ablaut

en-noun

ablaut (countable and uncountable, plural ablauts)

Borrowed from German Ablaut (“sound gradation”), which is from ab- or ab (“down, off”), + Laut (“sound”). Ab is used here in the sense of “deviating, varying” as in Abgott (“god other than the true God”), Abart (“different sort, variety, anomality”).

bor+

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(phonology) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation, distinct from the phonetic influence of a succeeding vowel.


ablaut

ablautok (plural)
ablaut (nominative singular)
ablautok (nominative plural)
ablautot (accusative singular)
ablautokat (accusative plural)
ablautnak (dative singular)
ablautoknak (dative plural)
ablauttal (instrumental singular)
ablautokkal (instrumental plural)
ablautért (causal-final singular)
ablautokért (causal-final plural)
ablauttá (singular translative)
ablautokká (plural translative)
ablautig (singular terminative)
ablautokig (plural terminative)
ablautként (essive-formal singular)
ablautokként (essive-formal plural)
ablautban (inessive singular)
ablautokban (inessive plural)
ablauton (singular superessive)
ablautokon (plural superessive)
ablautnál (adessive singular)
ablautoknál (adessive plural)
ablautba (illative singular)
ablautokba (illative plural)
ablautra (singular sublative)
ablautokra (plural sublative)
ablauthoz (allative singular)
ablautokhoz (allative plural)
ablautból (elative singular)
ablautokból (elative plural)
ablautról (delative singular)
ablautokról (delative plural)
ablauttól (ablative singular)
ablautoktól (ablative plural)
ablauté (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
ablautoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
ablautéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
ablautokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
ablautom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
ablautjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
ablautod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
ablautjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
ablautja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
ablautjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
ablautunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
ablautjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
ablautotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
ablautjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
ablautjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
ablautjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(phonology) ablaut (substitution of one root vowel for another)


ablaut

From English ablaut, from German Ablaut (“sound gradation”), which is from ab- or ab (“down, off”), + Laut (“sound”).


accent

accent (nominative singular)
accentas (nominative plural)
accent (accusative singular)
accentas (accusative plural)
accentes (genitive singular)
accenta (genitive plural)
accente (dative singular)
accentum (dative plural)


quantity

en-noun

quantity (countable and uncountable, plural quantities)

From Middle English quantite, from Old French quantité, from Latin quantitās (“quantity”), from quantus (“how much”).


anterior

ca-adj

anterior m or f (masculine and feminine plural anteriors)


merger

From Anglo-Norman merger (verb used as noun).

-ɜː(ɹ)dʒə(ɹ)

the cot-caught merger

(phonology) A type of sound change where two or more sounds merge into one.


GA

General American
General American#English

(England phonology) Abbreviation of General American.


voice

en-verb

voice (third-person singular simple present voices, present participle voicing, simple past and past participle voiced)

voices (present singular third-person)
voicing (participle present)
voiced (participle past)
voiced (past)

From Middle English voysen, voicen, from the noun (see above).

(transitive, phonology) To utter audibly, with tone and not just breath.


bleed

bleed (third-person singular simple present bleeds, present participle bleeding, simple past and past participle bled)

bleeds (present singular third-person)
bleeding (participle present)
bled (participle past)
bled (past)

From Middle English bleden, from Old English blēdan (“to bleed”), from Proto-West Germanic *blōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *blōþijaną (“to bleed”), from *blōþą (“blood”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots blede, bleid (“to bleed”), Saterland Frisian bläide (“to bleed”), West Frisian bliede (“to bleed”), Dutch bloeden (“to bleed”), Low German blöden (“to bleed”), German bluten (“to bleed”), Danish bløde (“to bleed”), Swedish blöda (“to bleed”).

кровоточи́ть

seldom used, име́ть кровотече́ние (imétʹ krovotečénije), идёт кровь (idjót krovʹ)

Labialization bleeds palatalization.

(phonology, transitive, of a phonological rule) To destroy the environment where another phonological rule would have applied.


feed

feed (third-person singular simple present feeds, present participle feeding, simple past and past participle fed)

feeds (present singular third-person)
feeding (participle present)
fed (participle past)
fed (past)

From Middle English feden, from Old English fēdan (“to feed”), from Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōdijaną (“to feed”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to guard, graze, feed”). Cognate with West Frisian fiede (“to nourish, feed”), Dutch voeden (“to feed”), Danish føde (“to bring forth, feed”), Swedish föda (“to bring forth, feed”), Icelandic fæða (“to feed”), and more distantly with Latin pāscō (“feed, nourish”, verb) through Indo-European. More at food, fodder.

der

give a man a fish and you feed him for a day

teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime

Nasalization feeds raising.

(phonology, of a phonological rule) To create the environment where another phonological rule can apply; to be applied before another rule.


contraction

en-noun

contraction (countable and uncountable, plural contractions)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Late Middle English contraccioun, contraxion (“spasm, contraction; constriction, shrinking; act of pressing together”), from Old French contraction (modern French contraction), from Latin contractiō(n) (“a drawing together, contraction; abridgement, shortening; dejection, despondency”), from contrahō (“to draw things together, assemble, collect, gather; to enter into a contract”) + -tiō(n) (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or their results). Contrahō is derived from con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of objects) + trahō (“to drag, pull”) (probably from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to drag, pull; to run”)). By surface analysis, contract + -ion (suffix denoting actions or processes, or their results).

verkleining

Senses relating to pulling together or shortening.

A (sometimes reversible) contracting or reduction in length, scope, size, or volume; a narrowing, a shortening, a shrinking.

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) Synonym of syncope (“the elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable”)


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

(phonology) The parsing of syllables into prosodic constituents, which are used to determine the placement of stress in languages along with the notions of constituent heads.


International Phonetic Alphabet

the International Phonetic Alphabet (canonical)

/ˌɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)nəl fəˈnɛtɪk ˈælfəˌbɛt/

[ˌɪntəˈnæʃ(ə)nəɫ fəˈnɛtɪk ˈæɫfəˌbɛt]

/ˌɪntɚˈnæʃ(ə)n(ə)l fəˈnɛɾɪk ˈælfəˌbɛt/

[ˌɪntɚˈnæʃ(ə)n(ə)ɫ fəˈnɛɾɪk ˈæɫfəˌbɛt]

The International Phonetic Alphabet is commonly used in books about Shanghainese because none of the existing romanizations are very popular.

(phonetics, phonology) A standardized set of symbols for representing the sounds of human speech.

اَلْأَبْجَدِيَّة الصَّوْتِيَّة الدُّوَلِيَّة

الْأَلِفْبَائِيَّة الصَّوْتِيَّة الدُّوَلِيَّة

халкьуннал дянивсса фонетикалул алфавит

xalqʼunnal daˤniws:a fonetikalul alfawit

אינטערנאַציאָנאַלער פֿאָנעטישער אַלפֿאַבעט


blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(chiefly phonetics, phonology) The part of the tongue just behind the tip, used to make laminal consonants.


liquid

en-adj

liquid (comparative more liquid, superlative most liquid)

more liquid (comparative)
most liquid (superlative)

illiquid

antonym(s) of “having sufficient activity”

From Middle English liquide, from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus (“fluid, liquid, moist”), from liqueō (“to be liquid, be fluid”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wleykʷ- (“to flow, run”). Doublet of liquidus. As a term for a consonant, it comes from Latin liquida (cōnsōnāns), a calque of Ancient Greek ὑγρὸν (σύμφωνον) (hugròn (súmphōnon), “liquid consonant”).

der

ὑγρὸν (σύμφωνον)

/l/ and /r/ are liquid consonants.

(phonology) Belonging to a class of consonants comprised of the laterals and the rhotics, which in many languages behave similarly.


eng

Probably created in analogy with other names for nasal consonants em (m) and en (n).

Roman alphabet ŋ: The Latin-based letter formed by combining the letters n and g, used in the IPA, Saami, Mende, and some Australian aboriginal languages. In the IPA, it represents the voiced velar nasal, the ng sound in running and rink. .


phoneme

From Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma, “sound”), from φωνέω (phōnéō, “to sound”), from φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”). By surface analysis, phone (“speech sound”) + -eme (“unit”).

surf

It is crucial for the phoneme structure of Finnish — traditionally /d/ has not been included in the Finnish phonotax, but it fulfils the criteria of a phoneme (Karlsson, 1983: 66-7).

1990, Jarmo Lainio, “Sweden Finnish — development or deterioration?”, in Durk Gorter, editor, Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages: Western and Eastern European papers, Multilingual Matters, →ISBN, page 31:

(phonology) An indivisible unit of sound in a given language. A phoneme is an abstraction of the physical speech sounds (phones) and may encompass several different phones.


theta

→ Malay: teta

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θῆτα (thêta).

(phonology) The voiceless dental fricative represented by θ.


nucleus

Learned borrowing from Latin nucleus (“kernel, core”). The earliest uses refer to the head of a comet and the kernel of a seed, both recorded in Lexicon Technicum in 1704. The sense in atomic physics was coined by British scientist Michael Faraday in 1844 in a theoretical meaning.

coin

(phonetics, phonology) The central part of a syllable, most commonly a vowel.


closed

open

antonym(s) of “also phonetics (of vowels, syllables)”

(phonology) Formed by closing the mouth and nose passages completely, like the consonants /t/, /d/, and /p/.

(phonology) Having the sound cut off sharply by a following consonant, like the /ɪ/ in pin.


acute

en-adj

acute (comparative acuter or more acute, superlative acutest or most acute)

acuter (comparative)
more acute (comparative)
acutest (superlative)
most acute (superlative)

From Late Middle English acute (“of a disease or fever: starting suddenly and lasting for a short time; of a humour: irritating, sharp”), from Latin acūta, from acūtus (“sharp, sharpened”), perfect passive participle of acuō (“to make pointed, sharpen, whet”), from acus (“needle, pin”). The word is cognate to ague (“acute, intermittent fever”).
As regards the noun, which is derived from the verb, compare Middle English acūte (“severe but short-lived fever; of blood: corrosiveness, sharpness; musical note of high pitch”).

cog

(phonology, dated, of a sound) Sharp, produced in the front of the mouth. (See Grave and acute on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


timbre

→ Hausa: tambur

→ Luxembourgish: Timber

desctree

→ Persian: تمبر (tambr)
→ Azerbaijani: təmr

Inherited from Old French timbre, via Byzantine Greek, from Ancient Greek τύμπανον (túmpanon, “drum”). Less likely a direct descendant of Latin tympanum. Doublet of tympan.


series

en-noun

series (plural series or (obsolete) serieses)

series (plural)
serieses (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: シリーズ (shirīzu)

→ Korean: 시리즈 (sirijeu)

→ Burmese: စီးရီး (ci:ri:)

Attested from the 1610s; borrowed from Latin seriēs, from serere (“to join together, bind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Related to desert, insert, sermon, and sorcerer.

مُتَسَلْسِلَة

in analysis: sum of the terms of a sequence

(phonology) A set of consonants that share a particular phonetic or phonological feature.


schwa

Borrowed from German Schwa, from Hebrew שווא / שְׁוָא (shva, šəwā, “(mark mostly indicating absence of a vowel sound)”), borrowed from Classical Syriac ܫ̈ܘܰܝܳܐ (š'wayyā, literally “even, equal”), in Syriac a term for a sign consisting of two vertical dots used to separate parts of a sentence. Doublet of shva.

der

The participle has also, owing to the accent, the lightest possible forms; but here there was no reduplication, and so in class I. the "schwa" took the form e before single mutes or fricatives, and elsewhere o.

