a priori

en-adj

a priori (comparative more a priori, superlative most a priori)

more a priori (comparative)
most a priori (superlative)

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹaɪ/

/ˌɑː pɹiˈɔːɹi/

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹi/

First attested in 1610. Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).

lbor

In his opening argument, the student mentioned nothing beyond his a priori knowledge.

(logic) Based on hypothesis and theory rather than experiment or empirical evidence.

مُسَلَّم بِه

logic: based on hypothesis rather than experiment

لَا يُحْتَاجُ إِثْبَاتَة إِلَى تَجْرِبَة


a priori

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹaɪ/

/ˌɑː pɹiˈɔːɹi/

/ˌeɪ pɹaɪˈɔːɹi/

deductively[Appendix:Glossary#broadly|broadly]] synonymous outside of philosophic arcanity>

(logic) In a way based on theoretical deduction rather than empirical observation.


a priori

→ English: a priori

→ French: a priori

→ German: a priori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a priori

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: a priori

→ Polish: a priori

→ Portuguese: a priori

→ Spanish: a priori

Albert of Saxony (philosopher)
Scholasticism

Literally, “from the former, from that which comes before”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

(Medieval Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from cause to effect.

(New Latin) In a manner involving reasoning from first principles; a priori.


a priori

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «a priori».ogg

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).

bor

førmoderne samfunn … hvor forskjell ennå ikke betraktes a priori som en mangel

pre-modern societies… where difference is not yet considered a priori as a deficiency

viten a priori

(logic, philosophy) a priori; based on hypothesis rather than experiment.


a priori

pl-adj

a priori (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).


a priori

Unadapted borrowing from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”).


a priori

bor+

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ā priōrī (“involving reasoning from cause to effect; from first principles”, literally “from the former”)


negative

en-adj

negative (comparative more negative, superlative most negative)

more negative (comparative)
most negative (superlative)

From Middle English negative, negatif, from Old French negatif, from Latin negātīvus (“that denies, negative”), from negāre (“to deny”); see negate.

der

(linguistics, logic) Denying a proposition; negating a concept.


negative

You can’t prove a negative.

(logic) A statement that something didn’t happen or doesn’t exist.


soteriology

en-noun

soteriology (countable and uncountable, plural soteriologies)

/səʊtɪəɹɪˈɒləd͡ʒi/

From Ancient Greek σωτηρία (sōtēría, “salvation”) + -ology, from σωτήρ (sōtḗr, “savior”).

af

BY the Soteriology of the Bible we mean the Doctrine of the Messiah's mediatorial work for man's salvation, as gradually revealed in Holy Scripture.

1876, John Pilkington Norris, Rudiments of Theology, E. P. Dutton, page 172:

1998 [Mohr Siebeck], Timo Eskola, Theodicy and Predestination in Pauline Soteriology, 2018, Wipf and Stock, page 302,
As we have seen during this study, most interpreters of Paul's theology have concluded that his soteriology is of a mystical nature.

2012, Richard Lints, 11: Soteriology, Kelly M. Kapic, Bruce L. McCormack (editors), Mapping Modern Theology, Baker Publishing Group (Baker Academic), page 264,
Transformationist soteriologies in the nineteenth century supposed that the transformation of individuals by the gospel surely impacted their relation to God while relational soteriologies of the same period inevitably discussed the implications of Christianity upon the character of those who believed it.

The issue of soteriology in the fourth gospel remains vexed.

2022, R. G. William Loader, Christology, Soteriology, and Ethics in John and Hebrews, Mohr Siebeck, page 139:

(theology) The study or doctrine of salvation.


transient

en-adj

transient (comparative more transient, superlative most transient)

more transient (comparative)
most transient (superlative)

From Late Latin transiēnt- (for classical transeunt-), stem of transiēns, present participle of transire (“to go over, to pass”).

مُؤَقَّت

passing or disappearing with time; transitory

(philosophy) Operating beyond itself; having an external effect.

ενυπάρχων

operating beyond itself; having an external effect


veterinarian

From Latin veterīnārius (“cattle doctor”) + -an, from veterīnae (“beasts of burden, draught-”), probably from vehō (“to convey, draw”), or from vetus (“old”).

A medical doctor who treats non-human animals.


deontic

deontic (comparative more deontic, superlative most deontic)

more deontic (comparative)
most deontic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek δέον (déon, “what is right”); compare deontology.

der

(ethics, linguistics) Pertaining to necessity, duty or obligation, or expressions conveying this.

deòntic

pertaining to necessity, duty or obligation


aureole

/ˈɔː.ɹiː.əʊl/

From Middle English aureole, from Old French aureole, from Medieval Latin aureola (corona) ("golden (crown)").

(theology) Alternative form of aureola (“increment to blessedness”)


lovely

en-adj

lovely (comparative lovelier, superlative loveliest)

lovelier (comparative)
loveliest (superlative)

From Middle English lovely, luvelich, lufli, from Old English luflīċ, luflīc (“amiable, loving, lovable”), equivalent to love + -ly.

seal the title with a lovely kiss

c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii]:


lovely

English: lovely

Scots: luely

Inherited from Old English luflīċ; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ly (adjectival suffix).

af

Friendly, affectionate, loving (providing love)

Many a lovely loke on them he cast.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Lustful, passionate; romantically or sexually charged.


lovely

English: lovely

Inherited from Old English luflīċe; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Nicely, affectionately, lovingly (in a loving way)

Eagerly, fondly, enthusiastically; with great passion.

Lustfully, passionately; in a romantically or sexually charged way.

(rare) Courteously; in a well-mannered way.


make love

en-verb

make love (third-person singular simple present makes love, present participle making love, simple past and past participle made love)

makes love (present singular third-person)
making love (participle present)
made love (participle past)
made love (past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-make love.wav

Calque of Old Occitan far amor, Middle French faire l'amour.

So from thenceforth, when loue he to her made, / VVith better tearmes ſhe did him entertaine, / VVhich gaue him hope, and did him halfe perſvvade, / That he iunb time her ioyaunce ſhould obtaine.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto XI”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, stanza 7, page 494:

[S]carcely had they passed the sweep-gate and joined the other carriage, than she found her subject cut up–her hand seized–her attention demanded, and Mr. Elton actually making violent love to her: availing himself of the precious opportunity, declaring sentiments which must already be well known, […]

1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter XV, in Emma: […], volume I, London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 275:

About a week afterwards she said to him, point-blank, “Are you seriously making love to your little cousin?”

1878, Henry James, chapter VIII, in The Europeans, Macmillan and Co.:

After all, the chief charm is in the fact of being made love to. You are making love to me, aren't you?

1910, Saki [pseudonym; Hector Hugh Munro], “The Baker’s Dozen”, in Reginald in Russia and Other Sketches, London: Methuen & Co. […], →OCLC, page 107:

The first stage we tackled was just about as rickety as it could very well be and I had to sit with the driver, who was a Mormon and so handsome that I was not a bit offended when he insisted on making love all the way, especially after he told me that he was a widower Mormon.

1914, Elinore Pruitt Stewart, Letters of a Woman Homesteader, Houghton Mifflin Company, pages 3–4:

‘Ever since I was sixteen men have been making love to me.’

1941, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, Up at the Villa, Vintage, published 2004, page 24:

He's making violent love to me, Mother.

1946, It's a Wonderful Life, spoken by Mary Hatch (Donna Reed):

1953, C.S.Lewis, The Silver Chair, page 107:

(archaic) To make amorous approaches (to); to woo, romance, court.


相合傘

ja-noun

相(あい)合(あい)傘(がさ) • (aiaigasa) ^(←あひあひがさ (afiafigasa)?)

相合傘 (canonical)
aiaigasa (romanization)
afiafigasa (romanization)
あひあひがさ (hiragana historical)

Compound of 相合 (aiai, “doing things together”) + 傘 (kasa, “umbrella”). The kasa changes to gasa as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
相合傘 has a strong romantic implication, stemming in part from a play on words. The first two characters are pronounced あい (ai), the same as the word 愛(あい) (ai, “love”), and thus the connotation is that both people under the umbrella are in love.

compound

(slang, figurative) a love affair, a romantic relationship


norm

From Latin norma (“a carpenter's square, a rule, a pattern, a precept”). Doublet of norma.

norm

math: function that maps vectors to non-negative reals

(philosophy, computer science) A sentence with non-descriptive meaning, such as a command, permission, or prohibition.


causa

la-noun

causa f (genitive causae); first declension

causae (genitive)
causa (nominative singular)
causae (nominative plural)
causae (genitive singular)
causārum (genitive plural)
causae (dative singular)
causīs (dative plural)
causam (accusative singular)
causās (accusative plural)
causā (ablative singular)
causīs (ablative plural)
causa (singular vocative)
causae (plural vocative)

From Old Latin caussa, from Proto-Italic *kaussā, further origin unknown. Connected by some to Latin cudo (“I strike”), in the sense "strike a cause," in which the Proto-Indo-European form would be *kewh₂-ud-ʰ-t-, from *kewh₂- (“to cut, strike”). Others are skeptical of an Indo-European origin. Related to Etruscan 𐌂𐌀𐌅𐌔𐌀 (cavsa).

unk

unknown

qua de causa/qua de re/quam ob causam

Ille diēs prīmus lētī prīmusque malōrum
causa fuit ….
That day – a first of death, and onset of misery – it was the cause [of everything].

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.169–170

(The union of Dido and Aeneas begets tragedy.)

motive, reason, pretext, inducement, motivation


causa

Dalmatian:

causa

Italo-Romance:

Italian: cosa

→ Sardinian: cosa

Neapolitan: cosa

→ Occitan: còsa (Guardia Piemontese)

Sicilian: cosa

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: cjosse, čhosse

Ladin: cossa

desc

Romansch: chaussa, caussa, tgossa, chosa

Venetan:

Venetan: cosa

Gallo-Italic:

Lombard: còssa

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: chousa

Old French: chose, cose

French: chose

→ English: chose ("property")

Picard: cose

Walloon: tchôze

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: cosa

Gascon: causa

Occitan: causa, chausa, cauva

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: cosa

Asturian: cousa, cosa

Mirandese: cousa

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: cousa
Fala: coixa, coixha
Galician: cousa
Portuguese: coisa, cousa (dated), coysa (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: cosa
Ladino: koza
Spanish: cosa

Insular Romance:

Old Sardinian: casa

Ancient borrowings:

→ Albanian: kafshë

→ Basque: gauza

→ Old Irish: caus, cauis

Irish: cúis

→ Kabyle: taɣawsa

→ Tashelhit: taɣawsa

→ Nefusa: taɣawsa

Later borrowings:

→ Catalan: causa

→ Czech: kauza

→ English: cause

→ Esperanto: kaŭzo

→ French: cause

→ Friulian: cause

→ Ido: kauzo

→ Italian: causa

→ Macedonian: кауза (kauza)

→ Occitan: causa

→ Portuguese: causa

→ Romanian: cauză

→ Sicilian: causa

→ Spanish: causa

unk

unknown

urbis causā


kinetic

From Ancient Greek κινητικός (kinētikós, “puts in motion”), from κινέω (kinéō, “I move, put in motion”).

der

(philosophy) Relating to the force driving life forward.


paradox

en-noun

paradox (countable and uncountable, plural paradoxes)

From Middle French paradoxe, from Latin paradoxum, from Ancient Greek παράδοξος (parádoxos, “unexpected, strange”).

paradoks

apparent contradiction which is nonetheless true

He is a paradox; you would not expect him in that political party.

