孝

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 耂 (“an old man with long hair, bent over”) + 子 (“a child”) – an old man and a child, filial piety between generations. Compare top component to 老 (OC *ruːʔ, “old”).

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends

(Southern Min) to offer up sacrifices (to gods or ancestors)


氣

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (氣):
* → Japanese: 気(き) (ki)
* → Korean: 기(氣) (gi)
* → Vietnamese: khí (氣)

→ English: chi, qi, ki

→ Finnish: ki

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰiə̯ɻ⁵¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds): phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift.
Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).

Han compound

气
气
炁
𣱛
𣱖
𤽍
𣅠
㫓
*暣
気

元氣

元气

氣虛

气虚

traditional Chinese medicine
traditional Chinese medicine

(Chinese philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine) qi; vital energy; life force


行

行: Hán Việt readings: hàng (canonical)
hành (canonical)
hãng (canonical)
hạng (canonical)
hạnh 行: Nôm readings: hàng (canonical)
hăng (canonical)
ngành (canonical)


li

(Chinese philosophy) A meaningful ceremony or ritual; etiquette, behaviour.


thánh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 聖.
The informal adjectival sense "naive, credulous, gullible" and nominal sense "idiot, moron, simpleton" likely semantically develop from senses "saintly" and "saint" respectively, thus paralleling silly and crétin each in that order; see those entries for etymologies and semantic developments.

c. 11th - 7th century BCE, Classic of Poetry, free 2003 translation by Tạ Quang Phát
Họ nói ta tài cao thánh sống,
Thì quạ kia trống mái ai tường?
They said: "I am a highly talented living sage",

Yet who [among them] knows a male crow from a female?

Analects, 7.34; 1861 English translation by James Legge; 1972 translation by Nguyễn Hiến Lê
Khổng tử nói: “Làm được bực thánh với nhân thì ta đâu dám. Bất quá ta học làm (thánh, nhân) mà không chán, dạy người mà không mệt, chỉ có thể gọi được như vậy mà thôi”. Công Tây Hoa thưa: “Đó chính là điều chúng con không học được.”

The Master said, "The sage and the man of perfect virtue - how dare I rank myself with them? That I strive to become such without satiety, and teach others without weariness - this much can be said of me." Gong Xi Hua said, "This is just what we, the disciples, cannot imitate you in."

16th century, Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West, Ch. 3; 1982-1988 Vietnamese translation by Như Sơn, Mai Xuân Hải, & Phương Oanh; 2012 English translation by Anthony C. Yu
Ta là Tôn Ngộ Không, vị thánh trời sinh ra ở núi Hoa Quả, là láng giềng của Long vương nhà ngươi, nhà ngươi không biết à?

I am the Heaven-born sage Sun Wukong of the Flower-Fruit Mountain, a near neighbor of your old Dragon King. How is it that you don't recognize me?


陰陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (陰陽):
* → Japanese: 陰陽(いんよう) (in'yō)
* → Korean: 음양(陰陽) (eumyang)
* → Vietnamese: âm dương (陰陽)

→ English: yin-yang, ying-yang

→ French: yin-yang

→ Portuguese: yin-yang

→ Russian: инь-ян (inʹ-jan)

/in⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/im²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻³⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/im³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/in⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/im²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻³⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/im⁴⁴⁻²² iaŋ¹³/

/im³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/in⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Yin later came to be associated with “female, dark, soft, passive, etc.”, and yang later came to be associated with “male, light, hard, active, etc.”.

That which can not be measured (in straightforward terms such as) (bad and good; negative and positive etc.) is called mysterious (or divine).

陰陽不測之謂神。

阴阳不测之谓神。

(Chinese philosophy) yin and yang (☯) (two opposing forces in nature)


陰陽

ja-noun

陰(いん)陽(よう) or 陰(おん)陽(よう) or 陰(おん)陽(みょう) • (in'yō or on'yō or onmyō)

陰陽 (canonical)
陰陽 (canonical)
陰陽 (canonical)
in'yō (romanization)
on'yō (romanization)
onmyō (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 陰陽 (MC 'im yang). The yō reading for 陽 changes to myō as an instance of renjō (連声).


yin-yang

Borrowed from Mandarin 陰陽／阴阳 (yīnyáng), from Middle Chinese 陰陽 (MC 'im yang), from Old Chinese 陰陽 (OC *qrɯm laŋ), from 陰 (“dark” → “negative force”) + 陽 (“bright” → “positive force”).

zh-l

陰陽／阴阳 (yīnyáng)


yin-yang

(Chinese philosophy) yin-yang (opposite principles in Chinese philosophy)


yin-yang

/ˈjĩ ˈjɐ̃.ɡi/

/ˈjĩ ˈjɐ̃.ɡi/

/ˈjĩ ˈjɐ̃.ɡe/


dung

Sino-Vietnamese word from 容 (“to tolerate; facial traits”). Also from Chinese 婦容／妇容 (phụ dung, “wifely look”).

vi-etym-sino

(Confucianism) beauty, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


이

Sino-Korean word from 理, from the Middle Korean reading 리〯 (Yale: lǐ), from Middle Chinese 理 (MC liX).

(East Asian philosophy, especially Confucianism) li, the underlying ordering principle of the cosmos

East Asian philosophy; especially Confucianism; East Asian philosophy; especially Confucianism

the hanja entry at 理 for Sino-Korean compounds of 이


인

the hanja entry at 仁 for Sino-Korean compounds of 인

(Confucianism, philosophy) ren: benevolence (the fundamental virtue of Confucianism)


예

Sino-Korean word from 禮 (“ritual, etiquette”), from the Middle Korean reading 례〮 (Yale: lyéy), 녜 (Yale: nyey).

ko-etym-sino

(especially Confucianism) decorum, ceremonial (code of decorous behavior that all people ought to follow)

the hanja entry at 禮 for Sino-Korean compounds of 예


大道

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大道):
* → Japanese: 大道(だいどう) (daidō)
* → Korean: 대도(大道) (daedo)
* → Vietnamese: đại đạo (大道)

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔ⁴¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ to²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔ⁴¹/

/tua³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ to³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɤ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ to²²/


Heaven

What Heaven has conferred is called the Nature...

1893, James Legge, transl., The Doctrine of the Mean:

...‘Heaven’ as we use it throughout the book is only a convenient but inaccurate translation of the Chinese character tian. Heaven in Chinese religions as well as in the Confucian tradition has multidimensional implications... In its metaphysical and physical connotation, Heaven... refers to... Nature. Applied in the spiritual realm, it signifies an anthropomorphic Lord or a Supreme Being who presides in Heaven, and rules over or governs directly the spiritual and material worlds.

2000, Yao Xinzhong, An Introduction to Confucianism, page 142:

It was not just the sky, but a god with wills and intentions, seen as sovereign of all... In fact, "Tian" was another reverent term to address the supreme god: "Heaven, for the help of the inferior people, made for them rulers, and made for them instructors" ("Great Declaration I" in the Book of History)...

2018, Zhuo Xinping, Religious Faith of the Chinese, page 58:

(Chinese mythology, semantic translation of 天 (tiān)) The supreme God or Nature which controls the universe.


ming

From Chinese 命 (mìng, “destiny, fate; luck”).


太極

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 太極 (MC thajH gik).
First cited to a text from roughly 1060, with the spelling 大極.
The main spelling in Japanese is 太極. The alternative with 大 instead of 太 appears to be largely obsolete, and is not listed in many dictionaries.

太極図

an image of the absolute, most commonly the yin-yang symbol

太極図門

a seal or crest using an image of the absolute

(Chinese philosophy) the Absolute: the condition as it existed before the creation of the world


孟子

Sino-Xenic (孟子):
* → Japanese: 孟(もう)子(し) (Mōshi)
* → Korean: 맹자(孟子) (Maengja)
* → Vietnamese: Mạnh Tử (孟子)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠧᠩᠽᠢ (mēngzi)

Mongolian: ᠮᠧᠩᠽᠢ (mēngzi), Мэнз (Menz)

→ English: Mengzi

→ Latin: Mencius

→ English: Mencius

→ Chinese: 門修斯 (Ménxiūsī)

→ Manchu: ᠮᡝᠩᡯ (mengdz)

→ Tibetan: མེང་ཙི (meng tsi)

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/maːŋ²² t͡siː³⁵/

/biɪŋ³³⁻²¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/biɪŋ³³⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

I wish to give Mencius a house, somewhere in the middle of the kingdom.

Mencius, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

我欲中國而授孟子室。

我欲中国而授孟子室。

Mencius (a Chinese philosopher, one of the principal thinkers of Confucianism)


孟子

孟子 (canonical)
Mōshi (romanization)
Mausi (romanization)
まうし (hiragana historical)


하늘

From Middle Korean 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh), probably from Old Korean 天乙 (*HANOr). Perhaps related to Middle Korean 하다〮 (Yale: hà-tá, “to be large; to be great”). The Middle Korean /-h/ may be the remnant of an ancient place-related suffix; see Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns.
In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (Yale: hànólh).

ko-etym-native

하늘이 무섭지 않은가?


