abolition

/ˌæb.əˈlɪʃ.n̩/

First attested in 1529. Either from Middle French abolition, or directly from Latin abolitiō, from aboleō (“destroy”). Compare French abolition. Equivalent to abolish + -tion.

(historical, often capitalised, UK, US) The ending of the slave trade or of slavery.

abolició

abolition of slavery and the slave trade

Abschaffung (der Sklaverei / des Sklavenhandels)


abolitionism

en-noun

abolitionism (countable and uncountable, plural abolitionisms)

Norwegian Bokmål: abolisjonisme

Polish: abolicjonizm

/ˌæb.əˈlɪʃ.əˌnɪz.m̩/

աբոլիցիոնիզմ

opinion in favor of the abolition of something

ABOLITIONISM
Prisons and jails have been condemned, at least by some, for as long as they have existed.[…] In the United States, the most profound statement of support for abolitionism is the document Instead of Prisons […] Abolitionism has also given emphasis to didferent strategies for change, ranging from simply abolishing prisons to abolishing the entire criminal justice apparatus, […]

2002, David Levinson, Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, SAGE, →ISBN, page 1:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

Support for the abolition of something; the tenets of abolitionists.

Abolitionism is a term that refers to a particular ideological and legal approach to prostitution. The approach has its roots in 19th-century feminism and is still a potent force […] Thus abolitionism arose as a movement against the state regulation of prostitution. The leader of the abolitionist movement was Josephine Butler, […]

2006 January 1, Melissa Hope Ditmore, Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 4:

Support for the abolition (banning) of sex work.

(abortion) Support for the abolition (banning) of abortion.

Abolitionism is based on the moral conviction that social life should not and, in fact, cannot be regulated effectively by criminal law …. As a social movement committed to the abolition of the prison or even the entire penal system, abolitionism originated in campaigns for prisoners' rights and penal reform.

1991, Willem de Haan, "Abolitionism and Crime Control", in Kevin Martin Stenson, David Cowell, The Politics of Crime Control, SAGE, page 203

Abolitionism is still a powerful philosophy among contemporary feminists, both in the West and in the developing world.

2006, Melissa Hope Ditmore, Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 6:

(historical, US) Support for the abolition of slavery.


abolitionism

abolitionism (indefinite nominative singular)
abolitionisms (genitive indefinite singular)
abolitionismen (definite nominative singular)
abolitionismens (definite genitive singular)
abolitionismer (indefinite nominative plural)
abolitionismers (genitive indefinite plural)
abolitionismerna (definite nominative plural)
abolitionismernas (definite genitive plural)


abolitionist

Norwegian Bokmål: abolisjonist

Polish: abolicjonista

First attested in 1788. abolition + -ist.

Among other slave notabilities of the plantation, was one called by everybody Uncle Isaac Copper. It is seldom that a slave gets a surname from anybody in Maryland; and so completely has the south shaped the manners of the north, in this respect, that even abolitionists make very little of the surname of a negro.

1855, Frederick Douglass, chapter 3, in My Bondage and My Freedom. […], New York, Auburn, N.Y.: Miller, Orton & Mulligan […], →OCLC:

A person favoring or advocating for the abolition of any particular institution or practice.

(chiefly historical, especially US) A person favoring or advocating for the abolition of slavery.


handmaid

Inherited from Middle English handemayde, hand-maide, handmaide, handmayd, hand mayde, hand-mayde, haundmaid, hondemayde, hondmaide, hond-mayde. By surface analysis, compound of hand + maid, the first component in the sense of "ready at hand".

surf

And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy:

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Acts 2:18:

(now historical) A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant.


CS

Confederate States
Confederate States#English

(historical) Initialism of Confederate States.


servus

la-noun

servus m (genitive servī, feminine serva); second declension

servī (genitive)
serva (feminine)
servus (nominative singular)
servī (nominative plural)
servī (genitive singular)
servōrum (genitive plural)
servō (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servum (accusative singular)
servōs (accusative plural)
servō (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serve (singular vocative)
servī (plural vocative)

Asturian: siervu

Catalan: serf

Friulian: sierf

Italian: servo

Occitan: sèrve

desctree

Old French: serf
Middle French: serf
French: serf
→ English: serf

Portuguese: servo

Romanian: șerb, → serv

Sicilian: serbu

Spanish: siervo

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ʊs̠]

From Old Latin servos, from Proto-Italic *serwos (“guardian”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo-s (“guardian”), possibly from *ser- (“watch over, protect”). Cognate with servō, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (haraⁱti, “he heeds, protects”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *ser- + -vus.

surf

Proto-Indo-European <i class="Latn mention" lang="ine-pro">*ser-</i>


CSS

en-noun

CSS (countable and uncountable, plural CSSs or CSSes)

(historical, nautical, military) Initialism of Confederate States Ship (the designation for a commissioned warship operated by the Confederate States Navy).


妾

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (妾):
* → Japanese: 妾(しょう) (shō)
* → Korean: 첩(妾) (cheop)
* → Vietnamese: thiếp (妾)

/t͡sʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡sʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯e̞²⁴/

Uncertain.
Possibly a pictogram (象形) of a woman with a headdress. Cognate to 女 with 辛 on top, though in the modern form the headdress has simplified to unrelated 立.
Alternatively, may be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 辛 (“torture device”) + 女 (“woman”) – female criminal.
Cognate to 捷 (OC *zeb, “victory; booty”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.

Han compound

The first injunction in their agreement was, "Slay the unfilial; change not the son who has been appointed heir; exalt not a concubine to be the wife."

Chū mìng yuē: “Zhū bùxiào, wú yì shùzǐ, wú yǐ qiè wèi qī.”

初命曰：「誅不孝，無易樹子，無以妾為妻。」

初命曰：「诛不孝，无易树子，无以妾为妻。」


slave

Inherited from Middle English sclave, from Old French sclave, from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus (“Slav”), traditionally assumed to be because Slavs were often forced into slavery in the Middle Ages. The Latin word is from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos); see that entry and Slav for more. Displaced native Old English þēow. Thrall and bondsman/bondswoman, however, remain common synonyms. Doublet of ciao and Slav.
An alternative hypothesis derives sclavus from Ancient Greek σκῡλεύω (skūleúō), σκῡλάω (skūláō, “to strip or despoil a slain enemy”).

Fear of their cargo bred a savage cruelty into the crew. One captain, to strike terror into the rest, killed a slave and dividing heart, liver and entrails into 300 pieces made each of the slaves eat one, threatening those who refused with the same torture. Such incidents were not rare.

1963, C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins, 2nd Revised edition, page 9:

A person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition and control.


slavery

en-noun

slavery (usually uncountable, plural slaveries)

THAT the Constitution does not confer upon Congress power to interfere with slavery in the States, has been admitted by all parties and confirmed by all judicial decisions ever since the origin of the Federal Government. This doctrine was emphatically recognized by the House of Representatives in the days of Washington, during the first session of the first Congress,* and has never since been seriously called in question. Hence, it became necessary for the abolitionists, in order to furnish a pretext for their assaults on Southern slavery, to appeal to a law higher than the Constitution.
Slavery, according to them, was a grievous sin against God, and therefore no human Constitution could rightfully shield it from destruction. It was sinful to live in a political confederacy which tolerated slavery in any of the States composing it;[...]

1866, James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion, New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

Thus Django becomes the carrier of the “public use of one's reason”—the Kantian road to enlightenment given to him by the German “Forty-Eighter” dentist–turned-bounty hunter Dr. “King” Schultz, and represents the fictive, allohistorical beginning of the battle against slavery and racism in the United States.

2014 July 31, Oliver C. Speck, editor, Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained: The Continuation of Metacinema, Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 25:

An institution or social practice of owning human beings as property, especially for use as forced laborers.

skllavëri

institution or practice of owning human beings

If you wil willingly remaine with me,
You ſhall haue honors, as your merits be:
Or els you ſhal be forc’d with ſlauerie.

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act (please specify |act=I or II), scene ii:

Our victories on Voeld are only the beginning of what we can achieve, but we can't defeat the enemy without your help. If you're tired of living in fear, if you believe we were meant for something greater than slavery, if you're willing to stand up and fight: you'll find a new family in the Resistance.

2017, BioWare, Mass Effect: Andromeda (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: The Resistance Needs Volunteers:

A condition of servitude endured by a slave.


slavery

en-adj

slavery (comparative more slavery, superlative most slavery)

more slavery (comparative)
most slavery (superlative)

The giant snow bear, the wolf with slavery jaws or the claws of the silent great cats were all a part. Creatures of man's oldest nightmares were the other side of that face.

2014, Lisa Williamson, Echoes of Elder Times Collection:


serva

la-noun

serva f (genitive servae, masculine servus); first declension

servae (genitive)
servus (masculine)
serva (nominative singular)
servae (nominative plural)
servae (genitive singular)
servārum (genitive plural)
servae (dative singular)
servīs (dative plural)
servam (accusative singular)
servās (accusative plural)
servā (ablative singular)
servīs (ablative plural)
serva (singular vocative)
servae (plural vocative)

From servus (“slave, servant”) + -a (feminine suffix).


servitudo

la-noun

servitūdō f (genitive servitūdinis); third declension

servitūdō (canonical feminine)
servitūdinis (genitive)
servitūdō (nominative singular)
servitūdinēs (nominative plural)
servitūdinis (genitive singular)
servitūdinum (genitive plural)
servitūdinī (dative singular)
servitūdinibus (dative plural)
servitūdinem (accusative singular)
servitūdinēs (accusative plural)
servitūdine (ablative singular)
servitūdinibus (ablative plural)
servitūdō (singular vocative)
servitūdinēs (plural vocative)

→ English: servitude

→ French: servitude

Italian: servitù

desc

Old Galician-Portuguese: servidũe, servidõe

Galician: servidume

Portuguese: servidão

→ Romanian: servitudine

Spanish: servidumbre

[s̠ɛru̯ɪˈt̪uːd̪oː]


servitus

la-noun

servitūs f (genitive servitūtis); third declension

servitūs (canonical feminine)
servitūtis (genitive)
servitūs (nominative singular)
servitūtēs (nominative plural)
servitūtis (genitive singular)
servitūtum (genitive plural)
servitūtī (dative singular)
servitūtibus (dative plural)
servitūtem (accusative singular)
servitūtēs (accusative plural)
servitūte (ablative singular)
servitūtibus (ablative plural)
servitūs (singular vocative)
servitūtēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: servitud

Italian: servitù

Portuguese: servitude

Spanish: servitud

[ˈs̠ɛru̯ɪt̪uːs̠]

Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis.