You are a paradox of bitch and angel.

1999, Virginia Henley, A Year and a Day, →ISBN, page 315:

A person or thing having contradictory properties.

矛盾的人

person or thing with contradictory properties

Thus, like modern disputants, they aimed either to confute the respondent or to land him in paradox.

1866, Edward Poste, Aristotle on Fallacies, Or, The Sophistici Elenchi, translation of original by Aristotle, page 43:

(uncountable, philosophy) A state in which one is logically compelled to contradict oneself.


counterfactual

(linguistics, philosophy) A conditional statement in which the conditional clause is false.


perspicuous

en-adj

perspicuous (comparative more perspicuous, superlative most perspicuous)

more perspicuous (comparative)
most perspicuous (superlative)

From Latin perspicuus, in turn from perspiciō (“see through”).

(logic) (Of a language or notation) the process of inference from premises to conclusion is explicitly laid out.


philosopher

/fəˈlɑsəfəɹ/

Cicero
Diogenes Laertius
Heraclides Ponticus
Iamblichus
Pythagoras
Tusculan Disputations
Walter Burkert

From Middle English philosophre, from Anglo-Norman or Middle French philosophe, from Latin philosophus, from Ancient Greek φιλόσοφος (philósophos, literally “lover of wisdom”) + -er.
Credited as having been coined by Pythagoras to describe himself.
Displaced native Old English ūþwita.

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 492. Scholar

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/62 § philosopher


ratio

la-noun

ratiō f (genitive ratiōnis); third declension

ratiō (canonical feminine)
ratiōnis (genitive)
ratiō (nominative singular)
ratiōnēs (nominative plural)
ratiōnis (genitive singular)
ratiōnum (genitive plural)
ratiōnī (dative singular)
ratiōnibus (dative plural)
ratiōnem (accusative singular)
ratiōnēs (accusative plural)
ratiōne (ablative singular)
ratiōnibus (ablative plural)
ratiō (singular vocative)
ratiōnēs (plural vocative)

Dalmatian:

rasaun, ratiáun

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ragione

Neapolitan: ragiune

Sicilian: ragiuni, raggiuni, raciuni

Padanian:

Friulian: reson

Ladin: reson

Piedmontese: rason

Romansch: raschun, raschung, radschun

Venetan: raxon, rajon

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Old French: raison

French: raison

Walloon: råjhon

→ English: reason

→ Irish: réasún

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Aragonese: razón

Catalan: raó

Occitan: rason

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: razón

Galician: razón

Portuguese: razão

Spanish: razón

Insular Romance: (newer forms influenced by Italian)

Old Sardinian: rathone, rethone

Middle Sardinian: rasione, rexione, arresoni

Modern Sardinian: regione, rejone, raxoni

Ancient borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian: *rrësye

Albanian: arsye, arrësye

From the nominative ratiō:

Catalan: ràtio

Dutch: ratio
→ Indonesian: rasio

English: ratio

Esperanto: racio

French: ratio

Italian: ratio

Polish: racja

Portuguese: rácio

Romanian: rație

Spanish: ratio

From the accusative ratiōnem:

Catalan: ració

English: ration

French: ration

Galician: ración

Italian: razione

Portuguese: ração

Romanian: rațiune

Spanish: ración

Turkish: racon

doctrine, system, philosophy (collective body of the teachings of a school of thought)


a posteriori

en-adj

a posteriori (comparative more a posteriori, superlative most a posteriori)

more a posteriori (comparative)
most a posteriori (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin ā posteriōrī (“involving reasoning from effect to cause, from experience to theory”, literally “from what follows”). Popularized from the 19th century in reference to the work of Immanuel Kant.

learned borrowing

What Locke calls "knowledge" they have called "a priori knowledge"; what he calls "opinion" or "belief" they have called "a posteriori" or "empirical knowledge".

1988, R. S. Woolhouse, The empiricists, Oxford University Press:

inductive[Appendix:Glossary#broadly|broadly]] synonymous outside of philosophic arcanity>

empirical

involving induction of theories from facts

(logic) Involving induction of theories from facts.

апастэрыёрны

involving deduction of theories from facts


a posteriori

FALLACIES of the modern worldview have to do with the conception of the world as substance or machinery, mistaking abstractions for reality, confusing origins and truth, failing to attribute feeling to things that feel, recognising ethics as exclusively anthropocentric, thinking a posteriori, objectifying facts as separated from values, reducing the complex to the simple and dividing knowledge into distinct disciplines that produce experts who are often wrong.

inductively[Appendix:Glossary#broadly|broadly]] synonymous outside of philosophic arcanity>

(logic) In a manner that deduces theories from facts.

البعديَة

in a manner that deduces theories from facts


a posteriori

→ English: a posteriori

→ Norwegian Bokmål: a posteriori

Literally, “from the following, from those things that follow, from those things that are later”. Introduced as a technical phrase by Scholastic philosophers, notably Albert of Saxony (14th century).

lit

(New Latin) In a manner involving induction from experience, a posteriori.


a posteriori

NB - Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «a posteriori».ogg

Learned borrowing from Latin ā posteriōrī (“from what follows; from what [ must ] follow”), first part from Latin ā (“from, away from, out of”), alternative form of ab (“from, away from, out of, down from”) by apocope (not used before a vowel or h), from Proto-Italic *ab, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Last part from Latin posteriōrī, dative singular of posterior (“after, next”), comparative degree of posterus (“next, after”), from post (“behind, after”), from earlier poste, from Proto-Italic *posti, from Proto-Indo-European *pósti, from *pós (“afterwards; by, at”).

learned borrowing

from what follows; from what 􂀿 must 􂁀 follow

der

at 2+2 er 4 som er a priori viten og at vi har sanseerfaring som er a posteriori viten er ikke et bevis for at Jesus ikke eksisterer

that 2 + 2 is 4 which is a priori knowledge and that we have sensory experience which is a posteriori knowledge is not a proof that Jesus does not exist

viten a posteriori

a posteriori knowledge; knowledge based on experience

(logic, philosophy) a posteriori, involving deduction of theories from facts.


a posteriori

pl-adj

a posteriori (not comparable, no derived adverb)

Learned borrowing from Latin ā posteriōrī.

lbor

(literary, logic, philosophy) a posteriori


abductive

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-abductive.wav

(logic, computing) Being or relating to a logical process of abduction or inference.


seduce

en-verb

seduce (third-person singular simple present seduces, present participle seducing, simple past and past participle seduced)

seduces (present singular third-person)
seducing (participle present)
seduced (participle past)
seduced (past)

Borrowed from Latin sēdūcō (“to lead apart or astray”), from sē- (“aside, away, astray”) + dūcō (“to lead”); see duct. Compare adduce, conduce, deduce, etc. and Middle English seduct.

bor

He was seduced by the bright lights and glamour of the city.


invidia

la-noun

invidia f (genitive invidiae); first declension

invidiae (genitive)
invidia (nominative singular)
invidiae (nominative plural)
invidiae (genitive singular)
invidiārum (genitive plural)
invidiae (dative singular)
invidiīs (dative plural)
invidiam (accusative singular)
invidiās (accusative plural)
invidiā (ablative singular)
invidiīs (ablative plural)
invidia (singular vocative)
invidiae (plural vocative)

Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: envia, evia

Old French: enveie (early texts), envie (/i/ via Latin influence)

French: envie

desctree

→ Middle English: envie, anvie, envi, envy, envye, invie
English: envy

→ Old Italian: envia

→ Piedmontese: anvia

Lorrain: eveye, inveye

Walloon: eevie, invie

Occitano-Romance:

Catalan: enveja

Old Occitan: enveja, enveia

Occitan: enveja, envea

→ Old Italian: inveggia

Sicilian: mmija

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: enveya

Old Galician-Portuguese: enveja
Galician: envexa
Portuguese: inveja (/i/ via Latin influence)

Borrowings:

→ Italian: invidia
→ Friulian: invidie
→ Ligurian: invìdia
→ Neapolitan: 'mmìdia
→ Romanian: invidie
→ Sicilian: mmìdia, mmija
→ Venetan: invìdia

→ Portuguese: invídia

→ Spanish: envidia

[ɪnˈu̯ɪd̪iä]

From invidus (“envious”), from invideō (“envy, grudge”). Cognate to Proto-Slavic *zavistь (“envy”), Proto-Slavic *nenavistь (“hate”), Proto-Slavic *obvida (“resentment, indignation”).

cog

envy, grudge, grudging, jealousy, prejudice, spite

“… Sī tē Karthāginis arcēs,
Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus dētinet urbis,
quae tandem, Ausoniā Teucrōs cōnsīdere terrā,
invidia est? …”
“If the towers of Carthage detain you, [Dido] – a Phoenician – having looked upon this Libyan city, why then, [when we] Trojans [seek] to settle on Ausonian land, is [there any] resentment?”
(Translations – Mackail, 1885: “what wrong is it”; Knight, 1956: “what is the objection”; Mandelbaum, 1971: “why … begrudge”; Ahl, 2007: “why … evil your eye”; Ruden, 2021: “how can you resent”.)

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.347–350

odium, unpopularity, dislike, hatred, infamy, malice, resentment, ill-will


valentine

From Saint Valentine's Day (“day of celebration of romantic love”).

Such an extravagant valentine was unexpected.

An expression of affection, especially romantic affection, usually in the form of greeting card, gift, or message given the object of one's affection, especially on February 14th.