1882, B. W. Wells, “The Ablaut in English”, in Transactions of the American Philological Association, page 67:

However, word-final unstressed schwa is deleted even by the speakers from South Albania, though to different degrees and dependant on the speech style[…]

2006 April 27, Sylvia Moosmüller, Theodor Granser, “The spread of Standard Albanian: An illustration based on an analysis of vowels”, in Language Variation and Change, volume 18, number 2, Cambridge University Press, →DOI:

(phonetics) An indeterminate central vowel sound as the "a" in "about", represented as /ə/ in IPA.


schwa

en-verb

schwa (third-person singular simple present schwas, present participle schwaing, simple past and past participle schwaed)

schwas (present singular third-person)
schwaing (participle present)
schwaed (participle past)
schwaed (past)

(phonetics, of a vowel sound, rare) To be reduced to schwa.


glottal stop

(phonetics) A plosive sound articulated with the glottis.


liaison

en-noun

liaison (countable and uncountable, plural liaisons)

Borrowed from French liaison (“binding”), from Latin ligātiō (stem ligātiōn-; whence the English doublet ligation), derived from ligō (“I bind”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”).

bor+

(phonology) Fusion of two consecutive words and the manner in which this occurs.

(phonology) The pronunciation of a normally silent final consonant when the next word begins with a vowel.


final

→ Japanese: ファイナル (fainaru)

→ Swahili: fainali

From Middle English final, fynal, fynall, from Old French final, from Latin fīnālis (“of or relating to the end or to boundaries”), from fīnis (“end”); see fine. Replaced native English endly (“final”).

der

(phonology) The final part of a syllable, the combination of medial and rime in phonetics and phonology.


alternation

en-noun

alternation (countable and uncountable, plural alternations)

Latin alternatio; compare French alternation.
Morphologically alternate + -ion


aperture

Borrowed from Latin apertūra (“opening”). Doublet of ouverture.

bor+

(phonetics, phonology) opening, openness, aperture


syncopation

en-noun

syncopation (usually uncountable, plural syncopations)

From syncopate + -ion. The phonological sense was first attested in English in the 1530's, the musical sense in the 1590's.
*
 Audio (Southern England): (file)

(linguistics, phonology) The contraction of a word by means of loss or omission of sounds or syllables in the middle thereof.


vahva

vahvemp (comparative)
vahva (nominative singular)
vahvat (nominative plural)
vahvan (genitive singular)
vahvoin (genitive plural)
vahvaa (partitive singular)
vahvoja (partitive plural)
vahvaa (illative singular)
vahvoi (illative plural)
vahvaas (inessive singular)
vahvois (inessive plural)
vahvast (elative singular)
vahvoist (elative plural)
vahvalle (allative singular)
vahvoille (allative plural)
vahvaal (adessive singular)
vahvoil (adessive plural)
vahvalt (ablative singular)
vahvoilt (ablative plural)
vahvaks (singular translative)
vahvoiks (plural translative)
vahvanna (essive singular)
vahvaan (essive singular)
vahvoinna (essive plural)
vahvoin (essive plural)
vahvant (exessive singular)
vahvoint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *vahva. Cognates include Finnish vahva and Estonian vahva.

vahva paino

Paino voip ollaa vahva, poolivahva, ja slaaboi, siis sitä voip sannoa i painottomaks.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:

Stress can be primary, secondary, and tertiary, thus this can also be called unstressed.


reduce

en-verb

reduce (third-person singular simple present reduces, present participle reducing, simple past and past participle reduced)

reduces (present singular third-person)
reducing (participle present)
reduced (participle past)
reduced (past)

From Middle English reducen, from Old French reduire, from Latin redūcō (“reduce”); from re- (“back”) + dūcō (“lead”). See duke, and compare with redoubt.

The first vowel of support is reduced to schwa by most English speakers.

(transitive, phonetics, phonology) To pronounce (a sound or word) with less effort.


coda

Borrowed from Italian coda (literally “tail”), from Latin cauda. Doublet of queue.

Holonyms: rime, syllable

The word “salts” has three consonants — /l/, /t/, and /s/ — in its coda, whereas the word “glee” has no coda at all.

(phonology) The optional final sound of a syllable or word, occurring after its nucleus and usually composed of one or more consonants.


coda

Borrowed from Italian coda. Doublet of queue.


umlaut

umlaut (nominative singular)
umlauty (nominative plural)
umlautu (genitive singular)
umlautów (genitive plural)
umlautowi (dative singular)
umlautom (dative plural)
umlaut (accusative singular)
umlauty (accusative plural)
umlautem (instrumental singular)
umlautami (instrumental plural)
umlaucie (locative singular)
umlautach (locative plural)
umlaucie (singular vocative)
umlauty (plural vocative)

(phonology) umlaut (the partial assimilation of vowels in some Germanic languages)


radical

en-adj

radical (comparative more radical, superlative most radical)

more radical (comparative)
most radical (superlative)

derivative

antonym(s) of “linguistics, in reference to words”

Inherited from Middle English radical, from Latin rādīcālis (“of or pertaining to the root, having roots, radical”).

der

(phonology, phonetics, not comparable, of a sound) Produced using the root of the tongue.


onset

General American, Midland US, Southern US

From on- + set. Compare Old English onsettan (“to impose; oppress, bear down”). For semantic parallels for the meaning to assault, compare cognate Russian насе́сть pf (naséstʹ), наседа́ть impf (nasedátʹ).

cog

Holonym: syllable

(phonology) The initial portion of a syllable, preceding the syllable nucleus.

atako

(phonology) initial portion of a syllable


mater lectionis

en-noun

mater lectionis (plural matres lectionis)

Borrowed from New Latin māter lēctiōnis (literally “mother of reading”), calque of Medieval Hebrew אֵם קְרִיאָה (ʾēm qərîʾā).

der

אֵם קְרִיאָה

(phonology) A consonant letter used to represent a vowel sound in Semitic scripts.

أُمّ قِرَاءَة

consonant used to represent a vowel sound


반시옷

(phonology) the obsolete Korean consonant ㅿ.


鼻音

(phonology) a mora that contains a nasal sound, such as に (ni), み (mi), ん (n) or the historically nasalized vowel う (u)


visarga

Borrowed from Sanskrit विसर्ग (visarga).

XXV of Centamil published by the Tamil Sangam at Madura that in ancient times āytam was represented by visarga.

1934, P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri, History of Grammatical Theories in Tamil and Their Relation to the Grammatical Literature in Sanskrit:

(phonology, Sanskrit grammar) the voiceless terminal h in Sanskrit


grave

en-adj

grave (comparative graver, superlative gravest)

graver (comparative)
gravest (superlative)

From Middle French grave, a learned borrowing from Latin gravis (“heavy, important”). Compare Old French greve (“terrible, dreadful”). Doublet of grief.

(phonology, dated, of a sound) Dull, produced in the middle or back of the mouth. (See Grave and acute on Wikipedia.Wikipedia)


soft

soft (comparative softer, superlative softest)

softer (comparative)
softest (superlative)

hard

antonym(s) of “giving way under pressure”

firm

antonym(s) of “lacking strength or resolve”

From Middle English softe, from Old English sōfte, alteration of earlier sēfte (“soft”), from Proto-West Germanic *samft(ī) (“level, even, smooth, soft, gentle”) (compare *sōmiz (“agreeable, fitting”)), from Proto-Indo-European *semptio-, *semtio-, from *sem- (“one, whole”). Cognate with West Frisian sêft (“gentle; soft”), Dutch zacht (“soft”), German Low German sacht (“soft”), German sanft (“soft, yielding”), Old Norse sœmr (“agreeable, fitting”), samr (“same”). More at seem, same.


nasal

fr-adj

nasal (feminine nasale, masculine plural nasaux, feminine plural nasales)

nasale (feminine)
nasaux (masculine plural)
nasales (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nāsālis, from Latin nāsus (“nose”).


cacuminal

en-adj

cacuminal (comparative more cacuminal, superlative most cacuminal)

more cacuminal (comparative)
most cacuminal (superlative)

From cacūmin- (the stem of the Latin cacūmen (“extremity, point, peak”) + -al.

uder

1942, George Leonard Trager, Studies in Linguistics, Volumes 1-7, page 52,
/L/ and /n/, slightly more cacuminal than the alveolar series, are very rare, and occur only in word-final position.

The cacuminal s is produced by raising the tongue-tip to a point behind the alveoli, with a concavity in its upper surface;

1951, William James Entwistle, The Spanish Language: Together with Portuguese, Catalan and Basque, page 218:

1992, Anatoly Liberman, Vowel lengthening before resonant + another consonant and svarabhakti in Germanic, Irmengard Rauch, Gerald F. Carr, Robert L. Kyes (editors), On Germanic Linguistics: Issues and Methods, Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 68, page 190,
It is a trill, because the choice can be only between a cacuminal trill or a cacuminal lateral, but cacuminal l already exists in the system […] .

(phonology, dated) Pronounced using a concave or retroflexed tongue.


cacuminal

(phonology, dated) A sound pronounced using a retroflexed tongue.


lateral

en-adj

lateral (comparative more lateral, superlative most lateral)

more lateral (comparative)
most lateral (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin laterālis (“belonging to the side”), from latus (“the side or flank”) + -ālis (“-al”, adjectival suffix).

af

(phonetics, phonology) (of a consonant, especially the English clear l) Pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage.


lateral

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch lateraal, from French latéral, from Latin laterālis.

(phonetics, phonology) pertaining to speech sounds generated by partially blocking the egress of the airstream with the tongue, leaving space on one or both sides of the occlusion for air passage.


lateral

id-noun

latêral (plural lateral-lateral, first-person possessive lateralku, second-person possessive lateralmu, third-person possessive lateralnya)

latêral (canonical)
lateral-lateral (plural)
lateralku (first-person possessive)
lateralmu (possessive second-person)
lateralnya (possessive third-person)

(phonetics, phonology) A sound produced through lateral pronunciation (such as /l/ in lateral).


sonant

Indo-Germanic sonants and consonants


labial

fr-adj

labial (feminine labiale, masculine plural labiaux, feminine plural labiales)

labiale (feminine)
labiaux (masculine plural)
labiales (feminine plural)


dissimilation

en-noun

dissimilation (countable and uncountable, plural dissimilations)

/ˌdɪsɪmɪˈleɪʃən/

From dis- + -similation, after assimilation.

Brimstone is "properly" *brinstone, displaying an ancient careless pronunciation made respectable by being called "dissimilation".

1985, Robert Burchfield, The English Language, Oxford: Oxford University Press, page 112:

(phonology, phonetics) A phenomenon where one of a pair of similar adjacent consonant or vowel sounds in a word becomes less similar.

տարնմանություն

(phonology) A phenomenon whereby similar consonant or vowel sounds in a word become less similar


esh

The letter Ʃ/ʃ, used by some African languages.


