Targeting Using Augmented Data in Database Marketing: Decision Factors for Evaluating External Sources, Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler, →DOI, →ISBN, section 6.4.3 (Model Lift (Uniform)), page 199:

(comparable, statistics) Of a distribution: asymmetrical about its mean.

асиметричен

of a distribution: asymmetrical about its mean


skew

Skewness (skew) is the degree to which a distribution's shape departs from symmetry [...]. The greater the departure, the greater the skew. Symmetric distributions have no skew. For instance, the normal distribution is symmetric and is thus not a skewed distribution.

2012, James A. Rosenthal, “Shape of Distribution”, in Statistics and Data Interpretation for Social Work, New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Company, →ISBN, section 5.3.1 (Characteristics), page 53:

Skew is the contour, or the unevenness, in a distribution, the dent in the bell curve. A negative skew suggests that the left half of the normal distribution (the left side of the mean) is twisted in such a way that the prospect of achieving negative returns is superior to that of achieving large positive returns. [...] When dealing with skew, traders strive to resolve how frequently in the trading time horizon they will obtain negative returns rather than positive returns. A skew demonstrates the relationship between the movement of an underlying asset and its volatility.

2013, Larry Shover, “Volatility Skew: Smile or Smirk?”, in Trading Options in Turbulent Markets: Master Uncertainty through Active Volatility Management, 2nd edition, Hoboken, N.J.: Bloomberg Press, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 47:

(statistics) A state of asymmetry in a distribution; skewness.


copula

Borrowed from Latin copula (“connection, linking of words”), from co- (“together”) + apere (“fasten”). Doublet of couple.

bor

In 2000, David X. Li, a banker with a doctorate in statistics who was then at RiskMetrics, part of J. P. Morgan Chase, began using mathematical functions called Gaussian copulas to estimate the likelihood of corporations’ dying in unison.

2009 March 10, Dennis Overbye, “Mathematical Model and the Mortgage Mess”, in New York Times:

There is little statistical theoretical theory for copulas. Sensitivity studies of estimation procedures and goodness-of-fit tests for copulas are unknown.

2009, N. Balakrishnan, Chin-Diew Lai, Continuous Bivariate Distributions, page 59:

Copulas provide an example of the haphazard evolution of quantitative finance. The key result is Sklar's theorem, which says that one can characterize any multivariate probability distribution by its copula (which specifies the correlation structure) and its marginal distributions (the conditional one dimensional distributions). Thus one can create multivariate distributions by mixing and matching copulas and marginal distributions.

2011, Julian Shaw, “Chapter 16: Julian Shaw”, in Richard R. Lindsey, Barry Schachter, editors, How I Became a Quant: Insights from 25 of Wall Street's Elite, page 240:

A recently developed flexible method is provided by hierarchical Archimedean copulae (HAC).

2011, Ostap Okhrin, “Chapter 17: Fitting High-Dimensional Copulae to Data”, in Jin-Chuan Duan, Wolfgang Karl Härdle, James E. Gentle, editors, Handbook of Computational Finance, page 482:

(statistics) A function that represents the association between two or more variables, independent of the individual marginal distributions of the variables.


MA

(statistics) Initialism of moving average.


RR

en-noun

RR (countable and uncountable, plural RRs)

(statistics, epidemiology) Initialism of relative risk.


CI

CI (countable and uncountable, plural CIs)

confidence interval
confidence interval#English

(statistics) Initialism of confidence interval.


AR

(statistics) Initialism of autoregressive.


NB

negative binomial
negative binomial distribution#English

(statistics) Initialism of negative binomial.


gray

en-verb

gray (third-person singular simple present grays, present participle graying, simple past and past participle grayed)

grays (present singular third-person)
graying (participle present)
grayed (participle past)
grayed (past)

From Middle English gray, from Old English grǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grāu, from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₁- (“to green, to grow”).
See also Dutch grauw, German grau, Old Norse grár); also Latin rāvus (“grey”), Old Church Slavonic зьрѭ (zĭrjǫ, “to see, to glance”), Russian зреть (zretʹ, “to watch, to look at”) (archaic), Lithuanian žeriù (“to shine”).

cog

the graying of America

It’s not what advocates of retrofitting the suburbs may have had in mind, but it’s a logical outcome of the graying of America, and of suburbia in particular.

2018 September 18, Amanda Kolson Hurley, “Fake Public Squares Are Coming to the Suburbs”, in The Atlantic:

(demography, slang) To turn progressively older, alluding to graying of hair through aging (used in context of the population of a geographic region)


fit

Possibly from Middle English fit (“an adversary of equal power”), of uncertain further origin. The original sense appears to have been "to marshal or deploy troops", which shifted to "to suit (troops to a certain location" > "suitable", and may be further related to Icelandic fitja (“to web, knit, cast on”).


weight

en-noun

weight (countable and uncountable, plural weights)

Belizean Creole: wayt

→ Japanese: ウエイト (ueito)

→ Burmese: ဝိတ် (wit)

From Middle English weight, weiȝte, weght, wight, from Old English wiht, ġewiht (“weight”), from Proto-Germanic *wihtiz ("weight"; compare *weganą (“to move”)), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to move; pull; draw; drive”). Equivalent to weigh + -th.
Cognate with Scots wecht, weicht (“weight”), Saterland Frisian Wächte (“scale”), Gewicht (“weight”), West Frisian gewicht (“weight”), Dutch gewicht (“weight”), German Low German Wicht, Gewicht (“weight”), German Wucht (“massiveness, force”), Gewicht (“weight”).

gloss

"weight"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="gem-pro">*weganą</i> (“to move”)

inh

(statistics) A variable which multiplies a value for ease of statistical manipulation.


cell

From Middle English celle, selle, from Old English cell (attested in inflected forms), from Latin cella (“chamber, small room, compartment”), later reinforced by Old French cel, sele, Old French cele. ultimately from Proto-Italic *kelnā, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelneh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover”). Doublet of cella and hall.

der

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cell

(statistics) The unit in a statistical array (a spreadsheet, for example) where a row and a column intersect.

cella

statistics: the unit in a statistical array (a spreadsheet, for example) where a row and a column intersect


spread

en-noun

spread (countable and uncountable, plural spreads)

From Middle English spreden, from Old English sprǣdan (“to spread, expand”), from Proto-Germanic *spraidijaną (“to spread”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per- (“to strew, sow, sprinkle”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian spreede (“to spread”), West Frisian spriede (“to spread”), North Frisian spriedjen (“to spread”), Dutch spreiden (“to spread”), Low German spreden (“to spread”), German spreiten (“to spread, spread out”), Norwegian spre, spreie (“to spread, disseminate”), Swedish sprida (“to spread”), Latin spernō, spargō, Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō), Persian سپردن (sepordan, “to deposit”), English spurn.

cog

The spread is usually measured using standard deviation and variance.

(statistics) A measure of how far the data tend to deviate from the average.


depth

en-noun

depth (countable and uncountable, plural depths)

From Middle English depthe, from Old English *dīepþ (“depth”), from Proto-Germanic *diupiþō (“depth”), equivalent to deep + -th. Cognate with Scots deepth (“depth”), Saterland Frisian Djüpte (“depth”), West Frisian djipte (“depth”), Dutch diepte (“depth”), Low German Deepde (“depth”), Danish dybde (“depth”), Icelandic dýpt (“depth”), Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌹𐌸𐌰 (diupiþa, “depth”).

(statistics) the lower of the two ranks of a value in an ordered set of values


URL

/ˌjuːˌɑːɹˈɛl/

ΟΕΠ

ομοιόμορφος εντοπιστής πόρων (omoiómorfos entopistís póron)

Coordinate term: LRL

(medicine, statistics) Initialism of upper reference limit.


distribution

distribution (countable and uncountable, plural distributions)

From Old French, from Latin distributio, from distribuere 'to distribute', itself from dis- 'apart' + tribuere 'to' (from tribus).

probability distribution
probability distribution

(mathematics, statistics) A probability distribution; the set of relative likelihoods that a variable will have a value in a given interval.

تَوْزِيع

statistics: set of relative likelihoods — see also probability distribution


distribution

head

distribution c (singular definite distributionen, plural indefinite distributioner)

distributionen (definite singular)
distributioner (indefinite plural)
distribution (indefinite nominative singular)
distributionen (definite nominative singular)
distributioner (indefinite nominative plural)
distributionerne (definite nominative plural)
distributions (genitive indefinite singular)
distributionens (definite genitive singular)
distributioners (genitive indefinite plural)
distributionernes (definite genitive plural)


distribution

distribution (indefinite nominative singular)
distributions (genitive indefinite singular)
distributionen (definite nominative singular)
distributionens (definite genitive singular)
distributioner (indefinite nominative plural)
distributioners (genitive indefinite plural)
distributionerna (definite nominative plural)
distributionernas (definite genitive plural)


control

en-verb

control (third-person singular simple present controls, present participle controlling, simple past and past participle controlled)

controls (present singular third-person)
controlling (participle present)
controlled (participle past)
controlled (past)

From Middle English controllen, from Old French contrerole, from Medieval Latin contrārotulum (“a counter-roll or register used to verify accounts”), from Latin contrā (“against, opposite”) + Medieval Latin rotulus, Latin rotula (“roll, a little wheel”), diminutive of rota (“a wheel”).

der

(transitive, statistics) (construed with for) To design (an experiment) so that the effects of one or more variables are reduced or eliminated.


balance

en-noun

balance (countable and uncountable, plural balances)

bias

antonym(s) of “support for both viewpoints”

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English balaunce, from Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia, from (accusative form of) Latin bilanx (“two-scaled”), from bi- + lanx (“plate, scale”).

