El Niño

From Spanish El Niño (literally “The Little Boy”), used by South American fishermen in the 17th century, referring to the Christ child, as the phenomenon is observed around Christmas time.

bor

Additionally, scientists aren’t expecting to be surprised again by El Niño, a warming of the Pacific Ocean that tends to dampen Atlantic hurricane activity.

The odd weather phenomenon that many blame for the suffering here — the drought and sudden storm pattern known as El Niño — is expected to become more frequent as the planet warms.

2020 July 23, Abrahm Lustgarten, “The Great Climate Migration”, in New York Times:

In part, that’s because the planet is entering a natural climate phenomenon known as El Niño, which typically brings warmer oceans. But now, El Niño is coming on top of long-term warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions.

2023 July 12, Catrin Einhorn, Elena Shao, “How Hot Is the Sea Off Florida Right Now? Think 90s Fahrenheit.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

El Niño is also partially responsible for the ongoing catastrophic rainfall in east Africa, which began in March and has caused devastating flooding in Kenya, Tanzania, Somalia, Rwanda and Burundi.

2024 May 6, Lauren Herdman, “Weather tracker: torrential rainstorms cause death and destruction in Brazil”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

An invasion of warm water into the surface of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Peru and Ecuador, the positive phase of the multi-year ENSO cycle, which causes changes in local and regional climate.

Ел Ниньо

a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon


El Niño

El Niño (a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon)


luft

fo-noun

luft f (genitive singular luftar, uncountable)

luftar (genitive singular)
luft (indefinite nominative singular)
luftin (definite nominative singular)
luft (accusative indefinite singular)
luftina (accusative definite singular)
luft (dative indefinite singular)
luftini (dative definite singular)
luftar (genitive indefinite singular)
luftarinnar (definite genitive singular)

From Middle Low German lucht, from Old Saxon luft, from Proto-West Germanic *luftu.


frigidus

la-adj

frīgidus (feminine frīgida, neuter frīgidum, comparative frīgidior, superlative frīgidissimus, adverb frīgidē); first/second-declension adjective

frīgidus (canonical)
frīgida (feminine)
frīgidum (neuter)
frīgidior (comparative)
frīgidissimus (superlative)
frīgidē (adverb)
frīgidus (masculine nominative singular)
frīgida (feminine nominative singular)
frīgidum (neuter nominative singular)
frīgidī (masculine nominative singular)
frīgidae (feminine nominative plural)
frīgida (neuter nominative plural)
frīgidī (genitive masculine singular)
frīgidae (feminine genitive singular)
frīgidī (genitive neuter singular)
frīgidōrum (genitive masculine singular)
frīgidārum (feminine genitive plural)
frīgidōrum (genitive neuter plural)
frīgidō (dative masculine singular)
frīgidae (dative feminine singular)
frīgidō (dative neuter singular)
frīgidīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
frīgidum (accusative masculine singular)
frīgidam (accusative feminine singular)
frīgidum (accusative neuter singular)
frīgidōs (accusative masculine singular)
frīgidās (accusative feminine plural)
frīgida (accusative neuter plural)
frīgidō (ablative masculine singular)
frīgidā (ablative feminine singular)
frīgidō (ablative neuter singular)
frīgidīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
frīgide (masculine singular vocative)
frīgida (feminine singular vocative)
frīgidum (neuter singular vocative)
frīgidī (masculine singular vocative)
frīgidae (feminine plural vocative)
frīgida (neuter plural vocative)
fricdus (alternative)
frigdus (alternative)
fridus (alternative)

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: freddu, frettu, fritu

Italian: freddo

→ Spanish: fredo

Sicilian: friddu

North Italian:

Emilian: frèd

Istriot: frido

desc

Friulian: frêt, frêd (alternative orthography), frêd

Ladin: frëit

Lombard: fregg, fred, hegg

Piedmontese: frèid, fregg

Romagnol: frèd

Romansch: fraid, fred (Sutsilvan), freid (Sursilvan, Surmiran), freid, fraid (Rumantsch Grischun, Puter, Vallader), fred (Sutsilvan)

Venetan: fredo, fret

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: frêd

desctree

Old French: freid, frait, freit, froit
Middle French: froit
French: froid
Norman: fraid, fré, fréi (Guernsey), freid (continental Normandy)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: fret

Catalan: fred

Occitan:

Auvergnat: fred, freid

Gascon: hred, hered

Languedocien: freg, fred (southern)

Limousin: fred, freid

Provençal: freid, fred

Vivaro-Alpine: freid, fred

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: fredo, frido

Aragonese: fredo

Asturian: fríu

Old Galician-Portuguese: frio
Galician: frío
Portuguese: frio

Old Spanish: frido, frio

Spanish: frío

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: frittu

Borrowings:

→ Catalan: frígid

→ English: frigid

→ French: frigide

→ Italian: frigido

→ Portuguese: frígido

→ Romanian: frigid

→ Spanish: frígido

[ˈfriːɡɪd̪ʊs̠]

frīgida Carseolīs nec olīvīs apta ferendīs

[It was] cold in the land of Carseoli, not even fit for growing olives,
but with soil well-adapted for grain crops.
(See Carsoli.)


breeze

en-verb

breeze (third-person singular simple present breezes, present participle breezing, simple past and past participle breezed)

breezes (present singular third-person)
breezing (participle present)
breezed (participle past)
breezed (past)
brize (alternative)
briess (alternative)

From the earlier (nautical) term brise, brize (“breeze”), from Middle English brees (“wind”). Ultimate origin obscure.
Variously supposed to derive from a Germanic source like Saterland Frisian Briese (“breeze”), West Frisian brys (“a cool wind”), Dutch bries (“breeze”), early Dutch brysen (“to blow cool and fresh”), or from Spanish brisa (“northeast wind”).
The earliest attestations are in Middle English brees (1460), Catalan brisa, and Italian brezza (all in 15th century), with Spanish (1504) and Portuguese briza (16th century) following closely after. The aforementioned Dutch cognates and French brise, however, are attested later than the term in English. The only internal hypothesis for any of those languages is a modification of Old Occitan bisa (“strong wind”), which is not widely accepted.
Compare also Albanian breshër (“hail”).

unk

obscure

She's sitting opposite a window that's gently breezing into her face, wafting her hair into cover-girl perfection ...

2014 January 21, Hermione Hoby, “Julia Roberts interview for August: Osage County – 'I might actually go to hell for this ...': Julia Roberts reveals why her violent, Oscar-nominated performance in August: Osage County made her feel 'like a terrible person' [print version: 'I might actually go to hell for this ...' (18 January 2014, p. R4)]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Review):


vetero

eo-head

vetero (uncountable, accusative veteron)

Borrowed from German Wetter, and perhaps also English weather.


vetero

Borrowed from Esperanto vetero, English weather, German Wetter.


gale

From Middle English gale (“a wind, breeze”), possibly from Old English galan, possibly an unknown North Germanic origin, related to Icelandic gola (“a breeze”), Danish gal (“furious, mad”), both from Old Norse gala (“to sing”), and thus ultimately related to the above word (etymology 1).

A little gale will soon disperse that cloud.

c. 1591–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

And winds of gentlest gale Arabian odours fanned / From their soft wings.

1671, John Milton, “The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC:


Schnee

head

Schnee m (plural Schnee, diminutive Schneeli or Schneewli)

Schnee (plural)
Schneeli (diminutive)
Schneewli (diminutive)
schnee (alternative)
schné (alternative)
schnia (alternative)
schnei (alternative)
schnìj (alternative)

From Middle High German snê, from Old High German snēo, from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw.


neu

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *nĕvem, alteration of Latin nivem.


vane

From Middle English vane, Southern Middle English variant of fane, from Old English fana (“cloth, banner, flag”), from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“something woven; weave; tissue; fabric; cloth”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Foone (“flag, banner”), Dutch vaan (“banner, flag”), German Low German Fahn (“flag”), German Fahne. Doublet of obsolete fane (“weathercock; banner”) and fanon.


rob

rób (canonical masculine)
rób (absolutive)
róobu (predicative)
rób (subjective)
robtí (genitive)
róobul (l-case)
róobuk (k-case)
róobut (t-case)
róobuh (h-case)

From Proto-Cushitic *roob- ~ *roop-. Cognates include Iraqw tluuw, Somali róob, Oromo rooba and Saho rob.


smog

en-noun

smog (countable and uncountable, plural smogs)

A widow since 1967, she lives now in Honolulu because, she says, she can enjoy the Californialike climate without the smog.

1973 April 22, Martha Weinman Lear, “Clare Boothe Luce, she who is behind ‘The Women’”, in The New York Times:

Everyone smoked so if the auditorium was full, the whole room would be filled with smoke in next to no time. It was like the legendary London smog of the 1950s in there sometimes. You took it in turn to “flash the ash” as it was called.

2015, Richard Blackshire, Newtown Naughty Boy, page 145:

A noxious mixture of particulates and gases that is the result of urban air pollution.

black smog

combination of smoke and fog; stereotypical 19th century London smog

photochemical smog

brown haze and ozone; stereotypical 1980s Los Angeles afternoon smog


smog

en-verb

smog (third-person singular simple present smogs, present participle smogging, simple past and past participle smogged)

smogs (present singular third-person)
smogging (participle present)
smogged (participle past)
smogged (past)

If the car is more than five years old, you'll have to have it smogged before you can register it.

(informal) To get a smog check; to check a vehicle or have it checked for emissions.


haze

en-noun

haze (usually uncountable, plural hazes)

* The earliest instances are of the latter part of the 17th century.
* Possibly back-formation of hazy.
* Compare Old Norse höss (“grey”), akin to Old English hasu (“gray”).

мътност

loss of transparency in a clear solid or liquid

Our hopes, however, soon vanished; for before eight o'clock, the serenity of the sky was changed into a thick haze, accompanied with rain.

1772 December, James Cook, chapter 2, in A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Around the World, volume 1:

A blue haze, half dust, half mist, touched the long valley with mystery.

Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia.

2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

Very fine solid particles (smoke, dust) or liquid droplets (moisture) suspended in the air, slightly limiting visibility. (Compare fog, mist.)

عَجَاج

very fine particles suspended in the air


meridies

la-noun

merīdiēs m (genitive merīdiēī); fifth declension

merīdiēs (canonical masculine)
merīdiēī (genitive)
merīdiēs (nominative singular)
merīdiēs (nominative plural)
merīdiēī (genitive singular)
merīdiērum (genitive plural)
merīdiēī (dative singular)
merīdiēbus (dative plural)
merīdiem (accusative singular)
merīdiēs (accusative plural)
merīdiē (ablative singular)
merīdiēbus (ablative plural)
merīdiēs (singular vocative)
merīdiēs (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: amiridz

Romanian: meriză

Italo-Romance:

Old Italian: merigge

Italian: meriggio

Borrowings:

→ English: meridiem; ⇒ a.m., p.m.

→ Italian: meridie

→ Portuguese: merídio

→ Spanish: meridiem, merídiem

From a dissimilation of earlier medīdiēs, derived from medius (“middle”) + diēs (“day”). The sense of 'south' is due to the southward orientation of the sun at noon in the northern hemisphere.

ā septentriōne et occidente sicciōrēs quam ā merīdiē et oriente

c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 2.126.8

from the North and West they [winds] are drier than from the South or East


frost

frostes (plural)
forst (alternative)
froste (alternative)
vrost (alternative)
frosst (alternative)
freost (alternative)

English: frost

Scots: frost

Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

From Old English frost, forst, from Proto-West Germanic *frost, from Proto-Germanic *frustaz, *frustą; akin to Middle Dutch vorst, Middle High German vrost, Middle Low German vrost, and Old Swedish frost.

