尖團音

цзяньтуаньинь

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the alveolar and alveolo-palatal series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/; and j /t͡ɕ/, q /t͡ɕʰ/, x /ɕ/ in Mandarin)


尖團

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵/

; alveolar and alveolo-palatal series consonants
; crab

Standard Mandarin does not distinguish between alveolars and alveolo-palatals (before high front vowels).

普通話不分尖團。

普通话不分尖团。

(～音) (Chinese phonetics) the alveolar ("sharp") and alveolo-palatal ("round") series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/ before /i/ or /y/; and j /t͡ɕ/, q /t͡ɕʰ/, x /ɕ/ in Mandarin)


開口呼

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals that do not have a medial or do not have /i/, /u/, or /y/ as their nucleus


齊齒呼

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɐi̯²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /i/ (i in Pinyin, except when written after zh, ch, sh, r, z, c, and s) as their medial or nucleus


合口呼

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /u/ (u in Pinyin, except when written after j, q, x, and y) as their medial or nucleus


四呼

(Chinese phonetics) the traditional classification of finals based on the medial


東干語

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɔːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kän⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kɔːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


儋州話

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/taːm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²¹⁻³⁵/

Danzhou dialect (a Chinese dialect spoken in Danzhou, Hainan, often classified as a dialect of Yue)


海南話

ㄏㄞˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hai⁴²⁻²⁴ lam²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hai⁴²⁻²⁴ lam²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

Hainanese (group of Min dialects spoken in Hainan)


phiên thiết

[fiən˧˧ tʰiət̚˧˦]

[fiəŋ˧˧ tʰiək̚˦˧˥]

[fiəŋ˧˧ tʰiək̚˦˥]

(Chinese phonetics) fanqie (in traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation)


반절

[ˈpa̠(ː)ɲd͡ʑʌ̹ɭ]


読み下す

ja-verb

読(よ)み下(くだ)す • (yomikudasu) transitive godan (stem 読(よ)み下(くだ)し (yomikudashi), past 読(よ)み下(くだ)した (yomikudashita))

読み下す (canonical)
yomikudasu (romanization)
読み下し (stem)
読み下した (past)
読み下さ
よみくださ
yomikudasa
読み下し
よみくだし
yomikudashi
読み下す
よみくだす
yomikudasu
読み下せ
よみくだせ
yomikudase
読み下される (passive)
よみくだされる (passive)
yomikudasareru (passive)
読み下させる (causative)
読み下さす (causative)
よみくださせる (causative)
よみくださす (causative)
yomikudasaseru (causative)
yomikudasasu (causative)
読み下せる (potential)
よみくだせる (potential)
yomikudaseru (potential)
読み下そう (volitional)
よみくだそう (volitional)
yomikudasō (volitional)
読み下さない (negative)
よみくださない (negative)
yomikudasanai (negative)
読み下さず (continuative negative)
よみくださず (continuative negative)
yomikudasazu (continuative negative)
読み下します (formal)
よみくだします (formal)
yomikudashimasu (formal)
読み下した (perfective)
よみくだした (perfective)
yomikudashita (perfective)
読み下して (conjunctive)
よみくだして (conjunctive)
yomikudashite (conjunctive)
読み下せば (conditional hypothetical)
よみくだせば (conditional hypothetical)
yomikudaseba (conditional hypothetical)

to read a Classical Chinese text as Japanese (using the kanbun kundoku technique)


読み下し

読み下し (canonical)
yomikudashi (romanization)

reading a Classical Chinese text as Japanese (using the kanbun kundoku technique)


読み下し文

読み下し文 (canonical)
yomikudashi-bun (romanization)

the result of rendering Classical Chinese text into Japanese using kanbun kundoku


冀魯官話

ㄐㄧˋ ㄌㄨˇ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Цзилу Гуаньхуа

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰei̯³³ lou̯¹³ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰei̯³³ lou̯¹³ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


韶州土話

ㄕㄠˊ ㄓㄡ ㄊㄨˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Шаочжоу тухуа

/ʂɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/siːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ tʰou̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/siːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ tʰou̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


minnan-kiina

minnan-kiina (nominative singular)
minnan-kiina (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinan (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinan (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaa (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassa (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinasta (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaan (illative singular)
minnan-kiinalla (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinalta (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinalle (allative singular)
minnan-kiinana (essive singular)
minnan-kiinaksi (singular translative)
minnan-kiinatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
minnan-kiinani (nominative singular)
minnan-kiinani (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinani (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinani (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaani (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassani (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinastani (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaani (illative singular)
minnan-kiinallani (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinaltani (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinalleni (allative singular)
minnan-kiinanani (essive singular)
minnan-kiinakseni (singular translative)
minnan-kiinattani (abessive singular)
minnan-kiinasi (nominative singular)
minnan-kiinasi (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinasi (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinasi (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaasi (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassasi (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinastasi (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaasi (illative singular)
minnan-kiinallasi (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinaltasi (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinallesi (allative singular)
minnan-kiinanasi (essive singular)
minnan-kiinaksesi (singular translative)
minnan-kiinattasi (abessive singular)
minnan-kiinamme (nominative singular)
minnan-kiinamme (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinamme (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinamme (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaamme (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassamme (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinastamme (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaamme (illative singular)
minnan-kiinallamme (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinaltamme (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinallemme (allative singular)
minnan-kiinanamme (essive singular)
minnan-kiinaksemme (singular translative)
minnan-kiinattamme (abessive singular)
minnan-kiinanne (nominative singular)
minnan-kiinanne (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinanne (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinanne (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaanne (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassanne (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinastanne (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaanne (illative singular)
minnan-kiinallanne (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinaltanne (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinallenne (allative singular)
minnan-kiinananne (essive singular)
minnan-kiinaksenne (singular translative)
minnan-kiinattanne (abessive singular)
minnan-kiinansa (nominative singular)
minnan-kiinansa (accusative nominative singular)
minnan-kiinansa (accusative genitive singular)
minnan-kiinansa (genitive singular)
minnan-kiinaansa (partitive singular)
minnan-kiinassaan (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinassansa (inessive singular)
minnan-kiinastaan (elative singular)
minnan-kiinastansa (elative singular)
minnan-kiinaansa (illative singular)
minnan-kiinallaan (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinallansa (adessive singular)
minnan-kiinaltaan (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinaltansa (ablative singular)
minnan-kiinalleen (allative singular)
minnan-kiinallensa (allative singular)
minnan-kiinanaan (essive singular)
minnan-kiinanansa (essive singular)
minnan-kiinakseen (singular translative)
minnan-kiinaksensa (singular translative)
minnan-kiinattaan (abessive singular)
minnan-kiinattansa (abessive singular)