валенти́нка

an expression of affection, especially romantic

valentine

old word; used only for cards or envelopes


egoism

en-noun

egoism (countable and uncountable, plural egoisms)

altruism

antonym(s) of “tendency to think of self”

From French égoïsme, from New Latin egoismus, from Latin ego. By surface analysis, ego + -ism.

(ethics) The belief that moral behavior should be directed toward one's self-interest only.


egoism

(ethics) egoism; the belief that moral behavior should be directed toward one's self-interest.


ingress

en-verb

ingress (third-person singular simple present ingresses, present participle ingressing, simple past and past participle ingressed)

ingresses (present singular third-person)
ingressing (participle present)
ingressed (participle past)
ingressed (past)

From Latin ingressus, from the verb ingredior.

(Whiteheadian metaphysics) To manifest or cause to be manifested in the temporal world; to effect ingression


alterity

en-noun

alterity (countable and uncountable, plural alterities)

Nominal declensions, verbal case endings, gerundival constructions, in short, the full range of grammatical alterations—for which Sanskrit has a particular genius and meticulous order—announce language itself as a field of alterity.

2014, Dan Lusthaus, Buddhist Phenomenology, →ISBN:

(philosophy, anthropology) Otherness; the entity in contrast to which an identity is constructed.


philology

philology (countable and uncountable, plural philologies)

Inherited from Middle English philologie, from Latin philologia, from Ancient Greek φιλολογίᾱ (philologíā, “love of argument or reasoning, love of learning and literature”).

der

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 560. Language

a. 1662, Thomas Fuller, The History of the Worthies of England https://archive.org/details/historyofworthie01full
Indeed philology properly is terse and polite learning...; being that florid skill containing only the roses of learning, without the prickles thereof, in which narrow sense thorny philosophy is discharged, as no part of philology. But we take it in the larger notion, as inclusive of all human liberal studies...

(philosophy) Love and study of learning and literature, broadly speaking.


sala

From either:
* Proto-Philippine *salaq, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq.
* Malay salah ساله (“sin”), from Arabic زَلَّة (zalla, “error; slip; lapse; fault; sin”), with possible influence from Sanskrit चार (cāra, “trap; snare”), as in अपचार (apacāra, “offence”), or Sanskrit छल (chala, “deceit; fraud”).


Cupid

From Latin Cupīdō, personification of cupīdō (“desire, desire of love”), from cupidus (“eager, greedy, passionate”), from cupere (“to desire”).

The myth of Cupid and Psyche was one of the most influential romances in European culture.

(Roman mythology) The god of love, son of Venus; sometimes depicted as a putto (a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow). The Roman counterpart of Eros.

He was just walking down the street minding his own business when Cupid struck.

(poetic) Sudden love or desire; the personification of falling in love.

Cupid is so small and far away that it can only be seen with the Hubble Space Telescope.


deicide

en-noun

deicide (countable and uncountable, plural deicides)

(Christianity, theology) The crucifixion of Jesus, viewed as a crime.


modification

modification (countable and uncountable, plural modifications)

/ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French modification, from Latin modificātiō (“a measuring”), from modificāre (“to limit, control, modify”); see modify.

Pleasure is the business of woman's life, according to the present modification of society […]

1791 (date written), Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1792, →OCLC:

(obsolete, philosophy) The form of existence belonging to a particular object, entity etc.; a mode of being.


ki

From dated romanizations of Mandarin 氣／气 (qì) without the k-q merger, or from Japanese 気 (ki), both ultimately from the same Middle Chinese origin.

If you are calm and relaxed it will be easier for you to accept and use his ki, helping him to reach his goal. In other words, you will redirect his ki or enhance it with your own to bring your attacker down in the direction he was directing his ki.

1983, George A. Kirby, Jujitsu: Basic Techniques of the Gentle Art, page 19:


Bible basher

Coordinate term: Koran basher (“fundamentalist Muslim”)

I don't ever go to my local church any more: it's become filled with stupid, fuddy-duddy Bible bashers.

I was a real Bible basher. I used to rush round asking people if they were saved.

1969, April Hersey, Hooked on God : the Wayside Chapel experiment, Melbourne: Sun Books, →LCCN, LCC BV2656.S9 W35, page 106:

There is a skinny old bible basher who is always out gathering souls, regardless of the weather.

2008, Ian Commins, Fiveways, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, →ISBN, page 73:

(derogatory) A fundamentalist Christian preacher, or other fervent Christian, who is seen to take every opportunity to talk about Christianity and attempt to convert those around them.

I'm no bible-basher looking to discredit everything I hear, but there is one point that might be interesting to argue...If the bible is the Word of God, which version or language is the official Word, as the meanings change subtley^([sic]) from one to another?

2002, Everett Hickey, “Biblical”, in alt.astronomy (Usenet):

There *are* no "Biblical contradictions". Years ago, I...addressed many, many, many alleged "contradictions". It's a very sad state of affairs, most Bible bashers who claim "contradictions" prefer quantity over quality, and no matter how many *ridiculous* claims they came up with and I demolished, they would continue with others...

2003, Jeff Shirton, “Conference...”, in alt.religion.mormon (Usenet):

2006, veralein, How to protect yourself against false Christian teachers in alt.christnet.christianlife http://groups.google.com/group/alt.christnet.christianlife/browse_thread/thread/80f36af2e40d135a/15e69f2a5f0959de?lnk=st&q=%22bible+basher%22+against+-deicide&rnum=6&hl=en#15e69f2a5f0959de
I think you are just a Bible basher for what reasons ever. Maybe you are just an atheist who has pleasure in trolling Christians and recruiting them.

A person who finds fault with the Bible, Christianity, or Christian teaching.


speculation

speculation (countable and uncountable, plural speculations)

Etymology tree
Middle English speculation
English speculation
From Middle English speculacioun, speculation, from Old French speculation (compare French spéculation), from Late Latin speculātiō, speculātiōnem, from Latin speculor.
Morphologically speculate + -ion

etymon

Creating a work with the hope of selling it

(philosophy) The act or process of reasoning a priori from premises given or assumed.

päättely

philosophy: act or process of reasoning from premises given or assumed


allo

en-adj

allo (comparative more allo, superlative most allo)

more allo (comparative)
most allo (superlative)

Asking a person to work on themself to have more sex seems natural and intuitive, but imagine asking the allo partner to be celibate.

2020, Angela Chen, Ace: What Asexuality Reveals About Desire, Society, and the Meaning of Sex, page 83:

However, being aro adds another layer of urgency. As we get older, a lot of our monogamous allo friends will find their life partner, get married, and have kids.

2021, Izzy, "Live While We're Young: Aromantic Frienships, Youth and Futures", CAMP Magazine (University of Melbourne), Volume 4 (2021), page 20

I would say that it'd help so much if the ace characters would be explicitly acknowledged by the creators, but this doesn't always fix things. In the case of Jughead Jones, his asexuality and aromanticism were explicitly stated, but that didn't stop people from completely disregarding it, to the point where most fanart and fanfiction of him makes him allo.

2021, anonymous, quoted in "Questions Of The Month", AVENues Newsletters, July-September 2021, pages 14-15

(informal) Allosexual and/or alloromantic; experiencing sexual and/or romantic attraction.


allo

Allos might feel infatuated with a new acquaintance or be more attached to their best friend than to any romantic partner, yet they can deny the possibility of romantic feeling because of the lack of sexual attraction. Allos can wave their hand and say, "There are people I want to sleep with, and I don't want to sleep with you, so it's only platonic."

2020, Angela Chen, Ace: What Asexuality Reveals About Desire, Society, and the Meaning of Sex, page 108:

Then maybe asexuals wouldn't face negative responses ("You're a late bloomer" or You haven't met the right person" etc.) when they come out to allos.

2021, "Will", quoted in "Member Highlight: Multi-Member Question And Answer", AVENues Newsletter, January-March 2021, page 19

Part of why I’m writing this essay is to tell allos we exist, to make them aware of our struggle and our pain.

2021, Adam Key, "The Silent A: A Critical Soundtrack of Asexuality", Journal of Autoethnography, Volume 2, Issue 4, Fall 2021

(informal) One who is allosexual and/or alloromantic.


correspondence

en-noun

correspondence (countable and uncountable, plural correspondences)

From Middle English correspondence, from Latin correspondentia. By surface analysis, correspond + -ence.

Congruity or similarity between different things, people, etc:

(theology, Swedenborgianism) A similarity between physical and spiritual things (e.g. light to wisdom, or warmth to love)


conclusion

conclusion (countable and uncountable, plural conclusions)

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French conclusion, from Latin conclūsiō, from the past participle stem of conclūdere (“to conclude”), from con- + claudō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂u- (“key, hook, nail”). By surface analysis, conclude + -sion.

der

He granted him both the major and minor, but denied him the conclusion.

1716 April 20 (Gregorian calendar), Joseph Addison, “The Free-holder: No. 32. Monday, April 9. [1716.]”, in The Works of the Right Honourable Joseph Addison, Esq; […], volume IV, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], published 1721, →OCLC:

(logic) In an argument or syllogism, the proposition that follows as a necessary consequence of the premises.


humanism

en-noun

humanism (usually uncountable, plural humanisms)

From human + -ism, borrowed from German Humanismus, coined by Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer in 1808.

An ethical system that centers on humans and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity and freedom; especially used for a secular one which rejects theistic religion and superstition.


fara

farny (adjective)
fara (nominative singular)
fary (nominative plural)
fary (genitive singular)
far (genitive plural)
farze (dative singular)
farom (dative plural)
farę (accusative singular)
fary (accusative plural)
farą (instrumental singular)
farami (instrumental plural)
farze (locative singular)
farach (locative plural)
faro (singular vocative)
fary (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: fara

→ Slovincian: fara

Borrowed from German Pfarre. First attested in 1553. Compare Silesian fara.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fara”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

(archaic, Christianity) parish church; parish (church that serves as the religious center of a parish; the basic administrative unit of episcopal churches)

(obsolete, education) parochial school (school associated with the parish of a church)

(Middle Polish, Christianity) parish (part of a diocese; costs associated with parish maintenance)

Pánie ſtáry/ Porzuć cżáry/ Im ſie wiáry/ Gotuy máry/ By bez wiáry/ Dyabeł ſzáry/ Do ſwey fáry/ Zá ſwe dary/ W ſwe browáry Ná przewáry/ Nie wziął cie ná ſwiętá.

(Middle Polish, figurative, hapax, religion) hell (place of torment where some or all sinners and evil spirits are believed to go after death)


trilemma

The word is modelled on dilemma, with di- (“two, twice, double”) replaced by tri- (“three”).

