ovi

ovi (nominative singular)
ovet (nominative plural)
oven (genitive singular)
ovviin (genitive plural)
oviloin (genitive plural)
ovvia (partitive singular)
ovija (partitive plural)
oviloja (partitive plural)
ovvee (illative singular)
ovvii (illative plural)
oviloihe (illative plural)
oves (inessive singular)
ovis (inessive plural)
ovilois (inessive plural)
ovest (elative singular)
ovist (elative plural)
oviloist (elative plural)
ovelle (allative singular)
oville (allative plural)
oviloille (allative plural)
ovel (adessive singular)
ovil (adessive plural)
oviloil (adessive plural)
ovelt (ablative singular)
ovilt (ablative plural)
oviloilt (ablative plural)
oveks (singular translative)
oviks (plural translative)
oviloiks (plural translative)
ovenna (essive singular)
ovveen (essive singular)
ovinna (essive plural)
oviloinna (essive plural)
ovviin (essive plural)
oviloin (essive plural)
ovent (exessive singular)
ovint (exessive plural)
oviloint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *ovi. Cognates include Finnish ovi and Karelian ovi.

Kummaas poolees heist ono ovi (uks)?

On which side of them is the ovi (the door)?


strap

en-noun

strap (countable and uncountable, plural straps)

→ Japanese: ストラップ (sutorappu)

From a variant of earlier strope (“loop on a harness”), from Middle English strope, stropp, from Late Old English strop, stropp (“a band, thong, strap; oar-thong”) and Old French estrope (“strap, loop on a harness”), both from Latin stroppus, struppus (“strap”), from Ancient Greek στρόφος (stróphos, “rope”) (compare strophe), from στρέφω (stréphō, “to twist”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (compare Proto-West Germanic *stroppōn (“to twist, writhe”)). Cognate with Scots strap, strop (“strap, band, thong”), Dutch strop (“noose, strop, loop”), Low German Strop (“strap”), German Struppe, Strüppe, Strippe (“string, cord”), Danish strop (“strap”), Swedish stropp (“strap, loop”).

ремък

a long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like

ивица

a narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass

A narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass.

(carpentry, machinery) A band, plate, or loop of metal for clasping and holding timbers or parts of a machine.

sinkilä

carpentry: a band, plate, or loop of metal for clasping and holding timbers or parts of a machine.


torch

en-verb

torch (third-person singular simple present torches, present participle torching, simple past and past participle torched)

torches (present singular third-person)
torching (participle present)
torched (participle past)
torched (past)

Borrowed from French torcher (“to daub; to wipe; to build or plaster with clay mixed with chopped straw”), from torche (“bundle of (twisted) straw; torch”) (see further at etymology 1) + -er (suffix forming the infinitives of first-conjugation verbs).

bor

(transitive, masonry, archaic or historical) To point (“fill up and bring to a smooth finish”) (inside joints of slates laid on laths) using lime hair mortar.

to point (inside joints of slates laid on laths) using lime hair mortar

rapata hiuksilla vahvistetulla kalkkilaastilla


bord

bord (nominative singular)
bord (nominative plural)
bord (accusative singular)
bord (accusative plural)
bordes (genitive singular)
borda (genitive plural)
borde (dative singular)
bordum (dative plural)

→ Cornish: bord

Middle English: bord

English: board

Scots: buird

Yola: borde

→ Old Irish: bord

Middle Irish: bord

Irish: bord

Manx: boayrd

Scottish Gaelic: bòrd

→ Middle Welsh: bort

Welsh: bord

→ Middle Welsh: bwrð

Welsh: bwrdd

From Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą.

Sē frumlida stāg on bord þæs sċipes.

c. 992, Ælfric, "On the Greater Litany"
Hīe cwǣdon, "Hū dōþ wē ymb þē?" Hē andwyrde, "Weorpaþ mē ofer bord."

They said, "What are we going to do about you?" He answered, "Throw me overboard."

the side of a ship; (by extension) the ship itself


massa

From Old Galician-Portuguese massa, from Latin massa (“mass; dough”), from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza, “bread”), from μάσσω (mássō, “to handle; to knead”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂ǵ-.

(construction) mortar (mixture for bonding bricks)


nagel

From Old Norse nagl (“nail”), from Proto-Germanic *naglaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nogʰ-.

a pin, a treenail, a rivet (type of rivet, especially in boat-building)


roof

From Middle English rof, from Old English hrōf (“roof, ceiling; top, summit; heaven, sky”), from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą (“roof”).

inh

The roof was blown off by the tornado.

'Twas the house I'd seen the roof of from the beach.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter I, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

The very first sound that you’ll hear on the roof
(Provided there’s fog) will be Rudolph’s small hoof.

1931, Robert L. May, Rudolph, The Red-Nosed Reindeer, Montgomery Ward, draft:

The roof, the roof, the roof is on fire!
We don't need no water: Let the motherfucker burn!
Burn, motherfucker, burn!

1984, Rock Master Scott & the Dynamic Three (lyrics and music), “The Roof Is on Fire”:

(architecture) The external covering at the top of a building.


odo

Cognate with Igbo odō and Edo odó, equivalent to o- (“nominalizing prefix”) + dó (“to pound”)

af

Níbo ni àwọn odó tí a máa ń lò láti gún iyán?.

Where are the pounding mortars that we use to pound yam?

Wọ́n ń gún iyán nínú odó.

2008 December 19, Yiwola Awoyale, Global Yoruba Lexical Database v. 1.0, number LDC2008L03, Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, →DOI, →ISBN:

They were pounding pounded yam food in a pounding mortar.

odókódó

any pounding mortar or a bad pounding mortar

olódó

a seller, owner, bearer or maker of mortars


koza

kózka (diminutive)
koza (nominative singular)
kozy (nominative plural)
kozy (genitive singular)
kóz (genitive plural)
kozie (dative singular)
kozom (dative plural)
kozę (accusative singular)
kozy (accusative plural)
kozą (instrumental singular)
kozami (instrumental plural)
kozie (locative singular)
kozach (locative plural)
kozo (singular vocative)
kozy (plural vocative)

→ Low Prussian: Koss

(Near Masovian, windmill construction) tall, strong pine tree with a block on top and rungs for climbing

Near Masovian; windmill construction; Near Masovian; windmill construction


roost

From Middle English roste (“chicken's roost; perch”), from Old English hrōst (“wooden framework of a roof; roost”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrōst, from Proto-Germanic *hrōstaz (“wooden framework; grill”); see *raustijan.
Cognate with Dutch roest (“roost”), German Low German Rust (“roost”), German Rost (“grate; gridiron; grill”).

inh

the highest branch is not the safest roost

(Scotland) The open cross-joists or inner roof of a cottage or living space.


quicken

en-verb

quicken (third-person singular simple present quickens, present participle quickening, simple past and past participle quickened)

quickens (present singular third-person)
quickening (participle present)
quickened (participle past)
quickened (past)

From Middle English quikenen (“to become alive again after dying; to raise (someone) from the dead; to regain consciousness or strength; to give vitality, revive; to regain validity; to nourish; to spare (the life of someone or something); to ignite; to illuminate; of events: to happen more quickly; of clouds: to form”) [and other forms], from quiken (“to come to life; to become alive again after dying; to give or regain vitality, revive; of a seed: to germinate, grow; to arouse (anger); to inspire; to reinforce, strengthen; to make (a substance) alchemically active; to nourish, sustain; to sharpen; to ignite; to illuminate; of news: to spread”) + -en (suffix forming the infinitive forms of verbs). Quiken is derived from Old English cwician (“to bring to life, vivify; to come to life, become living; to quicken”), from cwic (“alive, live, living; mentally agile; intelligent, keen”) (ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz (“alive; lively; quick”) and Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”)) + -ian (suffix forming verbs from adjectives and nouns). The English word may be analysed as quick (“moving with swiftness; occurring in a short time; (archaic) alive, living; (archaic) pregnant”) + -en (suffix attached to some adjectives forming transitive verbs meaning ‘to make [adjective]’).
cognates
* Danish kvikne (“to quicken, revive”)
* Icelandic kvikna (“to ignite; to turn on”)
* Swedish kvickna (“to revive”)

nb...

quecken, queken, quekenen, quicken, quickene, quickenen, quickin, quicknen, quicnen, quiken, quikene, quikken, quikkenen, quikkin, quikne, quiknen, quikyn, quycken, quyken, quykene, quykken, quykne, quykyn, qweken, qwekyn, qwicken, qwiken, qwikken, qwikkin, qwikyn, qwycken, qwyken, qwykken, qwykkyn, qwykyn, qwyykne, (Northern England) qwhikken, qwhykkyn, whiken, whikken

suffix

suffix attached to some adjectives forming transitive verbs meaning ‘to make 􂀿adjective􂁀’

cog

to quicken the sheer, that is, to make its curve more pronounced

(construction, nautical (shipbuilding), archaic) To shorten the radius of (a curve); to make (a curve) sharper, or (an incline) steeper.


cyclopean

en-adj

cyclopean (comparative more cyclopean, superlative most cyclopean)

more cyclopean (comparative)
most cyclopean (superlative)

(masonry) Fitted together of huge irregular stones.


broom

en-verb

broom (third-person singular simple present brooms, present participle brooming, simple past and past participle broomed)

brooms (present singular third-person)
brooming (participle present)
broomed (participle past)
broomed (past)

Inherited from Middle English brom, from Old English brōm (“brushwood”), from Proto-West Germanic *brām (“bramble”) (compare Saterland Frisian Brom, West Frisian brem, Dutch braam, German Low German Braam), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-, from *bʰer- ‘edge’. Related to brim, brink.
(shotgun): So called because it is (like the cleaning utensil) long and held similarly to a besom and “cleans” what is in front.

(roofing) To improve the embedding of a membrane by using a broom or squeegee to smooth it out and ensure contact with the adhesive under the membrane.


fleece

en-noun

fleece (countable and uncountable, plural fleeces)

From Middle English flees, flese, flus, fleos, from Old English flēos, flīes, flȳs, from Proto-West Germanic *fleus.

(roofing) Mat or felts composed of fibers, sometimes used as a membrane backer.


heading

Edward H[enry] Knight
w:Edward H. Knight

(masonry) The end of a stone or brick which is presented outward.


henge

English: hinge

Scots: heenge

From Old English *henġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju; compare hangen.


broach

From Middle English broche, from Old French broche, from Vulgar Latin *brocca, originally a feminine form of Latin broccus, perhaps ultimately of Gaulish origin (see Scottish Gaelic bròg; cognate to brochure).

