rain cats and dogs

en-verb

rain cats and dogs (third-person singular simple present rains cats and dogs, present participle raining cats and dogs, simple past and past participle rained cats and dogs)

rains cats and dogs (present singular third-person)
raining cats and dogs (participle present)
rained cats and dogs (participle past)
rained cats and dogs (past)
rain dogs and cats (alternative)

Unknown, but see examples of early use in Citations.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:rain cats and dogs.

(impersonal, idiomatic) To rain very heavily.


trade wind

trade winds (plural)
trade-wind (alternative)
tradewind (alternative)

Compound of trade (“course, path (of running)”, from 14th c.) + wind, because of their consistent linear direction. Associations with transatlantic trade are a later folk etymology.

compound+

They rode the trade winds going west.

During the summer months, from November to April, the trade wind is less steady over large parts of the ocean.

2008, Jimmy Cornell, World Cruising Routes, A&C Black, →ISBN, page 365:

A steady wind that blows from east to west above and below the equator.


van

van (nominative singular)
vany (nominative plural)
vanu (genitive singular)
vanů (genitive plural)
vanu (dative singular)
vanům (dative plural)
van (accusative singular)
vany (accusative plural)
vane (singular vocative)
vany (plural vocative)
vanu (locative singular)
vanech (locative plural)
vanem (instrumental singular)
vany (instrumental plural)

(archaic, poetic) breeze (light, gentle wind)


sky

skyes (plural)
ski (alternative)
skie (alternative)
ske (alternative)
skye (alternative)
scki (alternative)
schi (alternative)
schye (alternative)
scy (alternative)
skey (alternative)
skige (alternative)
skiȝe (alternative)
skyȝe (alternative)

English: sky

Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske

Yola: skee

From Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją. Doublet of skew.

A cloud or mist (mass of water droplets).


FBI

→ Arabic: إِف بِي أَي (ʔif bī ʔay)

→ Bulgarian: ФБР (FBR)

→ Dutch: FBI

→ French: FBI

→ Galician: FBI

desc

→ Hindi: एफ़ बी आई (ef bī āī)

→ Hindi: एफ़ बी आई (ef bī āī)

→ Indonesian: FBI

→ Japanese: エフ・ビー・アイ

→ Japanese: エフ・ビー・アイ

→ Marathi: एफ्.बी.आय्. (eph.bī.āy.)

→ Persian: افبیآی

→ Portuguese: FBI

→ Romanian: FBI

→ Russian: ФБР (FBR)

→ Thai: เอฟบีไอ

→ Thai: เอฟบีไอ

(Australia, weather, firefighting) fire behaviour index


war

war (nominative singular)
waru (genitive singular)
warowi (dative singular)
war (accusative singular)
warem (instrumental singular)
warze (locative singular)
warze (singular vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish war. By surface analysis, deverbal of warzyć.

(obsolete) boiling water or other liquid


euro

Borrowed from Latin eurus, from Ancient Greek εὖρος (eûros).

sopra ’l golfo / Che riceve da Euro maggior briga

1321 [1308-1320], Alighieri Dante, Divina Commedia [Divine Comedy], volume Paradiso (narrative poem), Canto VIII, lines 68–69:

above the gulf / Which receives more/the most trouble from Eurus

i furori / D’euro che gl’ispidi flutti cavalca

(Can we date this quote?) [1850-1860], Giosuè Carducci, Juvenilia, volume II (poem), XXV. A O. T. T., page 38, lines 29–30:

the fury / Of Eurus that the unpopular waves rides

Synonym of scirocco: Eurus (southwest wind)


derecho

/dəˈɹeɪ.t͡ʃoʊ/

Learned borrowing from Spanish derecho (“straight”). First used by Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs in 1888, apparently coined to distinguish the winds from tornadoes, which rotate; compare tornado. Doublet of direct.

lbor

Combining all of the above, the Arkansas Valley, Ouachita Mountains, Interior Plateau, and Southwest Appalachian ecoregions have the greatest risk of wind damage from tornadoes and derechos, whereas weakening hurricanes are an important disturbance, especially in the Piedmont ecoregion.

2015, Chris J. Peterson, Jeffery B. Cannon, Christopher M. Godfrey, “5: First Steps Toward Defining the Wind Disturbance Regime in Central Hardwoods Forests”, in Cathryn H. Greenberg, Beverly S. Collins, editors, Natural Disturbances and Historic Range of Variation, Springer, page 116:

Derechos have winds as powerful as those of some hurricanes and tornadoes. "Derecho" comes from the Spanish word meaning "straight."

2016, Bill Streever, And Soon I Heard a Roaring Wind, Hachette, unnumbered page:

A derecho can be as destructive as a weak to moderate tornado, but the damage is mainly the result of straight-line rather than rotating winds.
However, tornadoes can also form along the bow of a derecho. Derechos can sometimes be recognized as a bank of ominous-looking "shelf" clouds that appear darker than normal clouds.

2022, Alexander Gates, Earth's Fury, Wiley, unnumbered page:

(meteorology, US) A windstorm characterized by strong, straight-line winds.

dereĉo

windstorm with strong straight-line winds


chuva

chuva filo-filo

chuva fino-fino

light rain (literally, “very thin rain”)

chuva pedra

Nunca costumado têm chuva Otubro


chuva

Guinea-Bissau Creole: tcuba

Kabuverdianu: tchuva, txuba, txuva

Macanese: chuva

→ Saramaccan: tjúba

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese chuvia, from Latin pluvia. Compare Galician choiva, Spanish lluvia.


pluvia

Learned borrowing from Latin pluvia. Doublet of lluvia.


storm

stormes (plural)
storme (alternative)
strom (alternative)
starme (alternative)
storem (alternative)

desctree

English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

Scots: storm

Yola: stharm, starm

A storm; an instance of intense wind and precipitation (including a snowstorm)


storm

storme (plural)
sturem (alternative)
Storem (alternative)

From Proto-Germanic *sturmaz. Cognates include West Frisian stoarm.


close

en-adj

close (comparative closer, superlative closest)

closer (comparative)
closest (superlative)

open

antonym(s) of “articulated with the tongue body relatively close to the hard palate”

Borrowed from French clos, from Latin clausum, participle of claudō.

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

Compressed, restricted, constrained, etc.

(Ireland, UK, weather) Hot, humid, with no wind.


tempo

→ Catalan: tempo

→ Czech: tempo

→ Danish: tempo

→ Dutch: tempo

→ Malay: tempo

→ Indonesian: tempo

→ English: tempo

→ Finnish: tempo

→ French: tempo

→ German: Tempo

→ Hungarian: tempó

→ Japanese: テンポ

→ Korean: 템포 (tempo)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempo

→ Polish: tempo

→ Romanian: tempo

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic: темпо

Latin script: tempo

→ Spanish: tempo

→ Turkish: tempo

→ Ukrainian: темп (temp)

From Latin tempus (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the root *temp- (“to stretch, string”).

tempo da lupi

lousy weather (literally, “wolf-like weather”)

Laudato si mi signore per frate vento et per aere et nubilo et sereno et onne tempo

c. 1226, Francis of Assisi, Cantico delle creature [Canticle of the Creatures], Biblioteca del Sacro Convento di San Francesco, page 2:

Praised be You, my Lord, through Brother Wind, and through the air, cloudy and serene, and every kind of weather

E’ segni in cielo, al dolce tempo avversi,
fará dolci e benigni il novo sole:
e la dura stagion frigida e tarda
non si conoscerá, s’ella si guarda.

c. 1477, Lorenzo de' Medici, Rime, collected in Opere, page 258:

And the new sun will make the signs in the sky, hostile to the sweet weather, sweet and benign; and the hard, cold, late season will not recognize itself, were she to look at itself

quando fusse tempo asciutto, e senza pioggia, tolgasi di quella delle cisterne ben tenute, che conservino l’acqua pura, e senza alcuna qualità estranea

1567, “Del provedere, eleggere, et conservare le medicine semplici, e prima dell’acque [About Providing, Choosing, and Storing Simple Medicaments, and First About the Water]”, in Ricettario fiorentino [Florentine Cookbook], page 8:

Were the weather to be dry, without rain, [water] is to be taken from well-kept tanks, maintaining the water pure, and without any foreign qualities

Dopo il detto tempo, s'apra loro, a tempo nuvoloso, o vero sereno; ma meglio è a tempo piovoso; imperocchè allora escono, e ritornan dentro, e non subito volano a lungi

1605 [1304–1309], “Libro nono, Cap. ⅬⅩⅩⅩⅧ. Delle nuove colombaie, e colombi. [Ninth book, Chapter 88 - On new dovecotes, and doves]”, in Bastiano de' Rossi, transl., Trattato dell'agricoltura [Treatise on agriculture], Florence: published by Cosimo Giusti, translation of Ruralium commodorum libri Ⅻ by Pietro De' Crescenzi, page 481:

After that time, open it [the dovecote] for them, with either cloudy or fair weather; although rainy weather is better, because that's when they go out, to return inside, without making long flights right away

Il tempo era chiuso, l’aria pesante, il cielo velato per tutto da una nuvola o da un nebbione uguale, inerte, che pareva negare il sole, senza prometter la pioggia

1840, Alessandro Manzoni, “Capitolo ⅩⅩⅩⅣ [Chapter 34]”, in I promessi sposi^(https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Indice:I_promessi_sposi_(1840).djvu), Tip. Guglielmini e Redaelli, page 650:

The weather was suffocating, the air was oppressive, the sky completely covered by a neverending cloud, or fog, that seemed to deny the sun without promising rain

A cagione del tempo piovigginoso, la strada era diventata tutta un pantano e ci si andava fino a mezza gamba.

1883, Carlo Collodi, “Capitolo ⅩⅩ [Chapter 20]”, in Le avventure di Pinocchio [The Adventures of Pinocchio]^(https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Le_avventure_di_Pinocchio_(1892)), published 1892, page 100:

Because of the rainy weather, the road had turned into a quagmire, and one could sink down to the half of a leg.


tempo

From Old Galician-Portuguese tempo, from Latin tempus (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the root *temp- (“to stretch, string”).

(uncountable) weather (state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place)


cold

cold (comparative colder, superlative coldest)

colder (comparative)
coldest (superlative)

Sranan Tongo: kowru
Aukan: koo

From Middle English cold, from Anglian Old English cald. The West Saxon form, ċeald (“cold”), survived as early Middle English cheald, cheld, or chald. Both descended from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz, a participle form of *kalaną (“to be cold”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognates
Cognate with Scots cald, cauld (“cold”), Saterland Frisian koold (“cold”), West Frisian kâld (“cold”), Dutch koud (“cold”), Low German kold, koolt, koold (“cold”), German kalt (“cold”), Danish kold (“cold”), Norwegian kald (“cold”), Swedish kall (“cold”).

faire froid (idiom in French; there is no translation for the adjective alone)

κάνει κρύο (kánei krýo) (idiom in Greek; there is no translation for the adjective alone)

хо́лодно (xólodno) (+ dative, “to be cold”)

cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey

cold as a witch's tit

cold as a witch's teat, cold as a witch's tit in a brass bra

make someone's blood run cold

make the blood run cold, one's blood runs cold

A cold wind whistled through the trees.