도

the hanja entry at 道 for Sino-Korean compounds of 도

도를 닦다

principle, reason; morals; (philosophy, Confucianism) the Way, the Tao


知道

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹ tau/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹ tɔ/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/tɐi²¹³ tɔu³²/

/ti⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d̥ɑʊ̯²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹ tau/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³¹ tɔ/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴ tɔ²⁴/

/tɐi²¹³ tɔu³²/

/ti⁴⁴⁻²² tɔ²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(literary, Taoism, Confucianism) to know the Tao; to know the way; to understand the principles well

Taoism; Confucianism; Taoism; Confucianism


天理

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (天理):
* → Japanese: 天(てん)理(り) (tenri)
* → Korean: 천리(天理) (cheolli)
* → Vietnamese: thiên lí (天理)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ li²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn³³ li⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² li⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ li²¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/


음양

Sino-Korean word from 陰陽, from 陰 (“yin”) + 陽 (“yang”)

ko-etym-sino

negative and positive; yin and yang; yin-yang; ☯


기

the hanja entry at 氣 for Sino-Korean compounds of 기

Coordinate term: 리(理) (ri, “the underlying ordering principle of the cosmos”)

(philosophy, especially Confucianism) qi, the vital force engendering the cosmos


儒学

[d͡ʑɨɡa̠kɯ̟]


儒教

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (儒教):
* → Japanese: 儒(じゅ)教(きょう) (jukyō)
* → Korean: 유교(儒敎) (yugyo)
* → Vietnamese: Nho giáo (儒教)

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/y⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau²¹/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kau²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ kau²¹/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyː²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/y⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑu²¹³/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau⁴¹/

/lu²⁴⁻²² kau²¹/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ kau¹¹/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kau²¹/

/zu²³⁻³³ kau²¹/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕiɔ⁴⁴/


儒教

ja-pos

儒(じゅ)教(きょう) • (Jukyō) ^(←じゆけう (Zyukeu)?)

儒教 (canonical)
Jukyō (romanization)
Zyukeu (romanization)
じゆけう (hiragana historical)


Confucius

Borrowed from Latin Confucius, from Mandarin 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ, “Master Kong”).

Theſe Books mention only three Sects to have been in vogue in the World ; for of other Sects there is not the leaſt mention made. The firſt is the Sect of the Learned : The ſecond is called Sciequia : And the third Lancu. The firſt of theſe three is followed by all the Chineſes, and the adjacent People, which uſe the Chineſe Characters, as the Iſlanders of Japan, Corea, and Couchinchina : this Sect, which is that of the Learned, is taught to, and followed by none, but only thoſe and the Chineſes themſelves, and is the Antienteſt of all the Sects that were ever heard of in China : Out of this, about which a very great number of Books are writ, generally are choſen perſons fit for the Government of the Empire ; and therefore it is honoured and eſteemed above all others. The Doctrine of this Sect is not taught all at once, but they ſuck it in by degrees when they learn to Read or Write. The firſt Founder of this Sect was Confutius, the Prince of Chineſe Philoſophers, who is to this day honoured by all the Learned, with the Title of the The moſt Wiſe.

1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, “Of ſeveral SECTS in CHINA : Concerning PHILOSOPHY, and IDOL WORSHIP.”, in John Ogilby, transl., An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 216:

The thirty eighth Year of the Cycle Confucius was preferr’d for his great Merit to be Prime Miniſter of the Kingdom of Lû, his native Country. Thro’ his wiſe Counſel the Face of Affairs was ſoon chang'd throughout the Land ; he reform’d the Abuſes that had crept into it, and reſtor’d Honeſty in dealing ; he taught young Men to reſpect the old, and honour their Parents, even after their Deceaſe ; he inſpir’d the fair Sex with Mildneſs and Chaſtity ; and caus’d Sincerity, Uprightneſs, and all other civil Virtues to prevail among the People.

1738, “Annals of the Chinese Monarchs”, in A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary, Together with the Kingdoms of Korea, and Tibet, volume I, London, translation of original by J. B. du Halde, →OCLC, page 167:

Applicants to higher schools had to pass entrance examinations reminiscent of those administered before 1966. This change, which came under attack in the fall of 1973 during the campaign to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius, pleased middle school teachers in No. 6 Middle School in Tan-tung, Liaoning.

1977, Thomas P. Bernstein, “Mobilizing Urban Youth to Go to the Countryside”, in Up to the Mountains and Down to the Villages: The Transfer of Youth from Urban to Rural China, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 98:

This is no longer a clue. It's a game. You may have just gotten checkmate, but we're playing Chinese checkers, and as my old friend Confucius say; the hunter has become the hunter-ed. The chaser has become the chosed. Dame Fortuna has had her franking privileges revoked. It seems the portrait has painted the artist, sketching the reverser, who has become the reverse-ed. But this time the suffixed will become the sufferer, and it appears the baby killer is about to kill a baby.

2007, Xavier: Renegade Angel, season 1, episode 4, spoken by Xavier (Vernon Chatman):

An influential Chinese philosopher who lived 551 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E.; personal name Kong Qiu (孔丘).


Confucius

Borrowed from Latin Cōnfucius, from Mandarin 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ, “Master Kong”).


Confucianism

en-noun

Confucianism (countable and uncountable, plural Confucianisms)

A third important part of Confucianism is the concept of chun tzu or "ideal gentlemanly behavior." Confucius believed that the ideal man "is kind and upholds moral principles. He is a man who loves learning, who is calm and perfectly at ease and constantly careful of his own conduct, believing that by example he has great influence over society."

1981 September 27, “Humanism is still alive and well”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 38, Taipei, page 2:

The philosophy and teaching of Confucius, which emphasizes self-cultivation, collective harmony, righteousness and the family structure.

The Chinese New Year holiday period, being disrupted this year by the outbreak of a viral illness, has evolved over more than 3,000 years to become the most important of China’s traditional festivals.
As celebrated in China and in many other places where its known as the Lunar New Year, it is largely a secular holiday, yet it includes rituals and traditions that derive from Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as well as from ancient myths and folk religions.

2020 January 23, David Crary, “Chinese New Year secular now but kept religious underpinning”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-15:

The school of thought and philosophy centered on Confucian principles, originating in China, including later teachings of scholars such as Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi).

A saying, epithet or idea attributed to Confucius.


孝順

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

to show filial piety; to be obedient to one's parents or other senior relatives

(literary) to offer a present to a superior


孝順

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (孝順):
* → Japanese: 孝(こう)順(じゅん) (kōjun)
* → Korean: 효순(孝順) (hyosun)
* → Vietnamese: hiếu thuận (孝順)

→ Guiqiong: ɕiɔtsʰə

→ Manchu: ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠨ (hiyoošun)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ʂu̯ən¹/

/haːu̯³³ sɵn²²/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾louŋ²⁴²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sun⁴¹/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ suŋ³⁵/

Filial piety is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people.

Xiàoshùn shì zhōnghuámínzú de chuántǒng měidé.

孝順是中華民族的傳統美德。

孝顺是中华民族的传统美德。


Confucian

One who follows the teachings of Confucius.

confucià

one who follows the teachings of Confucius


hio

id-noun

hio (first-person possessive hioku, second-person possessive hiomu, third-person possessive hionya)

hioku (first-person possessive)
hiomu (possessive second-person)
hionya (possessive third-person)

From Hokkien, specifically Zhangzhou Hokkien 香 (hioⁿ, “joss stick; incense”).

bor

(Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism) joss stick; incense


孔子

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (孔子):
* → Japanese: 孔(こう)子(し) (Kōshi)
* → Korean: 공자(孔子) (Gongja)
* → Vietnamese: Khổng Tử (孔子)

→ English: Kongzi

→ Kazakh: Құң-зы (Qūñ-zy)

→ Khmer: ខុងជឺ (khong cɨɨ)

→ Lao: ຂົງຈື້ (khong chư̄)

→ Manchu: ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ (kungdzi)

→ Mongolian: Күнз (Künz)

→ Russian: Ку́н-цзы́ (Kún-czý)

→ Thai: ขงจื๊อ (kǒng-jʉ́ʉ)

→ Tibetan: ཁུང་ཙི (khung tsi)

→ Uyghur: كۇڭزى (kungzi)

→ Zhuang: Gungjswj

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɵŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³/

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/hɵŋ⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡sɨ²⁴/

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³/

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

Confucius went to see Lao Dan, and arrived just as he had completed the bathing of his head, and was letting his dishevelled hair get dry. There he was, motionless, and as if there were not another man in the world.

Kǒngzǐ jiàn Lǎodān, Lǎodān xīnmù, fāngjiāng bèifà ér gān, zhérán sì fēirén.

孔子見老聃，老聃新沐，方將被髮而乾，慹然似非人。

孔子见老聃，老聃新沐，方将被发而干，𰑔然似非人。


孔子

孔子 (canonical)
孔子 (canonical)
Kōshi (romanization)
Kuji (romanization)

From Middle Chinese 孔子 (MC khuwngX tsiX).


三綱

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵/

(Confucianism) the three most important relationships among men according to Confucian philosophy (in order: ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife)


三綱

役僧

Buddhist priest with administrative duties

三綱五常

三綱五常 さんこうごじょう

three bonds and five virtues of Confucianism

(Confucianism) the three fundamental bonds (lord–subject, parent–child, and husband–wife) most valued in Confucian philosophy


小康

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/siau³¹ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔŋ³³/

/siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/siau³¹ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sio⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sio⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰɔŋ³³/

/siau⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

From the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

[…] Any rulers who did not follow this course were driven away by those who possessed power and position, and all regarded them as pests. This is the period of what we call Small Tranquillity.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

...... Rú yǒu bù yóu cǐ zhě, zài shì zhě qù, zhòng yǐ wéi yāng, shì wèi xiǎokāng.