(masonry) A broad chisel for stone-cutting.


les

lȇs (canonical masculine)
ле̑с (Cyrillic)
lȇs (nominative singular)
lésovi (nominative plural)
lesa (genitive singular)
lésōvā (genitive plural)
lesu (dative singular)
lesovima (dative plural)
les (accusative singular)
lesove (accusative plural)
lese (singular vocative)
lesovi (plural vocative)
lesu (locative singular)
lesovima (locative plural)
lesom (instrumental singular)
lesovima (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“tree, forest”).


les

lẹ̑s (canonical inanimate masculine)
lẹ̑s (nominative singular)
lesȏva (dual nominative)
lesȏvi (nominative plural)
lesȃ (genitive singular)
lesóv (dual genitive)
lesóv (genitive plural)
lẹ̑su (dative singular)
lẹ̑si (dative singular)
lesȏvoma (dative dual)
lesȏvama (dative dual)
lesȏvom (dative plural)
lẹ̑sȏvam (dative plural)
lẹ̑s (accusative singular)
lesȏva (accusative dual)
lesȏve (accusative plural)
lẹ̑su (locative singular)
lẹ̑si (locative singular)
lesȏvih (dual locative)
lesȏvih (locative plural)
lẹ̑som (instrumental singular)
lesȏvoma (dual instrumental)
lesȏvama (dual instrumental)
lesȏvi (instrumental plural)
lẹ̑s (singular vocative)
lesȏva (dual vocative)
lesȏvi (plural vocative)
lẹ̑s (nominative singular)
lẹ̑sa (dual nominative)
lẹ̑si (nominative plural)
lẹ̑sa (genitive singular)
lẹ̑sov (dual genitive)
lẹ̑sov (genitive plural)
lẹ̑su (dative singular)
lẹ̑si (dative singular)
lẹ̑soma (dative dual)
lẹ̑sama (dative dual)
lẹ̑som (dative plural)
lẹ̑sam (dative plural)
lẹ̑s (accusative singular)
lẹ̑sa (accusative dual)
lẹ̑se (accusative plural)
lẹ̑su (locative singular)
lẹ̑si (locative singular)
lẹ̑sih (dual locative)
lẹ̑sah (dual locative)
lẹ̑sih (locative plural)
lẹ̑sah (locative plural)
lẹ̑som (instrumental singular)
lẹ̑soma (dual instrumental)
lẹ̑sama (dual instrumental)
lẹ̑si (instrumental plural)
lẹ̑s (singular vocative)
lẹ̑sa (dual vocative)
lẹ̑si (plural vocative)

sl-infl-noun

no

no

(usually in the plural, archaic or literary) forest, woods


lapis

la-noun

lapis m (genitive lapidis); third declension

lapidis (genitive)
lapis (nominative singular)
lapidēs (nominative plural)
lapidis (genitive singular)
lapidum (genitive plural)
lapidī (dative singular)
lapidibus (dative plural)
lapidem (accusative singular)
lapidēs (accusative plural)
lapide (ablative singular)
lapidibus (ablative plural)
lapis (singular vocative)
lapidēs (plural vocative)

From Proto-Italic *lapets. May be connected with Ancient Greek λέπας (lépas, “bare rock, crag”), either from Proto-Indo-European *lep- (“to peel”) (compare secō, saxum; rumpō, rupēs) or, more likely, a Mediterranean substrate language.

cog

et lapis iste quem erexi in titulum vocabitur Domus Dei

Late 4th century, Jerome [et al.], transl., edited by Roger Gryson, Biblia Sacra: Iuxta Vulgatam Versionem (Vulgate), 5th edition, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, published 2007, →ISBN, Genesis 28:22:

And this stone, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God's house


fur

en-verb

fur (third-person singular simple present furs, present participle furring, simple past and past participle furred)

furs (present singular third-person)
furring (participle present)
furred (participle past)
furred (past)

From Middle English furre, forre, from Anglo-Norman forre, fuerre (“a case; sheath”), from Frankish *fōdar, from Proto-West Germanic *fōdr, from Proto-Germanic *fōdrą (“sheath”) (compare Old English fōdor (“sheaf”), Dutch voering (“lining”), German Futter (“lining”), Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐌳𐍂 (fōdr, “sheath”)), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂-, *poh₂- (“to protect”) (compare Lithuanian piemuō (“protection”), Ancient Greek πῶυ (pôu, “flock”), πῶμα (pôma, “lid”), ποιμήν (poimḗn, “shepherd”), Old Armenian հաւրան (hawran, “herd, flock”), Northern Kurdish pawan (“to watch over”), Sanskrit पाति (pāti, “he watches, protects”).
The verb is from Middle English furren, from Anglo-Norman furrer, forrer, fourrer (“to line, stuff, fill”), from the noun.

cog

(transitive, construction) To level a surface by applying furring to it.


pal

palik (diminutive)
pal (nominative singular)
pale (nominative plural)
pala (genitive singular)
pali (genitive plural)
palów (genitive plural)
palowi (dative singular)
palom (dative plural)
pal (accusative singular)
pale (accusative plural)
palem (instrumental singular)
palami (instrumental plural)
palu (locative singular)
palach (locative plural)
palu (singular vocative)
pale (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German pfāl, phāl, from Old High German pfāl, phāl, from Proto-West Germanic *pāl, *pāli, from Latin pālus, from Proto-Italic *pākslos, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂ǵ-slos, from *peh₂ǵ-.

bor+

(construction) pile (for the support of a building)


twister

From Middle English twyster, equivalent to twist + -er.


scant

Adjective and determiner from Middle English scant, from Old Norse skamt, neuter of skammr (“short”), from Proto-Germanic *skammaz (“short”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱem- (“mutilated, hornless”). Verb from Middle English scanten, from the adjective. Noun and adverb from Middle English scant, from the adjective.

der

(masonry) A block of stone sawn on two sides down to the bed level.


scuttle

Borrowed from Middle French escoutille (compare French écoutille), from Old Norse skaut (“corner of a cloth, of a sail”), or alternatively from Spanish escotilla, ultimately from Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍄𐍃 (skauts, “projecting edge, fringe”), from Proto-Germanic *skautaz (“corner; wedge; lap”). Compare German Schoß, Old English sċēat. More at sheet.

der

(construction) A hatch that provides access to the roof from the interior of a building.


clapboard

(film) A clapper board; a device used in film production, having hinged boards that are brought together with a clap, used to synchronize picture and sound at the start of each take of a motion picture or other video production.


paca

paca (nominative singular)
pace (nominative plural)
pacy (genitive singular)
pac (genitive plural)
pacy (dative singular)
pacom (dative plural)
pacę (accusative singular)
pace (accusative plural)
pacą (instrumental singular)
pacami (instrumental plural)
pacy (locative singular)
pacach (locative plural)
paco (singular vocative)
pace (plural vocative)

(construction) trowel, smoother, skimmer (tool for applying a smooth layer of mortar, plaster, etc.)

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, construction) unfired brick


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


frame

nl-noun

frame n (plural frames, diminutive framepje n)

frames (plural)
framepje (diminutive neuter)


ojo

Palenquero: oho

Inherited from Old Spanish ojo, from Vulgar Latin oclus, from Latin oculus. Doublet of óculo. Cognate to Portuguese olho, French œil, Italian occhio, Romanian ochi, Russian око (oko).


madre

Borrowed from Spanish madre, from Latin mātrem, singular accusative of māter (“mother, matron”).

(carpentry, in general) frame; spindle; principal piece, log, or beam


diaphragm

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/

From Ancient Greek διάφραγμα (diáphragma, “partition”), from διά (diá, “across”) and φράγμα (phrágma, “barrier”), from the verb φράσσω (phrássō).

мембра́на

anatomy: separating membrane or sheet of muscle

(construction) A floor slab, metal wall panel, roof panel or the like, having a sufficiently large in-plane shear stiffness and sufficient strength to transmit horizontal forces to resisting systems.


spur

From Middle English spure, spore, from Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).

(carpentry) A brace strengthening a post and some connected part, such as a rafter or crossbeam; a strut.

puntal

carpentry: brace strengthening a post and some connected part


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġilm, ġelm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


kneecap

(roofing) A metal cover trim that fits over a panel rib after it has been cut and bent.


gusset

From Middle English gusset, gysset, from Old French gosset, gousset (“the hollow of the armpit”).

(roofing) A large flat metal piece wider than the valley to help prevent build-up at the base of the valley, either from debris or ice dam formations.


fascine

The noun is borrowed from French fascine (“bundle of kindling; bundle of branches used to build defences, fill in ditches, etc.; logs arranged horizontally between piles on the banks of a watercourse as an erosion barrier”), from Old French faissine, from Latin fascīna (“bundle of sticks”), from fascis (“bundle of sticks, faggot, fascine; bundle, package; burden, load”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰask- (“band; bundle”)) + -īna (the nominative, vocative, or ablative feminine singular of -īnus (suffix forming nouns)).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(chiefly construction) Originally a cylindrical bundle of small sticks of wood, and now often a bundle of plastic pipes, bound together, and used for strengthening purposes, such as in revetments for riverbanks, and in mats for dams, jetties, etc.


prendere

it-verb

a:e􂀿also in the meaning "to happen unexpectedly"􂁀\@

prèndere (first-person singular present prèndo, first-person singular past historic prési, past participle préso, auxiliary avére or (also in the meaning "to happen unexpectedly") èssere)

prèndere (canonical)
prèndo (first-person present singular)
prési (first-person historic past singular)
préso (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
èssere (also auxiliary)
prèndere (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
èssere (auxiliary)
prendèndo (gerund)
prendènte (participle present)
préso (participle past)
prèndo (first-person indicative present singular)
prèndi (indicative present second-person singular)
prènde (indicative present singular third-person)
prendiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
prendéte (indicative plural present second-person)
prèndono (indicative plural present third-person)
prendévo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
prendévi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
prendéva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
prendevàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
prendevàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
prendévano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
prési (first-person historic indicative past singular)
prendésti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
prése (historic indicative past singular third-person)
prendémmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
prendéste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
présero (historic indicative past plural third-person)
prenderò (first-person future indicative singular)
prenderài (future indicative second-person singular)
prenderà (future indicative singular third-person)
prenderémo (first-person future indicative plural)
prenderéte (future indicative plural second-person)
prenderànno (future indicative plural third-person)
prenderèi (conditional first-person present singular)
prenderésti (conditional present second-person singular)
prenderèbbe (conditional present singular third-person)
prenderébbe (conditional present singular third-person)
prenderémmo (conditional first-person plural present)
prenderéste (conditional plural present second-person)
prenderèbbero (conditional plural present third-person)
prenderébbero (conditional plural present third-person)
prènda (first-person present singular subjunctive)
prènda (present second-person singular subjunctive)
prènda (present singular subjunctive third-person)
prendiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
prendiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
prèndano (plural present subjunctive third-person)
prendéssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
prendéssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
prendésse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
prendéssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
prendéste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
prendéssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
prèndi (imperative second-person singular)
prènda (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
prendiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
prendéte (imperative plural second-person)
prèndano (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
prèndere (imperative negative second-person singular)
prènda (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
prendiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
prendéte (imperative negative plural second-person)
prèndano (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

Inherited from Latin prēndere, from earlier prehendere, from prae- (“before”) + *hendere (“take, seize”) (not attested without a prefix), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed-.

(construction, intransitive) to adhere to the building materials by hardening; to take hold [auxiliary avere] (of a binder)


eyebrow

From Middle English eȝebreu, alteration of Old English ēaganbrū (“eyebrow”), equivalent to eye + brow. The corresponding Old English ēagbrǣw meant "eyelid". Compare Dutch oogbrauw (“eyelid; eyelash; eyebrow”), German Augenbraue (“eyebrow”).