I am the LORD thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.


liberator

līberātor m (genitive līberātōris, feminine līberātrīx); third declension

līberātor (canonical masculine)
līberātōris (genitive)
līberātrīx (feminine)
līberātor (nominative singular)
līberātōrēs (nominative plural)
līberātōris (genitive singular)
līberātōrum (genitive plural)
līberātōrī (dative singular)
līberātōribus (dative plural)
līberātōrem (accusative singular)
līberātōrēs (accusative plural)
līberātōre (ablative singular)
līberātōribus (ablative plural)
līberātor (singular vocative)
līberātōrēs (plural vocative)

Inherited:

French: livreur

Portuguese: livrador

Spanish: librador

Borrowed:

→ English: liberator

→ French: libérateur

→ Italian: liberatore

→ Portuguese: liberador

→ Romanian: liberator

→ Sicilian: libbiraturi

→ Spanish: liberador

[lʲiːbɛˈräːt̪ɔr]

(historical) a member of the conspirators who participated in the plotted assassination of Julius Caesar, led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus


rob

nominative
rob (singular)
robi (plural)
genitive
roba (singular)
robov (plural)
dative
robovi (singular)
robom (plural)
accusative
locative
roboch (plural)
instrumental
robom (singular)
robmi (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *õrbъ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”). Doublet of rab, a borrowed form.


jayhawker

(historical) An abolitionist raider in the Kansas–Missouri border skirmishes during the American Civil War.


concubine

From Middle English concubine (first attested 1250–1300), from Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna, equivalent to concub- (variant stem of concumbō (“to lie together”)) + feminine suffix -īna.

He ſhall be made a chaſte and luſtleſſe Eunuch,
And in my Sarell tend my Concubines:

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

And the Levite, the husband of the woman that was slain, answered and said, I came into Gibeah that belongeth to Benjamin, I and my concubine, to lodge. And the men of Gibeah rose against me, and beset the house round about upon me by night, and thought to have slain me: and my concubine have they forced, that she is dead. And I took my concubine, and cut her in pieces, and sent her throughout all the country of the inheritance of Israel: for they have committed lewdness and folly in Israel.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Judges 20:4–6:

Solomon, who was one of the Deity's favorities, had a copulation cabinet composed of seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines.

c. 1909, Mark Twain, “Letter VIII”, in Letters from the Earth:

(chiefly historical) A slave-girl or woman, kept for instance in a harem, who is held for sexual service.


chattel

From Middle English chatel, from Old French chatel, from Medieval Latin capitāle (English capital), from Latin capitālis (“of the head”), from caput (“head”) + -alis (“-al”). Compare the doublet cattle (“cows”), which is from an Anglo-Norman variant. Compare also capital and kith and kine (“all one’s possessions”), which also use “cow” to mean “property”.

[…] although of course the firm had changed hands many times over the centuries, […] But the box has always been part of the chattels, as it were.

1990, Terry Pratchett, Neil Gaiman, Good Omens, Corgi, page 387:


antebellum

From the Latin ante bellum (literally “before the war”).

bor

Slavery was an accepted part of antebellum plantation life.

There was no single characteristic house style during the antebellum period, but the elegant plantation homes built in the American South, with their central entrances, balconies, columns, and formal ballrooms, came closest to representing a discrete architectural style for the period.

2004, James M. Volo, Dorothy Denneen Volo, The Antebellum Period, Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 115:

(US) Of the period prior to the American Civil War, especially in reference to the culture of the southern states.


Yankee

First attested in 1683, as a name applied disparagingly by Dutch settlers in Nieuw Amsterdam (New York) to English colonists in neighboring Connecticut. It may be from Dutch Janke (“Little John”), the old diminutive form of the common personal name Jan, or it may be from Jan Kees, the familiar form of "Johan Cornelius", or a variant of Jan Kaas, literally "John Cheese", the generic nickname the Flemings used for Dutchmen. It originally seems to have been applied insultingly to the Dutch, especially freebooters, before they turned around and applied it to the English. In English it was a term of contempt (1750s) before it came to be used as a general term for "a native of New England" (1765). The shortened form Yank was first recorded in reference to "an American" in 1778. James Fenimore Cooper suggested that it was a corruption of "English" via the intermediate form "Yengeese."

...in a short time, a kind of infectious mirth and pride in their bargains took possession of the place, and every one bought something, holding out their purchases to view, and praising them in the words and phraseology of the young yankees, who, finding their own importance, were not slow to avail themselves of it,...

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXXIX, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 194:

(chiefly Commonwealth, sometimes derogatory) A native or inhabitant of the United States.

[…]so that I couldn't help telling her, sir, that in our country, leastways in Virginia (they say the Yankees are very pert), young people don't speak of their elders so.

1857–1859, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, chapter XXXIV, in The Virginians. A Tale of the Last Century, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1858–1859, →OCLC:

“So, he is the father of Emmie Slattery’s baby,” thought Scarlett. “Oh, well. What else can you expect from a Yankee man and a white-trash girl?”

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part I, page 71:

(chiefly Southern US) A native or inhabitant of the Northern United States.

я́нкі

native or inhabitant of the Northern USA

(chiefly southern Louisiana) An Anglo, as opposed to someone with French ancestry; a native or inhabitant of the rest of the United States.


slav

slav (indefinite nominative singular)
slavs (genitive indefinite singular)
slaven (definite nominative singular)
slavens (definite genitive singular)
slaver (indefinite nominative plural)
slavers (genitive indefinite plural)
slaverna (definite nominative plural)
slavernas (definite genitive plural)

Ultimately from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos), which see for more.


slav

slav (indefinite nominative singular)
slavs (genitive indefinite singular)
slaven (definite nominative singular)
slavens (definite genitive singular)
slavar (indefinite nominative plural)
slavars (genitive indefinite plural)
slavarna (definite nominative plural)
slavarnas (definite genitive plural)

slave; person who is considered as the property of another.


dominus

la-noun

dominus m (genitive dominī, feminine domina); second declension

dominī (genitive)
domina (feminine)
dominus (nominative singular)
dominī (nominative plural)
dominī (genitive singular)
dominōrum (genitive plural)
dominō (dative singular)
dominīs (dative plural)
dominum (accusative singular)
dominōs (accusative plural)
dominō (ablative singular)
dominīs (ablative plural)
domine (singular vocative)
dominī (plural vocative)

desctree

⇒ Late Latin: domnus
Aragonese: dueño
Aromanian: domnu
Italian: donno
Megleno-Romanian: domn
Old Galician-Portuguese: dono
Galician: dono
Portuguese: dono
Romanian: domn
Sardinian: donnu
Sicilian: donnu
Spanish: dueño

q

⇒ Medieval Latin: dominō (from the dative, possibly from benedīcāmus Dominō)

→ Spanish: dominó
→ Tagalog: dóminó

→ French: domino (see there for further descendants)

→ Basque: done

Catalan: en, na

→ Dutch: dominee (from the vocative)

desc

→ English: domine, dominie, dominus, don

Italian: domino

Old French: dam

Portuguese: Dom

→ Spanish: dómine

[ˈd̪ɔmɪnʊs̠]

The original identity of the second vowel of this word is unclear:
* from Proto-Italic *dom-o/u-nos (“of the house”); both u- and o-stems are found in other branches;
* from Proto-Italic *domanos, from Proto-Indo-European *domHnos (“homeowner”), from *dṓm (“house”) + *-Hō (Hoffmann's suffix) via the oblique stem *-Hn-.
In either case, likely further related to domus, from Proto-Italic *domos, from Proto-Indo-European *dem- (“to build”).

inh

master, possessor, ruler, lord, proprietor

owner of a residence; master of his servants and slaves


thrall

en-noun

thrall (countable and uncountable, plural thralls)

From Middle English thral, thralle, threl, threlle, from Old English þrǣl (“thrall, slave, servant”), from Old Norse þræll (“slave”), from Proto-Germanic *þrahilaz, *þragilaz, *þrigilaz (“runner, gofer, servant”), from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“to pull, drag, race, run”); according to ODS probably related to Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan), Old English þrǣġan (“to run”).

der

My servant, which that is my thrall by right

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Hereat its Marid appeared and said to him, "Adsum! thy thrall between thy hands is come: ask of me whatso thou wantest."

1885–1888, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume (please specify the volume), [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC:

And there were household slaves in golden collars that burned of a plenty there with her, and nine female thralls, and eight male slaves of the Angles that were of gentle birth and battle-captured.

One who is enslaved or under mind control.

in thrall to

Go: release him from the thrall of Hautia.

[Y]our friend, John Edward, is at the other end of the room with his whole soul held in thrall by photographs of other people's relatives.

1889, Jerome K. Jerome, chapter 12, in Three Men in a Boat […] :

In her brain she was dimly conscious of balancing, or striving to balance, the abject shame which had him now in thrall against the one compelling act of courage which had flung him grandly and madly on to the point of danger.

A more enlightened Conservative prime minister, better attuned to the “one nation” tradition of the party of Disraeli and Macmillan, less in thrall to Little Englanders, and less intimidated by the peculiarly vicious and Manichaean worldview of the Daily Mail, would have taken a more consensual approach.

2017 March 27, “The Observer view on triggering article 50”, in The Observer:

Labour needs to engage positively with the unions on wider policy issues, but not be in thrall with them.

2022 November 16, Paul Salveson, “Labour and transport: the important role of the regions”, in RAIL, number 970, page 31:

(uncountable) The state of being under the control of another person.


thrall

en-adj

thrall (comparative more thrall, superlative most thrall)

more thrall (comparative)
most thrall (superlative)

Rather than to live thrall, under the awe
Of lordly lokes, wrapped within my cloke […]


thrall

en-verb

thrall (third-person singular simple present thralls, present participle thralling, simple past and past participle thralled)

thralls (present singular third-person)
thralling (participle present)
thralled (participle past)
thralled (past)

From Middle English thrallen, from the noun above. Compare Old Norse þræla.


esclave

fr-noun

esclave m or f by sense (plural esclaves)

Haitian Creole: esklav

Inherited from Middle French and Old French esclave, a borrowing from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus (“Slav”). Doublet of slave.


plantation

en-noun

plantation (countable and uncountable, plural plantations)

Borrowed from Middle French plantation, from Latin plantātiō (“planting, transplanting”), from plantātus (“planted”), the perfect passive participle of plantāre, + action noun suffix -tiō.

der

Plantation (settlement or colony)
plantation

She used to bound through the plantations, her eye first caught by one object, then another, gazing round for something to admire and to love. Now she walked slowly, her eyes fixed on the ground, as if, in all the wide fair world, there was nothing to attract nor to interest.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “A First Disappointment”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 268:

An area where trees are planted, either for commercial purposes, or to adorn an estate.