The balance of the agreement remains in effect.

The invoice said he had only paid $50. The balance was $220.

Balance Luzon (Philippine usage)

(law, business, statistics) The remainder.


power

power (countable and uncountable, plural powers)

→ German: Power

→ Welsh: pŵer

From Middle English power, poer, from Old French poeir, from Vulgar Latin potēre, from Latin posse, whence English potent. Compare French pouvoir. Displaced the native Old English anweald.

(statistics) The probability that a statistical test will reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

voimakkuus

statistics: probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis


tail

Sranan Tongo: tere

From Middle English tail, tayl, teil, from Old English tæġl (“tail”), from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, from Proto-Germanic *taglą (“hair, fiber; hair of a tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *doḱ- (“hair of the tail”), from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to tear, fray, shred”). Cognate with Scots tail (“tail”), Saterland Frisian Tail (“tail, end”), West Frisian teil (“tail”), Dutch teil (“tail, haulm, blade”), Low German Tagel (“twisted scourge, whip of thongs and ropes; end of a rope”), German Zagel (“tail”), dialectal Danish tavl (“hair of the tail”), Swedish tagel (“hair of the tail, horsehair”), Norwegian tagl (“tail”), Icelandic tagl (“tail, horsetail, ponytail”), Gothic 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl, “hair”). In some senses, apparently by a generalization of the usual opposition between head and tail.

cog

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make lofty ships carry low sails

mackerel sky and mare's-tails make tall ships carry low sails

the cow knows not the worth of its tail till it loses it

trust someone as far as one could fling a bull by the tail

(statistics) The part of a distribution most distant from the mode; as, a long tail.

häntä

statistics: part of a distribution most distant from the mode


smooth

From Middle English smothe, smethe, from Old English smēþe, smōþ, both from Proto-West Germanic *smanþī, of unknown origin. Cognate with Scots smuith (“smooth”), Low German smood and smödig (“smooth, malleable, ductile”), Dutch smeuïg (“smooth”) (from earlier smeudig).

A smooth of the potato data set has already been given in Figure 1.2.

1990, Wolfgang Härdle, Applied Nonparametric Regression, →ISBN, page 17:

(statistics) The analysis obtained through a smoothing procedure.

изглаждане

statistics: analysis obtained through a smoothing procedure


smooth

en-verb

smooth (third-person singular simple present smooths, present participle smoothing, simple past and past participle smoothed)

smooths (present singular third-person)
smoothing (participle present)
smoothed (participle past)
smoothed (past)

[…] the 7-month moving averages provide better smoothing of the data in this case than do the 3-month moving averages.

1999, Murray R. Spiegel, Larry J. Stephens, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Statistics, →ISBN, page 457:

(statistics, image processing, digital audio) To capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise.

image processing; digital audio; image processing; digital audio

изглаждам

statistics: capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise


n

From the old Latin N, from the Greek Ν (nu), from an archaic reversed Greek N, from the Phoenician symbol 𐤍; possibly from an earlier Egyptian hieroglyph of a resting Egyptian cobra, D (𓆓).


z

Pronunciation of IPA [zɑː, ɑzzɑː] with the sound [z]

(statistics) Used to denote a value of a standard normal random variable.


權

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (權):
* → Japanese: 権(けん) (ken)
* → Korean: 권(權) (gwon)
* → Vietnamese: quyền (權)

→ Zhuang: gienz

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡron): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) – a type of tree named 黃華 (Shuowen); phonetically borrowed for "standard weight".
From 拳 (OC *ɡron, “fist”) (Schuessler, 2007).


Borrowed from Middle French nul, from Latin nūllus.


alpha

en-noun

alpha (countable and uncountable, plural alphas)

From the Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), the first letter of the Greek alphabet, from the Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ, “aleph”). Doublet of alif and aleph.

(statistics) The significance level of a statistical test; the alpha level.


graph

Clipping of graphic formula. From 1878; verb from 1889.

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

2012 March 20, Brian Hayes, “Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2013-02-19, page 106:

(applied mathematics, statistics) A data chart (graphical representation of data) intended to illustrate the relationship between a set (or sets) of numbers (quantities, measurements or indicative numbers) and a reference set, whose elements are indexed to those of the former set(s) and may or may not be numbers.


universe

From Middle English universe, from Old French univers, from Latin universum (“all things, as a whole, the universe”), neuter of universus (“all together, whole, entire, collective, general, literally turned or combined into one”), from uni-, combining form of unus (“one”) + versus (“turned”), perfect passive participle of vertō (“to turn”). Analyzable as uni- + -verse through backformation of -verse.

der

God does not play dice with the universe

In general content-related evidence demonstrates the degree to which the sample of items, tasks or questions on a test is representative of some defined universe or domain of content.

2005, Dato de Gruijter, Leo van der Kamp, Statistical Test Theory for Education and psychology, page 79:

(statistics, psychometrics) The set of all admissible observations.

Everything under consideration.
The set of all admissible observations.


density

en-noun

density (countable and uncountable, plural densities)

Borrowed from Middle French densité or Latin densitas. Morphologically dense + -ity.

كَثَافَة

physics: amount of matter contained by a given volume

(mathematics, statistics) The probability that an outcome will fall into a given range, per unit of that range; the relative likelihood of possible values of a continuous random variable.

плъ́тност

number of particles or other quantity contained by a given volume


class

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

(statistics) A grouping of data values in an interval, often used for computation of a frequency distribution.

luokka

statistics: grouping of data values in an interval


IV

instrumental variable
instrumental variable#English

(statistics) Initialism of instrumental variable.


enumerate

en-verb

enumerate (third-person singular simple present enumerates, present participle enumerating, simple past and past participle enumerated)

enumerates (present singular third-person)
enumerating (participle present)
enumerated (participle past)
enumerated (past)

To specify each member of a sequence individually in incrementing order.

أَحْصَى

to specify each member of a sequence individually in incrementing order


maximum

(statistics) The largest value of a batch or sample or the upper bound of a probability distribution.


individual

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Medieval Latin indīviduālis, from Latin indīviduum (“an indivisible thing”), neuter of indīviduus (“indivisible, undivided”), from in + dīviduus (“divisible”), from dīvidō (“divide”).

der

(statistics) An element belonging to a population.


error

en-noun

error (countable and uncountable, plural errors)

From Middle English errour, from Anglo-Norman errour, borrowed from Old French error, from Latin error (“wandering about”), infinitive of errō (“to wander, to err”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌴𐌹 (airzei, “error”), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (airzjan, “to lead astray”). More at err.

誤審

appellate law: one or more mistakes in a trial

:Category:English terms prefixed with mis-

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 495. Error

en:difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one

(statistics, countable) The difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one.

fout

statistics: difference between a measured or calculated value and a true one


minimum

Learned borrowing from Latin minimum, neuter form of minimus (“least, smallest”).

(statistics) The smallest member of a batch or sample or the lower bound of a probability distribution.


binomial

Binominal nomenclature
Gerard of Cremona

Formed from Late Latin binōmium + -al. The derivation of binōmium is unclear. It was used by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century. Suggested sources are the Latin nōmen (“name”), the Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “distribution, pasture”), or the Old French nom (“name”). Compare binomy and binominal, as well as the French binôme. By surface analysis, bi- + -nomial.

der

Assuming a normal approximation to binomial probabilities the proportion of total complications reported for 1979–85 in the age class 0–14 years was significantly higher than the proportion in the same age class for the period 1962–69 (p < 0·0001)

1991 November 23, D. J. Nokes, R. M. Anderson, “Vaccine safety versus vaccine efficacy in mass immunisation programmes”, in The Lancet, volume 338, number 8778, →DOI, page 1309:

binomial distribution
binomial distribution

(statistics) Of or relating to the binomial distribution.


cohort

From Latin cohors (stem cohort-); borrowed into Old English as coorta, but reintroduced into Middle English as cōhort and chōors via Old French cohorte. Doublet of court.

The 18–24 cohort shows a sharp increase in automobile fatalities over the proximate age groupings.

The elderly are market segments, by generations or microgenerations within age cohorts or by historical experience as personality types.

2002, Merry White, Perfectly Japanese: Making Families in an Era of Upheaval, page 169:

(statistics) A demographic grouping of people, especially those in a defined age group, or having a common characteristic.


sigma

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma), probably from the root sig- as seen in σίζω (sízō) (< sig-yo "to hiss") + -μα (-ma).

2011, Paul Rincon, (bbc.co.uk) LHC: Higgs boson 'may have been glimpsed'
None of the spikes seen by the experiments is at much more than the "two sigma" level of certainty.
A level of "five sigma" is required to claim a discovery, meaning there is less than a one in a million chance the data spike is down to a statistical fluke.

