Traditional Chinese

/tɹəˈdɪʃənəl tʃaɪˈniːz/

Chinese written using the traditional form of Chinese characters, as opposed to Simplified Chinese (introduced by the PRC as script reform).

حُرُوف صِينِيَّة تَقْلِيدِيَّة

Chinese written using traditional characters


Simplified Chinese

Chinese written using the forms of Chinese characters introduced by the PRC as script reform. The characters are simplified (with a reduced number of strokes, etc.) compared to their pre-reform shapes.

حُرُوف صِينِيَّة مُبَسَّطَة

Chinese written using simplified characters


Chinese

en-adj

Chinese (not generally comparable, comparative more Chinese, superlative most Chinese)

more Chinese (comparative)
most Chinese (superlative)

/ˌt͡ʃʌɪˈniz/

/ˈt͡ʃʌɪˌniz/

[ˈt͡ʃəɪˌniːz]

From China + -ese under influence of Portuguese chinês, replacing older Chinish. Doublet of chinois. In its orientalist sense of "generically exotic, backwards, or poorly organized", sometimes a deliberate marketing strategy to increase sales, as with the German Chinese checkers. In its sense related to the orientation of stage lighting's barn doors, a reference to a supposed resemblance to East Asian eyes.

sjinese

of, from, or relating to China, its people, its culture, and its language

Chinese fire belly newt

Cynops orientalis ⇒ Hypselotriton orientalis

Chinese gooseberry

especially Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa

Chinese painted quail

Coturnix chinensis ⇒ Excalfactoria chinensis

Chinese radish Raphanus sativus var. niger ⇒ Raphanus sativus var. sativus)

Chinese spotbill

Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha ⇒ Anas zonorhyncha

Chinese yam

Dioscorea opposita ⇒ Dioscorea polystchya

have got more chins than a Chinese phone book

have got more chins than a Chinese phonebook

There are four Chinese tones... five, if you count the neutral one.

The construction of a verbal system which is fairly regular and at the same time based on existing languages is a most difficult task, because in no other domain of the grammar do languages retain a greater number of ancient irregularities and differ more fundamentally from one another. Still an attempt will be made here to conciliate the two points of view and to bring about something which resembles the simple Chinese grammar without, however, losing its European character or the power of expressing nuances to which we are accustomed in our own languages.

1928, Otto Jespersen, An International Language, page 82:

The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang 平壤.

2012, Endymion Wilkinson, “Introduction”, in Chinese History: A New Manual, 3rd revised edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 14:

Of, from, or related to a language native to Han Chinese persons, often used generally of Chinese characters or particularly to refer to Standard Mandarin.


Chinese

/ˌt͡ʃʌɪˈniz/

/ˈt͡ʃʌɪˌniz/

[ˈt͡ʃəɪˌniːz]

The Chinese are present in all parts of the world.

(uncountable, collective) The Han Chinese, whether in China or overseas.

the people of China — see also Han Chinese, overseas Chinese

你好 is read “Nǐ hǎo” and means “Hello” in Chinese.

(uncountable) The Standard Chinese language, written in Chinese characters and spoken and spelled using Standard Mandarin pronunciation.

Sjinees

the standard language of China — see also Mandarin

Suzhounese and Hakka are lesser-known varieties of Chinese.

(uncountable) The branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family including Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Southern Min, and other closely related language varieties and dialects.


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

陽入

阳入

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”).


中文

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中文):
* → Japanese: 中文(ちゅうぶん) (chūbun)
* → Korean: 중문(中文) (jungmun)
* → Vietnamese: Trung văn (中文)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ vəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ vun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋun¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ vən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ vəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ vun⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋun¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ vən²¹/

以中文書寫的文章

以中文书写的文章

He grew up in the United States and can't read Chinese.

keoi⁵ hai² mei⁵ gwok³ daai⁶, m⁴ sik¹ tai² zung¹ man⁴⁻².

佢喺美國大，唔識睇中文。

佢喺美国大，唔识睇中文。

中文授課

中文授课

你說中文嗎？

你说中文吗？

spoken Chinese, including all dialects and varieties

ngo⁵ zung¹ man⁴⁻² meng⁴⁻² m⁴ hou² teng¹.

我中文名唔好聽。

我中文名唔好听。

(Mainland China, Taiwan, proscribed) Mandarin


上

Sino-Xenic (上):
* → Japanese: 上(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 상(上) (sang)
* → Vietnamese: thượng (上, “upper”), thướng (上, “to go up”)

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin. Pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), i.e. its pronunciation has been artificially changed to preserve rhymes in classical poetry.

cog

(～聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”).


呼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔaːw (“to shout, cry out”). Cognate with Burmese အော် (au, “to shout, berate”), as well as with the following Sinitic words (STEDT):
* 嚆 (“to make noise”)
* 嚎 (“to howl, bawl”)
* 呴 (OC *qʰoːʔ, *qʰos, “to breathe on, yawn, roar”)
* 呵 (OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls, “to shout, cry out”)

och-l

(Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼)


平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平):
* → Japanese: 平(へい) (hei)
* → Korean: 평(平) (pyeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (平)

→ Iu Mien: baengh (“level”)

desc

→ Proto-Palaungic: *-pre/iŋ (“equal, level”) (Sidwell, 2015)

→ Proto-Tai: *biangᴬ (“flat, even”)

Lao: ພຽງ (phīang, “flat, even, equal”)

Lü: ᦵᦗᧂ (peng, “flat, even, equal”)

Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨦ (“flat, even, equal”)

Shan: ပဵင်း (páeng, “flat, even, equal”)

Thai: เพียง (piiang, “equal, as, only, just”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 () + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT).

cog

平上去入

the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked

陽平／阳平

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese)


等

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (等):
* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

→ Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

liushu

OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ

inh

the third division member of a rime doublet

重紐三等

重纽三等

Middle Chinese finals
w:Middle Chinese finals

(Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


聲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聲):
* → Japanese: 声(しょう) (shō); 声(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 성(聲) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: thanh (聲)

→ Thai: เสียง (sǐiang)

desc

→ Vietnamese: tiếng (“voice; language; sound”)

→ Zhuang: sing

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰjeŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch and/or wooden pole that shuts a door”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the Small Seal script; however, in the conservative variant 𨵑, the two hands and the latch are well visible.
Compare 闢. See also 關, in which the door is kept shut by two wooden poles.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).


Wade-Giles

1943. Named after British diplomats Thomas Francis Wade and Herbert Giles, who developed the system in the 19th century.

named-after

The pronunciation aids to Chinese names are of doubtful value. They are not phonetic, being only a slight modification of the Wade-Giles system, and become really confusing when Mandarin pronunciations are given for Cantonese or historical spellings.

1947 May, Earl Swisher, “MacNair, China”, in Pacific Historical Review, volume XVI, number 2, University of California Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 214:

The problem of romanizing Chinese place names is a difficult one. Solutions differ from language to language, and there are several so-called "systems" used even in the English-speaking world.
The system most widely accepted by professionals is the Wade-Giles system. One of its key advantages is that it permits the reader to check back to the original Chinese characters, since most dictionaries are arranged according to this romanization system.

1969, “A note on transliteration”, in Joseph Kitagawa, editor, Understanding Modern China, Quadrangle Books, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

In accordance with the LC manual of bibliographic style, the heading for each entry contains the essential bibliographic data taken from the corresponding LC catalog card. The Chinese titles are given in Wade-Giles romanization. If the English title and/or the title in Pinyin romanization appear in the original work, they are also provided.

1977, “Explanatory Notes”, in Robert Dunn, editor, Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionaries in the Library of Congress, Library of Congress, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page vii:

The old spelling system, named the Wade-Giles system after the two 19th century Britons who developed it, made correct pronunciation unnecessarily difficult. It used apostrophes to distinguish aspirated consonants, such as p'ai pronounced with a "p" sound, from unaspirated, such as pai pronounced with a "b" sound. The new Pinyin system eliminates this distinction, which most newspapers ignored anyway. "Beijing" is much closer to the Chinese pronunciation that "Peking", and Vice Premier "Deng" is better rendering than "Teng." But the new system uses some letters in ways that still confuse English speakers. Thers difficult letters are: "c" which should be prounced in this system like the "ts" in "its"; "q" which should be pronounced like the "ch" in "cheek"; "x" which should be pronounced like the "sh" in "she"; and "zh" which should be pronounced like the "j" in "jump".
The system invented by Sir Thomas Wade, diplomat and Cambridge University professor, about 1860 and developed by Herbert Giles, also a Cambridge professor, is only the best known of several in use over the past 100 years. Some of the most familiar Chinese place names, such as Peking and Canton, are derived only partially, or not at all, from Wade-Giles.

1979 March 5, Jay Mathews, “China Is China, But Hangchow Is Hangzhou”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-29:

Most influential in further establishing the Romanization scheme first set down by Wade was Giles' 1,415-page A Chinese–English Dictionary, which became a standard reference work soon after its release in 1912. The orthography it employed came to be known as the Wade–Giles system of Romanization, and it was soon adopted by English-language academia, and then by the media and general public.
In fact Giles' Romanization was only very slightly modified from Wade's – the differences are miniscule. Tones continued to be marked in the Wade–Giles system with numeral superscripts, with the neutral tone either being unmarked, or occasionally given the number '0' or '5'.

2016, Karen Steffen Chung, “Wade–Giles Romanization System”, in The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC:

No longer does the ROC claim to be China and the writing systems that Taiwan uses for Chinese have changed to reflect this. Taiwan has held on to traditional characters and bopomofo, resolutely resisted simplified characters, mostly retained Wade-Giles and Yale for personal, political and geographical names in Taiwan, but grudgingly accepted the linguistic arguments for Hanyu pinyin signage in public spaces.

2017 January 22, Martin Boyle, “Pinyin and a Taiwanese identity”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-21, Editorials, page 6:

The two most prominent systems of transliterations of Mandarin are Wade-Giles and Pinyin. Wade-Giles, established in the 19th century (Kaske,2008) is named after Herbert Allen Giles[...]

2018 March 12, Sophie Zhou, “The T/Daos shall meet: The failure and success of English transliterations of Mandarin Chinese”, in English Today, volume 35, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Lee starts her memoir with a recollection of hiking with her mother shortly after Gong, the author’s grandfather, has passed away, and the narrative veers into a discussion of translation. Lee explains that she uses traditional Chinese characters, and both the Wade-Giles romanization system and Hanyu Pinyin to transliterate certain details from Mandarin. By extent, this exemplifies the language variations not only in Taiwan but also in her own family. Wade-Giles, she notes, is employed by her elders, though she has been taught Hanyu Pinyin. “The gaps that bind us span more than the distances between words,” she writes.

2020 April 24, Kristen Schott, “The Language of Self-Discovery: On Jessica J. Lee’s “Two Trees Make a Forest””, in Los Angeles Review of Books, archived from the original on 2020-07-07:

Aside from some stylistic unevenness (Mr. Brookes uses both modern pinyin and older Wade-Giles transliterations, when lay readers probably would find it easier to read only the latter, given its continued familiarity for historic places and names) and a few lapses into therapeutic editorializing, “Fragile Cargo” is a fascinating and inspiring story of triumph and the tragedy of war.