насажде́ние

area where trees are grown for commercial purposes


polo

Borrowed from Spanish polo (“corvée”), which came from either:
* From pulo, ikapulo (“tenth”) or tithe (diezmos prediales), for a tenth (10%) of the harvest is given to the Church. Related to etymology 5.
* From corruption of polong, Hispanicized spelling of Tagalog pulong, meaning “community work”.

unpaid compulsory work; corvee; forced labor


serf

From Middle English serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”).


master

Sranan Tongo: masra

→ Catalan: màster

→ Finnish: master

→ French: master

→ German: Master

→ Polish: master

→ Portuguese: máster

→ Spanish: máster

→ Turkish: master

From Middle English maister, mayster, meister (noun) and maistren (verb), from Old English mǣster, mæġster, mæġester, mæġister, magister (“master”), from Latin magister (“chief, teacher, leader”), from Old Latin magester, from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s, (as in magnus (“great”)) + -ester/-ister (compare minister (“servant”)). Reinforced by Old French maistre, mestre (noun) and maistriier, maister (verb) from the same Latin source. Compare also Saterland Frisian Mäster (“master”), West Frisian master (“master”), Dutch meester (“master”), German Meister (“master”). Doublet of maestro, magister, and meister.

doublet

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

use the master's tools to dismantle the master's house

She has a master in psychology.

A master's degree; a type of postgraduate degree, usually undertaken after a bachelor degree.


Tory

From Irish tóraí (“pursuer”), from tóir (“pursuit”). The first recorded use in English is from a 1646 letter by James Butler ("Earl of Ormond") to a Colonel O' Brien, describing bandits and thieves on main roadways.

(US, historical) A Union sympathizer in the Confederate States during the American Civil War.


servile

en-adj

servile (comparative more servile, superlative most servile)

more servile (comparative)
most servile (superlative)

From Middle English servyle, from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis, from servus (“slave”).

servile flattery    servile obedience

Even fortune rules no more, O servile land!

c. 1699 – 1703, Alexander Pope, “The First Book of Statius His Thebais”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC:

Slavish or submissive.
Of or pertaining to a slave.

(grammar) Not sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel, like the e in tune.


emancipate

en-verb

emancipate (third-person singular simple present emancipates, present participle emancipating, simple past and past participle emancipated)

emancipates (present singular third-person)
emancipating (participle present)
emancipated (participle past)
emancipated (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-emancipate.wav

From Latin ēmancipātus, past participle of ēmancipō (“to declare (a son) free and independent of the father's power by the thrice-repeated act of mancipātiō and manumissiō, give from one's own power or authority into that of another, give up, surrender”), from ē (“out”) + mancipō (“to transfer ownership in”), from manceps (“purchaser, a contractor, literally, one who takes in hand”), from manus (“hand”) + capiō (“to take”). See manual, and capable.

to emancipate a slave

emancipate a country

To set free from the power of another; to liberate; as:

To set free from slavery or bondage; to give freedom to; to manumit


emancipation

en-noun

emancipation (usually uncountable, plural emancipations)

1630, from French émancipation, from Latin ēmancipātiō. In the US, with reference to anti-slavery, abolitionism, first used in 1785 by Charles Godfrey Leland. In Britain, with reference to easing of restrictions on Catholics, in 19th century.

Ireland, last year, was to be paradise, if that Peri, emancipation, was but sent there; now it is a wretched, degraded, oppressed country, unless the Union be dissolved! What ever will it be the year after? So much for any certainty of right in this world!

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XX, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 308:

As a result of the strengthening of ethnolinguistic emancipation since the second half of the twentieth century, North Saami now enjoys probably stronger legal and institutional support than any other “minor” Uralic language[.]

2022 June 24 [2022 March], Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte, Jussi Ylikoski, “North Saami”, in Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, Elena Skribnik, editors, The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 147:

The act of setting free from the power of another, as from slavery, subjection, dependence, or controlling influence.

emancipim

US President Abraham Lincoln was called the Great Emancipator after issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.

The state of being thus set free; liberation (used, for example, of slaves from bondage, of a person from prejudices, of the mind from superstition, of a nation from tyranny or subjugation).


mammy

That's what you for—to help white folks keep niggers down. That's why he sent you to me. They be calling you mammy in a few years. You be running the whole house when the old man dies.

(US, historical, often pejorative) In the southern United States, a black nanny employed to look after white children; or in the antebellum South, a female slave who was close to the household and looked after the children.


human chattel

Where is the man of intelligence who does not instantly see that this provision of human law […] makes the relation, between father and mother, that of mere agents for increasing the gains of him who claims a right of property in the human chattel, whose offspring, by law, are his?

1863, Harper Twelvetrees, preface to The Story of the Life of John Anderson, the Fugitive Slave, William Tweedie (publisher), page ix

Human beings considered property, that is, slaves.


seraglio

/səˈɹæɡliːoʊ/

From Italian serraglio, from Vulgar Latin *serrāculum, from a late form of Latin serāre (“lock up, close”), from sera (“lock, bolt”). The Italian word was used (because of phonetic similarity) to translate Turkish saray (palace). Compare serai, serail.

At these words he started up, and beheld—not his Sophia—no, nor a Circassian maid richly and elegantly attired for the grand Signior's seraglio.

1749, Henry Fielding, chapter X, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book V:

The palace of the Grand Seignior in Constantinople.

The sequestered living quarters used by wives and concubines (odalisques) in a Turkish Muslim household.


slavish

en-adj

slavish (comparative more slavish, superlative most slavish)

more slavish (comparative)
most slavish (superlative)

a slavish reproduction

slavish observation of rules

utterly faithful; totally lacking originality, creativity, or reflection


peonage

But there was work to be done down in the Salinas Valley where César Chávez was organizing the grape pickers and lettuce workers out of their state of un-unionized peonage.

2010, Christopher Hitchens, Hitch-22, Atlantic, published 2011, page 217:

"It wasn't just the crowds," Luis said softly. "I saw with my own eyes that Díaz's México is a Potemkin village, Miguel. The México profundo where the poor are so hungry they eat grass and bark. I met Indians whose land is being devoured by Díaz's cronies, entire towns swallowed up, and the people reduced to peonage. I talked to Mexican railroad workers who are paid a fraction of what the American owners pay their own countrymen for the same work."

2014, Michael Nava, The City of Palaces, Terrace Books, page 191:

The state of being a peon; the system of paying back debt through servitude and labour; loosely, any system of involuntary servitude.


servitude

en-noun

servitude (countable and uncountable, plural servitudes)

From Middle French servitude, from Latin servitūdō, from Latin servus (“slave”).

In spite of the importance of this route it remained until a few years ago very insecure. Overhung almost its entire length by the inaccessible fastnesses of Lololand, the passing caravans dared journey only with convoy, and even then were frequently overwhelmed by raiders from the hills, who carried off both trader and goods into the mountains, the former to lifelong servitude.

1913, Elizabeth Kimball Kendall, A Wayfarer in China:

Balfour, who had sought refuge in Argentina, was extradited, and sentenced to a long term of penal servitude at Parkhurst Prison in the Isle of Wight.

1948 July and August, K. Westcott Jones, “The Isle of Wight Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 216:

The Enlightment worldview, which considered the order of "Nature" as a basis and, at the same time, the subject of explorations of scientific natural sciences, has, at the same time, considered this order as a criterion of the artistically-aesthetic qualities of art. From an "ideological" point of view, it liberated art from its feudal religious and courtly servitude.

1986, Piotr Buczkowski, Andrzej Klawiter, editors, Theories of Ideology and Ideology of Theories, Rodopi, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 57:

The state of being a slave; slavery; being forced to work for others or do their bidding without one's consent or against one's will, either in perpetuity or for a period of time over which one has little or no control.


coffle

From Arabic قَافِلَة (qāfila, “caravan”). Doublet of cafila.

The people of the coffle spent the day in drying such articles as were wet, and in cleaning ten pairs of ornamented pistols with shea-butter.

1816, Mungo Park, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa:

I hear the wheeze of the slave-coffle, as the slaves march on, as the husky gangs pass on by twos and threes, fastened together with wrist-chains and ankle-chains,

1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC:

If the explorer could make Kamalia he might be able to hook up with a slave coffle heading for the coast.

1982, TC Boyle, Water Music, Penguin, published 2006, page 173:

Once all experience is finally reduced to marketable image, once the receiving user of user-friendly receivers can break from the coffle and choose freely, Americanly, from an Americanly infinite variety of moving images hardly distinguishable from real-life images[…]

1997 [1990], David Foster Wallace, “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction”, in A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again: Essays and Arguments, Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Company, →ISBN:

Her litter came to a sudden halt at the cross street, to allow a coffle of slaves to shuffle across her path, urged along by the crack of an overseer's lash.

2000, George R.R. Martin, A Storm of Swords, Bantam, published 2011, page 323:

It dominated late-night dinner conversation; it traveled along with marching columns of chained slaves, the infamous coffle lines that remain the iconic face of the domestic slave trade.

2011 February 18, Susan Eva O'Donovan, “William Webb's World”, in New York Times:

A line of people or animals fastened together, especially a chain of prisoners or slaves.

верени́ца

a line of people or animals fastened together


Uncle Tom

Referring to the character in the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.

...their master... was no ad for anybody but the most arcane Black Power, he was an old prince of a witch doctor—insult him at your peril—but the other ten musicians with their trumpets and snares and assorted brass would prove no pull for Nixon on TV with any Black votes watching, for they were old and meek, naught but elderly Black Southern musicians, a veritable Ganges of Uncle Toms. They had disappeared with Tom Swift and Little Lord Fauntleroy.

1968, Norman Mailer, “Nixon in Miami”, in Harper's, §6:

Some blacks don't want to deal with the black cop because they see him as an Uncle Tom, a person who stands by while the white cop abuses and shows disrespect toward other blacks.

1985 April 1, Steven Leinen, quoting a police officer, Black Police, White Society, NYU Press:

One of the less entertaining components of the Ali act was the way he tried to "outblack" someone like Frazier, call him an Uncle Tom, an "honorary white," when in fact Frazier had grown up dirt poor in South Carolina.

2014 April 2, David Remnick, King of the World: Muhammed Ali and the Rise of an American Hero, Knopf Doubleday:

"You are an Uncle Tom, Scott. You're for Sessions. How does a black man turn on his own," Scott said, reading criticisms of himself on social media.

2017 February 8, Burgess Everett, “Tim Scott, the lone black GOP senator, rises to Sessions' defense”, in Politico:

(derogatory, ethnic slur) A black man who is servile towards white authority and accepting of white supremacy, a black race traitor.


stigma

la-noun

stigma n (genitive stigmatis); third declension

stigmatis (genitive)
stigma (nominative singular)
stigmata (nominative plural)
stigmatis (genitive singular)
stigmatum (genitive plural)
stigmatī (dative singular)
stigmatibus (dative plural)
stigma (accusative singular)
stigmata (accusative plural)
stigmate (ablative singular)
stigmatibus (ablative plural)
stigma (singular vocative)
stigmata (plural vocative)


bushwhacker

The bushwhackers remained at General Cooper′s camp several days, then crossed the Red River into Texas.