As cold waters to a thirstie soule: so is good newes from a farre countrey.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Proverbs 25:25:

Oh cold, cold, rigid, dreadful Death, set up thine altar here, and dress it with such terrors as thou hast at thy command: for this is thy dominion!

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Four. The Last of the Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 137:

I had always supposed that playboys didn't give a hoot for anything except blondes and cold bottles.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter V, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

The forecast is that it will be very cold today.

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

1904, Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton, Resolves:

(of the weather) Causing the air to be cold.

She was so cold she was shivering.

(of a person or animal) Feeling the sensation of coldness, especially to the point of discomfort.

I can't believe she said that...that was cold!

River Song: (upon seeing the still-living Doctor, moments after he made her and two other friends watch what they thought was his death) This is cold. Even by your standards, this is cold.

2011 April 23, The Impossible Astronaut (Doctor Who), season series 6, episode 1:

"At the risk of sounding cold though, I'm glad he's gone. His abandonment left me in Aunt Fara's custody, and that's honestly the best thing he's ever done for me."

2015, Jocelyn Samara D., Rain, volume 3, page 237:

(informal) Without compassion; heartless; ruthless.


cold

en-noun

cold (countable and uncountable, plural colds)

From Middle English cold, colde, from Old English cald, ċeald (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldą (“coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognates
Compare Saterland Frisian Keelde (“cold”), West Frisian kjeld (“cold”), Dutch koude (“cold”), German Low German Kolle, Koll (“cold”), German Kälte (“cold”), Danish kulde (“cold”), Swedish köld (“cold”), Norwegian kulde (“cold”), Icelandic kuldi (“cold”).

Come in, out of the cold.

(uncountable) A condition of low temperature.


cold

en-adv

cold (comparative more cold, superlative most cold)

more cold (comparative)
most cold (superlative)

From Middle English colde, from Old English calde, ċealde (“coldly”), from the adjective (see above).

The steel was processed cold.


cold

head

cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative colder, superlative *coldest)

colde (plural)
colde (singular weak)
colder (comparative)
*coldest (superlative)
cald (alternative)
chald (alternative)
cheald (alternative)
cheld (alternative)

English: cold

Geordie English: cawd, cauld

Scots: cald, cauld

Yola: coale, khoal, cole

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

Inherited from Anglian Old English cald; variants with ch- are from West Saxon ċeald.

cold-feeling, cold when touched, cooled, chilly


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld

cald (alternative)
chald (alternative)
cheald (alternative)
cheld (alternative)


hot

en-adj

hot (comparative hotter, superlative hottest)

hotter (comparative)
hottest (superlative)

From Middle English hot, hat, from Old English hāt, from Proto-Germanic *haitaz (“hot”), from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“hot; to heat”). Cognate with Scots hate, hait (“hot”), North Frisian hiet (“hot”), Saterland Frisian heet (“hot”), West Frisian hjit (“hot”), German heiß (“hot”), Danish hed (“hot”).

der

Relating to heat and conditions which produce it.

meleg van (the adjective cannot be translated alone in this sense)


warm

en-adj

warm (comparative warmer, superlative warmest)

warmer (comparative)
warmest (superlative)
warme (alternative)

From Middle English warm, werm, from Old English wearm, from Proto-West Germanic *warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz, probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰor-mo-s, from the root *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”), related to Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós) (in which case perhaps a distant doublet of thermos), Latin formus, Sanskrit घर्म (gharmá), or alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to burn”), related to Hittite 𒉿𒊏𒀀𒉌 (warāni, “to burn”), Armenian վառել (vaṙel, “to burn, heat, warm”), Old Church Slavonic варити (variti, “to cook, boil”).

cog

The tea is still warm.

This is a very warm room.

Warm and still is the summer night.

1863, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Herons of Elmwood:

It seemed I was too excited for sleep, too warm, too young.


warm

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm. Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.

woare (alternative)
woarm (alternative)
wore (alternative)
wérme (alternative)


warm

nl-adj

warm (comparative warmer, superlative warmst)

warmer (comparative)
warmst (superlative)
warm (adverbial positive predicative)
warmer (adverbial comparative predicative)
het warmst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het warmste (adverbial predicative superlative)
warme (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
warmere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
warmste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
warm (indefinite neuter positive singular)
warmer (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
warmste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
warme (indefinite plural positive)
warmere (comparative indefinite plural)
warmste (indefinite plural superlative)
warme (definite positive)
warmere (comparative definite)
warmste (definite superlative)
warms (partitive positive)
warmers (comparative partitive)

Afrikaans: warm

Berbice Creole Dutch: warum

Negerhollands: warm, werm

From Middle Dutch warm, from Old Dutch warm, from Proto-West Germanic *warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz, of uncertain origin; derivations from either Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”) or *wer- (“to burn”) have been proposed.


warm

head

warm (plural and weak singular warme, comparative warmer, superlative warmest)

warme (plural)
warme (singular weak)
warmer (comparative)
warmest (superlative)
warme (alternative)
werm (alternative)
wearm (alternative)

Scots: wairm

English: warm


lukewarm

en-adj

lukewarm (comparative lukewarmer or more lukewarm, superlative lukewarmest or most lukewarm)

lukewarmer (comparative)
more lukewarm (comparative)
lukewarmest (superlative)
most lukewarm (superlative)

From Middle English leukwarm, lukewarm (“lukewarm, tepid”), equivalent to luke (“lukewarm”) + warm. Compare Saterland Frisian luukwoarm (“lukewarm”), German Low German luukwarm (“lukewarm”), German lauwarm (“lukewarm”). First element believed to be an alteration of Middle English lew (“tepid”) (> English dialectal lew), from Old English hlēow (“warm, sunny”), from Proto-Germanic *hliwjaz, *hlēwaz, *hlūmaz, *hleumaz (“warm”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱal(w)e-, *ḱel(w)e-, *k(')lēw- (“warm, hot”). Cognate with Dutch lauw (“tepid”), German lau (“lukewarm”), Faroese lýggjur (“warm”), Swedish ljum (“lukewarm”), ljummen (“lukewarm”) and ly (“warm”), Danish lummer (“muggy”), Danish and Norwegian lunken (“tepid”), dialectal Swedish ljummen (“lukewarm”).

cog

Coordinate term: underwarm

Wash it in lukewarm water.

My curry is lukewarm.


cool

en-adj

cool (comparative cooler, superlative coolest)

cooler (comparative)
coolest (superlative)
coo (alternative)
kewl (alternative)
kool (alternative)
qewl (alternative)
qool (alternative)

→ Chinese: 酷 (kù)

→ Danish: cool

→ Dutch: cool

→ French: cool

→ German: cool

→ Hebrew: קוּל (kul)

→ Japanese: クール (kūru)

⇒ Japanese: クーデレ (kūdere)

→ English: kuudere

→ Polish: cool

→ Romanian: cool

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кул

Latin script: kul

→ Spanish: cool

→ Swedish: cool

→ Turkish: cool

From Middle English cool, from Old English cōl (“cool, cold, tranquil, calm”), from Proto-West Germanic *kōl(ī), from Proto-Germanic *kōlaz, *kōluz (“cool”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“cold”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian köil (“cool”), West Frisian koel (“cool”), Dutch koel (“cool”), Limburgish kool (“cool”), German Low German köhl (“cool”), German kühl (“cool”). Related to cold.

inh

I like cool weather the most 'cause it's not too hot to wear a jacket but I won't be too cold in my shorts.

The day was cool and snappy for August, and the Rise all green with a lavish nature. Now we plunged into a deep shade with the boughs lacing each other overhead, and crossed dainty, rustic bridges over the cold trout-streams, the boards giving back the clatter of our horses' feet:[…].

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


bucket

→ Farefare: bɔgtɛ

→ Japanese: バケツ (baketsu)

→ Maori: pākete

From Middle English buket, boket, partly from Old English bucc ("bucket, pitcher"; mod. dialectal buck), equivalent to bouk + -et; and partly from Anglo-Norman buket, buquet (“tub; pail”) (compare Norman boutchet, Norman bouquet), diminutive of Old French buc (“abdomen; object with a cavity”), from Vulgar Latin *būcus (compare Occitan and Catalan buc, Italian buco, buca (“hole, gap”)), from Frankish *būk (“belly, stomach”). Both the Old English and Frankish terms derive from Proto-Germanic *būkaz (“belly, stomach”). More at bouk.

gloss

"bucket, pitcher"; mod. dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">buck</i>

der

(MTE, slang, derogatory) Someone who habitually uses crack cocaine.

(slang) An old vehicle that is not in good working order.

Avoid bulky styles such as duffle sacks, buckets, doctors' satchels, and hobos.

1989, Susan Ludwig, Janice Steinberg, Petite Style, page 46:


haar

en-noun

haar (countable and uncountable, plural haars)

haars (plural)
harr (alternative)
har (alternative)

Attested since the late 17th century, alongside Scots haar (“cold easterly wind; misty wind; cold fog or mist”).
Perhaps ultimately from Middle Dutch hare (“cold wind”) or a related Low German word; compare Dutch harig (“windy; foggy, misty”), Saterland Frisian harig (“misty”).
Alternatively, perhaps simply a northern English or Scottish variant of hoar, or a borrowing of Old Norse hárr (“hoary”).

cog

The traffic noise used to be constant, at times as thick as the haar, the sea fog that sometimes rolls in here from the North Sea.

2020, David Farrier, “The Insatiable Road”, in Footprints, 4th estate, →ISBN:

(especially Northern England, Scotland) Thick, cold, wet fog along the northeastern coast of Northern England and Scotland.