2023 February 10, Michael Auslin, “‘Fragile Cargo’ Review: The Long Rescue of China’s Past”, in Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2023-03-05:

A system for transcribing the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese into the Latin alphabet; formally uses hyphens and the spiritus asper apostrophe.

Herbert Giles
Thomas Francis Wade
Wade–Giles


中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


漢語

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/hø³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/hɤə⁴⁴ n̠ʲy²¹/

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/hø³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/hɤə⁴⁴ n̠ʲy²¹/

說蹩腳漢語

说蹩脚汉语

沉浸式漢語教學

沉浸式汉语教学

the role of tone in Chinese syllable perception

shēngdiào zài hànyǔ yīnjié gǎnzhī zhōng de zuòyòng

聲調在漢語音節感知中的作用

声调在汉语音节感知中的作用

你會說漢語嗎？

你会说汉语吗？

Tā jì huì shuō yīngyǔ yòu huì shuō hànyǔ.

她既會說英語又會說漢語。

她既会说英语又会说汉语。

It is essential to distinguish different tones when studying Chinese.

Xuéxí hànyǔ fāyīn yīdìng yào fēn qīngchǔ diàolèi.

學習漢語發音一定要分清楚調類。

学习汉语发音一定要分清楚调类。

the Chinese language (usually spoken Chinese)


Yale

Ultimately borrowed from Welsh Iâl, from iâl (“clearing, cultivated upland”). The surname is habitational. The university is named for Elihu Yale, a notable early benefactor.

A university in the eastern United States.

A romanisation scheme originating from Yale University.

A romanisation scheme designed for Mandarin.

Coordinate term: Jyutping

A romanisation scheme designed for Cantonese.

A romanisation scheme designed for Korean.

A surname transferred from the place name.


國語

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/kuɛt̚⁵ ˈn̠ʲy²¹³/

/kuoʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³⁻⁴ u⁴⁴⁵/

/koʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/kuɛt̚⁵ ˈn̠ʲy²¹³/

/kuoʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³⁻⁴ u⁴⁴⁵/

/koʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified)

你會說國語嗎？

你会说国语吗？

national language; language specific to or of official usage in a nation

(chiefly Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien, colloquial in Hong Kong, dated in Mainland China, obsolete in Malaysia) Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese


字母

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

三十六字母

(Chinese phonetics) character representing an initial consonant


普通話

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (普通話):
* → Japanese: 普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) (futsūwa)
* → Korean: 보통화(普通話) (botonghwa)
* → Vietnamese: phổ thông thoại (普通話)

→ English: p'u-t'ung-hua, Putonghua

ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/pʰu³³⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

The term appeared in Chinese and Japanese publications the second half of the 19th century. The connotation “national language” probably originated under Japanese influence. It has been in official use in the People’s Republic of China since the mid-1950s.

官話／官话, 北方話／北方话

Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua

the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard

fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de

方案的規定，是拿上海普通話做標準的

方案的规定，是拿上海普通话做标准的

標準的普通話

标准的普通话

你會說普通話嗎？

你会说普通话吗？

He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.

Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.

他在家說方言，在學校說普通話。

他在家说方言，在学校说普通话。

Popularize the "common speech"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.

1957 July, Chou You-Kuang "Chinese gets a Latin alphabet" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19

Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.

推廣「普通話」；逐步採用拼音文字。

推广「普通话」；逐步采用拼音文字。

(chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese

(usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua


普通話

[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

zh-m

(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin


Chinese character

en-noun

Chinese character (plural Chinese characters)

There are no Publick Schools in all China (though ſome Writers have erroneouſly ſet forth the contrary) but every perſon chuſes his own Maſter, by whom he is taught in his Houſe, at his own charge. And in regard of the great difficulty in teaching the Chineſe Characters, in reſpect of their vaſt number and variety, it is impoſſible for one to teach many ſeveral perſons ; and therefore every Maſter of a Family takes an Intſructer into his Houſe for his Children, of whom if there be two or three to learn, they are as many as one Tutor can well teach.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 163:

Had it not been for the casual discovery in the year 1625 of a deeply buried black marble tablet near Hsi-an containing nearly 1,700 Chinese characters, and a long list of names of priests in Syriac, the fact that such a sect rooted itself in the Celestial Empire would never have been believed, as indeed after the tablet was unearthed it was for a long time discredited.

1912, Arthur Henderson Smith, “Uplifting Leaders”, in The Uplift of China, →OCLC, page 117:

Any character used in the written form of several languages of China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

кита́йская гра́мота

can also be derogatory, "something unreadable"


Hanzi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漢字 /汉字 (Hànzì). Doublet of kanji and hanja.

On May 21, 1957, the Jen min je pao published the text of the previous day’s discussions during which writers and scholars of various tendencies had examined before the Commission the proposed reform (which, in the opinion of certain “leftists,” entailed in fact the suppression of the han tzŭ, the Chinese characters).

[1959, Etiemble, “One China or Two?”, in Evergreen Review, volume 2, number 8, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 31:

Chinese character
Chinese character#English

Synonym of Chinese character (specifically in relation to Chinese)


Pinyin

20th c., from Mandarin Chinese 拼音 (pīnyīn, literally “spelled sounds”).

The Chinese government began using the new system Jan. 1 in all its foreign language publications, including the English-language service of the New China News Agency. This is an important source for American journalists writing about China. The United Nations and U.S. government agencies have adopted the new spellings called by the Chinese "Pinyin" meaning "phonetic spelling."[…]
The old spelling system, named the Wade-Giles system after the two 19th century Britons who developed it, made correct pronunciation unnecessarily difficult. It used apostrophes to distinguish aspirated consonants, such as p'ai pronounced with a "p" sound, from unaspirated, such as pai pronounced with a "b" sound. The new Pinyin system eliminates this distinction, which most newspapers ignored anyway. "Beijing" is much closer to the Chinese pronunciation that "Peking", and Vice Premier "Deng" is better rendering than "Teng." But the new system uses some letters in ways that still confuse English speakers. Thers difficult letters are: "c" which should be prounced in this system like the "ts" in "its"; "q" which should be pronounced like the "ch" in "cheek"; "x" which should be pronounced like the "sh" in "she"; and "zh" which should be pronounced like the "j" in "jump".[…]
Reading the alphabetized words still presents problems for the Chinese, however, because the spellings do not distinguish the flur separate tones in the Chinese language that can significantly change meaning. The word "ma" can mean "mother", "horse", or "scold", depending on what tone is used. Under the Pinyin system, two neighboring provinces of northern China are both spelled "Shanxi". In this special case, one of the provinces is now spelled "Shaanzi", to indicate a different tone in the first syllable.

People’s Republic of China
People's Republic of China

A system of romanization for Standard Mandarin, used in the People’s Republic of China, and more recently in other Mandarin Chinese-speaking areas as well.


Pinyin

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Pinyin.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China

A phonetic script or romanization system for various languages spoken in the People's Republic of China, e.g. Tibetan


Pinyin

A Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon.


廣東話

ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/koŋ³¹ tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kuoŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ taŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ taŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ taŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

我唔識講廣東話。

我唔识讲广东话。

possibly based on the Zhongshan variety of Yue

ni¹ dik¹ jan⁴, hai⁶ gong² gong² dung¹ waa⁶ ge³.

呢的人，係講廣東話嘅。

呢的人，系讲广东话嘅。

1931, 熊理, “南洋經濟社會的分析”, in 傅无悶, editor, 星洲日報二週年紀念刊, Singapore: 星洲日報有限公司, page 庚一一六:

Yīnwèi lái de zhōngguórén, duō shì fújiànrén guǎngfǔrén kèrén hǎinánrén cháozhōurén, yòu bùnéng bùdǒng fújiànhuà guǎngdōnghuà kèhuà hǎinánhuà cháozhōuhuà; suǒyǐ zhù zài Nányáng de huáqiáo, dàdōu néng dǒng jǐ zhǒng huà.

因為來的中國人，多是福建人廣府人客人海南人潮州人，又不能不懂福建話廣東話客話海南話潮州話；所以住在南洋的華僑，大都能懂幾種話。

因为来的中国人，多是福建人广府人客人海南人潮州人，又不能不懂福建话广东话客话海南话潮州话；所以住在南洋的华侨，大都能懂几种话。

1935, “廣東省”, in 楊文洵等, editor, 中國地理新誌, volume 四, 中華書局, pages 23–24:

Yī, guǎngdōnghuà, dàgài guǎngzhōuhuà wéi biāozhǔn, fán Sìyì, Zhào, Yáng, Luó děng tǒng shǔ zhī.......
Èr, kèhuà, shì kèjiā suǒ shǐyòng, bǐjiào guǎngdōnghuà, shāo jìn guānhuà, zài guǎngdōnghuà hé guānhuà zhījiān,......
Sì, shàntóuhuà, tōngxíng yú Cháo Xún yīdài de yányǔ, suǒyǐ yòu jiào cháozhōuhuà. Zhè zhǒng huà yǔ guǎngdōnghuà hěn bù xiàngxiàng, jìn yú Fújiàn fāngyán;......

一 廣東話 大概廣州話為標準，凡四邑、肇、陽、羅等統屬之。……
二 客話 是客家所使用，比較廣東話，稍近官話，在廣東話和官話之間，……
四 汕頭話 通行於潮循一帶的言語，所以又叫潮州話。這種話與廣東話很不相像，近於福建方言；……

一 广东话 大概广州话为标准，凡四邑、肇、阳、罗等统属之。……
二 客话 是客家所使用，比较广东话，稍近官话，在广东话和官话之间，……
四 汕头话 通行于潮循一带的言语，所以又叫潮州话。这种话与广东话很不相像，近于福建方言；……


漢文

漢文訓読

漢文訓読 かんぶんくんどく

annotating Literary Chinese so that it can be read using Japanese grammatical structure

変体漢文

変体漢文 へんたいかんぶん

Literary Chinese with heavy Japanese-language influence


文言

Han Dynasty
Han dynasty
Spring and Autumn Period
Zhou Dynasty

/wən³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/vəŋ²⁴ iæ̃⁵¹/

/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² ɡan¹³/

/vən²² ɦe⁴⁴/

/wən³⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/vəŋ²⁴ iæ̃⁵¹/

/uŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² ɡan¹³/

/vən²² ɦe⁴⁴/

Literary Chinese (literary language used from the fall of the Han dynasty (220 C.E.) to the early 20th century)

文言詞彙

文言词汇

Classical Chinese (literary language used in old China)


국어

Sino-Korean word from 國語, from 國 (“country”) + 語 (“language”)


閩南語

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ nän³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ naːm²¹ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ naːm²¹ jyː¹³/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban¹³⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻²¹ lam²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

/min²² nø⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ nän³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ naːm²¹ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ naːm²¹ jyː¹³/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban¹³⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻²¹ lam²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

/min²² nø⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

我袂曉講閩南語。

我袂晓讲闽南语。

Today the Southern Min Linguistic Aptitude Certification Test was held with a total of 13,886 persons registering for the test, a historical record high. Test takers ranged from age six to age eighty-three, and people from France, America, Japan, Malaysia and other countries came to test their skill with Southern Min.