1962, Albert E. Castel, William Clarke Quantrill: His Life and Times, page 155:

1967 April, Donald Keith, The Time Machine Hunts a Treasure, Boys' Life, page 51,
She stared at us. “Hardly. You must be from far off, not to know about Quantrill′s raids. Last March the bushwhackers rode into Aubrey, shot every man in town, stole everything, burned down houses. […] ”

Many bushwhackers were young men born to families of southern heritage who were generally wealthier and more likely to own slaves than the typical Missouri farmer.[…]His eldest daughter, Elisa, was an effective bushwhacker spy and informant.

2007, Jeremy Neely, The Border Between Them: Violence and Reconciliation on the Kansas-Missouri Line, page 109:

(US, historical) A guerrilla (of either side) during the American Civil War.


Johnny Reb

From the sense of Johnny as a placeholder name for any man and reb, US slang for a Confederate citizen or soldier.

Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America

(historical, colloquial) Synonym of Confederate: a citizen of the Confederate States of America, particularly a Confederate soldier.


Johnny Reb

When Lincoln heard the news about the fall,
All the folks thought he'd throw a great vict'ry ball,
But he asked the band to play the song "Dixie"
For you, Johnny Reb, and all that you believe.

Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America#English

(figurative) Synonym of Confederate States of America.


wage slave

(informal) Someone who does very unpleasant or drudging work for a wage.


white slave

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-white slave.wav

A woman (of European descent) sold into prostitution, especially when transported to a country primarily inhabited by nonwhites.


ancilla

ancilla f (genitive ancillae); first declension

ancillae (genitive)
ancilla (nominative singular)
ancillae (nominative plural)
ancillae (genitive singular)
ancillārum (genitive plural)
ancillae (dative singular)
ancillīs (dative plural)
ancillam (accusative singular)
ancillās (accusative plural)
ancillā (ablative singular)
ancillīs (ablative plural)
ancilla (singular vocative)
ancillae (plural vocative)

[än̠ʲˈt͡ʃilːä]

From ancula (“maid”) + -lus (diminutive form).


slaveowner

It was natural for the Roman slaveowners to employ these captives in activities that would benefit from their knowledge and skills. These activities were harder to monitor than simple physical labor, and carrots worked better than sticks.

2017 September 5, Peter Temin, The Roman Market Economy, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, page 131:

From the frequency with which slaveowners and enslaved Africans mention and discuss sickness, injury and disease, we know that concern for medical conditions was a signal feature of the slaveocracy. Slaveowners worried about the expense[…]

2019 July 30, Katherine Bankole, Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, Routledge, →ISBN:

Someone who has control or ownership over another human being; the owner of a slave.

ստրկատեր

anyone that has control over another human being


træl

head

træl c (singular definite trællen, plural indefinite trælle)

trællen (definite singular)
trælle (indefinite plural)
træl (indefinite nominative singular)
trællen (definite nominative singular)
trælle (indefinite nominative plural)
trællene (definite nominative plural)
træls (genitive indefinite singular)
trællens (definite genitive singular)
trælles (genitive indefinite plural)
trællenes (definite genitive plural)

From Old Danish thræl, from Old Norse þræll, from Proto-Germanic *þragilaz, *þrahilaz, *þrēhilaz, from the root *þreh-, *þreg-, *þrag- ‘to run’, from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“pull, drag, race, run”).


træl

trælen (definite singular)
trælar (indefinite plural)
trælane (definite plural)


slava

head

slava (present slavar, preterite slavade, supine slavat, imperative slava)

slavar (present)
slavade (preterite)
slavat (supine)
slava (imperative)
slava (active infinitive)
slavat (active supine)
slava (active imperative)
slaven (active archaic imperative plural)
slavar (active indicative present)
slavade (active indicative past)
slava (active archaic indicative plural present)
slavade (active archaic indicative past plural)
slave (active dated present subjunctive)
slavade (active dated past subjunctive)
slavande (participle present)

Jag är en av dom som slavar på kung Keops pyramid, och det är vi som jobbar nere intill foten. Vi sliter och vi svettas för att inte tappa tid, och det är synd om dom som inte fyller kvoten. Har man en gång kommit hit blir man aldrig mera fri. Om man slutar här så slutar man i gropen. Men om kungen sägs att han är son av solen.

1972, Hoola Bandoola Band (lyrics and music), “Keops pyramid [Cheops' pyramid / Great Pyramid of Giza]”, in Vem kan man lita på? [Who can you trust?]:

I am one of those slaving [sounds more natural in Swedish] on King Cheops' pyramid, and it is we who work down next to the foot. We toil and we sweat to not lose time, and it is a pity for ["it is a shame about" in the sense of "one feels sorry for," roughly] those who do not meet the quota. Once you are here you will never again be free [If one has once come here becomes one never again free]. If you end up here you end up in the pit. But of the king is said that he is the son of the sun.

to slave, to slave away ((be forced to) work very hard, more or less like a slave)


Stonewall

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Stonewall.wav

From stone + wall. The drink is so named because its effect is likened to running into a stone wall. The riots take their name from the Stonewall Inn where they began (in the 1840s, the property was called Bonnie's Stone Wall, later renamed to Bonnie's Stonewall Inn, then the Stonewall Inn Restaurant, and then the Stonewall Inn). The Confederate general acquired his nickname after a battle in which, while other troops were in motion, fellow general Barnard E. Bee observed "there stands Jackson like a stone wall" (either resolutely, or unhelpfully). The chess setup is so named because it is a solid formation which is hard to overrun by force, like a stone wall.

Stonewall means fighting back.

(historical) A series of riots in 1969 New York City, beginning with the patrons of the gay bar "The Stonewall Inn" resisting police arrest, which marked the beginning of the militant gay rights movement.

A nickname of Confederate general Thomas Jonathan Jackson.

the Stonewall attack, a Stonewall setup, a Stonewall formation

(chess) A formation in chess (a variation of the Queen's Pawn Game) in which white plays pawns to d4 and several other positions, requiring black to react energetically (see Stonewall Attack).

Any of several places:
An unincorporated community in Texas.

An unincorporated community in West Virginia.


North

English surname, from the adjective north. This is also translated from other surnames of the same meaning, such as Irish Mac an Ultaigh (“son of the Ulsterman”), Ulster being the northern part of Ireland.

The North lost most battles early in the war.

The northern part of a region (alternative letter-case form of north), especially:

(US) The Union during the American Civil War.


Rebel

(US) A Confederate soldier; of the American Civil War.


Reconstruction

Reconstruction (canonical)
the Reconstruction (canonical)

A proper-noun variant of reconstruction.

Fables of the Reconstruction

A period of the history of the United States from 1865 to 1877, during which the nation tried to resolve the status of the ex-Confederate states, the ex-Confederate leaders, and the Freedmen (ex-slaves) after the American Civil War.


South

en-proper noun

South (countable and uncountable, plural Souths)

English surname, from the adjective south. Compare Southern.

Many sincere white people in the South privately oppose segregation and discrimination, but they are apprehensive lest they be publicly condemned.

1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., “Transformed Nonconformist”, in Strength to Love, New York: Pocket Books, published 1964, →OCLC, page 13:

Just when the blacks had had their hopes for equality and justice raised, after centuries of misery and despair, they awoke one morning to discover that their future was in the hands of a President born in the South.

1971, Lyndon B. Johnson, “"I feel like I have already been here a year"”, in The Vantage Point, Holt, Reinhart & Winston, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 18:

Of course, living in the South was never an option—the main problem being they have too much respect for authority; they're soldier-sniffers and cop lovers. I don't respect that, and I could never live with it. There's also way too much religion in the South to be consistent with good mental health.

1997, George Carlin, “WELL, YA GOTTA LIVE SOMEPLACE”, in Brain Droppings, New York: Hyperion Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 16:

In the discussions we had sitting around church basements, I learned that, despite the obvious differences in our environments, these kids were more like me than I ever could have imagined. They also knew more about what was happening in the civil rights movement in the South. I had only vaguely heard of Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, but these discussions sparked my interest.

2003, Hillary Rodham Clinton, “University of Life”, in Living History, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 22–23:

Tohti described a situation then current in Yeyiq Yezisi (Yeyike) township which is reminiscent of share-cropping in the post-bellum American south.

[2007, James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 365:

I should add a story, you know in the South at that time, Governor Barnett was sort of known as a bit of a dim bulb. And two years before, during the presidential campaign, one of the flashpoints in the debates that fall involved two Nationalist Chinese islands just off the coast of China: Quemoy and Matsu. And right after this argument erupted in the campaign, Ross Barnett was out politicking one day and the reporters asked him, "Governor, what about Quemoy and Matsu?" And he looked around sort of lost and said to one of his aides, "Them those two fellers I put on the Fishing and Game Commission last year?"

2012, 42:09 from the start, in Listening In: JFK's Secret Tapes, Thomas Oliphant (actor), John F. Kennedy Library Foundation:

(US) The south-eastern states of the United States, including many of the same states as formed the Confederacy.


Union

(locomotive): Derived from the name of the only U.S. company to use that configuration.

threats to secede from the Union

United States of America
United States of America

(US, with determiner, dated, especially 19th century) The United States of America.

Union troops at Gettysburg

en:United States of America against secessionist CSA

(US, with determiner, historical) Those of the United States that did not secede at the time of the Civil War (of the United States of America).


CSA

(US) Initialism of Confederate States of America.


antislavery

en-adj

antislavery (comparative more antislavery, superlative most antislavery)

more antislavery (comparative)
most antislavery (superlative)

Prior to the U.S. Civil War, there were a number of northern periodicals devoted to publishing antislavery content.

(sociology) Opposed to the practice of slavery.


enthrall

en-verb

enthrall (third-person singular simple present enthralls, present participle enthralling, simple past and past participle enthralled)

enthralls (present singular third-person)
enthralling (participle present)
enthralled (participle past)
enthralled (past)

From Middle English enthrallen, equivalent to en- + thrall.

Fancy, Jim, to be in love and play Juliet! To have him sitting there! To play for his delight! I am afraid I may frighten the company, frighten or enthrall them.

1891, Oscar Wilde, chapter 5, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, London, New York, N.Y., Melbourne, Vic.: Ward Lock & Co., →OCLC:

In the center of the circle of glittering black bodies he leaped and roared and shook his heavy spear in the same mad abandon that enthralled his fellow savages. The last remnant of his civilization was forgotten—he was a primitive man to the fullest now; reveling in the freedom of the fierce, wild life he loved, gloating in his kingship among these wild blacks.