(statistics) The symbol σ, used to indicate one standard deviation from the mean, particularly in a normal distribution.

usually covering 68% of the data points in a normal distribution


sigma

From Ancient Greek σῖγμα (sîgma), σίγμα (sígma).

(statistics) the symbol σ, used to indicate one standard deviation from the mean, specifically in a normal distribution


tie

From Middle English teye (“cord, chain”), from Old English tēag, tēah (“cord, chain”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-. Compare Danish tov, Icelandic taug.

(statistics) One or more equal values or sets of equal values in the data set.


Monte Carlo

Monte (“mountain”) + Carlo (“Charles/Carl”). Named after Charles III of Monaco.

The probability density of the Bayesian posterior was estimated by Metropolis-coupled Markov chain Monte Carlo, with multiple incrementally heated chains.

2004 July 27, F. Keith Barker et al., “Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation”, in PNAS, page 11040, column 2:

Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo method#English

(statistics) Ellipsis of Monte Carlo method.


decile

Although few people scored high marks, everyone did quite well—the lowest decile was over 50%.

(statistics) Any of the values in a series that divides the distribution of individuals in that series into ten groups of equal frequency.


millennial

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Late Latin mīllennium (“millennium”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives; and forming nouns). The English word may be analysed as millennium + -al or milli- (prefix meaning ‘thousand’) + -ennial (suffix meaning ‘years’).
Sense 5 (“of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century”) was coined by the American authors William Strauss (1947–2007) and Neil Howe (born 1951) in their book Generations (1991): see the quotations.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

coinage

Michael Dimock (2019 January 17) “Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins”, in Pew Research Center, archived from the original on 2020-06-01.

semiannual · annual · biennial · triennial · quadrennial · quinquennial

quintennial · sextennial · septennial · octennial · novennial · decennary

decennial · sesquidecennial · centennial · sesquicentennial · bicentennial · tricentennial · quadricentennial · bimillennial · trimillennial · quadrimillennial · decamillennial

the millennial generation

He was suffering from a typical millennial problem: Which is the correct emoji to use?

Boomers played cassettes in their cars and popularized FM radio. Thirteeners love their compact disks. Today's electronics industry is abuzz with talk of the new digital technology that awaits Millennial teenagers.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Past as Prologue”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 352:

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single "Boyfriend" was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber's Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012 June 26, Genevieve Koski, “Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2023-04-05:

Many people, or at least a handful of very loud people, hate to being dubbed Millennial. They see it as derogatory.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

But, while many have jumped to label the astrology boom as another millennial trend, that may not actually be the case.

2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time:

We make hits / Two broke millennial men / And we'd do it again

2024, “We Make Hits”, in James Smith (lyrics), Where's My Utopia?, performed by Yard Act:

(by extension, originally US, demography) Often capitalized: of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century from around the early 1980s to the mid 1990s (with 1996 births cited as the last Millennial year), and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E.

millenniaali-

the millennial judgment

VVhereas the very Povver of the Civil Magisſtrate and his ſecurity is hazarded by vvild and hot-ſpirited men, that vvould raiſe a Fifth Monarchie by Bloud and Rapine, and tumble dovvn all Government, […] and that they are the Pioners to level all plain, and break all Government in pieces, that Chriſt, the Fifth Monarch, may perſonally come and begin his Millennial Empire upon Earth; […]

1660, H[enry] More, chapter XVII, in An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness; […], London: […] J[ames] Flesher, for W[illiam] Morden […], →OCLC, book I, page 204:

This is that illuſtrious Reign of Chriſt in his Millennial Empire of Love, vvhen the Chriſtian life ſhall take place, and Opinions and Perſecutions ſhall be done avvay.

1669, Henry More, “[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ipkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP70 The Preface to the Reader, […]]”, in An Exposition of the Seven Epistles to the Seven Churches; […], London: […] James Flesher, →OCLC:

But their reciprocal, unſelfiſh Aid, / Affords an Emblem of Millennial Love.

1745, [Edward Young], “Night the Ninth and Last. The Consolation. Containing, among Other Things, I. A Moral Survey of the Nocturnal Heavens. II. A Night-Address to the Deity. […]”, in The Complaint: Or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: […] [Samuel Richardson] for A[ndrew] Millar […], and R[obert] Dodsley […], published 1750, →OCLC, page 320:

Every tenant was quite sure things would be different when the reins got into his hands—there was to be a millennial abundance of new gates, allowances of lime, and returns of ten per cent.

1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Dairy”, in Adam Bede […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book first, page 156:

millenarian

(Christianity) Synonym of millenarian (“pertaining to the belief in an impending period of one thousand years of peace and righteousness associated with the Second Coming of Christ and his reign on earth”)


millennial

Someday, Boomers hope, Millennials will build according to great ideals their parents can only envision, act on vital issues their parents can only ponder.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Millennial Cycle”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 342:

Meet the Millennials, born in or after 1982—the "Babies on Board" of the early [Ronald] Reagan years, the "Have You Hugged Your Child Today?" sixth graders of the early [Bill] Clinton years, the teens of Columbine, and, this year, the much-touted high school Class of 2000, now invading the nation's campuses.

2000 September, Neil Howe, William Strauss, “The Next Great Generation”, in Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 4:

When we saw Millennials as kids being raised so differently, we could already make an easy prediction. We had seen this dark to bright contrast in child upbringing before many times in American history, so we already foresaw that by the time you got to 2000 you would see huge changes in people in their late teens and early 20s.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, quoting Neil Howe, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

In a bumper for a newsmagazine program, a reporter muses: “[It’s] the year of the yuppie, but what is a yuppie?” That’s right, fellow millennials: Not long ago, young people had so much economic opportunity that their generation was defined by its upward mobility.

2020 June 25, Eve Peyser, “In vintage TV ads, a curious fountain of hope (and cheese)”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

(originally US, demography) Often capitalized: a person from the generation born in the last two decades of the 20th century, from around the early 1980s to the mid-1990s and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E., characterized by their familiarity with computer technology and poorer financial prospects than their parents.


random

en-adj

random (comparative more random, superlative most random)

more random (comparative)
most random (superlative)

→ German: random

→ Hungarian: random

From earlier randon, from Middle English randoun, raundon, from Old French randon, from randir (“to run, gallop”) (whence French randonnée (“long walk, hike”)), from Frankish *randiju (“a run, race”) or Old Norse rend (“a run, race”), both from Proto-Germanic *randijō, from *rinnaną (“run”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *(H)r̥-nw- (“to flow, move, run”). Cognate with Middle Low German uprinden (“to jump up”), Danish rende (“to run”). See run.

cog

Near-synonyms: aleatory, stochastic

The flip of a fair coin is purely random.

The newspaper conducted a random sample of five hundred American teenagers.

The results of the field survey look random by several different measures.

A toss of a loaded die is still random, though biased.

July 18 2012, Scott Tobias, AV Club The Dark Knight Riseshttp://www.avclub.com/articles/the-dark-knight-rises-review-batman,82624/
Where the Joker preys on our fears of random, irrational acts of terror, Bane has an all-consuming, dictatorial agenda that’s more stable and permanent, a New World Order that’s been planned out with the precision of a military coup.

probability distribution
probability distribution#Noun

(statistics) Involving an outcome which is impossible to predict, but which may be represented by a probability distribution; in the ideal case, involving outcomes which are equally likely.

عَشْوَائِيّ

mathematics: of or relating to probability distribution


type

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin typus, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos).


statistics

From German Statistik, from New Latin statisticum (“of the state”) and Italian statista (“statesman, politician”), compare English statist. Statistik introduced by Gottfried Achenwall (1749), originally designated the analysis of data about the state.

der

Statistics is the only mathematical field required for many social sciences.

As for statistics, the foundations include, on any interpretation of which I have ever heard, the foundations of probability, as controversial a subject as one could name. As in other sciences, controversies over the foundations of statistics reflect themselves to some extent in everyday practice, nut not nearly so catastrophically as one might imagine.[…]It is hard to judge, however, to what extent the relative calm of modern statistics is due to its domination by a vigorous school relatively well agreed within itself about the foundations.

1972, Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, Dover, page 1:

2004, David C. LeBlanc, Statistics: Concepts and Applications for Science, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, page 61,
The application of statistics in the process of science can be divided into three parts: (1) obtaining data (experiment and sampling design), (2) summarizing and describing data (exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics), and (3) using data from samples and experiments to make estimates and test competing hypotheses about the universe (inferential statistics).

We live our lives in three dimensions for our threescore and ten allotted years. Yet every branch of contemporary science, from statistics to cosmology, alludes to processes that operate on scales outside of human experience: the millisecond and the nanometer, the eon and the light-year.

2012 January 20, Robert L. Dorit, “Rereading Darwin”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 1, archived from the original on 2012-11-14, page 23:

A discipline, principally within applied mathematics, concerned with the systematic study of the collection, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.