2020, 閩南語認證考試登場 1萬3886人報名創新高

Mǐnnányǔ Yǔyán Nénglì Rènzhèng Kǎoshì jīntiān dēngchǎng, gòngyǒu 1 wàn 3886 rén bàokǎo, chuàngxià lìnián xīngāo, kǎoshēng niánlíng fēnbù 6 suì dào 83 suì, háiyǒu láizì Fàguó, Měiguó, Rìběn, Mǎláixīyà děng guó de rén, yě lái cèyàn zìjǐ de Mǐnnányǔ néngnài.

閩南語語言能力認證考試今天登場，共有1萬3886人報考，創下歷年新高，考生年齡分佈6歲到83歲，還有來自法國、美國、日本、馬來西亞等國的人，也來測驗自己的閩南語能耐。

2020, 閩南語認證考試登場 1萬3886人報名創新高

闽南语语言能力认证考试今天登场，共有1万3886人报考，创下历年新高，考生年龄分布6岁到83岁，还有来自法国、美国、日本、马来西亚等国的人，也来测验自己的闽南语能耐。

Southern Min; Min Nan (a branch of Min Chinese)

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


兒化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (兒化):
* → Korean: 아화(兒化) (ahwa)
* → Vietnamese: nhi hóa (兒化)

→ English: erhua

→ Japanese: 児(ある)化(か) (aruka)

→ Zhuang: wzva

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³/

(Chinese phonetics) erhua (to undergo erhua; to have the 兒-sound (/ɻ/, /n/, /ŋ/) added to syllables to form diminutives)


白話

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/

During the May Fourth period, vernacular novels were popular.

五四時期盛行白話小說。

五四时期盛行白话小说。

Classical Chinese
Classical Chinese#English

vernacular Chinese (as opposed to Classical Chinese); plain language


Old Chinese

A linguistic ancestor of the Chinese languages, spoken during roughly the first millennium BCE.


Sino-Japanese

The Chinese-derived elements in the Japanese language.

漢日詞 /汉日词

the Chinese-derived elements in the Japanese language


声調

[se̞ːt͡ɕo̞ː]


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 吳 /吴 (Wú). Doublet of O.

Linguists say the Wu dialect widely spoken in Shanghai, to take one prominent example, shares only about 31 percent lexical similarity with Mandarin, or roughly the same as English and French.
The encounter at the Datian market began when the dumpling seller approached the foreigner with a phrase that sounded like "goodbye" in the Wu dialect. Knowing it must mean something else, the foreigner guessed she was asking his name, and provided it, producing a laugh from the woman who explained, switching to Mandarin, that she had asked if he had eaten lately.

2005 July 10, Howard W. French, “Uniting China to Speak Mandarin, the One Official Language: Easier Said Than Done”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-05-10, World:

A historic and cultural region of China around the mouth of the Yangtze River, whence:

The family of Chinese languages spoken in that region, including Shanghainese and Suzhounese, the second-most spoken family after Mandarin.

وُو

one of the families of the Chinese language


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 武 (Wǔ, “war, warrior, warlike”).

(historical) An epithet of numerous kings and emperors in Chinese history who were honored with variants of the posthumous name Wuwang or Wudi.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 烏 /乌 (Wū or Wù, “crow, raven, black”).


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 巫 (Wū or Wú, “shaman, sorceror, witch”).


Wu

The romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of various other Chinese surnames: 伍 (Wǔ), 仵 (Wǔ), 鄔／邬 (Wū).


濁音

Literary Chinese 濁音 (zhuóyīn, literally “muddy sound”)

五十音の外に、また、一種の熟音あり。これを濁音、及び、半濁音といふ。濁音とは、本音を濁りて呼ぶものにて、子音の中、加、佐、多、波、の四行の諸音をいふ。この音を示すには別に、その文字なく、本音の假字の肩に、二個の小點を加ふ。卽ち、左の如し。

1893 March, 宗司 大宮, “第三章 濁音 半濁音及その文字 [Chapter 3: Muddy Sounds, Semi-Muddy Sounds and How to Write Them]”, in 日本辭林 [A Japanese Dictionary], Tokyo: Hakubunkan, page 10:

Outside the fifty sounds, there is yet another class of complex sounds. These are called ‘muddy sounds’ and ‘semi-muddy sounds’. Muddy sounds are the base child sounds of the four rows ka, sa, ta and ha, being muddied up when they are pronounced. There are no letters to specifically note these sounds, so two small dots are added on the shoulders of the kana for the base sounds, as shown on the left.

Gojūon no soto ni, mata, isshu no jukuon ari. Kore o dakuon, oyobi, handakuon to iu. Dakuon to wa, hon’on o nigorite yobu mono nite, shion no naka, ka, sa, ta, ha, no shigyō no shoon o iu. Kono on o shimesu ni wa betsu ni, sono moji naku, hon’on no kana no kata ni, niko no shōten o kuwau. Sunawachi, hidari no gotoshi.

舊來の音韻では濁音といふものがあって、
が ぎ ぐ げ ご
ざ じ ず ぜ ぞ
だ ぢ づ で ど
ば び ぶ べ ぼ
の四行二十音を之に充てゝ居る。

1902, Hirano, Hidekichi, “第十九章 淸音濁音半濁音 [Chapter 19: Clear Sounds, Muddy Sounds and Semi-Muddy Sounds]”, in 國語聲音學 [The Phonetics of the National Language], 國光社, page 151:

In traditional phonology, ‘muddy sounds’ are the twenty sounds arranged in four rows as follows:
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo

Kyūrai no on’in de wa dakuon to iu mono ga atte,
ga gi gu ge go
za ji zu ze zo
da ji zu de do
ba bi bu be bo
no shigyō nijūon o kore ni atete iru.

濁音は假字の右肩に二箇の點（゛）を附して濁音符とおす、次ぎの例を見るべし、

1905 June, 黃山 片岡, “濁音の符 [Noting Muddy Sounds]”, in 黃山著作集, Saitama: Suharaya, page 22:

A ‘muddy sound’ is noted by attaching two dots (゛) to the right shoulder of a kana, as seen in the following examples,

Dakuon wa kana no migikata ni niko no ten (゛) o fushite dakuonpu to osu, tsugi no rei o miru beshi,

(traditional Japanese phonology) a mora with a voiced onset obstruent


Sino-Korean

the state of Sino-Korean relations

Of or pertaining both to China and to Korea; being both Chinese and Korean.

Until the fifteenth century, Koreans had a native word for the numeral "hundred", but it has since been replaced by a Sino-Korean word.

(specifically, linguistics, of a Korean word) Etymologically borrowed or otherwise derived from an eighth-century dialect of Middle Chinese which greatly influenced the Korean language.

漢字詞 /汉字词

Etymologically from or influenced by Chinese


Sino-Korean

漢韓詞 /汉韩词

the Chinese-derived elements in the Korean language

The elements in the Korean language derived from the said dialect of Middle Chinese:

The Korean vocabulary borrowed or otherwise derived from the said dialect.

The distinctive Korean pronunciation of Chinese characters, which is an adaptation of the pronunciation of the said dialect into Korean phonology.


Sino-Vietnamese

Pertaining to the Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language.

漢越 /汉越

pertaining to the Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language


Sino-Vietnamese

The Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language.

漢越詞 /汉越词

the Chinese-derived elements in the Vietnamese language


声母

Chinese 声母 (shēngmǔ, literally “sound mother”)

bor

Coordinate term: 韻母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the onset of a Chinese syllable


韻母

韻母 (canonical)
inbo (romanization)
winbo (romanization)
ゐんぼ (hiragana historical)

Chinese 韻母 /韵母 (yùnmǔ, literally “rime mother”)

Meronyms: 韻尾, 介音, 主母音

Coordinate term: 声母

(traditional Chinese phonology) the rhyme of a Chinese syllable


Teochew

From Teochew 潮州 (dio⁵ ziu¹). See also Hokkien 潮州 (Tiô-chiu).

[…] Lim Peng Siang, Low Kim Pong, Teo Sian Keng and Lee Choon Guan were leaders of Fukien dialect group; Lam Kim Seng, Chua Tse Yong were Teochew leaders; Loke Yew and Lam Wai Fong were Cantonese leaders.

1995, Qinghuang Yan, Community and Politics: The Chinese in Colonial Singapore and Malaysia, Marshall Cavendish International, →ISBN:

'I do not speak English,' the young man said sanguinely in Malay, then said it again in Teochew, to test the white man.

2015, William L. Gibson, Singapore Yellow, Singapore: Monsoon Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 116:

A variety of Southern Min Chinese, spoken in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and its diaspora.

潮州話 /潮州话

one of the divisions of the Chinese language


福建話

ㄈㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄢˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ kiːn³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/fɵk̚⁵⁵ ken³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ue³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴² ue²²/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ue⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻³³ ua²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ua²²/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ue¹¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ue¹¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ kiːn³³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/fɵk̚⁵⁵ ken³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ue³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ue²²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻⁴² ue²²/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ue⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹⁻³³ ua²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ ua²²/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ue¹¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ue¹¹/

(chiefly Southeast Asia, Wenzhounese) Hokkien (Southern Min)


粵語

/ɥɛ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i̯et̚⁵ ŋi²⁴/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/œʔ⁴⁻¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/yøʔ²⁴⁻² ky³³²/

/uat̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/uat̚²⁴⁻² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/uat̚⁴⁻³² ɡi⁴¹/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ n̠ʲy²³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/i̯et̚⁵ ŋi²⁴/

/uoʔ⁵⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/œʔ⁴⁻¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/yøʔ²⁴⁻² ky³³²/

/uat̚⁴⁻³² ɡu⁵³/

/uat̚²⁴⁻² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/uat̚⁴⁻³² ɡi⁴¹/

/uat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/

/ɦyɪʔ¹¹ n̠ʲy²³/


cantonais

fr-noun

cantonais m (plural cantonais, feminine cantonaise)

cantonais (plural)
cantonaise (feminine)


清音

Literary Chinese 清音 (qīngyīn, literally “clear sound”)

der

(traditional Chinese phonology) a voiceless and unaspirated onset obstruent, including the glottal stop


bopomofo

Borrowed from Mandarin ㄅㄆㄇㄈ (bōpōmōfō), from the first four letters: ㄅ (bō), ㄆ (pō), ㄇ (mō), ㄈ (fō).

Name for Zhuyin Fuhao used by ISO and Unicode.


Zhuyin fuhao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 注音符號 /注音符号 (zhùyīn fúhào, literally “symbol(s) for annotation of sounds”).

bor

A phonetic alphabet used to transcribe Mandarin for students of that language and for inputting Chinese, now used primarily only in Taiwan. Variants also exist for other Chinese lects spoken in Taiwan.

注音符号

ちゅういんふごう, chūin fugō, ちゅうおんふごう, chūon fugō


兒化音

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) erhua; erization (the r-coloring or addition of the 兒 sound (/ɻ/, /n/, /ŋ/) to syllables to form diminutives)


兒化韻

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ wɐn²²/

/ˀɤɻ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/jiː²¹ faː³³ wɐn²²/


平話

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/paŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/paŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

local speech; plain speech; colloquial dialect

(Eastern Min) Eastern Min; Min Dong (a lect which is spoken in and around Fuzhou)


福州話

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/fuk̚² t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³ ue⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ t͡siu³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/fuk̚² t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³ ue⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ t͡siu³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

Fuzhounese; Fuzhou dialect (a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese)


平上去入

ja-r

平上去入(ひょうじょうきょにゅう) (hyōjōkyonyū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平上去入):
* → Japanese: 平上去入(ひょうじょうきょにゅう) (hyōjōkyonyū)

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄤˇ ㄑㄩˋ ㄖㄨˋ

ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄕㄤˋ ㄑㄩˋ ㄖㄨˋ

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³ hɵy̯³³ jɐp̚²/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐu⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sœːŋ¹³ hɵy̯³³ jɐp̚²/

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked


平上去入

ja-noun

平(ひょう)上(じょう)去(きょ)入(にゅう) • (hyōjōkyonyū) ^(←ひやうじやうきよにふ (fyauzyaukyonifu)?)