Cold or freezing weather; weather causing frost.

Frost or rime; frozen dew or water droplets.

Hail; precipitation below freezing temperature.

(rare, figurative) Something with a chilling effect.


acqua

Inherited from Latin aqua (“water”). Cognate with Italian acqua.

(meteorology) rain (condensed water falling from a cloud)


acqua

Inherited from Latin aqua (“water”). Cognates include Neapolitan and Italian acqua.


neve

From Latin nivem, from Proto-Italic *sniks, from Proto-Indo-European *snígʷʰs. Compare Portuguese neve, Spanish nieve.


gnome

From French gnome (“gnome”), from New Latin gnomus, used by Paracelsus as a synonym for pygmaeus (“pygmy”).

The mountain pygmy owl, Glaucidium gnoma, a small owl of the western United States.


jég

jegek (plural)
jég (nominative singular)
jegek (nominative plural)
jeget (accusative singular)
jegeket (accusative plural)
jégnek (dative singular)
jegeknek (dative plural)
jéggel (instrumental singular)
jegekkel (instrumental plural)
jégért (causal-final singular)
jegekért (causal-final plural)
jéggé (singular translative)
jegekké (plural translative)
jégig (singular terminative)
jegekig (plural terminative)
jégként (essive-formal singular)
jegekként (essive-formal plural)
jégben (inessive singular)
jegekben (inessive plural)
jégen (singular superessive)
jegen (singular superessive)
jegeken (plural superessive)
jégnél (adessive singular)
jegeknél (adessive plural)
jégbe (illative singular)
jegekbe (illative plural)
jégre (singular sublative)
jegekre (plural sublative)
jéghez (allative singular)
jegekhez (allative plural)
jégből (elative singular)
jegekből (elative plural)
jégről (delative singular)
jegekről (delative plural)
jégtől (ablative singular)
jegektől (ablative plural)
jégé (singular)
jegeké (plural)
jégéi (singular)
jegekéi (plural)
jegem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
jegeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
jeged (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
jegeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
jege (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
jegei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
jegünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
jegeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
jegetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
jegeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
jegük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
jegeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From Proto-Uralic *jäŋe. Cognates include Northern Mansi я̄ӈк (â̄ňk), Eastern Khanty йӛӈк (jjəṇk), Erzya эй (ej), Estonian jää and Finnish jää.

jegec → jegeces → jegecesedik → kijegecesedik


vento

eo-head

vento (accusative singular venton, plural ventoj, accusative plural ventojn)

venton (accusative singular)
ventoj (plural)
ventojn (accusative plural)

From French vent and Italian vento, both from Latin ventus.

La vento forte blovis tra la arbaro hieraŭ.

The wind blew strongly through the forest yesterday.


vento

From Esperanto vento, from Latin ventus.


vento

From Latin ventus (“wind”), from Proto-Italic *wentos, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts, from *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

wind (movement of air caused by differences in atmospheric pressure)


vento

Guinea-Bissau Creole: bentu

Kabuverdianu: bentu

Papiamentu: bientu

From Old Galician-Portuguese vento, from Latin ventus, from Proto-Italic *wentos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“blowing”), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

(less common) air (gases of the atmosphere)


vento

From Latin ventus, from Proto-Italic *wentos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“blowing”), present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).


soup

en-noun

soup (countable and uncountable, plural soups)

→ Tamil: சூப் (cūp)

→ Thai: ซุป (súp)

Wikiquote
The noun is from Middle English soupe, sowpe, from Old French soupe, souppe, sope, from Late Latin suppa (“sopped bread”), from Proto-Germanic *supô (compare Middle Dutch sope (“broth”)). Doublet of sop and zuppa. See also sup and supper.
The verb is from the noun.

(figuratively) Any mixture or substance suggestive of soup consistency.

(slang) Thick fog or cloud (also pea soup).


nor

nori (plural)
nor (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
norul (accusative definite nominative singular)
nori (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
norii (accusative definite nominative plural)
nor (indefinite singular)
norului (definite singular)
nori (indefinite singular)
norilor (definite plural)
norule (singular vocative)
norilor (vocative)
nour (alternative)
noor (alternative)
nuor (alternative)
nuvăr (alternative)
nuar (alternative)

From older nuar, nuăr, from Latin nūbilum, noun use of the neuter of the adjective nūbilus (“cloudy”), from Latin nūbēs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)newdʰ- (“to cover”). Compare Aromanian nior, Spanish nube, Italian nuvola, Friulian nûl, Portuguese nuvem, Catalan núvol, Provençal nyiuro, niora.


hail

en-noun

hail (countable and uncountable, plural hails)

From Middle English hayle, haile, hail, hawel, haghil, haȝel, from Old English hæġl, hæġel, hagol (“hail”), from Proto-West Germanic *hagl, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz, of uncertain origin. Either from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”); or, from *ḱoḱló-, a reduplication of *ḱel- (“cold”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Hail (“hail”), West Frisian heil (“hail”), Dutch hagel (“hail”), Low German Hagel (“hail”), German Hagel (“hail”), Danish hagl (“hail”), Swedish hagel (“hail”), Icelandic hagl (“hail”). Compare also Old Norse héla (“frost”). Doublet of haglaz.
Root-cognates outside of Germanic include Welsh caill (“testicle”), Breton kell (“testicle”), Lithuanian šešėlis (“shade, shadow”), Ancient Greek κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble”), Albanian çakëll (“pebble”), Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold”).

cog

(meteorology, uncountable) Balls or pieces of ice falling as precipitation, often in connection with a thunderstorm.

(meteorology, countable) An occurrence of this type of precipitation; a hailstorm.


hail

From Old English hæġl, hæġel, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz, either from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”), or from *ḱoḱló-, a reduplication of *ḱel- (“cold”).


sleet

en-noun

sleet (countable and uncountable, plural sleets)

From Middle English slete, probably from Old English *slēte, *slȳte, *slīete, from Proto-West Germanic *slautijā, from Proto-Germanic *slautijǭ (“sleet”). Walter W. Skeat, the author of Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, suggests Old Norse slydda (whence Danish slud (“mixture of rain and snow”)). The word appears to be akin to Low German Sloot (“hail”), dialectal German Schloße (“large hailstone”), Old Gutnish sloyta (“slush, sleet”). Doublet of slut.

cog

(chiefly US) Pellets of ice made of mostly-frozen raindrops or refrozen melted snowflakes.

(chiefly UK, Ireland, Northeastern US) Precipitation in the form of a mixture of rain and snow.

(rare) A smooth coating of ice formed on ground or other objects by freezing rain.


freezing rain

pluja gelant

rain which freezes upon contact with the ground


thermo-

From Ancient Greek θερμός (thermós, “warm, hot”).


lumi

lume (genitive)
lund (partitive)
lumi (nominative singular)
lumed (nominative plural)
lumi (accusative nominative singular)
lumed (accusative nominative plural)
lume (accusative genitive singular)
lumed (accusative genitive plural)
lume (genitive singular)
lumede (genitive plural)
lund (partitive singular)
lumesid (partitive plural)
lumme (illative singular)
lumesse (illative singular)
lumedesse (illative plural)
lumes (inessive singular)
lumedes (inessive plural)
lumest (elative singular)
lumedest (elative plural)
lumele (allative singular)
lumedele (allative plural)
lumel (adessive singular)
lumedel (adessive plural)
lumelt (ablative singular)
lumedelt (ablative plural)
lumeks (singular translative)
lumedeks (plural translative)
lumeni (singular terminative)
lumedeni (plural terminative)
lumena (essive singular)
lumedena (essive plural)
lumeta (abessive singular)
lumedeta (abessive plural)
lumega (comitative singular)
lumedega (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *lumi, from Proto-Uralic *lome. Cognates include Finnish, Võro, Votic, Ingrian, Livvi, Karelian, and Veps lumi, Livonian lum; Southern Sami lopme (from Proto-Samic *lomë); Erzya and Moksha лов (lov); Eastern Mari лум (lum), Western Mari лым (lym); Komi-Zyrian лым (lym), Udmurt лымы (lymy); Tundra Nenets ёмзесь (yomzyesʹ°), [script needed] (jomća’, “light snowfall”), Nganasan дӱм (ďúm, “snowfall”), Southern Selkup чом- (ćom, “to snow”), and possibly also dialectal/dated Hungarian lom (“rime; hoarfrost”).
Irregularly, the final consonant of the stem changes *m > n in the partitive singular, due to assimilation.

cog

lund sadama

to snow, to be snowing (literally, “to precipitate snow”)

snow (soft white flakes consisting of ice crystals falling from clouds, mainly in winter; a layer or accumulation of these on the ground or another surface)