……如有不由此者，在勢者去，眾以為殃，是謂小康。

……如有不由此者，在势者去，众以为殃，是谓小康。

(Chinese philosophy) Confucian near-ideal state of society; period of peace and prosperity


Mohism

From Moh, former transliteration of the first syllable of Mozi, Chinese philosopher (c. 470-391 BC), Chinese 墨子 (Mòzǐ).

(Chinese philosophy) The doctrines of Mozi and his followers, especially the concept of universal love.


孝心

Sino-Xenic (孝心):
* → Japanese: 孝心(こうしん) (kōshin)
* → Korean: 효심(孝心) (hyosim)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sim³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ sɐm⁵⁵/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sim³³/


孔夫子

Sino-Xenic (孔夫子):
* → Japanese: 孔(こう)夫(ふう)子(し) (Kōfūshi)
* → Korean: 공부자(孔夫子) (Gongbuja)
* → Vietnamese: Khổng Phu Tử (孔夫子)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠺᠦᠩᠹᠦᠽᠢ (küngfüzi)

Mongolian: ᠺᠦᠩᠹᠦᠽᠢ (küngfüzi), Күнфүз (Künfüz)

→ Finnish: Kungfutse, Konfutse

→ Indonesian: Konghucu, Khonghucu, Kong Hu Cu, Khong Hu Cu

→ Latin: Confucius

→ English: Confucius

→ French: Confucius

→ German: Konfuzius

→ Italian: Confucio

→ Portuguese: Confúcio

⇒ Russian: Конфуцій (Konfucij), Конфуций (Konfucij)

→ Spanish: Confucio

→ Manchu: ᡴᡠᠩᡶᡠᡯ (kungfudz)

→ Tibetan: ཁུང་ཧྥུ་ཙི (khung hphu tsi)

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ fuː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fu²⁴ t͡sɨ³¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hu³³ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/


filial piety

The virtue of showing respect and doing good deeds for one's parents, elders, and ancestors, as understood in Confucian ethics and commonly observed in the East Asian cultural sphere.


Confucianist

en-adj

Confucianist (comparative more Confucianist, superlative most Confucianist)

more Confucianist (comparative)
most Confucianist (superlative)

Related to the teachings of Confucius; Confucian.


Confucianist

A follower of the teachings of Confucius; a Confucian.


리

Sino-Korean word from 理 (“reason; logic”).

ko-etym-Sino

li, the underlying ordering principle of the cosmos

the hanja entry at 理 for Sino-Korean compounds of 리


孝行

ja-r

孝(こう)行(こう) (kōkō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (孝行):
* → Japanese: 孝(こう)行(こう) (kōkō)
* → Korean: 효행(孝行) (hyohaeng)
* → Vietnamese: hiếu hạnh (孝行)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ hɐŋ²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ heŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ hɐŋ²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hiɪŋ⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ hiɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ hiɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ heŋ³⁵/


王者

ja-r

王者(おうじゃ) (ōja)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (王者):
* → Japanese: 王者(おうじゃ) (ōja)
* → Korean: 왕자(王者) (wangja)
* → Vietnamese: vương giả (王者)

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵²/

/wɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɛː³⁵/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sia⁵⁵⁴/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵³/

/ɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sia⁴¹/

/uaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sia⁵²/

(archaic, Confucianism) true king; kingly one (one who has lived up to the moral standards required to rule as a monarch)


四舊

→ English: Four Olds (calque)

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ kɐu̯²²/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/sei̯³³ kɐu̯²²/

(historical) the Four Olds (four traditional aspects of Chinese culture targeted for destruction during China's Cultural Revolution)


инь-ян

ru-noun

инь-я́н • (inʹ-ján) m inan (indeclinable)

инь-я́н (canonical)
inʹ-ján (romanization)

Borrowed from Mandarin 陰陽／阴阳 (yīnyáng), from Old Chinese.

zh-l

陰陽／阴阳 (yīnyáng)

yin-yang (a circular symbol consisting of a white and black droplet)


hạnh

Sino-Vietnamese word from 行 (“conduct”). Doublet of hàng.

(Confucianism) virtue, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


công

Sino-Vietnamese word from 功 (“accomplishment”). Also from Chinese 婦功／妇功 (phụ công, “wifely competence”).

der

(Confucianism) competence, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


âm dương

[ʔəm˧˧ zɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔəm˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

[ʔəm˧˧ jɨəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-âm dương.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 陰陽, composed of 陰 (“yin”) and 陽 (“yang”).


儒家

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/jyː²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/y⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/zu²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕia⁴⁴/

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/jyː²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/y⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾a⁵⁵/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/zu²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/zz̩²² t͡ɕia⁴⁴/


四書

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ³³/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ su⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ su⁴⁴/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ³³/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ si⁴⁴/

the Four Books (Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism)


中庸

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ²¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯uŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯uŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ jʊŋ²¹/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ i̯uŋ²⁴/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ (j)i̯uŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

Four Books
w:Four Books and Five Classics

the Doctrine of the Mean (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)


聖靈

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lɪŋ²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ liŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ lɪŋ²¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/sĩã²¹³⁻⁵⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

It was no fitting residence for the spirit of the Sage; I was indignant at how bad the appearance of the temple was.

1497, 金宗直 (Kim Jong-jik), 《謁夫子廟賦》 (Rhapsody on visiting the temple of Confucius), 《佔畢齋集》

bi seongnyeong ji ui taek, gae myo mo ji bu jang.

匪聖靈之宜宅，慨廟貌之不臧。

(Confucianism) spirit of a sage (e.g. Confucius)


大同

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

The philosophical sense is from the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

… In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union.

...... Shìgù móu bì ér bù xīng, dàoqiè luànzéi ér bù zuò, gù wàihù ér bù bì, shì wèi dàtóng.

……是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。

……是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

(Chinese philosophy) Great Unity (utopian vision of the world in which everyone and everything is at peace)


春秋

[ɕɨ̃ɲ̟d͡ʑɨː]

From Middle Chinese compound 春秋 (MC tsyhwin tshjuw, literally “spring and autumn”). The kan'on, so probably a shift in reading after initial borrowing.


儒學

/ʐu³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː²¹ hɔːk̚²/

/y⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ouʔ⁵/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ hak̚⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² hak̚²⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² hak̚⁴/

/zu²³⁻³³ hak̚⁴/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² hak̚¹²¹/

/ʐu³⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/jyː²¹ hɔːk̚²/

/y⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ouʔ⁵/

/lu²⁴⁻¹¹ hak̚⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² hak̚²⁴/

/lu²⁴⁻²² hak̚⁴/

/zu²³⁻³³ hak̚⁴/

/d͡zi¹³⁻²² hak̚¹²¹/


孝義

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ jiː²²/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡi³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi³³/

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends


孝道

ja-r

孝道(こうどう) (kōdō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (孝道):
* → Japanese: 孝道(こうどう) (kōdō)
* → Korean: 효도(孝道) (hyodo)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ to²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ to⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ to²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ to³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ³³/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ to²²/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ to⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ to²²/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ to³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ tɤ³³/

The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

Kǒngzǐ yǐwèi néng tōng xiàodào, gù shòu zhī yè.

孔子以為能通孝道，故授之業。

孔子以为能通孝道，故授之业。

jiù ràng wǒ lái guìxià zhè shì wǒ xuéhuì de xiàodào

就讓我來跪下這是我學會的孝道

就让我来跪下这是我学会的孝道


孝敬

Sino-Xenic (孝敬):
* → Japanese: 孝敬(こうけい) (kōkei)

→ Zhuang: hauqgingq

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ kɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ¹¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ kɪŋ³³/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɪŋ⁴¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ²¹/

/hau¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɪŋ¹¹/

/hau²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɪŋ²¹/

(Southern Min) to offer sacrifices (to gods and spirits)


Temple of Heaven

Calque of Chinese 天壇／天坛 (Tiāntán, literally “Altar of Heaven”).

calque

(proscribed) The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the largest building in the complex, commonly confused as its focus.


禮堂

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (禮堂):
* → Vietnamese: lễ đường (禮堂)

→ Javanese: klenthéng (ꦏ꧀ꦭꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦺꦁ)

desc

→ Indonesian: kelenteng (“Chinese temple”)

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍¹³/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/li²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍¹³/

/le⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/le⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tŋ̍²³/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/li²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/


ngôn

Sino-Vietnamese word from 言 (“speech”), from Chinese 婦言／妇言 (phụ ngôn, “wifely eloquence”).

der

(Confucianism) eloquence, one of the tứ đức (“four virtues”) that women are supposed to have


聖堂

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɨn⁵⁵ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tŋ̍²³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/sɪŋ³³ tʰɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/sɨn⁵⁵ tʰoŋ¹¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍¹³/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tŋ̍²⁴/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tŋ̍²³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

(religion) Confucian temple; temple honoring Confucius and housing schools and testing facilities


五経

五経 (canonical)
Gokyō (romanization)
Gokyau (romanization)
ごきやう (hiragana historical)

From Old Japanese, in turn from Literary Chinese 五經 (MC nguX keng, literally “five + Chinese classics”).
First cited in Japanese in the Nihon Shoki of 720.