[…] westerly haar, which wraps everything up in white wool, and blots out sea and sky, and chokes the depressed wayfarer-not to speak of the penetrating chill which even in June goes down into the marrow of your bones, and makes the[…]

1873, Mrs. Oliphant (Margaret), May. [A Novel.], page 73:

[An] easterly haar was blowing in off the sea, the cold wind bringing with it a thick fog that crawled under the collar and clung to the skin. Ahead, the road disappeared as the fog hid anything on either side of the hedges save for the[…]

2024 February 29, Samantha SoRelle, The Gentleman's Gentleman, Balcarres Books LLC, →ISBN, page 168:

(especially Scotland) A wind, especially one from the east, which blows in this fog.


re

sq-noun

ré f (plural ré, definite réja, definite plural rétë)

ré (canonical feminine)
ré (plural)
réja (definite)
rétë (definite plural)
rê (alternative)
rêj (alternative)
rêu (alternative)
rênj (alternative)
rên (alternative)
ren (alternative)

From Proto-Albanian *rina, a noun derived from the Proto-Indo-European verb *h₃rinéHti whence Albanian rij (“to make humid”), from the root *h₃reyH- (“move, flow, boil”). It is likely morphologically identical with Illyrian ῥινός (rhinós, “mist”). Further related to Sanskrit रिणाति (riṇā́ti, “to make flow, to release, to pour”) and Proto-Slavic *rinǫti (“push, shove”).

cog

qiell pa re


zima

zíma (canonical feminine)
зи́ма (Cyrillic)
zima (nominative singular)
zime (nominative plural)
zime (genitive singular)
zima (genitive plural)
zimi (dative singular)
zimama (dative plural)
zimu (accusative singular)
zime (accusative plural)
zimo (singular vocative)
zime (plural vocative)
zimi (locative singular)
zimama (locative plural)
zimom (instrumental singular)
zimama (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *zima, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źeimā́ˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰéyōm.

cold, coldness (of weather or temperature)


zima

sk-noun

zima f (genitive singular zimy, nominative plural zimy, genitive plural zím, declension pattern of žena)

zimy (genitive singular)
zimy (nominative plural)
zím (genitive plural)
žena (declension-pattern-of)
zima (nominative singular)
zimy (nominative plural)
zimy (genitive singular)
zím (genitive plural)
zime (dative singular)
zimám (dative plural)
zimu (accusative singular)
zimy (accusative plural)
zime (locative singular)
zimách (locative plural)
zimou (instrumental singular)
zimami (instrumental plural)

seasons: ročné obdobia: jar · leto · jeseň · zima [edit]

very cold weather (regardless of the season)


rain

en-noun

rain (usually uncountable, plural rains)

rains (plural)
rayne (alternative)
raygne (alternative)

Sranan Tongo: alen

From Middle English reyn, rein, from Old English reġn, from Proto-West Germanic *regn, from Proto-Germanic *regną (compare West Frisian rein, Dutch regen, German Regen, Danish and Norwegian regn), of uncertain origin. Possibly from pre-Germanic *Hréǵ-no-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreǵ- (“to flow”) (compare Latin rigō (“wet, soak”), Lithuanian rõki (“drizzling rain”), Albanian rrjedh (“to flow, drip”)), although the consonant reflexes don't match.

We've been having a lot of rain lately.

The rains came late that year.

This process involves cloud seeding – when various substances are put into clouds in an attempt to cause rain.
Audio (US): (file)

2019, VOA Learning English (public domain)

(meteorology) Condensed water falling from a cloud.

kōpatapata

light rain but falling in large droplets

(figuratively) Any matter moving or falling, usually through air, and especially if liquid or otherwise figuratively identifiable with raindrops.

A rain of mortar fire fell on our trenches.

(figuratively) An instance of particles or larger pieces of matter moving or falling through air.


regnen

de-verb

regnen (weak, third-person singular present regnet, past tense regnete, past participle geregnet, auxiliary haben)

regnet (present singular third-person)
regnete (past)
geregnet (participle past)
haben (auxiliary)
haben (auxiliary)
regnen (infinitive)
regnend (participle present)
geregnet (participle past)
regne (first-person indicative present singular)
regnen (first-person indicative plural present)
regne (first-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
regnen (first-person plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
regnest (indicative present second-person singular)
regnet (indicative plural present second-person)
regnest (second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
regnet (plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
regnet (indicative present singular third-person)
regnen (indicative plural present third-person)
regne (singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
regnen (plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
regnete (first-person indicative preterite singular)
regneten (first-person indicative plural preterite)
regnete (first-person formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
regneten (first-person formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
regnetest (indicative preterite second-person singular)
regnetet (indicative plural preterite second-person)
regnetest (formal rare second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
regnetet (formal plural rare second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
regnete (indicative preterite singular third-person)
regneten (indicative plural preterite third-person)
regnete (formal rare singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
regneten (formal plural rare subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
regne (imperative second-person singular)
regnet (imperative plural second-person)
haben (auxiliary)
habe geregnet (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect singular)
haben geregnet (first-person indicative multiword-construction perfect plural)
habe geregnet (first-person multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive)
haben geregnet (first-person multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive)
hast geregnet (indicative multiword-construction perfect second-person singular)
habt geregnet (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
habest geregnet (multiword-construction perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
habet geregnet (multiword-construction perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hat geregnet (indicative multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
haben geregnet (indicative multiword-construction perfect plural third-person)
habe geregnet (multiword-construction perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
haben geregnet (multiword-construction perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
hatte geregnet (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular)
hatten geregnet (first-person indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural)
hätte geregnet (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive)
hätten geregnet (first-person multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive)
hattest geregnet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular)
hattet geregnet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person)
hättest geregnet (multiword-construction pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
hättet geregnet (multiword-construction pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
hatte geregnet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect singular third-person)
hatten geregnet (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect plural third-person)
hätte geregnet (multiword-construction pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
hätten geregnet (multiword-construction pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
regnen werden (future future-i infinitive multiword-construction)
werde regnen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden regnen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest regnen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet regnen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde regnen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden regnen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde regnen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden regnen (first-person future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde regnen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden regnen (first-person future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst regnen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet regnen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest regnen (future future-i multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet regnen (future future-i multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird regnen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden regnen (future future-i indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde regnen (future future-i multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden regnen (future future-i multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
geregnet haben werden (future future-ii infinitive multiword-construction)
werde geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werden geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdest geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werdet geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-i)
werde geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werden geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-i third-person)
werde geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular)
werden geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural)
würde geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würden geregnet haben (first-person future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wirst geregnet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction second-person singular)
werdet geregnet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural second-person)
würdest geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction second-person singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
würdet geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural second-person subjunctive subjunctive-ii)
wird geregnet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction singular third-person)
werden geregnet haben (future future-ii indicative multiword-construction plural third-person)
würde geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction singular subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)
würden geregnet haben (future future-ii multiword-construction plural subjunctive subjunctive-ii third-person)

From Middle High German regenen, from Old High German reganōn, derived from the noun at hand in modern Regen (“rain”). Cognate with Hunsrik rehne.


amana

Nheengatu: amana

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aman, from Proto-Tupian *aman.
Cognate with Guaraní ama.

etymon

Açape monhang amana

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language] (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 48:


itu

matu ma mbura

rainy clouds (literally, “clouds of rain”)


blow

en-verb

blow (third-person singular simple present blows, present participle blowing, simple past blew, past participle blown)

blows (present singular third-person)
blowing (participle present)
blew (past)
blown (participle past)

From Middle English blowen, from Old English blāwan (“to blow, breathe, inflate, sound”), from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną (“to blow”) (compare German blähen), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to swell, blow up”) (compare Latin flō (“to blow”) and Old Armenian բեղուն (bełun, “fertile”)).

der

Church of Scientology
Church of Scientology

(Scientology, intransitive) To leave the Church of Scientology in an unauthorized manner.


break

en-verb

break (third-person singular simple present breaks, present participle breaking, simple past broke or (archaic) brake, past participle broken or (nonstandard) broke)

breaks (present singular third-person)
breaking (participle present)
broke (past)
brake (archaic past)
broken (participle past)
broke (nonstandard participle past)
break (infinitive)

From Middle English breken, from Old English brecan (“to break”), from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną (“to break”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”). The word is a doublet of bray.
Cognates
Cognates of Germanic origin include Scots brek (“to break”), West Frisian brekke (“to break”), Dutch breken (“to break”), Low German breken (“to break”), German brechen (“to break”), French broyer (“to crush, grind”), Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan, “to break, destroy”), Norwegian brek (“desire, yearning”).
Also cognate with Albanian brishtë (“fragile”), Latin frangō (“break, break up, shatter”, verb), whence English fracture and other terms – fragile, frail, fraction, and fragment.

breek

intransitive: to separate into (to end up in) two or more pieces

thyen

transitive: to separate into (to cause to end up in) two or more pieces

sındırmaq

to cause a person to lose spirit or will

խախտել

transitive: to do that which is forbidden by (something)

փչանալ

intransitive: to stop functioning properly or altogether

ջարդել

transitive: to cause to stop functioning

burst

ergative: separate into two or more pieces

contravene

transitive: do that which is forbidden by

break one's arm patting oneself on the back

you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

The forecast says the hot weather will break by midweek.

(intransitive, of a spell of settled weather) To end.


break

(British, weather) A change, particularly the end of a spell of persistent good or bad weather.


freeze

en-verb

freeze (third-person singular simple present freezes, present participle freezing, simple past froze, past participle frozen or (now colloquial) froze)

freezes (present singular third-person)
freezing (participle present)
froze (past)
frozen (participle past)
froze (colloquial participle past)

→ Maltese: ffriża

From Middle English fresen, from Old English frēosan (“to freeze”), from Proto-West Germanic *freusan, from Proto-Germanic *freusaną (“to frost, freeze”), from Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to frost, freeze”).
Cognate with Scots frese (“to freeze”), Saterland Frisian frjoze (“to freeze”), West Frisian frieze (“to freeze”), Dutch vriezen (“to freeze”), Low German freren, freern, fresen (“to freeze”), German frieren (“to freeze”), Danish fryse (“to freeze”), Norwegian fryse, Swedish frysa (“to freeze”), Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost”), Welsh (Northern) rhew (“frost, ice”), and Sanskrit प्रुष्व (pruṣvá, “water drop, frost”).

cog

The lake froze solid.

1855, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, Book XX: The Famine,
Ever thicker, thicker, thicker / Froze the ice on lake and river,

He got to Dawson before the river froze, and now I suppose I won't hear any more until spring.

1913, Willa Cather, “O Pioneers!”, in Winter Memories, section I:

1915, Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson, The How and Why Library: Wonders, Section II: Water,
Running water does not freeze as easily as still water.

(intransitive, copulative) Especially of a liquid, to become solid due to low temperature.

Don't freeze meat twice.

1888, Elias Lönnrot, John Martin Crawford (translator, from German), The Kalevala, Rune XXX: The Frost-fiend,
Freeze the wizard in his vessel, / Freeze to ice the wicked Ahti, ...

(transitive) To lower something's temperature to the point that it freezes or becomes hard.

dondurmaq

to lower something's temperature to freezing point

jähmettää

cause to become (more) solid by freezing or other way

kohmettaa

It didn't freeze this winter, but last winter was very harsh.

(intransitive) To drop to a temperature below zero degrees celsius, where water turns to ice.

A faint, cold fear runs through my veins, / That almost freezes up the heat of life.

c. 1591–1595 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Romeo and Ivliet”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

To cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat; to give the sensation of cold to; to chill.

palelluttaa

to cause loss of animation or life in, from lack of heat


freeze

In order to work properly, the cotton stripper required that the plant be brown and brittle, as happened after a freeze, so that the cotton bolls could snap off easily.

2009, Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy, 2nd edition, page 38:


frozen

en-adj

frozen (comparative more frozen, superlative most frozen)

more frozen (comparative)
most frozen (superlative)

From Middle English frozen, frosen, ifrozen, variant of froren, ifroren ("frozen"; > see frorn), past participle of Middle English fresen, freosen (“to freeze”). By surface analysis, freeze + -n.