1913, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 17, in The Return of Tarzan:


bondsman

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bondsman.wav


meso

mesọ̑ (canonical neuter)
mesọ̑ (nominative singular)
mẹ̑si (dual nominative)
mẹ̑sa (nominative plural)
mesȃ (genitive singular)
mẹ̑s (dual genitive)
mẹ̑s (genitive plural)
mẹ̑su (dative singular)
mẹ̑si (dative singular)
mēsu (dative singular)
mēsi (dative singular)
mẹ̑soma (dative dual)
mẹ̑sama (dative dual)
mẹ̑som (dative plural)
mẹ̑sam (dative plural)
mesọ̑ (accusative singular)
mẹ̑si (accusative dual)
mẹ̑sa (accusative plural)
mẹ̑su (locative singular)
mẹ̑si (locative singular)
mēsu (locative singular)
mēsi (locative singular)
mẹ̑sih (dual locative)
mẹ̑sah (dual locative)
mẹ̑sih (locative plural)
mẹ̑sah (locative plural)
mẹ̑som (instrumental singular)
mẹ̑soma (dual instrumental)
mẹ̑sama (dual instrumental)
mẹ̑si (instrumental plural)
mesọ̑ (singular vocative)
mẹ̑si (dual vocative)
mẹ̑sa (plural vocative)

sl-infl-noun

In some regions, the accented e may be open-mid throughout

From Proto-Slavic *męso, back-formed from *mēnsā́ˀ, the plural of Proto-Balto-Slavic *mḗns, from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms.

(usually uncountable) meat (food which comes from muscle)

(by extension) flesh (edible part of fruits, vegetables and fungi)


slave-girl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-slave-girl.wav

A female required to perform sexual acts, a sex slave.


galvanize

en-verb

galvanize (third-person singular simple present galvanizes, present participle galvanizing, simple past and past participle galvanized)

galvanizes (present singular third-person)
galvanizing (participle present)
galvanized (participle past)
galvanized (past)

From French galvaniser, from galvanisme, named after Italian physiologist Luigi Aloisio Galvani (1737–1798). By surface analysis, galvano- + -ize.

named-after

Reenactors called this “galvanizing,” the Civil War term for soldiers who switched sides during the conflict.

1998, Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic, 1st Vintage Departures edition, Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 10:

(historical, US) To switch sides between Union and Confederate in the American Civil War.


Mason-Dixon Line

Charles Mason
Jeremiah Dixon
Mason–Dixon line

Named after English astronomers Charles Mason (1728–1786) and Jeremiah Dixon (1733–1779).

[…] and he tell'd me Georgia would go for me, arter^([sic]) the Gineral^([sic]), as soon as any north of mason and dickson^([sic]).

1833, Charles Augustus Davis, “Letter III […] ”, in Letters of Jack Downing, Major […] , New-York: Harper & brothers, published 1834, page 36:

The epistles are not dated far apart; and in the second, the writer, who dwelleth near ‘Mason and Dixon,’ descants upon the awful climate hereabout in the summer months.

1843, Charles Fenno Hoffman, John Holmes Agnew, “Editor's Table”, in The Knickerbocker; Or, New-York Monthly Magazine, volume 22, New-York: John Allen, page 185:

The Soviet press was disseminating in Africa and Asia stories about black children in the South being denied adequate schooling, black accident victims dying because no white hospital in the South would admit them, and African diplomats being refused access to white restaurants and washrooms while traveling south of the Mason-Dixon line.

2022, Gary Gerstle, chapter 2, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […] , New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, Part I. The New Deal Order, 1930–1980:

The boundary between the free and slave states at the time of the American Civil War, or between states with different segregationist policies in the Jim Crow era.


slave trade

There was considerable scepticism as to whether the line would pay, but its avowed intention was to put an end to the slave trade.

1950 April, Timothy H. Cobb, “The Kenya-Uganda Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 262:


Zouave

From French, from Arabic زَوَاوِيّ (zawāwiyy), used to refer to a Kabyle soldier, especially of the Igawawen people.

(military, historical, by extension) One of a body of soldiers who adopt the dress and drill of the Zouaves in French service, as was done by a number of volunteer regiments in the army of the United States in the Civil War (1861–65).


UDC

Universal Decimal Classification
w:Universal Decimal Classification

Initialism of Universal Decimal Classification.

United Daughters of the Confederacy
w:United Daughters of the Confederacy

Initialism of United Daughters of the Confederacy.

‘My cousin gave me Their Eyes Were Watching God. She had it in a class. She goes to UDC. I liked that book.’

2001, Percival Everett, Erasure, Faber & Faber Limited (2021), page 26:

w:University of the District of Columbia

Initialism of University of the District of Columbia.


ambátt

is-noun

ambátt f (genitive singular ambáttar, nominative plural ambáttir)

ambáttar (genitive singular)
ambáttir (nominative plural)
ambátt (indefinite nominative singular)
ambáttin (definite nominative singular)
ambáttir (indefinite nominative plural)
ambáttirnar (definite nominative plural)
ambátt (accusative indefinite singular)
ambáttina (accusative definite singular)
ambáttir (accusative indefinite plural)
ambáttirnar (accusative definite plural)
ambátt (dative indefinite singular)
ambáttinni (dative definite singular)
ambáttum (dative indefinite plural)
ambáttunum (dative definite plural)
ambáttar (genitive indefinite singular)
ambáttarinnar (definite genitive singular)
ambátta (genitive indefinite plural)
ambáttanna (definite genitive plural)


ambátt

non-decl-blank-full

ambátt

ambátt (indefinite nominative singular)
ambáttin (definite nominative singular)
ambáttar (indefinite nominative plural)
ambáttir (indefinite nominative plural)
ambáttarnar (definite nominative plural)
ambáttirnar (definite nominative plural)
ambátt (accusative indefinite singular)
ambáttina (accusative definite singular)
ambáttar (accusative indefinite plural)
ambáttir (accusative indefinite plural)
ambáttarnar (accusative definite plural)
ambáttirnar (accusative definite plural)
ambátt (dative indefinite singular)
ambáttinni (dative definite singular)
ambáttum (dative indefinite plural)
ambáttunum (dative definite plural)
ambáttar (genitive indefinite singular)
ambáttarinnar (definite genitive singular)
ambátta (genitive indefinite plural)
ambáttanna (definite genitive plural)

Icelandic: ambátt

Old Swedish: ambot, ambut, ambat

Old Gutnish: ambatn

→ Middle English: ammbohht

From Proto-Germanic *ambahtō, feminine form of *ambahtaz, whence also Old English ambiht, Old High German ambaht, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌱𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (andbahts). Compare Latin ambactus.

Gróttasöngr, verse 2, 1932 edition by Finnur Jónsson, retrieved at heimskringla.no
[…]hét hvárigri / hvílð né ynði,
áðr hann hęyrði / hljóm ambátta
[…] he gave them neither / rest nor delight,

before he heard / the noise of the bondwomen.


late unpleasantness

en-noun

late unpleasantness (plural late unpleasantnesses)

It is unlikely that anyone with significant knowledge of the Army or the late unpleasantness in Southeast Asia, upon reading these two sentences, would respond other than with a scatological barnyard expletive or some more genteel utterance representing the same level of acceptance.

2003, Zane E. Finkelstein (referring to the Vietnam War), (Please provide the book title or journal name), archived from the original on 2005-08-28:

(euphemistic) A recent war, especially (historical) the American Civil War.


fire-eater

Frustrated in their attempts to change the law, fire-eaters turned their efforts to breaking it.

1988, James McPherson, Battle Cry for Freedom, Oxford, published 2003, page 103:

(US, historical) An extreme partisan for the South before the US Civil War.


helot

From Latin Hīlōta, from Ancient Greek Εἵλωτες (Heílōtes), possibly from ἁλίσκομαι (halískomai, “to be captured, to be made prisoner”) or from Ἕλος (Hélos, “Elos”), a Laconian town.

A man who conceives and writes a great book, my friend, has done more work than all the helots that laboured on these pyramidal futilities.

1910 January 12, Ameen Rihani, “Probing the Trivial”, in The Book of Khalid, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published October 1911, →OCLC, book the first (In the Exchange), pages 10–11:

All wore a costume suggestive of a more tranquil and prosperous age than this — Dame Clara Butt singing, in a voice not quite so deep as Arumugam's, 'Land of Hope and Glory', the gold squeezed from tropical helots enhancing the upper-class comforts of a cold climate.

1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 611:

“In part, the blame falls on the corporate elite,” Barbara Ehrenreich wrote back in 1989, “which demands ever more bankers and lawyers, on the one hand, and low-paid helots on the other.” These low-paid helots are now unpaid interns and networked amateurs.

2014, Astra Taylor, quoting Barbara Ehrenreich, chapter 2, in The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age, Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN:


greenback

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-greenback.wav


Underground Railroad

(historical) The pre-American Civil War anti-slavery resistance movement dedicated to helping escaped slaves to reach safe territory.


manumit

en-verb

manumit (third-person singular simple present manumits, present participle manumitting, simple past and past participle manumitted)

manumits (present singular third-person)
manumitting (participle present)
manumitted (participle past)
manumitted (past)

Learned borrowing from Latin manūmittere, from pre-Classical Latin manū ēmittere (literally “send out from one’s hand”).

lbor

[…]Lungs, I will manumit thee from the Fornace; / I will reſtore thee thy complexion, Puffe, / Lost in the embers; and repayre this brayne, / Hurt with the fume o'the Mettalls.

1610 (first performance), Ben[jamin] Jonson, The Alchemist, London: […] Thomas Snodham, for Walter Burre, and are to be sold by Iohn Stepneth, […], published 1612, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii:

Turn now to the temperance revolution. In it we shall find a stronger bondage broken, a viler slavery manumitted, a greater tyrant deposed; in it, more of want supplied, more disease healed, more sorrow assuaged.

1842 February 22, Abraham Lincoln, “Address Before the Springfield Washingtonian Temperance Society”, in Arthur Brooks Lapsley, editor, The Papers and Writings of Abraham Lincoln:

Persons taken in war were considered at the absolute control of their captors, and were therefore, de facto, slaves; and the children of a female slave followed the condition of their mother, and belonged to her master. But masters could manumit their slaves, who thus became Roman citizens, with some restrictions.

1867, John Lord, The Old Roman World: the Grandeur and Failure of Its Civilization:

Ruth wept much but Sara set her beauty to a fierce grimness which, even when, as you shall hear later, she was manumitted, she never entirely lost.

1985, Anthony Burgess, Kingdom of the Wicked, Arbor House Publishing:


manumission

en-noun

manumission (countable and uncountable, plural manumissions)

Learned borrowing from Latin manūmissiō.

The manumission of the slaves in New York has been gradual.

1823, [James Fenimore Cooper], chapter IV, in The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna; […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), New York, N.Y.: Charles Wiley; […], →OCLC:

The most important law of Augustus, was the lex oelia sentia, deserving of all praise, which related to the manumission of slaves.

In the west, and especially in Cornwall, the names of the serfs were mainly Celtic,—Griffith, Modred, Riol, and so forth,—as may be seen from the list of manumissions preserved in a mass-book at St. Petroc's, or Padstow.

1881, Grant Allen, chapter 19, in Anglo-Saxon Britain:

The more innocent dreamed of a manumission kindly bestowed by the new Emperor as one of a number of acts of justice and clemency proper to a new reign.