It has been remarked as a characteristic of the late Sir Robert Peel, that in introducing his measures to the House of Commons, he often used the trilemma. "Three courses are before us—to go backward, to stand still, to go forward. We cannot go backward; we cannot stand still; we must, then, go forward."

1851, [James William Gilbart], Logic for the Million: A Familiar Exposition of the Art of Reasoning, London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, →OCLC, part IV (The Points of Reasoning), section V (Reasoning by Compound Syllogism), subsection III (The Trilemma), page 324:

And in anticipation of it, while he [Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger] declares at one moment that it would be profane to limit Divine Providence to an alternative, he affirms in the next that there can be no harm whatever in shutting it up to a supposed exhaustive trilemma.

1862 July 1, “Art. VII.—(1.) Kirche und Kirchen, Papstthum und Kirchenstaat. Historisch-politische Bertrachtungen von Joh. Jos. Ign. v. Döllinger. Zweiter unveränderter Abdruck. München: 1861. (2.) The Church and the Churches; or, The Papacy and The Temporal Power. An Historical and Political Review. By Dr. Döllinger. Translated by William Bernard MacCabe. London: 1862.”, in The British Quarterly Review, volume XXXVI, number LXXI, London: Jackson, Walford, & Hodder 18, St. Paul's Churchyard and Simpkin, Marshall and Co., Stationers' Hall Court; Edinburgh: W. Oliphant & Co.; Glasgow: J[ames] MacLehose; Dublin: J. Robertson, →OCLC, page 156:

universe of discourse
universe of discourse

(logic) An argument containing three alternatives, jointly exhaustive either under any condition(s) or under all condition(s) consistent with the universe of discourse of that argument, that each imply the same conclusion.

trilema

(logic) argument containing three alternatives


particular

en-adj

particular (comparative more particular, superlative most particular)

more particular (comparative)
most particular (superlative)
non-comparable (also)

From Middle English particuler, from Anglo-Norman particuler, Middle French particuler, particulier, from Late Latin particularis (“partial; separate, individual”), from Latin particula (“(small) part”). Equivalent to particle + -ar. Compare particle.

подробен

concerned with, or attentive to, details; minute; precise; fastidious

a particular proposition, opposed to "universal", e.g. (particular affirmative) "Some men are wise"; (particular negative) "Some men are not wise".

(logic) Forming a part of a genus; relatively limited in extension; affirmed or denied of a part of a subject.


particular

When we examine common words, we find that, broadly speaking, proper names stand for particulars, while other substantives, adjectives, prepositions, and verbs stand for universals.

1912, Bertrand Russel, The Problems of Philosophy, Chapter 9:

(now philosophy, chiefly in plural) A particular case; an individual thing as opposed to a whole class. (Opposed to generals, universals.)

partikulaari

philosophy: individual thing as opposed to a whole class


miscreant

en-adj

miscreant (comparative more miscreant, superlative most miscreant)

more miscreant (comparative)
most miscreant (superlative)

From Middle English myscreaunt, miscreaunt, from Old French mescreant (1080) "mis-believer", present participle of mescreire "to misbelieve" (modern mécroire).

(theology) Holding an incorrect religious belief.


miscreant

Now wil the Chriſtian miſcreants be glad,
Ringing with ioy their ſuperſtitious belles:
And making bonfires for my ouerthrow.
But ere I die thoſe foule Idolaters
Shall make me bonfires with their filthy bones, […]

c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene iii:

Arise thou cursed Miscreaunt,
That hast with knightlesse guile and trecherous train
Faire knighthood fowly shamed

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 41:

Before thine eyes, thou mild and blessed one, said he, half aloud, are these miscreants daring to hold their market, and trafficking in their hellish drugs

1825, Thomas De Quincey, “The Love-charm”, in Quarterly Magazine, Knight:

(theology) One who holds a false religious belief; a misbeliever.

فَاسِق

one who holds a false religious belief; an unbeliever


nowhen

From no + when, by analogy with nowhere. See quotation from 1996.

I want to show that if we want to understand the asymmetry of time then we need to be able to understand, and quarantine, the various ways in which our patterns of thought reflect the peculiarities of our own temporal perspective. We need to acquaint ourselves with what might aptly be called the view from nowhen.

1996, Huw Price, Time's Arrow and Archimedes' Point, Oxford University Press:

(philosophy) A point from which one has an unrestricted perspective in time.


proposition

en-noun

proposition (countable and uncountable, plural propositions)

/ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/

From Middle English proposicioun, from Old French proposicion, from Latin prōpositiō, from the verb prōponō.

väite

math: assertion which can be considered true or false

“Wiktionary is a good dictionary” is a proposition.

(countable, logic) The content of an assertion that may be taken as being true or false and is considered abstractly without reference to the linguistic sentence that constitutes the assertion; (Aristotelian logic) a predicate of a subject that is denied or affirmed and connected by a copula.

قَضِيَّة

the abstract contents of a statement, without reference to its formulation


dilemma

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
First attested 1523, from Late Latin dilemma, from Ancient Greek δίλημμα (dílēmma, “ambiguous proposition”), from δι- (di-, “having two of”) + λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, proposition”).

der

damned if one does and damned if one doesn't

(logic) A type of syllogism of the form "if A is true then B is true; if C is true then D is true; either A or C is true; therefore either B or D is true".


essence

en-noun

essence (countable and uncountable, plural essences)

From Middle English essence, from Middle French essence, from Latin essentia (“the being or essence of a thing”), from an artificial formation of esse (“to be”), to translate Ancient Greek οὐσία (ousía, “being”), from ὤν (ṓn), present participle of εἰμί (eimí, “I am, exist”).

der

(philosophy) The true nature of anything, not accidental or illusory.


essence

→ Dutch: essence

→ Finnish: esanssi

→ Romanian: esență

→ Turkish: esans

→ Vietnamese: ét-xăng

From Old French, from Latin essentia. Sense 2 very likely from Latin edō (“eat”), in the sense of 'what is eaten, fuel'. Many forms of the latter are indistinguishable from the former, and so the confusion with essence is very understandable.


abito

Borrowed from Latin habitus (“habit, appearance”), a noun based on habeō (“have”).

bor+

(Aristotelic philosophy) disposition to be or act in a certain way


allotrope

Back-formation from allotropy, as allo- + -trope, from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos, “other”), and τρόπος (trópos, “way, manner”).

(philosophy) An alternative shape of a cognitive structure.


dip

(ABDL, informal, uncommon) A diaper; diap, dipe.


무

Sino-Korean word from 武, from the Middle Korean reading 무〯 (Yale: mwǔ).

文(문)ᄒᆞ고 武(무)ᄒᆞᆫ 吉(길)甫(보)ㅣ여 萬(만)邦(방)이 법을 삼놋다

1613, 시경언해/詩經諺解 [Korean translation of the Classic of Poetry]:

O Jifu, who mastered the arts of peace and the arts of war! The myriad realms make you as their law.

mun-hago mu-han Gilbo-iyeo manbang-i beob-eul samnotda

신이 젼하ᄅᆞᆯ 밧드러 만셰ᄅᆞᆯ 뫼올가 ᄒᆞ오나, 쳔비쇼ᄉᆡᆼ이라 문으로 옥당의 막히옵고 무로 션천의 막일지라[…]

early 18th century, 홍길동전 경판본/洪吉童傳 京板本 [Seoul edition of the Tale of Hong Gildong]:

Though I would like to serve Your Majesty and be at your side for a myriad generations, I am the child of a lowly slave-woman. With regards to the civil arts, the halls of jade [i.e. civil service] are blocked to me; as for the military path, the Office of Transmission [post of military officers in the Korean army] is blocked to me.

sin-i jeonha-reul batdeureo mansye-reul moe'olga haona, cheonbisyosaeng-ira mun-euro okdang-ui makhiopgo mu-ro syeoncheon-ui magiljira[…]

진실노 武(무)를 論(논)하고 兵(병)을 說(설)하는 者(자)를 時(시)代(대)의 錯(착)誤(오)者(자)로 하야 이를 呪(주)咀(저)하게 되얏다.

1920, “戰(전)爭(쟁)은 罪(죄)惡(악)뿐 余(여)의 縱(종)橫(횡)觀(관) [War is naught but evil: my wide-ranging thoughts]”, in The Dong-a Ilbo:

Truly, people have come to curse those who discuss military affairs and speak of armies, considering them as men who have misread the era.

Jinsil-lo mu-reul non-hago byeong-eul seol-haneun ja-reul sidae-ui chagoja-ro haya i-reul jujeo-hage doeyatda.

국가 차원에서는 강병(强兵)이 없었고 개인 차원에서는 무(武)를 천시한 결과라는 것이다.

2019, “조선이 명을 섬길 때 일본은 세계를 만났다 [joseoni myeong'eul seomgil ttae ilboneun segyereul mannatda, When Korea served Ming China, Japan encountered the world]”, in The Chosun Ilbo:

That is, [defeat] was the result of not having high-quality troops from a state perspective, and neglecting martial virtues from an individual perspective.

(especially historical) martial ethos; the military arts; everything to do with warfare or (by extension) martial arts, especially as a concept in East Asian political theory

the hanja entry at 武 for Sino-Korean compounds of 무


judgment

en-noun

judgment (countable and uncountable, plural judgments)

From Middle English juggement, borrowed from Old French jugement, from Late Latin iūdicāmentum, from Latin iūdicō. Displaced native doom.
Morphologically judge + -ment

(theology) The final award; the last sentence.

oordeel

(theology) final award; the last sentence


biner

From Dutch binair (“binary”), from French binaire, from Latin bīnārius.

(logic) concerning logic whose subject matter concerns binary states.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

(philosophy) Of or relating to nominalism.


concretism

concretism (countable and uncountable, plural concretisms)

(philosophy) Reification; the fallacy of treating an abstraction as a real entity.


validity

validity (countable and uncountable, plural validities)

From valid + -ity, borrowed from Middle French validité, from Late Latin validitas.

(Christianity, theology) The genuinity, as distinguished from the efficacity or the regularity, of a sacrament as a result of some formal dispositions being fulfilled.


cloak-and-dagger

Calque of French de cape et d’épée (“of the cloak and the sword”); first attested 1840. The French term referred to a genre of drama in which the main characters wore cloaks and had swords. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow used the “cloak and sword” term in 1840, whereas Charles Dickens preferred “cloak and dagger” a year later.

cal

Israel wages cloak-and-dagger war on Iran [headline]

2009 February 18, Philip Sherwell, Dina Kraft, “Israel wages cloak-and-dagger war on Iran”, in The Age:

Marked by menacing furtive secrecy, often with a melodramatic tint or espionage involved.