平上去入 (canonical)
hyōjōkyonyū (romanization)
fyauzyaukyonifu (romanization)
ひやうじやうきよにふ (hiragana historical)

[ço̞ːʑo̞ːkʲo̞ɲ̟ɨː]

From Middle Chinese 平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù).

(Chinese phonetics) the four tones of Middle Chinese:

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”)

the four tones of Middle Chinese:
入声 (nisshō, “checked tone”)


入声

入(にっ)声(しょう) or 入(にっ)声(せい) • (nisshō or nissei)

入声 (canonical)
入声 (canonical)
nisshō (romanization)
nissei (romanization)

Middle Chinese 入聲.
/nipusjau/ → /nipsjau/ → /nisshoː/

(Chinese phonetics) the entering tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


entering tone

(Chinese phonetics) A short, sharp tone found with syllables that end in plosives (usually /-p -t -k -ʔ/).


Literary Chinese

The written Chinese language used from the end of the Han Dynasty (220 C.E.) to the early 20th century. In Chinese, 文言 (wényán, “literary writing”).

The written Chinese language used from the Zhou Dynasty (1045 B.C.E.) (especially the Spring and Autumn Period), through to the end of the Han Dynasty (220 C.E.). In Chinese, 古文 (gǔwén, “Ancient Writing”). The language of many classics of Chinese literature.

Written Chinese for this entire period, without distinction.


Classical Chinese

The written Chinese language used from the Zhou Dynasty (1045 B.C.E.) (especially the Spring and Autumn Period), through to the end of the Han Dynasty (220 C.E.). In Chinese, 古文 (gǔwén, “Ancient Writing”) or, formally, 古典漢語 /古典汉语 (“Classical Chinese”). The language of many classics of Chinese literature.

The written Chinese language used from the Zhou Dynasty (1045 B.C.E.) to the early 20th century.


粵拼

/ɥɛ⁵¹ pʰin⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² pʰɪŋ³³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹ pʰin⁵⁵/

/jyːt̚² pʰɪŋ³³/

Jyutping (a Cantonese romanization system)


文言文

/wən³⁵ jɛn³⁵ wən³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ jiːn²¹ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² ɡiɛn¹³⁻²² bun¹³/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bun²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³⁻³³ bun²³/

/vən²² ɦe⁵⁵ vən²¹/

/wən³⁵ jɛn³⁵ wən³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ jiːn²¹ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²² ɡiɛn²⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² ɡiɛn¹³⁻²² bun¹³/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bun²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ ɡiɛn²³⁻³³ bun²³/

/vən²² ɦe⁵⁵ vən²¹/


Chinglish

en-adj

Chinglish (comparative more Chinglish, superlative most Chinglish)

more Chinglish (comparative)
most Chinglish (superlative)

(sometimes derogatory) Of or resembling English that is influenced by the Chinese language.

中式英語的 /中式英语的

resembling English influenced by Chinese


Chinglish

And as Global English evolves through the twenty-first century, Chinglish will, undoubtedly, continue to have a sizable impact.

2008, Paul J.J. Payack, A Million Words And Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting The World, →ISBN:

Andrea acknowledged that she spoke Chinglish, that she hated her accent, and that learners needed a comprehensible teacher voice in the classroom.

2010, Janette Ryan, Gordon Slethaug, International Education and the Chinese Learner, →ISBN, page 146:

You will see signs written in Chinglish all over China. These signs are usually amusing to English-speaking westerners because they often make no sense, or the translation is inappropriately sexual in content.

2011, Jean M. Life, LIFE IN CHINA: My Story, →ISBN, page 204:

The same can be said about the speakers of Teochiu, Hokkien, Hakka, and Cantonese and Hailam in Southeast Asia, Cantonese in Hong Kong, and all the different topolect speakers and Chinglish or pidgin speakers in the United States.

2012, Shu-mei Shih, Sinophone Studies: A Critical Reader, →ISBN, page 32:

(sometimes derogatory) Spoken or written English which is influenced by the Chinese language.


Middle Chinese

Chinese language spoken during Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties (6th century – 10th century)


stroke order

the standard sequence in which a Chinese character is written in Chinese, Japanese or Korean writing


臺山話

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hᵘɔi²² san³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ san²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hᵘɔi²² san³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ san²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

Suīrán cìzhuó shǎngshēng dú yīnpíng de zìlì, bù xiàndìng Kèyǔ cái yǒu, Táishānhuà hé Jiāngxī Xīngànhuà yě yǒu tóngyàng xiànxiàng, dàn tāmen de zì jiào shào.

雖然次濁上聲讀陰平的字例，不限定客語才有，臺山話和江西新淦話也有同樣現象，但他們的字較少。

虽然次浊上声读阴平的字例，不限定客语才有，台山话和江西新淦话也有同样现象，但他们的字较少。

Other than Mandarin, he could speak fluent Taishanese and Cantonese...

2012, 李惠秀, 《相印集（下卷）——椰島隨筆》, page 77

Chúle Guóyǔ, tā hái huì shuō hěn liúlì de Táishānhuà hé Guǎngdōnghuà.......

除了國語，他還會說很流利的臺山話和廣東話……。

2012, 李惠秀, 《相印集（下卷）——椰島隨筆》, page 77

除了国语，他还会说很流利的台山话和广东话……。

2019, 陳曉錦 [Xiaojin Chen] and 許婉虹 [Wanhong Xu], 美加華人社區粵方言的兩種詞語表達方式 [Alternations of Expressions in Cantonese Spoken in North America], in 《中國語文通訊》 [Current Research in Chinese Linguistics], volume 98, issue 1, page 1

Wénzhāng de Táishānhuà diǎn, Guǎngfǔhuà diǎn gòng 11 ge, suǒyǒu zīliào jūn láizì bǐzhě Měiguó, Jiānádà de shídì diàochá.

文章的臺山話點、廣府話點共11個，所有資料均來自筆者美國、加拿大的實地調查。

文章的台山话点、广府话点共11个，所有资料均来自笔者美国、加拿大的实地调查。

Toisanese; Taishanese; Hoisanese (Yue Chinese dialect spoken in Taishan)


吳語

/u³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋ̍²¹ jyː¹³/

/kɔu¹³⁻²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/kɔu¹³⁻²¹ ky³³²/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ɦu²³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ɦu²⁴ n̠ʲy³¹/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁵¹/

/ɦəu²² n̠ʲy³³/

/u³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ŋ̍²¹ jyː¹³/

/kɔu¹³⁻²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/kɔu¹³⁻²¹ ky³³²/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ɦu²³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ɦu²⁴ n̠ʲy³¹/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁵¹/

/ɦəu²² n̠ʲy³³/

Wu; Wu Chinese, a form of Chinese spoken in most of Zhejiang province, Shanghai and southern Jiangsu province


中古漢語

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ

чжунгу ханьюй

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³ haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/tyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³ haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/


華語

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (華語):
* → Japanese: 華語(かご) (kago)
* → Korean: 화어(華語) (hwa'eo)
* → Vietnamese: Hoa ngữ (華語)

/xu̯ä³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waː²¹ jyː¹³/

/hua²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/hua²³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴⁴⁵/

/hua¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/hua²³⁻²¹ ɡu⁴⁴⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hua²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡɯ⁵²/

/xu̯ä³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waː²¹ jyː¹³/

/hua²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/hua²³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴⁴⁵/

/hua¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/hua²³⁻²¹ ɡu⁴⁴⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/hua²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/hua²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡɯ⁵²/

你會說華語嗎？

你会说华语吗？

講華語運動

讲华语运动

Do you think Teochew language should be preserved in Singapore or is Mandarin good enough? ^([sic])

2015, Li Wei, Multilingualism in the Chinese Diaspora Worldwide: Transnational Connections and Local Social Realities, Routledge →ISBN, page 209

汝覺得呾潮州話在新加坡應唔應該流傳下去？啊是華人呾華語就夠了？

汝觉得呾潮州话在新加坡应唔应该流传下去？啊是华人呾华语就够了？

(chiefly Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia) Mandarin Chinese; (standard) Chinese

henceforth, those who learn Chinese need not worry about lacking a good teacher

自此習華語者不患無良師

There are myriad types of things, and dialects are diverse. If any of us learns Chinese without being able to fully understand and interpret-it-all, there will probably be some incompatibilities and inconsistencies. This is why yeogeo yuhae is written.

mullyu u man bang'eon buril i ain i seup hwaeo ja gu mineung juji i pyeonhae ui u so jeoeo i hangyeok cha yeogeo yuhae ji so yu jak ya

物類有萬方言不一以我人而習華語者苟未能周知而徧解宐有所齟齬而扞格此譯語類解之所由作也

(historical, pre-modern) the language of China (華夏／华夏); Chinese


官話

ryu-r

官話(くゎんふぁー) (kwanfā)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (官話):
* → Japanese: 官話(かんわ) (kanwa)
* → Okinawan: 官話(くゎんふぁー) (kwanfā)
* → Korean: 관화(官話) (gwanhwa)
* → Vietnamese: Quan thoại (官話)

/ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾nua²¹/

/kuoŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾nua²¹/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kuø⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kuːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kuɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾nua²¹/

/kuoŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾nua²¹/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kuã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kuø⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

天不怕，地不怕，只怕廣東人說官話 / 天不怕，地不怕，只怕广东人说官话

tiān bùpà, dì bùpà, zhǐ pà Guǎngdōngrén shuō guānhuà

The [Koreans'] translation [into Chinese] is very good, but there is occasionally ancient language which is not in accordance with current usage; in addition, it is not Mandarin, [so] nobody will understand it by listening.

《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1483

반역심호^((하나)) 이간유고어^((하고)) 불합시용^((하며)) 차불시관화^((이니)) 무인인청^((하리라))
Banyeok sim ho[-hana] i gan yu goeo[-hago] bulhap siyong[-hamyeo] cha bul si gwanhwa[-ini] mu in in cheong[-harira].

反譯甚好，而間有古語，不合時用，且不是官話，無人認聽。

Mandarin; Guanhua (group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua (Standard Chinese))


中國話

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ue³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ue²²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ue⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ua²²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ ue¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ue³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ue²²/

/tiɔŋ³³ kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ue⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ua²²/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ kok̚²⁻⁴ ue¹¹/

你會說中國話嗎？

你会说中国话吗？

用拉丁字母寫英國話是英文，用他寫德國話是德文，用他寫中國話是中文。 [MSC, trad.]
用拉丁字母写英国话是英文，用他写德国话是德文，用他写中国话是中文。 [MSC, simp.]
Yòng lādīngzìmǔ xiě yīngguóhuà shì yīngwén, yòng tā xiě déguóhuà shì déwén, yòng tā xiě zhōngguóhuà shì zhōngwén. [Pinyin]

1936, Zhguang (之光), Sin Wenz Rhumen (新文字入門 /新文字入门)

Using Latin letters to write English produces English, using them to write German produces German, and using them to write Chinese produces Chinese.