五常

ja-r

五常(ごじょう) (gojō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (五常):
* → Japanese: 五常(ごじょう) (gojō)
* → Korean: 오상(五常) (osang)
* → Vietnamese: ngũ thường (五常)

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

(Confucianism) the five cardinal Confucian virtues (justice, politeness, wisdom, fidelity and benevolence)


五常

五常 (canonical)
gojō (romanization)
gozyau (romanization)
ごじやう (hiragana historical)

(Confucianism) the five cardinal Confucian virtues: (justice, politeness, wisdom, fidelity and benevolence)


論語

/lu̯ən³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵn²¹ jyː¹³/

/lɵn²² jyː¹³/

/lun²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/lun³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/lun²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/lun²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/

/lun³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/lu̯ən³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵn²¹ jyː¹³/

/lɵn²² jyː¹³/

/lun²⁴⁻²² ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/lun³³⁻¹¹ ɡu⁵³/

/lun²⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/lun²²⁻²¹ ɡi⁵³/

/lun³³⁻²¹ ɡi⁴¹/

With a knowledge of only half of the Analects I can govern all under heaven.

attributed to 趙普 Zhao Pu, based on a line in 高文秀 Gao Wenxiu's play《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor

半部論語治天下

半部论语治天下

Each time I decide on some important affair, I open up a piece of writing — the Analects. Now it is said of me that “I order the empire with half of the Analects.”

高文秀 Gao Wenxiu, 《好酒趙元遇上皇》 Tippler Zhao Yuan Encounters the Prior Emperor, [Yuan dynasty]

Měi jué dàshì, qǐwén guānshū, nǎi “lùnyǔ” yě, cǐshí chēng xiǎoguān yǐ bàn bù “lùnyǔ” zhì yī tiānxià.

每決大事，啟文觀書，乃《論語》也，此時稱小官以半部《論語》治一天下。

每决大事，启文观书，乃《论语》也，此时称小官以半部《论语》治一天下。

Lunyu, the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books (四書／四书 (Sìshū)) of Confucianism)


Analects

From James Legge's 1861 translation of the work's Mandarin Chinese title 論語 (Lúnyǔ). "Analects" itself is a 1658 Ancient Greek loanword from ἀνάλεκτα (análekta, “things chosen”), from ἀνα- (ana-, “up”) + λέγειν (légein, “to gather”). Compare lecture.


小道

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/


Nho giáo

[ɲɔ˧˧ zaːw˧˦]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaːw˨˩˦]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaːw˦˥]


Nho học

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˧˨ʔ]

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

[ɲɔ˧˧ hawk͡p̚˨˩˨]


конфуцианство

ru-noun+

конфуциа́нство

конфуциа́нство • (konfuciánstvo) n inan (genitive конфуциа́нства, uncountable)

конфуциа́нство (canonical)
konfuciánstvo (romanization)
конфуциа́нства (genitive)
конфуциа́нство (nominative singular)
конфуциа́нства (genitive singular)
конфуциа́нству (dative singular)
конфуциа́нство (accusative singular)
конфуциа́нством (instrumental singular)
конфуциа́нстве (prepositional singular)

конфуціа́нство — Pre-reform orthography (1918)


孔教

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ kaːu̯³³/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ kaːu̯³³/


Khổng giáo

[xəwŋ͡m˧˩ zaːw˧˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˨ jaːw˨˩˦]

[xəwŋ͡m˧˨ jaːw˨˩˦]

[kʰəwŋ͡m˨˩˦ jaːw˦˥]

[xəwŋ͡m˨˩˦ jaːw˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 孔教, composed of 孔 (“Confucius”) and 教 (“teaching”).


載道

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(Taoism, Confucianism) to convey moral teachings; to convey the Way


孝悌

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰi⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ tɐi̯²²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰi⁵¹/

/haːu̯³³ tɐi̯²²/

Let careful attention be paid to education in schools, inculcating in it especially the filial and fraternal duties, and grey-haired men will not be seen upon the roads, carrying burdens on their backs or on their heads.

Jǐn xiángxù zhī jiào, shēnzhī yǐ xiàotì zhī yì, bānbái zhě bù fùdài yú dàolù yǐ.

謹庠序之教，申之以孝悌之義，頒白者不負戴於道路矣。

谨庠序之教，申之以孝悌之义，颁白者不负戴于道路矣。

孝義

devotion to one's parents and loyalty to one's friends


經學家

ㄐㄧㄥ ㄒㄩㄝˊ ㄐㄧㄚ

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚² kaː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚² kaː⁵⁵/


經學

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/


經學

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/


confucianiste

fr-noun

confucianiste m or f by sense (plural confucianistes)


儒術

/jyː²¹ sɵt̚²/

/jyː²¹ sɵt̚²/

to ban the Hundred Schools of Thought and only revere Confucianism

罷黜百家獨尊儒術

罢黜百家独尊儒术


교의

(Confucianism) a ceremonial chair on which the spirit tablet is placed during ancestor commemoration


元氣

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ye¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² kʰi⁴¹/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/ɥɛn³⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/ye¹¹ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁵/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻²² kʰi⁴¹/

/ɡuan¹³⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/ɡuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi¹¹/

/ɡuan²³⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

(Chinese philosophy) energy of primal chaos


詩經

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (詩經):
* → Japanese: 詩(し)経(きょう) (shikyō)
* → Korean: 시경(詩經) (sigyeong)

→ Vietnamese: Kinh Thi (經詩) (calque)

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/si⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si³³ kiɪŋ³³/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/si⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si³³ kiɪŋ³³/

/si⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/si⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

Classic of Poetry (the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry)


孔廟

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ bio¹¹/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/kʰoŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ bio¹¹/

From Confucius's surname Kong (孔 (kǒng)).

北京孔廟

北京孔庙


文廟

Sino-Xenic (文廟):
* → Vietnamese: văn miếu (文廟)

/wən³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bun²³⁻³³ biɤ³³/

/wən³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bun²³⁻³³ biɤ³³/

From 文帝 (Wén Dì, “God of Literature, Culture, etc.”) as a Taoist god or epithet of Confucius.


夫子廟

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/fu⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


學廟

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/


孔子廟

ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄗˇ ㄇㄧㄠˋ

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ miːu̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bio⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio³³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɤ³³/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡siː³⁵ miːu̯²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bio⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio²²/

/kʰɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bio³³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ biɤ³³/


聖廟

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ miːu̯²²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ³³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ miːu̯²²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ³³/


Four Olds

Calque of Chinese 四舊／四旧 (Sìjiù, “the four old (things)”)

cal

(historical) The four traditional things targeted for destruction during China's Cultural Revolution, usually translated as old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas.


Ruism

Partial calque from Mandarin 儒教 (rújiào, “Confucianism”): Mandarin 儒 (rú) + -ism.


理學

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ hɔːk̚²/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚¹²¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/lei̯¹³ hɔːk̚²/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hak̚²⁴/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚¹²¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hak̚⁴/


修身

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐn⁵⁵/

/si̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐn⁵⁵/

/si̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

Investigate the nature of things, pursue knowledge, act in good faith, rectify one's mind, cultivate one's moral character, manage one's household, administer state affairs and bring peace to the nation.

Géwù, zhìzhī, chéngyì, zhèngxīn, xiūshēn, qíjiā, zhìguó, píngtiānxià.

格物、致知、誠意、正心、修身、齊家、治國、平天下。

格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。

To cultivate one's person and fulfil one's words is called good conduct.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE

修身踐言，謂之善行。

修身践言，谓之善行。

to cultivate one's moral character; to practice self-cultivation


儒林

/jyː²¹ lɐm²¹/

/jyː²¹ lɐm²¹/

(historical) Confucian scholars; scholars; academic circles


正名

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siã²¹⁻⁴¹ miã²³/

/t͡siã¹¹⁻⁵³ miã²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ miã²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ miã²³/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siã²¹⁻⁴¹ miã²³/

/t͡siã¹¹⁻⁵³ miã²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ miã²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ miã²³/

(philosophy, especially Confucianism) the rectification of names


經書

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ syː⁵⁵/

/kin²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ³³/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ syː⁵⁵/

/kin²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kĩã³³⁻²³ t͡sɯ³³/

classic books; classic texts
(specifically, Confucianism) classics


無極

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無極):
* → Japanese: 無(む)極(きょく) (mukyoku)
* → Korean: 무극(無極) (mugeuk)
* → Vietnamese: vô cực (無極)

/u³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/u³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

(Chinese philosophy) wuji; primordial universe; ultimateless


三元

Sino-Xenic (三元):
* → Japanese: 三元(さんげん) (sangen)

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(Chinese philosophy) the three elements: heaven(天 (tiān)), earth(地 (dì)), and man(人 (rén))


Tian

The pinyin romanization of Mandarin 天 (Tiān).

...‘Heaven’ as we use it throughout the book is only a convenient but inaccurate translation of the Chinese character tian. Heaven in Chinese religions as well as in the Confucian tradition has multidimensional implications... In its metaphysical and physical connotation, Heaven... refers to... Nature. Applied in the spiritual realm, it signifies an anthropomorphic Lord or a Supreme Being who presides in Heaven, and rules over or governs directly the spiritual and material worlds.

Supreme being in Chinese philosophy and religion. He rules over lesser gods, humankind, and controls the cosmos. The word Tian may also refer to Heaven. As a god, Tian is often seen as an impersonal power...

2003, Constance Victoria Briggs, The Encyclopedia of God, s.v. "Tian"::

It was not just the sky, but a god with wills and intentions, seen as sovereign of all... In fact, "Tian" was another reverent term to address the supreme god: "Heaven, for the help of the inferior people, made for them rulers, and made for them instructors" ("Great Declaration I" in the Book of History)...