[ˈminːɑ̝ŋˌk̟iːnɑ̝]

Southern Min; Min Nan (a variety of Chinese)


陽入

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʐu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ jɐp̚²/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʐu⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ jɐp̚²/

(～調) (linguistics) light checked tone (corresponds to tone 8 in Min Nan)


陰入

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɐp̚²/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jɐp̚²/

(～調) (linguistics) dark checked tone (corresponds to tone 4 in Min Nan)


陽去

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ hɵy̯³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²¹ hɵy̯³³/

(～調) (linguistics) light departing tone (corresponds to tone 7 in Min Nan)


陰去

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ hɵy̯³³/

/in⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/

/jɐm⁵⁵ hɵy̯³³/

(～調) (linguistics) dark departing tone (corresponds to tone 3 in Min Nan)


陽上

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jœːŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³/


陰上

/in⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐm⁵⁵ sœːŋ¹³/

/in⁵⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐm⁵⁵ sœːŋ¹³/


榕語

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Alternative name for 福州話／福州话 (Fúzhōuhuà).


拉丁化新文字

ㄌㄚ ㄉㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄒㄧㄣ ㄨㄣˊ ㄗˋ

Ладинхуа Синь Вэньцзы

/lä⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/laːi̯⁵⁵ tɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³ sɐn⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡siː²²/

/lä⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

北方話拉丁化新文字

北方话拉丁化新文字

gwong² dung¹ waa⁶⁻² laai¹ ding¹ faa³ san¹ man⁴ zi⁶

廣東話拉丁化新文字

广东话拉丁化新文字

Latinxua Sin Wenz, any of several early Communist romanizations for Chinese lects, or all of them collectively


全清

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiceless unaspirated obstruent


次清

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiceless aspirated obstruent


全濁

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰyːn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) of a voiced obstruent


次濁

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʊk̚²/

/t͡sʰz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiː³³ t͡sʊk̚²/


古代漢語

ㄍㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ

гудай ханьюй

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ tɔːi̯²² hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ taɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ tɔːi̯²² hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/


叶韻

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ yn⁵¹/

/hiap̚⁴⁻² ũ¹¹/

/ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ yn⁵¹/

/hiap̚⁴⁻² ũ¹¹/

(Chinese phonetics) to amend the pronunciation of a character in a rhyming couplet that is perceived as not rhyming (i.e. that which is the result of phonological change)


建甌話

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kiːn³³ ɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kiːn³³ ɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

the Jian'ou dialect of Northern Min Chinese


変体漢文

変体漢文 (canonical)
hentai kanbun (romanization)

From 変体(へんたい) (hentai, “variant”) + 漢文(かんぶん) (kanbun, “Literary Chinese”).

ja-compound

pseudo-Literary Chinese that records the Japanese language


和習

和習 (canonical)
washū (romanization)
wasifu (romanization)
わしふ (hiragana historical)

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Japanism that appears in Literary Chinese composed by a Japanese person


漢文訓読

漢文訓読 (canonical)
kanbun kundoku (romanization)

[kã̠mbɯ̟ŋ kɯ̟̃ndo̞kɯ̟]

From 漢文 (kanbun, “Literary Chinese”) + 訓読 (kundoku, “native reading of kanji”).

com

(orthography) the Japanese reading of Literary Chinese by a literal translation


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yīnrù.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yīnpíng.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yīnshǎng.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yīnqù.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yángpíng.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yángshǎng.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yángqù.


The modifier letter for the Chinese tone yángrù.


重紐

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (重紐):
* → Vietnamese: trùng nữu (重紐)

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ nɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ni̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ nɐu̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) chongniu, Middle Chinese rimes of unclear phonological distinction


小韻

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn²²/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn²²/

/siːu̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

(Chinese phonetics) subset of a rhyme group which collects all characters sharing the same initial, final and tone (i.e. homophones)


舒聲

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable that does not end in a stop consonant


惠州話

ㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄓㄡ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/wɐi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Huizhou dialect (dialect spoken in and around Huicheng, Huizhou, Guangdong)


開合

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐp̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”) and 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”); quality of being open-mouthed or closed-mouthed; medial


等韻圖

/tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/

/tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹ tʰu³⁵/


韻圖

/wɐn²² tʰou̯²¹/

/wɐn²² tʰou̯²¹/


四等

/sz̩⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sz̩⁵¹ tɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(Chinese phonetics) Synonym of 四呼 (sìhū)

(Chinese phonetics) the "four divisions" of a rime table

(Chinese phonetics) the fourth division of a rime table


現代漢語

ㄒㄧㄢˋ ㄉㄞˋ ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ

сяньдай ханьюй

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːn²² tɔːi̯²² hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/jen³² ᵘɔi³² hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːn²² tɔːi̯²² hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/jen³² ᵘɔi³² hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/


관화

Mandarin; Guanhua (group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua (Standard Chinese))


北京官話

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Бэйцзин гуаньхуа

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Beijing Mandarin (a major branch of Mandarin Chinese)


潮汕話

ㄔㄠˊ ㄕㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

Drinking the water from the Han River and speaking Teochew

im² dioh⁸ hang⁵ gang¹ zui² dan³ dioh⁸ dio⁵ suan¹ uê⁷

飲著韓江水呾著潮汕話

饮着韩江水呾着潮汕话

Teochew (one of the divisions of the Chinese language)


夾壯

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵¹/


輕脣音

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


重脣音

ㄓㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄨㄣˊ ㄧㄣ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ¹³ sɵn²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


krzaczek

krzaczek (nominative singular)
krzaczki (nominative plural)
krzaczka (genitive singular)
krzaczków (genitive plural)
krzaczkowi (dative singular)
krzaczkom (dative plural)
krzaczek (accusative singular)
krzaczki (accusative plural)
krzaczkiem (instrumental singular)
krzaczkami (instrumental plural)
krzaczku (locative singular)
krzaczkach (locative plural)
krzaczku (singular vocative)
krzaczki (plural vocative)

(Jak wiadomo, odczytywanie chińsko-japońskich krzaczków jest wyłącznie rozwiązywaniem rebusów, gdyż każdy krzaczek znaczy co innego w zależności od kontekstu; zupełnie jak w dzisiejszej Polsce.)