1961, Yuen Ren Chao (趙元任 /赵元任), Mandarin Primer (國語入門 /国语入门), Lesson 24: An American Makes a Speechhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ddAqPi0fz0&t=1m58s
Swuyeu shuo de hao, “Tian bu pah, dih bu pah, jiow pah yanggoeitz shuo Jonggwo-huah.”
俗語說的好，「天不怕，地不怕，就怕洋鬼子說中國話」。 [MSC, trad.]
俗语说的好，「天不怕，地不怕，就怕洋鬼子说中国话」。 [MSC, simp.]
Súyǔ shuō de hǎo, “Tiān bù pà, dì bù pà, jiù pà yángguǐzi shuō Zhōngguóhuà”. [Pinyin]
The proverb has put it very well, “Heaven is not to be feared, Earth is not to be feared, but a foreign devil talking Chinese, — that is fearful!”


北京語

[pe̞kʲĩŋɡo̞]

北京 (Pekin, “Beijing”) + 語 (-go, “language”)


漢語拼音

→ English: Hanyu Pinyin

ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ

ханьюй пиньинь

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰin⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

hang⁴ gy³ ping¹ ing¹ [Phonetic:hang¹ gy³ ping⁵ ing¹]

/haŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky⁴⁵³ pʰiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/haŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky³³² pʰiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³ pʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴ pʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³ pʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹ pʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ im⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³ pʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ im⁴⁴/

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰin⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/haŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky⁴⁵³ pʰiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/haŋ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ky³³² pʰiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³ pʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴ pʰiɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ im³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³ pʰiɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ im⁴⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹ pʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ im⁴⁴/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³ pʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ im⁴⁴/

Pinyin; Hanyu Pinyin (official romanization for Mandarin Chinese adopted in the PRC)


Sinitic

en-adj

Sinitic (comparative more Sinitic, superlative most Sinitic)

more Sinitic (comparative)
most Sinitic (superlative)

From Latin Sīna (“China”) + -itic, as in Semitic.

չին-տիբեթական

relating to the group of Chinese languages


正体

Traditional Chinese
Traditional Chinese#English


erhua

(Chinese phonetics) A phonological process that adds rhotic sounds to syllables in some lects of Chinese.


erization

/ˌɜːɹəˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

/ˌɜːɹaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

Calque of Chinese 兒化 /儿化 (érhuà). By surface analysis, er + -ization.


Tionghoa

Borrowed from Chinese Hokkien 中華／中华 (Tiong-hôa).

any of several Sinitic languages or dialects spoken in China, especially Literary Chinese, Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu or Min Nan.


Hanyu Pinyin

zh-l

漢語拼音／汉语拼音 (Hànyǔ Pīnyīn)

Mr. Jenner has also provided the Note on Pronunciation at p. 196, for Chinese names which are romanized in this volume according to the Hanyu Pinyin system.

1973, Lu Xun, translated by Gladys Yang, edited by Gladys Yang, Silent China Selected Writings of Lu Xun, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page xii:

I follow McKhann in using Naxi pinyin to transliterate sainii and paq but retain regular Hanyu pinyin for dongba instead of using Naxi pinyin dobbaq since this is the most familiar form.

1996, Bell Yung, Evelyn Sakakida Rawski, Harmony and Counterpoint: Ritual Music in Chinese Context, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 253:

This paper points out that since the 1986 National Conference of Language Works, Hanyu Pinyin and Hanzi no longer have equal status in the Chinese writing system. Hanyu Pinyin has assumed a subordinate status to Hanzi, and it is no longer regarded as an evolving alphabetized writing system to replace Hanzi in the future. This posture is much lower than that preferrred by Mao Zedong in the early stage of New China.

2000, Feng Zhiwei, Yin Binyong, “THE CHINESE DIGRAPHIA PROBLEM IN THE INFORMATION AGE”, in Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, volume 30, number 1, page 229:

Introducing Hanyu Pinyin is about convenience and consistency, but should not, through autocratic rules, become a new front in the battle over identity.
Pragmatism is exactly why we would see the retention of “Taipei,” “Kaohsiung” and “Hsinchu” instead of “Taibei,” “Gaoxiong” and “Xinzhu,” and is the most sensible way to proceed in a politicized environment.

2008 September 20, “EDITORIAL: Pinyin is welcome, but not coercion”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2008-09-20, Editorials, page 8:

Kaohsiung City Government said Wednesday that it will continue using the Tongyong Pinyin Mandarin romanization system on its street signs, passing on plans by the city's previous mayor to transition to the more widely-used Hanyu Pinyin system.[…]
In May 2019, former Kaohsiung Mayor Han Kuo-yu (韓國瑜) proposed adopting the Hanyu Pinyin system for the city's street signs at an estimated cost of NT$73 million (US$2.54 million), though the plan was ultimately delayed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020 October 14, Wang Shu-fen, Matthew Mazzetta, “Kaohsiung nixes proposal to adopt Hanyu Pinyin street signs”, in Focus Taiwan, archived from the original on 2020-10-16, Society:

Some use romanization to make a political statement, a legacy of the “Great Tongyong-Pinyin Wars” of the 2000s. Here's a useful trick: if you notice someone is using the Hanyu Pinyin system that is standard in China for their name, they are likely pan-blue (pro-KMT), and if they use Taiwan’s Tongyong Pinyin, they are probably pan-green (pro-DPP).

2022 February 22, Courtney Donovan (石東文) Smith, “The joyous variety in Taiwanese chosen names”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2022-02-22:

Around twenty years ago, during Taiwan’s romanization wars (when President Chen wanted to impose Tongyong Pinyin upon Taiwan and a great many foreigners and others reacted with dismay and disgust), a popular claim of the Tongyong supporters was, “If Taiwanese use Hanyu Pinyin for their names, no one will be able to tell Taiwanese from Chinese anymore.”

2023 May 9, “Why is the ROC govt trying to make Taiwanese look like Singaporeans?”, in Pinyin.info, archived from the original on 2023-05-10:

A system of romanization for Mandarin Chinese. Usually called Pinyin.

漢語拼音 /汉语拼音

standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese


半唐番

/pän⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵ fän⁵⁵/

/puːn³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹ faːn⁵⁵/

/pᵘɔn²¹ hɔŋ²² fan³³⁻³³⁵/

/pᵘɔn³³ hɔŋ²² fan³³⁻³³⁵/

/pän⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵ fän⁵⁵/

/puːn³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹ faːn⁵⁵/

/pᵘɔn²¹ hɔŋ²² fan³³⁻³³⁵/

/pᵘɔn³³ hɔŋ²² fan³³⁻³³⁵/

an overseas Chinese person, especially one that understands Chinese culture poorly

香蕉

overseas Chinese who understands Chinese culture poorly


訓点

characters and marks that are applied to assist in reading kanbun (Chinese texts) as Japanese


返り点

[ka̠e̞ɾʲitẽ̞ɴ]

in kambun, marks that are placed in the lower left corner of a character to indicate the reading order; types include ichiniten, kōotsuten, jōgeten, tenchiten, and reten


開口

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口呼／开口呼 (kāikǒuhū, “open-mouth sounds”).


chữ Hán

[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦]

[t͡ɕɨ˧˨ haːŋ˦˧˥]

[cɨ˨˩˦ haːŋ˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-chữ Hán.wav

From chữ (“character”) + Hán (“Han”), calque of Chinese 漢字 /汉字 (Hán tự).

cal

<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi">Hán tự</i>


蘇州話

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/su⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

Suzhounese, the Wu dialect spoken around the city of Suzhou in China


京腔

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ kʰĩẽ³³/

the Beijing dialect, especially a heavy Beijing local accent


上古漢語

ㄕㄤˋ ㄍㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ

шангу ханьюй

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³ haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³ haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/


滬語

/xu⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²² jyː¹³/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/xu⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²² jyː¹³/

/ɦu²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/


上海話

ㄕㄤˋ ㄏㄞˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue²²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ue⁴¹/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua²²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue²²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ue⁴¹/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ua²²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/


臺灣話

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ van²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ wän⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ waːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/tʰoi̯¹¹ van²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/tai²³⁻³³ uan²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² uan²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/tai¹³⁻²² uan¹³⁻²² ua²²/

(rare) any language commonly spoken in Taiwan (including Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka and Formosan languages)


chinês simplificado

Simplified Chinese (Chinese written using simplified characters)


chinês tradicional

Traditional Chinese (Chinese written using traditional characters)


北方話

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pak̚³⁻⁴ hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pak̚³⁻⁴ hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

Beifanghua; Guanhua; Mandarin; Northern Chinese (language)


晉語

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (晉語):
* → Japanese: 晋語(しんご) (shingo)

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɵn³³ jyː¹³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁵ y⁵³/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɵn³³ jyː¹³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁵ y⁵³/

/t͡ɕin³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

In the 1980s, Li Rong (李榮) proposed that a group of dialects in the Shanxi area should be categorized as "Jin" instead of as Mandarin.

Jin (a variety of Chinese spoken primarily in Shanxi province)


臺語

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/tai¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi⁵³/

/de²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/tai¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi⁵³/

/de²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

我袂曉講臺語。

我袂晓讲台语。

(proscribed in Mainland China) Taiwanese; Taiwanese Hokkien (variety of Min Nan spoken in Taiwan)

(uncommon) all languages commonly spoken in Taiwan


臺語

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/tai¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi⁵³/

/de²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːi̯²¹ jyː¹³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/tai¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/tai²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡi⁵³/

/de²² n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

Tai language; member of the Tai language family


陰平

/in⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/im³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã²⁴/

/in⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/im³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã¹³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² piã²⁴/

(～調, ～聲) (phonology) dark level tone, a tone in various modern Chinese varieties, generally corresponding to the level tone and voiceless onset in Middle Chinese, e.g. tone 1 (/˥/) in Standard Mandarin (marked in Hanyu Pinyin with a macron [ ¯ ] and usually left unmarked in bopomofo), tone 1 (/˥/) in Guangzhou Cantonese, tone 1 (/˦/) in Meixian Hakka, tone 1 (/˦/) in Xiamen/Taiwanese Hokkien (unmarked in Pe̍h-ōe-jī)


湘語

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/si̯æn³³ y⁴¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ y⁴¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/suoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/si̯æn³³ y⁴¹/

/ɕi̯æn³³ y⁴¹/

Xiang (a Chinese language spoken mainly in Hunan province); Hunanese


訓讀

/fɐn³³ tʊk̚²/

/hun²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/hun¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/huŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰak̚⁴/

/fɐn³³ tʊk̚²/

/hun²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/hun¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/huŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tʰak̚⁴/

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 訓(くん)読(よ)み (kun'yomi) or 訓(くん)読(どく) (kundoku).

山 has the on'yomi さん (san) and the kun'yomi やま (yama) in Japanese.

Rìyǔ lǐ, “山” de yīndú shì “san”, xùndú shì “yama”.