આંકડાશાસ્ત્ર

ā̃kaḍāśāstra


raw

en-adj

raw (comparative rawer, superlative rawest)

rawer (comparative)
rawest (superlative)

From Middle English rawe, raw, rau, from Old English hrēaw (“raw, uncooked”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, *hrēwaz (“raw”), from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).
Cognate with Scots raw (“raw”), Dutch rauw (“raw”), German roh (“raw”), Swedish rå (“raw”), Icelandic hrár (“raw”), Latin crūdus (“raw, bloody, uncooked”), Irish cró (“blood”), Lithuanian kraujas (“blood”), Russian кровь (krovʹ, “blood”). Related also to Old English hrēow, hrēoh (“rough, fierce, wild, angry, disturbed, troubled, sad, stormy, tempestuous”). More at ree.

der

What makes Mexico worrying is not just the raw numbers but the power of the cartels over society.

2010, "Under the volcano", The Economist, 16 Oct 2010

(statistics, of data) Uncorrected, without analysis.

необработен

of data, statistics etc: uncorrected, without analysis


fair

en-adj

fair (comparative fairer, superlative fairest)

fairer (comparative)
fairest (superlative)

→ German: fair

→ Hebrew: פייר

→ Macedonian: фер (fer)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: фер

Latin script: fer

From Middle English fayr, feir, fager, from Old English fæġer (“beautiful”), from Proto-West Germanic *fagr, from Proto-Germanic *fagraz (“suitable, fitting, nice”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ḱ- (“to fasten, place”).
Cognate with Scots fayr, fare (“fair”), Danish feir, faver, fager (“fair, pretty”), Norwegian fager (“fair, pretty”), Swedish fager (“fair, pretty”), Icelandic fagur (“beautiful, fair”), Umbrian pacer (“gracious, merciful, kind”), Slovak pekný (“good-looking, handsome, nice”). See also peace.

cog

(statistics) Of a coin or die, having equal chance of landing on any side, unbiased.


dependent

en-adj

dependent (comparative more dependent, superlative most dependent)

more dependent (comparative)
most dependent (superlative)

From Middle English dependaunt, dependent, from Middle French dependant (present participle of dependre (“to depend”)) and Latin dēpendēns (present participle of dēpendeō (“to depend”)). By surface analysis, depend + -ent.

spleách

of Scottish Gaelic, Manx and Irish verb forms

The formula for finding the probability of one event followed by a dependent event is written P(A, B) = P(A) × P(B/A) where P(B/A) is read “the probability of B given A.”

1994, Kathryn Stout, Maximum Math, page 217:

Within the GMM framework, the distribution of returns conditional on the market return can be both serially dependent and conditionally heteroscedastic.

2005, Alejandro Balbás, Rosario Romera, Esther Ruiz, Recent Advances in Applied Probability, Springer, page 49:

Is it possible to find events A, B of Ω so that A and B are independent? The answer to this simple and interesting problem is no. A probability space (Ω,Σ,P) is called a “dependent probability space” if there are no nontrivial independent events in Ω, (Ω,Σ,P) is called an independent space otherwise.

2006, M.M. Rao, Randall J. Swift, Probability Theory with Applications (Second Edition), Springer, page 87:

(statistics) Having a probability that is affected by the outcome of a separate event.


mode

From Old French mode (masculine), from Latin modus (“measure, due measure, rhythm, melody”). Doublet of modus.

tila

mathematics, physics: state of a system represented by an eigenfunction of that system

(statistics) The most frequently occurring value in a distribution.

مِنْوَال

statistics: the most frequently occurring value in a distribution


mode

Inherited from Middle French mode, from Old French mode f, ultimately from Latin modus m. The masculine gender was reintroduced for some senses during the Middle French period under influence of the Latin. Doublet of mœuf.


bootstrap

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bootstrap.wav

From boot + strap. The sense "pull up (without aid)" comes from the phrase pull oneself up by one's bootstraps.

(statistics) Any method or instance of estimating properties of an estimator (such as its variance) by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution.


bootstrap

en-verb

bootstrap (third-person singular simple present bootstraps, present participle bootstrapping, simple past and past participle bootstrapped)

bootstraps (present singular third-person)
bootstrapping (participle present)
bootstrapped (participle past)
bootstrapped (past)

(statistics) To employ a bootstrap method.


arithmetic mean

en-noun

arithmetic mean (plural arithmetic means)

The arithmetic mean of 3, 6, 2, 3 and 6 is (3#x2B;6#x2B;2#x2B;3#x2B;6)#x5C;div 5#x3D;4.

measure of central tendency
measure of central tendency

(statistics, probability) The measure of central tendency of a set of values computed by dividing the sum of the values by their number.


median

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-median.wav

Borrowed from Middle French median, from Latin mediānus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of mean and mizzen. Cognate with Old English midde, middel (“middle”). More at middle.

der

(statistics) A number separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, population, or probability distribution. The median of a finite list of numbers can be found by arranging all the observations from lowest value to highest value and picking the middle one (e.g., the median of {3, 3, 5, 9, 11} is 5). If there is an even number of observations, then there is no single middle value; the median is then usually defined to be the mean of the two middle values.


median

(statistics) Having the median as its value.


median

From Dutch mediaan, from Latin medianus (“of or pertaining to the middle”, adjective), from medius (“middle”) (see medium), from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“middle”). Doublet of madya.

(statistics) the number separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.


median

median (indefinite nominative singular)
medians (genitive indefinite singular)
medianen (definite nominative singular)
medianens (definite genitive singular)
medianer (indefinite nominative plural)
medianers (genitive indefinite plural)
medianerna (definite nominative plural)
medianernas (definite genitive plural)

Borrowed from Latin medianus; compare English median.


bar chart

A graph in the form of boxes of different heights, with each box representing a different value or category of data, and the heights representing frequencies.


parameter

[pəˈɹæm.ə.ɾɚ]

From French paramètre, from New Latin parametrum (“parameter”), from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

(sciences) A variable that describes a property or characteristic of some system (material, object, event, etc.) or some aspect thereof.

(statistics) Any measured quantity of a statistical population that summarises or describes an aspect of the population.


average

/ˈæv(ə)ɹɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle French avarie, from Old French avarie, from Old Italian avaria (which is possibly from Arabic عَوَارِيَّة (ʕawāriyya, “damaged goods”), from عَوَار (ʕawār, “fault, blemish, defect, flaw”), from عَوِرَ (ʕawira, “to lose an eye”)) + English suffix -age.

(statistics) Any measure of central tendency, especially any mean, the median, or the mode.


independent variable

en-noun

independent variable (plural independent variables)

Coordinate term: dependent variable

In the equation z = x² + y, x and y are the independent variables.

(algebra) In an equation, any variable whose value is not dependent on any other in the equation.


dependent variable

dependent variable (plural dependent variables)

In the equation z = x² + y, z is the dependent variable.

(algebra) In an equation, the variable whose value depends on one or more variables in the equation.


bias

bias (countable and uncountable, plural biases or biasses)

c. 1520 in the sense "oblique line". As a technical term in the game of bowls c. 1560, whence the figurative use (c. 1570).
From Middle French biais, adverbially ("sideways, askance, against the grain") c. 1250, as a noun ("oblique angle, slant") from the late 16th century.
The French word is likely from Old Occitan biais, itself of obscure origin, most likely from Vulgar Latin *biaxius (“with two axes”).

(statistics) The difference between the expectation of the sample estimator and the true population value, which reduces the representativeness of the estimator by systematically distorting it.

تَحَيُّز

statistics: difference between expectation and true value


bias

From Malay bias from English bias, from French biais.

(statistics) the difference between the expectation of the sample estimator and the true population value, which reduces the representativeness of the estimator by systematically distorting it.


bias

ms-noun

bias (plural bias-bias, informal 1st possessive biasku, 2nd possessive biasmu, 3rd possessive biasnya)

bias-bias (plural)
biasku (first-person informal possessive)
biasmu (possessive second-person)
biasnya (possessive third-person)

Related to tempias. Sense of inclination from phono-semantic matching of English bias from French biais.


entropy

en-noun

entropy (countable and uncountable, plural entropies)

First attested in 1867, as the translation of German Entropie, coined in 1865 by Rudolph Clausius in analogy to Energie (“energy”), replacing the root of Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”) by Ancient Greek τροπή (tropḗ, “transformation”)).

der

(statistics, information theory, countable) A measure of the amount of information and noise present in a signal.

熵

measure of the amount of information in a signal


fecundity

en-noun

fecundity (usually uncountable, plural fecundities)

From Latin fēcunditās (“fruitfulness, fertility”), from fēcundus, equivalent to fecund + -ity.

плодовитост

rate or capacity of offspring production

In the early days the reviewers compared him to the late Douglas Adams, but then Terry went on to write books as enthusiastically as Douglas avoided writing them, and now, if there is any comparison to be made of anything from the formal rules of a Pratchett novel to the sheer prolific fecundity of the man, it might be to P. G. Wodehouse.

2006, Neil Gaiman, “Neil Gaiman on Terry Pratchett”, in Good Omens, Corgi, page 410:

[I]t would not be very much less absurd for someone to write about New York City after having spent only a few years or a few decades in this metropolis of inexhaustible adventure, of terrifying emotional fecundity, of uncapturable character.