Charles Dickens
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow


macrophilia

"This guy's into microphilia — or is it macrophilia? He gets off on being made to feel that he's really small."
"You're joking," I replied.
"No, I'm not."
"And I thought my fantasies about gladiators were kinky."

2006, David Stukas, Biceps Of Death, page 14:

The giantess fetish, whether it's macrophilia or microphilia, is a pretty unique one. What y'all want is to be made to feel tiny by a bigger, stronger, superior woman.

2010, Diamond, “Black BBW Goddess Fulfills All Your Giantess Fetish Fantasies”, in alt.sex.telephone.alt (Usenet):

(paraphilia) A paraphilia involving sexual attraction to giants.


mens

la-noun

mēns f (genitive mentis); third declension

mēns (canonical feminine)
mentis (genitive)
mēns (nominative singular)
mentēs (nominative plural)
mentis (genitive singular)
mentium (genitive plural)
mentī (dative singular)
mentibus (dative plural)
mentem (accusative singular)
mentēs (accusative plural)
mentīs (accusative plural)
mente (ablative singular)
mentibus (ablative plural)
mēns (singular vocative)
mentēs (plural vocative)

Albanian: mend

Aromanian: minti, minte

Asturian: miente, mente

Catalan: ment

→ Esperanto: menso

Friulian: ment

Ido: mento

Italian: mente

Occitan: ment

Portuguese: mente

Romanian: minte

Sardinian: mente, menti

Sicilian: menti

Spanish: mente

Venetan: ménte

Italo-Romance:

Italian: -mente

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: -ment

Franco-Provençal: -ment

Old French: -ment (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: -ment

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: -mente

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: -mente
Galician: -mente
Portuguese: -mente

Spanish: -mente

→ Interlingua: -mente (and from other Romance forms)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *men-
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *méntis
Proto-Italic *mentis
Latin mens
Inherited from Proto-Italic *mentis, from Proto-Indo-European *méntis (“thought”). Cognate with Sanskrit मति (matí), αὐτόματος (autómatos), μάντις (mántis), Russian мнить (mnitʹ, “to think”), Old English ġemynd (whence English mind).

etymon

heart, conscience (seat of the thoughts and will)


problematic

en-adj

problematic (comparative more problematic, superlative most problematic)

more problematic (comparative)
most problematic (superlative)

Borrowed from Middle French problématique, from Late Latin problematicus, from Ancient Greek προβληματικός (problēmatikós), from πρόβλημα (próblēma, “outjutting, barrier, problem”), from προβάλλω (probállō, “I throw, place before”), from πρό (pró, “before”) + βάλλω (bállō, “I throw, place”). By surface analysis, problem + -atic.

der

προβληματικός

(logic, dated) Only affirming the possibility that a predicate be actualised.


quale

I was more like a vegetable than a person—with my consciousness only a shadow of self-awareness, only a dim sense of qualia penetrated my mental haze.

2011, Steven L. Peck, A Short Stay in Hell:

(philosophy) An instance of subjective, conscious experience.


surveillance

en-noun

surveillance (countable and uncountable, plural surveillances)

Unadapted borrowing from French surveillance (“a watching over, overseeing, supervision”), from surveiller (“to watch, oversee”), from sur- (“over”) + veiller (“to watch”), from Middle French, from Old French veillier (“to stay awake”), from Latin vigilāre, present active infinitive of vigilō (“I am watchful”). More at vigilant.

ubor

The threat of terrorism to the British lies in the overreaction to it of British governments. Each one in turn clicks up the ratchet of surveillance, intrusion and security. Each one diminishes liberty.

2012 December 14, Simon Jenkins, “We mustn't overreact to North Korea boys' toys”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 2, page 23:

Cook was making an impassioned plea to end the technology industry’s collection and sale of user data. “This is surveillance,” he continued.

2019 January 31, Ian Bogost, quoting Tim Cook, “Apple’s Empty Grandstanding About Privacy”, in The Atlantic:

(military, espionage) Systematic observation of places and people by visual, aural, electronic, photographic or other means.


undercover

en-adj

undercover (comparative more undercover, superlative most undercover)

more undercover (comparative)
most undercover (superlative)

Employed or engaged in spying or secret investigation.


apophasis

en-noun

apophasis (countable and uncountable, plural apophases)

Via Late Latin apophasis from Ancient Greek ἀπόφασις (apóphasis, “denial, negation”) from ἀπο- (apo-, “away, from, off”) + φάσις (phásis, “statement, proposition”) from φημί (phēmí, “to speak”) from Proto-Hellenic *pʰā́mā from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂; whence Latin fārī, cognate to fame, fable.

af

(Christianity, philosophy, theology) A process of arriving at knowledge by statements of denial; particularly, developing a concept of God through negative assertions about his nature.


apophasis

la-noun

apophasis f (genitive apophasis); third declension

apophasis (genitive)
apophasis (nominative singular)
apophasēs (nominative plural)
apophasis (genitive singular)
apophasium (genitive plural)
apophasī (dative singular)
apophasibus (dative plural)
apophasem (accusative singular)
apophasēs (accusative plural)
apophasīs (accusative plural)
apophase (ablative singular)
apophasibus (ablative plural)
apophasis (singular vocative)
apophasēs (plural vocative)

English: apophasis

French: apophase

Galician: apófase

→ Finnish: apofaasi

Portuguese: apófase

→ Russian: Апофазия (Apofazija)

[äˈpɔpʰäs̠ɪs̠]

From Ancient Greek ἀπόφασις (apóphasis, “denial, negation”), ἀπο- (apo-, “away, from, off”) + φάσις (phásis, “statement, proposition”) from ἀπόφημι (apóphēmi, “speak out; say no, refuse, deny”) from Attic Greek φημί (phēmí), Doric Greek φᾱμί (phāmí) from Proto-Hellenic *pʰā́mā from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂; whence via Proto-Italic *fāōr, *fāmā compare fārī, fābula, fāma, hence English fable, fame.

(Late Latin, logic, rhetoric) apophasis; ironically alluding to a subject matter by denying that the subject will be mentioned, embedded within a statement or rhetorical question whereby one, as it were, answers himself

(Ecclesiastical Latin, Christianity, philosophy, theology) apprehending knowledge of what is true about an unknowable, such as the essence of a divine being like God, by a negative process of denying propositions that are knowably untrue


phantasm

A learned variant of phantom; from Middle English fantosme, from Old French fantosme, fantasme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma). Doublet of phantom.

But night comes in with a more genial spirit: we have done our worst and our bitterest; and we need a small space to indulge any little bit of cordiality that may be left in us. A thousand gay phantasms float in on the sunny south, which has left the far-off vineyards of its birth.

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], “Success”, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 75:

He declares that there seems to be no justification for regarding the phantasms of dreams as pure hallucinations; most dream-images are probably in fact illusions, since they arise from faint sense-impressions, which never cease during sleep.

1900, Sigmund Freud, translated by James Strachey, The Interpretation of Dreams: Avon Books, page 74:

Something seen but having no physical reality; a phantom or apparition.

When abstracted from the phantasm by the intellectus agens the species effects a modification in the intellectus possibilis which modification is called the species intelligibilis impressa. Actualized by the species impressa the intellectus […]

1932, Sr. Mary Anastasia Coady, The Phantasm According to the Teaching of St. Thomas:

Again, in a sense, the act of understanding as an insight into phantasm is knowledge of form: but the form so known does not correspond to the philosophic concept of form; “insight is to phantasm as form is to matter; […]”

1988, Bernard J. F. Lonergan, Frederick E. Crowe, Verbum: Word and Idea in Aquinas, University of Toronto Press, →ISBN, page 38:

[…] schematic way the essential characteristics of the phantasm in Derrida so that we can then see how Derrida's analysis of the phantasm of the mother (or of maternity) at once contributes to and displaces this configuration.

2013 April 15, Andrew J. Mitchell, Sam Slote, Derrida and Joyce: Texts and Contexts, SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 166:

(philosophy) An impression as received by the senses, especially an image, often prior to any interpretation by the intellect.


logos

lȏgos (canonical masculine)
ло̑гос (Cyrillic)
lȏgos (nominative singular)
lȏgosa (genitive singular)
lȏgosu (dative singular)
lȏgos (accusative singular)
lȏgose (singular vocative)
lȏgosu (locative singular)
lȏgosom (instrumental singular)


impute

en-verb

impute (third-person singular simple present imputes, present participle imputing, simple past and past participle imputed)

imputes (present singular third-person)
imputing (participle present)
imputed (participle past)
imputed (past)

Borrowed from Middle French imputer, from Latin imputō (“to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute”).

der

To use the technical language of theologians, God through his grace "imputes" the merits of the crucified and risen Christ to a fallen human being who remains without inherent merit, and who without this "imputation" would not be "made" righteous at all.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin (2010), page 607:

(transitive, theology) To ascribe (sin or righteousness) to someone by substitution.


praxis

en-noun

praxis (countable and uncountable, plural praxes or praxises)

Partly from Latin prāxis and partly from its etymon Ancient Greek πρᾶξις (prâxis, “action, activity, practice”).

bor

(philosophy) The synthesis of theory and practice, without presuming the primacy of either.

praksis

philosophy: synthesis of theory and practice


ethos

ethe (plural)
ethea (plural)
ethoses (plural)

From Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “character; custom, habit”). Cognate to Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā́, “habit, custom”).

cog

To slip past censors, Chinese bloggers have become masters of comic subterfuge, cloaking their messages in protective layers of irony and satire. This is not a new concept, but it has erupted so powerfully that it now defines the ethos of the Internet in China.

2011 October 26, Brook Larmer, “Where an Internet Joke Is Not Just a Joke”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

As we saw with Housing Problems, this 'telling one's own story' is an ethos Edgar Anstey would have applauded, and it was an ethos that has fed into Network Rail's work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Green explains: "COVID has produced huge challenges for us, but it showed there is such a need for film-making at a time like this."

2021 March 10, Greg Morse, “Telling the railway's story on film”, in RAIL, number 926, page 49:

The character or fundamental values of a person, people, culture, or movement.

ethos

character or fundamental values of a people

(rhetoric) A form of rhetoric in which the writer or speaker invokes their authority, competence or expertise in an attempt to persuade others that their view is correct.