संधि

saṃdhí (romanization)
संधिः (nominative singular)
संधी (dual nominative)
संधयः (nominative plural)
संधे (singular vocative)
संधी (dual vocative)
संधयः (plural vocative)
संधिम् (accusative singular)
संधी (accusative dual)
संधीन् (accusative plural)
संधिना (instrumental singular)
संधिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संधिभिः (instrumental plural)
संधये (dative singular)
संधिभ्याम् (dative dual)
संधिभ्यः (dative plural)
संधेः (ablative singular)
संधिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संधिभ्यः (ablative plural)
संधेः (genitive singular)
संध्योः (dual genitive)
संधीनाम् (genitive plural)
संधौ (locative singular)
संध्योः (dual locative)
संधिषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine i-stem declension of संधि

→ English: sandhi

→ Marathi: संधी (sandhī)

→ Tamil: சந்தி (canti)

(phonology, grammar) sandhi, euphonic combination


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Latin silex (“pebble, flint”), siliqua (“pod”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

(phonology) The onset and coda of a syllable.


intrusion

en-noun

intrusion (countable and uncountable, plural intrusions)

/ɪnˈtɹuːʒən/

From Middle English intrusioun, from Old French intrusion, from Medieval Latin intrūsiō, from intrūdō, from Latin in- + trūdō.

A current challenge in recent work on Spanish sound structure is to understand the conditions that determine vowel intrusion and the consequences vowel intrusion may have on Spanish phonology.

2009, Benjamin Schmeiser, edited by Marine Vigário, Sónia Frota, and M. João Freitas, Phonetics and Phonology: Interactions and Interrelations, →ISBN, page 181:

(phonology) The insertion of a phoneme into the pronunciation of a word despite its absence from the spelling. (e.g. intrusive r)


posterior

ca-adj

posterior m or f (masculine and feminine plural posteriors)


nebo

nebọ̑ (canonical neuter)
nebọ̑ (nominative singular)
nẹ̑bi (dual nominative)
nẹ̑ba (nominative plural)
nebȃ (genitive singular)
nẹ̑b (dual genitive)
nẹ̑b (genitive plural)
nẹ̑bu (dative singular)
nẹ̑bi (dative singular)
nẹ̑boma (dative dual)
nẹ̑bama (dative dual)
nẹ̑bom (dative plural)
nẹ̑bam (dative plural)
nebọ̑ (accusative singular)
nẹ̑bi (accusative dual)
nẹ̑ba (accusative plural)
nẹ̑bu (locative singular)
nẹ̑bi (locative singular)
nẹ̑bih (dual locative)
nẹ̑bah (dual locative)
nẹ̑bih (locative plural)
nẹ̑bah (locative plural)
nẹ̑bom (instrumental singular)
nẹ̑boma (dual instrumental)
nẹ̑bama (dual instrumental)
nẹ̑bi (instrumental plural)
nebọ̑ (singular vocative)
nẹ̑bi (dual vocative)
nẹ̑ba (plural vocative)
nebọ̑ (nominative singular)
nebẹ́si (dual nominative)
nebẹ́sa (nominative plural)
nebẹ́sa (genitive singular)
nebẹ̄s (dual genitive)
nebẹ̄s (genitive plural)
nebẹ́su (dative singular)
nebẹ́si (dative singular)
nebẹ́soma (dative dual)
nebẹ́sama (dative dual)
nebẹ́som (dative plural)
nebẹ́sam (dative plural)
nebọ̑ (accusative singular)
nebẹ́si (accusative dual)
nebẹ́sa (accusative plural)
nebẹ́su (locative singular)
nebẹ́si (locative singular)
nebẹ́sih (dual locative)
nebẹ́sih (locative plural)
nebẹ́som (instrumental singular)
nebẹ́soma (dual instrumental)
nebẹ́sama (dual instrumental)
nebẹ́si (instrumental plural)
nebọ̑ (singular vocative)
nebẹ̑si (dual vocative)
nebẹ̑sa (plural vocative)

sl-infl-noun

* obsolete; compare pluralia tantum nebesa

From Proto-Slavic *nebo, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *néba, from Proto-Indo-European *nébʰos.

(anatomy, phonetics) palate (soft and hard)


soften

en-verb

soften (third-person singular simple present softens, present participle softening, simple past and past participle softened)

softens (present singular third-person)
softening (participle present)
softened (participle past)
softened (past)

From Middle English softenen, softnen, equivalent to soft + -en.

(transitive, intransitive, phonology) To become or make (a consonant) more lenis, to lenite.


fonema

lt-noun

fonemà f (plural fonèmos) stress pattern 1

fonemà (canonical feminine stress-pattern-1)
fonèmos (plural)
fonemà (nominative singular)
fonèmos (nominative plural)
fonemõs (genitive singular)
fonemų̃ (genitive plural)
fonèmai (dative singular)
fonemóms (dative plural)
fonèmą (accusative singular)
fonèmas (accusative plural)
fonèma (instrumental singular)
fonemomìs (instrumental plural)
fonemojè (locative singular)
fonemosè (locative plural)
fonèma (singular vocative)
fonèmos (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Ancient Greek φώνημᾰ (phṓnēma). Compare Latvian fonēma.


emphasis

en-noun

emphasis (countable and uncountable, plural emphases)

From Latin emphasis, from Ancient Greek ἔμφασις (émphasis, “significance”), from ἐμφαίνω (emphaínō, “I present, I indicate”), from ἐν- (en-, “in”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “I show”).

der

(phonology) The phonetic or phonological feature that distinguishes emphatic consonants from other consonants.

emfaasi

phonology: the phonetic or phonological feature that distinguishes emphatic consonants from other consonants


initial

From Middle French initial or directly from its Latin etymon initiālis (“of the beginning, incipient, initial”), from initium (“a going in, entrance, beginning”), from inire (“to go in, enter upon, begin”), from in (“in”) + ire (“to go”).

(phonology) onset, part of a syllable that precedes the syllable nucleus in phonetics and phonology.


flapping

en-noun

flapping (countable and uncountable, plural flappings)

(phonology) A phonological process found in many dialects of English, especially American English and Canadian English, by which intervocalic /t/ and /d/ surface as the alveolar flap [ɾ] before an unstressed syllable, so that words such as "metal" and "medal" are pronounced similarly or identically.


glide

From Middle English gliden, from Old English glīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *glīdan, from Proto-Germanic *glīdaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰleydʰ-.
Cognate with West Frisian glide, glydzje, Low German glieden, Dutch glijden, German gleiten, Norwegian Nynorsk gli, Danish glide, Swedish glida, Finnish liitää.

(phonology) A transitional sound, especially a semivowel.


coalescence

coalescence (countable and uncountable, plural coalescences)

(phonology) The merging of two segments into one.


prothesis

prothesis (countable and uncountable, plural protheses)

From Late Latin prothesis, prosthesis, alteration (dropping the ‘s’) from Ancient Greek πρόσθεσις (prósthesis, “addition, augmentation”), (English prosthesis) from προστίθημι (prostíthēmi, “I add”), from πρός (prós, “towards”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “I place”), from Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti + *dʰédʰeh₁- (“to be putting, to be placing”).
However, often confused for a descendant of the Ancient Greek word πρόθεσις (próthesis, “a preposing, preposition”) (without the σ (s)), which is instead the source of a different term – see alternative etymology, below.

der

(phonology) The prepending of phonemes at the beginning of a word without changing its morphological structure, as in Spanish esfera from Greek (via Latin) sphaera (“sphere”) (without prothesis the word would have become *sfera).

إِبْدَاء

the addition of a sound or syllable at the beginning of a word without changing the word's meaning or the rest of its structure


haplology

en-noun

haplology (countable and uncountable, plural haplologies)

(phonology, uncountable) The process of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.

(phonology, countable) An instance of deleting one of two almost identical syllables within a word.


Cluster

de-noun

Cluster m or n (strong, genitive Clusters, plural Cluster or (rare) Clusters)

Clusters (genitive)
Cluster (plural)
Clusters (plural rare)
Cluster (definite nominative singular)
Cluster (definite nominative plural)
Clusters (definite nominative plural)
Clusters (genitive singular)
Cluster (definite genitive plural)
Clusters (definite genitive plural)
Cluster (dative singular)
Clustern (dative definite plural)
Clusters (dative definite plural)
Cluster (accusative definite singular)
Cluster (accusative definite plural)
Clusters (accusative definite plural)

de-ndecl

m:n,,-:s􂀿rare and not recognised by Duden􂁀

Unadapted borrowing from English cluster.

ubor

cluster
(phonology) sequence of consonants


More

More (genitive)
Moren (plural)
More (nominative singular)
Moren (definite nominative plural)
More (genitive singular)
Moren (definite genitive plural)
More (dative singular)
Moren (dative definite plural)
More (accusative singular)
Moren (accusative definite plural)


allophone

vähemmistökieltä äidinkielenään puhuva

person whose mother tongue is one other than that spoken by the majority

In some languages, [ʋ] is an allophone of /v/.

In the former the bilabial phone forms an allophone of the phoneme /v/ in word-final position after /a/ and an allophone of the phoneme /u/ when it is preceded by an obstruent and followed by /a/; […]

2003, Mikhail Sergeevich Andronov, A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 33:

(phonology) Any of two or more alternative pronunciations for a phoneme.


allophone

Coordinate term: phonème

(phonetics, phonology) allophone (any of two or more alternative pronunciations for a phoneme)


wildcard

(phonetics, phonology) A letter or symbol that substitutes for a generic or poorly identified sound, for example capital C for any or some consonant, or capital V for any or some vowel.


phonological

/ˌfɒnəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/

/ˌfəʊ̯nəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/

/ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/

/ˌfoʊ̯nəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/

[...] Phonological competence is also reflected in intuitions about phonological structure: any English speaker intuitively feels, for example, that the sequence 'black bird' can either be a single phonological word (BLACKbird, with primary stress on black = a species of bird, like thrush, robin, etc.), or two independent phonological words (BLACK BIRD or black BIRD = bird which is black, as opposed to 'white bird', 'yellow bird', etc.).

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational Grammar, Cambridge: University Press, →ISBN, page 5:

Each language has its own distinct phonological qualities which a counter can tap into with effect. It is not necessarily specific phonemes (though these can sometimes be diagnostic), but rather the frequency and phonotactic distribution of each disparate set of phonemes that go together in the speech stream in certain recognisable ways.

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:


phonème

desctree

→ Dutch: foneem, phoneem (dated)
→ Indonesian: fonem

→ German: Phonem

Greek: φώνημα n (fónima, “phoneme”)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek φώνημα (phṓnēma).

lbor

Coordinate term: phone

ce phonème, qui fleurit aussi bien dans l’extrême Orient que dans notre Basse-Normandie, tient le milieu entre notre a grave et l’o grave moyen des mots fort! encore! etc.

this sound, as abundant in the Far East as in our own Lower Normandy occupies the ground between our à sound and the middle o of words like fort! and encore!

Tout phonème suppose un réseau d’oppositions avec les autres phonèmes du même système. La thèse saussurienne précise: «Les phonèmes sont avant tout des entités oppositives, relative et négatives.»

Every phoneme assumes a network of contrasts with other phonemes in the same system. In de Saussure's words: "Phonemes are defined above all by opposition, relativity, by what they are not."

(phonetics, phonology) phoneme (indivisible unit of sound in a given language)


emphatic

en-adj

emphatic (comparative more emphatic, superlative most emphatic)

more emphatic (comparative)
most emphatic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek ἐμφατικός (emphatikós, “emphatic”), from ἐμφαίνω (emphaínō, “I show, present”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “I shine, show”); related to ἔμφασις (émphasis) and English emphasis.

der

(phonology) Belonging to a series of obstruent consonants in several Afro-Asiatic languages that are distinguished by a guttural (co-)articulation.

pharyngealized consonants in Arabic, Hebrew, other Northwest Semitic languages, and Berber languages

ejective consonants in Ge'ez, Amharic, other Ethiopic Semitic languages, Chadic and Cushitic languages

(phonology, archaic except in layman’s use) Referring to the above consonants as well as /ħ/ and /ʕ/ (these being seen as emphatic equivalents of /h/ and /ʔ/).


phonology

en-noun

phonology (countable and uncountable, plural phonologies)

From phono- (prefix denoting sound) + -logy (suffix denoting a branch of learning, or a study of a particular subject).

confix

Prospectus of a new work, entitled Pantographia: Containing accurate copies of all the known alphabets in the world. Together with an English explanation of the peculiar force of each letter: To which will be added specimens of all well-authenticated oral languages, Forming a comprehensive Digest of phonology.