1946, George Johnston, Skyscrapers in the Mist, page 52:


range

Japanese: レンジ (renji)

Korean: 레인지 (reinji)

From Middle English rengen, from Old French rengier (“to range, to rank, to order,”), from the noun renc, reng, ranc, rang (“a rank, row”), from Frankish *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring, circle, curve”).

der

(statistics) The length of the smallest interval which contains all the data in a sample; the difference between the largest and smallest observations in the sample.

مَدَى

statistics: difference between largest and smallest observation


outlier

(statistics) A value in a statistical sample which does not fit a pattern that describes most other data points; specifically, a value that lies 1.5 IQR beyond the upper or lower quartile.

uitbijter

value outside pattern in a statistical sample


population

Borrowed from Late Latin populatio (“a people, multitude”), as if a noun of action from Classical Latin populus. Doublet of poblacion.

bor+

invånarantal (often expressed as "har X invånare" instead)

[…]it is possible it [the Anglo-Saxon race] might stand second to the Scandinavian countries [in average height] if a fair sample of their population were obtained.

1883, Francis Galton et al., “Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee”, in Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, page 269:

(statistics) A group of units (persons, objects, or other items) enumerated in a census or from which a sample is drawn.

總體

statistics: greater group of units from which a sample can be drawn


population

population (indefinite nominative singular)
populationen (definite nominative singular)
populationer (indefinite nominative plural)
populationerne (definite nominative plural)
populations (genitive indefinite singular)
populationens (definite genitive singular)
populationers (genitive indefinite plural)
populationernes (definite genitive plural)


population

population (indefinite nominative singular)
populations (genitive indefinite singular)
populationen (definite nominative singular)
populationens (definite genitive singular)
populationer (indefinite nominative plural)
populationers (genitive indefinite plural)
populationerna (definite nominative plural)
populationernas (definite genitive plural)


mortality

en-noun

mortality (countable and uncountable, plural mortalities)

From Old French mortalite, from Latin mortālitās, from mortālis (“relating to death”), from mors (“death”); equivalent to mortal + -ity.

In foundling hospitals, and among the children brought up by parish charities the mortality is still greater than among those of the common people.

1776 March 9, Adam Smith, chapter VIII, in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. […], volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Strahan; and T[homas] Cadell, […], →OCLC, book I (Of the Causes of Improvement in the Productive Powers of Labour, […]), page 97:

Some of the objects of enquiry would be […] what was the comparative mortality among the children of the most distressed part of the community, and those who lived rather more at their ease […]

1798, Thomas Malthus, chapter 2, in An Essay on the Principle of Population, London: J. Johnson, pages 32–33:

And, even in peace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks was, she found, nearly double the mortality in civil life.

1918 May 9, Lytton Strachey, “[Florence Nightingale.] Chapter X”, in Eminent Victorians: Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Dr. Arnold, General Gordon (Library of English Literature; LEL 11347), London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 146:

[…] a drought year brought conditions especially favorable to the beetle and the mortality of elms went up 1000 per cent.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 8, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 114:

By studying mortality rates and pollution statistics in 90 Chinese cities, researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Israel and China discovered that air pollution from burning coal in north China, defined as above the Huai River, with a population of around 500 million people, was 55% higher than in the south.

2013 July 9, Calum MacLeod, “In China, air pollution report brings despair, humor”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-07-10:

The number of deaths; and, usually and especially, the number of deaths per time unit (usually per year), expressed as a rate.

(biology, ecology, demography, insurance) The number of deaths per given unit of population over a given period of time.


normal

en-adj

normal (comparative normaler or more normal, superlative normalest or most normal)

normaler (comparative)
more normal (comparative)
normalest (superlative)
most normal (superlative)

From Latin normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square; later: according to a rule”), from nōrma (“carpenter's square”), of uncertain origin; doublet of normale. The earliest meaning of the word in English was "perpendicular; forming a right angle" like something normālis (“made according to a carpenter's square”), but by Late Latin normālis had also come to mean "according to a rule", from which modern English senses of the word derive: in the 1800s, as people began to quantitatively study things like height, weight and blood pressure, the usual or most common values came to be called "normal", and by extension values regarded as healthy or desirable came to be called "normal" regardless of their usuality.

der

According to norms or rules or to a regular pattern.

(mathematics) Adhering to or being what is considered natural or regular in a particular field or context:

(probability theory, statistics, of a distribution) Which has a very specific bell curve shape; that is or has the qualities of a normal distribution.

(probability theory, statistics, of a random variable, etc.) Which has a normal distribution; which is associated with a random variable that has a normal distribution.


normal

head

normal m (genitive singular normail, nominative plural normail)

normail (genitive singular)
normail (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
normal (indefinite singular)
normail (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a normail (indefinite singular)
a normala (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
normail (indefinite singular)
normal (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an normal (definite singular)
na normail (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an normail (definite singular)
na normal (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an normal (definite singular)
don normal (definite singular)
leis na normail (definite plural)

/ˈn̪ˠɔɾˠ(ə)mˠəlˠ/

(geometry, statistics, chemistry) normal


bin

From Middle English bynne, from Old English binn (“crib, manger”), from Proto-West Germanic *binnu, *binnā, from Gaulish benna (“four-wheeled cart; caisson”) (compare Old Irish buinne, Welsh ben (“cart”), Old Breton benn (“caisson”)). Cognate with West Frisian bin (“wicker basket”), Middle Dutch benne (“basket”), whence modern Dutch ben (“wicker basket”), German Benne (“wheelbarrow”).

der

(statistics) Any of the discrete intervals in a histogram, etc


bin

en-verb

bin (third-person singular simple present bins, present participle binning, simple past and past participle binned)

bins (present singular third-person)
binning (participle present)
binned (participle past)
binned (past)

(statistics) To convert continuous data into discrete groups.


significant

en-adj

significant (comparative more significant, superlative most significant)

more significant (comparative)
most significant (superlative)

From Latin significans, present participle of significare, from signum (“sign”) + ficare (“do, make”), variant of facere.

(statistics) Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related).

значи́м

statistics: having a low probability of occurring by chance


jackknife

(statistics) A resampling method that applies estimators to all subsamples that each omit a single different group (possibly of a single datapoint) of the original sample to provide a sample distribution of the estimate.


jack-knife

jackknife

Note: the two spellings appear roughly equally common.

(statistics) Alternative spelling of jackknife


correlation

en-noun

correlation (countable and uncountable, plural correlations)

/ˌkɒɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɑ.ɹəˈleɪ.ʃən/

From Middle French corrélation. Morphologically correlate + -ion.

(statistics) One of the several measures of the linear statistical relationship between two random variables, indicating both the strength and direction of the relationship.


level

level (countable and uncountable, plural levels)

→ German: Level

→ Irish: leibhéal

desctree

→ Japanese: レベル (reberu)
→ Korean: 레벨 (rebel)

→ Welsh: lefel

From Middle English level, from Old French livel, liveau m, later nivel, niveau, from Latin libella f (“a balance, a level”), diminutive of libra f (“a balance, a level”); see libra, librate. Doublet of libella and niveau.
The verb is from Middle English levelen, from the noun.

The most common level of the colour variable is red. The other levels are blue and green.

categorical variable
categorical variable

(statistics) One of the specific values which may be taken by a categorical variable.


prior

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Latin prior (“earlier, former, previous, prior; in front; (figurative) better, superior”), from Proto-Italic *priōs (“earlier, previous”, literally “more before”), ultimately from *pri (“before”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pró (“leading to, toward”) and its etymon *per- (“before, in front; first”)) + *-jōs (suffix forming comparative adjectives). Doublet of before, fore, and former.
The adverb and noun are derived from the adjective.

der

(Bayesian statistics) Chiefly in prior probability: of the probability of an event: determined without knowledge of the occurrence of other events that bear on it, before additional data is collected.


prior

априорное распределение вероятностей

(Bayesian statistics) A prior probability distribution, that is, one determined without knowledge of the occurrence of other events that bear on it, before additional data is collected.

During each of these touchpoints, I'm asking myself where and how my thesis on each holding could be wrong. I'm checking each data point as it comes in against my priors. I'm comparing management behavior to what I would be doing if I were in their shoes.

2022 July 29, Dan Roller, “Maran Partners Fund Q2 2022 Letter”, in Seeking Alpha, archived from the original on 2022-12-08:

The votes are in, and our priors are confirmed. The truth is that midterms are nearly as predictable as death and taxes: The party that controls the White House always loses and often badly at that.

2022 November 8, Alex Shephard, “The Cards were always Stacked against Democrats”, in Michael Tomasky, editor, The New Republic, New York, N.Y.: The Republic Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-04:

(by extension) In the rationalsphere: a belief supported by previous evidence or experience that one can use to make inferences about the future.

priori

in the rationalsphere: belief supported by previous evidence or experience that one can use to make inferences about the future


confound

From Middle English confounden (“destroy, ruin, perplex”), from Anglo-Norman cunfundre and Old French confondre, from Latin confundō (“to mingle, mix together”). Related to found (“to melt (metals in a foundry)”) (but not to found (“to start”), nor to find) and to fusion.

der

The participants certainly differ in how their practice is distributed (1, 2, or 3 days), but they also differ in how much total practice they get (3, 6, or 9 hours). This is a perfect example of a confound—it is impossible to tell if the results are due to one factor (distribution of practice) or the other (total practice hours); the two factors covary perfectly.