(art) The traits in a work of art which express the ideal or typic character, as influenced by the ethos (character or fundamental values) of a people, rather than emotional situations or individual character traits in a narrow sense; opposed to pathos.


amindumi

eo-head

amindumi (present amindumas, past amindumis, future amindumos, conditional amindumus, volitive amindumu)

amindumas (present)
amindumis (past)
amindumos (future)
amindumus (conditional)
amindumu (volitive)
amindumas (present)
amindumis (past)
amindumos (future)
amindumanta (active participle present singular)
amindumantaj (active participle plural present)
aminduminta (active participle past singular)
amindumintaj (active participle past plural)
amindumonta (active future participle singular)
amindumontaj (active future participle plural)
amindumantan (accusative active participle present singular)
amindumantajn (accusative active participle plural present)
amindumintan (accusative active participle past singular)
amindumintajn (accusative active participle past plural)
amindumontan (accusative active future participle singular)
amindumontajn (accusative active future participle plural)
amindumata (participle passive present singular)
amindumataj (participle passive plural present)
amindumita (participle passive past singular)
amindumitaj (participle passive past plural)
amindumota (future participle passive singular)
amindumotaj (future participle passive plural)
amindumatan (accusative participle passive present singular)
amindumatajn (accusative participle passive plural present)
amindumitan (accusative participle passive past singular)
amindumitajn (accusative participle passive past plural)
amindumotan (accusative future participle passive singular)
amindumotajn (accusative future participle passive plural)
amindumanto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
amindumantoj (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
aminduminto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
amindumintoj (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
amindumonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
amindumontoj (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
amindumanton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
amindumantojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
aminduminton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
amindumintojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
amindumonton (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
amindumontojn (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
amindumato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
amindumatoj (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
amindumito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
amindumitoj (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
amindumoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
amindumotoj (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)
amindumaton (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
amindumatojn (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
amindumiton (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
amindumitojn (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
amindumoton (accusative future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
amindumotojn (accusative future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)
amindumante (active adverbial participle present)
aminduminte (active adverbial participle past)
amindumonte (active adverbial future participle)
amindumate (adverbial participle passive present)
amindumite (adverbial participle passive past)
amindumote (adverbial future participle passive)
amindumi (infinitive)
amindumu (imperative)
amindumus (conditional)

From aminda (“worthy of love”) + -um- + -i.

Johán Valano (Claude Piron), Ĉu li venis trakosme? Ĉapitro 27,
ili diskutas, kunludas aŭ amindumas, sed neniam scias pli ol tion, ke la alia nomiĝas Paŭlo aŭ Berta, Ivano aŭ Johán
they talk, play together or date, but they never know any more than that the other’s name is Paul or Berta, Ivan or Johán

Vinko Ošlak, La malbabela jaro,

We hugged each other like dating sixteen-year-olds.

Ni ĉirkaŭprenis nin kvazaŭ deksesjaraj amindumantoj.

(transitive, intransitive) to go out with, date


realism

en-noun

realism (countable and uncountable, plural realisms)

nominalism

antonym(s) of “doctrine concerning universals”

(philosophy) A doctrine that universals are real: they exist and are distinct from the particulars that instantiate them.


erotic

en-adj

erotic (comparative more erotic, superlative most erotic)

more erotic (comparative)
most erotic (superlative)

From French érotique, from Ancient Greek ἐρωτικός (erōtikós, “related to love”), from ἔρως (érōs, “sexual love”).

der

erotic entertainment and services

I had an erotic dream last night.

There's a local cinema that only shows erotic movies.

Relating to or tending to arouse sexual desire or excitement.


surrealism

en-noun

surrealism (countable and uncountable, plural surrealisms)

From French surréalisme. By surface analysis, sur- + realism and/or surreal + -ism.

An artistic movement and an aesthetic philosophy that aims for the liberation of the mind by emphasizing the critical and imaginative powers of the subconscious.

սյուրռեալիզմ

artistic movement and aesthetic philosophy


ardeo

la-verb

ārdeō (present infinitive ārdēre, perfect active ārsī, supine ārsum); second conjugation

ārdeō (canonical)
ārdēre (infinitive present)
ārsī (active perfect)
ārsum (supine)
ārdeō (active first-person indicative present singular)
ārdēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
ārdet (active indicative present singular third-person)
ārdēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
ārdētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
ārdent (active indicative plural present third-person)
ārdēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
ārdēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
ārdēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
ārdēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
ārdēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
ārdēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
ārdēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
ārdēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
ārdēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
ārdēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
ārdēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
ārdēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
ārsī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
ārsistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
ārsit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
ārsimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
ārsistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
ārsērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārsēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārseram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
ārserās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
ārserat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
ārserāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
ārserātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
ārserant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
ārserō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
ārseris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
ārserit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
ārserimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
ārseritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
ārserint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
ārdeor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
ārdēris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ārdēre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
ārdētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
ārdēmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
ārdēminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
ārdentur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
ārdēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
ārdēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
ārdēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
ārdēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
ārdēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
ārdēbor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
ārdēberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
ārdēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
ārdēbimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
ārdēbiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
ārdēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
ārsus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
ārdeam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
ārdeās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdeāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
ārdeātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
ārdeant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
ārdērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
ārdērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
ārdērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārdērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārserim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
ārserīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārserit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārserīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
ārserītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārserint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārsissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
ārsissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
ārsisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
ārsissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
ārsissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
ārsissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
ārdear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
ārdeāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdeātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdeāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
ārdeāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
ārdeantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
ārdērer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
ārdērēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdērēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
ārdērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
ārdērēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
ārdērēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
ārdērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
ārdē (active imperative present second-person singular)
ārdēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
ārdētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
ārdētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
ārdētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
ārdentō (active future imperative plural third-person)
ārdēre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
ārdēminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
ārdētor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
ārdētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
ārdentor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
ārdēre (active infinitive present)
ārsisse (active infinitive perfect)
ārsūrum esse (active future infinitive)
ārdērī (infinitive passive present)
ārsum esse (infinitive passive perfect)
ārsum īrī (future infinitive passive)
ārdēns (active participle present)
ārsūrus (active future participle)
ārsus (participle passive perfect)
ārdendus (future participle passive)
ārdendī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārdendō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
ārsum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
ārsū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Dalmatian:

ardar

Gallo-Romance:

Old French: ardoir, ardeir

Middle French: ardoir

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: arder

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: arder
Galician: arder
Portuguese: arder

Spanish: arder

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: ardu

Megleno-Romanian: ardu

Romanian: arde

Istro-Romanian: årde

Italo-Romance:

Italian: ardere

Sicilian: àrdiri

North Italian:

Friulian: ardi

Romansch: arder

Venetan: àrdar

Gallo-Romance:

Old Catalan: ardre

Old French: ardre

Middle French: ardre

French: ardre

→ English: arson

Old Occitan: ardre

Occitan: ardre

From ār(i)dus + -eō. Cf. audeō < avidus. For the supine ārsum compare also audeō : ausum and gaudeō : gavīsum, in which the i was retained.

ārserat Aenēae Dīdō miserābilis igne,
ārserat exstructīs in sua fāta rogīs
Wretched Dido, she had been burned with her fire for Aeneas;
she had been burned on a funeral pyre built for her own death.
(In a mere two lines, Ovid vividly summarizes the tragedy of Dido by contrasting two different meanings for the word ārserat.)

(figurative) to be ardently or fervently in love, to burn with (especially romantic) desire


phantom

From Middle English fantome, fanteme, from Old French fantosme, fantasme, from Latin phantasma (“an apparition, specter; (in Late Latin also) appearance, image”), from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma, “phantasm, an appearance, image, apparition, specter”), from φαντάζω (phantázō, “I make visible”). Doublet of phantasm.


dogma

en-noun

dogma (countable and uncountable, plural dogmas or dogmata)

From Latin dogma (“philosophical tenet”), from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “opinion, tenet”), from δοκέω (dokéō, “I seem good, think”). Treated in the 17th and 18th century as Greek, with plural dogmata. Compare decent.

der

If he has a dogma, i.e. a scientifico-philosophical theory, then he is not any sort of Skeptic, not even an urbane Skeptic.

2015, Tad Brennan, Ethics and Epistemology in Sextus Empiricus:

An authoritative principle, belief or statement of opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true and indisputable, regardless of evidence or without evidence to support it.


dogma

dogma (nominative singular)
dogmata (nominative plural)
dogmatu (genitive singular)
dogmat (genitive plural)
dogmatu (dative singular)
dogmatům (dative plural)
dogma (accusative singular)
dogmata (accusative plural)
dogma (singular vocative)
dogmata (plural vocative)
dogmatu (locative singular)
dogmatech (locative plural)
dogmatem (instrumental singular)
dogmaty (instrumental plural)

dogma (authoritative principle, belief or statement of opinion)


dogma

nl-noun

dogma n (plural dogmata or dogma's or dogmen, diminutive dogmaatje n)

dogmata (plural)
dogma's (plural)
dogmen (plural)
dogmaatje (diminutive neuter)

Borrowed from Latin dogma, from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma).

dogma (colloquially with connotations of strictness and inflexibility)


dogma

dogmák (plural)
dogma (nominative singular)
dogmák (nominative plural)
dogmát (accusative singular)
dogmákat (accusative plural)
dogmának (dative singular)
dogmáknak (dative plural)
dogmával (instrumental singular)
dogmákkal (instrumental plural)
dogmáért (causal-final singular)
dogmákért (causal-final plural)
dogmává (singular translative)
dogmákká (plural translative)
dogmáig (singular terminative)
dogmákig (plural terminative)
dogmaként (essive-formal singular)
dogmákként (essive-formal plural)
dogmában (inessive singular)
dogmákban (inessive plural)
dogmán (singular superessive)
dogmákon (plural superessive)
dogmánál (adessive singular)
dogmáknál (adessive plural)
dogmába (illative singular)
dogmákba (illative plural)
dogmára (singular sublative)
dogmákra (plural sublative)
dogmához (allative singular)
dogmákhoz (allative plural)
dogmából (elative singular)
dogmákból (elative plural)
dogmáról (delative singular)
dogmákról (delative plural)
dogmától (ablative singular)
dogmáktól (ablative plural)
dogmáé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
dogmáké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
dogmáéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
dogmákéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
dogmám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
dogmáim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
dogmád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
dogmáid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
dogmája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
dogmái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
dogmánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
dogmáink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
dogmátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
dogmáitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
dogmájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
dogmáik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “opinion, tenet”), from δοκέω (dokéō, “I seem good, think”).

dogma (an authoritative principle, belief or statement of opinion, especially one considered to be absolutely true and indisputable, regardless of evidence or without evidence to support it)


dogma

Borrowed from Latin dogma, from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “belief”).


dogma

Learned borrowing from Latin dogma, from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “belief”).