lumi

lumi (nominative singular)
lumet (nominative plural)
lumi (accusative nominative singular)
lumet (accusative nominative plural)
lumen (accusative genitive singular)
lumet (accusative genitive plural)
lumen (genitive singular)
lumien (genitive plural)
lunten (genitive plural)
lunta (partitive singular)
lumea (partitive singular)
lumia (partitive plural)
lumessa (inessive singular)
lumissa (inessive plural)
lumesta (elative singular)
lumista (elative plural)
lumeen (illative singular)
lumiin (illative plural)
lumella (adessive singular)
lumilla (adessive plural)
lumelta (ablative singular)
lumilta (ablative plural)
lumelle (allative singular)
lumille (allative plural)
lumena (essive singular)
lumina (essive plural)
lumeksi (singular translative)
lumiksi (plural translative)
lumetta (abessive singular)
lumitta (abessive plural)
lumin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lumeni (nominative singular)
lumeni (nominative plural)
lumeni (accusative nominative singular)
lumeni (accusative nominative plural)
lumeni (accusative genitive singular)
lumeni (accusative genitive plural)
lumeni (genitive singular)
lumieni (genitive plural)
lunteni (genitive plural)
luntani (partitive singular)
lumeani (partitive singular)
lumiani (partitive plural)
lumessani (inessive singular)
lumissani (inessive plural)
lumestani (elative singular)
lumistani (elative plural)
lumeeni (illative singular)
lumiini (illative plural)
lumellani (adessive singular)
lumillani (adessive plural)
lumeltani (ablative singular)
lumiltani (ablative plural)
lumelleni (allative singular)
lumilleni (allative plural)
lumenani (essive singular)
luminani (essive plural)
lumekseni (singular translative)
lumikseni (plural translative)
lumettani (abessive singular)
lumittani (abessive plural)
lumineni (comitative plural)
lumesi (nominative singular)
lumesi (nominative plural)
lumesi (accusative nominative singular)
lumesi (accusative nominative plural)
lumesi (accusative genitive singular)
lumesi (accusative genitive plural)
lumesi (genitive singular)
lumiesi (genitive plural)
luntesi (genitive plural)
luntasi (partitive singular)
lumeasi (partitive singular)
lumiasi (partitive plural)
lumessasi (inessive singular)
lumissasi (inessive plural)
lumestasi (elative singular)
lumistasi (elative plural)
lumeesi (illative singular)
lumiisi (illative plural)
lumellasi (adessive singular)
lumillasi (adessive plural)
lumeltasi (ablative singular)
lumiltasi (ablative plural)
lumellesi (allative singular)
lumillesi (allative plural)
lumenasi (essive singular)
luminasi (essive plural)
lumeksesi (singular translative)
lumiksesi (plural translative)
lumettasi (abessive singular)
lumittasi (abessive plural)
luminesi (comitative plural)
lumemme (nominative singular)
lumemme (nominative plural)
lumemme (accusative nominative singular)
lumemme (accusative nominative plural)
lumemme (accusative genitive singular)
lumemme (accusative genitive plural)
lumemme (genitive singular)
lumiemme (genitive plural)
luntemme (genitive plural)
luntamme (partitive singular)
lumeamme (partitive singular)
lumiamme (partitive plural)
lumessamme (inessive singular)
lumissamme (inessive plural)
lumestamme (elative singular)
lumistamme (elative plural)
lumeemme (illative singular)
lumiimme (illative plural)
lumellamme (adessive singular)
lumillamme (adessive plural)
lumeltamme (ablative singular)
lumiltamme (ablative plural)
lumellemme (allative singular)
lumillemme (allative plural)
lumenamme (essive singular)
luminamme (essive plural)
lumeksemme (singular translative)
lumiksemme (plural translative)
lumettamme (abessive singular)
lumittamme (abessive plural)
luminemme (comitative plural)
lumenne (nominative singular)
lumenne (nominative plural)
lumenne (accusative nominative singular)
lumenne (accusative nominative plural)
lumenne (accusative genitive singular)
lumenne (accusative genitive plural)
lumenne (genitive singular)
lumienne (genitive plural)
luntenne (genitive plural)
luntanne (partitive singular)
lumeanne (partitive singular)
lumianne (partitive plural)
lumessanne (inessive singular)
lumissanne (inessive plural)
lumestanne (elative singular)
lumistanne (elative plural)
lumeenne (illative singular)
lumiinne (illative plural)
lumellanne (adessive singular)
lumillanne (adessive plural)
lumeltanne (ablative singular)
lumiltanne (ablative plural)
lumellenne (allative singular)
lumillenne (allative plural)
lumenanne (essive singular)
luminanne (essive plural)
lumeksenne (singular translative)
lumiksenne (plural translative)
lumettanne (abessive singular)
lumittanne (abessive plural)
luminenne (comitative plural)
lumensa (nominative singular)
lumensa (nominative plural)
lumensa (accusative nominative singular)
lumensa (accusative nominative plural)
lumensa (accusative genitive singular)
lumensa (accusative genitive plural)
lumensa (genitive singular)
lumiensa (genitive plural)
luntensa (genitive plural)
luntaan (partitive singular)
lumeaan (partitive singular)
luntansa (partitive singular)
lumeansa (partitive singular)
lumiaan (partitive plural)
lumiansa (partitive plural)
lumessaan (inessive singular)
lumessansa (inessive singular)
lumissaan (inessive plural)
lumissansa (inessive plural)
lumestaan (elative singular)
lumestansa (elative singular)
lumistaan (elative plural)
lumistansa (elative plural)
lumeensa (illative singular)
lumiinsa (illative plural)
lumellaan (adessive singular)
lumellansa (adessive singular)
lumillaan (adessive plural)
lumillansa (adessive plural)
lumeltaan (ablative singular)
lumeltansa (ablative singular)
lumiltaan (ablative plural)
lumiltansa (ablative plural)
lumelleen (allative singular)
lumellensa (allative singular)
lumilleen (allative plural)
lumillensa (allative plural)
lumenaan (essive singular)
lumenansa (essive singular)
luminaan (essive plural)
luminansa (essive plural)
lumekseen (singular translative)
lumeksensa (singular translative)
lumikseen (plural translative)
lumiksensa (plural translative)
lumettaan (abessive singular)
lumettansa (abessive singular)
lumittaan (abessive plural)
lumittansa (abessive plural)
lumineen (comitative plural)
luminensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *lumi, from Proto-Uralic *lome.

sataa lunta

maa on lumessa

snow (frozen, crystalline state of water that falls as precipitation; sometimes also similar frozen forms of other substances)


lumi

head

lumi (genitive lumen, partitive lunta or lunda)

lumen (genitive)
lunta (partitive)
lunda (partitive)
lumi (nominative singular)
lumet (nominative plural)
lumen (genitive singular)
lumien (genitive plural)
lunta (partitive singular)
lumija (partitive plural)
lumih (illative singular)
lumiloih (illative plural)
lumešša (inessive singular)
lumiloissa (inessive plural)
lumešta (elative singular)
lumiloista (elative plural)
lumella (adessive singular)
lumiloilla (adessive plural)
lumelta (ablative singular)
lumiloilta (ablative plural)
lumekši (singular translative)
lumiloiksi (plural translative)
lumina (essive singular)
lumiloina (essive plural)
lumiloineh (comitative plural)
lumetta (abessive singular)
lumiloitta (abessive plural)
lumi (nominative singular)
lumet (nominative plural)
lumen (genitive singular)
lumiloin (genitive plural)
lunda (partitive singular)
lumiloida (partitive plural)
lumih (illative singular)
lumiloih (illative plural)
lumešša (inessive singular)
lumiloissa (inessive plural)
lumešta (elative singular)
lumiloista (elative plural)
lumella (adessive singular)
lumiloilla (adessive plural)
lumelda (ablative singular)
lumiloilda (ablative plural)
lumekši (singular translative)
lumiloiksi (plural translative)
lumina (essive singular)
lumiloina (essive plural)
lumenke (comitative singular)
lumiloinke (comitative plural)
lumetta (abessive singular)
lumiloitta (abessive plural)
lumeni (first-person possessive)
lumeš (possessive second-person)
lumeh (possessive third-person)

krl-decl-table

type 9/<i class="Latn mention" lang="krl">lumi</i>, no gradation

From Proto-Finnic *lumi. Cognates include Finnish lumi and Estonian lumi.


lumi

lumi (nominative singular)
lumed (nominative plural)
lumen (accusative singular)
lumed (accusative plural)
lumen (genitive singular)
lumiden (genitive plural)
lunt (partitive singular)
lumid (partitive plural)
lumen (essive-instructive singular)
lumin (essive-instructive plural)
lumeks (singular translative)
lumikš (plural translative)
lumes (inessive singular)
lumiš (inessive plural)
lumespäi (elative singular)
lumišpäi (elative plural)
lumehe (illative singular)
lumihe (illative plural)
lumel (adessive singular)
lumil (adessive plural)
lumelpäi (ablative singular)
lumilpäi (ablative plural)
lumele (allative singular)
lumile (allative plural)
lumeta (abessive singular)
lumita (abessive plural)
lumenke (comitative singular)
lumidenke (comitative plural)
luntme (prolative singular)
lumidme (plural prolative)
lumenno (approximative approximative-i singular)
lumidenno (approximative approximative-i plural)
lumennoks (approximative approximative-ii singular)
lumidennoks (approximative approximative-ii plural)
lumennopäi (egressive singular)
lumidennopäi (egressive plural)
lumehesai (singular terminative terminative-i)
lumihesai (plural terminative terminative-i)
lumelesai (singular terminative terminative-ii)
lumilesai (plural terminative terminative-ii)
lumessai (singular terminative terminative-iii)
lumehepäi (additive additive-i singular)
lumihepäi (additive additive-i plural)
lumelepäi (additive additive-ii singular)
lumilepäi (additive additive-ii plural)


lumi

lumõ (genitive)
lummõ (partitive)
lumi (nominative singular)
lumõq (nominative plural)
lumõ (accusative singular)
lumõq (accusative plural)
lumõ (genitive singular)
lummi (genitive plural)
lummõ (partitive singular)
lummi (partitive plural)
lummõ (illative singular)
lummi (illative plural)
lummihe (illative plural)
lumõn (inessive singular)
lumõhn (inessive singular)
lumin (inessive plural)
lummin (inessive plural)
lumihn (inessive plural)
lummihn (inessive plural)
lumõst (elative singular)
lumist (elative plural)
lummist (elative plural)
lumõlõ (allative singular)
lumilõ (allative plural)
lummilõ (allative plural)
lumõl (adessive singular)
lumil (adessive plural)
lummil (adessive plural)
lumõlt (ablative singular)
lumilt (ablative plural)
lummilt (ablative plural)
lumõs (singular translative)
lumis (plural translative)
lummis (plural translative)
lumõniq (singular terminative)
luminiq (plural terminative)
lumminiq (plural terminative)
lumõldaq (abessive singular)
lumildaq (abessive plural)
lummildaq (abessive plural)
lumõgaq (comitative singular)
lummigaq (comitative plural)


lumi

lumi (nominative singular)
lumõd (nominative plural)
lumõ (genitive singular)
lumijõ (genitive plural)
lumii (genitive plural)
luntõ (partitive singular)
lumiitõ (partitive plural)
lumii (partitive plural)
lummõ (illative singular)
lummõsõ (illative singular)
lumiisõ (illative plural)
lumõz (inessive singular)
lumiiz (inessive plural)
lumõssõ (elative singular)
lumiissõ (elative plural)
lumõlõ (allative singular)
lumiilõ (allative plural)
lumõllõ (adessive singular)
lumiillõ (adessive plural)
lumõltõ (ablative singular)
lumiiltõ (ablative plural)
lumõssi (singular translative)
lumiissi (plural translative)


ua

From Proto-Eastern Polynesian, from Proto-Nuclear Polynesian, from Proto-Polynesian, from Proto-Oceanic, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan, from Proto-Austronesian *quzaN.


kylmä

kylmä (nominative singular)
kylmät (nominative plural)
kylmän (genitive singular)
kylmiin (genitive plural)
kylmää (partitive singular)
kylmiä (partitive plural)
kylmää (illative singular)
kylmii (illative plural)
kylmääs (inessive singular)
kylmiis (inessive plural)
kylmäst (elative singular)
kylmist (elative plural)
kylmälle (allative singular)
kylmille (allative plural)
kylmääl (adessive singular)
kylmiil (adessive plural)
kylmält (ablative singular)
kylmilt (ablative plural)
kylmäks (singular translative)
kylmiks (plural translative)
kylmännä (essive singular)
kylmään (essive singular)
kylminnä (essive plural)
kylmiin (essive plural)
kylmänt (exessive singular)
kylmint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *külmä. Cognates include Finnish kylmä and Estonian külm.

Lämmää, turpia karva i paksu sloja rasvaa hoitaat kylmäst.

1936, L. G. Terehova, V. G. Erdeli, translated by Mihailov and P. I. Maksimov, Geografia: oppikirja iƶoroin alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 103:

The warm, dense fur and a thick layer of fat protect [it] from the cold.

Jään al hänel ei oo kylmä.

1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:


kuuma

kuumemp (comparative)
kuuma (nominative singular)
kuumat (nominative plural)
kuuman (genitive singular)
kuumiin (genitive plural)
kuumaa (partitive singular)
kuumia (partitive plural)
kuumaa (illative singular)
kuumii (illative plural)
kuumaas (inessive singular)
kuumiis (inessive plural)
kuumast (elative singular)
kuumist (elative plural)
kuumalle (allative singular)
kuumille (allative plural)
kuumaal (adessive singular)
kuumiil (adessive plural)
kuumalt (ablative singular)
kuumilt (ablative plural)
kuumaks (singular translative)
kuumiks (plural translative)
kuumanna (essive singular)
kuumaan (essive singular)
kuuminna (essive plural)
kuumiin (essive plural)
kuumant (exessive singular)
kuumint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kuuma. Cognates include Finnish kuuma and Estonian kuum.


absolute zero

(physics) The coldest possible temperature, zero on the Kelvin scale, or approximately −273.15 °C, −459.67 °F; total absence of heat; temperature at which motion of all molecules would cease.


tornado

tornado (nominative singular)
tornada (nominative plural)
tornada (genitive singular)
tornad (genitive plural)
tornadu (dative singular)
tornadom (dative plural)
tornado (accusative singular)
tornada (accusative plural)
tornadem (instrumental singular)
tornadami (instrumental plural)
tornadzie (locative singular)
tornadach (locative plural)
tornado (singular vocative)
tornada (plural vocative)

(meteorology) tornado, twister, whirlwind (violent wind in the form of a mobile, rapidly rotating, funnel cloud that has contacted the ground)


willy willy

willy willies (plural)
willy-willy (alternative)

From Yindjibarndi wili wili (or a related language of northwest Australia).