(construction) A dormer, usually of small size, whose roof line over the upright face is typically an arched curve, turning into a reverse curve to meet the horizontal line at either end.


butt

From Middle English but, butte (“goal, mark, butt of land”), from Old English byt, bytt (“small piece of land”) and *butt (attested in diminutive Old English buttuc (“end, small piece of land”) > English buttock), from Proto-West Germanic *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“end, piece”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰnós (“bottom”), later thematic variant of Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn ~ *bʰudʰn-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“deep”). Cognate with Norwegian butt (“stump, block”), Icelandic bútur (“piece, fragment”), Low German butt (“blunt, clumsy”). Influenced by Old French but, butte (“but, mark”), ultimately from the same Germanic source. Compare also Albanian bythë (“buttocks”), Ancient Greek πυθμήν (puthmḗn, “bottom of vessel”), Latin fundus (“bottom”) and Sanskrit बुध्न (budhná, “bottom”), from the same Proto-Indo-European root. Related to bottom, boot.
 PIE word
 *bʰudʰmḗn.

приклад

larger or thicker end of anything; blunt end

perä

end of something, often distinguished from other end

(countable, generally) An end of something, often distinguished in some way from the other end.

(carpentry) A kind of hinge used in hanging doors, etc., so named because it is attached to the inside edge of the door and butts against the casing, instead of on its face, like the strap hinge; also called butt hinge.


later

la-noun

later m (genitive lateris); third declension

lateris (genitive)
later (nominative singular)
laterēs (nominative plural)
lateris (genitive singular)
laterum (genitive plural)
laterī (dative singular)
lateribus (dative plural)
laterem (accusative singular)
laterēs (accusative plural)
latere (ablative singular)
lateribus (ablative plural)
later (singular vocative)
laterēs (plural vocative)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”), or from *stelh₃- (“broad”) (in which case latus (“side, flank”) would be its neuter form).


plumbum

plumbum n (genitive plumbī); second declension

plumbī (genitive)
plumbum (nominative singular)
plumba (nominative plural)
plumbī (genitive singular)
plumbōrum (genitive plural)
plumbō (dative singular)
plumbīs (dative plural)
plumbum (accusative singular)
plumba (accusative plural)
plumbō (ablative singular)
plumbīs (ablative plural)
plumbum (singular vocative)
plumba (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: pliumbu, pljumbu

Romanian: plumb

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: piombu

Italian: piombo

Neapolitan: chiummo

Sicilian: chiummu

Padanian:

Emilian: piòmb

Friulian: plomp, plomb

Ligurian: cióngio

Lombard: piomb, piom

Piedmontese: piomb

Romagnol: piòmb

Romansch: plum, plùn m, plùm m, plom m

Venetan: piònbo

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: plomb

Middle French: plomb

French: plomb ⇒ plombe

→ German: Plombe

→ Middle English: plumbe, plumme

English: plumb

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: plom

→? Asturian: plomu, plombu

q

→? Spanish: plomo (can also be from Aragonese or an early semi-borrowing)

Occitan: plomb

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: plomo, plom

Ribagorçan: pllom

Galician: chumbo

Portuguese: chumbo → prumo (semi-learned)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: peumu, piumbu, piumu, plumbu

Borrowings:

→ Albanian: plumb

→ English: plumbum

→ German: Plumbum

→ Limburgish: plómb

→ Malay: plumbum

→ Proto-Brythonic: *plum

Middle Welsh: plwm

Welsh: plwm

[ˈpɫ̪ʊmbʊ̃ˑ]

Traditionally connected to Ancient Greek μόλυβδος (mólubdos, “lead”); however, this is repudiated by Beekes, who instead connects the Latin term to Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom (“lead”). De Vaan accepts this cognate pairing, but notes that the Latin and Celtic terms would have to be borrowed from a substrate language due to phonetic mismatches if the Latin were inherited directly from Proto-Indo-European *plowdʰo- (“lead”). Said substrate may be Etruscan, Iberian, or some other pre-Indo-European Mediterranean language; compare Proto-Berber *būldūn.


tendon

Borrowed from French tendon or Medieval Latin tendō, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn, “sinew, tendon”), modified by association with the verb tendō (“to stretch”). Compare Middle English thenoun.

prestressed concrete
prestressed concrete

(construction) A wire or bar used to strengthen prestressed concrete.


brickie

(British, New Zealand, Australia, slang) A bricklayer.


panel

From Middle English panel (“piece of cloth, saddle pad, pane of glass, piece of ice, part, division, jury list, jury members”), from Anglo-Norman panel, panelle (“piece of cloth, saddle cushion”), from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, diminutive of Latin pannus (“cloth, rag, garment”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“fabric”). Cognate with Old English fana (“a piece of cloth, patch, banner, flag, vane”). Doublet of vane.

cog

(masonry) One of the faces of a hewn stone.

(masonry) A slab or plank of wood used instead of a canvas for painting on.


lag

laget (definite singular)
lag (indefinite plural)
laga (definite plural)
lagene (definite plural)

From Old Norse lag (“layer; companionship”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“situation; law”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

a layer (a single thickness of some material covering a surface)

(masonry) a horizontal row of bricks (in a masonry) bounded by two horizontal joints


plug

→ Gulf Arabic: بلاك (blāk)

→ Burmese: ပလတ် (pa.lat)

→ Japanese: プラグ (puragu)

From Dutch plug, from Middle Dutch plugge (“peg, plug”), from Old Dutch *pluggi, from Proto-West Germanic *plugi. Further origin unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *plugjaz, but the word seems originally restricted to northern continental West Germanic. Perhaps ultimately from the same source as Dutch plag (“cut-out sod”), itself considered to be from a substrate.
Compare German Low German Plüg, Norwegian plug (“peg, wedge”, probably borrowed from Middle Low German), German Pflock (“peg”, restricted to Central German and phonetically divergent). Possibly akin to Lithuanian plúkti (“to strike, hew”).

unk

unknown

cog

(construction) A block of wood let into a wall to afford a hold for nails.


spud

en-verb

spud (third-person singular simple present spuds, present participle spudding, simple past and past participle spudded)

spuds (present singular third-person)
spudding (participle present)
spudded (participle past)
spudded (past)

From Middle English spudde (“small knife”). Origin unknown; probably related to Danish spyd, Old Norse spjót (“spear”), German Spieß (“spear; spike; skewer”). Compare English spit (“sharp, pointed rod”). The use of the term for a potato was perhaps first used in New Zealand and Australian dialect and slang.

(roofing) To remove the roofing aggregate and most of the bituminous top coating by scraping and chipping.


davit

The word davit is derived from Middle English and Old French daviot, which is a diminutive of David; thus it means "little David", maybe because those small cranes can handle a much bigger lifeboat.

A solid, pyramid-like hummock of ice, left to starboard as the steamer ascended, and which projected close alongside the upper, or boat-deck, as she fell over, had caught, in succession, every pair of davits to starboard, bending and wrenching them, smashing boats, and snapping tackles and gripes, until, as the ship cleared herself, it capped the pile of wreckage strewing the ice in front of, and around it, with the end and broken stanchions of the bridge.

1912, Morgan Robertson, The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility:

(nautical, construction) A crane, often working in pairs and usually made of steel, used to lower things over an edge of a long drop off, such as lowering a maintenance trapeze down a building or launching a lifeboat over the side of a ship.

吊艇柱

crane to sling a lifeboat, maintenance trapeze etc

fish davit

spar used to hoist the flukes of the anchor


boast

boast (third-person singular simple present boasts, present participle boasting, simple past and past participle boasted)

boasts (present singular third-person)
boasting (participle present)
boasted (participle past)
boasted (past)

(masonry) To dress, as a stone, with a broad chisel.


adobe

→ Aragonese: adoba

→ Asturian: adobe

→ Basque: adobe

→ Dutch: adobe

→ English: adobe

→ Esperanto: adobo

→ French: adobe

→ Galician: adobe

→ Irish: adóib

→ Italian: adobe

→ Norwegian: adobe

→ Serbo-Croatian: adobe / адобе

→ Tagalog: adobe

From Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb), from Sahidic Coptic ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe, “brick”), from Demotic  (tb, “brick”), from Egyptian Db-b-t:O39 (ḏbt, “brick, block, ingot”).

der

Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb)


adobe

[ʔɐˈd̪oː.bɛ]

Borrowed from Spanish adobe, from Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb), from Sahidic Coptic ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (tōbe, “brick”), from Demotic  (tb, “brick”), from Egyptian Db-b-t:O39 (ḏbt, “brick, block, ingot”).

Arabic اَلطُّوب (aṭ-ṭūb)


grout

en-noun

grout (countable and uncountable, plural grouts)

From Middle English growte, grut, from Old English grūt (“dregs; coarse meal”), from Proto-Germanic *grūtą (compare Dutch gruit (“dregs”), German Grauß, Norwegian grut (“ground”)), lengthening of Proto-Germanic *grutą, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, rub”). Related to grit.

der

A thin mortar used to fill the gaps between tiles and cavities in masonry.


lima

Attested since circa 1300. From Latin līma (“file”).


tipper

(UK) A goods vehicle with a tippable body, used for carrying loose materials such as gravel or rubble; a tipper truck, tipper lorry, or dump truck.


cog

Inherited from Middle English cogge, from Old Norse [Term?] (compare Norwegian kugg (“cog”), Swedish kugg, kugge (“cog, tooth”)), from Proto-Germanic *kuggō (compare Dutch kogge (“cogboat”), German Kock), from Proto-Indo-European *gugā (“hump, ball”) (compare Lithuanian gugà (“pommel, hump, hill”)), from *gēw- (“to bend, arch”).
The meaning of “cog” in carpentry derives from association with a tooth on a cogwheel.

(carpentry) A projection or tenon at the end of a beam designed to fit into a matching opening of another piece of wood to form a joint.


waler

From (New South) Wale(s) + -er, the horse having been bred in the then colony of New South Wales in the 19th century.

Without reason, against prudence, and at a moment's notice, he fell in love with a frivolous, golden-haired girl who used to tear about Simla Mall on a high, rough waler, with a blue velvet jockey-cap crammed over her eyes.

1888, Rudyard Kipling, “Wressley of the Foreign Office”, in Plain Tales from the Hills, Folio Society, published 2004, page 204:

There were Arabs of high degree, thoroughbred English horses, and very good-looking Walers among them, besides some tiny ponies, four of which, when harnessed together, drew a real Cinderella coach of solid silver.

1889, Annie Brassey, The Last Voyage, to India and Australia, in the ‘Sunbeam’, published 2010, page 46:

2007, "Waler", entry in Bonnie L. Hendricks, International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds, page 434,
Some maintain that the Waler is extinct, its blood living on only in the modern Australian Stock Horse and some of the feral brumbies that roam the outback.

By the 1850s, there was a thriving trade in selling the horses to the Indian Army as 'remounts'. Between 1834 and 1937, more than 300,000 Walers were sent to India.