1994, Wiesław Górnicki, Teraz już można: ze wspomnień kulawego szerpy:

(As you know, reading the Sino-Japanese Chinese characters is only solving rebuses, because each Chinese character means something different depending on the context; just like in today's Poland.)

„Czy pisze krzaczkami, po japońsku?”, zapytałem.

2001, Andrzej A. Traczykowski, Czas komety:

"Does he write Chinese characters in Japanese?" I asked.

Zaśmiewali się do łez, ile razy Henne pojawił się w okolicy i żadne bicie na to nie pomagało, aż w końcu wzięci na tortury szybciutko wyznali, co jest na nim napisane kaligraficznie, pięknymi chińskimi krzaczkami.

2013 October 4, Dorota Ostrowska, Gdzie diabeł nie może: tom 2, e-bookowo, →ISBN, page 81:

They laughed to tears every time Henne appeared in the area, and no beatings helped, until finally, taken under torture, they quickly confessed what was written on it in calligraphy, in beautiful Chinese characters.

Po chwili otwiera się przed nim piękna skórzana teczka, a on zaczyna coś notować „krzaczkami”.

2015 July 10, Sophie Kinsella, Mam twój telefon, Sonia Draga Sp. z o.o., →ISBN:

After a while, a beautiful leather briefcase opens in front of him, and he starts writing something in "Chinese characters".

Poszukiwanie tu konturów czy wizualnej „esencji” realnych desygnatów niewiele ma wspólnego z odbiorem pisma przez jego codziennych użytkowników, zasadniczo traktujących egzotyczne dla nas „krzaczki” tak, jak my postrzegamy litery i zapisane za ich pomocą słowa.

2016, BEATA ŚNIECIKOWSKA, Haiku po polsku. Genologia w perspektywie transkulturowej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, →ISBN, page 522:

The search for contours or the visual "essence" of real referents has little to do with the reception of writing by its everyday users, who basically treat "Chinese characters' exotic to us, just as we perceive letters and words written with them.

(humorous, chiefly in the plural) moonrunes (illegible characters; squiggle)

(humorous, chiefly in the plural) Chinese characters


文白異讀

ㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄞˊ ㄧˋ ㄉㄨˊ

/wən³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵ i⁵¹ tu³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ paːk̚² jiː²² tʊk̚²/

/wən³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵ i⁵¹ tu³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ paːk̚² jiː²² tʊk̚²/

the phenomenon of a character having two different readings, literary and vernacular (colloquial), in the varieties of Chinese


西南官話

ㄒㄧ ㄋㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

синань гуаньхуа

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Southwestern Mandarin (a major branch of Mandarin Chinese)


天津話

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

тяньцзиньхуа

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


江淮官話

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄏㄨㄞˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Цзянхуай гуаньхуа

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ waːi̯²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ waːi̯²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Lower Yangtze Mandarin
Lower Yangtze Mandarin

Jianghuai or Lower Yangtze Mandarin, the Mandarin dialects spoken in the area between the Yangtze and Huai rivers


中原官話

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄩㄢˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

Чжунъюань гуаньхуа

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Central Plains Mandarin; Zhongyuan Mandarin (a major branch of Mandarin Chinese)


Tongyong Pinyin

/ˌtɒŋjɒŋ ˈpɪnjɪn/

/ˌtʊŋjʊŋ ˈpɪnjɪn/

From the Tongyong Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 通用拼音 (Tongyòng Pinyin).

With regard to romanization, several different systems are concurrently being used in Taiwan, including Wade-Giles, Tongyong Pinyin 通用拼音, Hanyu Pinyin 漢語拼音, and Gwoyeu Romatzyh.

2003, Julie Ju et al., editors, A Brief Introduction to Taiwan, Government Information Office, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 16:

By now, you may be as puzzled as most American visitors to Taiwan are. And there is more confusion to come. For the purpose of this book, keep in mind that we are using Tongyong Pinyin throughout, with Hanyu Pinyin in parentheses when the spelling is different.

2006, David C. King, Taiwan (Enchantment of the World), Children's Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 89:

Rickshaw Magazine is a Tainan-based publication targeting expats, and free in many hotels and bars, while FYI South also has decent Tainan listings. The city has opted to use the Tongyong Pinyin system, with streets well marked in English and Chinese.

2007, Stephen Keeling, Brice Minnigh, The Rough Guide to Taiwan (Rough Guides), Penguin, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 316:

Taiwan’s still official but probably-not-long-for-this-world romanization system for Mandarin is Tongyong Pinyin.

2008 August 7, “Taiwan Google searches: Hanyu Pinyin vs. Tongyong Pinyin”, in Pinyin.info, archived from the original on 2008-08-12:

Although a few authors, long familiar with Wade-Giles or other older systems (or Tongyong Pinyin, a more recent system still used by some in Taiwan), have not switched to Pinyin in their writings, Chicago joins librarians in urging that Pinyin now be used in all writing about China or the Chinese language.

2017, “Languages Other than English”, in The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition, University of Chicago Press, →DOI, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 651:

This promotion of Tongyong pinyin reflects Taiwan-identifying political elites seeking to supplant Guoyu with Taiwan-accented Mandarin as the prestige language variety in Taiwan.

2017 January 22, Martin Boyle, “Pinyin and a Taiwanese identity”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-21, Editorials, page 6:

The Taichung City Council on Monday (Aug. 24) gave initial approval to station names on the Taichung Mass Rapid Transit's (TMRT) green line, which is set to begin operation by the end of this year.
After a preliminary inspection of the 16.71-km line Monday, the city council gave a nod to the 18 station names on the green line. The English station names were converted using Tongyong pinyin (通用拼音) while four of the stations will also have alternate names, according to CNA.