The willy-willy roared and crackled as it approached; sucked up leaves, branches, plastic, paper and scraps of metal sheet, spiralling them into the sky and then sweeping across the camp-ground and on towards the road.

1987, Bruce Chatwin, The Songlines, Vintage, published 1998, page 97:

There were sheets of roofing iron torn off by the willy-willy of 1994, tanks with holes in them, a few other cars and tractors, and bits of machinery.

2000, John Marsden, Burning for Revenge, page 29:

2000, Blake Education staff, Terrific Topics: Middle Primary: Book 1, Blake Education, Australia, page 92,
Hurricanes, cyclones, willy-willies and typhoons are all storms with incredibly strong and powerful winds.

None of the coarser deposits have been observed to move on at any of the lander sites; however, dust accumulates and is removed both seasonally and by local wind gusts and willy willies (dust devils; Greeley et al. 2006).

2009, Keith Scott, Colin Pain, Regolith Science, page 384:

There was wind behind them and wind coming at them, fire everywhere and wind whipping up willy-willies of swirling red embers, glowing magic cones that turned everything they touched into flame.

2013, Richard Flanagan, The Narrow Road to the Deep North, Random House, published 2014, Part Five, Chapter 12:

(Australia) A whirlwind, cyclone or tornado; a dust devil.


dust devil

dust devils (plural)
dustdevil (alternative)
dust-devil (alternative)

A dust devil may look harmless, but a large one can overturn a car.

A small atmospheric vortex appearing in clear, dry conditions, made visible by swirling dust picked up from the ground.


aer

head

aer m (genitive singular aeir, nominative plural aeir)

aeir (genitive singular)
aeir (nominative plural)
aer (indefinite nominative singular)
aeir (indefinite nominative plural)
a aeir (indefinite singular vocative)
a aera (indefinite plural vocative)
aeir (genitive indefinite singular)
aer (genitive indefinite plural)
aer (dative indefinite singular)
aeir (dative indefinite plural)
an t-aer (definite nominative singular)
na haeir (definite nominative plural)
an aeir (definite genitive singular)
na n-aer (definite genitive plural)
leis an aer (dative definite singular)
don aer (dative definite singular)
leis na haeir (dative definite plural)
aidhéar (alternative)

From Old Irish aer, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ᾱ̓ήρ (āḗr).


tempestas

la-noun

tempestās f (genitive tempestātis); third declension

tempestās (canonical feminine)
tempestātis (genitive)
tempestās (nominative singular)
tempestātēs (nominative plural)
tempestātis (genitive singular)
tempestātum (genitive plural)
tempestātī (dative singular)
tempestātibus (dative plural)
tempestātem (accusative singular)
tempestātēs (accusative plural)
tempestāte (ablative singular)
tempestātibus (ablative plural)
tempestās (singular vocative)
tempestātēs (plural vocative)
tempestūs (alternative)

Catalan: tempesta, tempestat

Dutch: tempeest

desctree

Old French: tempeste
French: tempête
→ Middle English: tempest
English: tempest
→ Middle Irish: tubaiste
Irish: tubaiste
Scottish Gaelic: tubaist

Friulian: tampieste

Galician: tempestade

Irish: timpiste

Istriot: tenpesta

Italian: tempesta

Occitan: tempèsta

Portuguese: tempestade

→ Romanian: tempestate

desc

Romansch: tempesta, tempiasta, tampeasta, tampesta

Sicilian: timpesta

Spanish: tempestad

Venetan: tenpesta, tompesta

[t̪ɛmˈpɛs̠t̪äːs̠]

(as time's physical qualities) weather (good or bad)

… Hic vastō rēx Aeolus antrō
luctantēs ventōs tempestātēsque sonōrās
imperiō premit ac vinclīs et carcere frēnat.
Here in a vast cave, King Aeolus –
struggling stormwinds! and resounding tempests! –

by [his] command represses, both with chains and a prison [he] restrains.
(Through evocative word-sounds the poet repeats the consonants “s” and “t” to portray fantastical noises caused by trapped stormwinds. See literary consonance; Aeolus (son of Hippotes).)


bello

Domani riprenderà il bello (i.e. bel tempo)?


williwaw

williwaws (plural)
willawa (alternative)
williwau (alternative)
wulliwa (alternative)

The breeze in this case was the infamous north-Chicago williwaw that sometimes blows outward and bleacherward at Wrigley Field.

1982, Roger Angell, Late innings, Simon and Schuster, page 196:


caelum

la-noun

When the singular was masculine, it was caelus. The plural was rare and existed only in poetic use before the Christian era, but it is common in ecclesiastical Latin, and the plural has always been masculine.

caelum n or m (genitive caelī); second declension

caelī (genitive)
caelum (nominative singular)
caelī (nominative plural)
caelī (genitive singular)
caelōrum (genitive plural)
caelō (dative singular)
caelīs (dative plural)
caelum (accusative singular)
caelōs (accusative plural)
caelō (ablative singular)
caelīs (ablative plural)
caelum (singular vocative)
caelī (plural vocative)
caelus (alternative)
cael (alternative)
cælum (alternative)
coelum (alternative)
cœlum (alternative)
cēlum (alternative)

la-ndecl

The singular is neuter, the plural masculine. In the singular, the masculine form caelus exists but is archaic. In the plural, a neuter form does not exist. The plural was classically rare and avoided, but is frequent in Christian usage, translating Hebrew שמים and Greek οὐρανοί (ouranoí).

Balkan-Romance:

Aromanian: tser, tseru

Istro-Romanian: țer

Megleno-Romanian: țer, tser

Romanian: cer

Dalmatian:

cil, sil

Istriot:

sìil

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: celu

Italian: cielo

→ Esperanto: ĉielo

→ Lombard: ciel

→ Piedmontese: cel

Neapolitan: cielo, cielu

Sicilian: celu

Padanian:

Friulian: cîl

Ladin: ciël

Ligurian: çê

desc

Romansch: tschiel, tschêl (Puter, Vallader)

Venetan: çiél, siél, zhiélo

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: cel

Franco-Provençal: cièl, ceu

desctree

Old French: ciel, cel
Bourguignon: cier
French: ciel
Haitian Creole: syèl
Norman: ciel, cyil, cyi, syel
Walloon: cir

Old Occitan: cel
Occitan: cèl, ciau, ciel, cèu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: chelu, celu

Ibero-Romance:

Navarro-Aragonese: cielo
Aragonese: zielo

Extremaduran: cielu

Old Leonese:

Asturian: cielu

Leonese: ceu, cielu

Mirandese: cielo

Old Galician-Portuguese: ceo
Fala: ceu
Galician: ceo
Portuguese: céu (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: cielo, çielo
Ladino: sielo
Spanish: cielo
→ Guaraní: yvága (“heaven”) (semantic loan)
→ Hiligaynon: sielo
→ Papiamentu: shelu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: qiell

→ Proto-Basque: *zelu

Basque: zeru

Uncertain; possibly from Proto-Italic *kailom (with a gender change to masculine), from Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂i-lom (“whole”), from *keh₂i- or *kh₂éy-, originating in the augural sphere and indicating "the whole" as opposed to templum (“the part”) and cognate with Latin caelebs (and perhaps sincērus and caerimōnia), Russian це́лый (célyj, “whole, intact”), English whole, holy. May be cognate of Oscan 𐌊𐌀𐌝𐌋𐌀 (kaíla, “perh. a kind of building”). The shift from neuter to masculine is irregular.

cog

[ˈkäe̯ɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]


vapour

vapours (plural)
vapor (alternative)
vapoure (alternative)
vapur (alternative)
wapour (alternative)

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:


눈

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 嫩.
In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 눈〯 (Yale: nwǔn).

ko-etym-native

눈이 내린다.

눈이 온다.

눈을 쓸다.

눈이 쌓인다.


눈

Korean reading of various Chinese characters.

More information(eumhun reading: 어릴 눈 (eoril nun))
(MC reading: 嫩 (MC nwonH))


æl

æls (genitive singular)
æl (plural)
æl (indefinite nominative singular)
ælið (definite nominative singular)
æl (indefinite nominative plural)
ælini (definite nominative plural)
æl (accusative indefinite singular)
ælið (accusative definite singular)
æl (accusative indefinite plural)
ælini (accusative definite plural)
æli (dative indefinite singular)
ælinum (dative definite singular)
ælum (dative indefinite plural)
ælunum (dative definite plural)
æls (genitive indefinite singular)
ælsins (definite genitive singular)
æla (genitive indefinite plural)
ælanna (definite genitive plural)


regn

head

regn c (singular definite regnen, not used in plural form)

From Old Norse regn, from Proto-Germanic *regną.


regn

fo-noun

regn n (genitive singular regns, uncountable)

regns (genitive singular)
regn (indefinite nominative singular)
regnið (definite nominative singular)
regn (accusative indefinite singular)
regnið (accusative definite singular)
regni (dative indefinite singular)
regninum (dative definite singular)
regns (genitive indefinite singular)
regnsins (definite genitive singular)


regn

is-noun

regn n (genitive singular regns, no plural)

regns (genitive singular)
regn (indefinite nominative singular)
regnið (definite nominative singular)
regn (accusative indefinite singular)
regnið (accusative definite singular)
regni (dative indefinite singular)
regninu (dative definite singular)
regns (genitive indefinite singular)
regnsins (definite genitive singular)


regn

reġn (canonical masculine)
reġn (nominative singular)
reġnas (nominative plural)
reġn (accusative singular)
reġnas (accusative plural)
reġnes (genitive singular)
reġna (genitive plural)
reġne (dative singular)
reġnum (dative plural)
rēn (alternative)
reġen (alternative)

desctree

Middle English: reyn, rain, rayn, rayne, rein, reine, reigne, ren, ræin, reȝȝn (Early Middle English)
English: rain
Scots: rain
Yola: rhyne, ryne

From Proto-West Germanic *regn (changed to masculine), from Proto-Germanic *regną (neuter).


regn

Icelandic: regn

Faroese: regn

Norn: regen

Norwegian Bokmål: regn

Norwegian Nynorsk: regn

Russenorsk: regel

Old Swedish: ræghn

Swedish: regn

Danish: regn c

Gutnish: regn

From Proto-Germanic *regną. Cognate with Old English reġn (English rain), Old Saxon regan (Low German Ręgen), Old Dutch regan (Dutch regen), Old High German regan (German Regen), Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 (rign).


regn

regn (indefinite nominative singular)
regns (genitive indefinite singular)
regnet (definite nominative singular)
regnets (definite genitive singular)
regn (indefinite nominative plural)
regns (genitive indefinite plural)
regnen (definite nominative plural)
regnens (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish ræghn, from Old Norse regn, from Proto-Germanic *regną, from Proto-Indo-European *rek-, *reg-, *reḱ-, *reǵ-.

regnet faller


baking

From Middle English bakynge; equivalent to bake + -ing.

I’m baking—could you open the window?

The car was baking after having been parked in the sun the whole afternoon.