The mammoth has been frozen for ten thousand years.

The San Juan market is Mexico City's most famous deli of exotic meats, where an adventurous shopper can hunt down hard-to-find critters … But the priciest items in the market aren't the armadillo steaks or even the bluefin tuna. That would be the frozen chicatanas – giant winged ants – at around $500 a kilo.

2013 July 26, Nick Miroff, “Mexico gets a taste for eating insects …”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 7, page 32:

Having undergone the process of freezing; in ice form.


lightning

en-noun

lightning (usually uncountable, plural lightnings)

[ˈlʌɪ̯ʔ.nɪŋ]

[ˈlɐɪ̯ʔ.nɪŋ]

From light(e)n + -ing. Doublet of lightening.

lightning does not strike twice in the same place

lightning doesn't strike twice in the same place

lightning never strikes twice in the same place

Although we did not see the lightning, we did hear the thunder.

Canst thou send lightnings, that they may go, and say unto thee, Here we are?

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 38:35:

It was the thought of hot July and August days, when the clouds piled up like woolly mountains, and lightnings streaked the sky.

1901, E. L. Morris, The Child's Eden, page 16:

Manny drove a few miles per hour under the speed limit, entranced by the awesome display of lightning streaking out of the clouds toward earth.

2008, Kathy Clark, Stand By Your Man, page 280:

"Ruu": The adults in the village all said that children like me could calm the lightning and turn the storms into timely rain.

2021 October 13, Genshin Impact, v2.2, miHoYo, iOS, Android, Windows, PS4, level/area: The Sun-Wheel and Mt. Kanna:

A flash of light produced by short-duration, high-voltage discharge of electricity within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the earth.

Nobs, though, was lightning by comparison with the slow thinking beast and dodged his opponent's thrust with ease. Then he raced to the rear of the tremendous thing and seized it by the tail.

1918 September–November, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “The Land That Time Forgot”, in The Blue Book Magazine, Chicago, Ill.: Story-press Corp., →OCLC; republished as chapter V, in Hugo Gernsback, editor, Amazing Stories, (please specify |part=I to III), New York, N.Y.: Experimenter Publishing, 1927, →OCLC:

(figuratively) Anything that moves very fast.

I took some gin but it did little to calm my mood. […] 'Come now, Bess,' she entreated, and poured another glass of lightning. 'Tell your old mother everything.' I took a gulp of the spirit, then babbled all, showing her the loot now in my possession.


bog

head

bog (genitive singular masculine boig, genitive singular feminine boige, plural boga, comparative boige)

boig (genitive masculine singular)
boige (feminine genitive singular)
boga (plural)
boige (comparative)
bog (masculine nominative singular)
bhog (feminine nominative singular)
boga (nominative plural)
bhoga (nominative plural)
bhoig (masculine singular vocative)
bhog (feminine singular vocative)
boga (plural vocative)
bhoig (genitive masculine singular)
boige (feminine genitive singular)
boga (genitive plural)
bog (genitive plural)
bog (dative masculine singular)
bhog (dative masculine singular)
bhog (dative feminine singular)
bhoig (archaic dative feminine singular)
boga (dative plural)
bhoga (dative plural)
níos boige (comparative)
is boige (superlative)

Inherited from Old Irish boc (“soft”), from Proto-Celtic *buggos.
The verb is from Old Irish bocaid (“to soften”), from the adjective.

an rud a fhaightear go bog caitear go bog é


bog

bog (present analytic bogann, future analytic bogfaidh, verbal noun bogadh, past participle bogtha)

bogann (analytic present)
bogfaidh (analytic future)
bogadh (noun-from-verb)
bogtha (participle past)
bogadh (noun-from-verb)
bogtha (participle past)
bogaim (first-person indicative present singular)
bogann tú (indicative present second-person singular)
bogair (indicative present second-person singular)
bogann sé (indicative present singular third-person)
sí (indicative present singular third-person)
bogaimid (first-person indicative plural present)
bogann sibh (indicative plural present second-person)
bogann siad (indicative plural present third-person)
bogaid (indicative plural present third-person)
a bhogann (indicative present relative)
a bhogas (indicative present relative)
a mbogann (indicative present relative)
bogtar (autonomous indicative present)
bhog mé (first-person indicative past singular)
bhogas (first-person indicative past singular)
bhog tú (indicative past second-person singular)
bhogais (indicative past second-person singular)
bhog sé (indicative past singular third-person)
sí (indicative past singular third-person)
bhogamar (first-person indicative past plural)
bhog muid (first-person indicative past plural)
bhog sibh (indicative past plural second-person)
bhogabhair (indicative past plural second-person)
bhog siad (indicative past plural third-person)
bhogadar (indicative past plural third-person)
a bhog (indicative past relative)
ar bhog (indicative past relative)
bogadh (autonomous indicative past)
bhogainn (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
mbogainn‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past singular)
bhogtá (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
mbogtá‡‡ (habitual indicative past second-person singular)
bhogadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
mbogadh sé (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (habitual indicative past singular third-person)
bhogaimis (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
bhogadh muid (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
mbogaimis‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
mbogadh muid‡‡ (first-person habitual indicative past plural)
bhogadh sibh (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
mbogadh sibh‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural second-person)
bhogaidís (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
bhogadh siad (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
mbogaidís‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
mbogadh siad‡‡ (habitual indicative past plural third-person)
a bhogadh (habitual indicative past relative)
a mbogadh (habitual indicative past relative)
bhogtaí (autonomous habitual indicative past)
mbogtaí‡‡ (autonomous habitual indicative past)
bogfaidh mé (first-person future indicative singular)
bogfad (first-person future indicative singular)
bogfaidh tú (future indicative second-person singular)
bogfair (future indicative second-person singular)
bogfaidh sé (future indicative singular third-person)
sí (future indicative singular third-person)
bogfaimid (first-person future indicative plural)
bogfaidh muid (first-person future indicative plural)
bogfaidh sibh (future indicative plural second-person)
bogfaidh siad (future indicative plural third-person)
bogfaid (future indicative plural third-person)
a bhogfaidh (future indicative relative)
a bhogfas (future indicative relative)
a mbogfaidh (future indicative relative)
bogfar (autonomous future indicative)
bhogfainn (conditional first-person singular)
mbogfainn‡‡ (conditional first-person singular)
bhogfá (conditional second-person singular)
mbogfá‡‡ (conditional second-person singular)
bhogfadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí (conditional singular third-person)
mbogfadh sé (conditional singular third-person)
sí‡‡ (conditional singular third-person)
bhogfaimis (conditional first-person plural)
bhogfadh muid (conditional first-person plural)
mbogfaimis‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
mbogfadh muid‡‡ (conditional first-person plural)
bhogfadh sibh (conditional plural second-person)
mbogfadh sibh‡‡ (conditional plural second-person)
bhogfaidís (conditional plural third-person)
bhogfadh siad (conditional plural third-person)
mbogfaidís‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
mbogfadh siad‡‡ (conditional plural third-person)
a bhogfadh (conditional relative)
a mbogfadh (conditional relative)
bhogfaí (autonomous conditional)
mbogfaí‡‡ (autonomous conditional)
go mboga mé (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go mbogad (first-person present singular subjunctive)
go mboga tú (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go mbogair (present second-person singular subjunctive)
go mboga sé (present singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (present singular subjunctive third-person)
go mbogaimid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go mboga muid (first-person plural present subjunctive)
go mboga sibh (plural present second-person subjunctive)
go mboga siad (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go mbogaid (plural present subjunctive third-person)
go mbogtar (autonomous present subjunctive)
dá mbogainn (first-person past singular subjunctive)
dá mbogtá (past second-person singular subjunctive)
dá mbogadh sé (past singular subjunctive third-person)
sí (past singular subjunctive third-person)
dá mbogaimis (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá mbogadh muid (first-person past plural subjunctive)
dá mbogadh sibh (past plural second-person subjunctive)
dá mbogaidís (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá mbogadh siad (past plural subjunctive third-person)
dá mbogtaí (autonomous past subjunctive)
bogaim (first-person imperative singular)
bog (imperative second-person singular)
bogadh sé (imperative singular third-person)
sí (imperative singular third-person)
bogaimis (first-person imperative plural)
bogaigí (imperative plural second-person)
bogaidh (imperative plural second-person)
bogaidís (imperative plural third-person)
bogtar (autonomous imperative)
bog
bhog
mbog

soften, become soft; (of pain) ease; (of milk) warm; (of weather) get milder; soften, move (someone's heart)


tore

tora (definite singular)
torer (indefinite plural)
torene (definite plural)
tora (alternative)

Connected to Old Norse Þórr (“Tor, Thor”).


wore

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz. Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.

warm (alternative)
woare (alternative)
woarm (alternative)
wérme (alternative)


wet

English: wet (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wat

Yola: weate

From Old English wǣt, wāt, and weten (“to wet”).

wett (alternative)
wette (alternative)
wete (alternative)
weet (alternative)
weete (alternative)


cloud

cloudes (plural)
clowd (alternative)
cloude (alternative)
clowde (alternative)
clud (alternative)
clude (alternative)

English: cloud

Scots: clud, clood

From Old English clūd, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz.

A cloud (mass of water vapour) or similar.


dirty

en-adj

dirty (comparative dirtier, superlative dirtiest)

dirtier (comparative)
dirtiest (superlative)

From Middle English dirti, alteration of earlier dritti, equivalent to dirt + -y. Cognate with Middle Low German drēterich (“dirty”).
See also drite.

dirty weather

Storms of wind, clouds of dust, an angry, dirty sea.

1867, Matthew Arnold, On the Study of Celtic Literature:

Rain type 17 was a dirty blatter battering against his windscreen so hard that it didn't make much odds whether he had his wipers on or off.

1984, Douglas Adams, So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish (The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy):


following

The following words have no definition[…]

The following wind sped us on our way.

(of a wind) Blowing in the direction of travel.


following

Following all relevant safety instructions, administer a dose of the corticosteroid.

Administer a dose of the corticosteroid, following all relevant safety instructions.


following

Coordinate term: follower

When a new user joins Weibo, he should register Weibo and get a unique ID, and then he takes some existing users as his followings and waits for others to follow him.

2014, Zhengbiao Guo, Zhitang Li, Hao Tu, Da Xie, “Weibo: An Information-Driven Online Social Network”, in Marina L.Gavrilova, C.J. Kenneth Tan, editors, Transactions on Computational Science XXII (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; 8360), Springer, →ISBN, part I (Neural and Social Networks), page 6:

A follower can follow any other users and receive any kind of tweets from his or her followings.

2017, Konglin Zhu, Xiaoming Fu, Wenzhong Li, Sanglu Lu, Jan Nagler, “Population Growth in Online Social Networks”, in Xiaoming Fu, Jar-Der Luo, Margarete Boos, editors, Social Network Analysis: Interdisciplinary Approaches and Case Studies, CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3 (The Data), subsection 1 (Three Online Social Networks):

She scrolled through her [Chloe’s] page and liked a few of her pictures that were like candy to her eyes before thoroughly checking her followings. She then checked Chloe’s followers, which was well over a thousand followers.