(Chinese mythology) Synonym of Heaven: simultaneously conceived as the Heavens, Nature, and an anthropomorphic supreme God.


Tien

(Chinese mythology) Alternative form of Tian: Heaven, simultaneously conceived as the Heavens, Nature, and an anthropomorphic supreme God.


逍遙

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ jiːu̯²¹/

/ɕiɔ⁵⁵ ɦiɔ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ jiːu̯²¹/

/ɕiɔ⁵⁵ ɦiɔ²¹/

A reduplicative ideophonic word, originally meaning “to walk leisurely”. As a concept in Chinese philosophy, xiaoyao was featured prominently in the ancient text of Zhuangzi. Compare the similar reduplicative formations of:
* 招搖 (OC *tjew lew, “to walk freely > to act pretentiously”)
* 優游 (OC *qu lu, “at leisure”)
* 夭紹 (OC *qrow djewʔ), 要紹 (OC *qew djewʔ, “lithe; relaxed”)

och-l

[…] There you might saunter idly by its side, or in the enjoyment of untroubled ease sleep beneath it.

Pánghuáng hū wú wéi qí cè, xiāoyáo hū qǐnwò qí xià?

彷徨乎無為其側，逍遙乎寢臥其下？

彷徨乎无为其侧，逍遥乎寝卧其下？

Thus they rambled in the vacancy of Untroubled Ease, found their food in the fields of Indifference […]

yǐ yóu xiāoyáo zhī xū, shí yú gǒujiǎn zhī tián

以遊逍遙之虛，食於苟簡之田

以游逍遥之虚，食于苟简之田

(often in Chinese philosophy) free and unfettered; carefree; untroubled


德政

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/tiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/tiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siɪŋ²¹/


七情

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

(Confucianism, Buddhism, traditional Chinese medicine) the seven emotional states: joy, anger, anxiety, thought, grief, fear, fright


兩儀

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/lœːŋ¹³ jiː²¹/

/l̃uoŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋi⁵³/

/li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/lœːŋ¹³ jiː²¹/

/l̃uoŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋi⁵³/

(literary, Chinese philosophy) heaven and earth

(literary, Chinese philosophy) yin and yang


忠恕

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ syː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ syː³³/

The Master said, "Shen, my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity." The disciple Zeng replied, "Yes." The Master went out, and the other disciples asked, saying, "What do his words mean?" Zeng said, "The doctrine of our master is to be true to the principles of our nature and the benevolent exercise of them to others, this and nothing more."

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE

Zǐyuē: “Shēn hū! Wú dào yī yǐ guàn zhī.” Zēngzǐ yuē: “Wéi.” Zǐ chū. Ménrén wèn yuē: “Héwèi yě?” Zēngzǐ yuē: “Fūzǐ zhī dào, zhōngshù ér yǐ yǐ.”

子曰：「參乎！吾道一以貫之。」曾子曰：「唯。」子出。門人問曰：「何謂也？」曾子曰：「夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。」

子曰：「参乎！吾道一以贯之。」曾子曰：「唯。」子出。门人问曰：「何谓也？」曾子曰：「夫子之道，忠恕而已矣。」

(Confucianism) to exercise loyalty and reciprocity; to show magnanimity


子曰詩云

The master spoke; the Classic of Poetry said

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ jœːk̚² siː⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ jyːt̚² siː⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ yn³⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ jœːk̚² siː⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/

/t͡siː³⁵ jyːt̚² siː⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/


thất tình

Sino-Vietnamese word from 七情, composed of 七 (“seven”) and 情 (“emotion”).

vi-etym-sino

[tʰət̚˧˦ tïŋ˨˩]

[tʰək̚˦˧˥ tɨn˦˩]

[tʰək̚˦˥ tɨn˨˩]


十三經

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐp̚² saːm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚²⁴⁻² sam³³ kiɪŋ³³/

/sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐp̚² saːm⁵⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚²⁴⁻² sam³³ kiɪŋ³³/

/sip̚¹²¹⁻²¹ sam⁴⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sip̚⁴⁻³² sam⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/

Thirteen Classics (thirteen classics of Confucian tradition)


معتقد کنفیوشس

معتقد (“follower”) + کنفیوشس (“Confucius”)


کنفیوشس مت

کنفیوشس (kanfuśas, “Confucius”) + مت (mat, “Religion”)

ur:کنفیوشس مت


کنفیوشسی

ur-adj

کنفیوشسی • (kanfuśasī)


کنفیوشسی

ur-noun

کنفیوشسی • (kanfuśasī) m


گلدستۂ تحریر

ur-proper noun

گلدستۂ تحریر

گلدستۂ تحریر • (guldasta-e-tehrīr) f (Hindi spelling गलदसत-ए-तहरेर)

guldasta-e-tehrīr (romanization)
गलदसत-ए-तहरेर (Hindi)

ur:گلدستۂ تحریر


کنفیوشس

کنفیوشس • (kanfuśas) m (Hindi spelling कंफ़ुशस)

Borrowed from Latin Confucius, from Mandarin 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ, “Master Kong”).


兼愛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (兼愛):
* → Vietnamese: kiêm ái (兼愛)

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kiːm⁵⁵ ɔːi̯³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kiːm⁵⁵ ɔːi̯³³/

What is the will of Heaven that is to be obeyed? It is to universally love all the people in the world.

Mozi, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on Y. P. Mei's version

Yuē shùntiān zhī yì héruò? Yuē jiān'ài tiānxià zhī rén.

曰順天之意何若？曰兼愛天下之人。

曰顺天之意何若？曰兼爱天下之人。

(Chinese philosophy, Mohism) universal love


推類

/tʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/tʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

(often in Chinese philosophy) to reason by analogy


孔孟之道

ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄇㄥˋ ㄓ ㄉㄠˋ

Кунмэн чжи дао

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ maːŋ²² t͡siː⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ mɤŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/hʊŋ³⁵ maːŋ²² t͡siː⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

the doctrines of Confucius and Mencius; Confucianism


konfucjanizm

konfucjanizm (nominative singular)
konfucjanizmu (genitive singular)
konfucjanizmowi (dative singular)
konfucjanizm (accusative singular)
konfucjanizmem (instrumental singular)
konfucjanizmie (locative singular)
konfucjanizmie (singular vocative)


今文

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

Han dynasty Confucian classics written in clerical script


四書學

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ syː⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ syː⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

study of the Four Books (Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism)


유명

(Confucianism) an order issued upon one's death, usually by a father or king, telling one's children or servants to do something


禮教

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ kaːu̯³³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ kaːu̯³³/

teaching of Confucian rites and propriety


孝經

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/haːu̯³³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

Classic of Filial Piety (Confucian treatise)


사단

Sino-Korean word from 四 (“four”) + 端 (“clues”), introduced by the fourth-century BCE philosophical treatise Mencius.

ko-etym-sino

惻隱之心 惻隱之心#Korean

(Confucianism, philosophy) the four universal emotions that reveal the fundamental goodness of humanity:

측은지심 (惻隱之心, cheugeunjisim, “compassion and sympathy”)

羞惡之心 羞惡之心#Korean

수오지심 (羞惡之心, suojisim, “shame and dislike [of wrongdoing]”)

辭讓之心 辭讓之心#Korean

사양지심 (辭讓之心, sayangjisim, “modesty and politeness”)

是非之心 是非之心#Korean

시비지심 (是非之心, sibijisim, “discrimination between good and bad”)


tam tòng

[taːm˧˧ tɔŋ˦˩]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tam tòng.wav

Tại gia tòng phụ. Xuất giá tòng phu. Phu tử tòng tử.

At home, obey your father. Married, obey your husband. Widowed, obey your son.

(Confucianism) the three ways in which women are supposed to obey a male in their life

Three Obediences and Four Virtues
vi:Tam tòng, tứ đức


tứ đức

[tɨ˧˦ ʔɗɨk̚˧˦]

[tɨ˨˩˦ ʔɗɨk̚˦˧˥]

[tɨ˦˥ ʔɗɨk̚˦˥]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tứ đức.wav

(Confucianism) the four qualities that women are supposed to have, namely công (“competence”), dung (“beauty”), ngôn (“eloquence”), hạnh (“virtue”)


櫺星門

ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄥ ㄇㄣˊ

/liŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

a type of gate used in the construction of Confucian temples


五倫

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (五倫):
* → Japanese: 五倫(ごりん) (gorin)
* → Korean: 오륜(五倫) (oryun)
* → Vietnamese: ngũ luân (五倫)

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ lɵn²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun¹³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun²⁴/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ lɵn²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun¹³/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lun²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lun²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lun²⁴/

五倫文化

五伦文化

(Confucianism) five cardinal relationships


三民主義

ㄙㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ

саньминь чжуи

/sän⁵⁵ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/sän⁵⁵ min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/saːm⁵⁵ mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

Three Principles of the People
Three Principles of the People

(historical) Three Principles of the People (political doctrine of Sun Yat-sen)


道學

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/tou̯²² hɔːk̚²/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/tou̯²² hɔːk̚²/


禮樂

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ ŋɔːk̚²/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛ⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ ŋɔːk̚²/

age of rites and music (i.e. the Zhou dynasty, especially Western Zhou)

禮樂時代

礼乐时代

(historical, Confucianism) rites and music


宋明理學

ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄩㄝˊ

Сунмин Лисюэ

/sʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/


Neo-Confucianism

A Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism which originated in the Tang dynasty and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties.


nam nữ thụ thụ bất thân

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˦ˀ˥ tʰu˧˨ʔ tʰu˧˨ʔ ʔɓət̚˧˦ tʰən˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˧˨ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ tʰʊw˨˩ʔ ʔɓək̚˦˧˥ tʰəŋ˧˧]

[naːm˧˧ nɨ˨˩˦ tʰʊw˨˩˨ tʰʊw˨˩˨ ʔɓək̚˦˥ tʰəŋ˧˧]

(Confucianism) appropriately, unless related by blood or marriage, men and women should not hand things to each other directly


孝情

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵/


盡孝

/t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn²² haːu̯³³/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sɵn²² haːu̯³³/

to observe filial piety; to take on filial duties


仁道

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʐən³⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(literary, Confucianism) the way of benevolence


ขงจื๊อ

th-proper noun

ขงจื๊อ • (kǒng-jʉ́ʉ)

/kʰoŋ˩˩˦.t͡ɕɯː˦˥/

From Hokkien 孔子 (Khóng-chír). Compare Teochew 孔子 (khóng tsṳ́).