(figuratively) Of a person, an object, or the weather: very hot; boiling, broiling, roasting.


cauma

Borrowed from Latin cauma (“heat”), from Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma, “heat, especially of the sun”). Probably a doublet of calm.


penitent

penitent (nominative singular)
penitenty (nominative plural)
penitentu (genitive singular)
penitentów (genitive plural)
penitentowi (dative singular)
penitentom (dative plural)
penitent (accusative singular)
penitenty (accusative plural)
penitentem (instrumental singular)
penitentami (instrumental plural)
penitencie (locative singular)
penitentach (locative plural)
penitencie (singular vocative)
penitenty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English penitente, from French penitente, from Spanish (nieve) penitente.

penitente (tall thin blade of hardened snow or ice, found closely spaced in large quantities at high altitudes)


frigid

en-adj

frigid (comparative more frigid or frigider, superlative most frigid or frigidest)

more frigid (comparative)
frigider (comparative)
most frigid (superlative)
frigidest (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin frīgidus (“cold”), from frīgeō (“I am cold”), from frīgus (“cold, coldness”), from Proto-Indo-European *sríHgos.

A frigid, fine rain was falling.

1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “The Eternal City”, in Catch-22 […], New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, →OCLC, page 427:

Reindeer are well suited to the taiga’s frigid winters. They can maintain a thermogradient between body core and the environment of up to 100 degrees, in part because of insulation provided by their fur, and in part because of counter-current vascular heat exchange systems in their legs and nasal passages.

2013 March 7, Nancy Langston, “Mining the Boreal North”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, archived from the original on 2016-04-13, page 98:

Chilly in manner; lacking affection or zeal; impassive.

студен

chilly in manner; lacking affection or zeal; impassive


avalanche

From French avalanche, from Franco-Provençal (Savoy) avalançhe, blend of aval (“downhill”) and standard lavençhe, from Vulgar Latin *labanka (compare Occitan lavanca, Italian valanga), of uncertain origin, perhaps an alteration of Late Latin lābīna (“landslide”) (compare Franco-Provençal (Dauphiné) lavino, Romansch lavina), from Latin lābēs, from lābor (“to slip, slide”).

A large mass or body of snow and ice sliding swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice.

A fall of earth, rocks, etc., similar to that of an avalanche of snow or ice.


avalanche

en-verb

avalanche (third-person singular simple present avalanches, present participle avalanching, simple past and past participle avalanched)

avalanches (present singular third-person)
avalanching (participle present)
avalanched (participle past)
avalanched (past)

The shelf broke and the boxes avalanched the workers.

The applications were doubtless snowed under in the maze of official correspondence which avalanched the new government.

1961, William Alexander Deans, chapter 9, in Muffled Drumbeats in the Congo, page 95:

(transitive) To come down upon; to overwhelm.


avalanche

→ English: avalanche

→ Galician: avalancha

→ Portuguese: avalanche, avalancha

→ Romanian: avalanșă

→ Spanish: avalancha

Borrowed from Franco-Provençal avalançhe (Savoy), blend of aval (“downhill”) and standard lavençhe, from Vulgar Latin *labanka (compare Occitan lavanca, Italian valanga), alteration of Late Latin labina (“landslide”) (compare (Dauphiné) Franco-Provençal lavino, Romansch lavina), from Latin lābor (“to slip, slide”).


mráz

mráz (nominative singular)
mrazy (nominative plural)
mrazu (genitive singular)
mrazů (genitive plural)
mrazu (dative singular)
mrazům (dative plural)
mráz (accusative singular)
mrazy (accusative plural)
mraze (singular vocative)
mrazy (plural vocative)
mrazu (locative singular)
mrazech (locative plural)
mrazem (instrumental singular)
mrazy (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech mráz, from Proto-Slavic *mòrzъ.


mráz

sk-noun

mráz m inan (relational adjective mrazový, diminutive mrázik or mrazík, augmentative mrazisko)

mrazový (adjective relational)
mrázik (diminutive)
mrazík (diminutive)
mrazisko (augmentative)
nominative
mráz (singular)
mrazy (plural)
genitive
mrazu (singular)
mrazov (plural)
dative
mrazom (plural)
accusative
locative
mraze (singular)
mrazoch (plural)
instrumental
mrazom (singular)
mrazmi (plural)


serene

en-adj

serene (comparative more serene or serener, superlative most serene or serenest)

more serene (comparative)
serener (comparative)
most serene (superlative)
serenest (superlative)

From Middle English, borrowed from Latin serēnus (“clear, cloudless, untroubled”).

der

She looked at her students with joviality and a serene mentality.

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. The clear light of the bright autumn morning had no terrors for youth and health like hers.

1910, Emerson Hough, “A Lady in Company”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 6:


sniwan

snīwan (canonical)
snīwan (infinitive)
snīwenne (infinitive)
snīwe (first-person present singular)
snīwde (first-person past singular)
snīwest (present second-person singular)
snīwst (present second-person singular)
snīwdest (past second-person singular)
snīweþ (present singular third-person)
snīwþ (present singular third-person)
snīwde (past singular third-person)
snīwaþ (plural present)
snīwdon (past plural)
snīwe (present singular)
snīwde (past singular)
snīwen (plural present)
snīwden (past plural)
snīw (imperative past present singular)
snīwaþ (imperative past plural present)
snīwende (imperative present)
snīwed (imperative past)
ġesnīwed (imperative past)

desctree

Middle English: snewen, sneuwen, snew, snewe, sniwe
English: snew

From Proto-Germanic *snīwaną. Cognate with Old High German snīwan (Modern German schneien).


fen

Borrowed from German Föhn, from Old High German phonno, from Vulgar Latin *faōnius, from Latin Favōnius.

(meteorology) foehn (warm dry wind blowing down the northern sides of the Alps)


Celsius

Named after Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who first proposed the centigrade scale in 1742. The surname is Latinized from the estate's name, Latin celsus (“mound”).

named-after

Related to a metric temperature scale, originally defined as having the freezing point of water as 0 degrees and its boiling point as 100 degrees, at standard atmospheric pressure. The standardized definition has 0.01 °C as the triple point of water, and a difference in temperature of 1 °C corresponds to ¹⁄_(273.16) of the difference in temperature between the triple point and the absolute zero.

سِيلْزْيُوس

related to a metric scale of temperature


thunderstorm

I have never believed, as some people do, in omens and forewarnings, for the dramatic things in my life have generally come upon me as suddenly as a tropical thunder-storm.

1936 July, John Buchan, “Lost Gods”, in The Island of Sheep, London: Hodder and Stoughton, published July 1938, →OCLC, part I (Fosse), page 11:

A storm consisting of thunder and lightning produced by a cumulonimbus, usually accompanied with heavy rain, wind, and sometimes hail; and in rarer cases sleet, freezing rain, or snow.


kite

kites (plural)
kight (alternative)
kyte (alternative)

The noun is from Middle English kyte, kīte, kete (“a kite endemic to Europe, especially the red kite (Milvus milvus)”), from Old English cȳta (“kite; bittern”), from Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kūts (“bird of prey”), from Proto-Indo-European *gewH-d- (“to cry, screech”). The English word is cognate with Scots kyt, kyte (“kite; bird of prey”), Middle High German kiuzelīn, kützlīn (“owling”) (modern German Kauz (“owl”)). Possibly a doublet of coot.
Sense 3 (“lightweight toy”) is from the fact that it hovers in the air like the bird.
The verb is derived from the noun.

leko

military aviation, slang: aircraft — see also aircraft

leija

sailing, slang: spinnaker — see also spinnaker

But she said, "if this was a kite, he didn't realize that you don't have the float time of the old days," which made check-kiting easier.

1991 May 21, Alex Barnum, “Suspect named in kiting case”, in San Jose Mercury News, San Jose, Calif.: Mercury Herald Co., →OCLC, page 8E:

(banking, slang) A blank cheque; a fraudulent cheque, such as one issued even though there are insufficient funds to honour it, or one that has been altered without authorization.

The advantages which are alleged to belong to the district system [of banking] are the following:— […] as each bank will have an agent in London, the bills they draw will thus have two parties as securities, and the public will have a pledge that there is no excessive issue in the form of kites or accommodation bills.

1871, James W. Gilbart, “Section XI. The Administration of Joint-stock Banks, with an Inquiry into the Causes of Their Failures.”, in The Principles and Practice of Banking, new edition, London: Bell & Daldy, […], →OCLC, part I (Of Practical Banking), pages 324–325:

accommodation bill
accommodation bill#English

(finance, slang) An accommodation bill (“a bill of exchange endorsed by a reputable third party acting as a guarantor, as a favour and without compensation”).

Our good master keeps his kites up to the last moment, studding-sails alow and aloft, and, by incessant straight steering, never loses a rod of way.

Richard Mayne (2000) “kite”, in The Language of Sailing, Chicago, Ill., Manchester: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, →ISBN, page 162

(sailing, dated) In a square-rigged ship: originally a sail positioned above a topsail; later a lightweight sail set above the topgallants, such as a studding sail or a jib topsail.


kite

en-verb

kite (third-person singular simple present kites, present participle kiting, simple past and past participle kited)

kites (present singular third-person)
kiting (participle present)
kited (participle past)
kited (past)

извисявам

to cause (something) to move upwards rapidly

He was convicted of kiting checks and sentenced to two years in prison.

“An affair of honour!” said O’Flaherty, squaring himself. He smelt powder in everything.
 “More like an affair of dishonour,” said Toole, buttoning his coat. “He’s been ‘kiting’ all over the town. Nutter can distrain for his rent to-morrow, and Cluffe called him outside the bar to speak with him; put that and that together, sir.”

1863, J[oseph] Sheridan Le Fanu, “In Which Dr. Sturk Tries This Way and That for a Reprieve on the Eve of Execution”, in The House by the Church-yard. […], volume II, London: Tinsley, Brothers, […], →OCLC, pages 65–66:

The fame and money brought in by Only in America meant no more name changes, no need to kite checks, and no sneaking past the landlord.

2015, Kimberly Marlowe Hartnett, “Scandal and Resurrection”, in Carolina Israelite: How Harry Golden Made Us Care about Jews, the South, and Civil Rights, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 163:

(ambitransitive, banking, slang) To write or present (a cheque) on an account with insufficient funds, either to defraud or expecting that funds will become available by the time the cheque clears.


twister

From Middle English twyster, equivalent to twist + -er.