1798 August, Edmund Fry, Prospectus of a New Work, Entitled Pantographia; …, [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, title page:

The advantages of such a system [of a universal alphabet], both scientific and practical, were urged, the former in connection with the study of ethnology and philology, and the latter chiefly in connection with the great Protestant missionary enterprises of the present time. Professor [Karl Richard] Lepsius and Dr. Max Müller have devoted much time to the subject, founding their phonology on the physiological principles ably expounded by Dr. Johannes Müller, and published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin.

1854 March, “Notes of the Month”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine and Historical Review, volume XLI (New Series), London: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons, →OCLC, page 281, column 2:

The Achean, the ancient Malayu and other mixed phonologies possessing a considerable degree of harshness, were thus formed.

1856, J[ames] R[ichardson] Logan, “The Maruwi of the Baniak Islands”, in J. R. Logan, editor, The Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, volume XLI (New Series), number 1, Singapore: […] [F]or the editor by Jacob Baptist, →OCLC, page 16:

The most interesting applications of the phonograph, however, are to the analysis of speech. […] [T]he point in which the proposed arrangements will be of most value is in the analysis of the inflections of speech, or the rapid variations of pitch which occur continually. This analysis is of the highest importance for phonology, as the inflections are undoubtedly among the principal characteristics of dialects.

1879 October, R[obert] H[olford] M[acdowall] Bosanquet, “XXXV. On the Present State of Experimental Acoustics, with Suggestions for the Arrangement of an Acoustic Laboratory, and a Sketch of Research.”, in Robert Kane, William Thomson, William Francis, editors, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, volume VIII (Fifth Series), number 49, London: Taylor and Francis, […]; sold by Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer; […], →OCLC, page 301:

Crucially, the neat separateness of phonologies which my account seems to imply is an abstraction and does not mean that the phonologies represented different regional or social dialects.

1997, Nikolaus Ritt, “Mutation, Variation and Selection in Phonological Evolution: A Sketch Based on the Case of Late Middle English a > au/_l{C/#}”, in Jacek Fisiak, editor, Studies in Middle English Linguistics (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs; 103), Berlin; New York, N.Y.: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 545:

Thus, underlying 'agtus' was converted first into 'āgtus' by the vowel lengthening rule, and then into 'āktus' by the ancient persistent rule. This example has previously been interpreted as indicating that new rules can enter a phonology elsewhere than at depth I.

2000, Wallace L. Chafe, “The Ordering of Phonological Rules”, in Charles W. Kreidler, editor, Phonology: Critical Concepts, volume IV (From Rules to Constraints), London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 219:

(uncountable) The study of the way sounds function in languages, including accent, intonation, phonemes, stress, and syllable structure, and which sounds are distinctive units within a language; (countable) the way sounds function within a given language; a phonological system.

ponolohiya

Sign language linguists have produced many volumes of description of the phonology and morphology of signs and the syntax of sign languages.

1995, David F. Armstrong, William C[larence] Stokoe, Sherman E. Wilcox, “The Universe of Gesture”, in Gesture and the Nature of Language, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 1996, →ISBN, page 21:

The term ‘phonology’ may seem odd in the context of sign linguistics, since the word has as its root phon – the Greek word for ‘sound’. […] However, sign linguists now prefer the term phonology to emphasise that the same level of structure exists in sign language and spoken language, despite the differences in modality. The study of sign phonology began with the work of William Stokoe, the American founder of sign linguistics.

1999, Rachel Sutton-Spence, Bencie Woll, “The Structure of Gestures and Signs”, in The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, published 2003, →ISBN, page 154:

[A]s with spoken languages, sign language phonologies are built from a repertoire of distinctive features that are assembled following principled combinatorial constraints. […] ASL [American Sign Language] linguistic properties / a. A phonology based on hand shape, orientation of the hands, the location and movement of the hands within the signing space, and contact of the hands with each other and the body.

2014, Gerald P. Berent, “Sign Language–Spoken Language Bilingualism and the Derivation of Bimodally Mixed Sentences”, in Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie, editors, The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics), 2nd edition, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, →ISBN, part II (Neurological and Psychological Aspects of Bilingualism and Multilingualism), page 352:

(by extension, uncountable) The study of the way components of signs function in a sign language, and which components are distinctive units within the language; (countable) the way components of signs function within a given sign language.

fonologia

study of the way components of signs function in a sign language; way components of signs function within a given sign language


geminate

/ˈd͡ʒɛmɪnət/

Borrowed from Latin geminātus, perfect passive participle of geminō (“to double”).

For example, Martin (2007) notes that compounds in several languages (including English and Turkish) violate the general phonological principles in the language (e.g., English only allows geminate consonants in compounds).

2008, Sara Finley, Review of “The Representation and Processing of Compound Words”:

(phonology, of a consonant) Pronounced longer and considered as being doubled.


geminate

(phonology) A doubled or repeated letter or speech sound.


nálægur

head

nálægur (comparative nálægari, superlative nálægastur)

nálægari (comparative)
nálægastur (superlative)
nálægur (masculine nominative singular)
nálæg (feminine nominative singular)
nálægt (neuter nominative singular)
nálægan (accusative masculine singular)
nálæga (accusative feminine singular)
nálægt (accusative neuter singular)
nálægum (dative masculine singular)
nálægri (dative feminine singular)
nálægu (dative neuter singular)
nálægs (genitive masculine singular)
nálægrar (feminine genitive singular)
nálægs (genitive neuter singular)
nálægir (masculine nominative plural)
nálægar (feminine nominative plural)
nálæg (neuter nominative plural)
nálæga (accusative masculine plural)
nálægar (accusative feminine plural)
nálæg (accusative neuter plural)
nálægum (dative masculine plural)
nálægum (dative feminine plural)
nálægum (dative neuter plural)
nálægra (genitive masculine plural)
nálægra (feminine genitive plural)
nálægra (genitive neuter plural)
nálægi (masculine nominative singular)
nálæga (feminine nominative singular)
nálæga (neuter nominative singular)
nálæga (accusative masculine singular)
nálægu (accusative feminine singular)
nálæga (accusative neuter singular)
nálæga (dative masculine singular)
nálægu (dative feminine singular)
nálæga (dative neuter singular)
nálæga (genitive masculine singular)
nálægu (feminine genitive singular)
nálæga (genitive neuter singular)
nálægu (masculine nominative plural)
nálægu (feminine nominative plural)
nálægu (neuter nominative plural)
nálægu (accusative masculine plural)
nálægu (accusative feminine plural)
nálægu (accusative neuter plural)
nálægu (dative masculine plural)
nálægu (dative feminine plural)
nálægu (dative neuter plural)
nálægu (genitive masculine plural)
nálægu (feminine genitive plural)
nálægu (genitive neuter plural)
nálægari (comparative masculine nominative singular)
nálægari (comparative feminine nominative singular)
nálægara (comparative neuter nominative singular)
nálægari (accusative comparative masculine singular)
nálægari (accusative comparative feminine singular)
nálægara (accusative comparative neuter singular)
nálægari (comparative dative masculine singular)
nálægari (comparative dative feminine singular)
nálægara (comparative dative neuter singular)
nálægari (comparative genitive masculine singular)
nálægari (comparative feminine genitive singular)
nálægara (comparative genitive neuter singular)
nálægari (comparative masculine nominative plural)
nálægari (comparative feminine nominative plural)
nálægari (comparative neuter nominative plural)
nálægari (accusative comparative masculine plural)
nálægari (accusative comparative feminine plural)
nálægari (accusative comparative neuter plural)
nálægari (comparative dative masculine plural)
nálægari (comparative dative feminine plural)
nálægari (comparative dative neuter plural)
nálægari (comparative genitive masculine plural)
nálægari (comparative feminine genitive plural)
nálægari (comparative genitive neuter plural)
nálægastur (masculine nominative singular superlative)
nálægust (feminine nominative singular superlative)
nálægast (neuter nominative singular superlative)
nálægastan (accusative masculine singular superlative)
nálægasta (accusative feminine singular superlative)
nálægast (accusative neuter singular superlative)
nálægustum (dative masculine singular superlative)
nálægastri (dative feminine singular superlative)
nálægustu (dative neuter singular superlative)
nálægasts (genitive masculine singular superlative)
nálægastrar (feminine genitive singular superlative)
nálægasts (genitive neuter singular superlative)
nálægastir (masculine nominative plural superlative)
nálægastar (feminine nominative plural superlative)
nálægust (neuter nominative plural superlative)
nálægasta (accusative masculine plural superlative)
nálægastar (accusative feminine plural superlative)
nálægust (accusative neuter plural superlative)
nálægustum (dative masculine plural superlative)
nálægustum (dative feminine plural superlative)
nálægustum (dative neuter plural superlative)
nálægastra (genitive masculine plural superlative)
nálægastra (feminine genitive plural superlative)
nálægastra (genitive neuter plural superlative)
nálægasti (masculine nominative singular superlative)
nálægasta (feminine nominative singular superlative)
nálægasta (neuter nominative singular superlative)
nálægasta (accusative masculine singular superlative)
nálægustu (accusative feminine singular superlative)
nálægasta (accusative neuter singular superlative)
nálægasta (dative masculine singular superlative)
nálægustu (dative feminine singular superlative)
nálægasta (dative neuter singular superlative)
nálægasta (genitive masculine singular superlative)
nálægustu (feminine genitive singular superlative)
nálægasta (genitive neuter singular superlative)
nálægustu (masculine nominative plural superlative)
nálægustu (feminine nominative plural superlative)
nálægustu (neuter nominative plural superlative)
nálægustu (accusative masculine plural superlative)
nálægustu (accusative feminine plural superlative)
nálægustu (accusative neuter plural superlative)
nálægustu (dative masculine plural superlative)
nálægustu (dative feminine plural superlative)
nálægustu (dative neuter plural superlative)
nálægustu (genitive masculine plural superlative)
nálægustu (feminine genitive plural superlative)
nálægustu (genitive neuter plural superlative)

is-decl-adj-strong

positive (strong declension)

is-decl-adj-base

positive (strong declension)

is-decl-adj-weak

positive (weak declension)

is-decl-adj-base

positive (weak declension)

comparative

is-decl-adj-strong

superlative (strong declension)

is-decl-adj-base

superlative (strong declension)

is-decl-adj-weak

superlative (weak declension)

is-decl-adj-base

superlative (weak declension)

Nálægt sérhljóð.


lenition

en-noun

lenition (countable and uncountable, plural lenitions)

Analyzable as lenis + -ition, or as if from Latin lēnīt(us) + -ion, or Latin lēnītiō (“softening”) from lēniō (“soften”) + -tiō (action noun suffix) (attested since at least the 1500s, the same timeframe lenition is first attested in English with the sense "assuaging"). Modelled on German Lenierung.

affix

Coordinate term: assimilation

One of these processes, the process of T-Lenition, is extremely common, even though it takes place only when the input consonant is adjacent to a small number of affixes. In this change, a stopped consonant, [p t k b d g], becomes a fricative, [s, z, š, ž]. This process is called lenition, or weakening.