1985, Anthony Burgess, Kingdom of the Wicked:

Rather than encouraging his countrymen to liberate their slaves, he opposed both private manumission and public emancipation.

2012 November 30, Paul Finkelman, “The Real Thomas Jefferson: The Monster of Monticello”, in New York Times, retrieved 2015-08-03:

Release from slavery or other legally sanctioned servitude; the giving of freedom; the act of manumitting.

vrijlating

release from slavery, freedom, the act of manumitting


θεράπων

grc-noun

θερᾰ́πων • (therắpōn) m (genitive θερᾰ́ποντος); third declension

θερᾰ́πων (canonical)
therắpōn (romanization)
θερᾰ́ποντος (genitive)
ὁ θερᾰ́πων (nominative singular)
τὼ θερᾰ́ποντε (dual nominative)
οἱ θερᾰ́ποντες (nominative plural)
τοῦ θερᾰ́ποντος (genitive singular)
τοῖν θερᾰπόντοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν θερᾰπόντων (genitive plural)
τῷ θερᾰ́ποντῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν θερᾰπόντοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς θερᾰ́πουσῐ (dative plural)
θερᾰ́πουσῐν (dative plural)
toîs therắpousĭ (dative plural)
toîs therắpousĭn (dative plural)
τὸν θερᾰ́ποντᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ θερᾰ́ποντε (accusative dual)
τοὺς θερᾰ́ποντᾰς (accusative plural)
θερᾰ́πον (singular vocative)
θερᾰ́ποντε (dual vocative)
θερᾰ́ποντες (plural vocative)

According to Beekes, from the same Pre-Greek root as τέραμνον (téramnon, “chamber”).


foreman

→ Gulf Arabic: فورمن (fōrman)

From Middle English foremon, forman; equivalent to fore- + man. Compare West Frisian foarman, Dutch voorman, German Vormann, Danish formand, Swedish förman, Icelandic formaður.

(US, historical) A slave assistant to the white overseer who managed field hands.


odalisque

Borrowed from French odalisque, from Ottoman Turkish اوطهلق (odalık, “chambermaid”), from اوده (oda, “room”).

der

When the young Mauretanians were his guests in the little houses before the town gates, and he was of a good humour, it would come about that he displayed his odalisques as others would their jewels.

1947 [1939], Ernst Jünger, translated by Stuart Hood, On the Marble Cliffs, New Directions, translation of Auf den Marmorklippen (in German), →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12:

Though I could see the titan odalisques and their garden and knew them to be no more than dream-stuff recalled, I could not escape from their fascination and the memory of the dream.

1981, Gene Wolfe, chapter VIII, in The Claw of the Conciliator (The Book of the New Sun; 2), New York: Timescape, →ISBN, page 72:

The Sector is borne in a padded Waggon, like some mechanickal Odalisque.

1997, Thomas Pynchon, chapter 30, in Mason & Dixon, 1st US edition, New York: Henry Holt and Company, →ISBN, part Two: America, page 296:

(historical) A female slave in a harem, especially one in the Ottoman seraglio.


odalisque

→ Catalan: odalisca

→ Dutch: odalisk

→ English: odalisque

→ German: Odaliske

→ Hungarian: odaliszk

→ Icelandic: ódalíska

→ Italian: odalisca

→ Portuguese: odalisca

→ Russian: одали́ска (odalíska)

→ Serbo-Croatian: одалиска (odaliska)

→ Spanish: odalisca

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish اوطهلق (odalık, “chambermaid”), from اوده (oda, “room”).


bondage

en-noun

bondage (countable and uncountable, plural bondages)

Inherited from Middle English bondage (“serfdom”), from British Medieval Latin bondagium (“an inferior tenure held by a bond or husbandman”), from Middle English bond (“tenant farmer, serf”), from Old English bonda (“householder, husband, head of a family”), of Old Norse origin. Sense development influenced by the unrelated terms bond and bind.

der

debt bondage

In Judeo-Christian tradition, the Israelites fled bondage at the hands of the Egyptians, only to wander in the wilderness for the next four decades.

"She was the Wicked Witch of the East, as I said," answered the little woman. "She has held all the Munchkins in bondage for many years, making them slave for her night and day. Now they are all set free, and are grateful to you for the favor."

1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:

The state of being enslaved or the practice of slavery.


enslave

en-verb

enslave (third-person singular simple present enslaves, present participle enslaving, simple past and past participle enslaved)

enslaves (present singular third-person)
enslaving (participle present)
enslaved (participle past)
enslaved (past)

The migrants will be enslaved once they're no longer useful to the oligarchs; make no mistake about that.

He and his polite friends would dress themselves out with as much care in order to go and dine at each other’s rooms, as other folks would who were going to enslave a mistress.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 19, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

Selling them whiskey and taking their gold.
Enslaving the young and destroying the old.

1982, Iron Maiden (lyrics and music), “Run to the Hills”:

The Vice-Premier described the Republic of China as not only an obstacle to Communist aggression, but an alternative to communism. He went on to say that if the Chinese Communists were permitted to enslave the Chinese people on the mainland in perpetuity, there could be no peace or security in Asia—or, for that matter, in the rest of the world—for a long, long time.

1983, James C. H. Shen, “Signs of Change”, in Robert Myers, editor, The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally, Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 52–53:

(transitive) To make subservient; to strip one of freedom; enthrall.

اِسْتَعْبَدَ

to make subservient; to strip one of freedom; enthrall


roba

roba (nominative singular)
roby (nominative plural)
roby (genitive singular)
rob (genitive plural)
robie (dative singular)
robom (dative plural)
robę (accusative singular)
roby (accusative plural)
robą (instrumental singular)
robami (instrumental plural)
robie (locative singular)
robach (locative plural)
robo (singular vocative)
roby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish roba, from Proto-Slavic *orba.


roba

(sailor slang) attire, clothes, clothing

(historical) type of exquisite, ornate gown


роб

bg-noun

роб • (rob) m (feminine роби́ня, relational adjective ро́бски)

rob (romanization)
роби́ня (feminine)
ро́бски (adjective relational)
роб (indefinite singular)
ро́би (indefinite plural)
ро́бове (archaic indefinite plural)
ро́бът (definite singular subjective)
ро́бите (definite plural subjective)
ро́бовете (archaic definite plural subjective)
ро́ба (definite objective singular)
ро́бите (definite objective plural)
ро́бовете (archaic definite objective plural)
ро́ба (count-form plural)

bg-ndecl

роб<+и+ове􂀿a􂁀>

From West Slavic, from Proto-Slavic *orbъ (“slave”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃órbʰos (“orphan”). Doublet of раб (rab).

Ваш поко́рен роб


Confederacy

Christmas of 1862 had been a happy one for Atlanta, for the whole South. The Confederacy had scored a smashing victory at Fredericksburg and the Yankee dead and wounded were counted in the thousands.

1936 June 30, Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company, 1944, →OCLC, part II, page 252:

(historical) The Confederate States of America, the collection of American states that seceded from the United States in 1860–61, and fought against the Union in the American Civil War.


Confederate

Yes. Jeff Sessions, Trump’s Attorney General and the unfortunate result of Dobby the house elf’s one-night stand with the Confederate flag, got in trouble this-, (enjoy!) got in trouble this week for undisclosed meetings with Russia’s ambassadors, something which, in itself, is not against the law.

2017 March 5, Tim Carvell, Josh Gondelman, Dan Gurewitch, Jeff Maurer, Ben Silva, Will Tracy, Jill Twiss, Seena Vali, Julie Weiner, “Dalai Lama”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 4, episode 4, John Oliver (actor), Warner Bros. Television, via HBO:

(historical) Of or relating to the Confederate States of America.


Confederate

Braxton Bragg
James Longstreet
John Bell Hood
Joseph E. Johnston
P. G. T. Beauregard
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson

In fact, I heard everything in the world except that the Confederates lost the war. When I was ten years old, it was a violent shock to learn that General Lee had been defeated.

2012 March 12 [1936], Margaret Mitchell, quotee, “Interview with Margaret Mitchell from 1936”, in PBS American Masters:

(historical) A citizen of the Confederate States of America.

(historical) A supporter of Irish Catholic self-rule during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.


peon

From a combination of Middle French pion, peon and Spanish peón, both from Late Latin pedōnem (“pedestrian”). Doublet of pawn.

(India, historical) A messenger, foot soldier, or native policeman.


peon

Borrowed from Spanish peón, from Late Latin pedōnem (“pedestrian”), from Latin ped- (“foot”).


Dixieland

(US, informal) The southern states of the US; Dixie.

(US, informal) The southwestern corner of Utah; Dixie.


Dixieland

My sis is tying the knot. I want you to play for the reception. She likes Dixieland. Two of my boys say you play good Dixieland.

(music) A type of jazz that originated in New Orleans.


ministerium

la-noun

ministerium n (genitive ministeriī or ministerī); second declension

ministeriī (genitive)
ministerī (genitive)
ministerium (nominative singular)
ministeria (nominative plural)
ministeriī (genitive singular)
ministerī (genitive singular)
ministeriōrum (genitive plural)
ministeriō (dative singular)
ministeriīs (dative plural)
ministerium (accusative singular)
ministeria (accusative plural)
ministeriō (ablative singular)
ministeriīs (ablative plural)
ministerium (singular vocative)
ministeria (plural vocative)

Bourguignon: métei

Catalan: ministeri

→ English: ministerium

Esperanto: ministerio

Friulian: ministeri

→ Galician: ministerio

Italian: mestiere, ministero

Old French: mestier

French: métier

→ Danish: metier

→ English: métier

Norman: métyî (Continental Norman), mêtchi (Jersey), meeti (Sark)

→ Old French: menistere

French: ministère

→ Romanian: minister

→ Middle English: mynisterie

English: ministry

Old Galician-Portuguese: mester

Galician: mester

Portuguese: mester, mister

desctree

→ Old Irish: meinistir, menstir
Middle Irish: meinistir

Piedmontese: ministeri

→ Portuguese: ministério

Sicilian: ministeru

Spanish: menester, mester, → ministerio

[mɪnɪs̠ˈt̪ɛriʊ̃ˑ]

From minister + -ium. Compare magisterium.