2020 August 25, Ching-Tse Cheng, “Station names of central Taiwan Metro pass preliminary review”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2020-09-10:

Kaohsiung City Government said Wednesday that it will continue using the Tongyong Pinyin Mandarin romanization system on its street signs, passing on plans by the city's previous mayor to transition to the more widely-used Hanyu Pinyin system.
In a press release, Kaohsiung's Research, Development and Evaluation Commission said the city adopted Tongyong Pinyin in 2004 amid a push toward national spelling standardizaion by the central government, and later established an advisory committee to promote an English-friendly living environment in Kaohsiung.[…]
Taiwan's Ministry of Education adopted Tongyong Pinyin as the country's official romanization system in 2002, before switching to Hanyu Pinyin in 2008, though a number of Democratic Progressive Party controlled municipalities including Kaohsiung and Tainan have continued to use the former.

2020 October 14, Wang Shu-fen, Matthew Mazzetta, “Kaohsiung nixes proposal to adopt Hanyu Pinyin street signs”, in Focus Taiwan, archived from the original on 2020-10-16, Society:

Some use romanization to make a political statement, a legacy of the “Great Tongyong-Pinyin Wars” of the 2000s. Here's a useful trick: if you notice someone is using the Hanyu Pinyin system that is standard in China for their name, they are likely pan-blue (pro-KMT), and if they use Taiwan’s Tongyong Pinyin, they are probably pan-green (pro-DPP).

2022 February 22, Courtney Donovan (石東文) Smith, “The joyous variety in Taiwanese chosen names”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2022-02-22:

For instance, while many DPP-led localities had favoured the locally designed Tongyong Pinyin system for the purpose of Mandarin transliteration (notably for toponyms), the incoming[…]

2022 August 5, Jean-François Dupré, “Language Politics and Recognition under Tsai Ing-wen”, in International Journal of Taiwan Studies, volume 5, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Even within the Taigi community, there's the Pe̍h-ōe-jī, there's the Tongyong pinyin, there's the Tai lo, there's people who don't agree on kanji as orthography, there's people who don't use kanji at all, there's people who think you use kanji for everything except for these prepositions.[…]
What we did is that we held monthly, and later on bimonthly, MoeDict hackathons, where we invite the people of all these different schools to come together. Also, because it's software, so I wrote some programs that automatically turned the Taiwan romanization form to Tongyong or Peh oe ji or whatever form that people prefer.

2023 March 15, Audrey Tang, “Conversation with Cynthia Wang and Tyng-Ruey Chuang”, in Ministry of Digital Affairs, archived from the original on 2023-04-06, 新聞參考資料:

Around twenty years ago, during Taiwan’s romanization wars (when President Chen wanted to impose Tongyong Pinyin upon Taiwan and a great many foreigners and others reacted with dismay and disgust), a popular claim of the Tongyong supporters was, “If Taiwanese use Hanyu Pinyin for their names, no one will be able to tell Taiwanese from Chinese anymore.”

2023 May 9, “Why is the ROC govt trying to make Taiwanese look like Singaporeans?”, in Pinyin.info, archived from the original on 2023-05-10:

A system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese developed and implemented in the Republic of China (Taiwan) in the 1990s.

通用拼音

a romanization system of Mandarin Chinese


塑料普通話

ㄙㄨˋ ㄌㄧㄠˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

суляо путунхуа

/su⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/so²⁴ li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ pʰu⁴¹ tʰʊŋ³³ ɸa̠²¹⁻¹¹/

/so²⁴ li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ pʰu⁴¹ tʰən³³ ɸa̠²¹⁻¹¹/

/so²⁴ li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ pʰu⁴¹ tʰʊŋ³³ ɸa̠²¹⁻¹¹/

/so²⁴ li̯ɒu̯⁴⁵ pʰu⁴¹ tʰən³³ ɸa̠²¹⁻¹¹/


tiếng Hoa

[tiəŋ˧˦ hwaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ hwaː˧˧]

[tiəŋ˦˥ waː˧˧]

Tuyển nhân viên phiên dịch tiếng Hoa.

the Mandarin variety spoken by the Hoa people


回族語言

ㄏㄨㄟˊ ㄗㄨˊ ㄩˇ ㄧㄢˊ

ㄏㄨㄟˊ ㄗㄨˊ ㄩˇ ㄧㄢˊ

хуэйцзу юйянь

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ t͡su³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

/xuɛi²⁴ t͡su²⁴ y⁵¹ iæ̃²⁴/

/xu̯eɪ̯³⁵ t͡su³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɛn³⁵/

/xuɛi²⁴ t͡su²⁴ y⁵¹ iæ̃²⁴/


粵方言

/ɥɛ⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/jyːt̚² fɔːŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/jᵘɔt̚³² fɔŋ³³ ᵑɡun²²/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/jyːt̚² fɔːŋ⁵⁵ jiːn²¹/

/jᵘɔt̚³² fɔŋ³³ ᵑɡun²²/


東北話

ㄉㄨㄥ ㄅㄟˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


언해

(historical) Korean-language annotation of Chinese-language works


東北官話

ㄉㄨㄥ ㄅㄟˇ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

дунбэй гуаньхуа

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


學佬事

[hɔ³³ lɔ³¹ su⁵⁵]

(Zhao'an Hakka) Min Chinese; especially Southern Min

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


rime dictionary

en-noun

rime dictionary (plural rime dictionaries)

rhyme dictionary
rhyme dictionary#English

Alternative spelling of rhyme dictionary.


學佬話

学佬话
福佬話
鶴佬話
學老話
河洛話

/hɔːk̚² lou̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hɔːk̚² lou̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

(regional) Min Chinese; especially Southern Min

(Hong Kong Cantonese, specifically) Hailufeng dialect (a variety of Southern Min)

(Meixian Hakka, specifically) Teochew (a variety of Southern Min)

Min Chinese; especially Southern Min
Teochew (a variety of Southern Min)


有音無字

ㄧㄡˇ ㄧㄣ ㄨˊ ㄗˋ

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ u³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ mou̯²¹ t͡siː²²/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵ u³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jɐm⁵⁵ mou̯²¹ t͡siː²²/

to have a pronunciation but not a written form; to not be able to be written in Chinese characters


𠊎話

/ŋaːi̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ŋaɪ¹¹ fa⁵³/

/ŋaːi̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ŋaɪ¹¹ fa⁵³/

(chiefly Guangdong, Guangxi) Hakka (spoken in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi)


簡體中文

ㄐㄧㄢˇ ㄊㄧˇ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄨㄣˊ

цзяньти чжунвэнь

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/


南普

/nän³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Short for 南寧普通話／南宁普通话 (Nánníng pǔtōnghuà).

zh-etym-short

a variant of Standard Mandarin spoken in Nanning


興化語

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³ jyː¹³/

hing¹ hua⁴ gy³ [Phonetic:hing⁵ ngua¹ gy³]

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky⁴⁵³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky³³²/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³ jyː¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky⁴⁵³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky³³²/

Like HYX, even though he is Hokkien broadly speaking, but since he has not used Hinghwa for a long time, there is great difficulty when he uses Hinghwa to communicate.