日語裡，「山」的音讀是「さん」，訓讀是「やま」。

日语里，「山」的音读是「さん」，训读是「やま」。

2009 August 15, 陈晓锦 (Chen Xiaojin), 《越南、柬埔寨、老挝三国潮州话训读现象比较》 [Comparative Study on Xundu Phenomenon of Chaozhou Dialect in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos], in 《广东技术师范学院学报》 [Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University], →ISSN, volume 30, issue 8, page 81

Zài hǎiwài Huárén shèqū de hànyǔ fāngyán zhōng chūxiàn de xùndú, hái yǔ Huárén de rìcháng kǒuyǔ hé shūmiàn yòngyǔ de yánzhòng tuōjié dà yǒu guānlián.

在海外華人社區的漢語方言中出現的訓讀，還與華人的日常口語和書面用語的嚴重脫節大有關聯。

在海外华人社区的汉语方言中出现的训读，还与华人的日常口语和书面用语的严重脱节大有关联。

to semantically match a Chinese character with etymologically unrelated vernacular (native Japanese or Korean; or Chinese lectal) morphemes and read the character thus; to employ "gloss reading"


國語羅馬字

ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ

Гоюй Ломацзы

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ɔ³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sz̩⁵¹/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³ lɔː²¹ maː¹³ t͡siː²²/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³ lɔː²¹ maː¹³ t͡siː²²/


Gwoyeu Romatzyh

/ˌɡwəʊjuː rəʊˈmɑːtsə/

Borrowed from Chinese 國語羅馬字 /国语罗马字 (Guóyǔ Luómǎzì).

bor+

With regard to romanization, several different systems are concurrently being used in Taiwan, including Wade-Giles, Tongyong Pinyin 通用拼音, Hanyu Pinyin 漢語拼音, and Gwoyeu Romatzyh.

2003, Julie Ju et al., editors, A Brief Introduction to Taiwan, Government Information Office, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 16:

A transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese, characterized by its tonal spelling without diacritic marks.


普通閒話

普通闲话
普通閑話
普通言話

phu^去 thon ghe^去 gho; phu^去 thon ghe gho

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦe³³ ɦo²¹/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦe³³ ɦo²¹/

(Wu) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Putonghua; Standard Chinese


廣東閒話

广东闲话
廣東閑話
廣東言話

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/kuɑ̃³³ toŋ³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/


切韻

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn²²/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn¹³/

/t͡sʰieʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ ouŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ un⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ yn⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn²²/

/t͡sʰiːt̚³ wɐn¹³/

/t͡sʰieʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ ouŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ un⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ un²²/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/

/t͡sʰiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ un³³/


切韻

ja-pos

切(せつ)韻(いん) • (Setsuin) ^(←せつゐん (Setuwin)?)

切韻 (canonical)
Setsuin (romanization)
Setuwin (romanization)
せつゐん (hiragana historical)


上聲

/ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ³¹ saŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siã³³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ³¹ saŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siã³³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/siaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡siũ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

Level tone is sad and stable. Rising tone is strident and rising. Departing tone is clear and distant. Entering tone is straight and abrupt.

early 9th century 元和韻譜 Yuanhe Yunpu; quoted and translated in Ting (1996).

Píngshēng āi ér ān, shǎngshēng lì ér jǔ, qùshēng qīng ér yuǎn, rùshēng zhí ér cù.

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) rising tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese, also a tone in various modern varieties, e.g. tone 3 (/˨˩˦/) in Standard Mandarin (marked with a caron [ ˇ ] in Hanyu Pinyin and bopomofo), tone 3 in Meixian Hakka (/˧˩/), and tone 2 in Xiamen/Taiwanese Hokkien (/˥˧/))


去聲

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi¹¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰi²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/kʰɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) departing tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese, also a tone in various modern varieties, e.g. tone 4 (/˥˩/) in Standard Mandarin (marked with a grave accent [ ` ] in Hanyu Pinyin and bopomofo) and tone 4 in Meixian Hakka (/˥˧/))


去声

ja-noun

去(きょ)声(しょう) or 去(きょ)声(せい) • (kyoshō or kyosei)

去声 (canonical)
去声 (canonical)
kyoshō (romanization)
kyosei (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) the departing tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


上声

上(じょう)声(しょう) or 上(じょう)声(せい) • (jōshō or jōsei) ^(←じやうしやう (zyausyau) or じやうせい (zyausei)?)

上声 (canonical)
上声 (canonical)
jōshō (romanization)
jōsei (romanization)
zyausyau (romanization)
zyausei (romanization)
じやうしやう (hiragana historical)
じやうせい (hiragana historical)

(Chinese phonetics) the rising tone (one of the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


入聲

/ʐu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐp̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋip̚⁵ saŋ²⁴/

/zip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² siã³³/

/ʐu⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐp̚² sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋip̚⁵ saŋ²⁴/

/zip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/d͡zip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚⁴⁻³² siã⁴⁴/

/lip̚²⁴⁻² siã³³/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) entering tone (one of the four tones of Middle Chinese)


fanqie

/fɑːnˈt͡ʃjɛ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 反切 (fǎnqiè).

(Chinese phonetics) In traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation.

反切

method of indicating pronunciation of a character


minnan

minnan (nominative singular)
minnan (accusative nominative singular)
minnanin (accusative genitive singular)
minnanin (genitive singular)
minnania (partitive singular)
minnanissa (inessive singular)
minnanista (elative singular)
minnaniin (illative singular)
minnanilla (adessive singular)
minnanilta (ablative singular)
minnanille (allative singular)
minnanina (essive singular)
minnaniksi (singular translative)
minnanitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
minnanini (nominative singular)
minnanini (accusative nominative singular)
minnanini (accusative genitive singular)
minnanini (genitive singular)
minnaniani (partitive singular)
minnanissani (inessive singular)
minnanistani (elative singular)
minnaniini (illative singular)
minnanillani (adessive singular)
minnaniltani (ablative singular)
minnanilleni (allative singular)
minnaninani (essive singular)
minnanikseni (singular translative)
minnanittani (abessive singular)
minnanisi (nominative singular)
minnanisi (accusative nominative singular)
minnanisi (accusative genitive singular)
minnanisi (genitive singular)
minnaniasi (partitive singular)
minnanissasi (inessive singular)
minnanistasi (elative singular)
minnaniisi (illative singular)
minnanillasi (adessive singular)
minnaniltasi (ablative singular)
minnanillesi (allative singular)
minnaninasi (essive singular)
minnaniksesi (singular translative)
minnanittasi (abessive singular)
minnanimme (nominative singular)
minnanimme (accusative nominative singular)
minnanimme (accusative genitive singular)
minnanimme (genitive singular)
minnaniamme (partitive singular)
minnanissamme (inessive singular)
minnanistamme (elative singular)
minnaniimme (illative singular)
minnanillamme (adessive singular)
minnaniltamme (ablative singular)
minnanillemme (allative singular)
minnaninamme (essive singular)
minnaniksemme (singular translative)
minnanittamme (abessive singular)
minnaninne (nominative singular)
minnaninne (accusative nominative singular)
minnaninne (accusative genitive singular)
minnaninne (genitive singular)
minnanianne (partitive singular)
minnanissanne (inessive singular)
minnanistanne (elative singular)
minnaniinne (illative singular)
minnanillanne (adessive singular)
minnaniltanne (ablative singular)
minnanillenne (allative singular)
minnaninanne (essive singular)
minnaniksenne (singular translative)
minnanittanne (abessive singular)
minnaninsa (nominative singular)
minnaninsa (accusative nominative singular)
minnaninsa (accusative genitive singular)
minnaninsa (genitive singular)
minnaniaan (partitive singular)
minnaniansa (partitive singular)
minnanissaan (inessive singular)
minnanissansa (inessive singular)
minnanistaan (elative singular)
minnanistansa (elative singular)
minnaniinsa (illative singular)
minnanillaan (adessive singular)
minnanillansa (adessive singular)
minnaniltaan (ablative singular)
minnaniltansa (ablative singular)
minnanilleen (allative singular)
minnanillensa (allative singular)
minnaninaan (essive singular)
minnaninansa (essive singular)
minnanikseen (singular translative)
minnaniksensa (singular translative)
minnanittaan (abessive singular)
minnanittansa (abessive singular)

zh-l

閩南語／闽南语 (mǐnnányǔ)

Southern Min; Min Nan (a variety of Chinese)


Hoa văn

[waː˧˧ vaŋ˧˧]

[waː˧˧ jaŋ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 華文 (“written Chinese”).

vi-etym-sino

Hoa văn thương mại

(education) Mandarin, especially Mandarin taught at a private Mandarin-language school


威妥瑪拼音

ㄨㄟ ㄊㄨㄛˇ ㄇㄚˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ

Wēi Tuǒmǎ pīnyīn [Phonetic:wēituómǎpīnyīn]

Вэй Тома пиньинь

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰin⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔː¹³ maː¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔː¹³ maː¹³ pʰɪŋ³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

Named after British sinologist Thomas Wade—威妥瑪 (Wēi Tuǒmǎ) (1818–1895).

named-after

Wade-Giles romanization for Mandarin Chinese


客家話

ㄎㄜˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

kêh⁴ gê¹ uê⁷

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ ka³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/hak̚¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ka⁵³³⁻¹³ ua²¹/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ka⁵³³⁻¹³ ua²¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kʰɛ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ ke³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ ka³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/hak̚¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ka⁵³³⁻¹³ ua²¹/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ka⁵³³⁻¹³ ua²¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/kʰɛ(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ ke³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/


客話

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːk̚³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² ue²²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ ue¹¹/

/kʰɛ⁵⁵ uɛ³⁵/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haːk̚³ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ uɑ²⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² ue²²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ue³³/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ue³³/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ ue¹¹/

/kʰɛ⁵⁵ uɛ³⁵/

(chiefly Hakka, Southern Min) Hakka (Chinese lect)


客家語

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/hak⁵⁻² ka⁵³ ŋi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ka⁵³³⁻²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ka⁵³³⁻²¹ ky³³²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/kʰe(ʔ)⁵ ka³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ³³ ka⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/kʰaʔ³³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːk̚³ kaː⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/hak̚² ka²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/hak⁵⁻² ka⁵³ ŋi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ka⁵³³⁻²¹ ky⁴⁵³/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ka⁵³³⁻²¹ ky³³²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/kʰe(ʔ)⁵ ka³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ka⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ³³ ka⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/kʰaʔ³³ t͡ɕia⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/


上海閒話

上海闲话
上海閑話
上海言話

/zɑ̃²² he³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he⁵⁵ ɦe³³ ɦo²¹/

/zɑ̃²² he³³ ɦe²² ɦo⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he⁵⁵ ɦe³³ ɦo²¹/

⁶non ⁶zaon-he ⁶ghe-gho ⁵kaon-teq ⁶le ⁰va

儂上海閒話講得來𠲎？

侬上海闲话讲得来𠲎？


潮州話

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/tio²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/tio¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/tio²³⁻²¹ t͡siu³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ t͡su²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/tio²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²¹ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/tio¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/tio²³⁻²¹ t͡siu³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

1910, 吳趼人 [Wu Jianren], 二十年目睹之怪現狀 [Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades], chapter 60:

Wǒ zài fáng lǐ, hū tīngjiàn tā pāi zhuōzǐ duòjiǎo de yī dùn dàmà. Tā shuō de cháozhōuhuà, wǒ bù shèn dǒng, hái yǐwéi tā mà cháfáng.