ខុងជឺ

km-proper noun

ខុងជឺ • (khong cɨɨ)


ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ်

/kʊ̀ɴpʰjúʃaʔ/

my:ကွန်ဖြူးရှပ်


四書五経

ja-pos

四(し)書(しょ)五(ご)経(きょう) • (Shisho Gokyō) ^(←ししよごきやう (Sisyo Gokyau)?)

四書五経 (canonical)
Shisho Gokyō (romanization)
Sisyo Gokyau (romanization)
ししよごきやう (hiragana historical)

[ɕi̥ɕo̞ ɡo̞kʲo̞ː]

From Literary Chinese 四書五經 (Sìshūwǔjīng).


Three Principles of the People

Calque of Chinese 三民主義／三民主义 (sānmínzhǔyì)

cal

(historical) The political philosophy espoused by Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese Nationalist Party.


Ruist

en-adj

Ruist (comparative more Ruist, superlative most Ruist)

more Ruist (comparative)
most Ruist (superlative)


無為而治

ㄨˊ ㄨㄟˊ ㄦˊ ㄓˋ

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

Although this idea is most commonly associated with Taoism, the exact wording first appeared in Confucian text. From the Analects, Book 15 (《論語·衞靈公》):
:
The earliest appearance in Taoist texts is worded differently. From Tao Te Ching, Chapter 57

The Master said, "May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat."

The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Zǐyuē: “Wúwèi ér zhì zhě, qí Shùn yě yú! Fú héwéi zāi? Gōng jǐ zhèng nánmiàn éryǐ yǐ.”

子曰：「無為而治者，其舜也與！夫何為哉？恭己正南面而已矣。」

子曰：「无为而治者，其舜也与！夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣。」

Therefore a sage has said, 'I will do nothing (of purpose), and the people will be transformed of themselves; I will be fond of keeping still, and the people will of themselves become correct. I will take no trouble about it, and the people will of themselves become rich; I will manifest no ambition, and the people will of themselves attain to the primitive simplicity.'

Tao Te Ching, 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Gù shèngrén yún: wǒ wúwéi, ér mín zì huà; wǒ hào jìng, ér mín zì zhèng; wǒ wúshì, ér mín zì fù; wǒ wúyù, ér mín zì pǔ.

故聖人云：我無為，而民自化；我好靜，而民自正；我無事，而民自富；我無欲，而民自樸。

故圣人云：我无为，而民自化；我好静，而民自正；我无事，而民自富；我无欲，而民自朴。

(Confucianism) to govern by rule of virtue


Кун-цзы

ru-proper noun

Ку́н-цзы or Кун-цзы́ • (Kún-czy or Kun-czý) m anim (indeclinable)

Ку́н-цзы (canonical)
Кун-цзы ́ (canonical)
Kún-czy (romanization)
Kun-czý (romanization)


Конфуций

ru-proper noun+

Конфу́ций • (Konfúcij) m anim (genitive Конфу́ция)

Конфу́ций (canonical)
Konfúcij (romanization)
Конфу́ция (genitive)
Конфу́ций (nominative singular)
Конфу́ция (genitive singular)
Конфу́цию (dative singular)
Конфу́ция (accusative singular)
Конфу́цием (instrumental singular)
Конфу́ции (prepositional singular)

Конфу́цій — Pre-reform orthography (1918)


Tridemism

Calque from Chinese 三民主義／三民主义, tri- + demo- + -ism.

(historical, politics) The Three Principles of the People.


Kinh Dịch

[kïŋ˧˧ zïk̟̚˧˨ʔ]

[kɨn˧˧ jɨt̚˨˩ʔ]

[kɨn˧˧ jɨt̚˨˩˨]

kinh + Dịch, calque of Chinese 易經／易经 (Dịch kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

Kinh Xuân Thu: the Spring and Autumn Annals


經師

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

(literary, Confucianism) Confucian classics teacher


道統

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tou̯²² tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tou̯²² tʰʊŋ³⁵/

Confucian orthodoxy; the Confucian doctrine passed down over generations


Nho

nhà Nho

chữ Nho

Chinese characters used in formal feudal texts


石經

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (石經):
* → Japanese: 石経(せっけい) (sekkei)
* → Korean: 석경(石經) (seokgyeong)

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² kɪŋ⁵⁵/


ᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *eri- (“to breathe”).

(Chinese philosophy) energy of primal chaos


禮經

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lɐi̯¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/


治經

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/


Neo-Confucian

en-adj

Neo-Confucian (comparative more Neo-Confucian, superlative most Neo-Confucian)

more Neo-Confucian (comparative)
most Neo-Confucian (superlative)


群經

/t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰyn³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/


綱常

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

(Confucianism) Short for 三綱五常／三纲五常 (sāngāngwǔcháng).


三綱五常

ㄙㄢ ㄍㄤ ㄨˇ ㄔㄤˊ

саньганъучан

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/sän⁵⁵ kɑŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

(Confucianism) the three essential relationships (between ruler and subject, father and son, and husband and wife) and five constant virtues (justice, politeness, wisdom, fidelity and benevolence)


三綱五常

三綱五常 (canonical)
sankōgojō (romanization)

[sã̠ŋko̞ːɡo̞ʑo̞ː]

(Confucianism) the three fundamental bonds and five constant virtues


宋儒

/sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐu³⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵¹ ʐu³⁵/

Neo-Confucianists of the Song dynasty (as typified by the Cheng–Zhu school)


儒家八派

ㄖㄨˊ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄅㄚ ㄆㄞˋ

Жуцзя Ба Пай

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/ʐu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

the Eight Confucian Factions (eight schools of Confucianism reassembled after Confucius' death by his disciples during the Warring States period)


釋奠

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

Traditionally glossed (e.g. by Zheng Xuan) as 釋菜奠幣 (to make a ritually clean offering of vegetables and ceremoniously lay the treasures of silk), it was specified in the Book of Rites as part of a ritual honouring the 先師, ancient instructors (of war).
:
The association of the school and education with war was once common in proto-feudal China (see Yang, 1965). The term was later used chiefly in the Confucian context as a ceremony honouring Confucius and other sages, without the warlike association.

When the forces return, (they make) the offerings of vegetables and silk at the school (to the ancient instructors of war), and announce (the news of victory) by presenting the captives and the severed ears of the slain.

反，釋奠于學，以訊馘告。

反，释奠于学，以讯馘告。

These days in the rites of shidian offerings were made to Boyu but not to Zisi.

c. 13th century, various editors, A Collection of Conversations of Master Zhu (《朱子語類》)

今釋奠有伯魚而無子思。

今释奠有伯鱼而无子思。

(Confucianism) ceremony honouring Confucius and Confucian sages in schools


어질다

ko-adj

어질다 • (eojilda) (infinitive 어질어, sequential 어지니)

eojilda (romanization)
어질어 (infinitive)
어지니 (sequential)
어질다 (formal indicative non-past)
어질어 (indicative informal non-past)
어질어요 (indicative informal non-past polite)
어집니다 (formal indicative non-past polite)
어질었다 (formal indicative past)
어질었어 (indicative informal past)
어질었어요 (indicative informal past polite)
어질었습니다 (formal indicative past polite)
어지냐 (formal interrogative non-past)
어질어 (informal interrogative non-past)
어질어요 (informal interrogative non-past polite)
어집니까 (formal interrogative non-past polite)
어질었냐 (formal interrogative past)
어질었어 (informal interrogative past)
어질었어요 (informal interrogative past polite)
어질었습니까 (formal interrogative past polite)
어질겠다 (assertive formal)
어질겠어 (assertive informal)
어질겠어요 (assertive informal polite)
어질겠습니다 (assertive formal polite)
어질어 (causative formal)
어질어서 (causative informal)
어지니 (causative informal polite)
어지니까 (causative formal polite)
어질지만 (contrastive formal)
어진데 (contrastive informal)
어질더니 (contrastive informal polite)
어질고 (conjunctive formal)
어질면 (conditional formal)
어질어야 (conditional informal)
어짊 (formal noun-from-verb)
어질기 (informal noun-from-verb)
어질었음 (formal noun-from-verb past)
어질었기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
어진 (determiner informal present)
어질 (determiner future informal)
어지시다 (indicative non-past)
어지셔 (indicative informal non-past)
어지세요 (indicative non-past polite)
어지셔요 (indicative non-past polite)
어지십니다 (formal indicative non-past)
어지셨다 (indicative past)
어지셨어 (indicative informal past)
어지셨어요 (indicative past polite)
어지셨습니다 (formal indicative past)
어지시냐 (interrogative non-past)
어지셔 (informal interrogative non-past)
어지세요 (interrogative non-past polite)
어지셔요 (interrogative non-past polite)
어지십니까 (formal interrogative non-past)
어지셨냐 (interrogative past)
어지셨어 (informal interrogative past)
어지셨어요 (interrogative past polite)
어지셨습니까 (formal interrogative past)
어지시겠다 (assertive)
어지시겠어 (assertive informal)
어지시겠어요 (assertive polite)
어지시겠습니다 (assertive formal)
어지셔 (causative)
어지셔서 (causative informal)
어지시니 (causative polite)
어지시니까 (causative formal)
어지시지만 (contrastive)
어지신데 (contrastive informal)
어지시더니 (contrastive polite)
어지시고 (conjunctive)
어지시면 (conditional)
어지셔야 (conditional informal)
어지심 (noun-from-verb)
어지시기 (informal noun-from-verb)
어지셨음 (noun-from-verb past)
어지셨기 (informal noun-from-verb past)
어지신 (determiner informal present)
어지실 (determiner future informal)