2011, 林开忠, 日常生活中的客家意识：以沙巴丹南客家聚落为例, in 《族群、历史与文化：跨域研究东南亚和东亚（上册）》, page 186

Xiàng HYX tā suī guì wèi guǎngyì de Fújiànrén, dàn yóuyú jiǔ wèi shǐyòng Xìnghuàyǔ, zài shǐyòng Xìnghuàyǔ gōutōng shí yě kāishǐ chǎnshēng hěn dà de kùnnán.

像HYX他雖貴為廣義的福建人，但由於久未使用興化語，在使用興化語溝通時也開始產生很大的困難。

像HYX他虽贵为广义的福建人，但由于久未使用兴化语，在使用兴化语沟通时也开始产生很大的困难。


莆仙話

ㄆㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/pʰu³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


莆仙語

/pʰu³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

pou² seng⁵ gy³ [Phonetic:pou⁵ seng⁵ gy³]

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ²¹ ky³³²/

/pʰu³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯²¹ siːn⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ɬɛŋ²¹ ky³³²/


興化話

ㄒㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

hing¹ hua⁴ ua⁵ [Phonetic:hing⁵ ngua⁴ ua⁵]

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴² ua²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴² ua²¹/

Lower Yangtze Mandarin
w:Lower Yangtze Mandarin

Xinghua dialect (a dialect of Lower Yangtze Mandarin)


繁體中文

ㄈㄢˊ ㄊㄧˇ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄨㄣˊ

фаньти чжунвэнь

/fän³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/faːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/faːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/fän³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/faːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/faːn²¹ tʰɐi̯³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/


蘇白

/su⁵⁵ paɪ̯³⁵/

/su⁵⁵ paɪ̯³⁵/

spoken parts in Suzhounese in traditional Chinese opera (e.g. Kunqu)


瓦鄉話

ㄨㄚˇ ㄒㄧㄤ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ŋaː¹³ hœːŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ŋaː¹³ hœːŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Waxiang (a Chinese language spoken in western Hunan)


상성

[ˈsʰa̠(ː)ŋsʰʌ̹ŋ]

(Chinese phonetics) rising tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


거성

[ˈkɘ(ː)sʰʌ̹ŋ]

(Chinese phonetics) departing tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


입성

Sino-Korean word from 入聲 (“entering tone, checked tone”).

ko-etym-sino

(Chinese phonetics) entering tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


鄉話

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/


建甌事

(Northern Min) the Jian'ou dialect of Northern Min Chinese


馬蘭話

ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Malanhua (a Chinese dialect spoken in Dianbai, Maoming)


nhi hóa

[ɲi˧˧ hwaː˧˦]

[ɲɪj˧˧ hwaː˨˩˦]

[ɲɪj˧˧ waː˦˥]


官話化

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

The general trend in the evolution of modern Sinitic lects is Mandarinization.

2013, 杨文波 (Yang Wenbo), 《江西上饶铁路话调查研究》 (PhD), Shanghai: Fudan University, page 155

Xiàndài hànyǔ fāngyán yǎnbiàn de pǔbiàn qūshì shì guānhuàhuà.

現代漢語方言演變的普遍趨勢是官話化。

现代汉语方言演变的普遍趋势是官话化。


江南話

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

2009 June 7, 刘翔 (Liu Xiang), 《集体记忆视域下的“单位文化圈”现象及其公共治理意义》 (thesis), Xiangtan: Xiangtan University, page 21

Tóngyàng de qíngkuàng yě fāshēng zài dānwèi rényuán jùyǒu wàidì qiānyí láiyuán de guóyǒu dānwèi qǐyè, qiánwén suǒ tídào de Jiāngnán Jīqìchǎng hé Jiānglù Jīqìchǎng yě jùyǒu wéi běndì xiāngtánrén suǒ rènkě de dānwèi yǔyán — “jiāngnánhuà”, “jiānglùhuà”, zhǐbùguò gèzhǒng dānwèi qūyù yǔyán suǒ chǎnshēng de zhǔtí yǔyán bùtóng, huò wéi běifāng pǔtōnghuà, huò wéi húběihuà děng wàidì yǔyán.

同樣的情況也發生在單位人員具有外地遷移來源的國有單位企業，前文所提到的江南機器廠和江麓機器廠也具有為本地湘潭人所認可的單位語言——「江南話」、「江麓話」，只不過各種單位區域語言所產生的主題語言不同，或為北方普通話，或為湖北話等外地語言。

同样的情况也发生在单位人员具有外地迁移来源的国有单位企业，前文所提到的江南机器厂和江麓机器厂也具有为本地湘潭人所认可的单位语言——「江南话」、「江麓话」，只不过各种单位区域语言所产生的主题语言不同，或为北方普通话，或为湖北话等外地语言。

2018 June, 欧巧 (Ou Qiao), 《湘潭楠竹山镇湖北方言岛江南话研究》 (thesis), Changsha: Hunan Normal University， page 7

Gōngchǎng zǎoqī cúnzài zhe wǔhànhuà, shāndōnghuà, hénánhuà sān zhǒng fāngyán, zài sān dà gōngchǎng zhòngzǔ dào gōngchǎng de zhèngshì chénglì de jǐshí nián jiān, wánchéng le jī zhǒng fāngyán jiān de nèiróng rónghé, yuánlái de shāndōnghuà, hénánhuà zhújiàn bù yòng, dāngdìrén suǒ shuō de “jiāngnánhuà” kāishǐ zhànjù zhǔdǎo dìwèi.