我在房裡，忽聽見他拍桌子跺腳的一頓大罵。他說的潮州話，我不甚懂，還以為他罵茶房。

我在房里，忽听见他拍桌子跺脚的一顿大骂。他说的潮州话，我不甚懂，还以为他骂茶房。

1931, 熊理, “南洋經濟社會的分析”, in 傅无悶, editor, 星洲日報二週年紀念刊, Singapore: 星洲日報有限公司, page 庚一一六:

Yīnwèi lái de zhōngguórén, duō shì fújiànrén guǎngfǔrén kèrén hǎinánrén cháozhōurén, yòu bùnéng bùdǒng fújiànhuà guǎngdōnghuà kèhuà hǎinánhuà cháozhōuhuà; suǒyǐ zhù zài Nányáng de huáqiáo, dàdōu néng dǒng jǐ zhǒng huà.

因為來的中國人，多是福建人廣府人客人海南人潮州人，又不能不懂福建話廣東話客話海南話潮州話；所以住在南洋的華僑，大都能懂幾種話。

因为来的中国人，多是福建人广府人客人海南人潮州人，又不能不懂福建话广东话客话海南话潮州话；所以住在南洋的华侨，大都能懂几种话。

1939 November 28, “追思蟻光炎先生”, in 中國國民黨黨報社論集（六）, 中央執行委員會宣傳部, published 1939, page 35:

Tā kǒu zhōng zhǐ shuō cháozhōuhuà, bùnéng tōng guóyǔ, rán yántán zhōng tíqǐ guóshì, rèliè zhōngchéng, shǐ rén gǎnfèn.

他口中只說潮州話，不能通國語，然言談中提起國事，熱烈忠誠，使人感奮。

他口中只说潮州话，不能通国语，然言谈中提起国事，热烈忠诚，使人感奋。

1958, 周耀文, “潮州話与普通話有什么差別”, in 方言与普通話集刊, volume 1, page 140:

Cháozhōuhuà shì yuèdōng de yī zhǒng yǔ xiàménhuà hěn xiàngjìn de fāngyán. Cháozhōu fǔ zhì yú Míngdài, Qīng réng zhī, xiá Cháo'ān, Jiēyáng, Chénghǎi, Cháoyáng, Huìlái, Fēngshùn, Ráopíng, Dàbù, Pǔníng děng jiǔ xiàn. Zhè jiǔ xiàn de rénmín (shuō kèjiāhuà de chúwài) dào wàidì shí dōu zìchēng cháozhōurén, chēng suǒ shuō de huà wéi cháozhōuhuà.

潮州話是粤东的一种与厦門話很相近的方言。潮州府置于明代，清仍之，轄潮安、揭陽、澄海、潮陽、惠來、丰順、饒平、大埔、普宁等九县。这九县的人民（說客家話的除外）到外地时都自称潮州人，称所說的話为潮州話。

潮州話是粵東的一種與廈門話很相近的方言。潮州府置於明代，清仍之，轄潮安、揭陽、澄海、潮陽、惠來、豐順、饒平、大埔、普寧等九縣。這九縣的人民（說客家話的除外）到外地時都自稱潮州人，稱所說的話為潮州話。

2019, 陈晓锦, 肖自辉, 泰国华人社区的汉语方言, Guangzhou: 世界图书出版广东有限公司, →ISBN, page 3:

Teochew is the dominant Chinese dialect within the Chinese community of Thailand. Thai Chinese, especially the middle-aged and elderly, are often able to speak Teochew regardless of whether their ancestral hometowns are located in the Chaoshan region of Guangdong or not. Some are even unable to speak the dialects of their ancestral hometowns, speaking only Teochew.

Cháozhōuhuà shì Tàiguó huáshè de qiángshì hànyǔ fāngyán, tàiguó huárén, tèbié shì zhōnglǎonián huárén, wúlùn zǔjí shìfǒu wéi Guǎngdōng Cháoshàn dìqū, tōngcháng dōu huì shuō cháozhōuhuà, yǒude shènzhì bùhuì shuō zìjǐ zǔjídì de fāngyán, zhǐ shuō cháozhōuhuà.

潮州话是泰国华社的强势汉语方言，泰国华人，特别是中老年华人，无论祖籍是否为广东潮汕地区，通常都会说潮州话，有的甚至不会说自己祖籍地的方言，只说潮州话。

潮州話是泰國華社的強勢漢語方言，泰國華人，特別是中老年華人，無論祖籍是否為廣東潮汕地區，通常都會說潮州話，有的甚至不會說自己祖籍地的方言，只說潮州話。

Teochew, a variety of Southern Min Chinese native to Chaoshan, a region of Guangdong province


四聲

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sei̯³³ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siã³³/

/si²¹⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

(Chinese phonetics, poetry) the four tones of Middle Chinese (traditional tone classes also used for modern varieties of Chinese)


四声

ja-noun

四(し)声(せい) or 四(し)声(しょう) • (shisei or shishō)

四声 (canonical)
四声 (canonical)
shisei (romanization)
shishō (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics, of Middle Chinese) the four tones


韻書

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (韻書):
* → Japanese: 韻書(いんしょ) (insho)
* → Korean: 운서(韻書) (unseo)

/wɐn²² syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn¹³ syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn²² syː⁵⁵/

/wɐn¹³ syː⁵⁵/


華文

/xu̯ä³⁵ wən³⁵/

/waː²¹ mɐn²¹/

/xu̯ä³⁵ wən³⁵/

/waː²¹ mɐn²¹/

馬來西亞華文教育

马来西亚华文教育


Hainanese

From Hainan + -ese. Doublet of Hainamese and Hailamese.

Mr. MELROSE, though engaged in the study of the Hainanese language, has found time to open and give daily supervision to a Boy's School.

1892, Report of the American Presbyterian Mission in Canton, China for the Year 1891, Canton, page 48:

It is not easy to decide from which dialect of Chinese some of the loanwords derive, and this may explain why Philip Leo does not list any as coming from Hainanese nor Tiociu.

1984, NUSA: Linguistic Studies in Indonesian and Languages in Indonesia, volume 19, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 21, column 1:

A group of Min Chinese dialects spoken on the island of Hainan and its diaspora.


書面語

/ʂu⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syː⁵⁵ miːn²²⁻³⁵ jyː¹³/

/syː⁵⁵ miːn²² jyː¹³/

/ʂu⁵⁵ mi̯ɛn⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syː⁵⁵ miːn²²⁻³⁵ jyː¹³/

/syː⁵⁵ miːn²² jyː¹³/

(Hong Kong, specifically) Written Vernacular Chinese, the written standard language used in Hong Kong in opposition to spoken Cantonese


Northern Min

Partial calque of Chinese 閩北語 /闽北语 (mǐnběiyǔ).

pclq

A variety of Min Chinese, spoken in northern Fujian, represented by the Jian'ou dialect.


Southern Min

Partial calque of Chinese 閩南 /闽南 (Mǐnnán).

A group of local languages of Min Chinese, which can trace their origins to southern Fujian province, China.


Eastern Min

Partial calque of Chinese 閩東語 /闽东语 (mǐndōngyǔ).

A Chinese language, spoken in the eastern part of Fujian, including its capital city Fuzhou.

восточноми́ньский

диале́кт, язы́к


閩東語

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/men³¹ tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³ ɡu⁵⁵⁴/

/ban¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁴¹/

/min²² toŋ⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/men³¹ tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³ ɡu⁵⁵⁴/

/ban¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁴¹/

/min²² toŋ⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

Eastern Min; Min Dong (branch of Chinese widely spoken in and around Fuzhou)


女國音

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ny²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

A phenomenon in Beijing where young women pronounce Mandarin /tɕ/ (Pinyin j), /tɕʰ/ (q), and /ɕ/ (x) as /ts/ (z), /tsʰ/ (c), and /s/ (s).


反切

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (反切):
* → Japanese: 反切(はんせつ) (hansetsu)
* → Korean: 반절(反切) (banjeol)
* → Vietnamese: phiên thiết (反切)

→ English: fanqie

→ Russian: фаньце́ (fanʹcé)

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵¹/

/fän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚⁵/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

/huan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɛt̚³²/

(Chinese phonetics) fanqie (in traditional Chinese lexicography, a method of indicating the pronunciation of a character by using two other characters, each giving part of the pronunciation)


反切

[hã̠ɰ̃se̞t͡sɨ]


白讀

/paɪ̯³⁵ tu³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² tʰak̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰak̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ tʰak̚⁴³/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² tʰɔk̚⁴/

/peʔ⁴⁻² tʰak̚⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ doʔ²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ tu³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² tʰak̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ tʰak̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴³⁻²¹ tʰak̚⁴³/

/piɪk̚⁴⁻³² tʰɔk̚⁴/

/peʔ⁴⁻² tʰak̚⁴/

/baʔ¹¹ doʔ²³/

colloquial/vernacular reading of a Chinese character


文讀

/mɐn²¹ tʊk̚²/

/uɔŋ²¹ tu²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² tʰak̚¹²¹/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰak̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²¹ tʰak̚⁴³/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰak̚²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² tʰɔk̚¹²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰak̚⁴/

/vən²² doʔ⁴⁴/

/mɐn²¹ tʊk̚²/

/uɔŋ²¹ tu²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² tʰak̚¹²¹/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰak̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²¹ tʰak̚⁴³/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰak̚²⁴/

/bun²³⁻³³ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun²⁴⁻²² tʰɔk̚⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² tʰɔk̚¹²¹/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰak̚⁴/

/vən²² doʔ⁴⁴/


和製漢語

ㄏㄜˊ ㄓˋ ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ

хэчжи ханьюй

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔː²¹ t͡sɐi̯³³ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 和(わ)製(せい)漢(かん)語(ご) (wasei kango).

wasei kango

(linguistics) Japanese-made Chinese-character-based words, wasei-kango


和製漢語

和製漢語 (canonical)
wasei kango (romanization)

[β̞a̠se̞ː kã̠ŋɡo̞]

和製 (wasei, “Japanese-made”) + 漢語 (kango, “Japanese word of Chinese origin”)

com

Japanese-made Chinese-character-based words, wasei kango


原始閩語

ㄩㄢˊ ㄕˇ ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄩˇ

ㄩㄢˊ ㄕˇ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄩˇ

юаньши миньюй

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/jyːn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ mɐn²¹ jyː¹³/

/ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny³³ miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ban²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻³⁵ min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɥɛn³⁵ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyːn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/jyːn²¹ t͡sʰiː³⁵ mɐn²¹ jyː¹³/

/ŋuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾ny³³ miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ban²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ban¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/


閩南話

ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/min³⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/mɐn¹³ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/ban²³⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/ban²³⁻²¹ lam²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/min³⁵ nän³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/mɐn¹³ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ naːm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/ban²³⁻³³ lam²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² lam¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/ban²³⁻²¹ lam²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/maŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

Southern Min; Min Nan (a branch of Min Chinese)


河洛話

ㄏㄜˊ ㄌㄨㄛˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho³³⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/hɤ³³⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/hɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/xɤ³⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho³³⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/hɤ³³⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/ho(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lo⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

/hɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ue³³/

河洛话
河老話
福佬話
鶴佬話
Holo話

(Taiwan) Southern Min; Hoklo (a branch of Min Chinese)