2020, Jay Janzee, Don’t Get Too Close, Pittsburgh, Pa.: RoseDog Books, →ISBN, page 79:

(social media) An account which is followed.


bir

From Proto-Afroasiatic *bir- (“to burn brightly”)


melt

en-noun

melt (countable and uncountable, plural melts)

From Middle English melten, from a merger of Old English meltan (intransitive) and mieltan (transitive), both meaning “to melt, digest,” from Proto-West Germanic *meltan and *maltijan, from Proto-Germanic *meltaną and *maltijaną, both from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld- (“melt”). Cognate with Icelandic melta (“to digest”).

The crust (a mere 1% of the Earth's volume) is made of lighter melt products from the mantle.

2012, Chinle Miller, In Mesozoic Lands: The Mesozoic Geology of Arches and Canyonlands National Parks, Kindle edition:

Molten material, the product of melting.


boiling

boiling (countable and uncountable, plural boilings)

(uncountable, countable) The process of changing the state of a substance from liquid to gas by heating it to its boiling point.


boiling

en-adj

boiling (comparative more boiling, superlative most boiling)

more boiling (comparative)
most boiling (superlative)

I’m boiling – can’t we open a window?

(informal, hyperbolic) Of a person: feeling uncomfortably hot.

It’s boiling out today!

(informal, hyperbolic) Of the weather: very hot.


fog

en-noun

fog (countable and uncountable, plural fogs)

Origin uncertain; but probably of North Germanic origin. Probably either a back-formation from foggy (“covered with tall grass; thick, marshy”), from the earlier-attested fog (“tall grass”) (see below), or from or related to Danish fog (“spray, shower, drift, storm”), related to Icelandic fok (“spray, any light thing tossed by the wind, snowdrift”), Icelandic fjúka (“to blow, drive”), from Proto-Germanic *feukaną (“to whisk, blow”), from Proto-Indo-European *pug- (“billow, bulge, drift”), from *pew-, *pow- (“to blow, drift, billow”), in which case related to German fauchen (“to hiss, spit, spray”).

der

He did so many drugs, he was still in a fog three months after going through detox.

I was on my way to the door, but all at once, through the fog in my head, I began to sight one reef that I hadn't paid any attention to afore.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

(figurative) A state of mind characterized by lethargy and confusion.

zamlžení

be in a fog — быть как в тумане (bytʹ kak v tumane)


snow

en-noun

snow (countable and uncountable, plural snows)

The noun is derived from Middle English snaw, snou, snow (“snow; accumulation of snow; snowfall; snowstorm; whiteness”), from Old English snāw (“snow”), from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw (“snow”), from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz (“snow”), from Proto-Indo-European *snóygʷʰos (“snow”), from *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”).
The verb is derived from Middle English snouen (“to snow; (figurative) to shower”), from snou, snow (noun) (see above) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive of verbs). Displaced Old English snīwan, whence English snew (obsolete).
Verb sense 2.3.2 (“to convince or hoodwink (someone)”) probably refers to a person being blinded or confused by a snowstorm.
Cognates
* Albanian nehë (“place where the snow melts”) (dialectal)
* Ancient Greek νίφα (nípha)
* Danish sne (“snow”)
* Dutch sneeuw (“snow”)
* German Schnee (“snow”)
* Icelandic snjór (“snow”)
* Latin nix (“snow”)
* Norwegian snø (“snow”)
* Russian снег (sneg)
* Sanskrit स्नेह (snéha, “oil, grease”)
* Scots snaw (“snow”)
* Swedish snö (“snow”)
* West Frisian snie (“snow”)

сы

partly frozen, crystalline state of water that falls from the atmosphere as precipitation in flakes; falling of such flakes; accumulation of them as a white layer

there may be snow on the mountaintop but there's fire in the valley

there may be snow on the rooftop but there is fire in the furnace

They sang, that by his native bowers / He stood, in the last moon of flowers, / And thirty snows had not yet shed / Their glory on the warrior's head; […]

1838 October, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “[Earlier Poems.] Burial of the Minnisink.”, in Voices of the Night, Cambridge, Mass.: […] John Owen, published 1839, →OCLC, stanza 4, page 53:

The path by which we twain did go, / Which led by tracts that pleased us well, / Thro' four sweet years arose and fell, / From flower to flower, from snow to snow: […]

1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, Canto XXII, page 37:

(uncountable) The partly frozen, crystalline state of water that falls from the atmosphere as precipitation in flakes; also, the falling of such flakes; and the accumulation of them on the ground or on objects as a white layer.

(countable) A period of time when snow falls; a winter.

lumi

something resembling snow in appearance or color


snow

snowes (plural)
snaw (alternative)
snowe (alternative)
snawe (alternative)
snowȝ (alternative)
snoȝ (alternative)
snogh (alternative)
snou (alternative)

English: snow

Scots: snaw

Yola: sneew, sneow, snowe, snow

From Old English snāw, from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

snow (frozen water as precipitation, either while falling or once landed)


klimat

klimacik (diminutive)
klimat (nominative singular)
klimaty (nominative plural)
klimatu (genitive singular)
klimatów (genitive plural)
klimatowi (dative singular)
klimatom (dative plural)
klimat (accusative singular)
klimaty (accusative plural)
klimatem (instrumental singular)
klimatami (instrumental plural)
klimacie (locative singular)
klimatach (locative plural)
klimacie (singular vocative)
klimaty (plural vocative)


klimat

klimat (indefinite nominative singular)
klimats (genitive indefinite singular)
klimatet (definite nominative singular)
klimatets (definite genitive singular)
klimat (indefinite nominative plural)
klimats (genitive indefinite plural)
klimaten (definite nominative plural)
klimatens (definite genitive plural)


klimat

klimats (nominative plural)
klimat (nominative singular)
klimats (nominative plural)
klimata (genitive singular)
klimatas (genitive plural)
klimate (dative singular)
klimates (dative plural)
klimati (accusative singular)
klimatis (accusative plural)
o klimat! (singular vocative)
o klimats! (plural vocative)
klimatu (predicative singular)
klimatus (plural predicative)


九

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (九):
* → Japanese: 九(く) (ku); 九(きゅう) (kyū)
* → Korean: 구(九) (gu)
* → Vietnamese: cửu (九)

desctree

→ Proto-Tai: *kɤwꟲ (“nine”)
Northern Tai:
Bouyei: guz
Zhuang: gouj
Saek: กู̂
Tai Do: cau
Central Tai:
Caolan: cáu
Nùng: càu
Tày: cẩu
Wenma-Southwestern Tai:
Sapa-Southwestern Tai:
Proto-Southwestern Tai:
Thai: เก้า (gâao)
Northern Thai: ᨠᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ
Lao: ເກົ້າ (kao)
Lü: ᦂᧁᧉ (k̇aw²)
Tai Dam: ꪹꪀ꫁ꪱ (cảu)
Shan: ၵဝ်ႈ (kāo)
Tai Laing: ကႍဝ်
Tai Nüa: ᥐᥝᥲ (kàw)
Ahom: 𑜀𑜧 (kaw)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯əu̯⁴¹/

Characters in the same phonetic series (九) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手 (shǒu), 寸 (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘 (OC *tkuʔ).
After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九 was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Han etyl

In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.

“The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song

Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu.

一九二九不出手，三九四九冰上走。

(weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice


rin

From Old Frisian rein. Cognates include West Frisian rein.

en smitjenen rin

Det liket efter rin.


stroke

strokes (plural)
strok (alternative)
strake (alternative)
strak (alternative)
strook (alternative)
strooke (alternative)

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

Yola: stroke

From Old English *strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik.

A loud sound caused by weather (e.g. heavy rain)


thermometer

thermometers (plural)
thermometre (alternative)

→ Bengali: থার্মমিটার (tharmomiṭar)

Borrowed from French thermomètre; equivalent to thermo- + -meter.

Towards the following morning, the thermometer fell to 5°; and at daylight, there was not an atom of water to be seen in any direction.

1835, John Ross, James Clark Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-west Passage …, Volume 1, pages 284–5:

On the wall were hanging thermometers, barometers, and hydrometers, and every other sort of ometer, numberless, dusty, and mysterious; […]

1843, John Holmes Agnew, Eclectic Museum of Foreign Literature, Science and Art:

Elsewhere, professionals could enthuse over new precision instruments capable, for instance, of measuring weights down to a tenth of a milligram, or over a host of self-registering thermometers and barometers, microscopes, typewriters, calculators and all sorts of technical and musical devices, including automatic concertinas, edeophones, auto-harps, bigophones and other long-forgotten objects.

1978, Jan Romein, The Watershed of Two Eras: Europe in 1900, page 303:

The brothers had thrust the thermometer between two circuit boards in order to look for hot spots inside m zero. The thermometer’s dial was marked “Beef Rare—Ham—Beef Med—Pork.” “You want to keep the machine below ‘Pork,’” Gregory remarked.

1992 March 2, Richard Preston, “The Mountains of Pi”, in The New Yorker:

An apparatus used to measure temperature.

เทอร์มอมิเตอร์

təə-mɔɔ-mí-dtə̂ə

the thermometer is pointing to 7 degrees


thermometer

nl-noun

thermometer m (plural thermometers, diminutive thermometertje n)

thermometers (plural)
thermometertje (diminutive neuter)

→ Indonesian: termometer


black ice

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-black ice.wav

Coordinate term: black frost

He said the bus struck a patch of black ice, or freshly formed ice as yet invisible on the road surface, just after he had passed a trailer truck.

1965 December 25, “Oregon Bus Crash Kills 12, Hurts 27”, in New York Times, page 30:

A smooth, barely visible, and dangerously slippery film of ice, usually over a dark surface, such as rock or pavement.


溫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (溫):
* → Japanese: 温(おん) (on)
* → Korean: 온(溫) (on)
* → Vietnamese: ôn (溫)

→ Proto-Tai: *ʔunᴮ

Thai: อุ่น (ùn)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *quːn): semantic 氵 + phonetic 𥁕 (OC *quːn).


熱

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (熱):
* → Japanese: 熱(ねつ) (netsu)
* → Korean: 열(熱) (yeol)
* → Vietnamese: nhiệt (熱)

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋjed): phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).
Schuessler (2024) considers this a *-t derivation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwe (“warm”), whence also Burmese နွေး (nwe:, “warm; lukewarm”), နွှေး (hnwe:, “to warm something; to revise”).
Often considered to be related to 爇 (OC *ŋʷjed, “to burn; to toast”) and 焫 (OC *njod, “hot”).

Han compound

一杯熱茶

一杯热茶

di¹ tong¹ zung⁶ hou² jit⁶, siu² sam¹ di¹ laa¹.

啲湯仲好熱，小心啲啦。

啲汤仲好热，小心啲啦。

湯還熱呢，要小心。

汤还热呢，要小心。

Once the pan is hot enough, you must put the oil down quickly.