2001, Robert Stockwell, Donka Minkova, English Words: History and Structure, page 104:

Environments are an essential part of any discussion of lenition. Textbooks often describe lenition as occurring in the weak intervocalic or word-final environments. The canonical examples of lenition given earlier in (1) through (3) all occur either between vowels or between sonorants.

2001, Lisa M. Lavoie, Consonant Strength: Phonological Patterns and Phonetic Manifestations, page 7:

2008, Krzysztof Jaskula, Celtic, Joaquim Brandão de Carvalho, Tobias Scheer, Philippe Ségéral (editors), Lenition and Fortition, Studies in Generative Grammar: 99, page 347,
As for Goidelic languages, the situation is clearer because Lenition III in this subfamily consisted in losing the same property as the first two lenitions, namely stopness.

2011, Naomi Gurevich, 66: Lenition, Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume, Keren Rice (editors), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Volume III: Phonological Processes, page 1573,
Five general patterns of lenitions – all based to some extent on empirical data – are identified.

(phonetics, phonology) A weakening of articulation causing a consonant to become lenis (soft).


inventory

From Middle English inventorie, from Medieval Latin inventōrium, alteration of Late Latin inventārium, from Latin inveniō (“to find out”).

Germanic languages have a marked tendency towards large vocalic inventories.

Most final consonants have been lost, resulting in a tonal language with a rich consonantal and vocalic inventory, but with a relatively simple syllabic structure..

2014, Guillaume Jacques, “V: Cone”, in Jackson Sun, editor, Phonological Profiles of Little-Studied Tibetic Varieties, Taipei: Academia Sinica, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 270:

(linguistics, especially phonology) The total set of a (specified) linguistic feature (within a language etc.)


low back merger

en-noun

low back merger (plural low back mergers)

The low back merger is one possible outcome of a series of triggering events outlined in Chapter 5, but it is itself the triggering event for a variety of further consequences for the English vowel system.

1994, William Labov, Principles of Linguistic Change, volume 3:


cot-caught merger

cot-caught merger (plural cot-caught mergers)

/ˈkɑt kɔt ˌmɝd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈkɑt kɑt ˌmɝd͡ʒɚ/

/ˈkɒt kɔːt ˌmɜːd͡ʒə/

[ˈkɔt koːt ˌməːd͡ʒə]

/ˈkɔt kɔt ˌmɛɾdʒəɾ/

/ˈkɔt koːt ˌmɵːd͡ʒɘ/

One was /au/-monophthongisation, described earlier in Chapter 2, while the second was the so-called low-back merger (LBM), also referred to as the cot–caught merger because words in these two classes are pronounced the same and speakers cannot hear any small differences in their pronunciation, even when they are present.

2011, Scott F Kiesling, Linguistic Variation and Change, page 81:

(phonology) A phonemic merger in some varieties of English (especially American and Canadian English) in which the vowels in words such as hot and doll (/ɒ/) and in words such as law and talk (/ɔː/) are pronounced identically, making the words cot and caught homophones.


phonemic split

(phonology) The phenomenon in which a single phoneme diverges into two different phonemes.


phonemic merger

phonemic merger (plural phonemic mergers)

The first sign of a phonemic merger is that two signs, which hitherto have been kept carefully apart, become used wrongly, e.g. das is written for MHG dar, and aller for MHG alles (Schulze 1967: 38f.).

2012, Gerhard Augst, New Trends in Graphemics and Orthography, page 171:

(phonology) The phenomenon in which two different phonemes merge and become replaced by a single phoneme.


voicing

(phonetics, phonology) A classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration.

清濁

phonetics: classification of speech sounds

(phonology) A phonological process that turns a voiceless sound into a voiced one.


near-minimal pair

near-minimal pair (plural near-minimal pairs)

(phonology) A pair of words differing by a few (but more than one) phonetic segments or suprasegments, used to suggest a proposed phoneme, toneme, or chroneme may be valid.


minimal pair

"Beach and bitch" and "bun and ban" are examples of minimal pairs.

(phonology) A pair of words differing by only one phonetic segment or suprasegment, used to prove the validity of a proposed phoneme, toneme, or chroneme.


monomoraic

(phonology, of a syllable) Containing one mora.


bimoraic

(phonology, of a syllable) Having two morae, i.e. being composed of either two short vowels, or one long vowel, or a diphthong.


音素

/im⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ²¹/


mora

From Latin mora (“duration of time, delay”).

Instead of syllables, Japanese is supported by mora. (Tokyo is To-o-kyo-o, a four-mora word.) The word Nihongo consists of four morae, ni-ho-n-go, pronounced with four rhythmical units of sound.

2011, Senko K. Maynard, Learning Japanese for Real, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 32:

(phonology) A unit of syllable weight used in phonology, by which stress, foot structure, or timing of utterance is determined in some languages (e.g. Japanese).


mora

mora (nominative singular)
mory (nominative plural)
mory (genitive singular)
mor (genitive plural)
morze (dative singular)
morom (dative plural)
morę (accusative singular)
mory (accusative plural)
morą (instrumental singular)
morami (instrumental plural)
morze (locative singular)
morach (locative plural)
moro (singular vocative)
mory (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin mora. First attested in 1677–1690.

ref

Ewa Rodek (20.02.2023) “MORA II”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

(phonology) mora (a unit of syllable weight used in phonology, by which stress, foot structure, or timing of utterance is determined in some languages (e.g)


mora

Learned borrowing from Latin mora (“delay”).

lbor

(phonology) mora (unit of syllable weight)


mora

móra (canonical feminine)
мо́ра (Cyrillic)
mora (nominative singular)
more (nominative plural)
more (genitive singular)
mora (genitive plural)
mori (dative singular)
morama (dative plural)
moru (accusative singular)
more (accusative plural)
moro (singular vocative)
more (plural vocative)
mori (locative singular)
morama (locative plural)
morom (instrumental singular)
morama (instrumental plural)


apical

(phonetics, phonology, of a sound) Produced with the tip of the tongue.

apical

phonetics: produced with the tip of the tongue


ядро

ru-noun+

ядро́ • (jadró) n inan (genitive ядра́, nominative plural я́дра, genitive plural я́дер, diminutive я́дрышко)

ядро́ (canonical)
jadró (romanization)
ядра́ (genitive)
я́дра (nominative plural)
я́дер (genitive plural)
я́дрышко (diminutive)
ядро́ (nominative singular)
я́дра (nominative plural)
ядра́ (genitive singular)
я́дер (genitive plural)
ядру́ (dative singular)
я́драм (dative plural)
ядро́ (accusative singular)
я́дра (accusative plural)
ядро́м (instrumental singular)
я́драми (instrumental plural)
ядре́ (prepositional singular)
я́драх (plural prepositional)

→ Bulgarian: ядро́ (jadró)

→ Kazakh: ядро (ädro)

→ Kyrgyz: ядро (yadro)


πνεῦμα

grc-noun

πνεῦμα • (pneûma) n (genitive πνεύματος); third declension

pneûma (romanization)
πνεύματος (genitive)
τὸ πνεῦμᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ πνεύμᾰτε (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ πνεύμᾰτος (genitive singular)
τοῖν πνευμᾰ́τοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν πνευμᾰ́των (genitive plural)
τῷ πνεύμᾰτῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν πνευμᾰ́τοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς πνεύμᾰσῐ (dative plural)
πνεύμᾰσῐν (dative plural)
toîs pneúmasi (dative plural)
toîs pneúmasin (dative plural)
τὸ πνεῦμᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ πνεύμᾰτε (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ πνεύμᾰτᾰ (accusative plural)
πνεῦμᾰ (singular vocative)
πνεύμᾰτε (dual vocative)
πνεύμᾰτᾰ (plural vocative)

Coptic: ⲡⲛⲉⲩⲙⲁ (pneuma)

Greek: πνεύμα (pnévma)

Latin: pneuma

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pnew-
Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥
Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥
Ancient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma)
From Proto-Indo-European *pnéwmn̥, equivalent to πνευ- (pneu-), the root of πνέω (pnéō, “I blow”), + -μα (-ma, result noun suffix).


assimilation

en-noun

assimilation (countable and uncountable, plural assimilations)

/əˌsɪməˈleɪʃən/

Borrowed from Medieval Latin assimilatio. By surface analysis, assimilate + -ion.

Hence, rather than being the result of mishearing and assimilation, the application of Hobson-Jobson to the Muharram was intentionally disparaging.

2014, James Lambert, “A Much Tortured Expression: A New Look At `Hobson-Jobson'”, in International Journal of Lexicography, volume 27, number 1, page 59:

(phonology) A sound change process by which the phonetics of a speech segment becomes more like that of another segment in a word (or at a word boundary), so that a change of phoneme occurs.


harmonic

en-adj

harmonic (comparative more harmonic, superlative most harmonic)

more harmonic (comparative)
most harmonic (superlative)

From Latin harmonicus, from Ancient Greek ἁρμονικός (harmonikós), from ἁρμονία (harmonía, “harmony”).

(phonology) Exhibiting or applying constraints on what vowels (e.g. front/back vowels only) may be found near each other and sometimes in the entire word.

magánhangzó-harmónia terén illeszkedő

phonology: exhibiting or applying vowel constraints in a word


rhotacism

en-noun

rhotacism (countable and uncountable, plural rhotacisms)

From New Latin rhōtacismus, from Ancient Greek *ῥωτακισμός (*rhōtakismós), from ῥωτακίζω (rhōtakízō, “to incorrectly use rho”), from ῥῶ (rhô, “rho (the Greek equivalent of r)”) in analogy with ἰωτακίζω (iōtakízō, “to incorrectly use iota”); itself from ἰῶτα (iôta) in analogy with ἀττικίζω (attikízō, “talk like an Athenian”). By surface analysis, rho + -tacism.

der

(countable, phonology) A linguistic phenomenon in which a consonant changes into an R; rhotacization.


lambdacism

en-noun

lambdacism (countable and uncountable, plural lambdacisms)

Borrowed from Latin lambdacismus. By surface analysis lambda + -cism (phenomenon related to a specific phoneme).

q

(phonology) A pronunciation shift whereby /l/ or other closely related phonemes are substituted for other sounds (typically /r/), as Sally for Sarah or Molly for Mary.


checked

(phonology) Of syllables, having a coda.


syncope

en-noun

syncope (countable and uncountable, plural syncopes)

Learned borrowing from Late Latin syncopē, from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ), from συγκόπτω (sunkóptō, “cut up”) + -η (-ē, nominalization suffix), from σύν (sún, “beside, with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “strike, cut off”).

lbor

Coordinate term: apocope

[…]; on the contrary, all syllables subject in the same way to elision, apocope, syncope, and slurring must have the same degree of stress (i.e. they must be alike unaccented) whether preceded by short or by long root-syllables.

1910, Jakob Schipper, A History of English Versification:

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) The elision or loss of a sound from the interior of a word, especially of a vowel sound with loss of a syllable.


syncope

nl-noun

syncope f (plural syncopes, diminutive syncopetje n)

syncopes (plural)
syncopetje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek συγκοπή (sunkopḗ).

(linguistics, phonology, prosody) the loss or elision of a sound from the interior of a word (for example the change of Dutch veder in veer "feather"); syncope


p-word

(phonology) prosodic word, phonological word.


ach-laut

From German Ach-Laut, ach-Laut, from ach (which has this sound) + Laut (“sound”).