2013, Peter Macinnis, The Big Book of Australian History, page 134:

(Australia, India) A breed of light saddle horse from Australia, once favoured as a warhorse.


waler

1998, Richard Lampo, Thomas Nosker, Doug Barno, John Busel, Ali Maher, Piyush Dutta, Robert Odello, Construction Productivity Advancement Research (CPAR) Program: Development and Demonstration of Composite FRP Fender, Loadbearing, and Sheet Piling Systems, US Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, USACERL Technical Report 98/123, page 65,
Another consideration is when walers are placed between the piles (Figure 27) and to what extent the pile could deform before the load of the berthing vessel would be shared by the adjacent walers.

Backing for the plywood is provided by 2” × 12” wooden planks (walers in forming technology) spaced approximately 15 inches apart in the vertical direction and running the full length of the wall section. The form ties are ¾-inch pipe clamps, spaced 6 to 10 feet apart in the horizontal direction. In the typical concrete forms, walers are 2×4's and form ties are spaced at 2-foot intervals. By using 2×12 walers, form ties can be spaced at up to 10-foot intervals.

2007, David Easton, The Rammed Earth House, page 121:

An optional cast-in-place concrete waler is shown at each anchor row location. The concrete walers are cast against the earth after installation of the helical anchors and prior to excavation for the next lift. Concrete walers can reduce the required thickness of shotcrete for the remaining facing. The walers also improve punching resistance at the helical tie back locations.

2009, Howard A. Perko, Helical Piles: A Practical Guide to Design and Installation, page 374:

(structural engineering) A plank of wood, block of concrete, etc., used for support or to maintain required separation between components in order to help maintain the form of a construction under stress.


withe

From Middle English withe, withthe, from Old English wiþe, wiþþe (“cord, band, thong, fetter”), from Proto-Germanic *wiþiz, *wiþjǭ (“cord, rope”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis (“that which twines”), from *weyt- (“that which winds or bends, branch, switch”), from Proto-Indo-European *wey- (“to turn, wind, bend”). Cognate with Danish vidje (“wicker”), Swedish vidja (“withe, wicker, osier”), Icelandic við, viðja (“a withe”), Latin vītis (“vine”), Russian ветвь (vetvʹ, “branch, bough, limb”). Doublet of vice (“a type of tool, etc.”). The brickwork and chimney architecture senses may have a different etymology, see wythe.

doublet

[…] single withe of brick laid flat in common bond reinforced vertically by 8" piers

1937, American Architect and Architecture:

[…] brick (single withe), one brick (two withes) or a brick-and-a-half thick. At the University of Virginia, Charlottesville , Thomas Jefferson demonstrated beautifully that a single withe of brick was adequate for[…]

[…] single-withe construction using concrete masonry units with the voids on the ends[…]

1994, James T. Frane, Craftsman's Illustrated Dictionary of Construction Terms, Craftsman Book Company, →ISBN, page 162:

[…] single-withe, or barrier, wall. Multiple-withe walls are also constructed, and can consist of composite brick-block walls or cavity walls.

1994, Comité euro-international du béton, Fastenings to Concrete and Masonry Structures: State of the Art Report, Thomas Telford, →ISBN:

[…] single withe of fired brick or stone masonry, referred to in Turkish as[…]

2001, Association for Preservation Technology, Bulletin - Association for Preservation Technology:

(masonry) Alternative spelling of wythe (“single section of bricks one unit thick”)


strop

strop (nominative singular)
stropy (nominative plural)
stropu (genitive singular)
stropów (genitive plural)
stropowi (dative singular)
stropom (dative plural)
strop (accusative singular)
stropy (accusative plural)
stropem (instrumental singular)
stropami (instrumental plural)
stropie (locative singular)
stropach (locative plural)
stropie (singular vocative)
stropy (plural vocative)

(construction) ceiling
(Far Masovian) Synonym of kalenica


breaker

From Middle English breker, brekere, equivalent to break + -er. Cognate with Dutch breker, German Low German Breker, German Brecher.

буренце

small cask of water in case of shipwreck

at the coal breaker

A: Is John at the tipple? B: No, he's at the breaker today.

The building in which such a machine is placed.

(often plural) A person or company that specializes in breaking things; their yard.

(primarily plural) Ellipsis of car breaker; a car breaking company or its yard.

Their radios had been blocked by a breaker calling himself Yankee Bucket Mouth.

2015, Dave Wise, Stuart Wise, Like A Summer With A Thousand Julys:

breaker panel

electrical engineering
electrical engineering

(electrical engineering) Ellipsis of circuit breaker.


dowel

From Middle English dowle, dule, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Old French doelle (“the hollow part of a tool where the handle is”), from Frankish *duli (“hollow tube, pipe”), from Proto-Germanic *dulją (“pipe”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰel- (“curvature, hollow”). If so, then cognate with French douelle, douille.
Alternatively from Middle Low German dövel (“peg, plug”), from Old Saxon *dubil, from Proto-Germanic *dubilaz. If so, then cognate with Dutch deuvel (“wooden peg”), German Dübel (“dowel”).

der

(construction) A piece of wood or similar material fitted into a surface not suitable for fastening so that other pieces may be fastened to it.


grader

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-grader.wav

From grade + -er (agent noun suffix) or + -er (measurement suffix) (sense 4).

The blade-grader is a long steel-framed carriage under which is fixed a steel blade capable of being tilted at various angles: its principal use is in trimming cutting-slopes.

1943 September and October, “Railway Construction and Operation at War Department Depots”, in Railway Magazine, page 262:

A machine used in road maintenance, construction, and mining for leveling large surfaces.


hydration

en-noun

hydration (usually uncountable, plural hydrations)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydration.wav

From hydrate + -ion. The programming terms come from the concept of data lake.

(construction) The chemical reaction by which a substance (such as cement) combines with water, giving off heat to form a crystalline structure in its setting and hardening.


beam

bēam (canonical masculine)
bēam (nominative singular)
bēamas (nominative plural)
bēam (accusative singular)
bēamas (accusative plural)
bēames (genitive singular)
bēama (genitive plural)
bēame (dative singular)
bēamum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: beem, beam, bem, beme, beume, beam, beame (Northern), beam, beom (Early Middle English)
English: beam
→ German: beamen
→ Japanese: ビーム
→ Dutch: beamen
Scots: beam


pug

en-verb

pug (third-person singular simple present pugs, present participle pugging, simple past and past participle pugged)

pugs (present singular third-person)
pugging (participle present)
pugged (participle past)
pugged (past)

The origin of the verb is uncertain; it is possibly:
* related to southern Dutch puggen (“to hit hard”), German pucken (“to beat, thump”), possibly ultimately imitative; or
* related to poke (verb).
It is also uncertain whether the various senses are derived from the same source.
The origin of the noun is also uncertain; it is probably related to the verb.

Forbid it Venus! From the venal Fair / Snatch every charm, to Hay convert her Locks; / Pug up her nose, and pug-like make her stare; / And pit her pimpled visage with small-pox.

1812, Peter Pindar [pseudonym; John Wolcot], “Lord Auckland’s Triumph; or, The Death of Crim. Con. A Pair of Prophetic Odes. Elegy to a Friend.”, in The Works of Peter Pindar, Esq. […], new edition, volume IV, London: […] J[ohn] Walker, G. Wilkie and J. Robinson, G. Robinson, […]; and G. Goulding and Co. […], →OCLC, page 312:

(construction) To fill or stop up (a space) with pug (noun sense 1), clay, sawdust, or other material by tamping; (specifically) to fill in (the space between joists of a floor, a partition, etc.) with some material to deaden sound, make fireproof, etc.

to pug clay ready for shaping

(construction, pottery) To mix and work (wet clay) until flexible, soft, and free from air pockets and suitable for making bricks, pottery, etc.

vaivata

to mix and work (wet clay) until flexible, soft, and free from air pockets


pug

en-noun

pug (countable and uncountable, plural pugs)

A brickfield certainly is not the place for girls and young women to work in; […] the work they have too, at least those who are pug-bearers, often causes indecency; they have to stoop down to the ground to pick the pug up from the bottom of the mill; at all events, they ought to have their clothes tied around them, indeed, the respectable young women usually have. I do not think there is any ill-treatment of the children as there used to be; they often get a bit of pug thrown at them, but they are not hit about with the hand or the "slice."

1866, Mr. Dean, witness, “Children’s Employment Commission (1862). Fifth Report of the Commissioners, […]. [Appendix to Fifth Report. Reports and Evidence of Assistant Commissioners. Evidence on Brickfields.—By Mr. H. W. Lord.]”, in Reports from Commissioners: […] (No. 3678), volume XXIV, London: […] George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, […] for Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, →OCLC, paragraph 40, page 143, column 1:

The walls of the house were built of "pug," which means simply well-pounded mud, and has the disadvantage of refusing to adhere firmly to the frames of doors and casements, so that the banging of either, in windy weather, is apt to bring large pieces of the material crumbling down, and the house never looks tidy.

1872, Mrs. Edward Millett, chapter III, in An Australian Parsonage; or, The Settler and the Savage in Western Australia, London: Edward Stanford, […], →OCLC, page 55:

Clay, soil, or other material which has been mixed and worked until flexible, soft, and free from air pockets and thus suitable for making bricks, pottery, etc.; also, any other material with a similar consistency or function, especially (Australia) auriferous (“gold-bearing”) clay.

vaivattu savi

clay, soil, or other material which has been mixed and worked until flexible, soft, and free from air pockets and thus suitable for making bricks, pottery, etc.; any other material with a similar consistency or function

Short for pug mill (“kind of mill for grinding, mixing, and working clay”).


spandrel

From a diminutive in -el of Anglo-Norman spaundre, of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old French espandre (“to expand, extend, spread”). More at spawn, expand.
In the field of biology first used by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin.

der

(Philippines, construction, architecture) soffit (usually used to describe metal or corrugated plastic types of roof soffit)


cradle

From Middle English cradel, credel, from Old English cradol, from Proto-West Germanic *kradul, from Proto-Germanic *kradulaz, from Proto-Germanic *kradô (“(wicker) basket”). Related to cart.

the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world

A strong iron bar is fixed at the top of each cradle, to which the suspending chains are attached; the latter pass over the sheaves, and the cradles are kept in a horizontal position, by means of an adjusting rod placed above them

1853, Samuel Charles Brees, The Illustrated Glossary of Practical Architecture and Civil Engineering:

(carpentry) A ribbing for vaulted ceilings and arches intended to be covered with plaster.


gather

From Middle English gaderen, from Old English gaderian (“to gather, assemble”), from Proto-West Germanic *gadurōn (“to bring together, unite, gather”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, assemble, keep”).

der

(masonry) The soffit or under surface of the masonry required in gathering. See gather.


recover

en-verb

recover (third-person singular simple present recovers, present participle recovering, simple past and past participle recovered)

recovers (present singular third-person)
recovering (participle present)
recovered (participle past)
recovered (past)

(roofing) To add a new roof membrane or steep-slope covering over an existing one.


thatch

en-noun

thatch (countable and uncountable, plural thatches)

Variant of thack, from Middle English thache, thach, from Old English þæc (“roof-covering”), from Proto-West Germanic *þak, from Proto-Germanic *þaką (“covering”), from (o-grade of) Proto-Indo-European *(s)teg- (“cover”).
Cognate with Icelandic þak, Dutch dak, German Dach, Norwegian tak, Swedish tak, Danish tag; and with Latin toga, Albanian thak (“awn, beard, pin, peg, tassel, fringe”), Lithuanian stogas (“roof”). Related to Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos, “roof”) and στέγη (stégē, “roof”). See also English deech, deck.

cog

Just over halfway up, we reached the Human settlement with its houses of stone and wood and thatch. This was a prewar place.