2009, C. James Goodwin, Research In Psychology: Methods and Design, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 175:


orthogonal

/ɔːˈθɒɡ.ə.nəl/

/ɔɹˈθɑɡ.ə.nəl/

By surface analysis, ortho- + -gon + -al. From French orthogonal, in turn from Medieval Latin orthogōnālis and Latin orthogōnius (“right-angled”), ultimately from Ancient Greek ὀρθογώνιος (orthogṓnios, “rectangular”).

der

(statistics) Statistically independent, with reference to variates.


mod

en-noun

mod (countable and uncountable, plural mods)


deviation

deviation (countable and uncountable, plural deviations)

From Middle French deviation, from Medieval Latin deviatio. Morphologically deviate + -ion.

(statistics) For interval variables and ratio variables, a measure of difference between the observed value and the mean.


demean

en-verb

demean (third-person singular simple present demeans, present participle demeaning, simple past and past participle demeaned)

demeans (present singular third-person)
demeaning (participle present)
demeaned (participle past)
demeaned (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-demean.wav

Concerning FE estimation, it makes no difference whether you demean the data with unit-specific means computed on (balanced) T observations per unit, or with unit-specific means computed on (unbalanced) Tᵢ observations per unit.

2013, Hans-Jürgen Andreß, Katrin Golsch, Alexander W. Schmidt, Applied Panel Data Analysis for Economic and Social Surveys, page 177:

(statistics, transitive) To subtract the mean from (a value, or every observation in a data set).


expectation

en-noun

expectation (countable and uncountable, plural expectations)

From Middle French expectation, from Latin exspectātiō, from exspectō (“expect”). By surface analysis, expect + -ation. Displaced native Old English wēn.

(statistics) The first moment; the expected value; the long-run average value of a variable over many independent repetitions of an experiment.

(statistics, colloquial) The arithmetic mean.


regress

en-verb

regress (third-person singular simple present regresses, present participle regressing, simple past and past participle regressed)

regresses (present singular third-person)
regressing (participle present)
regressed (participle past)
regressed (past)

(verb) From Latin regressus, past participle of regredior (“to go back”), from re- (“back”) + gradior (“to go”).

When we regress Y on X, we use the values of variable X to predict those of Y.

(transitive, statistics) To perform a regression on an explanatory variable.


robust

en-adj

robust (comparative more robust or (uncommon) robuster, superlative most robust or (uncommon) robustest)

more robust (comparative)
robuster (comparative uncommon)
most robust (superlative)
robustest (superlative uncommon)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-robust.wav

robust association of massive baryonic objects

(statistics) Not greatly influenced by errors in assumptions about the distribution of sample errors.


strict-sense stationary

strict-sense stationary (not comparable)

(statistics) Of a random process X(t), having characteristics that do not change as t varies.


heteroscedasticity

en-noun

heteroscedasticity (countable and uncountable, plural heteroscedasticities)

(statistics) The property of a series of random variables of not every variable having the same finite variance


morbidity

morbidity (countable and uncountable, plural morbidities)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-morbidity.wav

Recorded since 1656; from morbid, from Latin morbidus (“diseased”), from morbus (“disease”), from the root of morī (“to die”) or from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to rub, pound, wear away”).

der

(medicine, countable) Adverse effects caused by a medical treatment such as surgery.

(demography, insurance) The sickness rate of a population.


kurtosis

en-noun

kurtosis (countable and uncountable, plural kurtoses or kurtosises)

/ˌkɜːˈtəʊ.sɪs/

/ˌkɜːˈtəʉ.sɪs/

Coined by English mathematician, biometrician, and eugenicist Karl Pearson c. 1895 (published 1899 in "On certain Properties of the Hypergeometrical Series, and so on the fitting of such series to Observation Polygons in the Theory of Chance", Phil. Mag.).
From Ancient Greek κύρτωσις (kúrtōsis, “a bulging, convexity”), from κυρτός (kurtós, “bulging, convex”).

der

(statistics) A measure of "heaviness of the tails" of a probability distribution, defined as the fourth cumulant divided by the square of the variance of the probability distribution.

(statistics) Excess kurtosis: the difference between a given distribution's kurtosis and the kurtosis of a normal distribution.


robustify

en-verb

robustify (third-person singular simple present robustifies, present participle robustifying, simple past and past participle robustified)

robustifies (present singular third-person)
robustifying (participle present)
robustified (participle past)
robustified (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-robustify.wav

The UI looks nice, but you'll need to robustify it before it goes into production.

(software, statistics) To make more robust, that is, more tolerant of unexpected events.


CV

en-noun

CV (countable and uncountable, plural CVs)

Abbreviation
* (anime, Japanimation): From Japanese CV (CV), from English character+voice
* (aircraft carrier): Initialism of cruiser (“croiseur”) + French voler (“to fly”).

initialism of

(statistics) Initialism of cross-validation.


boomer

(UK) A Eurasian bittern (subfamily Botaurinae).


whisker

Middle English wisker, whisk (verb) + -er

(statistics) A graphic element that shows the maxima and minima in a box plot.

Whisker

a graphic element that shows the maxima and minima in a box plot


prediction

/pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/

Learned borrowing from Latin praedictiō, praedictiōnis; equivalent to predict + -ion. Compare the Germanic equivalents forespeaking, foretale, foretelling.

lbor

(statistics) A probability estimation based on statistical methods.


demographics

/dɛməˈɡɹæfɪks/

Every museum has to wrestle with the differing interests and needs of the varied demographics of its visitors - and none more so than the LTM [London Transport Museum], with its mix of tourists (both domestic and foreign) seeking an 'experience', transport enthusiasts indulging their passion, and families looking for education and entertainment for their children.

2020 June 3, Sam Mullins discusses with Stefanie Foster, “LTM: a new chapter begins at 40”, in Rail, page 53:

The characteristics of human populations for purposes of social studies.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

(statistics, of a variable) Having values whose order is insignificant.

nominální

statistics: having values whose order is insignificant


nominal

head

nominal (neuter nominalt, plural and definite singular attributive nominale)

nominalt (neuter)
nominale (attributive definite singular)
nominale (attributive plural)
nominal (positive)
nominalt (positive)
nominale (plural positive)
nominale (positive)

From Latin nominalis. See there for more.

(statistics, of a variable) Having values whose order is insignificant; nominal


demographic

/ˌdɛm.əˈɡɹæf.ɪk/

An individual person's characteristic, encoded for the purposes of statistical analysis.

demograafia

a statistic grouping of people by their characteristics


hinge

From Middle English henge, from Old English *henġ (“hinge”), compare Old English henġe- in henġeclif (“overhanging cliff”), Old English henġen (“hanging; that upon which a thing is hung”), from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju. Akin to Scots heenge (“hinge”), Saterland Frisian Hänge (“hinge”), Dutch heng (“door handle”), Low German henge (“a hook, hinge, handle”), Middle Dutch henghe, hanghe (“a hook, hinge, handle”), Scots hingel (“any attachment by which something is hung or fastened”), Dutch hengel (“hook”), geheng (“hinge”), hengsel (“handle”), Danish hængsel (“hinge”), dialectal German Hängel (“hook, joint”), German Henkel (“handle, hook”), Old English hōn (“to hang”), hangian (“to cause to hang, hang up”). More at hang.

cog

(statistics) The median of the upper or lower half of a batch, sample, or probability distribution.


hypergeometric distribution

en-noun

hypergeometric distribution (plural hypergeometric distributions)

The hypergeometric distribution differs from the binomial distribution in that the random sample of n items is selected from a finite population of N items. With the hypergeometric distribution, there is no replacement. If N is large in respect to n (N>10n), the binomial distribution is a good approximation to the hypergeometric distribution.

2002, Bryan Dodson, Dennis Nolan, Reliability Engineering Handbook, QA Publishing, page 57:

2013, Alexandr A. Borovkov, unspecified translator, Probability Theory, [2009, Alexandr A. Borovkov, Teoriya Veroyatnostei, Knizhnyi dom Librokom, 5th Edition], Springer, page 1,
Sampling without replacement from a large population is considered, and convergence of the emerging hypergeometric distributions to the binomial one is formally proved.

Knowing that the asymptotic form approaches that of a hypergeometric distribution is not all that helpful since this is a complicated function.[…]To demonstrate analytically what the figure suggests graphically, it is better to work directly with the probability function (2.1.7) than with a moment generating function or a characteristic function, neither of which is easily calculable or useful in the case of a hypergeometric distribution.