The guttural phoneme /x/ (the voiceless velar fricative) of the German language, the sound of the letters ch in German coming immediately after a, o and u (central and back vowels), also found in other languages.


soft c

In English, the "c" sound in "cent", "central" and "circuit" as distinct from the hard c in "cat" and "cabin".

In Italian, the "c" sound in "certo" as distinct from the "c" sound in "caffè".

(phonology) In many languages, a letter "c" which is not pronounced as a velar stop (/k/, like English "k") but as a sibilant (/s/, like English "s") or an affricative (/tʃ/, like English "ch").


soft g

(phonology) The "g" sound pronounced /dʒ/ as in "gem", "giraffe" and "generation" (or sometimes or /ʒ/ as in "genre"), as distinct from the hard g of "get" and "give".


auki

From Proto-Finnic [Term?]. Cognates include Finnish auki and Karelian auki.

Sloga ono auki, sentää ono vahva steeppeni kk (ka-lak-ka-han), ku sloga ono kiin (ka-la-kas), ni ono yks k, ono slaaboi steeppeni.

1936, V. I. Junus, Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 55:

The syllable is open, therefore it has the strong grade kk (ka-lak-ka-han), when the syllable is closed (ka-la-kas), it thus has one k, it has the weak grade.


brevis

la-adj

brevis (neuter breve, comparative brevior, superlative brevissimus, adverb breviter); third-declension two-termination adjective

breve (neuter)
brevior (comparative)
brevissimus (superlative)
breviter (adverb)
brevis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
breve (neuter nominative singular)
brevēs (feminine masculine nominative plural)
brevia (neuter nominative plural)
brevis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
brevium (feminine genitive masculine neuter plural)
brevī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brevibus (dative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brevem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
breve (accusative neuter singular)
brevēs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brevīs (accusative feminine masculine plural)
brevia (accusative neuter plural)
brevī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
brevibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter plural)
brevis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
breve (neuter singular vocative)
brevēs (feminine masculine plural vocative)
brevia (neuter plural vocative)

Gallo-Italic

Ligurian: brêve

Italo-Dalmatian

Italian: breve

→ Romanian: brevă

desctree

Old French: brief, bref
Middle French: brief
French: bref
→ Middle English: bref, breef, breve, brefe, breefe
English: brief, breve
Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Old Occitan: breu
Occitan: brèu

Rhaeto-Romance

Romansch: brev, breav (Sutsilvan)

West Iberian

Old Galician-Portuguese:

Galician: breve

Portuguese: breve

Old Spanish:

Spanish: breve

→ Dutch: breve

→ German: Breve

→ Proto-West Germanic: *brēf (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Cognates include Ancient Greek βραχύς (brakhús), English merry, Sanskrit मुहु (muhu).


Mora

Mora (genitive)
Moren (plural)
Mora (nominative singular)
Moren (definite nominative plural)
Mora (genitive singular)
Moren (definite genitive plural)
Mora (dative singular)
Moren (dative definite plural)
Mora (accusative singular)
Moren (accusative definite plural)


syncopate

en-verb

syncopate (third-person singular simple present syncopates, present participle syncopating, simple past and past participle syncopated)

syncopates (present singular third-person)
syncopating (participle present)
syncopated (participle past)
syncopated (past)

From Medieval Latin syncopātus, past participle of syncopō, from Late Latin syncopa, from Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with”) + κόπτω (kóptō, “cut”).

(transitive, linguistics, phonology) to omit a vocalic or consonantal sound or a syllable from a word; to use syncope


pin-pen merger

Before we get to those, however, let us consider how we might discover a vowel merger taking place (and most work in this area has been on vowel merger or on conditioned vowel mergers, such as the pin–pen merger in the US south or the pool–pull merger in Utah, discussed below).

2011, Scott F. Kiesling, Linguistic Variation and Change, page 141:

(phonology) A phonemic merger where the vowels in "pin" and "pen" are pronounced the same before /n/ and /m/, making "pin" and "pen" homonyms.


diaphone

From dia- + phone (i.e., dia(lect) + phone).

(phonology) A particular dialectal variant of a phoneme; all the dialectal variants of a phoneme, considered as a whole.


æ-tensing

(phonology) a process that occurs almost ubiquitously in North American English in which the phoneme /æ/ is raised and lengthened or diphthongized in certain or all environments.


bad-lad split

(phonology) a phonemic split of the phoneme /æ/ into a short /æ/ and a long /æː/, as heard in some varieties of British and Australian English, in which "bad" is pronounced /bæːd/ and "lad" is pronounced /læd/


fronting

en-noun

fronting (countable and uncountable, plural frontings)

(phonetics, phonology) A process whereby a vowel or a consonant is pronounced farther to the front of the vocal tract than some reference point.

(phonology) A phonological relationship where a front vowel is found in place of a relative back vowel in an inflected form of a word.


wild card

(phonetics, phonology) Alternative form of wildcard (“symbol for a generic sound”)


attaque

→ English: attack

→ German: Attacke

→ Polish: atak

→ Romanian: atac


noyau

Backformed from Old French noyaus, plural of noyal, from Late Latin nucālis, from Latin nux.

(phonetics, phonology) nucleus of a syllable


vocalization

vocalization (countable and uncountable, plural vocalizations)

vowelization

supplying vowels/diacritics to Arabic and Hebrew words/texts

(orthography, phonology) The addition of these diacritics and the respective phonemes to a word; the spoken form the word thereby receives.

(phonology) The change in pronunciation of historically or variably consonant (typically sonorant) sounds as vowels. For example, the syllabic /l/ in words like people or the coda one in words like cold or coal are variably realized as a high back vowel or glide—[ʊ], [u], [ɤ] or [o]—in many dialects of English in the US, UK, and the Southern Hemisphere. For example, in African American Vernacular English, one common pronunciation of the words "people", "cold", and "coal" is [pʰipʊ], [kʰoɤd], or [kʰoɤ] respectively.

magánhangzósítás

phonology: the change in pronunciation of historically or variably consonant (typically sonorant) sounds as vowels


liquide

Inherited from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus.

(phonology) liquid (class of consonant sounds)


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

der

(phonology) A discrete unit of speech: a consonant or a vowel.


lengthening

/ˈlɛŋ(k)θənɪŋ/

/ˈlɛŋ(k)θənɪŋ/

(phonology) a type of sound change when a sound (especially a vowel) lengthens


Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο

head

Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο

Διεθνές Φωνητικό Αλφάβητο • (Diethnés Fonitikó Alfávito) n

Diethnés Fonitikó Alfávito (romanization)

International Phonetic Alphabet
International Phonetic Alphabet

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA (ΔΦΑ)

en-Διεθνές_Φωνητικό_Αλφάβητο-el-name-xuh05MCE


sarja

sarja (nominative singular)
sarjat (nominative plural)
sarja (accusative nominative singular)
sarjat (accusative nominative plural)
sarjan (accusative genitive singular)
sarjat (accusative genitive plural)
sarjan (genitive singular)
sarjojen (genitive plural)
sarjain (genitive plural rare)
sarjaa (partitive singular)
sarjoja (partitive plural)
sarjassa (inessive singular)
sarjoissa (inessive plural)
sarjasta (elative singular)
sarjoista (elative plural)
sarjaan (illative singular)
sarjoihin (illative plural)
sarjalla (adessive singular)
sarjoilla (adessive plural)
sarjalta (ablative singular)
sarjoilta (ablative plural)
sarjalle (allative singular)
sarjoille (allative plural)
sarjana (essive singular)
sarjoina (essive plural)
sarjaksi (singular translative)
sarjoiksi (plural translative)
sarjatta (abessive singular)
sarjoitta (abessive plural)
sarjoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
sarjani (nominative singular)
sarjani (nominative plural)
sarjani (accusative nominative singular)
sarjani (accusative nominative plural)
sarjani (accusative genitive singular)
sarjani (accusative genitive plural)
sarjani (genitive singular)
sarjojeni (genitive plural)
sarjaini (genitive plural rare)
sarjaani (partitive singular)
sarjojani (partitive plural)
sarjassani (inessive singular)
sarjoissani (inessive plural)
sarjastani (elative singular)
sarjoistani (elative plural)
sarjaani (illative singular)
sarjoihini (illative plural)
sarjallani (adessive singular)
sarjoillani (adessive plural)
sarjaltani (ablative singular)
sarjoiltani (ablative plural)
sarjalleni (allative singular)
sarjoilleni (allative plural)
sarjanani (essive singular)
sarjoinani (essive plural)
sarjakseni (singular translative)
sarjoikseni (plural translative)
sarjattani (abessive singular)
sarjoittani (abessive plural)
sarjoineni (comitative plural)
sarjasi (nominative singular)
sarjasi (nominative plural)
sarjasi (accusative nominative singular)
sarjasi (accusative nominative plural)
sarjasi (accusative genitive singular)
sarjasi (accusative genitive plural)
sarjasi (genitive singular)
sarjojesi (genitive plural)
sarjaisi (genitive plural rare)
sarjaasi (partitive singular)
sarjojasi (partitive plural)
sarjassasi (inessive singular)
sarjoissasi (inessive plural)
sarjastasi (elative singular)
sarjoistasi (elative plural)
sarjaasi (illative singular)
sarjoihisi (illative plural)
sarjallasi (adessive singular)
sarjoillasi (adessive plural)
sarjaltasi (ablative singular)
sarjoiltasi (ablative plural)
sarjallesi (allative singular)
sarjoillesi (allative plural)
sarjanasi (essive singular)
sarjoinasi (essive plural)
sarjaksesi (singular translative)
sarjoiksesi (plural translative)
sarjattasi (abessive singular)
sarjoittasi (abessive plural)
sarjoinesi (comitative plural)
sarjamme (nominative singular)
sarjamme (nominative plural)
sarjamme (accusative nominative singular)
sarjamme (accusative nominative plural)
sarjamme (accusative genitive singular)
sarjamme (accusative genitive plural)
sarjamme (genitive singular)
sarjojemme (genitive plural)
sarjaimme (genitive plural rare)
sarjaamme (partitive singular)
sarjojamme (partitive plural)
sarjassamme (inessive singular)
sarjoissamme (inessive plural)
sarjastamme (elative singular)
sarjoistamme (elative plural)
sarjaamme (illative singular)
sarjoihimme (illative plural)
sarjallamme (adessive singular)
sarjoillamme (adessive plural)
sarjaltamme (ablative singular)
sarjoiltamme (ablative plural)
sarjallemme (allative singular)
sarjoillemme (allative plural)
sarjanamme (essive singular)
sarjoinamme (essive plural)
sarjaksemme (singular translative)
sarjoiksemme (plural translative)
sarjattamme (abessive singular)
sarjoittamme (abessive plural)
sarjoinemme (comitative plural)
sarjanne (nominative singular)
sarjanne (nominative plural)
sarjanne (accusative nominative singular)
sarjanne (accusative nominative plural)
sarjanne (accusative genitive singular)
sarjanne (accusative genitive plural)
sarjanne (genitive singular)
sarjojenne (genitive plural)
sarjainne (genitive plural rare)
sarjaanne (partitive singular)
sarjojanne (partitive plural)
sarjassanne (inessive singular)
sarjoissanne (inessive plural)
sarjastanne (elative singular)
sarjoistanne (elative plural)
sarjaanne (illative singular)
sarjoihinne (illative plural)
sarjallanne (adessive singular)
sarjoillanne (adessive plural)
sarjaltanne (ablative singular)
sarjoiltanne (ablative plural)
sarjallenne (allative singular)
sarjoillenne (allative plural)
sarjananne (essive singular)
sarjoinanne (essive plural)
sarjaksenne (singular translative)
sarjoiksenne (plural translative)
sarjattanne (abessive singular)
sarjoittanne (abessive plural)
sarjoinenne (comitative plural)
sarjansa (nominative singular)
sarjansa (nominative plural)
sarjansa (accusative nominative singular)
sarjansa (accusative nominative plural)
sarjansa (accusative genitive singular)
sarjansa (accusative genitive plural)
sarjansa (genitive singular)
sarjojensa (genitive plural)
sarjainsa (genitive plural rare)
sarjaansa (partitive singular)
sarjojaan (partitive plural)
sarjojansa (partitive plural)
sarjassaan (inessive singular)
sarjassansa (inessive singular)
sarjoissaan (inessive plural)
sarjoissansa (inessive plural)
sarjastaan (elative singular)
sarjastansa (elative singular)
sarjoistaan (elative plural)
sarjoistansa (elative plural)
sarjaansa (illative singular)
sarjoihinsa (illative plural)
sarjallaan (adessive singular)
sarjallansa (adessive singular)
sarjoillaan (adessive plural)
sarjoillansa (adessive plural)
sarjaltaan (ablative singular)
sarjaltansa (ablative singular)
sarjoiltaan (ablative plural)
sarjoiltansa (ablative plural)
sarjalleen (allative singular)
sarjallensa (allative singular)
sarjoilleen (allative plural)
sarjoillensa (allative plural)
sarjanaan (essive singular)
sarjanansa (essive singular)
sarjoinaan (essive plural)
sarjoinansa (essive plural)
sarjakseen (singular translative)
sarjaksensa (singular translative)
sarjoikseen (plural translative)
sarjoiksensa (plural translative)
sarjattaan (abessive singular)
sarjattansa (abessive singular)
sarjoittaan (abessive plural)
sarjoittansa (abessive plural)
sarjoineen (comitative plural)
sarjoinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *sarja (“lath board, row of laths; row, bunch”), from Proto-Finno-Permic *śarja (“lath, batten, bar”). Adopted as an equivalent to Latin series in the literary language based on the original meanings "row, bunch" and the sense related to chicken eggs listed below which can also be found in the other Finnic languages.