[ʌ̹d͡ʑiɭda̠]

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 어〮딜다〮 (Yale: étìltá). Compare 모〯딜다〮 (Yale: mwǒtìltá), modern 모질다 (mojilda).


천지신명

cheonjisinmyeong (romanization)
天地神明 (hanja)

[t͡ɕʰʌ̹ɲd͡ʑiɕʰinmjʌ̹ŋ]

Sino-Korean word from 天地 (“heaven and earth”) + 神明 (“divine luminosity”).

ko-etym-sino

(Confucianism, folk religion, shamanism) all the gods

Confucianism; folk religion; Confucianism; folk religion


Konfucjusz

Konfucjusz (nominative singular)
Konfucjusza (genitive singular)
Konfucjuszowi (dative singular)
Konfucjusza (accusative singular)
Konfucjuszem (instrumental singular)
Konfucjuszu (locative singular)
Konfucjuszu (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Cōnfūcius, from Mandarin 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ, “Master Kong”).


行孝

(Hakka) to observe filial piety; to take on filial duties


사서오경

Saseoogyeong (romanization)
四書五經 (hanja)

[ˈsʰa̠(ː)sʰʌ̹o̞ɡjʌ̹ŋ]

(Confucianism) Four Books and Five Classics


孔叢子

ㄎㄨㄥˇ ㄘㄨㄥˊ ㄗˇ

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/kʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ³⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

The Kong Family Master's Anthology (collection of fictional debates created by Confucius, parts of which were forged in the third century AD by Wang Su)


đạo Khổng

[ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ xəwŋ͡m˧˩]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ kʰəwŋ͡m˧˨]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ xəwŋ͡m˧˨]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ kʰəwŋ͡m˨˩˦]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ xəwŋ͡m˨˩˦]

đạo (“religion”) + Khổng (“Confucius”), calque of Chinese 孔教 (Khổng giáo).

Phan Châu Trinh Đạo đức và luân lí Đông Tây [Eastern and Western Ideas on Morality and Ethics]:
Từ nãy đến giờ tôi chỉ trích luân lý của ta, khen ngợi luân lý của Âu Tây, chắc anh em nghe lạ tai, cho tôi là người bội đạo Khổng Mạnh chăng? Xin thưa rằng từ khi tôi hiểu được chút ít đạo đức của Khổng Mạnh thì tôi rất sùng bái lắm. Vẫn biết đạo Khổng Mạnh hay thật nhưng bây giờ ta biết kiếm nơi đâu? Qua Tàu đem về chăng? Kiếm trong các sử sách Việt Nam này chăng? Tưởng thắp đuốc tìm cũng không thấy nữa, là vì nước Nam, nước Tàu bỏ mất đạo ấy đã lâu rồi.
Đạo Khổng Mạnh không phải là cách chuyên chế của các nhà vua mà anh em đã mộng tưởng đâu. Đạo Khổng Mạnh dạy quân dân tịnh trọng (vua dân đều trọng) và rất bình đẳng; vua và dân đều cần có đạo đức luân lý, nghĩa là dân phải kính trọng vua như cha mẹ mà vua cũng suy lòng đó mà yêu dấu dân như con đỏ vậy.
I've been going on criticizing our ethics, praising European ethics, you guys are probably thinking I've betrayed Confucianist-Mencianist values. I'd like to tell you this, I had held Confucianist-Mencianist morality in high regard ever since I learned a thing or two about it. Surely, Confucianism-Mencianism is good, but where are we going to look for it now? Bring it back from China? Search for it in Vietnamese records? I don't think we could find it even if we lit up some torches, because Vietnam as well as China have long abandoned it.
Confucianism-Mencianism is not the monarchs' authoritarianism you guys think it is, no. Confucianism-Mencianism teaches reciprocal respect among monarchs and subjects, it's actually about equity; monarchs and subjects all need morality and ethics, meaning that subjects have to respect their monarchs like their own parents, and monarchs also have to love their subjects like their own children.


白馬非馬

ㄅㄞˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄈㄟ ㄇㄚˇ

байма фэй ма

/paɪ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² maː¹³ fei̯⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ feɪ̯⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² maː¹³ fei̯⁵⁵ maː¹³/

(Chinese philosophy) A white horse is not a horse (a paradox and a sophistry)


清學

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɕy̯ɛ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ hɔːk̚²/

(historical, Confucianism) Confucian philosophical movements under the Qing dynasty (1644−1911)


詩経

(literature, poetry) the Classic of Poetry


mohisme

(Chinese philosophy) Alternative form of moïsme (“Mohism”)


moïsme

From Mo + -isme. After philosopher Mozi.


Moism

(Chinese philosophy) Alternative form of Mohism


三教

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (三教):
* → Japanese: 三(さん)教(きょう) (sankyō)
* → Korean: 삼교(三敎) (samgyo)
* → Vietnamese: tam giáo (三教)

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

(religion) the Three Teachings: Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism


예기

The Book of Rites or Classic of Rites (a classic Confucian text describing the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty)


문묘

Confucian temple; temple honoring Confucius and housing schools and testing facilities.


서경

Classic of History (a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou Dynasty and before)


오륜

(Confucianism) five cardinal relationships


악경

[a̠k̚k͈jʌ̹ŋ]

Classic of Music (Confucian classic text lost by the time of the Han dynasty)


Kinh Lễ

[kïŋ˧˧ le˦ˀ˥]

kinh + Lễ, calque of Chinese 禮經／礼经 (Lễ kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) The Book of Rites or Classic of Rites (a classic Confucian text describing the social forms, administration, and ceremonial rites of the Zhou dynasty)


菽水承歡

ㄕㄨˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄨㄢ

шушуй чэнхуань

/ʂu³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʂu³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯än⁵⁵/

children's filial piety to their parents


菽水之養

ㄕㄨˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄓ ㄧㄤˇ

шушуй чжи ян

/ʂu³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ jɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

菽水承歡 菽水承歡#Chinese

菽水承欢 菽水承欢#Chinese

Synonym of 菽水承歡／菽水承欢 (shúshuǐ chénghuān)


菽水之歡

ㄕㄨˊ ㄕㄨㄟˇ ㄓ ㄏㄨㄢ

шушуй чжи хуань

/ʂu³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ xu̯än⁵⁵/

/ʂu³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ xu̯än⁵⁵/

菽水承歡 菽水承歡#Chinese

菽水承欢 菽水承欢#Chinese


Күнз

head

Күнз • (Künz)


五徳

五徳 (canonical)
gotoku (romanization)
ごとく (hiragana historical)

Three Fundamental Bonds and Five Constant Virtues


chính danh

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ zajŋ̟˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ jɛɲ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 正名 (“to restore the name to reflect true nature”).

vi-etym-sino

(Confucianism) the rectification of names (ensuring that statuses correspond to clearly designated functions)


chính danh

[t͡ɕïŋ˧˦ zajŋ̟˧˧]

[t͡ɕɨn˦˧˥ jɛɲ˧˧]


經解

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


經術

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu⁵¹/


名教

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Confucian ethical code; Confucian teachings on social order and rituals


nho gia

[ɲɔ˧˧ zaː˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaː˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ jaː˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 儒家, composed of 儒 (“Confucian, scholar”) and 家 (“-ist”).

没(Một)𤳆(trai)𡥵(con)次(thứ)卒(rốt)𢚸(lòng)
王(Vương)󰞹(Quan)󰑼(là)𡦂(chữ)綏(nối)𣳔(dòng)儒(nho)家(gia)

1820, Nguyễn Du (阮攸), Đoạn trường tân thanh (Truyện Kiều)^(https://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/Truyện_Kiều_(bản_Liễu_Văn_Ðường_1866)), published 1866, lines 13–14:

He had a son, the youngest, named Vuong Quan,
 to carry on the family lineage of Confucian scholars.