工廠早期存在著武漢話、山東話、河南話三種方言，在三大工廠重組到工廠的正式成立的幾十年間，完成了几種方言間的內容融合，原來的山東話、河南話逐漸不用，當地人所說的「江南話」開始佔據主導地位。

工厂早期存在着武汉话、山东话、河南话三种方言，在三大工厂重组到工厂的正式成立的几十年间，完成了几种方言间的内容融合，原来的山东话、河南话逐渐不用，当地人所说的「江南话」开始占据主导地位。

2019 November 15, 李素琼 (Li Suqiong), 《移民型柯因内语“江南话”的形成》, in 《湘潭大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》 [Journal of Xiangtan University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)], →ISSN, volume 43, issue 6, page 189

“jiāngnánhuà” biàntǐ shì bànsuí zhe gōngyèhuà jìnchéng dàilái de yímín yùndòng ér chǎnshēng de yǔyán biànhuà xiànxiàng, shì zài xīn jùjūdì “Jiāngnán” gōngyèqū nèibù xíngchéng de xīn fāngyán biàntǐ, chéngwèi “Jiāngnán” yányǔ shèqū de tōngyòngyǔ, shǔyú yímínxíng kēyīnnèiyǔ.

「江南話」變體是伴隨著工業化進程帶來的移民運動而產生的語言變化現象，是在新聚居地「江南」工業區內部形成的新方言變體，成为「江南」言語社區的通用語，屬於移民型柯因內語。

「江南话」变体是伴随着工业化进程带来的移民运动而产生的语言变化现象，是在新聚居地「江南」工业区内部形成的新方言变体，成为「江南」言语社区的通用语，属于移民型柯因内语。

a Mandarin koine spoken by employees of the Jiangnan Industries Group (江南工業集團 /江南工业集团) in Xiangtan


老湘語

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯¹³ sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/lɔ²² ɕiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lou̯¹³ sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/lɔ²² ɕiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/


新湘語

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã³³ n̠ʲy²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã³³ n̠ʲy²¹/


hahua

From ha (“Han Chinese”) + hua (“speech”).

zaige hahua mu zaige do-li.

As for the Chinese elements [in our Wutun language], they are numerous.


廈語

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² jyː¹³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haː²² jyː¹³/

/ha²²⁻²¹ ɡu⁵³/

廈語電影

厦语电影


莆田話

ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

pou² ceng² ua⁵ [Phonetic:pou⁵ leng⁴ ngua⁵]

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ^((Ø-))ŋua²¹/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/


tiếng Hán

[tiəŋ˧˦ haːn˧˦]

[tiəŋ˦˧˥ haːŋ˦˧˥]

[tiəŋ˦˥ haːŋ˦˥]


省城話

/saːŋ³⁵ sɛːŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/sẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

/saːŋ³⁵ sɛːŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/sẽ⁵²⁻³⁵ sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

1877, Donald Bruce, “Lesson 9”, in Easy Phrases in the Canton Dialect of the Chinese Language, 2nd edition, San Francisco: Bruce's Printing House:

He speaks the Canton dialect; he does not speak the Mandarin dialect.

keoi⁵ wui⁵ gong² saang² seng⁴ waa⁶⁻² m⁴ wui⁵ gong² gun¹ waa⁶⁻²

佢噲講省城話唔噲講官話

佢哙讲省城话唔哙讲官话

(Cantonese, Teochew, Huicheng dialect, dated) Guangzhou dialect of Cantonese


雲南話

ㄩㄣˊ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/yn³⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/yn³⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Yunnan dialect (a variety of Southwestern Mandarin spoken in Yunnan)


重慶話

ㄔㄨㄥˊ ㄑㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Chongqing dialect (a variety of Southwestern Mandarin spoken in Chongqing)


音韻地位

ㄧㄣ ㄩㄣˋ ㄉㄧˋ ㄨㄟˋ

иньюнь дивэй

/in⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/in⁵⁵ yn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ weɪ̯⁵¹/

(Chinese phonetics) A systematic six-character description of a syllable's Middle Chinese pronunciation: rhyme group (攝／摄 (shè)), open-mouthed or closed-mouthed (呼 (hū)), division (等 (děng)), tone (聲調／声调 (shēngdiào)), rime (韻母／韵母 (yùnmǔ)), and initial (聲母／声母 (shēngmǔ)).


諺解

/jɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɛn⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Korean-language annotation of Chinese-language works


諺解

ja-noun

諺(げん)解(かい) • (genkai) ^(←げんかい (genkai)?)

諺解 (canonical)
genkai (romanization)
げんかい (hiragana historical)

仏典の諺解


尖團合流

ㄐㄧㄢ ㄊㄨㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄧㄡˊ

цзяньтуаньхэлю

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ xɤ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰu̯än³⁵ xɤ³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the merger between the alveolar consonants and the alveolo-palatal consonants


平翹音

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄑㄧㄠˋ ㄧㄣ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) the alveolar and retroflex series consonants (z /t͡s/, c /t͡sʰ/, s /s/; and zh /ʈ͡ʂ/, ch /ʈ͡ʂʰ/, sh /ʂ/ in Mandarin)


語體文

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː¹³ tʰɐi̯³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/y²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ wən³⁵/

/jyː¹³ tʰɐi̯³⁵ mɐn²¹/

vernacular prose; vernacular Chinese (written)


かきくだす

ja-verb

かきくだす • (kakikudasu) ^(←かきくだす (kakikudasu)?)godan (stem かきくだし (kakikudashi), past かきくだした (kakikudashita))

kakikudasu (romanization)
かきくだし (stem)
かきくだした (past)
かきくださ
kakikudasa
かきくだし
kakikudashi
かきくだす
kakikudasu
かきくだせ
kakikudase
かきくだされる (passive)
kakikudasareru (passive)
かきくださせる (causative)
かきくださす (causative)
kakikudasaseru (causative)
kakikudasasu (causative)
かきくだせる (potential)
kakikudaseru (potential)
かきくだそう (volitional)
kakikudasō (volitional)
かきくださない (negative)
kakikudasanai (negative)
かきくださず (continuative negative)
kakikudasazu (continuative negative)
かきくだします (formal)
kakikudashimasu (formal)
かきくだした (perfective)
kakikudashita (perfective)
かきくだして (conjunctive)
kakikudashite (conjunctive)
かきくだせば (conditional hypothetical)
kakikudaseba (conditional hypothetical)