(chiefly religion and philosophy) dogma (an indisputable and authoritative principle or belief)


dogma

From Latin dogma, from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma), from δοκέω (dokéō, “to seem good, think”).


dogma

head

dogma (definite accusative dogmayı, plural dogmalar)

dogmayı (accusative definite)
dogmalar (plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin dogma, from Ancient Greek δόγμα (dógma, “belief”), from δοκέω (dokéō, “to seem good, think”).


apodeictic

From Ancient Greek ἀποδεικτικός (apodeiktikós). Compare Latin apodicticus.

uder

ἀποδεικτικός

1855, John Miller Dow Meiklejohn (translator), 1787, Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, 2nd Edition,
Thus, moreover, the principles of geometry- for example, that "in a triangle, two sides together are greater than the third," are never deduced from general conceptions of line and triangle, but from intuition, and this a priori, with apodeictic certainty.

Aristotle does, indeed, distinguish between (1) Logic, or Analytic, as the theory or method of arriving at true or apodeictic conclusions; and (2) Dialectic as the method of arriving at conclusions that are accepted or pass current[ly] as true,...

1896, Arthur Schopenhauer, translated by Thomas Bailey Saunders, The Art of Controversy, published 1831:

Descartes sought certainty in the existence of God grounded in apodeictic demonstrations.

2009, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, Matthias Steup, A Companion to Epistemology:

(logic) Of the characteristic feature of a proposition that is necessary (or impossible): perfectly certain (or inconceivable) or incontrovertibly true (or false); self-evident.


spook

Borrowed from Dutch spook (“ghost”), from Middle Dutch spooc (“spook, ghost”). Cognate with Middle Low German spôk, spûk (“apparition, ghost”), Middle High German gespük (“a haunting”), German Spuk, Danish spøge (“to haunt”), Swedish spöke (“ghost”). Doublet of puck.

cog

From Ian Fleming to John Le Carre - authors have long been fascinated by the world of espionage. But, asks the BBC’s Gordon Corera, what do real life spooks make of fictional spies?

2009 July 24, “Spies like them”, in BBC News Magazine:

The congressional study frets that Huawei’s and ZTE’s products could be used as Trojan horses by Chinese spooks.

2012 October 13, “Huawei and ZTE: Put on hold”, in The Economist:

(espionage, slang) An undercover agent or spy.

He who is infatuated with Man leaves persons out of account so far as that infatuation extends, and floats in an ideal, sacred interest. Man, you see, is not a person, but an ideal, a spook.

1845, Max Stirner, translated by Steven T. Byington, Der Einzige und sein Eigentum; republished as The Ego and His Own, Dover, 2005:

(philosophy) A metaphysical manifestation; an artificial distinction or construct.


spook

→ Northern Ndebele: isipoko

→ Xhosa: isiporho

→ Zulu: isipoki

From Dutch spook, from Middle Dutch spoke, spooc, from Proto-Germanic *spōk.


spook

nl-noun

spook n (plural spoken, diminutive spookje n)

desctree

Afrikaans: spook
→ Northern Ndebele: isipoko
→ Xhosa: isiporho
→ Zulu: isipoki

Negerhollands: spook

→ English: spook

→ Papiamentu: spoki, spooki

From Middle Dutch spoke, spooc, from spoke, spoocke, spoicke (“wizardry, witchcraft”), from Proto-Germanic *spōk. Further etymology unclear. Cognate with Middle Low German spôk, Low German spôk, Middle High German Spuch, and German Spuk.

het spook van de oorlog

an imaginary horror, conceptual nightmare


absurdism

en-noun

absurdism (usually uncountable, plural absurdisms)

From absurd + -ism (“doctrine, theory”).

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press

(uncountable, philosophy) A philosophy which holds that the universe is chaotic and irrational and that any attempt to impose order will ultimately fail.


yoga

yogaen (definite singular)
yogaer (indefinite plural)
yogaene (definite plural)

Borrowed from Sanskrit योग (yóga, “yoking, union”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *yáwgas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yáwgas, from Proto-Indo-European *yéwg-o-s, from *yewg- (“to join”). Doublet of åk.

disciplines and exercises based on yoga, but removed from the philosophical system


yoga

yogaen (definite singular)
yogaer (indefinite plural)
yogaar (indefinite plural)
yogaene (definite plural)
yogaane (definite plural)


illegal

Borrowed from French illégal, from Medieval Latin illegalis, from Latin legalis, by surface analysis, il- + legal. In senses relating to immigration, via clipping from illegal alien or illegal immigrant.

Anna Chapman, whose glamorous appearance won her more publicity in the Western media than all the other illegals combined, was so successfully deceived by a US sting operation that she handed over her SVR laptop to an FBI agent posing as a Russian.

2012, Christopher Andrew, ‘Colder War’, Literary Review, number 399:

Traditionally, illegals have been extremely hard for counterintelligence agencies to find, but in a world of biometric data, facial recognition software and open source investigation possibilities, it has become harder for Russia to keep its illegals below the radar.

2022 August 26, Shaun Walker, “Socialite who charmed Nato staff in Naples was Russian spy, say investigators”, in The Guardian:

(espionage) A spy operating abroad illegally and under non-official cover, without visible ties to his or her country’s authorities.


scope

scope (countable and uncountable, plural scopes)

→ Irish: scóp

From Italian scopo (“purpose”), from Latin scopus (“target”), from Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós), from σκέπτομαι (sképtomai), from Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-. Etymologically related to skeptic and spectrum.

(logic) The shortest sub-wff of which a given instance of a logical connective is a part.


lovelorn

en-adj

lovelorn (comparative more lovelorn, superlative most lovelorn)

more lovelorn (comparative)
most lovelorn (superlative)

Ye lovesick bards! repay her scorn for scorn; / Ye artists lovelorn! madmen that ye are, / Make your best bow to her and bid adieu / Then, if she likes it, she will follow you.

A soft-breasted bird from the sea / Fell in love with the light-house flame; / And it wheeled round the tower on its airiest wing, / And floated and cried like a lovelorn thing;

1890, John Boyle O'Reilly, “A Tragedy”, in In Bohemia:

Abandoned or forsaken by one's lover; having constant bad luck in romance; desperate for love.


lovable

English: lovable, loveable


Weisheit

de-noun

Weisheit f (genitive Weisheit, plural Weisheiten)

Weisheit (genitive)
Weisheiten (plural)
Weisheit (nominative singular)
Weisheiten (definite nominative plural)
Weisheit (genitive singular)
Weisheiten (definite genitive plural)
Weisheit (dative singular)
Weisheiten (dative definite plural)
Weisheit (accusative singular)
Weisheiten (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German wīsheit, from Old High German wīsheit.


bite the bullet

en-verb

bite the bullet (third-person singular simple present bites the bullet, present participle biting the bullet, simple past bit the bullet, past participle bitten the bullet)

bites the bullet (present singular third-person)
biting the bullet (participle present)
bit the bullet (past)
bitten the bullet (participle past)

Possibly from the reported practice of soldiers biting a bullet to avoid crying out in pain, usually during a medical procedure or punishment. See the Wikipedia article Bite the bullet for a further discussion of possible etymologies.

With respect to the status of infants and those suffering from dementia, the critic might bite the bullet and just accept the fact that human dignity does not extend to them, or else argue that the fact that infants and those suffering mental breakdown are part of a species whose members typically possess rationality merits them a special respect, even if they lack this quality as individuals.

2014 June 12, C. Stephen Evans, David Baggett, “Moral Arguments for the Existence of God”, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

(philosophy) To accept an undesirable or counterintuitive implication of an argument or view.


jihad

en-noun

jihad (countable and uncountable, plural jihads)

jihad Wikiquote (canonical)
jihads (plural)

/ˈd͡ʒiːhɑːd/

From Arabic جِهَاد (jihād, “struggle; effort”).

bor

(Islam, theology) A personal spiritual struggle for self-improvement and/or against evil.


measles

en-noun

measles pl (normally plural, singular measle)

Either from Middle Dutch masels (“blood blisters, measels”) or Middle Low German maselen (“red blemishes, measels”), both from Old High German masala (“blood blister, phlegmon”). Doublet of measlings. Cognate with mazer & mase and Middle Low German masele & māsel. Influenced in pronunciation and some senses by mesel (“leprous, leper”).

der

[…] they would prefer having him "die of the measles," as wags at the CIA put it, than be punished by legal means. If there is no convenient way of administering the "measles," they may even favor simply letting him go.

1975, Miles Copeland, Beyond Cloak and Dagger: Inside the CIA, page 204:

Such final solutions, sometimes referred to as termination with extreme prejudice, are known in the CIA as dying of the measles — that is, the death appears to be of natural causes.

1977, Raymond Edward Palmer, The Making of a Spy, page 99:

(US, espionage jargon) A discreet assassination made to look like death from any natural cause.


palingenesis

en-noun

palingenesis (countable and uncountable, plural palingeneses)

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnɪsɪs/

/ˌpælɪnˈd͡ʒɛnəsəs/

Probably a variant of palingenesia + -genesis (suffix meaning ‘origin; production’). Palingenesia is a learned borrowing from Late Latin palingenesia (“rebirth; regeneration”), from Koine Greek παλιγγενεσία (palingenesía, “rebirth”), from Ancient Greek πᾰ́λῐν (pálin, “again, anew, once more”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn (end-over-end); to revolve around; to dwell, sojourn”)) + γένεσις (génesis, “creation; manner of birth; origin, source”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”)) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). By surface analysis, palin- + genesis.
Sense 2 (“apparent repetition, during the development of a single embryo, of changes that occurred previously in the evolution of its species”) is from German Palingenesis; while sense 3 (“regeneration of magma by the melting of metamorphic rocks”) is from Swedish palingenes. Both are derived from the Greek word: see above.
The plural form is probably from palingenesis + Latin genesēs (a plural form of genesis).

der

παλιγγενεσία

a plural form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">genesis</i>

[I]t was averred that all germs, or ova, were originally created—each thing living at this hour, having proceeded from a germ which was included within the germ of its antecedent, back as far as the original creation; […] This evolution doctrine was opposed by the Pythagorean idea of a palingenesis, or metempsychosis, under which notion you are to suppose that the animating principle that has heretofore animated the bodies of the living, seeks a new union with organizable matter, upon the dissolution of its last tabernacle, and carries on the new evolution until again displaced, and set free to make new combinations.