Any of species Tholymis tillarga of libellulid dragonfly, of tropical West Africa to Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.


ujan

From Proto-North Sarawak [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan, from Proto-Austronesian *quzaN.


leeward

en-adj

leeward (comparative more leeward, superlative most leeward or leewardmost)

more leeward (comparative)
most leeward (superlative)
leewardmost (superlative)

From lee (“side away from the wind”) + -ward (“direction”).

suffix

On the side sheltered from the wind; in that direction.


blast

blastes (plural)
blaste (alternative)
blæst (alternative)
blest (alternative)

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

A blast; a sudden and forceful motion of wind.


temporal

13th century. Learned borrowing from Latin temporālis, from tempus (“time”).


tifón

From Arabic طُوفَان (ṭūfān), probably of ultimate Sinitic origin, influenced by Ancient Greek Τυφῶν (Tuphôn). More at typhoon.

der

Arabic طُوفَان (ṭūfān)


pawana

Inherited from Malay pawana, from Sanskrit पवन (pavana).


pawana

ms-noun

pawana (Jawi spelling ڤاوان, plural pawana-pawana, informal 1st possessive pawanaku, 2nd possessive pawanamu, 3rd possessive pawananya)

ڤاوان (Jawi)
pawana-pawana (plural)
pawanaku (first-person informal possessive)
pawanamu (possessive second-person)
pawananya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: pawana


barm

head

barm (comparative bérmor, superlative dar bérmorste)

bérmor (comparative)
dar bérmorste (superlative)
èar ist barm (masculine predicative singular)
zi ist barm (feminine predicative singular)
is ist barm (neuter predicative singular)
ze zèint barm (plural predicative)
dar barme (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular)
de barma (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular)
's barme (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular)
de barmen (definite includes-article nominative plural)
in barmen (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular)
de barma (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular)
's barme (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular)
de barmen (accusative definite includes-article plural)
me barmen (dative definite includes-article masculine singular)
dar barmen (dative definite feminine includes-article singular)
me barmen (dative definite includes-article neuter singular)
in barmen (dative definite includes-article plural)
an barmar (includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular)
an barma (feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular)
an barmes (includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular)
barmen (indefinite nominative plural)
khòone barmen (includes-article indefinite nominative plural)
an barmen (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
an barma (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
an barmes (accusative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
barmen (accusative indefinite plural)
khòone barmen (accusative includes-article indefinite plural)
aname barmen (dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
anara barmen (dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
aname barmen (dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
barmen (dative indefinite plural)
khòonen barmen (dative includes-article indefinite plural)
barme (nominative plural without-article)
barme (accusative plural without-article)
barmen (dative plural without-article)
èar ist bérmor (comparative masculine predicative singular)
zi ist bérmor (comparative feminine predicative singular)
is ist bérmor (comparative neuter predicative singular)
ze zèint bérmor (comparative plural predicative)
dar bérmore (comparative definite includes-article masculine nominative singular)
de bérmora (comparative definite feminine includes-article nominative singular)
's bérmore (comparative definite includes-article neuter nominative singular)
de bérmorn (comparative definite includes-article nominative plural)
in bérmorn (accusative comparative definite includes-article masculine singular)
de bérmora (accusative comparative definite feminine includes-article singular)
's bérmore (accusative comparative definite includes-article neuter singular)
de bérmorn (accusative comparative definite includes-article plural)
me bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article masculine singular)
dar bérmorn (comparative dative definite feminine includes-article singular)
me bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article neuter singular)
in bérmorn (comparative dative definite includes-article plural)
an bérmorar (comparative includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular)
an bérmora (comparative feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular)
an bérmors (comparative includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular)
bérmorn (comparative indefinite nominative plural)
khòone bérmorn (comparative includes-article indefinite nominative plural)
an bérmorn (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
an bérmora (accusative comparative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
an bérmors (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
bérmorn (accusative comparative indefinite plural)
khòone bérmorn (accusative comparative includes-article indefinite plural)
aname bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular)
anara bérmorn (comparative dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular)
aname bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular)
bérmorn (comparative dative indefinite plural)
khòonen bérmorn (comparative dative includes-article indefinite plural)
bérmore (comparative nominative plural without-article)
bérmore (accusative comparative plural without-article)
bérmorn (comparative dative plural without-article)
èar ist dar bérmorste (masculine predicative singular superlative)
zi ist dar bérmorsta (feminine predicative singular superlative)
is ist dar bérmorste (neuter predicative singular superlative)
ze zèint dar bérmorste (plural predicative superlative)
dar bérmorste (definite includes-article masculine nominative singular superlative)
de bérmorsta (definite feminine includes-article nominative singular superlative)
's bérmorste (definite includes-article neuter nominative singular superlative)
de bérmorsten (definite includes-article nominative plural superlative)
in bérmorsten (accusative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative)
de bérmorsta (accusative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative)
's bérmorste (accusative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative)
de bérmorsten (accusative definite includes-article plural superlative)
me bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article masculine singular superlative)
dar bérmorsten (dative definite feminine includes-article singular superlative)
me bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article neuter singular superlative)
in bérmorsten (dative definite includes-article plural superlative)
an bérmorstar (includes-article indefinite masculine nominative singular superlative)
an bérmorsta (feminine includes-article indefinite nominative singular superlative)
an bérmorstes (includes-article indefinite neuter nominative singular superlative)
bérmorsten (indefinite nominative plural superlative)
khòone bérmorsten (includes-article indefinite nominative plural superlative)
an bérmorsten (accusative includes-article indefinite masculine singular superlative)
an bérmorsta (accusative feminine includes-article indefinite singular superlative)
an bérmorstes (accusative includes-article indefinite neuter singular superlative)
bérmorsten (accusative indefinite plural superlative)
khòone bérmorsten (accusative includes-article indefinite plural superlative)
aname bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite masculine singular superlative)
anara bérmorsten (dative feminine includes-article indefinite singular superlative)
aname bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite neuter singular superlative)
bérmorsten (dative indefinite plural superlative)
khòonen bérmorsten (dative includes-article indefinite plural superlative)
bérmorste (nominative plural superlative without-article)
bérmorste (accusative plural superlative without-article)
bérmorsten (dative plural superlative without-article)

cim-decl-adj-table

Positive forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

Comparative forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

Superlative forms of <i class="Latn mention" lang="cim">barm</i>

From Middle High German warm, from Old High German warm, from Proto-Germanic *warmaz (“warm”). Cognate with German warm, Dutch warm, English warm, Icelandic varmur.

Hòite machetz barm.


climate

en-noun

climate (countable and uncountable, plural climates)

From Middle English climat, from Old French climat, from Latin clima, from Ancient Greek κλίμα (klíma, “latitude”, literally “inclination”).

der

As fruits of hotter countries, transearthed in colder climates, have vigour enough in themselves to be fructuous according to their nature: but, that they are hindered by the chilling nips of the air, and the soil, wherein they are planted.

1904, Owen Felltham, William Henry Oliphant Smeaton, Resolves:

And the effects from climate change are already extreme.

2018, VOA Learning English > China's Melting Glacier Brings Visitors, Adds to Climate Concerns:

The long-term manifestations of weather and other atmospheric conditions in a given area or country, now usually represented by the statistical summary of its weather conditions during a period long enough to ensure that representative values are obtained (generally 30 years).


petrichor

/ˈpɛt.ɹɪˌkɔɹ

From petr(o)- + ichor.
Coined by Australian scientist Richard Grenfell Thomas in 1964 for the article “Nature of Argillaceous Odour”, co-authored by Isabel Joy Bear and published in the journal Nature.

coinage

Though it had yet to begin raining, the familiar smell of petrichor appeared to be already present and Neelam suddenly wished she was sitting at home with a nice cup of tea and a good book.

2010, Val Panesar, For the Sake of the Future:

The sources of the heavenly scent during and immediately after it rains are petrichor and geosmin. Petricor is an oil produced by plants then absorbed by rocks and soil and released into the air during rainfall.

2012, Diane Olson, A Nature Lover's Almanac, Gibbs Smith, →ISBN:

The distinctive scent, caused by geosmin, which accompanies the first rain after a long, warm, dry spell.

petrichor

distinctive scent which accompanies rain


precipitate

en-verb

precipitate (third-person singular simple present precipitates, present participle precipitating, simple past and past participle precipitated)

precipitates (present singular third-person)
precipitating (participle present)
precipitated (participle past)
precipitated (past)
præcipitate (alternative)

From Latin praecipitātus, perfect passive participle of praecipitō (“throw down, hurl down, throw headlong”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) for more), from praeceps (“head foremost, headlong”) (praecipit- in its oblique stem), from prae (“before”) + -ceps (“headed”).

رَسَّبَ

to separate out of a liquid solution into solid form

Troponyms: rain, snow, hail

It will precipitate tomorrow, but we don't know whether as rain or snow.

(intransitive, meteorology) To have water in the air fall to the ground, for example as rain, snow, sleet, or hail; be deposited as condensed droplets.

валя

to have water in the air fall to the ground


mist

en-noun

mist (countable and uncountable, plural mists)

The noun is from Middle English mist, from Old English mist (“mist; darkness; dimness (of eyesight)”), from Proto-Germanic *mihstaz (“mist, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰstos, from the root *h₃meygʰ- (“cloud, fog, drizzle”). Cognate with Scots mist (“mist, fog”), West Frisian mist (“mist”), Dutch mist (“mist”), Swedish mist (“mist, fog”), Icelandic mistur (“mist”), West Frisian miegelje (“to drizzle”), Dutch dialectal miggelen, miegelen (“to drizzle”), Lithuanian miglà (“fog”), Sanskrit मेघ (megha, “cloud”), Russian мгла (mgla, “fog, haze”).
The verb is from Middle English misten, from Old English mistian.

inh

It was difficult to see through the morning mist.

(countable, uncountable) Water or other liquid finely suspended in air. (Compare fog, haze.)

メニ

water or other liquid finely suspended in air


clima

Borrowed from Late Latin clīma (“climate”), from Ancient Greek κλῐ́μᾰ (klĭ́mă, “region, zone”), from κλῐ́νω (klĭ́nō, “to slope, to incline”).


бабье лето

ru-noun+

ба́бье ле́то • (bábʹje léto) n inan (genitive ба́бьего ле́та, nominative plural ба́бьи лета́, genitive plural ба́бьих ле́т)

ба́бье ле́то (canonical)
bábʹje léto (romanization)
ба́бьего ле́та (genitive)
ба́бьи лета́ (nominative plural)
ба́бьих ле́т (genitive plural)
ба́бье ле́то (nominative singular)
ба́бьи лета́ (nominative plural)
ба́бьего ле́та (genitive singular)
ба́бьих ле́т (genitive plural)
ба́бьему ле́ту (dative singular)
ба́бьим лета́м (dative plural)
ба́бье ле́то (accusative singular)
ба́бьи лета́ (accusative plural)
ба́бьим ле́том (instrumental singular)
ба́бьими лета́ми (instrumental plural)
ба́бьем ле́те (prepositional singular)
ба́бьих лета́х (plural prepositional)

Literally, “old woman's summer”. Cognate with Polish babie lato. See also German Altweibersommer and Hungarian vénasszonyok nyara.

Indian summer (summerlike days in early autumn)


индейское лето

инде́йское ле́то • (indéjskoje léto) n inan (genitive инде́йского ле́та, nominative plural инде́йские лета́, genitive plural инде́йских ле́т)

инде́йское ле́то (canonical)
indéjskoje léto (romanization)
инде́йского ле́та (genitive)
инде́йские лета́ (nominative plural)
инде́йских ле́т (genitive plural)
инде́йское ле́то (nominative singular)
инде́йские лета́ (nominative plural)
инде́йского ле́та (genitive singular)
инде́йских ле́т (genitive plural)
инде́йскому ле́ту (dative singular)
инде́йским лета́м (dative plural)
инде́йское ле́то (accusative singular)
инде́йские лета́ (accusative plural)
инде́йским ле́том (instrumental singular)
инде́йскими лета́ми (instrumental plural)
инде́йском ле́те (prepositional singular)
инде́йских лета́х (plural prepositional)

LL-Q7737 (rus)-Tatiana Kerbush-индейское лето.wav


brisa

From Old Spanish briza, thence of uncertain origin. Probably from Old French bise, bize, or from Vulgar Latin *bize, in which case likely of Germanic origin. Conversely, the French word has also been connected with Vulgar Latin *brevidia, whence probably Italian breva (“periodic wind around the lakes of Lombardy blowing to the mountains”), which is perhaps also the origin of Italian brivido (“shiver”).


centigrade

en-noun

centigrade (usually uncountable, plural centigrades)

From centi- (“hundred”) + grade (“degree”).