五十音

ja-noun

五(ご)十(じゅう)音(おん) • (gojūon) ^(←ごじふおん (gozifuon)?)

五十音 (canonical)
gojūon (romanization)
gozifuon (romanization)
ごじふおん (hiragana historical)

From 五十 (gojū, “fifty”) + 音 (on, “sound”).

(phonology, orthography, grammar) all Japanese morae that can be spelled with 45 single modern kana and 2 historical kana (ゐ/ヰ and ゑ/ヱ) customarily without diacritical marks (゛ and ゜), excluding っ and ん, arranged in a 5x10 table (五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “table of the fifty sounds”)), used for phonological and grammatical analysis


glossa

From the Ancient Greek γλῶσσᾰ (glôssa, “tongue”). Doublet of gloss.

This pattern does not hold in the glossas we have examined: [th] occurs where we expect [], as in the “word” kita in our sample text, and [] occurs freely in other American glossas as an independent sound unit,[…]

1968, William J. Samarin, The Linguiticality of Glossolalia, page 64:

I have analysed a total of 24 prophetic glossas in this way, and 10 passages of the more easily intelligible prayer specimens of glossolalia. These glossas emanate from a total of 15 persons.

Although Samarin has examples of glossas from people who are not adherents to Christianity he does feel that occurences^([sic]) of glossolalia apart from Christian influences are rare.

Thus significant differences exist between the glossas of different individuals: indeed, one person may have more than one distinctive glossa. And there are differences between the glossas of people of different linguistic backgrounds which correspond with the differences between their mother tongues, allowing for the influence of other languages which they may know to some extent.

2008, B. Ward Powers, “Excursus 4: Tongues-Speaking Today: A Comment”, in First Corinthians: An Exegetical and Explanatory Commentary; A Consideration of Some Views Ancient and Modern in the Light of a Verse-by-Verse Look at What the Text Actually Says; A Somewhat Traditional Interpretation Plus Contemporary Application, Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock, →ISBN, page 409:

(phonology) Unintelligible ecstatic speech.


国際音声記号

ja-pos

こくさい おんせい きごう

こくさい おんせい きがう

国(こく)際(さい)音(おん)声(せい)記(き)号(ごう) • (Kokusai Onsei Kigō) ^(←こくさいおんせいきがう (Kokusai Onsei Kigau)?)

国際音声記号 (canonical)
Kokusai Onsei Kigō (romanization)
Kokusai Onsei Kigau (romanization)
こくさいおんせいきがう (hiragana historical)

[ko̞kɯ̟sa̠i õ̞ɰ̃se̞ː kʲiɡo̞ː]

(phonetics) International Phonetic Alphabet


母音

→ Chinese: 母音 (mǔyīn)

→ Korean: 모음 (mo'eum)

→ Vietnamese: mẫu âm

母 (“mother”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/). Compare 字母 (jibo, “letter”, literally “character mother”), 声母 (seibo, “onset”, literally “sound mother”) and 韻母 (inbo, “rhyme”, literally “rime mother”), all of which compare the process of generating words, syllables, etc. from a basic set of segments to motherhood.

Holonym: 子音 (shion)

Coordinate term: 父音 (fuon)

五十音の中、阿行の五音を母音といふ。こは、單純なる音にして、いかに延長して發音するも、（あ……ア）、（い……イ）の如く、その音聲の變ずることなきものなり。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, pages 5–6:

Among the fifty sounds, the five sounds of the a-row are called ‘mother sounds’. They are simple sounds, and however long they are pronounced, as in (a……a) or (i……i), their quality does not change.

Gojūon no naka, agyō no goon o boon to iu. Kowa, tanjun naru on ni shite, ika ni enchō shite hatsuon suru mo, (a……a), (i……i) no gotoku, sono onsei no henzuru koto naki mono nari.

五十音を分ちて、母音と、子音との二となす。母音は、單純なる喉音にして、その數五あり、アイウエオ是なり。

1897 March, “〇母音 [〇Mother Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Dividing the fifty sounds into two groups, there are mother sounds and child sounds. Mother sounds are simple guttural sounds, and there are five of them, namely a, i, u, e and o.

Gojūon o wakachite, BOON to, SHION to no ni to nasu. Boon wa, tanjun naru kōon ni shite, sono kazu go ari, a i u e o kore nari.

この五音は、最も單一なる淸める音にて、これを母音と稱す。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第一 母音 [Number 1: Mother Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, pages 2–3:

These five sounds are the simplest clear sounds, and they are called ‘mother sounds’.

Kono goon wa, motto mo tan'itsu kiyomeru on ni te, kore o boon to shōsu.

母音は、吾國語音では、唯一なる喉音である。聲門帶で規律ある顫動を受けたる音が、副管部に共鳴せられて、吾人の耳に聞ゆるものを母音と云ふ。母音は、種々の音色を得るために、口腔內に共鳴されるが、決して或る局部に於て、吾等の聽き得られ、感じ得られる樣の摩擦を生ずるが如きことは無い。若し、有つたならば、其は母音では無くて父音である。此の區別法は、極めて重大おる要件である。後のヤ行ワ行が、頗る母音に近い音であるけれども、父音たることを免れないのは是が爲である。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十二章 母 音 [Chapter 12: Vowels]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, pages 53–54:

Vowels are the only guttural sounds among the sounds of our language. What are known as vowels are sounds that undergo systematic vibrations at the vocal folds, resonate in the vocal tract, and wind up being heard by our ears. A vowel resonates in the oral cavity in order to achieve its diverse tonal quality, but there must be no such thing as friction that can be heard or felt by us at certain places of articulation. Otherwise, it will not be a vowel, but a consonant. This distinction is of utmost importance. Later when we discuss the ya-row and wa-row, which sound very similar to vowels, this point must be noticed in order to explain the fact that they still contain consonants.

Boon wa, waga kuni goon de wa, yuiitsu naru kōon de aru. Seimontai de kiritsu aru sendō o uke taru on ga, fukukanbu ni kyōmei serarete, gojin no mimi ni kikoyuru mono o boon to iu. Boon wa, shuju no onshoku o eru tame ni, kōkōnai ni kyōmei sareru ga, kesshite aru kyokubu ni oite, warera no kikierare, kanjierareru yō no masatsu o shōzuru ga gotoki koto wa nai. Moshi, atta nara ba, sore wa boon de wa nakute fuon de aru. Kono kubetsuhō wa, kiwamete jūdai oru yōken de aru. Ato no yagyō wagyō ga, sukoburu boon ni chikai on de aru kere do mo, fuon taru koto o manukarenai no wa kore ga tame de aru.

ア、イ、ウ、エ、オの五文字を、母音と云ふ、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “母音 [Mother Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

The five letters a, i, u, e and o are called ‘mother sounds’

母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはアイウエオの五字(じ)、半(はん)母(ぼ)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはワヰウヱヲの五字(じ)を云(い)ふのであります。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑵ 母音と半母音 [⑵ Mother Sounds and Semi-Mother Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 11–12:

‘Mother sounds’ are the five letters a, i, u, e and o. ‘Semi-mother sounds’ are the five letters wa, wi, u, we and wo.

Boon to iu mono wa a i u e o no goji, hanboon to iu mono wa wa wi u we wo no goji o iu no de arimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) one of the five morae of the あ行 (agyō, “a-row”), that consists solely of a vowel

Coordinate term: 子音 (shiin)


子音

ja-noun

子(し)音(いん) or 子(し)音(おん) • (shiin or shion)

子音 (canonical)
子音 (canonical)
shiin (romanization)
shion (romanization)

→ Chinese: 子音 (zǐyīn)

→ Korean: 자음 (ja'eum)

子 (“child”) + 音 (“sound”). From the notion of a mothering vowel mating with a fathering consonant and giving birth to an onsetted mora, according to Meiji-era linguists, as in father /k/ + mother あ (/a/) = child か (/ka/).

Meronyms: 父音 (fuon), 母音 (boon)

子音とは、五十音の中より、五個の母音を除きたる、他の四十五音をいふ。こは、父母兩音の配合して成れるものなれば、その音聲單純ならず。故に、（か……ア）、（き……イ）の如く、聲を長く延くときは、その韻必ず母音に歸するなり。今、こゝに父音と母音と配合して、子音を生ずる順序を示さむ。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第二章 母音 父音 子音 [Chapter 2: Mother Sounds, Father Sounds and Child Sounds]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 6:

Excluding the five mother sounds from the fifty sounds, the forty-five remaining sounds are called ‘child sounds’. Since they result from combining father and mother sounds, their quality is not simple. Thus, if the voicing is prolonged, as in (ka……a) or (ki……i), the rhymes always turn back into mother sounds. Now, I shall demonstrate the order in which father sounds and mother sounds combine and bear child sounds.

Shion to wa, gojūon no naka yori, goko no boon o nozoki taru, hoka no shijūgoon o iu. Kowa, fubo ryōon no haigō shite nareru mono nare ba, sono onsei tanjun narazu. Yue ni, (ka……a), (ki……i) no gotoku, koe o nagaku hiku toki wa, sono in kanarazu boon ni kisuru nari. Ima, koko ni fuon to boon to haigō shite, shion o shōzuru junjo o shimesamu.