Thèng-hāu tiáⁿ lia̍t ê sî, ài kóaⁿ-kín khǹg iû lo̍h-khì.

聽候鼎熱的時，愛趕緊囥油落去。

听候鼎热的时，爱赶紧囥油落去。

今天很熱。

今天很热。

今仔日真熱。

今仔日真热。

傳熱

传热

heat; hotness; warmness; high temperature


eng

From Proto-Oceanic *aŋin (“wind”), from Proto-Austronesian *haŋin (“wind”)


wir

wir (nominative singular)
wiry (nominative plural)
wiru (genitive singular)
wirów (genitive plural)
wirowi (dative singular)
wirom (dative plural)
wir (accusative singular)
wiry (accusative plural)
wirem (instrumental singular)
wirami (instrumental plural)
wirze (locative singular)
wirach (locative plural)
wirze (singular vocative)
wiry (plural vocative)


rein

reins (nominative plural)
rein (nominative singular)
reins (nominative plural)
reina (genitive singular)
reinas (genitive plural)
reine (dative singular)
reines (dative plural)
reini (accusative singular)
reinis (accusative plural)
o rein! (singular vocative)
o reins! (plural vocative)
reinu (predicative singular)
reinus (plural predicative)


mot

nl-noun

mot f (plural motten, diminutive motje n)

motten (plural)
motje (diminutive neuter)


cloudless

en-adj

cloudless (comparative more cloudless, superlative most cloudless)

more cloudless (comparative)
most cloudless (superlative)

From Middle English cloudeles, equivalent to cloud + -less.

a cloudless day

a cloudless sky

The resurrection morning is a true sunrising, the inbursting of a cloudless day on all the righteous dead.

1873, Henry Southgate, Gone before, page 379:


ventus

la-noun

ventus m (genitive ventī); second declension

ventī (genitive)
ventus (nominative singular)
ventī (nominative plural)
ventī (genitive singular)
ventōrum (genitive plural)
ventō (dative singular)
ventīs (dative plural)
ventum (accusative singular)
ventōs (accusative plural)
ventō (ablative singular)
ventīs (ablative plural)
vente (singular vocative)
ventī (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: bentu

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: vimtu, vintu, vint

Megleno-Romanian: vint

Romanian: vânt

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: ventu

Dalmatian: viant

Istriot: vento

Italian: vento

Neapolitan: viento

Sicilian: ventu, vientu

Venetan: vento, vent

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: vint

Romansch: vent

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: vent

Piedmontese: vent

Romagnol: vènt

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: vent

Franco-Provençal: vent

Old French: vent (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: vent

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: biento

Asturian: vientu

Leonese: vientu

Mirandese: biento

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: vento
Fala: ventu
Galician: vento
Portuguese: vento (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: viento, biento
Ladino: viento
Spanish: viento

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *ventāna (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *wentos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“blowing”), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”). Cognate and synonymous with English wind, Sanskrit वात (vā́ta), Avestan 𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀 (vāta), Ancient Greek ἀείς (aeís) . See also Latin vannus.

[ˈu̯ɛn̪t̪ʊs̠]

… Omnis et ūna / dīlāpsus calor, atque in ventōs vīta recessit.
And all at once her warmth faded away, and her life receded into the winds.
(The death of Dido; the conclusion of Book 4. See the notes by Page, T.E., [1967], pg. 394: “‘Life,’ ‘breath,’ ‘spirit,’ anima, ἄνεμος are so closely connected in human speech that poets naturally speak of life passing ‘into the winds.’”)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.704-705

Mōta dea est operīque favet: nāvālibus exit

The goddess is moved and she favors the work: my ship is leaving the docks, already my sails have their winds.
(Inspiration returns as, metaphorically, the poet and his readers sail onward. Idiomatically, Ovid ‘‘has found his second wind’’ while writing the fourth book of the Fasti.)

puppis, habent ventōs iam mea vēla suōs.


CC

en-noun

CC (countable and uncountable, plural CCs)


雪

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雪):
* → Korean: 설(雪) (seol)
* → Vietnamese: tuyết (雪)

→ Zhuang: siet

Ancient simplification of 䨮, which is in turn phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sqʰʷed): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 彗 (OC *sɢʷeds, *ɢʷeds, *sɢʷids).
Schuessler (2007) considers this to be related to Kra-Dai words: Proto-Tai *hnəiᴬ¹ (“snow”), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔnuːi¹ (“snow”).
Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suăt (“snow”), comparing this with Tibetan སད (sad, “frost, cold air, cold, coldness”), but this connection may be unlikely considering the phonetic part of this character.

cog

下雪

Night comes and the sky seems like it might snow; could you drink a cup?

Wǎn lái tiān yù xuě, néng yǐn yī bēi wú?

晚來天欲雪，能飲一杯無？

晚来天欲雪，能饮一杯无？

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to snow

After the morning meal, I said my farewells to Mother. Then she instructed me: "Go well; fully cleanse [the country of this] national humiliation."

1594, 李舜臣 (Yi Sun-sin), 《亂中日記》 (War Diary of Admiral Yi)

Zhāoshí hòu, gàocí tiānzhǐ qián, zé jiào “yǐ hǎo fù, dà xuě guó rǔ.”

朝食後，告辭天只前，則教「以好赴，大雪國辱。」

朝食后，告辞天只前，则教「以好赴，大雪国辱。」


雪

Second grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


雹

ja-noun

雹(ひょう) • (hyō)


霰

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjar (“hail; sleet”); compare Tibetan སེར (ser, “hail”), Western Tamang सेर (“hail”) (STEDT; Hill, 2014; Schuessler, 2024).

inh

䨘
䨷
𩄧
𩆥
𩅤
𩃝
𩃂
𩆵


霰

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *arare.


heatwave

heatwaves (plural)
heat wave (alternative)

On a hot summer's day, one can literally see heatwaves shimmering off the surfaces of inanimate objects.

2021, Murray du Plessis, Modern Meditations: 101 Ways to Slow Down & Connect to Spirit:


風

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (風):
* → Japanese: 風(ふう) (fū)
* → Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
* → Vietnamese: phong (風)

→? Old Korean: (via Old Chinese) (Zhao, 2007)

desctree

Middle Korean: ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (polom, “wind”)
Korean: 바람 (baram)

Drung language
Jingpho language
Shuowen
dissimilation

Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *plum, *plums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”); the point inside 凡 is still visible above the insect, hence this component appears as 䖝. Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).
In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.
Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.
Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).
Cognate with:
* 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
* 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm))
* 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
* 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
* 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)
The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Han compound

风
凨
凬
𠙈
𠙄
𠙊
凮
𠙗
飌
𩙣
𠂡

風俗

风俗

歪風

歪风

The son of Heaven examines the manners [of the people], to guide him in making his music. In his instruments he collects the notes, and by those notes the music goes forth.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Tiānzǐ xǐnɡfēng yǐ zuòyuè, qì yǐ zhōng zhī, yú yǐ xíng zhī.

天子省風以作樂，器以鐘之，輿以行之。

天子省风以作乐，器以钟之，舆以行之。


simoom

From Arabic سَمُوم (samūm, “hot wind”), from سَمَّ (samma, “to poison”).

The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom. Whirling wreaths and columns of burning wind, rushed around and over them.

1892, James Yoxall, chapter 5, in The Lonely Pyramid:

Stephen's heart had withered up like a flower of the desert that feels the simoom coming from afar.

1916, James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Macmillan Press Ltd, paperback, page 101:

A hot, dry, suffocating, dust-laden wind of the desert, particularly of Arabia, Syria, and neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat of the parched deserts or sandy plains.


tepid

en-adj

tepid (comparative more tepid, superlative most tepid)

more tepid (comparative)
most tepid (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin tepidus. Cognate with Sanskrit tap-, Proto-Slavic *teplъ.

I'm drinking a cup of tepid water.

He gave me a tepid response to the proposal.

The erratic behaviour of Hariri now is largely explained by the fact that his best days may be behind him, given his long absences from the country for security reasons, his declining Saudi business interests, some local challenges to his tepid leadership in recent municipal elections, and his decline in stature in the eyes of his Saudi backers.

2016 October 22, Rami G Khouri, “Lebanese oligarchy preserves its interests once again”, in Aljazeera:

Uninterested; exhibiting little passion or eagerness; lukewarm.


POP

(weather) Acronym of probability of precipitation.


degree

→ Burmese: ဒီဂရီ (diga.ri)

→ Juba Arabic: digrii

→ Swahili: digrii

→ Tagalog: digri

From Middle English degre, borrowed from Old French degré (French: degré), itself from Latin gradus, with the prefix de-.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 26. Degree

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 31. Greatness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

212 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 100 degrees Celsius.

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

(physics) A unit of measurement of temperature on any of several scales, such as Celsius or Fahrenheit.


snowball

From Middle English snoweball, snoweballe, snaweballe, snayballe, equivalent to snow + ball. Cognate with Scots snawbaw, German Schneeball, Luxembourgish Schnéiball, Dutch sneeuwbal, Afrikaans sneeubal, Limburgish snieëbal, West Frisian sniebal, Saterland Frisian Sneebaal, Sneebal, Swedish snöboll, Elfdalian sniųoboll, Danish snebold, Norwegian Bokmål snøball, Norwegian Nynorsk snøball and Icelandic snjóbolti.

A ball of snow, usually one made in the hand and thrown for amusement in a snowball fight; also a larger ball of snow made by rolling a snowball around in snow that sticks to it and increases its diameter.

A cocktail made from lemonade and advocaat.

(sex) A sex act involving passing ejaculated semen from one person's mouth to another's.

It didn't take long to eat a packetful of snowballs - they are simply delicious.

A small cake, typically cream-filled and covered in chocolate icing and desiccated coconut.


snowball

en-verb

snowball (third-person singular simple present snowballs, present participle snowballing, simple past and past participle snowballed)

snowballs (present singular third-person)
snowballing (participle present)
snowballed (participle past)
snowballed (past)

The high unemployment rates quickly snowballed into a major budget problem for the government.

There's a further knock-on effect from cancelling trains. It's not unusual for train crew diagrams to include a period 'on the cushions', travelling as a passenger to get staff from one train to the next. Cancel this train and it's likely the crew won't reach their next train, so this too is cancelled. Disruption snowballs and diagrams become harder to deliver.