Earth is one degree Centigrade hotter today than in pre-industrial times.

(uncountable) A centigrade temperature scale having the freezing point of water defined as 0° and its boiling point defined as 100° at standard atmospheric pressure. Although formally known as the Celsius scale since 1948, centigrade is still the more commonly found term.

Celsius (an equivalent expression with “hundert” is not used)


bint

From Middle High German wint, from Old High German wint, from Proto-Germanic *windaz. Cognate with German Wind, English wind.


khamsin

khamsins (plural)
chamsin (alternative)
hamsin (alternative)
khamseen (alternative)
khamaseen (alternative)
kamsin (alternative)
kamseen (alternative)

From Egyptian Arabic خَمْسِين (ḵamsīn, “fifty”); see khamaseen for more.

bor

That second spring the khamseen was worse than I have ever known it before or since.

1957, Lawrence Durrell, Justine, Faber, published 1968, page 121:

A hot, dry wind, common in Egypt, Sudan and the Levant towards the end of March and April, which blows (for about 50 days each year) from the desert, bringing with it hot weather and sand / sandstorms.


névé

Borrowed from French névé, from the Franco-Provençal (Savoyard) term névi (“mass of snow”), from Latin nix, nivis (“snow”).

Haast's 1864 paper does not explain exactly why the glaciers should have come and gone as they did, but it appears that he believed that the onset of glaciation was due to the formation of his "high, plateau-like" range of mountains, acting as a moisture trap, with consequent névé accumulation on a grand scale.

1972 April 27, D. R. Oldroyd, “Haast's glacial theories and the opinions of his European contemporaries”, in Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, volume 3, number 1, Taylor & Francis, →DOI, archived from the original on 2024-05-27, page 9:

The rate of snow-névé accumulation may change many times during the glacier lifetime due to changes in climatic conditions or other factors. Calculations show that the glacier responds fairly quickly to such changes.

1989 January, A. N. Salamatin, A. B. Mazo, “Dynamics of a nonstationary dome glacier in the two-dimensional approximation”, in Journal of Soviet Mathematics, volume 44, Springer, →DOI, archived from the original on 2018-06-05, page 38:

(glaciology) Young, granular snow on a glacier, which has been partially melted and refrozen since deposition, but has not yet turned into firn by surviving a full season of ablation.


babie lato

babie lato (nominative singular)
babie lata (nominative plural)
babiego lata (genitive singular)
babich lat (genitive plural)
babiemu latu (dative singular)
babim latom (dative plural)
babie lato (accusative singular)
babie lata (accusative plural)
babim latem (instrumental singular)
babimi latami (instrumental plural)
babim lecie (locative singular)
babich latach (locative plural)
babie lato (singular vocative)
babie lata (plural vocative)

(idiomatic) Indian summer (stretch of warm days in autumn)


nippy

en-adj

nippy (comparative nippier, superlative nippiest)

nippier (comparative)
nippiest (superlative)

Gosh, it's a bit nippy today: I'd better wear my gloves.

Raj took a deep breath, and reached out to give Armitage the gentlest little stroke. “It’s nippy out. Let’s take him inside.”

2012, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], Ratburger, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN:


ur

Unknown. A connection to Iberian ur (“water, rain”) can be suggested without any additional confirmation.


ur

uren (definite singular)
urar (indefinite plural)
urane (definite plural)


tempus

la-noun

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

temporis (genitive)
tempus (nominative singular)
tempora (nominative plural)
temporis (genitive singular)
temporum (genitive plural)
temporī (dative singular)
temporibus (dative plural)
tempus (accusative singular)
tempora (accusative plural)
tempore (ablative singular)
temporibus (ablative plural)
tempus (singular vocative)
tempora (plural vocative)
temporī (locative singular)
tempore (locative singular)
temporibus (locative plural)

Eastern Romance:

Megleno-Romanian: timp

Romanian: timp

Italo-Dalmatian:

Corsican: tempu

Dalmatian: tiamp

Istriot: tenpo

Italian: tempo (see there for further descendants)

Neapolitan: tiempo

Sicilian: tempu

Venetan: tenpo, tempo, tènp

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: timp

Ladin: tëmp

Romansch: temp, taimp, tains

Gallo-Italic:

Ligurian: tempo

Lombard: temp

Piedmontese: temp

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: temps

Old French: temps (see there for further descendants)

Occitano-Romance:

Old Catalan: temps

Catalan: temps

desctree

Old Occitan: tems
Occitan: tèms, tems, temps

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: tiempu

Old Galician-Portuguese: tempo

Galician: tempo

Portuguese: tempo

Spanish: tiempo

Borrowings:

→ Finnish: tempus

→ Middle Welsh: tymhor

Welsh: tymor

→ Norwegian Bokmål: tempus

→ Russian: темп (temp)

→ Sardinian: tempus

→ Swedish: tempus

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *tempula, *templa

Catalan: templa

Italian: tempia

Old French: temple
French: tempe
→ Middle English: temple
English: temple

Romanian: tâmplă

⇒ Asturian: tenllera

⇒ Galician: tempas

→ Basque: denbora

→ Italian: tempora

→ Portuguese: têmpora

→ Sicilian: tèmpura

→ Spanish: témpora

From Proto-Italic *tempos. Two ultimate roots/origins have been proposed:
* From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
* From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō); compare the etymology of English time. templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.
Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaírĭă, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare Old English þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).
As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

cog

(other transferred senses):
(Medieval Latin, rare) the weather


shower

→ Hindi: शावर (śāvar)

→ Japanese: シャワー (shawā)

→ Korean: 샤워 (syawo)

→ Pashto: شاور (šāwar)

→ Persian: شاور (šâvar) (Dari)

→ Urdu: شاوَر (śāvar)

From Middle English shour, from Old English sċūr, from Proto-West Germanic *skūru, from Proto-Germanic *skūrō, probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱēwer- (“north; north wind; cold wind; rain shower”). Cognate with Dutch schoer, German Schauer, Old Norse skúr, Norwegian skur, Swedish skur, Danish skur.

der

Today there will be frequent showers and some sunny spells.

They are wet with the showres of the mountaines, and imbrace the rocke for want of a shelter.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 24:8:

Occasionally, the sun pierces the clouds like a searchlight to illuminate a feature such as a farm, copse or stream, before being overwhelmed by an advancing shower. Wordsworth would have loved it!

2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57:

A brief fall of precipitation (spell of rain, or a similar fall of snow, sleet, or cascade); burst of hefty precipitation.


ana

head

ana f (genitive singular ana, nominative plural anaí)

ana (genitive singular)
anaí (nominative plural)
ana (indefinite nominative singular)
anaí (indefinite nominative plural)
a ana (indefinite singular vocative)
a anaí (indefinite plural vocative)
ana (genitive indefinite singular)
anaí (genitive indefinite plural)
ana (dative indefinite singular)
anaí (dative indefinite plural)
an ana (definite nominative singular)
na hanaí (definite nominative plural)
na hana (definite genitive singular)
na n-anaí (definite genitive plural)
leis an ana (dative definite singular)
don ana (dative definite singular)
leis na hanaí (dative definite plural)
ana
n-ana
hana
t-ana


dint

dintes (plural)
dinten (plural)
dent (alternative)
dente (alternative)
dinnt (alternative)
dont (alternative)
dount (alternative)
dunt (alternative)
dynt (alternative)
dynte (alternative)

English: dent, dint, dunt

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

From Old English dynt, from Proto-West Germanic *dunti, from Proto-Germanic *duntiz.

The striking or noise of thunder; a thunderclap.


kay

kay f (genitive singular kay, plural kayghyn)

kay (genitive singular)
kayghyn (plural)
kay
chay
gay


ulan

From Proto-Philippine *qudán (cf. Bikol Central uran, Buhid muyan, Calamian Tagbanwa kuran, Cebuano uwan, Hiligaynon ulan, Kapampangan uran, Pangasinan uran, Surigaonon uyan), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan (cf. Chamorro uchan, Fijian uca, Hawaiian ua, Malay hujan, Palauan chull, Tetum udan), from Proto-Austronesian *quzaN (cf. Paiwan qudjalj).


wester

This is properly two, if not three towns — there being an Easter Anstruther and a Wester Anstruther, both burghs, besides a large fishing village […]

1828, The Picture of Scotland, page 187:

There had been a Little and a Meikle, and an Easter and a Wester Coull two centuries ago; and there had been a castle on the property […]

1885, Alex Johnston Warden, Angus Or Forfarshire: The Land and People, Descriptive and Historical, page 204:

It is styled, as we have seen, Wester Rires, which implies an Easter Rires; and this last portion of it probably lay to the north-east, and included […]

1887, Walter Wood, The East Neuk of Fife: Its History and Antiquities, page 118:

'The fact remains that there is an Easter Fintry and a Wester Fintry in this part of the world. Just as there is an Easter Golford and a Wester Golford, ...

2011, J.I.M. Stewart, Mungo's Dream, House of Stratus, →ISBN, page 219:


algid

en-adj

algid (comparative more algid, superlative most algid)

more algid (comparative)
most algid (superlative)

Probably borrowed from Latin algidus (“cold”).

algid malaria

1875 March 15, J. C. Morgan, More on Typho-Malarial Fever, United States Medical Investigator, New Series, Volume 1, No. 6, page 261,
[…] with cold sweat, blueness, stupidity, no heat, no sort of reaction or remission, intense venous congestion in divers organs, getting steadily worse and worse, more and more algid, wet, and stupid, with death in thirty-six hours.

The coldest, most algid moments of this savage industrialization, commanded by the Robber Barons (Josephson 1962), were featured in a recent book on the expansionary experience of the railroads, which by 1900, had already built 193,000 miles of track:

2002, Eduardo Ibarro-Caldo, “Chapter 8: Organizational paradoxes and business ethics: In search of new modes of existence”, in Stewart Clegg, editor, Management and Organization Paradoxes, page 268:

Having such a large amount of skin touching the glass (her feet and her rear) while it grew more and more algid was getting to be quite arrestive.

2013, Troy Theisen, House of Dred, page 194:

(medicine) Cold, chilly; used of low body temperature, especially in connection with certain diseases such as malaria and cholera.


compensation

en-noun

compensation (countable and uncountable, plural compensations)

From Middle English compensacioun, from Old French compensacion, from Latin compensātiōnem, accusative singular of compensātiō.

The relationship between air temperature outside a building and a calculated target temperature for provision of air or water to contained rooms or spaces for the purpose of efficient heating. In building control systems, the compensation curve is defined to a compensator for this purpose.


fret

en-verb

fret (third-person singular simple present frets, present participle fretting, simple past fretted or fret or frate, past participle fretted or (usually in compounds) fretten)

frets (present singular third-person)
fretting (participle present)
fretted (past)
fret (past)
frate (past)
fretted (participle past)
fretten (in-compounds participle past usually)

From Middle English frēten (“to eat (at), corrode, destroy, annoy”), from Old English fretan (“to eat up, devour; to fret; to break, burst”), from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną (“to consume, devour, eat up”), from Proto-Germanic *fra- (“for-, prefix meaning ‘completely, fully’”) (from Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forward, toward”)) + *etaną (“to eat”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”)).
The senses meaning “to chafe, rub” could also be due to sound-association with Anglo-Norman *freiter (modern dialectal French fretter), from Vulgar Latin *frictāre, frequentative of Latin fricāre, from fricō (“to chafe, rub”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreyH- (“to cut”); compare Old French froter (modern French frotter). The chief difficulty is the lack of evidence of the Old French word.
Cognates
*Dutch vreten, fretten (“to devour, hog, wolf”)
*Low German freten (“to eat up”)
*German fressen (“to devour, gobble up, guzzle”)
*Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fraitan, “to devour”)
*Swedish fräta (“to eat away, corrode, fret”)
*Danish fråse (“to gorge”)

cog

If their Cherries are full ripe and ſweet, they put only a Pound and an half of good Sugar to each gallon of Liquor, ſtir it well together, and cover it cloſe, and ſtir it no more till the next Day, then pour it carefully off the Lees as before; then let it ſtand again, and do the ſame the next Day into the Veſſel they keep it in: This may be repeated oftner, if they ſee the Lees are groſs, and like to make it fret when it is ſettled, then ſtop it up till ſeven or eight Months are paſs'd; at which time if perfectly fine, they bottle it; [...]