三教合一

ㄙㄢ ㄐㄧㄠˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄧ

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ i⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kaːu̯³³ hɐp̚² jɐt̚⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵ i⁵⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ kaːu̯³³ hɐp̚² jɐt̚⁵/

(religion) the Three Teachings (i.e., Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism) in Chinese culture and religious life, coexisting as syncretism


시경

(literature) the Shījīng (Classic of Poetry)


Kinh Thi

[kïŋ˧˧ tʰi˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɪj˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɪj˧˧]

kinh + Thi, calque of Chinese 詩經／诗经 (Thi kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) the Classic of Poetry (the oldest existing collection of Chinese poetry)


kiêm ái

[kiəm˧˧ ʔaːj˧˦]

[kiəm˧˧ ʔaːj˨˩˦]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-kiêm ái.wav

Zhuangzi, Ch. 33; Vietnamese translation by Nguyễn Hiến Lê; English translation by James Legge

He (Mozi) inculcated Universal Love, and a Common Participation in all advantages, and condemned Fighting.

Mặc tử chủ trương kiêm ái, mưu cái lợi chung cho mọi người, phản đối chiến tranh.

2017, Hữu Ngọc, "Cảo thơm lần giở: Mặc Tử nghĩ gì? (Fragrant Manuscripts Opened: What are Mozi's Thoughts?)" Sức Khỏe và Đời Sống (Health and Life) Online
Ông chủ trương thuyết “kiêm ái” vì ông cho là giai cấp thống trị, do áp bức bóc lột dân, xa xỉ, lãng phí nên tàn ác. “Kiêm ái” có nghĩa là yêu thương lẫn nhau, yêu người như yêu mình, xem nhà người như nhà mình, xem nước người như nước mình.

He promoted the doctrine of “inclusive / universal love” because he thought that the oppressor class were vicious and cruel because of their extravagance, wastefulness, subjugation and exploitation of the people. “Inclusive / universal love” means loving each other, loving others as one loves oneself, seeing and treating others' households like one's own household, and seeing and treating other countries like one's own country.

(Chinese philosophy, Mohism) inclusive, universal love


德禮

/tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɤ³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/


Tứ thư Ngũ kinh

[tɨ˧˦ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋu˦ˀ˥ kïŋ˧˧]

[tɨ˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋʊw˧˨ kɨn˧˧]

[tɨ˦˥ tʰɨ˧˧ ŋʊw˨˩˦ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四書五經, composed of 四書 (“Four Books”) and 五經 (“Five Classics”).


lí học

[lɪj˨˩˦ hawk͡p̚˨˩ʔ]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 理學, composed of 理 (“reason, logic, truth, science”) and 學 (“school, theory, doctrine”).


Tứ thư

[tɨ˧˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tɨ˨˩˦ tʰɨ˧˧]

[tɨ˦˥ tʰɨ˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四書, composed of 四 (“four”) and 書 (“book”).

(Confucianism) the Four Books (Chinese classic texts illustrating the core value and belief systems in Confucianism)


Ngũ kinh

[ŋu˦ˀ˥ kïŋ˧˧]

[ŋʊw˧˨ kɨn˧˧]

[ŋʊw˨˩˦ kɨn˧˧]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 五經, composed of 五 (“five”) and 經 (“classics”).

(Confucianism) the Five Classics (pre-Qin Chinese books that form part of the traditional Confucian canon)


Kinh Xuân Thu

[kïŋ˧˧ swən˧˧ tʰu˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ swəŋ˧˧ tʰʊw˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ s⁽ʷ⁾əŋ˧˧ tʰʊw˧˧]

kinh (“classic”) + Xuân Thu (“spring and autumn”).

com

(literature) the Spring and Autumn Annals (the chronicle of the state of Lu)


Kinh Thư

[kïŋ˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

[kɨn˧˧ tʰɨ˧˧]

kinh + Thư, calque of Chinese 書經／书经 (Thư kinh), following the head-initial structure of Vietnamese, instead of head-final in the original language.

(literature) the Classic of History (a collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou Dynasty and before)


lục nghệ

[lʊwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ ŋe˧˨ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩ʔ ŋej˨˩ʔ]

[lʊwk͡p̚˨˩˨ ŋej˨˩˨]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-lục nghệ.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 六藝, composed of 六 (“six”) and 藝 (“ability, skill”).

vi-etym-sino

the Six Arts which form the basis of education in ancient Chinese culture:


đại đồng

[ʔɗaːj˧˨ʔ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩ʔ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˦˩]

[ʔɗaːj˨˩˨ ʔɗəwŋ͡m˨˩]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 大同, composed of 大 and 同.

475 - 221 BCE, Zhuangzi - "Let It Be, Leave It Alone" ; English translation by Burton Watson; Vietnamese translation by Nguyễn Hiến Lê
Hình hài người đó hoà đồng với vạn vật. Cái gì đại đồng thì “vô kỉ” [không có cái “ta” riêng], đã vô kỉ thì làm gì còn tồn tại [riêng] nữa? Những người mà chúng ta thấy còn tồn tại [riêng] đó chỉ là những bậc quân tử thời xưa; những người chúng ta không thấy tồn tại [riêng] nữa (nghĩa là vô danh), đó mới là bạn của trời đất
His face and form blend with the Great Unity, the Great Unity that is selfless. Being selfless, how then can he look on possession as possession? He who fixed his eyes on possession—he was the “gentleman” of ancient times. He who fixes his eyes on nothingness—he is the true friend of Heaven and earth.

Mong thế giới đại đồng. Tiến lên quân hồng!

1930, Đinh Nhu (attributed) (lyrics and music), “Cùng Nhau Đi Hồng Binh [Let's Go Together, Red Soldiers!]”performed by Huy Cường and Male and Female Singers and Dancers of the General Political Department:

May the world be grandly united! Onward, Red Army!

(Chinese philosophy) Great Unity (utopian vision of the world in which everyone and everything is at peace)


tam giáo

Sino-Vietnamese word from 三教, composed of 三 (“three”) and 教 (“teachings; religions”).

(Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Caodaism) the three principal philosophies originated from China, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism

Confucianism; Taoism; Confucianism; Taoism


junzi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 君子 (jūnzǐ).

(Chinese philosophy) A morally ideal person.


đạo Nho

[ʔɗaːw˧˨ʔ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩ʔ ɲɔ˧˧]

[ʔɗaːw˨˩˨ ɲɔ˧˧]


儒藏

/ʐu³⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/ʐu³⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/


konfuciovec

konfuciovec (nominative singular)
konfuciovci (nominative plural)
konfuciovce (genitive singular)
konfuciovců (genitive plural)
konfuciovcovi (dative singular)
konfuciovci (dative singular)
konfuciovcům (dative plural)
konfuciovce (accusative singular)
konfuciovce (accusative plural)
konfuciovče (singular vocative)
konfuciovci (plural vocative)
konfuciovcovi (locative singular)
konfuciovci (locative singular)
konfuciovcích (locative plural)
konfuciovcem (instrumental singular)
konfuciovci (instrumental plural)

Named after Chinese philosopher and politician Confucius, + -ovec.

named-after

Confucian (person who follows the teachings of Confucius)


nho lâm

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

[ɲɔ˧˧ ləm˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-nho lâm.wav

Sino-Vietnamese word from 儒林, composed of 儒 and 林.

vi-etym-sino

(historical) Confucian scholars; scholars; academic circles


성화

[ˈsʰɘ(ː)ŋβwa̠]

Sino-Korean word from 聖化, from 聖 (“sacred”) + 化 (“-ize”).

ko-etym-sino

(Confucianism) the monarch's moral transformation of his subjects towards virtue


Конфуцій

ru-proper noun+

Конфу́цій • (Konfúcij) m anim (genitive Конфу́ція)

Конфу́цій (canonical)
Konfúcij (romanization)
Конфу́ція (genitive)
Конфу́цій (dated nominative singular)
Конфу́ція (dated genitive singular)
Конфу́цію (dated dative singular)
Конфу́ція (accusative dated singular)
Конфу́ціемъ (dated instrumental singular)
Конфу́ціи (dated prepositional singular)

Конфу́ций Конфуций#Russian

Pre-1918 spelling of Конфу́ций (Konfúcij, “Confucius”)


Конфуцій

uk-proper noun

Конфу́цій<pr.sg>

Конфу́цій • (Konfúcij) m pers (genitive Конфу́ція, uncountable)

Конфу́цій (canonical)
Konfúcij (romanization)
Конфу́ція (genitive)
Конфу́цій (nominative singular)
Конфу́ція (genitive singular)
Конфу́цію (dative singular)
Конфу́цієві (dative singular)
Конфу́ція (accusative singular)
Конфу́цієм (instrumental singular)
Конфу́цію (locative singular)
Конфу́цієві (locative singular)
Конфу́ції (locative singular)
Конфу́цію (singular vocative)

uk-ndecl

Конфу́цій<pr.sg>

Borrowed from Latin Cōnfūcius, from Mandarin 孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ, “Master Kong”).


孔子學

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²⁻²¹ ɵ¹³/

/kʰɒŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))nɵ³³²⁻²¹ ɵ¹³/

(Xianyou Puxian Min, historical, education) traditional Chinese private school where classical literature and Confucianism used to be taught


孔子殿

korng³ zo³ deng⁵ [Phonetic:korng⁵ no² deng⁵]

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³⁻¹³ tɛŋ²¹/

/kʰɒŋ⁴⁵³⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))no⁴⁵³⁻¹³ tɛŋ²¹/

(Putian Puxian Min, historical, education) traditional Chinese private school where classical literature and Confucianism used to be taught