2023 January 11, Philip Haigh, “Comment: The worst chaos for 40 years”, in RAIL, number 974, page 4:

(intransitive) To rapidly grow out of proportion or control, from an initially smaller state.


aqua

Inherited from Latin aqua. Compare Italian acqua.


tuuli

head

tuuli (genitive tuulen, partitive tuulta /tuulda, diminutive tuulut)

tuulen (genitive)
tuulta (partitive)
tuulda (partitive)
tuulut (diminutive)
tuuli (nominative singular)
tuulet (nominative plural)
tuulen (genitive singular)
tuulien (genitive plural)
tuulta (partitive singular)
tuulija (partitive plural)
tuulih (illative singular)
tuuliloih (illative plural)
tuulešša (inessive singular)
tuuliloissa (inessive plural)
tuulešta (elative singular)
tuuliloista (elative plural)
tuulella (adessive singular)
tuuliloilla (adessive plural)
tuulelta (ablative singular)
tuuliloilta (ablative plural)
tuulekši (singular translative)
tuuliloiksi (plural translative)
tuulina (essive singular)
tuuliloina (essive plural)
tuuliloineh (comitative plural)
tuuletta (abessive singular)
tuuliloitta (abessive plural)
tuuli (nominative singular)
tuulet (nominative plural)
tuulen (genitive singular)
tuuliloin (genitive plural)
tuulda (partitive singular)
tuuliloida (partitive plural)
tuulih (illative singular)
tuuliloih (illative plural)
tuulešša (inessive singular)
tuuliloissa (inessive plural)
tuulešta (elative singular)
tuuliloista (elative plural)
tuulella (adessive singular)
tuuliloilla (adessive plural)
tuulelda (ablative singular)
tuuliloilda (ablative plural)
tuulekši (singular translative)
tuuliloiksi (plural translative)
tuulina (essive singular)
tuuliloina (essive plural)
tuulenke (comitative singular)
tuuliloinke (comitative plural)
tuuletta (abessive singular)
tuuliloitta (abessive plural)
tuuleni (first-person possessive)
tuuleš (possessive second-person)
tuuleh (possessive third-person)

krl-decl-table

type 8/<i class="Latn mention" lang="krl">uni</i>, no gradation

From Proto-Finnic *tuuli. Cognates include Finnish tuuli and Veps tuli.


heat

en-noun

heat (countable and uncountable, plural heats)

From Middle English hete, from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄ (“heat”), from Proto-Indo-European *keHy- (“heat; hot”). Cognate with Scots hete (“heat”), North Frisian hiet (“heat”), Old High German heizī (“heat”). Related also to Dutch hitte (“heat”), German Hitze (“heat”), Swedish hetta (“heat”), Icelandic hiti (“heat”).

op hitte

condition where a mammal is aroused sexually or where it is especially fertile

The chili sauce gave the dish heat.

(uncountable) An attribute of a spice that causes a burning sensation in the mouth.

pikante

I can make a scroll like that in a single heat.

The smiths themselves were a grand lot of fellows, full of a robust, and sometimes Rabelaisian sense of humour, and between "heats," they could be most entertaining.

1945 January and February, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—III”, in Railway Magazine, page 13:

(countable) One cycle of bringing metal to maximum temperature and working it until it is too cool to work further.

verhitting

one cycle of bringing metal to maximum temperature and working it until it is too cool to work further

I'm freezing; could you turn on the heat?

(uncountable) Heating system; a system that raises the temperature of a room or building.


heat

en-verb

heat (third-person singular simple present heats, present participle heating, simple past and past participle heated or (dialectal) het)

heats (present singular third-person)
heating (participle present)
heated (participle past)
heated (past)
het (dialectal participle past)
het (dialectal past)

From Middle English heten, from Old English hǣtan (“to heat; become hot”), from Proto-Germanic *haitijaną (“to heat, make hot”).

inh

I'll heat up the water.

(transitive) To cause an increase in temperature of (an object or space); to cause to become hot (often with "up").

verhit

to cause an increase in temperature of an object or space

Ile leaue you my ſweete Ladie, for a while, pray walke ſoftly, doe not heate your bloud, what, I muſt haue care of you.

c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

(transitive, figurative) To excite or make hot by action or emotion; to make feverish.


snowstorm

snowstorms (plural)
snow storm (alternative)
snow-storm (alternative)

From earlier snow-storm, snow storm, equivalent to snow + storm. Compare Scots snawstorm (“snowstorm”), Saterland Frisian Sneestoarm (“snowstorm”), West Frisian sniestoarm (“snowstorm”), Dutch sneeuwstorm (“snowstorm”), German Low German Sneestorm (“snowstorm”), German Schneesturm (“snowstorm”), Danish snestorm (“snowstorm”), Swedish snöstorm (“snowstorm”), Icelandic snjóstormur (“snowstorm”). Compare also Middle English storm of snow (“snowstorm”).

cog

Dined at Melville Castle, whither I went through a snow-storm.

1826 November 28 (date written), Walter Scott, “[Entry dated 28 November 1826]”, in David Douglas, editor, The Journal of Sir Walter Scott […], volume I, Edinburgh: David Douglas, published 1890, →OCLC, page 24:

Bad weather involving blowing winds and snow, or blowing winds and heavy snowfall amount.

stuhi dëbore

bad weather involving blowing winds and snow


neige

From Middle French nege, naige (14th c.), deverbal of neiger (“to snow”). Displaced related Old French noif, from Latin nix, nivem.

travailler sous la neige


blizzard

Estherville, Iowa
Midlands English
blizzard

Unknown, with various theories as below. Compare English blizz (“violent rainstorm”), dialectal English bliz (“violent blow”); one etymology, from Midlands English dialect, seems to be ultimately from Old English blysa (“blaze”).
Etymology theories
* The earliest written use of blizzard as a term to describe a severe snowstorm, spelled blizard, was in the Estherville, Iowa's Northern Vindicator on 23 April 1870. O.C. Bates, neologistic editor of the Northern Vindicator, used it for the terrific snowstorms in the state that spring. He claimed he had picked up the term from locals characterizing a "Lightning Ellis", on account of his violent outbursts. One week later it appeared again in the same newspaper, only with the now-common double-z spelling.
* Blizzard possibly comes from the surname "Blizzard" dating back to 1700s(?). Blizzard surname possibly comes from the blizzard one, dating back to the 1500s(?).
* The word blizzard was used (not in relation to the weather) in America prior to 1870. It had various, roughly associated, now obsolete meanings:
: Blast with a firearm or cannon (whether one or multiple bullets or pellets uncertain)
: Verbal blast
: Blast with a firearm or cannon (single ball or bullet):
: Blazing fire
: Heavy or painful physical blow (not involving a firearm)
: Literal or figurative attack
: Exclamation (like “the blazes” or “blue blazes")
: Blast with multiple firearms or with a firearm loaded with multiple pellets
: Shot of liquor
* Probably from the German blitzartig (“very fast, like lightning”)
* Another version suggests French blesser (to wound), but neither this nor the German can be substantiated. Yet another claims that blizzard derives from English dialect blizzer, meaning "a blaze" or "flash" ("Put towthry sticks on th' fire, an' let's have a blizzer," - The English Dialect Dictionary) or from blazer (something that blazes or blasts), which gave the early sense "a volley of firing guns," that is, a general "blazing away."
* Thomas Ratcliffe of Worksop, Nottinghamshire, in the March 17, 1888, edition
BLIZZARD (7th S. v. 106).—The word blizzard is well known through the Midlands, and its cognates are fairly numerous. I have known the word and its kin fully thirty years. Country folk use the word to denote blazing, blasting, blinding, dazzling, or stifling. One who has had to face a severe storm of snow, hail, rain, dust, or wind, would say on reaching shelter that he has "faced a blizzer," or that the storm was "a regular blizzard." A blinding flash of lightning would call forth the exclamation, "My! that wor a blizzomer!" or "That wor a blizzer!" "Put towthry sticks on th' fire, an let's have a blizzer"—a blaze. "A good blizzom" = a good blaze. "That tree is blizzared" = blasted, withered. As an oath the word is often used, and "May I be blizzerded" will be readily understood.
* A check of some of the Midlands regional glossaries printed in the 1800s finds several entries for blizzy. First, from Anne Baker, Glossary of Northamptonshire words and phrases (1854):
BLIZZY. A blaze. "Blow the fire, and let's have a nice blizzy." This, though now considered a vulgarism, is a retention of the original A.-Sax. blysa, a blaze.
And Angelina Parker, A Glossary of Words Used in Oxfordshire (1876):
Blizzy, a flaring fire produced by putting on small sticks. Ex. 'Let's 'a a bit of a blizzy afore us goes to bed.'
And from Barzillai Lowsley, A Glossary of Berkshire Words and Phrases (1888):
BLIZZY.— A blaze. The fire is said to be all of a "blizzy" when pieces of wood have been inserted amongst the coal to make it burn cheerfully.
And from G. F. Northall, A Warwickshire Word-book (1896):
Blizzy, sb. A blaze, a blast, a flare of fire. A.-Sax. blysa, a blaze. Common.
They suggest that blizzy survived from the ancient word blysa in numerous localities and might well share a root with the U.S. blizzard.

A large snowstorm accompanied by strong winds and greatly reduced visibility caused by blowing snow.


vent

Inherited from Old Catalan vent, from Latin ventus, from Proto-Italic *wentos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts < *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


vent

French: vent

From Old French vent, from Latin ventus.


vent

From Old French vent, from Latin ventus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

der

Vent d'amont qui veur duraïr, au sér va se reposaïr.

1903, Edgar MacCulloch, “Proverbs, Weather Sayings, etc.”, in Guernsey Folk Lore, page 533:

An east wind that intends to last, goes to rest in the evening.

r'aver san vent

to get one's breath back, get one's wind back


vent

fro-noun

vent oblique singular, m (oblique plural venz or ventz, nominative singular venz or ventz, nominative plural vent)

vent oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
venz (oblique plural)
ventz (oblique plural)
venz (nominative singular)
ventz (nominative singular)
vent (nominative plural)

Bourguignon: vant

→ English: vent

Middle French: vent
French: vent

Norman: vent

Walloon: vint

→ Galician: vendaval

→ Portuguese: vendaval

→ Spanish: vendaval

Un meis sanz vent nagerent tut plein

c. 1110, Benedeit, Le Voyage de saint Brandan:

They sailed for a whole month without wind


snowflake

snowflakes (plural)
snow-flake (alternative)

From snow + flake. Compare Saterland Frisian Sneeflokke (“snowflake”), Dutch sneeuwvlok, Luxembourgish Schnéiflack, German Schneeflocke.

cog

A crystal of snow, having approximate hexagonal symmetry.

cleiteag (South Uist, Small Isles, Argyll, West Perthshire)

clàideag (Lochcarron, Ardnamurchan, Lochaber, Mid Argyll)

clòimhneag (Lochalsh, mainland Inverness-shire, Deeside)

Any of several bulbous European plants, of the genus Leucojum, having white flowers.

Plectrophenax nivalis
Plectrophenax nivalis#Translingual

The snow bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis.


snowflake

en-verb

snowflake (third-person singular simple present snowflakes, present participle snowflaking, simple past and past participle snowflaked)

snowflakes (present singular third-person)
snowflaking (participle present)
snowflaked (participle past)
snowflaked (past)
snow-flake (alternative)

(computing, databases) To arrange (data) into a snowflake schema.


red-hot

red-hots (plural)
red hot (alternative)
redhot (alternative)

(dated, US) Alternative spelling of red hot


rainfall

en-noun

rainfall (countable and uncountable, plural rainfalls)

(meteorology) The amount of rain that falls on a single occasion


climatology

climatology (countable and uncountable, plural climatologies)

The science that deals with climates, and investigates their phenomena and causes.


té

Irish: te

Manx: çheh

Scottish Gaelic: teth

From Proto-Celtic *teɸents, from the present participle of Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”) (compare Latin tepēns).


front

en-noun

front (countable and uncountable, plural fronts)

Tok Pisin: fran

→ Japanese: フロント (furonto)

→ Korean: 프런트 (peureonteu)

From Middle English front, frunt, frount, from Old French front, frunt, from Latin frōns, frontem (“forehead”). Doublet of frons.