五十音中、母音外の四十五音を、子音といふ。子音は、母音と、他の一種幽微なる音との、配合して生じたるものにして、その音純ならず。故に、之を長く引きて呼べば、皆、母音にかへらむ。卽ち、カ—ア、キ—イの如し。

1897 March, “〇子音 [〇Child Sounds]”, in 日本文典 [A Japanese Grammar], 中等學科敎授法硏究會:

Among the fifty sounds, the forty-five ones other than the mother sounds are called child sounds. Child sounds are born by mother sounds combined with a sort of subtle sound, and their quality is not pure. That is, if you prolong them, they should turn back into mother sounds, as in, for example ka—a or ki—i.

Gojūonchū, boongai no shijūgoon o, SHION to iu. Shion wa, boon to, hoka no isshu yūbi naru on to no, haigō shite shōji taru mono ni shite, sono on jun narazu. Yue ni, kore o nagaku hikite yobe ba, mina, boon ni kaeramu. Sunawachi, ka—a, ki—i no gotoshi.

故に、此の四十五音を、子音と稱し、其のクスツヌフムユル𛄢の如き九音を、父音と稱す。此の父音は、極めて隱微なるものにて、明に聲に發する能はざれど、やゝ、これ等に似たる故に、此の九個の音の文字にて、これを示せるなり。

1897 November, Shioi, Ukō, “第二 子音 [Number 2: Child Sounds]”, in 中學日本文典 [A Middle-School Japanese Grammar], 六盟館, page 3:

Thus, the forty-five sounds are called ‘child sounds’, and the nine sounds such as ku, su, tsu, nu, fu, mu, yu, ru and wu are called ‘father sounds’. The father sounds are highly obscure, and even though they can be clearly uttered, they can only be approximated by these nine phonetic characters that sound close to them.

Yue ni, kono shijūgoon o, shion to shōshi, sono ku su tsu nu fu mu yu ru wu no gotoki kuon o, fuon to shōsu. Kono fuon wa, kiwamete inbi naru mono ni te, saya ni koe ni hassuru nō wa zaredo, yaya, korera ni ni taru ni, kono kuko no on no moji ni te, kore o shimeseru nari.

子音は、父音と母音と相合して、生するなり、左の如し

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “子音 [Child Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 14:

‘Child sounds’ are born by combining father sounds and mother sounds, as shown on the left page

Shion wa, fuon to boon to aiai site, shōzuru nari, hidari no gotoshi

子(し)音(おん)と云(い)ふものはカ行(ぎやう)のキクケコ、サ行(ぎやう)のシスセソのやうなものであります。子(し)音(おん)が父(ふ)音(おん)と母(ぼ)音(おん)との爲(た)めに生(う)まれると云(い)ふ事(こと)は既(すで)に說(と)いて置(お)いた通(とほ)りでありますが、左(さ)の表(へう)に依(よ)つて明(あきら)かになるであらうと思(おも)ひます。但(ただ)し表(へう)は母(ぼ)音(おん)のアだけは省(はぶ)きます。

1912, 淸 榊原, “⑷ 子音 [⑷ Child Sounds]”, in 自習速記術 [Self-Taught Stenography], 以文館, pages 15–16:

‘Child sounds’ are letters such as ki, ku, ke and ko of the ka-row or shi, su, se and so of the sa-row. Child sounds are said to be born by father sounds and mother sounds, which I have already explained, so I assume the demonstration on the left chart should be easily understood. Note that the mother sound a is left out of the chart.

Shion to iu mono fa kagyō no ki ku ke ko, sagyō no shi su se so no yō na mono de arimasu. Shion ga fuon to boon to no tame ni umareru to iu koto wa sude ni toite oita tōri de arimasu ga, sa no hō ni yotte akiraka ni naru de arau to omoimasu. Tadashi hō wa boon no a dake wa habukimasu.

(obsolete, phonology) any of the morae with an onset consonant listed on the 五十音図 (gojūonzu, literally “chart of the fifty sounds”), such as か (ka) or し (shi), but not あ (a) or い (i), and not が (ga), じ (ji) or ぱ (pa)

Coordinate term: 母音 (boin)


Betonung

de-noun

Betonung f (genitive Betonung, plural Betonungen)

Betonung (genitive)
Betonungen (plural)
Betonung (nominative singular)
Betonungen (definite nominative plural)
Betonung (genitive singular)
Betonungen (definite genitive plural)
Betonung (dative singular)
Betonungen (dative definite plural)
Betonung (accusative singular)
Betonungen (accusative definite plural)


ectasis

en-noun

ectasis (countable and uncountable, plural ectases)

(phonology) The lengthening of a syllable from short to long.

èctasi

the lengthening of a syllable from short to long


allophonic

en-adjective

allophonic (comparative more allophonic, superlative most allophonic)

more allophonic (comparative)
most allophonic (superlative)


phonologie

→ Turkish: fonoloji


促音

Coordinate term: 撥音

(Japanese phonology and phonetics) a moraic obstruent (the first half of a Japanese geminate obstruent, such as the first [k] in [kk], usually phonologically noted as /Q/, bearing one mora as the coda of a syllable)


harden

en-verb

harden (third-person singular simple present hardens, present participle hardening, simple past and past participle hardened)

hardens (present singular third-person)
hardening (participle present)
hardened (participle past)
hardened (past)

From Middle English hardenen, equivalent to hard + -en. Cognate with Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”), Swedish hårdna (“to harden”), Norwegian herdne (“to harden”), Icelandic harðna (“to harden”).

(transitive, intransitive, phonology) To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition.


ich-laut

From German Ich-Laut, from ich (“I”) (which has this sound in German) + Laut (“sound”).

the voiceless palatal fricative, /ç/, especially in the context of the German language, but also sometimes otherwise (because it is best known from German)


wine-whine merger

en-noun

wine-whine merger (plural wine-whine mergers)

/wəinˈʍəin ˌmɛɾdʒəɾ/

As was the case with the wine–whine merger, date from the early twentieth century show that southeastern Pennsylvania was subject to patterns of variation in pronunciation.

2016, Mark L. Louden, Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language, page 228:

Chambers (2002) graphs the trajectory of the wine-whine''' merger in four reigions preserving ʍ.

2019, Keiko Bridwell, “Previous Research on the Wine-Whine''' Merger”, in The Distribution of ʍ, page 7:

In Scottish English, the so-called wine-whine''' merger did not take place, in which historical Old and Middle English /hw/ was replaced by /w/[.]

2021, Zeyu Li, “The Distribution of /w/ and /ʍ/”, in Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory:

(phonology) A merger in which [ʍ] (the voiceless sound heard at the beginning of the word whine in a Scottish accent or several accents in the United States) becomes [w] (the sound heard at the beginning of the word wine); in accents where this merger occurs, whine and wine are homophones.


palatalised

en-adj

palatalised (comparative more palatalised, superlative most palatalised)

more palatalised (comparative)
most palatalised (superlative)

(phonetics, phonology, chiefly British) Having undergone palatalisation.


shibilant

(phonology) A sibilant (fricative or affricate) pronounced further back in the mouth than [s] and [z]: [ʃ], [ʒ], [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], etc.


pausa

From Latin pausa (“break”), from Ancient Greek παῦσις (paûsis). Doublet of pause.

The rule is that in the pausa a word must never end on a short vowel, but it may do so in the context.

1954, Johannes Hendrik Kramers, Analecta orientalia: posthumous writings and selected minor works:

Besides, the pausa endposition may have served to highlight the informational value of the substituendum.

1998, Pádraig MacCoisdealbha, The Syntax of the Sentence in Old Irish, →ISBN:

In pausa you say 'ih, in the jussive la- ta'ih, analogous to 'ih, la- ta'ih. And since t' is complete as two letters, the tongue utters both of them in the pausa.

2004, Gerhard Endress, Rüdiger Arnzen, Jörn Thielmann, Words, Texts, and Concepts Cruising the Mediterranean Sea, →ISBN:

For instance, the perfect in -miš (> -mi before pausa) always has the high unrounded vowel, the abstract noun suffix appears in a single variant +luġ, the infinitive is -maġ and the instrumental +ine.

2005, Éva Ágnes Csató, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case Studies from Iranian, page 245:

(linguistics, phonology) The hiatus between prosodic units, e.g. at the end of a sentence.


phonologically

en-adv

phonologically (comparative more phonologically, superlative most phonologically)

more phonologically (comparative)
most phonologically (superlative)

(linguistics) In accordance with phonology.


phonologist

(linguistics) A person who specializes in phonology, the functional use of sounds in language.


phonemics

(linguistics) The study of phonemes and their written representations.


stavelse

stavelse (indefinite nominative singular)
stavelses (genitive indefinite singular)
stavelsen (definite nominative singular)
stavelsens (definite genitive singular)
stavelser (indefinite nominative plural)
stavelsers (genitive indefinite plural)
stavelserna (definite nominative plural)
stavelsernas (definite genitive plural)

Ordet tavla har två stavelser.


unaspirated

en-adj

unaspirated (comparative more unaspirated, superlative most unaspirated)

more unaspirated (comparative)
most unaspirated (superlative)

Phonetically, in Malay, initial /t/ and /p/ are never aspirated; only /p, b, t, d, k, g/ occur as final stops and are usually unreleased and unaspirated[.]

2019, Li Huang, James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, →DOI, page 10:


半濁音

半濁音 (canonical)
handakuon (romanization)

[hã̠nda̠kɯ̟õ̞ɴ]

半濁音とは、本音を半濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、波行の五音のみに限れり。この音を示すには、本音の假字の肩に、圈點一個を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 11:

Semi-muddy sounds are the five base child sounds of, specifically, the ha-row, being partially muddied up when they are pronounced. To note these sounds, a circle is added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Handakuon to wa, hon’on o hannigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, hagyō no goon nomi ni kagireri. Kono on o shimesu ni wa, hon’on no kana no kata ni, kenten ikko o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

濁音がある故に、之に對して淸音をも作らねばならず、半濁音（次淸音）と云ふものもあることになる。
ぱ ぴ ぷ ぺ ぽ
の一行五音の半濁音（一名次淸音）として、アカサタナハマヤラワ十行五十音が淸音と云はれて居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 152:

Since there are muddy sounds, it follows that there must also be the opposite, ‘clear sounds’, and additionally what are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (‘quasi-clear sounds’). These five sounds, arranged in one row, are known as ‘semi-muddy sounds’ (i.e. ‘quasi-clear sounds’):
pa pi pu pe po
Then, the fifty sounds arranged in ten rows, a, ka, sa, ta, na, ha, ma, ya, ra and wa, are called ‘clear sounds’.

Dakuon ga aru yue ni, kore ni taishite seion o mo tsukarane ba narazu, handakuon (jiseion) to iu mono mo aru koto ni naru.
pa pi pu pe po
no ichigyō goon no handakuon (ichimei jiseion) to shite, a ka sa ta na ha ma ya ra wa jūgyō gojūon ga seion to iwarete iru.

半濁音は、假字の右肩に一箇の圈點（゜）を附して、半濁音の符となす、次ぎの例を見る可し、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “半濁音の符 [Noting Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 26:

A ‘semi-muddy sound’ is noted by attaching a circle (゜) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

handakuon wa, kana no migikata ni ikko no kenten (゜) o fushite, handakuon no fu to nasu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora of the ぱ行 (pagyō, “pa-row”), with the onset obstruent /p/


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiced onset obstruent

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151:

In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo

Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22:

A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


echo vowel

(phonology) A paragogic vowel that is a repetition of the final vowel of a word