川普

Short for 四川普通話／四川普通话 (Sìchuān pǔtōnghuà).

zh-etym-short

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ pʰou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰuaŋ³³⁻²³ pʰou⁵²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ pʰou̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰuaŋ³³⁻²³ pʰou⁵²/

Standard Mandarin with a Sichuanese accent


平声

ja-noun

平(ひょう)声(しょう) or 平(へい)声(せい) • (hyōshō or heisei)

平声 (canonical)
平声 (canonical)
hyōshō (romanization)
heisei (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) the level tone (contrasting with the 仄声 (sokusei, “oblique tones”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


平聲

ja-r

平声(ひょうしょう) (hyōshō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平聲):
* → Japanese: 平声(ひょうしょう) (hyōshō)
* → Korean: 평성(平聲) (pyeongseong)

desc

→ Vietnamese: thanh bằng (“the ngang or huyền tone”) (calque)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/piã²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã³³/

/piã²⁴⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/piã¹³⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/piã²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã³³/

/piã²⁴⁻¹¹ siã⁴⁴/

/piã¹³⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/piã²⁴⁻²² siã⁴⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ siã⁴⁴/

平聲哀而安，上聲厲而舉，去聲清而遠，入聲直而促。

平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


咱人話

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ naŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/nan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ naŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ laŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/lan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ naŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/nan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ naŋ²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

(Quanzhou, Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien) Hokkien (Southern Min)


평성

[pʰjʌ̹ŋsʰʌ̹ŋ]


唐話

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hɔŋ²² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ fa⁵³/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/hɔŋ²² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/tʰɔŋ¹¹ fa⁵³/

1888, James Dyer Ball, Cantonese Made Easy, Hongkong: The 'China Mail' Office, page 12:

nei⁵ wui⁵ gong² tong⁴ waa⁶⁻² m⁴ wui⁵ ni¹?

你噲講唐話唔噲呢？

你哙讲唐话唔哙呢？

(dated or informal, especially overseas) Chinese language


唐話

唐話 (canonical)
tōwa (romanization)
tauwa (romanization)
たうわ (hiragana historical)

(obsolete, Edo) spoken vernacular Chinese


溫州話

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/


乎古止点

乎古止点 (canonical)
okototen (romanization)

marks to aid in reading Chinese classics


之乎者也

ㄓ ㄏㄨ ㄓㄜˇ ㄧㄝˇ

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ xu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ fuː²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵ jaː¹³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ hu¹¹ t͡sia⁵²⁻³⁵ ia⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ hu³³ t͡se³³ ɦie²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ xu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ fuː²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵ jaː¹³/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ hu¹¹ t͡sia⁵²⁻³⁵ ia⁵²⁻²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ hu³³ t͡se³³ ɦie²¹/

The four common particles in Classical Chinese.

He used so many archaisms in his speech, it was impossible to understand half he said.

魯迅 Lu Xun, 《孔乙己》 Kung I-chi, 1919; translation by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang.

Tā duìrén shuōhuà, zǒngshì mǎnkǒu zhīhūzhěyě, jiào rén bàn dǒng bùdǒng de.

他對人說話，總是滿口之乎者也，教人半懂不懂的。

他对人说话，总是满口之乎者也，教人半懂不懂的。

(metonymically) unintelligible speech or article filled with archaisms; pedantic expressions; grandiloquent speech; semi-incomprehensible talk


古漢語

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kuː³⁵ hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

written forms of archaic Chinese: Classical Chinese


白話文

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白話文):
* → Korean: 백화문(白話文) (baekhwamun)
* → Vietnamese: bạch thoại văn (白話文)

ㄅㄞˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄨㄣˊ

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ wən³⁵/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵ mɐn²¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹ wən³⁵/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵ mɐn²¹/

vernacular prose; vernacular Chinese (written)


四川話

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³ ue⁴¹/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³ ue⁴¹/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

Sichuanese (a group of Southwestern Mandarin dialects)


北京話

ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

Pekingese; Beijingese; the Beijing dialect of Mandarin


checked tone

(Chinese phonetics) Synonym of entering tone


廈門話

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haː²² muːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/e²¹ mui²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/haː²² muːn²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³⁻²² ua²²/

/e²¹ mui²³⁻²¹ ua²¹/


桂林話

ㄍㄨㄟˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ lin³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ lin³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɐi̯³³ lɐm²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

Southwestern Mandarin
Southwestern Mandarin


反語

/fän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fän²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


平仄

[ço̞ːso̞kɯ̟]

Derived from Middle Chinese 平仄 (MC bjien|bjaeng tsrik).

level and oblique tones (technical term for classical Chinese rhythmic poetry)

tonal patterns in classical Chinese poetry


三及第

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚² tɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚² tɐi̯²²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵ ti⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚² tɐi̯²²⁻³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kʰɐp̚² tɐi̯²²/

A written language formed from a mixture of Classical Chinese, Standard Chinese, and vernacular Cantonese, formerly used in publications and media such as Hong Kong newspapers.


浙南閩語

ㄓㄜˋ ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄩˇ

ㄓㄜˋ ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄩˇ

Чжэнань миньюй

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ nän³⁵ min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ nän³⁵ min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siːt̚³ naːm²¹ mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lam²³⁻³³ ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ nän³⁵ min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤ⁵¹ nän³⁵ min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡siːt̚³ naːm²¹ mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lam²³⁻³³ ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

Zhenan Min (a variety of Min Chinese spoken in Zhejiang)


汕頭話

ㄕㄢˋ ㄊㄡˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³⁻²² ue²²/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴⁻²² ue⁴¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³⁻²² ue²²/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴⁻¹¹ ue³³/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³⁻³³ ue³³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ue¹¹/


客語

/kʰɤ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hak⁵⁻² ŋi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ky⁴⁵³/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ky³³²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hak⁵⁻² ŋi⁵³/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/kʰɛʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ ky⁴⁵³/

/kʰɛʔ²⁻²⁴ ky³³²/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/kʰe(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

I sing in Taiwanese Hokkien and Hakka to express my soul [official translation]
I sing out my emotions with Hokkien and Hakka [literal translation]

2020, 羅文裕 (Wing Lo), 南下列車 (Train to the South), English translation by Josh Edbrooke

iōng Tâi-gí kah Kheh-gí chhiùⁿ-chhut sim-chêng

用台語和客語唱出心情

用台语和客语唱出心情


徽語

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐi̯⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐi̯⁵⁵ jyː¹³/


閩語

/min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy⁴⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy³³²/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/man²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

/min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ jyː¹³/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ ŋy³³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy⁴⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋy³³²/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/man²³⁻²¹ u⁴⁴⁵/

Min (group of Chinese lects found in southeastern China)


閩北語

/min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ pɐk̚⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ pɐk̚⁵ jyː¹³/

/maiŋ³³ pɛ²⁴ ŋy²¹/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻³³ pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² pak̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/min²¹⁴⁻³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ pɐk̚⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ pɐk̚⁵ jyː¹³/

/maiŋ³³ pɛ²⁴ ŋy²¹/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/ban²³⁻³³ pak̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban¹³⁻²² pak̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

Northern Min; Min Bei (variety of Min Chinese represented by the Jian'ou dialect)

(dated) Northern Min (variety of Min Chinese spoken in northern Fujian, including what is now known as Eastern Min)


閩中語

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn¹³ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/ban¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/ban²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/ban²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

Central Min; Min Zhong (variety of Chinese)


撮口呼

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːt̚³ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡suat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ³³/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰyːt̚³ hɐu̯³⁵ fuː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁴ kʰau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

/t͡suat̚⁵⁻²⁴ kʰio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔ³³/

/t͡sʰuat̚³²⁻⁵ kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔ⁴⁴/

(Chinese phonetics) class of finals with /y/ (ü in Pinyin, written as u after j, q, x, and y) as their medial or nucleus


藍青官話

ㄌㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄥ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ланьцин гуаньхуа

/län³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/län³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

Old National Pronunciation
Old National Pronunciation

(obsolete, derogatory) Old National Pronunciation


書き下し文

書き下し文 (canonical)
kakikudashi bun (romanization)

Classical Chinese (kanbun) texts read with kun'yomi and the Japanese word order


鼻尾韻

/pi³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/pi³⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable with a nasal coda


塞尾韻

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn²²/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn¹³/

/saɪ̯⁵⁵ weɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ yn⁵¹/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn²²/

/sɐk̚⁵ mei̯¹³ wɐn¹³/

(Chinese phonetics) syllable with a stop coda


喉音

/xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/xoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) a guttural onset consonant, any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 影 (/ʔ/), 曉／晓 (/h/ or /x/), 匣 (/ɦ/) and 喻 (/j/)


牙音

/ŋaː²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) velar consonant; any of the group of consonants represented by the Middle Chinese pronunciation the following 字母 (zìmǔ): 見／见 (/k/), 溪 (/kʰ/), 群 (/ɡ/) and 疑 (/ŋ/)


舌頭音

/ʂɤ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ tʰɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ʂɤ³⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/siːt̚³ tʰɐu̯²¹ jɐm⁵⁵/


合口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口呼 (hékǒuhū, “close-mouth sounds”).


廣府話

⇒ Malay: bahasa Konghu

ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄈㄨˇ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ fuː³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ hu⁴²⁻²⁴ ue²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ hu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ua²¹/

/kuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hu⁵²⁻³⁵ ue¹¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ fuː³⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴²⁻²⁴ hu⁴²⁻²⁴ ue²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ hu⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ ua²¹/

/kuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ hu⁵²⁻³⁵ ue¹¹/

Cantonese language (usually the variety from Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau)


出世仔

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

(Jinjiang and Philippine Hokkien) person of mixed ethnic Chinese and non-Chinese descent


仄聲

/t͡sɤ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡sɤ⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐk̚⁵ sɛːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ siã⁴⁴/

/t͡se(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ siã⁴⁴/

oblique tone (a category of tones in classical Chinese, consisting of the rising tone (上聲／上声 (shǎngshēng)), the departing tone (去聲／去声 (qùshēng)), and the entering tone (入聲／入声 (rùshēng)).)


仄声

ja-noun

仄(そく)声(せい) or 仄(そく)声(しょう) • (sokusei or sokushō)

仄声 (canonical)
仄声 (canonical)
sokusei (romanization)
sokushō (romanization)

(Chinese phonetics) an oblique tone (the 上声 (jōshō, “rising tone”), the 去声 (kyoshō, “departing tone”) or the 入声 (nisshō, “entering tone”), contrasting with the 平声 (hyōshō, “level tone”) among the 四声 (shisei, “four tones”) of Middle Chinese)


本地話

ㄅㄣˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄅㄣˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/puːn³⁵ tei̯²² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pəŋ⁵³ ti⁴⁵ xua⁴⁵/

/puei⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/pũĩ³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³⁻²¹ ue³³/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/puːn³⁵ tei̯²² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pəŋ⁵³ ti⁴⁵ xua⁴⁵/

/puei⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/pũĩ³³²⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ne²¹⁻⁴² ua²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ te³³⁻²¹ ue³³/

Bendihua (a variety of Chinese, often classified as a variety of Hakka, spoken in Huizhou and neighbouring areas in Guangdong)


老國音

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵ in⁵⁵/

Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin Chinese#English

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

Old National Pronunciation (the national standard for the pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese as used by the Republic of China from 1913 to 1932)