1989, Octavia E. Butler, “Part III, Chapter 7”, in Imago, page 210:

Straw, rushes, or similar, used for making or covering the roofs of buildings, or of stacks of hay or grain.


scribe

en-verb

scribe (third-person singular simple present scribes, present participle scribing, simple past and past participle scribed)

scribes (present singular third-person)
scribing (participle present)
scribed (participle past)
scribed (past)

From Middle English scribe, from Old French scribe (“scribe”), from Late Latin usage of scriba (“secretary”) (used in the Vulgate Bible translation to render Ancient Greek γραμματεύς (grammateús, “scribe, secretary”), which had been used in its turn to render the Hebrew סופר (“writer, scholar”)) from scribere (“to write, draw, draw up, draft (a paper), enlist, enroll, levy; orig. to scratch”), probably akin to scrobs (“a ditch, trench, grave”). Doublet of shrive.
The verb sense used in carpentry comes from the way a workman uses a compass to mark a line before cutting.

noncog

(carpentry) To cut (something) in order to fit it closely to an irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a moulding, etc.


trowel

From Middle English trowell, trouel, truel, from Middle French truelle, from Late Latin truella, from Classical Latin trulla, the diminutive of trua (“ladle”). Doublet of trullo.

A mason’s tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them.

I need to dig a hole for these begonias; would you pass me that trowel?

A gardener’s tool, shaped like a scoop, used in taking up plants, stirring soil etc.


trowel

en-verb

trowel (third-person singular simple present trowels, present participle troweling or trowelling, simple past and past participle troweled or trowelled)

trowels (present singular third-person)
troweling (participle present)
trowelling (participle present)
troweled (participle past)
troweled (past)
trowelled (participle past)
trowelled (past)

Most finish coats are troweled smooth, but sometimes you will have to add cosmetic touches to make the patch match the surrounding plaster, texturing the surface randomly or uniformly with any of a variety of tools, ranging from sponges to special trowels.

1980, Robert M. Jones, editor, Walls and Ceilings, Time-Life Books, →ISBN, page 26:

(transitive) To pass over with a trowel.

The whole Planet of the Apes set-up has been ripe for metaphor – from slavery and Afro-American revolution to European conquest of the Americas, even the war on terror. But mercifully, there's no big subtext being troweled on here.

2014 July 1, Steve Rose, “Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: a primate scream - first look review”, in The Guardian:

(colloquial, figurative) To apply something heavily or unsubtly.


span

From Middle English spanne, from Old English spann, from Proto-Germanic *spannō (“span, handbreadth”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch span, spanne, German Spanne. The sense “pair of horses” is probably from Old English ġespan, ġespann (“a joining; a fastening together; clasp; yoke”), from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. Cognate with Dutch gespan, German Gespann.

der

The force of the explosion demolished one pair of piers and two spans of the bridge crashed down into the river on top of the barges.

1961 January, “Talking of Trains: The Severn Bridge disaster”, in Trains Illustrated, page 5:

(architecture, construction) The spread or extent of an arch or between its abutments, or of a beam, girder, truss, roof, bridge, or the like, between supports.

(architecture, construction) The length of a cable, wire, rope, chain between two consecutive supports.


bedrock

en-noun

bedrock (countable and uncountable, plural bedrocks)

From bed (“a layer on top of which something else rests.”) + rock.

compound

bed<t:a layer on top of which something else rests.>

The denudation of the land was upon a grand scale. All superficial accumulations were swept away, and the bedrock was exposed.

1880, Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], chapter XL, in A Tramp Abroad; […], Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company; London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Listen! It's big. Only eight to twenty feet to bedrock. There won't be a claim that don't run to half a million.

1912 October, Jack London, “The Stampede to Squaw Creek”, in Smoke Bellew, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co, →OCLC:

(uncountable, geology, mining, engineering, construction) The solid rock found at some depth below the ground surface.


shift

en-noun

shift (countable and uncountable, plural shifts)

From Middle English schiften, from Old English sċiftan (“to divide, separate into shares; appoint, ordain; arrange, organise”), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną, *skiptijaną, from earlier *skipatjaną (“to organise, put in order”), from Proto-Indo-European *skeyb- (“to separate, divide, part”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to cut, divide, separate, part”). Cognate with Scots schift, skift (“to shift”), West Frisian skifte, skiftsje (“to sort”), Dutch schiften (“to sort, screen, winnow, part”), German schichten (“to stack, layer”), Swedish skifta (“to shift, change, exchange, vary”), Norwegian skifte (“to shift”), Icelandic skipta (“to switch”). See ship.

cog

(construction) The extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints.


лес

ле̑с (canonical masculine)
lȇs (romanization)
ле̑с (nominative singular)
ле́сови (nominative plural)
леса (genitive singular)
ле́со̄ва̄ (genitive plural)
лесу (dative singular)
лесовима (dative plural)
лес (accusative singular)
лесове (accusative plural)
лесе (singular vocative)
лесови (plural vocative)
лесу (locative singular)
лесовима (locative plural)
лесом (instrumental singular)
лесовима (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lěsъ (“tree, forest”).


render

en-verb

render (third-person singular simple present renders, present participle rendering, simple past and past participle rendered)

renders (present singular third-person)
rendering (participle present)
rendered (participle past)
rendered (past)

→ Dutch: renderen

→ Portuguese: renderizar

From Middle English renderen, rendren, from Old French rendre (“render, give back”), from Late Latin rendere, from Latin reddere (“make, give back”).

uitsmelten

convert animal fat into liquid form or into a usable byproduct

to render with stucco

(construction) To cover a wall with a layer of plaster.


channel

→ Japanese: チャンネル (channeru)

→ Korean: 채널 (chaeneol)

→ Welsh: sianel

From Middle English chanel (also as canel, cannel, kanel), a borrowing from Old French chanel, canel, from Latin canālis (“groove; canal; channel”). Doublet of canal.

kanal

communication: single path provided by a transmission medium via physical separation

kanaal

broadcasting: specific radio frequency or band of frequencies used for transmitting television

The channel is not very efficient as a beam or column when used alone, but built-up members may be constructed of channels assembled together with other structural shapes and connected by rivets or welds.

1960, “Structural Shapes”, in Construction Materials, Concrete Construction, and Engineer Computations, U.S. Government Printing Office:

mechanical engineering
mechanical engineering

(construction, mechanical engineering) A structural member with a cross section shaped like a squared-off letter C.


леса

ru-noun+

леса́ • (lesá) m inan pl (genitive лесо́в, plural only)

леса́ (canonical)
lesá (romanization)
лесо́в (genitive)
леса́ (irregular nominative plural)
лесо́в (genitive plural)
леса́м (dative plural)
леса́ (accusative irregular plural)
леса́ми (instrumental plural)
леса́х (plural prepositional)

зда́ние в леса́х

возвести́ леса́

окружи́ть леса́ми


carpenter

English: carpenter

Scots: carpenter

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius.


相槌

ja-noun

相(あい)槌(づち) • (aizuchi) ^(←あひづち (afiduti)?)

相槌 (canonical)
aizuchi (romanization)
afiduti (romanization)
あひづち (hiragana historical)

→ English: aizuchi

From あい (ai-, “mutual, together”) + 槌(つち) (tsuchi, “hammer”). The tsuchi changes to zuchi as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

ja-compound

(construction) a large hammer used to drive a ridgepole, beam, or other large member


scaffolding

en-noun

scaffolding (usually uncountable, plural scaffoldings)

Inherited from Middle English scaffaldyng, skaffaldyng, equivalent to scaffold + -ing.

inh+

[…] transparent scaffoldings partially draped with often hallucinatory nets of lines, gouges, hatching and cross-hatching that somehow also depict varying degrees of flesh, features and expression.

2007 December 21, The New York Times, “Museum and Gallery Listings”, in New York Times:

On the day of RAIL 's site visit, in heavy weather, the scaffolding and decking that engineers stand on were submerged deep under choppy water, with work suspended. "We have to work around the tides," explained Project Director Alan Venables. "The wind pushes the tide up and the waves get larger. That causes some problems with the scaffold."

2023 March 22, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Island Line to reopen to Ryde Pier in June... possibly”, in RAIL, number 979, page 24:

A temporary modular system of tubes, bamboo or wood forming a framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures.

سِقَالَات

system of tubes or poles used to support people and material

(programming) Source code etc. that is incomplete and serves as a basis for further development.

We refer to the process by which socialization agents support emotional activity within the child as emotional scaffolding.

2013, Michael F. Mascolo, Sharon Griffin, What Develops in Emotional Development?, page 205:


English bond

(masonry) In bricklaying, an arrangement of bricks such that one course has the short sides of the bricks (headers) facing outwards, and the next course has the long sides of the bricks (stretchers) facing outwards.

aparell anglès

in bricklaying, an arrangement of bricks


efflorescence

en-noun

efflorescence (countable and uncountable, plural efflorescences)

/ˌɛfləˈɹɛsəns/

Borrowed from French efflorescence, from Latin efflōrēscō, which was from ex- (“out”) + flōrēscō (“to blossom”).

(construction) An encrustation of soluble salts, commonly white, deposited on the surface of stone, brick, plaster, or mortar; usually caused by free alkalies leached from mortar or adjacent concrete as moisture moves through it.


Flemish bond

(masonry) In bricklaying, an arrangement of bricks such that each course consists of alternate bricks having their short sides (headers) and long sides (stretchers) facing outwards, with alternate courses being offset.


toenail

toenail clippings

The thin, horny, transparent plate covering the upper surface of the end of a toe.

но́готь

на пальце ноги


toenail

en-verb

toenail (third-person singular simple present toenails, present participle toenailing, simple past and past participle toenailed)

toenails (present singular third-person)
toenailing (participle present)
toenailed (participle past)
toenailed (past)

(transitive) To fasten two pieces of lumber together by applying nails or screws into both boards at an angle.


fillet

From Middle English filet, vylette, felet, filette, flette, from Old French filet, diminutive of fil (“thread”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

(construction) A heavy bead of waterproofing compound or sealant material generally installed at the point where vertical and horizontal surfaces meet.

saumaus

construction: heavy bead of waterproofing


plaster

en-noun

plaster (countable and uncountable, plural plasters)

From Middle English plaster, plastre, from Old English plaster, from late Latin plastrum, shortened from Classical Latin emplastrum (“a plaster, bandage”); later reinforced by Anglo-Norman plastre.
The verb is from Middle English plastren, from the noun.