2014, Mark P. Silverman, A Certain Uncertainty: Nature's Random Ways, Cambridge University Press, page 99:

(probability theory, statistics) A discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of k "successes" in a sequence of n draws without replacement from a finite population.


normally

en-adv

normally (comparative more normally, superlative most normally)

more normally (comparative)
most normally (superlative)

(mathematics, statistics) In the manner of a variable with a Gaussian distribution.


outfit

→ Dutch: outfit

→ German: Outfit

→ Italian: outfit

→ Portuguese: outfit

→ Serbo-Croatian: outfit

→ Spanish: outfit

Variant of earlier out-fit, from fit out. Equivalent to out- + fit.


impute

en-verb

impute (third-person singular simple present imputes, present participle imputing, simple past and past participle imputed)

imputes (present singular third-person)
imputing (participle present)
imputed (participle past)
imputed (past)

Borrowed from Middle French imputer, from Latin imputō (“to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute”).

der

We will use a logistic regression model to impute values of nominal and ordinal variables and a linear regression model to impute values of continuous variables.

2010, Mamdouh Refaat, Data Preparation for Data Mining Using SAS, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 184:

remove observed values and impute

2012, Stef van Buuren, Flexible Imputation of Missing Data, page 263:

(transitive, statistics) To replace missing data with substituted values.


association

en-noun

association (countable and uncountable, plural associations)

/əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃən/

/əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

From Latin associātiō, from associō (perhaps via French association).
Morphologically associate + -ion
The Philippine sense is a calque of Spanish gremio.

(statistics) Any relationship between two measured quantities that renders them statistically dependent (but not necessarily causal or a correlation).


MV

measured variable
measured variable#English

(statistics) Initialism of measured variable.


pie chart

From its circular shape, resembling a circular pie, of which portions are typically divided by radial cuts.

A pictorial graph in the shape of a circle, with segments representing related proportions


cross section

(mathematics, statistics) A sample meant to be representative of a whole population.

представителна извадка

(mathematics, statistics) representative sample


psephology

From psepho- (“pebble”) + -ology (“study of”), drawing on the various definitions of Ancient Greek ψῆφος (psêphos, “pebble used for reckoning; pebble used for casting a vote”). The sense relating to elections was coined in 1948 by Frank Hardie.

der

Let us first see how the matter of this letter-numbering or psephology stands generally. The authors think that both the Greek and Hebrew method derive from a common source. But there is no proof of this; indeed the weak point in the whole of this exposition is that they entirely neglect the historical side of the matter and give no references.

1917, The Quest – Volume 8, Part 2, page 698:

The numbers 99, 88, and 22 seem to belong to some system of mystic psephology, Or gematria as the Kabbalists afterwards called it.

1924, George Robert Stow Mead, Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandæan John-Book, Together with Studies on John and Christian Origins, the Slavonic Josephus' Account of John and Jesus and the Fourth Gospel Proem, →ISBN:

What I want to point out here is that there is a considerable breadth of numerological practices, ranging from psephology/gematria through to practices close to mathematical physics which are deemed to be too much driven by mathematical or aesthetic considerations.

2013, Andrew Gregory, The Presocratics and the Supernatural, →ISBN:

An ancient Greek method of numerology, similar to gematria.


MLM

(statistics) Initialism of multi-level model or multi-level modeling.


partial

en-verb

partial (third-person singular simple present partials, present participle partialing or partialling, simple past and past participle partialed or partialled)

partials (present singular third-person)
partialing (participle present)
partialling (participle present)
partialed (participle past)
partialed (past)
partialled (participle past)
partialled (past)

From Middle English partiall, parcial, from Old French parcial (“biased or particular”), from Late Latin partiālis (“of or pertaining to a part”), from Latin pars (“part”).

der

(statistics, transitive) To take the partial regression coefficient.


baby boomer

The baby boomers, Americans born between 1946 and 1961, are increasingly discovering that the cohorts with whom they crowded into maternity wards, elementary schools, colleges and entry-level jobs are now clogging the fast track to the top as well, demographers say.

1982 January 10, Thomas L. Friedman, “The Baby Boom Comes of Age”, in New York Times:

(sometimes capitalized) A person born in the postwar years (generally considered in the United States and other Allied countries as between 1946 and the early 1960s), when there was a marked increase in birthrates throughout the Western world following the return of servicemen at the end of World War II.

第二次世界大战后生育高峰期出生的人

dì èr cì shìjiè dàzhàn hòu shēngyù gāofēngqī chūshēng de rén

čelovék, rodívšijsja v períod demografíčeskovo vzrýva

челове́к, роди́вшийся в пери́од демографи́ческого взры́ва


missing

The treatment of missings is a problem in statistical software.

1997, S. Klinke, Data Structures for Computational Statistics, page 27:

Patterns of missings across the whole data set are readily visible, but also patterns which only apply to small subgroups of cases.

2002, David J. Hand, Niall M. Adams, Richard J. Bolton, Pattern Detection and Discovery:


confirmation bias

en-noun

confirmation bias (usually uncountable, plural confirmation biases)

Days after this interview, on 12 February this year, fighting broke out between US troops and pro-Assad forces just outside Qamishli. Confirmation bias is rarely so fast, or so unnervingly accurate.

2020 February 26, Will Dunn, “William Gibson on the apocalypse: “it’s been happening for at least 100 years””, in New Statesman:

(psychology) A cognitive bias towards confirmation of the hypothesis under study; a psychological tendency to look for and accept information which supports one's values and worldview and reject that which conflicts with it.


imputation

imputation (countable and uncountable, plural imputations)

From Middle French imputation, from Latin imputatio.

(statistics) The process of replacing missing data with substituted values.


latent

From Middle English latent, latente, from Old French latent, from Latin latēns, present participle of lateō (“lie hidden”).

These kinds of latents define the invariant dispositional properties enabling prediction and control of the external environment. Finally, there are the latents that underlie manifestation as relationships of power, as cause to effect, condition to occurrence, or dependent variable to independent variable.

1975, Rudolph J. Rummel, Understanding Conflict and War, →ISBN:

That is, the observed covariance between indicator y₁ and y₃ would mirror the understandable causal behavior of the corresponding underlying latents.

2007, William Outhwaite, Stephen Turner, The SAGE Handbook of Social Science Methodology, →ISBN, page 166:

If one were to compute the reproduced covariances among the latents of the structural model, they might be different from the covariances obtained between the same number of latents in the measurement model.

2009, Stanley A. Mulaik, Linear Causal Modeling with Structural Equations, →ISBN, page 209:

(statistics) An underlying cause that can be inferred from statistical correlations; factor.


variance

variance (countable and uncountable, plural variances)

From Middle English variance, variaunce, equivalent to vary + -ance, from Old French variance or directly from Anglo-Latin variaunce, veriaunce, wariaunce; all from Latin variantia.

(statistics) The second central moment in probability.

bariantza

second central moment in probability (statistics)


homoscedasticity

homoscedasticity (usually uncountable, plural homoscedasticities)

Before analysis, homoscedasticities of sample variances were assessed by Cochran's C and Bartlett's Box tests.

1989, AW Storey, “The freshwater mussel, Westralunio carteri Iredale, as a biological monitor of organochlorine pesticides”, in Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, volume 40, number 6, page 587:

Unlike OLS^([Ordinary Least Squares]) regression, logistic regression does not assume linearity of relationship between dependent and independent variables; does not require normally distributed variables; does not assume homoscedasticity; and in general has less stringent requirements.

2010, Min Gyo Koo, Island Disputes and Maritime Regime Building in East Asia, footnote, page 46:

Preliminarily, the weak homoscedasticity of the two classes has been tested:[…].

2010, Francesca Greselin, Salvatore Ingrassia, “Weakly Homoscedastic Constraints for Mixtures of t-Distributions”, in Andreas Fink, Berthold Lausen, Wilfried Seidel, Alfred Ultsch, editors, Advances in Data Analysis, Data Handling and Business Intelligence, Springer, page 225:

Thus, Glejser's test also rejects the hypothesis of homoscedasticity.

2013, Chandan Mukherjee, Howard White, Marc Wuyts, Econometrics and Data Analysis for Developing Countries, page 264:

(statistics) A property of a set of random variables such that each variable has the same finite variance.


cluster

→ Catalan: clúster

→ French: cluster

→ German: Cluster

→ Italian: cluster

→ Japanese: クラスター (kurasutā)

→ Portuguese: cluster

→ Russian: кла́стер (kláster)

→ Spanish: clúster, cluster

→ Swedish: kluster

High Performance Computing Center, Stuttgart

The noun is derived from Middle English cluster (“bunch, cluster, spray; compact body or mass, ball”) [and other forms], from Old English cluster, clyster (“cluster, bunch, branch”), from Proto-Germanic *klas-, *klus- (“to clump, lump together”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to ball up; to clench; to amass”)) + *-þrą (suffix forming nouns denoting an instrument or tool). The English word is probably a doublet of clot.
The verb is derived from the noun.
cognates
* Dutch klister (“cluster”) (dialectal)
* Icelandic klasi (“cluster; bunch of grapes”)
* Low German Kluuster (“cluster”)
* Swedish kluster (“cluster”)

nb...

closter, clostre, clouster, clowster, clustre, clustyr

բույլ

statistically significant
statistically significant

A bunch or group of several discrete items that are close to each other.

(statistics) In cluster analysis: a subset of a population whose members are similar enough to each other and distinct from others as to be considered a separate group; also, such a grouping in a set of observed data that is statistically significant.

shluk

subset of a population whose members are sufficiently similar to each other and distinct from others as to be considered a separate group; such a grouping in a set of observed data that is statistically significant


meta-analysis

en-noun

meta-analysis (countable and uncountable, plural meta-analyses)

(statistics) Any systematic procedure for statistically combining the results of many different studies.