sex slave

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sex slave.wav


δοῦλος

grc-noun

δοῦλος • (doûlos) m (genitive δούλου); second declension

doûlos (romanization)
δούλου (genitive)
ὁ δοῦλος (nominative singular)
τὼ δούλω (dual nominative)
οἱ δοῦλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δούλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δούλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δούλων (genitive plural)
τῷ δούλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δούλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς δούλοις (dative plural)
τὸν δοῦλον (accusative singular)
τὼ δούλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δούλους (accusative plural)
δοῦλε (singular vocative)
δούλω (dual vocative)
δοῦλοι (plural vocative)
ὁ δοῦλος (nominative singular)
τὼ δούλω (dual nominative)
οἱ δοῦλοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ δούλου (genitive singular)
τοῖν δούλοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν δούλων (genitive plural)
τῷ δούλῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν δούλοιν (dative dual)
τοῖσῐ (dative plural)
τοῖσῐν δούλοισῐ (dative plural)
δούλοισῐν (dative plural)
δούλοις (dative plural)
toîsĭ doúloisĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭ doúloisĭn (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭ (dative plural)
toîsĭnĭn (dative plural)
doúlois (dative plural)
τὸν δοῦλον (accusative singular)
τὼ δούλω (accusative dual)
τοὺς δούλους (accusative plural)
δοῦλε (singular vocative)
δούλω (dual vocative)
δοῦλοι (plural vocative)

Greek: δούλος (doúlos)

Related to Mycenaean Greek 𐀈𐀁𐀫 (do-e-ro /dohelos/), possibly from Canaanite *dōʾēlu “servant, attendant” (compare Late Babylonian 𒁕𒀝𒂵𒇻 (daggālu, “subject, one who waits on another, does their bidding”), Aramaic דַּיָּילָא (dayyālā), Hebrew דייל (dayyal, “flight attendant, store clerk”)).
According to Parpola, the word δοῦλος is related to the ethnonym Dahae (found as Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι or Δάσαι in Greek sources) and thus related to Sanskrit दस्यु (dasyu, “bandit, brigand”) and Sanskrit दास (dāsa) which originally meant 'demon' and later also 'slave' or 'fiend'.

cog

διὰ τί οὗτος ὁ ἀνὴρ ὁ Ῥωμαϊκὸς δοῦλός ἐστιν; ὁ γὰρ πατὴρ τοῦ Τροχίλου ἦν δοῦλος, νῦν δὲ αὐτός ἐστι δοῦλος.

2022 May 18, Seumas Macdonald, chapter 5, in Linguae Graecae Per Se Illustrata:

Why is this Roman man a slave? The father of Trokhilos had been a slave, so now he himself is a slave.

dià tí hoûtos ho anḕr ho Rhōmaïkòs doûlós estin? ho gàr patḕr toû Trokhílou ên doûlos, nûn dè autós esti doûlos.


Petersburg

From Peter + -s- or Peters (surname) + -burg. Doublet of Peterborough.


drapetomania

Coined in 1851 by Samuel A. Cartwright as a name for a supposed mental illness that caused black slaves to flee captivity. Ancient Greek δραπέτης (drapétēs, “runaway slave”) + μανία (manía, “madness”).

uder

One of these is a supposed form of mental disease, termed by him "Drapetomania, which, like a malady that cats are liable to, manifests itself by an irrestrainable propensity to run away."

I thought I was a hypochondriac because my friends said that I was showing unnecessary concern about my health. Thanks to Dr. Cartwright I now know that I am a diseased man. I suffer from the acute stages of a chronic disease: drapetomania. I have the obsessive desire to run toward freedom. You have the right to know that a diseased man is near you because, and I say this carefully, drapetomania is contagious, and I am glad about it. As a drapetomaniac, I belong at a Freedom Fund Banquet.

1989, David Pilgrim, Race relations "above the veil": speeches, essays, and other writings:

Mark declined and moved into the dark cavern. Strobes and smoke created curtains of imminent light. "You viced up Marky?" said Nick. Faking something close to drapetomania, ...

I still flee from my home to chase dreams. Sometimes I manage to elude capture and sometimes I do not. Is that Drapetomania? Is that Squircular? What do you call it? No results found for squircle. In 2005, for the first time, I wrote but never publicized my personal experience with Drapetomania (or Squircular, if you prefer) in an essalogue with a seven syllable title: An Actor's Tale In the Crazy House with Christ!

2010, Summer Hill Seven (Raymond Abdul-Alim Ákbar), Squircular!: An Actor's Tale, →ISBN, page 87:

(dated) an overwhelming urge to run away (from home, a bad situation, responsibility, etc.)


slaver

From slave (“enslave, traffic in slaves”) + -er.

af

A person engaged in the slave trade; a person who buys, sells, transports, or owns slaves.

A white slaver; a person who sells prostitutes into sexual slavery.


free state

From free + state, probably a calque of German Freistaat.

A political entity whose political status is less than that of a fully sovereign nation-state, as with the former Congo Free State and the former Irish Free State.

vrystaat

A Federal state, with allegiance to a larger entity, as currently with Germany, and earlier, the relationship between the states of the Holy Roman Empire and the Emperor, and later, the states of the German Empire under the Hohenzollerns.

A republic or commonwealth, as with the former Orange Free State, and especially as used for the current United Kingdom to refer to the Commonwealth period under Cromwell.

(US, historical) Before the American Civil War, any of the states in which the owning of slaves was not legal.

indeterminate state
indeterminate state#English

determinate state
determinate state#English

(grammar) A noun form in Afroasiatic languages contrasting with the construct state by the noun not being dependent (more commonly called absolute state, or indeterminate state if the specific language contrasts a determinate state with the construct state).


thraldom

English: thraldom, thralldom

Scots: thirldom

From thral + -dom, possibly as a calque of Old Norse þrældómr.

Na he [þat] haß ay levyt fꝛe / May nocht knaw weill þe pꝛopyꝛte / Þe angyr na þe wꝛetchyt dome / [Þat] is couplyt to foule thyrldome

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 233-236; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

No, one who's always lived free / won't really understand the feeling, / the suffering, or the painful fate / that's linked to foul slavery.

Slavery, domination; the subjection of a person or group into bondage.


thralldom

en-noun

thralldom (countable and uncountable, plural thralldoms)

/ˈθɹɔːl.dəm/

From Middle English thraldom, þraldom; equivalent to thrall + -dom. Compare Danish trældom, Norwegian trelldom, Swedish träldom.

For ye into like thraldome me did throw,
And kept from complishing the faith which I did owe.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Beauteous Penthea […] is novv ſo yoak'd / To a moſt barbarous thraldome, miſery, / Affliction, that [s]he ſauors not humanity.

c. 1625–1632 (date written), Iohn Ford [i.e., John Ford], The Broken Heart. A Tragedy. […], London: […] I[ohn] B[eale] for Hugh Beeston, […], published 1633, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, signatures B, verso – B2, recto:

A state of bondage, slavery, or subjugation to another person.


liberta

la-noun

līberta f (genitive lībertae); first declension

līberta (canonical feminine)
lībertae (genitive)
līberta (nominative singular)
lībertae (nominative plural)
lībertae (genitive singular)
lībertārum (genitive plural)
lībertae (dative singular)
lībertīs (dative plural)
lībertābus (dative plural)
lībertam (accusative singular)
lībertās (accusative plural)
lībertā (ablative singular)
lībertīs (ablative plural)
lībertābus (ablative plural)
līberta (singular vocative)
lībertae (plural vocative)

Feminine of lībertus (“freedman”); lībertus + -a (feminine suffix).


sellen

enm-verb

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
selth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

To sell into slavery; to enslave for money.


Dixie

1859. Unknown, but may come from the Mason-Dixon line, the boundary between the northern states and the southern states, or from the slang term dixie for a Louisiana $10 bill that had the French word dix printed on it.

(informal, US) The southern United States, especially the former Confederate States; the South.


холоп

ru-noun+

холо́п • (xolóp) m anim (genitive холо́па, nominative plural холо́пы or холо́пья or холо́пи^*, genitive plural холо́пов or холо́пьев or холо́пей^*) (* Both irregular plurals are archaic.)

холо́п (canonical)
xolóp (romanization)
холо́па (genitive)
холо́пы (nominative plural)
холо́пья (nominative plural)
холо́пи^* (nominative plural)
холо́пов (genitive plural)
холо́пьев (genitive plural)
холо́пей^* (genitive plural)
холо́п (nominative singular)
холо́пы (nominative plural)
холо́пья (irregular nominative plural)
холо́пи (nominative plural)
xolópy (nominative plural)
xolópʹja (irregular nominative plural)
xolópi (nominative plural)
холо́па (genitive singular)
холо́пов (genitive plural)
холо́пьев (genitive irregular plural)
холо́пей (genitive plural)
xolópov (genitive plural)
xolópʹjev (genitive irregular plural)
xolópej (genitive plural)
холо́пу (dative singular)
холо́пам (dative plural)
холо́пьям (dative irregular plural)
холо́пям (dative plural)
xolópam (dative plural)
xolópʹjam (dative irregular plural)
xolópjam (dative plural)
холо́па (accusative singular)
холо́пов (accusative plural)
холо́пьев (accusative irregular plural)
холо́пей (accusative plural)
xolópov (accusative plural)
xolópʹjev (accusative irregular plural)
xolópej (accusative plural)
холо́пом (instrumental singular)
холо́пами (instrumental plural)
холо́пьями (instrumental irregular plural)
холо́пями (instrumental plural)
xolópami (instrumental plural)
xolópʹjami (instrumental irregular plural)
xolópjami (instrumental plural)
холо́пе (prepositional singular)
холо́пах (plural prepositional)
холо́пьях (irregular plural prepositional)
холо́пях (plural prepositional)
xolópax (plural prepositional)
xolópʹjax (irregular plural prepositional)
xolópjax (plural prepositional)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xolpъ. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic хлапъ (xlapŭ) with the same meaning or Polish chłop (“peasant”).

— В солда́ты! Да что я, холо́п, что ли!
— Ты не холо́п, потому́-то тебе́ госуда́рь и честь де́лает, в гва́рдию берёт!

1841, Нестор Кукольник [Nestor Kukolnik], “II. Полковник старых времён”, in Сержант Иван Иванович Иванов, или Все заодно; English translation from (Please provide a date or year):

— V soldáty! Da što ja, xolóp, što li!
— Ty ne xolóp, potomú-to tebé gosudárʹ i čestʹ délajet, v gvárdiju berjót!


serfdom

en-noun

serfdom (usually uncountable, plural serfdoms)


مملوك

ar-noun

مَمْلُوك • (mamlūk) m (plural مَمَالِيك (mamālīk))

مَمْلُوك (canonical)
mamlūk (romanization)
مَمَالِيك (plural)
مَمْلُوك (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوك (definite informal singular triptote)
مَمْلُوك (construct informal singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْمَمْلُوكَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
مَمْلُوكَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
مَمَالِيك (broken-form diptote indefinite informal plural)
الْمَمَالِيك (broken-form definite diptote informal plural)
مَمَالِيك (broken-form construct diptote informal plural)
مَمَالِيكُ (broken-form diptote indefinite nominative plural)
الْمَمَالِيكُ (broken-form definite diptote nominative plural)
مَمَالِيكُ (broken-form construct diptote nominative plural)
مَمَالِيكَ (accusative broken-form diptote indefinite plural)
الْمَمَالِيكَ (accusative broken-form definite diptote plural)
مَمَالِيكَ (accusative broken-form construct diptote plural)
مَمَالِيكَ (broken-form diptote genitive indefinite plural)
الْمَمَالِيكِ (broken-form definite diptote genitive plural)
مَمَالِيكِ (broken-form construct diptote genitive plural)

desctree

French: mamelouk, mameluk
→ English: mameluke
→ Italian: mammalucco
→ Sicilian: mammaluccu

Derived from the passive participle of the verb مَلَكَ (malaka).


indentured

indentured servant

indentured labour

As a result, many Black people remained unfairly enslaved and indentured in the so-called free territory. This was not legal slavery (also known as de jure slavery), but slavery in practice (de facto slavery).