1725, [Noël] Chomel, “CHERRY-WINE”, in R[ichard] Bradley, editor, Dictionaire Oeconomique: Or, The Family Dictionary. […], volume I (A–H), London: […] D[aniel] Midwinter, […], →OCLC:

It is important to allow beer to flatten, after it has ceased working. This is accomplished by leaving the casks open, when the small floating particles of yeast part with their fixed air, lose their buoyancy, and sink to the bottom. [...] The beer having thus deposited its remaining yeast will not be liable to fret.

1856, “The Art of Brewing”, in The Brewer: A Familiar Treatise on the Art of Brewing, with Directions for the Selection of Malt and Hops, &c., &c.: Instructions for Making Cider and British Wines: Also, a Description of the New and Improved Brewing Saccharometer and Slide Rule, with Full Instructions for Their Use, London: William R[obert] Loftus, 6, Beaufoy Terrace, Edgeware Road, →OCLC, page 50:

secondary fermentation
secondary fermentation

(intransitive, brewing, oenology) To have secondary fermentation (fermentation occurring after the conversion of sugar to alcohol in beers and wine) take place.


fret

Attested since the mid-1800s, of unknown origin. Perhaps related to fret (“to form a pattern upon”), fret (“to consume”) (as the fog does the land), or fret (“to agitate the surface of water”) (as the wind which blows the fog inland does); compare the semantics of haar (“cold wind; misty wind; fog, mist”). Dialectally, the spelling freet and pronunciation /fɹit/ are also found, as they also are for fret (“consume; agitate”).

unknown

of unknown origin

The wind brings a fret off the ocean; not cold, but achingly damp.

2008, Trezza Azzopardi, Winterton Blue: A Novel, page 14:

(Northumbria) A fog or mist at sea, or coming inland from the sea.


glade

From Middle English glade, glode, glede (“a gleam of light, bright space, an open space; an open or cleared space in a forest; a bright patch of sky; a bright surface of snow or ice”), of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old English *glǣd, *glād, related to Old English glæd (“shining, bright”), (compare Old Norse glaðr (“bright”)).

[…] are creating more "glades," or cleared trails through the woods, for less experienced (blue) skiers. They're a throwback to the first days of skiing, before resorts cut wide swaths of trees, and machines rolled and packed the snow.

2003 November 23, Newsweek, Travel, In The Trees:

[…] and meads and glades so eternally vernal, that the grass shot up by the spring, untrodden, unwilted, remains at midsummer.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “chapter 22”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest.

An open space in the ice on a river or lake.

a glade of ice


glaze

en-noun

glaze (countable and uncountable, plural glazes)

From Middle English glasen, from glas (“glass”) (Modern English glass), from Old English glæs, from Proto-Germanic *glasą. Related to glazen. In the sense of "overcompliment", originated in November 2021 and popularized throughout 2022.
The noun is from the verb.

(cooking) Broth reduced by boiling to a gelatinous paste, and spread thinly over braised dishes.


plash

en-verb

plash (third-person singular simple present plashes, present participle plashing, simple past and past participle plashed)

plashes (present singular third-person)
plashing (participle present)
plashed (participle past)
plashed (past)

From Middle English plasch, plasche, from Old English plæsċ (“pool, puddle”), from Proto-West Germanic *plask, probably ultimately imitative.
Cognate with Dutch plas (“pool, watering hole”). Related also to West Frisian plaskje (“to splash, splatter”), Dutch plassen (“to splash, splatter”), German platschen (“to splash”).

onomatopoeic

imitative

cog

to plash a wall in imitation of granite

(transitive) To splash or sprinkle with colouring matter.


sprite

→ Japanese: スプライト (supuraito)

→ Russian: спрайт (sprajt)

From Middle English sprite, spryt, spreyte, from Old French esprit (“spirit”), from Latin spiritus. Doublet of spirit, spiritus, spirytus, spright, and esprit.
(computer graphics): First used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.
(meteorology): An acronym for Stratospheric Perturbations Resulting from Intense Thunderstorm Electrification.

doublet

(meteorology) A large electrical discharge that occurs high above the cumulonimbus cloud of an active thunderstorm, which appears as a luminous red or orange flash.

紅色精靈 /红色精灵

electrical discharges that occur high above the cumulonimbus cloud of an active thunderstorm

(obsolete) Alternative form of spright (“frame of mind, disposition”)


sprite

en-verb

sprite (third-person singular simple present sprites, present participle spriting, simple past and past participle sprited)

sprites (present singular third-person)
spriting (participle present)
sprited (participle past)
sprited (past)
spright (alternative)

sprited the new NPCs

(art, informal) To draw a (specifically) pixel art sprite.


troll

Partly:
* from Middle English trol (“demon (?); sorcerer (?)”) [and other forms], from Old Norse trǫll (“conjurer, mage; witch”), from Proto-Germanic *truzlą (“supernatural being; demon, fiend; giant; monster”), probably from *trudaną (“to step on; to tread”) + *-ilą (suffix forming agent nouns); and
* borrowed from Norwegian Bokmål troll, Swedish troll, or Danish trold, from Old Norse trǫll (see above).
Doublet of droll and trow.
Cognates
* Danish fortrylle (“to bewitch”), trylle (“to conjure”)
* Icelandic tröll
* Middle High German trol, trolle (“spook, wraith; ogre, monster”)
* Norwegian fortrylle (“to bewitch”), trylle (“to conjure”)
* Swedish trolla (“to conjure”)

der

(astronomy, meteorology) An optical ejection from the top of the electrically active core region of a thunderstorm that is red in colour that seems to occur after tendrils of vigorous sprites extend downward towards cloudtops.


troll

en-verb

troll (third-person singular simple present trolls, present participle trolling, simple past and past participle trolled)

trolls (present singular third-person)
trolling (participle present)
trolled (participle past)
trolled (past)
troll (infinitive)
trowl (alternative)
trowle (alternative)

Spanish: trolear

The verb is derived from Middle English trollen (“to go about, wander; to move (something) to and fro, rock; to roll; to turn”) [and other forms], of uncertain origin; perhaps in part from Old French troller (“to run here and there; to walk aimlessly, ramble, stroll; (hunting) to wander about looking for game”) (modern French troller); further etymology uncertain, yet probably from or related to Middle High German trollen (“to stroll, walk with short strides”) (modern German trollen (“to move slowly, trundle; to push off, toddle off”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *truzlōną (“to lumber”), which is probably related to *trudaną (“to step on, tread”) (see further at etymology 1). Doublet of trull.
Verb sense 4.2.2 (“to fish using a line and bait or lures trailed behind a boat”) is possibly influenced by trail and/or trawl
The noun is probably derived from the verb. Noun sense 3 (“person who makes or posts inflammatory or insincere statements in an attempt to lure others into combative argument”) is possibly influenced by troll (etymology 1).
Cognates
* Middle Low German drullen (“to stroll”) (Low German trullen (“to troll”))

unc

uncertain

laulaa vuoroin

(transitive, intransitive) to sing the parts of (a catch, round, or similar song) in succession

laulella

to sing (a song) freely or in a carefree way, or loudly

tokaista

(transitive, intransitive) to say (something) lightly and quickly

kalastama

(transitive, intransitive) to fish in (a place) using a running fishing line

(obsolete) Often followed by in: to cause (something) to flow or roll in like a stream.

Their young men […] trolled along the brooks that abounded in fish.

1834–1874, George Bancroft, History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent, volume (please specify |volume=I to X), Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company [et al.], →OCLC:

(fishing, Scotland, US) To fish using a line and bait or lures trailed behind a boat similarly to trawling.


whirlwind

From Middle English whirlewind, whirlewynde, equivalent to whirl + wind. Compare Middle Dutch wervelwint, Old Norse hvirfilvindr.

VVhile in the mean time there iſſued out on the Eaſt-ſide a ſtrong VVind, but pure and refreſhing, vvhich dividing into ſeveral parts that turned round became ſo many innocuous VVhirl-vvinds of ſincere Air, tinctured only vvith a cool refreſhing ſmell, as if it had paſſed over ſome large field of Lilies and Roſes.

1668, Franciscus Euistor the Palæopolite [pseudonym; Henry More], “The Fifth Dialogue”, in Divine Dialogues, Containing Sundry Disquisitions & Instructions Concerning the Attributes of God and His Providence in the World. […], 2nd edition, London: […] Joseph Downing […], published 1713, →OCLC, paragraph XXXVIII, page 515:

And his hoofs ground the rocks to fire and dust, / His strong sides made the torrents rise in spray, / And turbulence, as if a whirlwind’s gust / Surrounded us; […]

1818, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “(please specify the page)”, in The Revolt of Islam; […], London: […] [F]or C[harles] and J[ames] Ollier, […]; by B[uchanan] M‘Millan, […], →OCLC, (please specify the stanza number):

A windstorm of limited extent, such as a tornado, dust devil, or waterspout, characterized by an inward spiral motion of the air with an upward current in the center; a vortex of air.

shakullinë

violent windstorm of limited extent characterized by an inward spiral motion of the air


muggy

en-adj

muggy (comparative muggier, superlative muggiest)

muggier (comparative)
muggiest (superlative)

The next was a very unpropitious morning for a journey—muggy, damp, and drizzly.

1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, chapter XXXV, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:

What struck me as the most curious thing about this wonderful river was: how did the air keep fresh? It was muggy and thick, no doubt, but still not sufficiently so to render it bad or even remarkably unpleasant.

1887, H[enry] Rider Haggard, chapter X, in Allan Quatermain:

The evening, though sunless, had been warm and muggy for the season, and Tess had come out with her milking-hood only, naked-armed and jacketless; certainly not dressed for a drive.

1891, Thomas Hardy, chapter XXIX, in Tess of the d’Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: James R[ipley] Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., […], →OCLC:

Muggy heat—temperature in the 90s and high humidity—greeted early arrivals for the 72-hole, three-day test, rated the hardest and most important in the sport.

1964 June 16, “All Eyes On Lema At U.S. Open This Week”, in The Indianapolis Star, volume 62, number 11, Indianapolis, Ind., page 22:

(of the weather, air, etc.) Humid, or hot and humid.


lightning rod

lightning rods (plural)
lightning-rod (alternative)

/ˈlaɪtnɪŋ ˌɹɒd/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-lightning rod.wav

"My special business is to travel the country for orders for lightning-rods. This is my specimen rod;" tapping his staff; "I have the best of references"-fumbling in his pockets. "In Criggan last month, I put up three-and-twenty rods on only five buildings."

1856, Herman Melville, The Lightning Rod Man:

A metallic conductor that is attached to a high point of a building and leads to the ground to protect the building from damage by lightning.

مَانِعَة صَوَاعِق

metallic conductor that protects from lightning