(statistics) An analysis resulting from combining the results of diverse statistical studies.


data set

(statistics) A set of data to be analyzed.


sampling

sampling (countable and uncountable, plural samplings)

(statistics) The analysis of a group by determining the characteristics of a significant percentage of its members chosen at random.


sampling

id-noun

sampling (plural sampling-sampling, first-person possessive samplingku, second-person possessive samplingmu, third-person possessive samplingnya)

sampling-sampling (plural)
samplingku (first-person possessive)
samplingmu (possessive second-person)
samplingnya (possessive third-person)

Internationalism, unadapted borrowing from English sampling.


spherical

en-adj

spherical (comparative more spherical, superlative most spherical)

more spherical (comparative)
most spherical (superlative)

English spheric [from Latin sphaericus, from Ancient Greek σφαιρικός (sphairikós)] + -al.

a spherical Gaussian distribution

(statistics, econometrics) Of a multivariate probability distribution, to have a covariance matrix equal to the identity matrix up to a multiplicative factor.


var

en-noun

var (countable and uncountable, plural vars)


respondent

pl-noun

respondent m pers (female equivalent respondentka)

respondentka (feminine)
respondent (nominative singular)
respondenci (nominative plural)
respondenty (derogatory nominative plural)
respondenta (genitive singular)
respondentów (genitive plural)
respondentowi (dative singular)
respondentom (dative plural)
respondenta (accusative singular)
respondentów (accusative plural)
respondentem (instrumental singular)
respondentami (instrumental plural)
respondencie (locative singular)
respondentach (locative plural)
respondencie (singular vocative)
respondenci (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin respondēns.

respondent, responder, surveyee, interviewee (person replying to a questionnaire)


sample

From Middle English saumple, sample, from Old French essample (“example”), from Latin exemplum. Doublet of example and exemplum.

Large samples are generally more reliable than small samples due to having less variability.

It is interesting to find that, with the exception of a few imperfectly-observed South Sea Islanders, and whose actual numbers, if the measurements are correct, are very few, the English professional classes head the long list [in average height], and that the Anglo-Saxon race takes the chief place in it among the civilised communities, although it is possible it might stand second to the Scandinavian countries if a fair sample of their population were obtained.

1883, Sir Francis Galton et al., “Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee”, in Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, page 269:

(statistics) A subset of a population selected for measurement, observation or questioning, to provide statistical information about the population.


biased

en-adj

biased (comparative more biased, superlative most biased)

more biased (comparative)
most biased (superlative)

(statistics) Exhibiting a systematic distortion of results due to a factor not allowed for in its derivation; skewed.

مُتَحَيِّز

of statistics - showing an imbalance of a result


Laplace distribution

exponential distribution
exponential distribution

(statistics) A probability distribution consisting of two exponential distributions, one positive and one negative.


probability distribution

en-noun

probability distribution (plural probability distributions)

(statistics) A distribution of all possible values of a random variable together with an indication of their probabilities.


exponential distribution

exponential distribution (plural exponential distributions)

The exponential distribution is a basic distribution for constructing a number of other distributions. For example, the gamma distribution is obtained from the distribution of the sum of random variables where each variable follows an exponential distribution.

1998, Vijay Singh, Entropy-Based Parameter Estimation in Hydrology, Kluwer Academic, page 49:

In addition, PH distributions provide a simple framework to demonstrate how one can extend many simple results on exponential distributions to more complex models without losing computational tractability.

1999, G. Latouche, V. Ramaswami, Introduction to Matrix Analytic Methods in Stochastic Modeling, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, page 33:

The exponential distribution was introduced briefly in Chapter 3 in connection with the Poisson discrete probability distribution function. There it was shown that if the number of failures in a given time period t was Poisson distributed, then the time to failure is distributed as an exponential distribution.

2012, Kenneth S. Stephens, Reliability Data Analysis with Excel and Minitab, ASQ Quality Press, page 145:

(statistics) Any of a class of continuous probability distributions used to model the time between events that occur independently at a constant average rate.


alfa

id-noun

alfa (plural alfa-alfa, first-person possessive alfaku, second-person possessive alfamu, third-person possessive alfanya)

alfa-alfa (plural)
alfaku (first-person possessive)
alfamu (possessive second-person)
alfanya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄλφα (álpha), of Semitic origin. Doublet of alif.

bor+

(statistics) the significance level of a statistical test; the alpha level.


deviate

From Late Latin deviatus, past participle of deviare, from the phrase de via.

It will be noted that for a deviate x = 1.5, the ordinate z will have the value .130 […]

1928, Karl J. Holzinger, Statistical Methods for Students in Education:

This difference is called a deviate. When a deviate is divided by its SD a, it is called a relative deviate or a standard deviate.

2001, Sanjeev B. Sarmukaddam, Indrayan Indrayan, Abhaya Indrayan, Medical Biostatistics:

This is a deviate so the appropriate function is qt. We need to supply it with the probability (in this case p = 0.975) and the degrees of freedom...

2005, Michael J. Crawley, Statistics: An Introduction Using R:

(statistics) A value equal to the difference between a measured variable factor and a fixed or algorithmic reference value.


residual

/ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.ʊəl/

/ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.əl/

/ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.ə.wəl/

/ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.wəl/

/ɹɪˈzɪd͡ʒ.əl/

Recorded since 1570. From residue, itself borrowed during the Middle English period from Old French residu (Modern French résidu), from Latin residuum (“a remainder”), the neuter inflection of residuus (“remaining, left over”), perfect participle of resideō (“to remain behind”), from re- (“back, again”) + sedeō (“to sit, to reside”).

(statistics) The difference between the observed value and the estimated value of the quantity of interest.


Median

de-noun

Median m (strong, genitive Medians, plural Mediane)

Medians (genitive)
Mediane (plural)
Median (nominative singular)
Mediane (definite nominative plural)
Medians (genitive singular)
Mediane (definite genitive plural)
Median (dative singular)
Medianen (dative definite plural)
Median (accusative singular)
Mediane (accusative definite plural)

(statistics) median (measure of central tendency)


quartile

From Middle French quartil, from Medieval Latin quartilus.

(statistics) Any of the three points that divide an ordered distribution into four parts, each containing a quarter of the population.

This school is ranked in the first quartile.

The Department for Transport's National Travel Survey shows that workers in the lowest income quartile are twice as likely to use public transport.

2021 July 28, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Confusion and dissent over face mask requirements: Reaction to the Guidance: British Safety Council”, in RAIL, number 936, page 6:

(statistics) Any one of the four groups so divided.


Z

Alternative form: Zed

Take that a step further for Millennials and Zs by crafting an e-mail subject header that does the same but with even fewer characters; […]

2017, Martha M. Ellis, Linda Garcia, Generation X Presidents Leading Community Colleges: New Challenges, New Leaders, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, page 10:

The current progressive movement—and certainly the Millennials and Zs—understand that the Hyde Amendment is discriminatory […]

2020, Zerlina Maxwell, The End of White Politics: How to Heal Our Liberal Divide, New York, N.Y.: Hachette Books, →ISBN:

The current global pandemic is almost certainly a formative moment for younger Millennials and Zs as they navigate through similar challenges.

2022, Morgen Witzel, editor, Post-Pandemic Leadership: Exploring Solutions to a Crisis, Routledge, →ISBN:


U

From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲. Doublet of Y and V.

uniform distribution
uniform distribution

(mathematics, statistics) uniform distribution


RV

(statistics) Initialism of random variable.


DOE

en-noun

DOE (countable and uncountable, plural DOEs)

Design Of Experiments
w:design of experiments

(sciences, statistics) Initialism of Design Of Experiments.


EFA

exploratory factor analysis
w:exploratory factor analysis

(statistics) Initialism of exploratory factor analysis.


stochastic matrix

stochastic matrix (plural stochastic matrices)

(linear algebra, probability theory, statistics) A matrix having the property that the entries in each column are non-negative, real and sum to 1.


percentile

Coined by Francis Galton in 1885, from percent + -ile.

(statistics) Any of the ninety-nine points that divide an ordered distribution into one hundred parts, each containing one per cent of the population.

She is highly intelligent—she has an IQ in the top percentile.

(statistics) Any one of the hundred groups so divided.

procentil

any one of the hundred groups so divided


MSA

MSA (countable and uncountable, plural MSAs)

metropolitan statistical area
w:metropolitan statistical area

(US, demography) Initialism of metropolitan statistical area.


CFR

CFR (countable and uncountable, plural CFRs)

The CFR for the SARS epidemic was around 9 to 10 percent, while MERS, first identified in 2012, is around 35 percent.

2020 March 12, Matt Stieb, “Does the Coronavirus Think I’m Old?”, in New York:

case fatality rate
case fatality rate#English

(countable, pathology, epidemiology, statistics) Initialism of case fatality rate.


SS

(statistics) Initialism of sum of squares.


RSS

residual sum of squares
residual sum of squares#English

(statistics) Initialism of residual sum of squares.