2022, Mary Elise Antoine, Enslaved, Indentured, Free: Five Black Women on the Upper Mississippi, 1800–1850, Wisconsin Historical Society, →ISBN:


indenture

From Anglo-Norman endenture, from Old French endenteure, from endenter (“to dent”). The name of the contract derives from the irregular dent-shaped cut (indentation) used to prove the authenticity of the two parts, similar to a chirograph.

And so the schoolmistress reconciled the recommendation to her conscience, and the indentures were cancelled, and the apprentice was free.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter II, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:

(law) A contract which binds a person to work for another, under specified conditions, for a specified time (often as an apprentice).

Walking the street very hungry, and not knowing what to do with himself, a crimp's bill was put into his hand, offering immediate entertainment and encouragement to such as would bind themselves to serve in America. He went directly, sign'd the indentures, was put into the ship, and came over, never writing a line to acquaint his friends what was become of him.

1771–1790, Benjamin Franklin, “The Autobiography [Part 1]”, in John Bigelow, editor, Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. […], Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., published 1868, →OCLC, page 159:

It was the critical moment of Oliver’s fate. If the inkstand had been where the old gentleman thought it was, he would have dipped his pen into it, and signed the indentures, and Oliver would have been straightway hurried off.

1837 March, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], “Relates How Oliver Twist Was Very Near Getting a Place, Which Would Not Have Been a Sinecure”, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], published 1838, →OCLC, page 46:

For the next two years, Ann's position in the family grew to be more and more that of a daughter. If it had not been for the indentures lying serenely in that tall wooden desk, she would almost have forgotten, herself, that she was a bound girl.

1886, Mary E. Wilkins, The Adventures of Ann:

(law, often in the plural) A document, written as duplicates separated by indentations, specifying either of the above contracts.

The narrow windows, flanked by deep indentures into the walls, seemed formed rather to exclude than to admit the cheerful light; and the heavy and gloomy appearance of the thunder-sky added still farther to the obscurity.

1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter X, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume I (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 264:


奴隷

ja-noun

奴(ど)隷(れい) or 奴(ぬ)隷(れい) • (dorei or nurei)

奴隷 (canonical)
奴隷 (canonical)
dorei (romanization)
nurei (romanization)

性的奴隷／性奴隷

1988 July 30 [1983 December 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “ひとりぼっちの宇宙戦争 [The One-Man Cosmic War]”, in ひとりぼっちの宇宙戦争 [The One-Man Cosmic War] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 1), 16th edition, volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, pages 31-32:

Emi…. I’m sorry, I…. I’m about to lose…. I will lose and all of you will turn into…. Slaves…. Pets…. Food….

エミちゃん……。ごめんな、ぼく……。もうすぐ負けるよ……。ぼくが負けるときみたちは……。どれい……。ペット……。食料……。

Emi-chan……. Gomen na, boku……. Mōsugu makeru yo……. Boku ga makeru to kimitachi wa……. Dorei……. Petto……. Shokuryō…….

a slave (person owned by another, forced to work for another or to perform sexual acts)


slave-driver

"That's the rifle I used against the Peruvian slave-drivers three years ago."

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

An overseer of slaves at work; a person who puts slaves to work.


doughface

(derogatory) A person, especially a politician, who is perceived to be pliable or moldable.

In particular, in the antebellum United States, a Northerner who espoused sympathies with the Southern Slave Power, especially a Northern Democrat who was more allied with the ideology of Southern Democrats than that of the majority of Northerners.


King Cotton

/ˌkɪŋˈkɒtn̩/

(obsolete) A personification of the cotton production of the southern United States.


tràillealachd

head

tràillealachd f (genitive singular tràillealachd, plural tràillealachdan)

tràillealachd (genitive singular)
tràillealachdan (plural)


enslavement

en-noun

enslavement (countable and uncountable, plural enslavements)

I should like to take this opportunity to express my wish for success and victory in our struggle against Communism and enslavement and for freedom and peace.

1973 July 22 [1973 July 17], Kai-shek Chiang, “President Chiang Kai-shek's message to the mass rally supporting Captive Nations Week”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 28, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 4:

The act of enslaving or the state of being a slave; bondage

kölələşdirilmə

the act of enslaving or the state of being a slave; bondage


human trafficking

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-human trafficking.wav

A criminal activity in which people are recruited, harbored, transported, bought, or kidnapped to serve an exploitative purpose, such as sexual slavery, forced labor, or child soldiery.

mensehandel

criminal activity in which people are recruited, etc. to serve an exploitative purpose


sexual slavery

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sexual slavery.wav

(criminology) A criminal activity that involves forced sexual acts upon a person who is usually held hostage as a slave.


emancipator

From Late Latin ēmancipātor, from Latin ēmancipō (“to emancipate”). By surface analysis, emancipate + -or.

US President Abraham Lincoln was called the Great Emancipator after issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.


otroctví

otroctví (nominative singular)
otroctví (nominative plural)
otroctví (genitive singular)
otroctví (genitive plural)
otroctví (dative singular)
otroctvím (dative plural)
otroctví (accusative singular)
otroctví (accusative plural)
otroctví (singular vocative)
otroctví (plural vocative)
otroctví (locative singular)
otroctvích (locative plural)
otroctvím (instrumental singular)
otroctvími (instrumental plural)

slavery (condition of servitude endured by a slave)

(figuratively) slavery (condition in which one is captivated or subjugated)


otrok

otrok (nominative singular)
otrocy (nominative plural)
otroki (derogatory nominative plural)
otroka (genitive singular)
otroków (genitive plural)
otrokowi (dative singular)
otrokom (dative plural)
otroka (accusative singular)
otroków (accusative plural)
otrokiem (instrumental singular)
otrokami (instrumental plural)
otroku (locative singular)
otrokach (locative plural)
otroku (singular vocative)
otrocy (plural vocative)


þræll

is-noun

þræll m (genitive singular þræls, nominative plural þrælar)

þræls (genitive singular)
þrælar (nominative plural)
þræll (indefinite nominative singular)
þrællinn (definite nominative singular)
þrælar (indefinite nominative plural)
þrælarnir (definite nominative plural)
þræl (accusative indefinite singular)
þrælinn (accusative definite singular)
þræla (accusative indefinite plural)
þrælana (accusative definite plural)
þræl (dative indefinite singular)
þræli (dative indefinite singular)
þrælnum (dative definite singular)
þrælum (dative indefinite plural)
þrælunum (dative definite plural)
þræls (genitive indefinite singular)
þrælsins (definite genitive singular)
þræla (genitive indefinite plural)
þrælanna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse þræll, from Proto-Germanic *þragilaz, *þrahilaz, *þrēhilaz, cognate with Old High German drigil (“servant”) and Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”). From the root *þreh-, *þreg-, *þrag- ‘to run’, from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“pull, drag, race, run”).


þræll

þræls (genitive)
þrælar (plural)
þræll (indefinite nominative singular)
þrællinn (definite nominative singular)
þrælar (indefinite nominative plural)
þrælarnir (definite nominative plural)
þræl (accusative indefinite singular)
þrælinn (accusative definite singular)
þræla (accusative indefinite plural)
þrælana (accusative definite plural)
þræli (dative indefinite singular)
þrælinum (dative definite singular)
þrælum (dative indefinite plural)
þrælunum (dative definite plural)
þræls (genitive indefinite singular)
þrælsins (definite genitive singular)
þræla (genitive indefinite plural)
þrælanna (definite genitive plural)

non-decl-blank-full

þræll

Icelandic: þræll m

Faroese: trælur m, trællur m

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: træl m; (dialectal) trædl m, trel m

Old Swedish: þræl

Swedish: träl c or m

Old Danish: thræl

Danish: træl c

Norwegian Bokmål: trell m

Old Gutnish: þrel

→ Irish: tráill

→ Middle Low German: drelle

desctree

→ Old English: þrǣl m
Middle English: thral, tharll, therll, thrall, thralle, threll, þral, þrall, þralle, þrel, ðral, þreal, þreall (Early Middle English)
English: thrall
Scots: thirl

→ Scottish Gaelic: tràill

From Proto-Germanic *þragilaz, *þrahilaz, *þrēhilaz, cognate with Old High German drigil (“servant”) and Gothic 𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þragjan, “to run”). From the root *þreh-, *þreg-, *þrag- ‘to run’, from Proto-Indo-European *trāgʰ- (“pull, drag, race, run”).


قول

Turkish: kul

From Old Anatolian Turkish قل (qul), from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”).

servant
soldier, footman; patrol, watchman


قول

قوللامق

to help, to assist; to protect, to look after, to guard

قول دولاشمق

squadron of soldiers watching out, platoon of an army going out for patrol, vigil


اسیر

head

اسیر • (esir) (feminine اسیره (esire), definite accusative اسیری (esiri), plural اسارا (üserâ))

esir (romanization)
اسیره (feminine)
اسیری (accusative definite)
اسارا (plural)

Turkish: esir

→ Armenian: եսիր (esir)

→ Crimean Tatar: esir

→ Serbo-Croatian: jȅsīr / је̏сӣр

Borrowed from Arabic أَسِير (ʔasīr, “prisoner of war, captive”), from Proto-Semitic *ʔasīr- (“captive”).

bor+

slave, a person held in servitude as the property of another person, especially in regards to their labour


عتیق

Turkish: atik

From Arabic عَتِيق (ʕatīq) or Persian عتیق ('atiq).


freedman

Education was a high priority for Appalachian freedmen and freedwomen just as it was for blacks throughout the Reconstruction South.

2001, John C. Inscoe, “Introduction”, in Appalachians and Race: The Mountain South from Slavery to Segregation, page 7:

A man who has been released from a condition of slavery.


freeborn

Born free rather than in bondage or as a slave


comfort woman

Calque from Japanese 慰(い)安(あん)婦(ふ) (ianfu).

She carefully watches the efforts of Koreans who are suing Japan to get reparations for the comfort women. It was only in 1993 that Japan formally recognized its involvement in the forced prostitution.

1995 September 10, Jane H. Lii, “The Memories of a Comfort Woman”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(idiomatic, historical, euphemistic) A woman forced, or supposedly recruited, into brothels by the Japanese occupation forces before or during World War II.