(countable) A cast made of plaster of Paris and gauze; a plaster cast.


chisel

chisel (usually uncountable, plural chisels)

From Middle English chisel, chesil, from Old English ċeosol, ċeosel, ċysel, ċisel, ċisil (“gravel, sand”), from Proto-West Germanic *kesul (“small stone, pebble”). See also chessom.


bond

en-noun

bond (countable and uncountable, plural bonds)

From Middle English bond, a variant of band, from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandaz, *bandiz (“band, fetter”). Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Swedish band. Doublet of Bund. Related to bind.

(construction) In building, a specific pattern of bricklaying, based on overlapping rows or layers to give strength.


bond

en-verb

bond (third-person singular simple present bonds, present participle bonding, simple past and past participle bonded)

bonds (present singular third-person)
bonding (participle present)
bonded (participle past)
bonded (past)

(transitive, construction) To lay bricks in a specific pattern.

appareiller

construction: to lay bricks in a specific pattern


tusk

From Middle English tusk (also tux, tusch), from Old English tūx, tūsc (“canine tooth, tusk, molar”), from Proto-West Germanic *tų̄sk, *tunsk, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz (“canine tooth”), extended form of *tanþs (“tooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Tusk (“tooth”), West Frisian tosk (“tooth”), Icelandic toskur (“a tusk, tooth”) (whence the Old Norse and Icelandic Ratatoskr and Ratatoskur respectively), Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus, “tooth”) and *𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹 (*tundi, “thorn, tooth”). Doublet of tush. More at tooth.

inh

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(carpentry) A projecting member like a tenon, and serving the same or a similar purpose, but composed of several steps, or offsets, called teeth.


construction

en-noun

construction (countable and uncountable, plural constructions)

→ Mongolian: констракшн (konstrakšn)

From Middle English construccioun, construction, from Old French construction, from Latin cōnstructiō, from cōnstruere, present active infinitive of cōnstruō.
Morphologically construct + -ion.

(geometry) A geometric figure of arcs and line segments that is drawable with a straightedge and compass.


airspace

airspace (countable and uncountable, plural airspaces)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-airspace.wav

(construction) The cavity in a cavity wall containing air for insulation.


доска

ru-noun+

доска́ • (doská) f inan (genitive доски́, nominative plural до́ски, genitive plural до́сок or досо́к^*, diminutive доще́чка) (* uncommon)

доска́ (canonical)
doská (romanization)
доски́ (genitive)
до́ски (nominative plural)
до́сок (genitive plural)
досо́к^* (genitive plural)
доще́чка (diminutive)
доска́ (nominative singular)
до́ски (nominative plural)
доски́ (genitive singular)
до́сок (genitive plural)
досо́к (genitive plural)
доске́ (dative singular)
до́скам (dative plural)
доска́м (dative plural)
доску́ (accusative singular)
до́ску (accusative singular)
до́ски (accusative plural)
доско́й (instrumental singular)
доско́ю (instrumental singular)
до́сками (instrumental plural)
доска́ми (instrumental plural)
доске́ (prepositional singular)
до́сках (plural prepositional)
доска́х (plural prepositional)
доска́ (dated nominative singular)
до́ски (dated nominative plural)
доски́ (dated genitive singular)
до́сокъ (dated genitive plural)
досо́къ (dated genitive plural)
доскѣ́ (dated dative singular)
до́скамъ (dated dative plural)
доска́мъ (dated dative plural)
доску́ (accusative dated singular)
до́ску (accusative dated singular)
до́ски (accusative dated plural)
доско́й (dated instrumental singular)
доско́ю (dated instrumental singular)
до́сками (dated instrumental plural)
доска́ми (dated instrumental plural)
доскѣ́ (dated prepositional singular)
до́скахъ (dated plural prepositional)
доска́хъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Ingrian: doska

→ Yakut: дуоска (duoska)

→ Yup'ik: tuskaq

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *dъska, from Proto-Germanic *diskuz, borrowed from Latin discus. See there for details.

обрезна́я доска́

стро́ганая доска́

от доски́ до доски́ ― ot doskí do doskí ― from cover to cover (literally, “from pasteboard to pasteboard”)


fort

Inherited from Latin fortem (“strong”), from Old Latin forctis, fortis, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).


substrate

(construction) A surface to which a substance adheres.


dap

Onomatopoeic, from the sound made when a person runs while wearing daps.

(carpentry) A notch cut in one timber to receive another.


construct

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

(genetics) A segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue.


construct

en-verb

construct (third-person singular simple present constructs, present participle constructing, simple past and past participle constructed)

constructs (present singular third-person)
constructing (participle present)
constructed (participle past)
constructed (past)

We constructed the radio from spares.

A wall constructed of random stones.

(transitive) To build or form (something) by assembling parts.

A sentence may be constructed with a subject, verb and object.

The Vietnam War films are forms of memory that function to provide collective rememberings, to construct history, and to subsume within them the experience of the veterans.

(transitive, grammar) To build (a sentence, an argument, etc.) by arranging words or ideas.

Construct a circle that touches each vertex of the given triangle.

(transitive, geometry) To draw (a geometric figure) by following precise specifications and using geometric tools and techniques.


dado

From Italian dado, first attested in 1664.

(carpentry) The rectangular channel in a board cut across the grain.


dado

dado (third-person singular simple present dadoes, present participle dadoing, simple past and past participle dadoed)

dadoes (present singular third-person)
dadoing (participle present)
dadoed (participle past)
dadoed (past)


briko

eo-head

briko (accusative singular brikon, plural brikoj, accusative plural brikojn)

brikon (accusative singular)
brikoj (plural)
brikojn (accusative plural)

From French brique and English brick, both of Germanic origin.


bricks and mortar

brick and mortar
brick and mortar#English


browning

en-noun

browning (countable and uncountable, plural brownings)

(masonry) A smooth coat of brown mortar, usually the second coat, and the preparation for the finishing coat of plaster.


bela

bela (nominative singular)
bele (nominative plural)
beli (genitive singular)
beli (genitive plural)
bel (genitive plural)
beli (dative singular)
belom (dative plural)
belę (accusative singular)
bele (accusative plural)
belą (instrumental singular)
belami (instrumental plural)
beli (locative singular)
belach (locative plural)
belo (singular vocative)
bele (plural vocative)

bale (a rounded bundle or package of goods in a cloth cover, and corded for storage or transportation)


post

Inherited from Old English post (“pillar, door-post”) and Latin postis (“a post, a door-post”) through Old French. .


ballast

en-noun

ballast (usually uncountable, plural ballasts)

From Middle English bar (“bare”) + last (“load”).

(construction) A material, such as aggregate or precast concrete pavers, which employs its mass and the force of gravity to hold single-ply roof membranes in place.


console

desc

→ Armenian: քոնսոլ (kʻonsol), քոնցոլ (kʻoncʻol) — Constantinople

→ Catalan: consola

→ English: console

→ German: Konsole

→ Greek: κονσόλα (konsóla)

→ Ottoman Turkish: قونسول (konsol)

→ Turkish: konsol

→ Polish: konsola

Probably a shortened from consolateur, denoting the same architectural element, ultimately from consoler (“to console, to comfort”).

(carpentry) projecting piece of timber in the form of a cantilever arm


striation

en-noun

striation (countable and uncountable, plural striations)

(roofing) a parallel series of small grooves, channels, or impressions typically within a metal roof panel used to help reduce the potential for oil-canning.


lookout

(construction) A joist that extends in cantilever out from the exterior wall (or wall plate) of a building, supporting the roof sheathing and providing a nailing surface for the fascia boards.


alt

head

alt m (genitive singular ailt, nominative plural ailt)

ailt (genitive singular)
ailt (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
alt (indefinite singular)
ailt (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a ailt (indefinite singular)
a alta (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
ailt (indefinite singular)
alt (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an t-alt (definite singular)
na hailt (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an ailt (definite singular)
na n-alt (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an alt (definite singular)
don alt (definite singular)
leis na hailt (definite plural)

From Old Irish alt (“joint, articulation”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸaltu- (“joint”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”). Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan, “to fold”) and Ancient Greek πέπλος (péplos, “woven cloth”). The sense ‘article’ is a semantic loan from Latin articulus, itself a semantic loan from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron).


bradawl

‘I wish I wos behind him vith a bradawl,’ muttered the long one.

1836, Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers 36

For the first adjustment [to a door that keeps swinging open], you might need to remove the screws from the frame, move the hinge slightly, and then make new screw holes with a bradawl and reinsert the screws.

2016 January 30, Jeff Howell, “Swinging doors: it's not open and shut”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property), page 15:

An awl with a blade similar to a small, straight screwdriver; used for making holes, especially in wood to take screws.


cope

From Middle English cope, from Medieval Latin cāpa (“cape”) Doublet of cap, cape, and chape.

(construction) A covering piece on top of a wall exposed to the weather, usually made of metal, masonry, or stone, and sloped to carry off water.


ferme

Inherited from Middle French ferme, from Old French ferm, ferme (“solid”), from Latin firmus (“solid, secure”), from Proto-Italic *fermos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo-s (“holding”), from the root *dʰer- (“to hold”).


keyhole

(carpentry) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key that fastens them.


nail down

en-verb

nail down (third-person singular simple present nails down, present participle nailing down, simple past and past participle nailed down)

nails down (present singular third-person)
nailing down (participle present)
nailed down (participle past)
nailed down (past)

Nail down the shelf, then paint it.


pretension

pretension (third-person singular simple present pretensions, present participle pretensioning, simple past and past participle pretensioned)

pretensions (present singular third-person)
pretensioning (participle present)
pretensioned (participle past)
pretensioned (past)

Coordinate term: posttension

(construction) To apply tension to reinforcing strands before concrete is poured in.


pointing

en-noun

pointing (countable and uncountable, plural pointings)

Verfugen

filling of gaps in brickwork or masonry with mortar

(usually singular or collective, sometimes proscribed) Mortar that has been placed between bricks to fill the gap.

Fugenmörtel

mortar that has been placed between bricks or stones to fill the gaps


pancake

en-verb

pancake (third-person singular simple present pancakes, present participle pancaking, simple past and past participle pancaked)

pancakes (present singular third-person)
pancaking (participle present)
pancaked (participle past)
pancaked (past)

Inherited from Middle English pancake, panne cake, pankake, ponkake, equivalent to pan + cake.
Perhaps adapted from Middle Low German pankôke, pannekôke, from Old Saxon *pannakōko (suggested by derivatives Old Saxon pannakōkilo and pannakōkilīn), where the compound is much older; compare Old High German phankuohho (8th century), whence Middle High German phankuoche, German Pfannkuchen (“pancake”); further
Saterland Frisian Ponkouke, Ponkuuke (“pancake”), West Frisian pankoek (“pancake”), Dutch pannenkoek (“pancake”), German Low German Pannkook (“pancake”).
The juggling sense is by analogy with a pancake being tossed in a pan.

(construction, demolition) To collapse one floor after another.


entrench

entrench (third-person singular simple present entrenches, present participle entrenching, simple past and past participle entrenched)

entrenches (present singular third-person)
entrenching (participle present)
entrenched (participle past)
entrenched (past)

/ɪnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

/ɛnˈtɹɛnt͡ʃ/

From en- + trench. First attested in the 1550s.