From 書(か)き (kaki, “連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of the verb 書(か)く (kaku).”) + 下(くだ)す (kudasu).

ja-compound

書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) 書き下し文#Japanese

to annotate a literary Chinese text, transforming it into 書(か)き下(くだ)し文(ぶん) (kakikudashi bun)


港普

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Standard Mandarin with a Hong Kong accent


彎管子普通話

ㄨㄢ ㄍㄨㄢˇ ˙ㄗ ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ваньгуаньцзы путунхуа

/wän⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴ d͡z̥z̩⁴ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Standard Mandarin with a Wuhanese accent


平水韻

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄩㄣˋ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵ wɐn¹³/

Pingshui Yun (a rhyming system of Middle Chinese used in poetry)


濰坊話

ㄨㄟˊ ㄈㄤˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/weɪ̯³⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Weifang dialect (dialect of Jiao-Liao Mandarin spoken in Weifang)


桂柳話

ㄍㄨㄟˋ ㄌㄧㄡˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Guilin-Liuzhou dialect (a dialect of Southwestern Mandarin spoken in northern Guangxi)


廣普

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

a variant of Standard Mandarin spoken in Guangdong that is greatly influenced by Cantonese


jjhayek

Tibetan རྒྱ (rgya, “Chinese”) + Mandarin 語／语 (“language”).

xo wang san nian-de ggo jjhayek jjhang-la-lio ze-li .

Xiao Wang has studied Chinese for three years.


Latinxua

From the Latinxua romanization Latinxua of Mandarin 拉丁化 (lādīnghuà, literally “Latinization”), the first part of 拉丁化新文字 (lādīnghuà xīn wénzì, literally “Latinized New Script”).

zh-m

A group of methods of Chinese romanization that uses a set of 28 characters and does not include tone markers.


National Romanization

A loose calque from Chinese 國語羅馬字／国语罗马字 (Guóyǔ Luómǎzì, literally “romanization of the national language”).


撈話

/laːu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/laːu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/


戲棚官話

ㄒㄧˋ ㄆㄥˊ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

сипэн гуаньхуа

/ɕi⁵¹ pʰɤŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hei̯³³ pʰaːŋ²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɕi⁵¹ pʰɤŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hei̯³³ pʰaːŋ²¹ kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

a form of Mandarin used in Cantonese opera


官話合聲字母

ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄕㄥ ㄗˋ ㄇㄨˇ

Гуаньхуа Хэшэн Цзыму

/ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


Pinyinize

en-verb

Pinyinize (third-person singular simple present Pinyinizes, present participle Pinyinizing, simple past and past participle Pinyinized)

Pinyinizes (present singular third-person)
Pinyinizing (participle present)
Pinyinized (participle past)
Pinyinized (past)

The move to Pinyinise Chinese names in schools meant technically switching to a different system of spelling for names to which people were unaccustomed to.

1983, Ministry of Culture, The Mirror, numbers 19-20:

I'm not Chinese, but I can tell you that Mao Zedong's Chinese name, 毛泽东, would be officially Pinyinized as "Mao2 Ze2 Dong1", Deng Xiaoping's name, 邓小平, is "Deng4 Xiao3 Ping2" and Beijing's kanji, 北京, is "Bei3 Jing1".

2000 August 10, Your Name Here:, “MAO SAYDONG???”, in alt.tv.game-shows (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

A quick Google on "French Revolution" "too soon" turns up scads of references to this famous and highly quotable remark, attributed variously to Chou and Mao; some of them even pinyinise the names to Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong.

2002 January 20, Phil Edwards, “Mao (or Chou) and the French Revolution”, in alt.folklore.urban (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

To understand why many Singaporeans remained unimpressed with the state's call to Pinyinize personal names, particularly their family names, we need first to appreciate that the more successfully implemented SMC measures were successful precisely because Singaporeans were convinced of their pragmatic and communitarian rationales.

2011, Lionel Wee, Language Without Rights, page 119:

At the height of the movement to pinyinise place names in Singapore, Bukit Panjang, now a Housing and Development Board New Town, was known as Zhenghua, along with Yisbun for Nee Soon, and Zhujiao market for tek kha market in Kandang Kerbau.

2013, Victor R Savage, Brenda Yeoh, Singapore Street Names: A Study of Toponymics, page 55:

However, this distinctive dialect market is slowly being eroded as new parents choose to englishize and pinyinize their children's names.

2015, Jessieca Leo, Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking, page 181:

(transitive) To romanize Standard Mandarin using the Pinyin system.


pinyinize

pinyinize (third-person singular simple present pinyinizes, present participle pinyinizing, simple past and past participle pinyinized)

pinyinizes (present singular third-person)
pinyinizing (participle present)
pinyinized (participle past)
pinyinized (past)

(transitive) Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinize.


Pinyinise

Pinyinise (third-person singular simple present Pinyinises, present participle Pinyinising, simple past and past participle Pinyinised)

Pinyinises (present singular third-person)
Pinyinising (participle present)
Pinyinised (participle past)
Pinyinised (past)

(transitive) Alternative spelling of Pinyinize.


pinyinise

pinyinise (third-person singular simple present pinyinises, present participle pinyinising, simple past and past participle pinyinised)

pinyinises (present singular third-person)
pinyinising (participle present)
pinyinised (participle past)
pinyinised (past)

(transitive) Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinise.


Pinyinization

en-noun

Pinyinization (countable and uncountable, plural Pinyinizations)

In Chinese, the speakability-readability problem is capable of various solutions depending on the audience for which the Pinyinized material is intended. A dilemma exists in the fact that the work of Pinyinization must be undertaken by people who are already literate—which means literate in characters—and Chinese literati, even of the newer generation, have displayed even less capacity than their Western counterparts to write in a style capable of ready comprehension by ordinary people.

1986, John DeFrancis, The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy, page 198:

There are a couple of reasons for that. One is that official pinyinization only applies to PRC placenames. This lets out Taipei and, until recently, Hong Kong and Kowloon.