We need to take the clothes off the line. The news reported a front is coming in from the east, and we can expect heavy rain and maybe hail.

(meteorology) The interface or transition zone between two airmasses of different density, often resulting in precipitation. Since the temperature distribution is the most important regulator of atmospheric density, a front almost invariably separates airmasses of different temperature.

фронт

meteorology: interface between airmasses


heater

→ Japanese: ヒーター (hītā)

Turn on the heater; I'm cold.

“First you've got to sit up and go into the tackroom, because you are soaking wet. And shivering.” […] The tackroom was cold, so Sam turned on the kerosene heater and found a wool cooler and wrapped her in it.

2001, Jane Smiley, Horse Heaven, New York, NY: Ballantine Books, →ISBN, page 61:

A device that produces and radiates heat, typically to raise the temperature of a room or building.


snowman

* snow + -man.
* (score of eight; card ranked eight): A typical snowman, built from two balls of snow, resembles a figure eight.

A humanoid figure made with large snowballs stacked on each other. Human traits like a face and arms may be fashioned with sticks (arms), a carrot (nose), and stones or coal (eyes, mouth).


Schneeball

de-noun

Schneeball m (strong, genitive Schneeballes or Schneeballs, plural Schneebälle)

Schneeballes (genitive)
Schneeballs (genitive)
Schneebälle (plural)
Schneeball (nominative singular)
Schneebälle (definite nominative plural)
Schneeballes (genitive singular)
Schneeballs (genitive singular)
Schneebälle (definite genitive plural)
Schneeball (dative singular)
Schneeballe (dative singular)
Schneebällen (dative definite plural)
Schneeball (accusative singular)
Schneebälle (accusative definite plural)


rosa

roska (diminutive)
rosa (nominative singular)
rosy (dual nominative)
rose (nominative plural)
rose (genitive singular)
rosowu (dual genitive)
rosow (genitive plural)
rosy (dative singular)
rosoma (dative dual)
rosam (dative plural)
rosu (accusative singular)
rosy (accusative dual)
rose (accusative plural)
rosu (instrumental singular)
rosoma (dual instrumental)
rosami (instrumental plural)
rosy (locative singular)
rosoma (dual locative)
rosach (locative plural)

From Proto-Slavic *rosà, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁róseh₂.


nix

la-noun

nix f (genitive nivis); third declension

nivis (genitive)
nix (nominative singular)
nivēs (nominative plural)
nivis (genitive singular)
nivium (genitive plural)
nivī (dative singular)
nivibus (dative plural)
nivem (accusative singular)
nivēs (accusative plural)
nivīs (accusative plural)
nive (ablative singular)
nivibus (ablative plural)
nix (singular vocative)
nivēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: neauã, aneauã, neao, niau

Istro-Romanian: ne

Megleno-Romanian: neauă

Romanian: neauă, nea

Dalmatian:

nai

Insular Romance:

desc

Sardinian: nibe, nive (Nuorese), nie (Logudorese), ni, nii, nia (Campidanese)

Ibero-Romance:

Portuguese: neve

Spanish: nieve

Italo-Romance:

Italian: neve

Neapolitan: neve, neva

Sicilian: nivi

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: neiv, neva, neiva, nev

Lombard: nef, nif, nöu, neif, nev

Old Ligurian: neive

Ligurian: neie

Piedmontese: neu, nef

Romagnol: neiva, nev

Friulian: nêf, nêv, gnu (Dignano)

Istriot: nìo

Ladin: nëif, nei (Belluno)

Romansch: naiv, nev, neif

Venetan: neve

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: nê, neu, nei, neif (Valdôtain)

Old French: neif, noif, noi

Norman: nê, noif

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: neu

Occitan: nèu, neu

Gascon: nheu

Aragonese: nieu, nyeu, neu

Vulgar Latin:

*nĕvem

*nivāre, *nevāre, *nivicāre

Borrowings:

French: nihil-gris, nihil-blanc

From Proto-Italic *sniks (with oblique stem *sniɣʷ- > niv-), from Proto-Indo-European *snéygʷʰs (“snow”), root noun derived from *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”) (whence also Latin nivit, ningit, ninguit). Direct cognates include Ancient Greek νίφα (nípha) and Old Irish snechtae and indirectly also Sanskrit स्नेह (sneha), Old Church Slavonic снѣгъ (sněgŭ) and Old English snāw and snīwan (English snow and snew).

Fontis habēs īnstar pluviamque nivēsque solūtās,

For a source you have the rain and the melting snows,
riches which lazy winter administers to you.

quās tibi dīvitiās pigra ministrat hiemps.


kalt

From Middle High German kalt, from Old High German kalt, from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz. Cognate with German kalt, English cold.


duststorm

duststorms (plural)
dust storm (alternative)

In the early part of the 20th century, "dust bowl" storms in the central U.S. were responsible for crippling damage to the agricultural infrastructure.

I saw a dust-storm at Kueichow which lasted for seven hours, burying some hovels and much agricultural country, and even producing a metamorphosis of the rocky bed of the Yangtze. Such storms have been observed as far east as Shanghai, but their occurrence at Kueichow shows that their area is not limited to the Great Plain or even to the region east of the mountain barrier between HUPEH and SZE CHUAN.

[1900, Isabella L. Bird, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, volume 1, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

phenomenon in which gale- to hurricane-force winds blow particles up in a planet's atmosphere.


hurricane

hurricanes (plural)
hero-cane (alternative)
hurrican (alternative)

> Bislama: hariken (inherited)

→ German: Hurrikan

→ Hebrew: הוריקן (hurikan)

→ Irish: hairicín

→ Japanese: ハリケーン (Harikēn)

→ Korean: 허리케인 (heorikein)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: hȁriken

→ Thai: เฮอริเคน (həə-rí-keen)

Etymology tree
Taíno *hurakābor.
Spanish huracánbor.
English hurricane
Borrowed from Spanish huracán, ultimately from Taíno *hurakā.

etymon

An extreme version of vorticity is a vortex. The vortex is a spinning, cyclonic mass of fluid, which can be observed in the rotation of water going down a drain, as well as in smoke rings, tornados and hurricanes.

2013 March 7, Frank Fish, George Lauder, “Not Just Going with the Flow”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2013-05-01, page 114:

A severe tropical cyclone in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern North Pacific off the west coast of Mexico, with winds of 119 km/h (74 miles per hour) or greater accompanied by rain, lightning, and thunder that sometimes moves into temperate latitudes.


cyclone

→ Catalan: cicló

→ Danish: cyklon

desctree

→ Dutch: cycloon
→ Indonesian: siklon
→ Papiamentu: siklon

→ French: cyclone
→ Romanian: ciclon

→ German: Zyklon
→ Polish: cyklon

→ Japanese: サイクロン (Saikuron)

→ Korean: 사이클론 (saikeullon)

⇒ Norwegian Bokmål: syklon

⇒ Norwegian Nynorsk: syklon

→ Portuguese: ciclone

→ Russian: цикло́н (ciklón), циклонъ (ciklon), цѵклонъ (ciklon) — Pre-reform orthography (1918) (calque)
→ Armenian: ցիկլոն (cʻiklon)

→ Thai: ไซโคลน (sai-kloon)

→ Ukrainian: цикло́н (cyklón)

Coined by Henry Piddington, probably in the 1840s, and based on some term in Ancient Greek. Sources disagree on the date and on which Ancient Greek term, though it had to be something derived from either κύκλος (kúklos, “circle, wheel”) or κυκλόω (kuklóō, “go around in a circle, form a circle, encircle”), for example the present active participle κυκλῶν (kuklôn). See cycle and wheel.

atmospheric pressure
atmospheric pressure

(loosely) Any weather phenomenon consisting of a system of winds rotating around a centre of low atmospheric pressure.

(specifically) Such a weather phenomenon occurring in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean

sikloon

South Pacific and Indian Ocean weather phenomenon

A cyclone separator; the cylindrical vortex tube within such a separator


cyclone

en-verb

cyclone (third-person singular simple present cyclones, present participle cycloning, simple past and past participle cycloned)

cyclones (present singular third-person)
cycloning (participle present)
cycloned (participle past)
cycloned (past)

The product is cycloned and overflow at 45-50% solids is pumped to primary flotation where 50-70% of the copper is removed as a 21% concentrate.

1977, Western Miner and Oil Review - Volume 50, page 35:

The Syncrude Tar Sand Mine in Alberta, Canada uses a similar hydraulic cell construction technique to raise tailings embankments, although tailings are not cycloned.

1988, Dirk J. A. Van Zyl, Steven G. Vick, Hydraulic Fill Structures, page 59:

Some catsup manufacturers demand a hot break before the tomatoes are cycloned in order to retain the largest possible amount of pectin from the tomatoes.

2013, WA Gould, Tomato Production, Processing and Technology, page 238:

White dust was cycloning at the bottom of ravines that cut for miles into the red flatness

1997, D. J. H. Jones, Murder in the New Age:

Pine needles cycloned wildly as Jan swung her car into the Institute's parking lot.

2018, Wayne Kyle Spitzer, Death Scene, page 2:

The unicorn stamped and gave him a scornful look as Sally cycloned away from them, but Wulfric laughed to himself a crafty laugh.

2020, Elizabeth Ann Scarborough, Songs From the Seashell Archives:

He raised his arms in supplication even as the cloak's hood blew back and his hair cycloned—like he was standing in a vortex.

2021, Wayne Kyle Spitzer, The Lost Country, page 17:

To whirl in spirals as a result of a cyclone or whirlwind-like force.


monsoon

→ German: Monsun
→ Czech: monzun

→ Hindi: मानसून (mānsūn)

→ Punjabi: ਮੌਨਸੂਨ (maunsūn)

From Portuguese monção and Dutch moesson, from Arabic مَوْسِم (mawsim, “season”), from وَسَمَ (wasama, “to mark, to brand”).

Any of a number of winds associated with regions where most rain falls during a particular season.

Floods in northern India, mostly in the small state of Uttarakhand, have wrought disaster on an enormous scale. The early, intense onset of the monsoon on June 14th swelled rivers, washing away roads, bridges, hotels and even whole villages. Rock-filled torrents smashed vehicles and homes, burying victims under rubble and sludge.

2013 June 29, “High and wet”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 28:

Tropical rainy season when the rain lasts for several months with few interruptions.

মৌচুমী

tropical rainy season — see also monsoon season

Entire meteorological systems with such characteristics.