(literally) To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon.

(construction, archaeology) To dig or excavate a trench; to trench.


rafter

/ˈɹɑːftə(ɹ)/


stretcher

The jointed stretcher is used in place of the sectional bottom board, with two sideboards, one each side of stretcher. The boat set up this way only weights 20 pounds, and makes a very convenient boat for trout-fishing, duck-hunting, or exploring in ponds or streams where the paddle will do as well as the oars.

1884, J. W. Collins, Bulletin of the United States National Museum: Great International Fisheries Exhibition, page 703:

Directly the oar has been disengaged from the water, all pressure on the stretcher ceases, and the strain of the recovery of the body is eased by a slight pull with the feet on the straps of the stretcher.

1900, Alfred Edward Thomas Watson, The Young Sportsman, page 479:

Betwean each beam of the boat is also fastened a piece of timber called a stretcher or footspur, against which they place their feet when rowing, to enable them to have a more complete command of their oar.

1909, Samuel McSkimin, The History and Antiquities of the County of the Town of Carrickfergus, from the Earliest Records Till 1839, page 362:

Each rower's feet are set in shoes which are secured in the boat in a stretcher (or foot board) set into a fixed position to suit the length of the rower's legs.

2003, J. Alswang, The South African Dictionary of Sport, page 203:

[…] these seem to indicate a thwart, foot-timber (stretcher), thole-pin combination for rowing.

2014, Sean Mcgrail, Ancient Boats in North-West Europe, page 80:

(nautical) A board against which a rower places his feet.

jalkatuki

nautical: board against which a rower places his feet


wattle and daub

A structure of interwoven branches and twigs plastered with mud, clay or dung, used in the construction of dwellings, especially as infill in a half-timbered wall


break ground

break ground (third-person singular simple present breaks ground, present participle breaking ground, simple past broke ground, past participle broken ground)

breaks ground (present singular third-person)
breaking ground (participle present)
broke ground (past)
broken ground (participle past)

They broke ground on the new library last month.

Try to break a little more land every year; sod corn is good for fodder. Keep turning the land, and always put up more hay than you need.

1913, Willa Cather, O Pioneers!, chapter 2:

Just over a year on from Notice-to-Proceed, HS2 Ltd launched the first of ten tunnel boring machines (TBMs) that will dig 64 miles of tunnels on Phase 1. Florence broke ground on May 13, and was joined by Cecilia in the week commencing June 29 [...] to bore a pair of ten-mile-long tunnels beneath the Chilterns.

2021 July 14, Paul Stephen, “A portal into the future”, in RAIL, number 935, page 52:

Then there's the archaeology. As mentioned, the new station sits on part of what used to be Metchley Roman Fort, dating back to c.48AD. Those working on the project had to stay in close contact with Historic England to gain consent whenever they broke ground.

2024 January 24, Peter Plisner, “Rising to the University challenge”, in RAIL, number 1001, page 61:

(literally) To begin digging in the earth at the start of a new construction, or, originally, for cultivation.

raivata

to begin digging at the start of a new construction or for cultivation


dead weight

en-noun

dead weight (countable and uncountable, plural dead weights)


cat's-paw

cat's-paw (plural cat's-paws or cats'-paws)

From cat + paw. In most senses, due to a resemblance of shape. In its senses as a pawn to another's interests or analysis, variant of earlier cat's-foot, derived from European tales of a monkey (attested as early as 1456 but sometimes misattributed to the 16th-century monkey of Pope Julius II) who used a sleeping puppy or cat's foot to rake hot chestnuts out of a fire, taken as a metaphor for rulers' ill use of their subjects. Now usually understood in light of Jean de La Fontaine's 1679 fable of the "The Monkey and the Cat" (sometimes misattributed to Aesop), in which the monkey fools the cat into removing the chestnuts through flattery and promises of shared reward. The cat removes the chestnuts one by one, burning his paw while the monkey eats each in turn. A maid then enters and chases them both away. La Fontaine's moral concludes that princes should not endure real losses for mere flattery from their king.

an unrelated metaphor from a separate story

pull someone's chestnuts out of the fire

Filed Dec. 13, 1952. Cat's Paw. For Hand Tools for Pulling Nails and Spikes.

1954 November 10, U.S. Patent Office, Official Gazette, page 321:

(US carpentry) A small crowbar with a handle at a right angle to a blade with a V-shaped notch, principally used by carpenters to remove nails.


flush

en-verb

flush (third-person singular simple present flushes, present participle flushing, simple past and past participle flushed)

flushes (present singular third-person)
flushing (participle present)
flushed (participle past)
flushed (past)

Probably from Etymology 1 according to the American Heritage Dictionary.

(masonry) To fill in (joints); to point the level; to make them flush.


rivet

Borrowed from Andalusian Arabic رِبَاط (ribát), from Arabic رِبَاط (ribāṭ, “something which binds”).


transmittal

en-noun

transmittal (countable and uncountable, plural transmittals)


STP

This building would suit alternative uses STP.

(construction) Initialism of subject to planning.


gesso

Inherited from Latin gypsum (“gypsum”), from Ancient Greek γύψος (gúpsos). Doublet of giz, borrowed through Arabic.

plaster (substance used for coating walls and ceilings)


waterworks

From water + works (“machine, mechanism; factory or factories”).

compound

/ˈwɔːtəˌwəːks/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waterworks.wav

(construction, archaic) Engineering works relating to the conveyance and flow of fluids (principally water), such as the collection and distribution of water, drainage, irrigation, etc.

waterwerk

(archaic in English) engineering works relating to the conveyance and flow of fluids (principally water)


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


header

Coordinate term: stretcher

This wall has four header courses.

(masonry) A brick that is laid sideways (on its largest face), for example at the top of a wall or within the brickwork, with its smallest side showing (oriented so that that side is wider than it is tall).


brick red

Of a warm brownish-red colour similar to that of red clay bricks.


salamander

/ˈsæləˌmɑːndə/

From Middle English salamandre, from Anglo-Norman salamandre, from Latin salamandra, from Ancient Greek σαλαμάνδρα (salamándra), of uncertain origin (per Beekes, likely Pre-Greek); possibly of Iranian origin, see Persian سمندر (samandar) for more information.

The necessary fires alone -- the salamanders and tinner's pots -- had caused dozens of small blazes.

2003, Erik Larson, The Devil in the White City, Vintage Books, page 192:

(construction) A portable stove used to heat or dry buildings under construction.


frame up

en-verb

frame up (third-person singular simple present frames up, present participle framing up, simple past and past participle framed up)

frames up (present singular third-person)
framing up (participle present)
framed up (participle past)
framed up (past)

(transitive, construction) To erect the initial walls and roof of (a new building).


load-bearing

1908, Frederick E. Turneaure, Editor-in-Chief, Cyclopedia of Civil Engineering
The different forms of partitions that are not load-bearing will be considered under "Fireproofing."

The reactor units each called for a circular pit over 300ft. in diameter, excavated to a depth of 20ft. to reach a suitable load-bearing stratum.

1958, Australian Atomic Energy Commission, Australian Atomic Energy Symposium, 1958: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Australia:

Alternating sandstone and limestone (the limestone being used in façades exposed to the winter rains or in more load-bearing areas) created a most pleasing decorative effect.

2001, Akram F. Khater, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870-1920:

It was in baptism (and in consequence in penance) that the theologically most load-bearing aspects of the liturgical life of the Church were concentrated.

2004, G. R. Evans, The First Christian Theologians, an Introduction to Theology in the Early Church:

(chiefly construction and civil engineering) Able to support a load.


trim

trim (third-person singular simple present trims, present participle trimming, simple past and past participle trimmed)

trims (present singular third-person)
trimming (participle present)
trimmed (participle past)
trimmed (past)

From Middle English trimen, trymen, trümen, from Old English trymman (“to make firm; strengthen”), from Proto-West Germanic *trummjan, from Proto-Germanic *trumjaną (“to make fast; strengthen”), from Proto-Germanic *trumaz (“firm; strong; sound”).

tasapainottaa

to modify the angle of a ship relative to the water

(transitive, carpentry, of timber) To dress; to make smooth.


breakthrough

From break + through. Compare German Durchbruch and Dutch doorbraak (“breakthrough”, literally “through-break”).

gennembrud

(engineering) penetration of a physical barrier

(construction) The penetration of a separating wall or the remaining distance to an adjacent hollow (a crosscut in mining) or between two parts of a tunnel build from both ends; knockthrough.


auge

From Latin alveus; according to the TLFi etymological dictionary, it was a (very early) borrowing.

(masonry) mixing tub, mortar box (pan or tub for mixing mortar)


dutchman

From Dutchman. Attested mainly in the US from the late 19th century.

(carpentry, masonry) A piece of wood or stone used to repair a larger piece, shaped such that it fills as exactly as possible a void or cavity that is to be repaired.


java

java (nominative singular)
javas (nominative plural)
javu (accusative singular)
javas (accusative plural)
javas (genitive singular)
javu (genitive plural)
javai (dative singular)
javām (dative plural)
javu (instrumental singular)
javām (instrumental plural)
javā (locative singular)
javās (locative plural)
java (singular vocative)
javas (plural vocative)

(construction) mortar (building material)


T

en-noun

T (countable and uncountable, plural Ts)


lapis lazuli

la-noun

lapis lazulī m (genitive lapidis lazulī); third declension

lapis lazulī (canonical masculine)
lapidis lazulī (genitive)
lapis lazulī (nominative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (nominative plural)
lapidis lazulī (genitive singular)
lapidum lazulī (genitive plural)
lapidī lazulī (dative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (dative plural)
lapidem lazulī (accusative singular)
lapidēs lazulī (accusative plural)
lapide lazulī (ablative singular)
lapidibus lazulī (ablative plural)
lapis lazulī (singular vocative)
lapidēs lazulī (plural vocative)

[ˈɫ̪äpɪs̠ ˈɫ̪äz̪d̪͡z̪ʊlʲiː]

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lep-
Proto-Italic *lapets
Latin lapis
Persian لاژورد
Classical Persian لَاجَوَرْد (lājaward)bor.
Arabic لََازُوَرْد (laāzuward)bor.
Latin lazulum
Latin lapis lazulī
Compound of lapis (“stone”) + lazulum (“heaven”).

etymon

lapis lazulī


cladding

en-noun

cladding (countable and uncountable, plural claddings)

From clad + -ing. Compare clothing, ultimately from the same source.

(construction) A weatherproof, insulating or decorative covering fixed to the outside of a building.


buckle

buckle (countable and uncountable, plural buckles)

Origin uncertain. Probably from Middle English bokelen (“to arch the body”), from Middle French boucler (“to bulge”, literally “to take the shape of a shield boss”), from the same ultimate origin as Etymology 1 above. In some senses, possibly from buck (“to bend, yield, buckle”) + -le (frequentative suffix).

suf

(countable) A distortion; a bend, bulge, or kink.