1848, Charles D[elucena] Meigs, “Letter XXIX”, in Females and Their Diseases; a Series of Letters to His Class, Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC, page 387:

To appear again as identically the same, would require the palingenesis of Plato, that is, the recommencement of all things, so as to have the same series of causes and effects from the very beginning; but this creed implies the finality of God's power in the phenomenal universe, and Plato never thought that.

1849 October, R. H. Whitelocke, “Art. V.—1. Der Mensch nach den verschiedenen Seiten seiner Natur, order Anthropologie für das gebildete Publikum. Von K. F. Burdach. Stuttgart. 1836. […] [book review]”, in The Westminster Review, American edition, volume LII, New York, N.Y.: Leonard Scott & Co., […], published 1850, →OCLC, page 65, column 2:

But by the light of [Xavier] Bichat and Bell's discoveries, we can see one way to a theory of a Palingenesis of man, in which the flesh and blood of St. Paul, the animal life of Bichat, is eliminated, and the pneumatical body or organic life, the senso-motor nervous system, as distinct from the mere ganglionic, is retained.

1868, J[ohn] B[ickford] Heard, “The Resurrection and Spiritual Body”, in The Tripartite Nature of Man: Spirit, Soul, and Body […], 2nd edition, Edinburgh: T[homas] & T[homas] Clark, […], →OCLC, page 345:

(uncountable, also figuratively) Rebirth; regeneration; (countable) an instance of this.

(philosophy, theology, historical) Spiritual rebirth through the transmigration of the soul.

palingeneziya

spiritual rebirth through the transmigration of the soul


outside world

(philosophy) The world external to the human mind.


Introduced by Arend Heyting in “Die formalen Regeln der intuitionistischen Logik” (1930)

(x ≠ y) ↔ ¬(x = y)


animus

la-noun

animus m (genitive animī); second declension

animī (genitive)
animus (nominative singular)
animī (nominative plural)
animī (genitive singular)
animōrum (genitive plural)
animō (dative singular)
animīs (dative plural)
animum (accusative singular)
animōs (accusative plural)
animō (ablative singular)
animīs (ablative plural)
anime (singular vocative)
animī (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: ànim

→ English: animus

→ Italian: animo

→ Dutch: animo

→ Portuguese: animus, ânimo

→ Sicilian: ànimu

→ Spanish: ánimo

From Proto-Italic *anamos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁mos, a nominal derivative of Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- + *-mos, in which the root means "to breathe".
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Old Frisian omma (“breath”), English onde (“breath”) (dialectal), Norwegian ånde (“breath”), and possibly Sanskrit अनिल (ánila, “air, wind”); compare also Tocharian B āñme (“self; soul”) and Old Armenian անձն (anjn, “person”).

cog

animum adicio

...nihil enim est tam angusti animi tamque parvi quam amare divitias, nihil honestius magnificentiusque quam pecuniam contemnere...

...there is nothing so characteristic of a narrow conscience as the love of riches, and there is nothing more honorable and noble than to be indifferent to money...

Corpus enim multis eget rebus, ut valeat; animus ex se crescit, se ipse alit, se exercet.

c. 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium LXXX.3

For although the body needs many things in order to be strong, yet the mind grows from within, giving to itself nourishment and exercise.

id filiae quoque uxorique praeceperim, sic patris, sic mariti memoriam venerari, ut omnia facta dictaque eius secum revolvant, formamque ac figuram animi magis quam corporis complectantur, non quia intercedendum putem imaginibus quae marmore aut aere finguntur, sed, ut vultus hominum, ita simulacra vultus imbecilla ac mortalia sunt, forma mentis aeterna, quam tenere et exprimere non per alienam materiam et artem, sed tuis ipse moribus possis.

Translation by A. S. Kline
This I would preach to wife and daughter, to so venerate the memory of husband and father as to contemplate his every word and action, and to cling to the form and feature of the mind rather than the body; not because I think bronze or marble likenesses should be suppressed, but that the face of a man and its semblance are both mortal and transient, while the form of the mind is eternal, and can only be captured and expressed not through the materials and artistry of another, but through one’s own character alone.

conscience, intellect, mind, reason, sensibility, understanding (the intellectual dimension of the human mind in general; the seat of the rational and other thoughts a person experiences)

Animum vincere, iracundiam cohibere, victo temperare, adversarium nobilitate, ingenio, virtute praestantem non modo extollere iacentem sed etiam amplificare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec qui faciat, non ego eum cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo iudico.

To subdue one's aggression, to repress one's irascibility, to show restraint to a subdued adversary, ennobling him, recognising his skill and manly character, even to increase his previous dignity, these are actions of such a nature, that the man who does them, I do not compare to the most mature of men, but I consider equal to a god.

Iam insolentiam noratis hominis, noratis animos eius ac spiritus tribunicios.

Already you know the insolence of the man. You know what a tribune-like pride and arrogance he has.

...virtute atque animo resistere...

62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 5.2.8

...to resist with manliness and courage...

Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cognovi fortis fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maxumum atque pulcherrumum facinus incipere, simul quia vobis eadem, quae mihi, bona malaque esse intellexi; nam idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma amicitia est. Sed ego quae mente agitavi, omnes iam antea divorsi audistis. Ceterum mihi in dies magis animus accenditur, cum considero, quae condicio vitae futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindicamus in libertatem.

c. 42 BCE, Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 20.3–6

But because I have learned in many and great emergencies that you are brave and faithful to me, I have had courage to begin a mighty and glorious enterprise, and also because I perceive that you and I hold the same view of what is good and evil; for agreement in likes and dislikes — this, and this only, is what constitutes true friendship. As to the designs which I have formed, they have already been explained to you all individually. But my will is fired more and more every day, when I consider under what conditions we shall live if we do not take steps to emancipate ourselves.

certain particular emotional aspects of one's affective makeup: affection; aggression; courage; pride; will (“firmity or fixity of purpose”), determination, firmness, resoluteness, resolve; wrath, anger, ire

late 2nd century BCE, Lucius Accius (fragment)

...who, by design, will certainly have been of use to the republic...

...qui rem publicam animo certo adjuverit...

Hostes re nova perterriti muro turribusque deiecti in foro ac locis patentioribus cuneatim constiterunt, hoc animo ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur acie instructa depugnarent.

c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.28

The enemy, when dislodged from the wall and towers, were terrified by the surprise of the attack and drew up in a wedge formation with this purpose in mind: that if an advance against them came from any side they might deploy into a line to fight to the finish.

quae neque confirmare argumentis neque refellere in animo est: ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem.

It is not within my intention to confirm nor to refute these statements by proofs; every one may accept or reject them as his inclination dictates.

Fuerat animus coniuratis corpus occisi in Tiberim trahere, bona publicare, acta rescindere, sed metu Marci Antoni consulis et magistri equitum Lepidi destiterunt.

121 CE, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars Vita divi Iuli 82

The plan had been to drag his body into the Tiber as soon as they had killed him; to confiscate his estate, and rescind all his enactments; but they were deterred by fear of Mark Antony, and Lepidus, Caesar's master of the horse, and abandoned their intentions.

aim, aspiration, design, idea, intent, intention, plan, purpose, resolution (that which exists in the mind as a formulation, and causes a subject to act or to behave in a particular manner)

...scio enim promptum animum vestrum pro quo de vobis glorior apud Macedonas quoniam Achaia parata est ab anno praeterito et vestra aemulatio provocavit plurimos

405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate 2 Corinthians 9:2

...for I know your disposition of readiness, of which I boast on your behalf to them of Macedonia, that Achaia has been prepared for a year past. Your zeal has stirred up very many of them.

(metonymically) disposition, inclination, nature, temperament (the inherent emotional disposition of a human being, by extension of the affective dimension)

(colloquial, metonymically) beloved. dearest, heart, soul (as a term of endearment)


irenic

en-adj

irenic (comparative more irenic, superlative most irenic)

more irenic (comparative)
most irenic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek εἰρηνικός (eirēnikós, “characterized by peace, peaceful”) + English -ic (suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘of or pertaining to’). Εἰρηνικός (Eirēnikós) is derived from εἰρήνη (eirḗnē, “peace”) (possibly from εἴρω (eírō, “to fasten together”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“(verb) to bind, tie together; (noun) thread”)), or εἴρω (eírō, “to say, speak”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *werh₁- (“to say, speak”))) + -ῐκός (-ikós, suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘of or pertaining to’).

der

Plato and the Athenians must have felt almost as uncomfortable with Xenophon's irenic intervention as one feels at times in an argument when—just as the point in dispute, precisely by being brought to a head, begins to be interesting—a helpful third party kindly takes it upon himself to reconcile the disputants, to take the whole matter back to a triviality

1989 [1830 October 30], Søren Kierkegaard, translated by Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, →ISBN:

The idea that the Jews of the region are not genetically distinct from other peoples of the area should be an irenic insight.

2001 November 30, Hywel Williams, “God the state-builder”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-05-06:

The philosophes contrasted their own irenic calls for tolerance with the church's historical record as the perennial source of cruelty and fanaticism.

2002, Colin Jones, “An Enlightening Age”, in The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon 1715–99, New York, N.Y., Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, page 199:

The current comity between the United States and China, which have little in common except a river of manufactured goods in one direction and dollars in the other, is a recent reminder of the irenic effects of trade.

2011, Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence has Declined, New York, N.Y.: Penguin Books, published 2012, →ISBN, page 343:

(chiefly theology) Promoting or fitted to promote peace or peacemaking, especially over disputes; conciliatory, non-confrontational, peaceful.

миротворен

promoting or fitted to promote peace or peacemaking, especially over disputes — see also conciliatory


~p


grá

head

grá m (genitive singular as substantive grá, genitive as verbal noun gráite)

grá (genitive singular substantive)
as verbal noun gráite (genitive)
nominative
grá (singular)
vocative
a ghrá (singular)
genitive
dative
nominative (definite)
an grá (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
an ghrá (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an ngrá (definite singular)
don ghrá (definite singular)
nominative
grá (singular)
vocative
a ghrá (singular)
genitive
gráite (singular)
dative
nominative (definite)
an grá (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
an ghráite (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an ngrá (definite singular)
don ghrá (definite singular)
grá
ghrá
ngrá

→ English: grá

→⇒ Fingallian: agra

→ Scots: gra

From Old Irish grád, from Proto-Celtic *gʷrātus.

Tá grá agam ort.

Tá mo ghrá caillte.

Cur glaoch orm, a ghrá.