2000 June 18, Mike Wright, “一、台北市路牌；二、漢語拼音”, in sci.lang (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

Chinese doesn't have any capitals, so it really doesn't matter :-)
If you're talking Pinyinization, I guess the only capitals would be Ni and Zhongwen.

2000 November 13, Dalai Lama, “Election Results...”, in alt.roundtable (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

His rationale was that pinyinization was necessary to reduce dialect-based identity and to unite the Chinese community.

2003, Roxy Harris, Ben Rampton, The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader, page 184:

No it's our good friend Juli Zhang who promotes pinyinisation of Chinese.

2005 July 23, Dylan Sung, “accoustic^([sic]) evidence for uninterruption of speech”, in sci.lang (Usenet), retrieved 2022-04-23:

Two other interventions in bilingual education should be noted here: (1) the introduction of a few other Indian languages as mother tongues for Indian learners; and (2) the not too successful attempt at Hanyu Pinyinization of Chinese pupils' names.

2011, Andrew W. Conrad, Alma Rubal-Lopez, Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940-1990, page 451:

(uncountable) The Romanization of Standard Mandarin using the Pinyin system.

There are several erroneous pinyinizations (Guang wu/Guangwu, Chang sha/Changsha, Guang zhou/Guangzhou, Shui-hu-ti/Shuihudi, Hupei/Hubei, jhiu/jiu, You Yingshi/Yu Yingshi, kao/xiao [...]

2004, Society for the Study of Chinese Religions, Journal of Chinese Religions, numbers 32-33:

Note that many Chinese characters have more than one possible Pinyin representation. For instance, there are actually 16 different Chinese pinyinizations of the Chinese transliteration of Ashburton, according to the tables our system uses to map a Chinese character to its Pinyin.

2012, Thierry Poibeau, Horacio Saggion, Jakub Piskorski, Roman Yangarber, Multi-source, Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization, page 59:

Though these orthographies used the Roman alphabet (with a handful of special characters) it is best thought of not so much as a romanization as a 'Pinyinisation'; that is, it followed not the global standards for romanising Turkic languages, but rather the idiosyncratic assignments of letters to sounds employed in Hanyu pinyin, the PRC romanisation of Chinese.

2021, James Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Revised and Updated:


pinyinization

pinyinization (countable and uncountable, plural pinyinizations)

Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinization


Pinyinisation

Pinyinisation (countable and uncountable, plural Pinyinisations)

From Pinyin + -isation or Pinyinise + -ation.


pinyinisation

pinyinisation (countable and uncountable, plural pinyinisations)

Alternative letter-case form of Pinyinisation


ba construction

A grammatical construction in Mandarin Chinese, SUBJ-把-OBJ-VERB, or any analogous constructions in other Chinese lects.


舌上音

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 知 (/ʈ/), 徹／彻 (/ʈʰ/), 澄 (/ʈʰ/) and 娘 (/ɳ/)


文白

/wən³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵/

/wən³⁵ paɪ̯³⁵/

文白之爭

文白之争

(language) literary Chinese (文言文) and vernacular Chinese (白話文／白话文)


偒傣話

ㄉㄤˋ ㄉㄞˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/tɑŋ⁵¹ taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tɑŋ⁵¹ taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

the local Wu dialect of the town of Jinhui (金匯／金汇), Fengxian (奉賢／奉贤) district, Shanghai, touted as having the most vowels of any language


瓊語

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


地瓜腔

/ti⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ti⁵¹ ku̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

Coined because sweet potatoes feature heavily in the cuisines of Taiwan and the Hokkien-speaking regions of mainland China.

strong non-native accent of native Hokkien speakers when speaking Mandarin


切音字

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹ in⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

(historical) any late Qing-era phonetic alphabet for the Chinese language


促聲

/t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) entering tone (one of the four tones of Middle Chinese)


耶魯拼音

ㄧㄝ ㄌㄨˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰin⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/jɛ⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰin⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/jɛː²¹ lou̯¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

Yale romanization (romanization system created at Yale University for transcription of Chinese)


新國音

/ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/


譚仔話

/tʰaːm²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰaːm²¹⁻³⁵ t͡sɐi̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Named after the Hong Kong mixian noodle restaurant chain Tamjai, which employs many new immigrants from Mainland China.

(Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism) Cantonese with heavy Mandarin accent


駢字

/pʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/pʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

(Chinese linguistics) a two-character compound word


erizational

en-adj

erizational (comparative more erizational, superlative most erizational)

more erizational (comparative)
most erizational (superlative)

(Chinese phonetics) Relating to erization (the process of undergoing erhua).


C-drama

en-noun

C-drama (countable and uncountable, plural C-dramas)


Central Min

Partial calque of Chinese 閩中語 /闽中语 (mǐnzhōngyǔ).

pclq

A variety of Min Chinese spoken in central Fujian province, China.


正齒音

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ in⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 照 (/tʃ/), 穿 (/tʃʰ/), 床 (/dʒ/), 審／审 (/ʃ/) and 禪／禅 (/ʒ/)


巴蜀語

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pä⁵⁵ ʂu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(historical) Ba-Shu; the extinct variety of Chinese spoken by the Ba-Shu culture


中古捷克語

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄎㄜˋ ㄩˇ

чжунгу цзекэюй

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


仙遊話

ㄒㄧㄢ ㄧㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))niu¹³⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))niu¹³⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ joʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/siːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))niu¹³⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/ɬɛŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))niu¹³⁻⁴² ua²¹/


oblique tone

(Chinese phonetics) A tone that is not level or consistent throughout a syllable.


departing tone

(Chinese phonetics) One of the four tones of Middle and modern Chinese, written with a grave accent (`).


唐儂話

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

/tŋ̍²³⁻²¹ laŋ²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ue²²/

(Malaysian Hokkien, Singapore Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) the Chinese language, especially Mandarin

GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified)


neutral tone

(Chinese phonetics) The lack of one of the four primary phonetic tones of Chinese, sometimes viewed as a tone in its own right. The neutral tone is unmarked in Hanyu Pinyin.


Sino-Indian

en-adj

Sino-Indian (comparative more Sino-Indian, superlative most Sino-Indian)

more Sino-Indian (comparative)
most Sino-Indian (superlative)


客家音

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

(Hakka) accent of Hakka; pronunciation of Hakka