(roofing) An upward, elongated displacement of a roof membrane, frequently occurring over deck joints or insulation, which may indicate movement of the roof assembly.


PPE

en-noun

PPE (countable and uncountable, plural PPEs)

Any time you turn on a power tool, use a saw to cut wood, or get on the roof of your house to make a roof repair, PPE can help protect you.

2019 July 9, John James, “What Workshop Safety Gear (PPE) Do You Need to Own?”, in ChooseToolbox.com, Two Rabbits Media & Marketing, archived from the original on 2021-02-09:

The home secretary has said she is sorry if people feel there has been a failure to supply sufficient personal protective equipment (PPE) to NHS staff, as it was revealed that 19 UK health workers had died after contracting coronavirus.

2020 April 11, Nazia Parveen, “Priti Patel says ‘sorry if people feel there have been failings’ over PPE”, in The Guardian:

In addition, there are basic PPE principles and practices that must be understood to protect the health and safety of everyone involved in handling a pesticide.

2021, “Dress for Success! Some Things to Know About PPE Before You Handle a Pesticide”, in National Ag Safety Database, retrieved 2021-02-04:

Having donned our PPE, we walk through the site to the prefab that controls access to the tunnel.

2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 41:

personal protective equipment
personal protective equipment#English

Initialism of personal protective equipment.

With his sights on the astonishingly narrow educational formation of the government and opposition front benches, he says: ‘PPE has a lot to answer for.’

2011, David Runciman, “Socialism in One Country”, in London Review of Books, XXXIII.15:

Philosophy, Politics and Economics
w:en:Philosophy, Politics and Economics

(UK) Initialism of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, a university degree course.

bulletin board system
bulletin board system

(computing, historical) Initialism of PCBoard programming executable: a software component used to extend the features of a bulletin board system.


PSA

de-noun

PSA m (mixed, genitive PSA, plural PSAen)

persönliche Schutzausrüstung
persönliche Schutzausrüstung#German

Persönliche Schutzausrüstung
Persönliche Schutzausrüstung#German

personal protective equipment
personal protective equipment

Acronym of persönliche Schutzausrüstung (Persönliche Schutzausrüstung) (“PPE (personal protective equipment)”).


LF

en-noun

LF (countable and uncountable, plural LFs)

(architecture, engineering, construction) Initialism of linear feet.


SOP

SOP (countable and uncountable, plural SOPs)

(construction) Initialism of setting-out point.


reo

(Australia, construction, informal) Steel used to reinforce concrete.


hacking

hacking (usually uncountable, plural hackings)

From Middle English hackynge, hakkynge, hacckinge, equivalent to hack + -ing.

(obsolete, masonry) The separation of a course of stones into two smaller courses, when there are not enough large stones to form a single course.


sympathetic

en-adj

sympathetic (comparative more sympathetic, superlative most sympathetic)

more sympathetic (comparative)
most sympathetic (superlative)

Mid 17th century in the sense “relating to an affinity or paranormal influence”, from Latin sympathēticus. By surface analysis, sympathy + -etic (“pertaining to”); compare pathetic. Displaced native Old English efnþrōwiende.

съчувствен

of, related to, showing, or characterized by sympathy

симпатичен

of a person: attracting the liking of others

Attracting the liking of others. (of a person)

(construction) Designed in a sensitive or appropriate way.


streha

strèha (canonical feminine)
стрѐха (Cyrillic)
strèha (nominative singular)
strehe (nominative plural)
strehe (genitive singular)
stréhā (genitive plural)
strehi (dative singular)
stresi (dative singular)
strehama (dative plural)
strehu (accusative singular)
strehe (accusative plural)
streho (singular vocative)
strehe (plural vocative)
strehi (locative singular)
stresi (locative singular)
strehama (locative plural)
strehom (instrumental singular)
strehama (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *strěxa (Russian стреха́ (strexá), Polish strzecha).


streha

strẹ́ha (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
stréha (nominative singular)
stréhi (dual nominative)
stréhe (nominative plural)
stréhe (genitive singular)
stréh (dual genitive)
stréh (genitive plural)
stréhi (dative singular)
stréhama (dative dual)
stréham (dative plural)
strého (accusative singular)
stréhi (accusative dual)
stréhe (accusative plural)
stréhi (locative singular)
stréhah (dual locative)
stréhah (locative plural)
strého (instrumental singular)
stréhama (dual instrumental)
stréhami (instrumental plural)

roof (the cover at the top of a building)


krov

krȍv (canonical masculine)
кро̏в (Cyrillic)
krȍv (nominative singular)
kròvovi (nominative plural)
krova (genitive singular)
krovova (genitive plural)
krovu (dative singular)
krovovima (dative plural)
krov (accusative singular)
krovove (accusative plural)
krove (singular vocative)
krovovi (plural vocative)
krovu (locative singular)
krovovima (locative plural)
krovom (instrumental singular)
krovovima (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krovъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *krawas.

Naša kuća je još uvek bez krova.


Flucht

de-noun

Flucht f (genitive Flucht, plural Fluchten)

Flucht (genitive)
Fluchten (plural)
Flucht (nominative singular)
Fluchten (definite nominative plural)
Flucht (genitive singular)
Fluchten (definite genitive plural)
Flucht (dative singular)
Fluchten (dative definite plural)
Flucht (accusative singular)
Fluchten (accusative definite plural)

From Middle Low German vlucht, from Old Saxon fluht, from Proto-West Germanic *fluhti (“flying”). Pertaining to fliegen (“to fly”).

(construction, technical) line, alignment (vertical or horizontal line along which houses, walls, windows or other building elements are arranged)

(construction, dated as a simplex) suite, line of rooms, number of rooms interconnected by doors


malter

malterek (plural)
malter (nominative singular)
malterek (nominative plural)
maltert (accusative singular)
maltereket (accusative plural)
malternek (dative singular)
maltereknek (dative plural)
malterrel (instrumental singular)
malterekkel (instrumental plural)
malterért (causal-final singular)
malterekért (causal-final plural)
malterré (singular translative)
malterekké (plural translative)
malterig (singular terminative)
malterekig (plural terminative)
malterként (essive-formal singular)
malterekként (essive-formal plural)
malterben (inessive singular)
malterekben (inessive plural)
malteren (singular superessive)
maltereken (plural superessive)
malternél (adessive singular)
maltereknél (adessive plural)
malterbe (illative singular)
malterekbe (illative plural)
malterre (singular sublative)
malterekre (plural sublative)
malterhez (allative singular)
malterekhez (allative plural)
malterből (elative singular)
malterekből (elative plural)
malterről (delative singular)
malterekről (delative plural)
maltertől (ablative singular)
malterektől (ablative plural)
malteré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
maltereké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
malteréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
malterekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
malterem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
maltereim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
maltered (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
maltereid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
maltere (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
malterei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
malterünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
maltereink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
malteretek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
maltereitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
malterük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
maltereik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Bavarian and Austrian German German Malter, a metathetic variant of standard German Mörtel, in turn from Latin mortarium. First attested in Hungarian in 1787.

mortar (mixture of lime or cement, sand and water)

mozsár

mortar; a hollow vessel used to pound, crush, rub, grind or mix ingredients with a pestle


стреха

ru-noun+

стреха́ • (strexá) f inan (genitive стрехи́, nominative plural стре́хи, genitive plural стрех)

стреха́ (canonical)
strexá (romanization)
стрехи́ (genitive)
стре́хи (nominative plural)
стрех (genitive plural)
стреха́ (nominative singular)
стре́хи (nominative plural)
стрехи́ (genitive singular)
стре́х (genitive plural)
стрехе́ (dative singular)
стре́хам (dative plural)
стреху́ (accusative singular)
стре́хи (accusative plural)
стрехо́й (instrumental singular)
стрехо́ю (instrumental singular)
стре́хами (instrumental plural)
стрехе́ (prepositional singular)
стре́хах (plural prepositional)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *strěxa (Old Church Slavonic стрѣха (strěxa), Serbo-Croatian strèha, Polish strzecha).


стреха

стрѐха (canonical feminine)
strèha (romanization)
стрѐха (nominative singular)
стрехе (nominative plural)
стрехе (genitive singular)
стре́ха̄ (genitive plural)
стрехи (dative singular)
стреси (dative singular)
стрехама (dative plural)
стреху (accusative singular)
стрехе (accusative plural)
стрехо (singular vocative)
стрехе (plural vocative)
стрехи (locative singular)
стреси (locative singular)
стрехама (locative plural)
стрехом (instrumental singular)
стрехама (instrumental plural)

sh-decl-noun

стрехи / стреси

стрехи / стреси


кров

mk-noun

кров • (krov) m (relational adjective кровен, diminutive кровче)

krov (romanization)
кровен (adjective relational)
кровче (diminutive)
кров (indefinite singular)
кровови (indefinite plural)
кровот (definite singular unspecified)
крововите (definite plural unspecified)
кровов (definite proximal singular)
крововиве (definite plural proximal)
кровон (definite distal singular)
крововине (definite distal plural)
крову (singular vocative)
кровови (plural vocative)
крова (count-form plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *krovъ, related to *kryti (“to cover, hide”).


кров

ru-noun+

кров • (krov) m inan (genitive кро́ва, nominative plural кро́вы, genitive plural кро́вов)

krov (romanization)
кро́ва (genitive)
кро́вы (nominative plural)
кро́вов (genitive plural)
кро́в (nominative singular)
кро́вы (nominative plural)
кро́ва (genitive singular)
кро́вов (genitive plural)
кро́ву (dative singular)
кро́вам (dative plural)
кро́в (accusative singular)
кро́вы (accusative plural)
кро́вом (instrumental singular)
кро́вами (instrumental plural)
кро́ве (prepositional singular)
кро́вах (plural prepositional)

Inherited from Old East Slavic кровъ (krovŭ), from Proto-Slavic *krovъ (“roof”).


кров

кро̏в (canonical masculine)
krȍv (romanization)
кро̏в (nominative singular)
кро̀вови (nominative plural)
крова (genitive singular)
кровова (genitive plural)
крову (dative singular)
крововима (dative plural)
кров (accusative singular)
кровове (accusative plural)
крове (singular vocative)
кровови (plural vocative)
крову (locative singular)
крововима (locative plural)
кровом (instrumental singular)
крововима (instrumental plural)

Наша кућа је још увек без крова.


bitumen

bitumen (nominative singular)
bitumeny (nominative plural)
bitumenu (genitive singular)
bitumenów (genitive plural)
bitumenowi (dative singular)
bitumenom (dative plural)
bitumen (accusative singular)
bitumeny (accusative plural)
bitumenem (instrumental singular)
bitumenami (instrumental plural)
bitumenie (locative singular)
bitumenach (locative plural)
bitumenie (singular vocative)
bitumeny (plural vocative)


flashing

en-noun

flashing (countable and uncountable, plural flashings)

From flash + -ing.
* (weatherproofing): From original flashing material of copper or aluminum that reflects flashes of sunlight.

(roofing) Components used to weatherproof or seal roof system edges at perimeters, penetrations, walls, expansion joints, valleys, drains and other places where the roof covering is interrupted or terminated.