achene

From French achène and its source, New Latin achena, from Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-, “a-”) + χαίνω (khaínō, “to gape”).

The mulberry puts forth its messy clusters of achenes.

2018, Richard Powers, The Overstory, Vintage (2019), page 37

(botany) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup.


standard

→ Catalan: estàndard

→ Danish: standard

→ French: standard

→ Italian: standard

→ Polish: standard

→ Spanish: estándar

→ Turkish: standart

From Middle English standard, from Old French estandart (“gathering place, battle flag”), from Frankish *standahard (literally “stand firm, stand hard”), equivalent to stand + -ard. Alternative etymology derives the second element from Frankish *oʀd (“point, spot, place”) (compare Old French ordé (“pointed”), Old English ord (“point, source, vanguard”), German Standort (“location, place, site, position, base”, literally “standing-point”)). Merged with Middle English standar, stander, standere (“flag, banner”, literally “stander”), equivalent to stand + -er. More at stand, hard, ord.

cog

(botany) The upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla.


fruit

en-noun

fruit (countable and uncountable, plural fruits)

Bislama: frut

Jamaican Creole: fruut

Tok Pisin: frut

→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Etymology tree
Latin frūctus
Old French fruitbor.
Middle English fruyt
English fruit
From Middle English fruyt, frut (“fruits and vegetables”), from Old French fruit (“produce, fruits and vegetables”), from Latin frūctus (“enjoyment, proceeds, profits, produce, income”) and frūx (“crop, produce, fruit”) (compare Latin fruor (“have the benefit of, to use, to enjoy”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of, to have enjoyment of”). Cognate with English brook (“to bear, tolerate”) and German brauchen (“to need”). Displaced native Old English wæstm.

der

(botany) A product of fertilization in a plant, specifically:

The seed-bearing part of a plant; often edible, colourful, fragrant, and sweet or sour; produced from a floral ovary after fertilization.


twig

en-verb

twig (third-person singular simple present twigs, present participle twigging, simple past and past participle twigged)

twigs (present singular third-person)
twigging (participle present)
twigged (participle past)
twigged (past)


stem

From Middle English stem, stemme, stempne, stevin, from Old English stemn, from Proto-West Germanic *stamni, from Proto-Germanic *stamniz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”).

der

the apple does not fall far from the stem

After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in the trunk or the stem.

1736, Sir Walter Raleigh, The History of the World in Five Books

(botany) The above-ground stalk (technically axis) of a vascular plant, and certain anatomically similar, below-ground organs such as rhizomes, bulbs, tubers, and corms.

سَاق نَبَات

botany: above-ground stalk of a vascular plant

(anatomy) A part of an anatomic structure considered without its possible branches or ramifications.


pistil

Borrowed from French pistil. Doublet of pestle and pistillum.

Some plant species have more than one pistil per flower.

(botany) A discrete organ in the center of a flower capable of receiving pollen and producing a fruit, it is divided into an ovary, style and stigma.

مِدَقَّة

a discrete unit in the center of a flower which receives the pollen and produces a fruit


leaflet

(botany) One of the components of a compound leaf.

The new leaflets at the end of the branch were a lighter shade of green than the mature leaves.

(anatomy) A flap of a valve of a heart or blood vessel.


duct

Borrowed from Latin ductus (“leading, conducting”, noun), from dūcō (“to lead, conduct, draw”) + -tus (action noun suffix). Doublet of ductus and douit. Also via Medieval Latin ductus (“a conveyance of water; a channel”), which itself has the first mentioned etymology.

شَأن

pipe, tube or canal which carries air or liquid from one place to another

A pipe, tube or canal which carries gas or liquid from one place to another

(anatomy) A vessel for conveying lymph or glandular secretions such as tears or bile


ray

Via Middle English, borrowed from Old French rai, from Latin radius (“staff, stake, spoke”). Doublet of radius.

(botany) A radiating part of a flower or plant; the marginal florets of a compound flower, such as an aster or a sunflower; one of the pedicels of an umbel or other circular flower cluster; radius.


wing

From Middle English winge, wenge, from Old Norse vængr ("wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare vængi (“ship's cabin”)), from Proto-Germanic *wēingijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”), thus related to wind. Cognate with Danish vinge (“wing”), Swedish vinge (“wing”), Icelandic vængur (“wing”).
Replaced native Middle English fither (from Old English fiþre, from Proto-Germanic *fiþriją), which merged with Middle English fether (from Old English feþer, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō). More at feather.

gl

"wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">vængi</i> (“ship's cabin”)

der

Limb or instrument of flight; means of flight or of rapid motion.


flower

en-noun

flower (countable and uncountable, plural flowers)

flour (for people who pronounce flower as one syllable, or flour as two)

From Middle English flour, from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs, from Proto-Italic *flōs, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”). Doublet of flour.
Partly displaced native Old English blostma, whence Modern English blossom.

der

You know, Darwin studied their fertilisation, and showed that the whole structure of an ordinary orchid flower was contrived in order that moths might carry the pollen from plant to plant.

1894, H. G. Wells, The Flowering of the Strange Orchid

(botany) A reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), often conspicuously colourful and typically including sepals, petals, and either or both stamens and/or a pistil.


foot

en-noun

foot (plural feet or (UK colloquial, unit of measure) foot)

→ Assamese: ফুট (phut)

q

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feet</i>

→ Japanese: フット (futto), フート (fūto); フィート (fīto) (from feet)

→ Russian: фут (fut)

Sranan Tongo: futu

Aukan: futu

Saramaccan: fútu

→ Swahili: futi

→ Thai: ฟุต (fút)

Tok Pisin: fut, put

→ Urdu: فٹ (fuṭ)

→ Phalura: fuṭ

From Middle English fot, fote, foot, from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Doublet of pes, pie (“Spanish unit of length”), and pous.

doublet

not touch something with a ten-foot pole

you cannot put the same shoe on every foot

Southern Italy is shaped like a foot.

(anatomy) Specifically, a human foot, which is found below the ankle and is used for standing and walking.


shoot

Catalan: xut

Portuguese: chuto

From Middle English shoten, from Old English scēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *skeutan, from Proto-Germanic *skeutaną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kéwd-e-ti, from *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, throw”).
Cognates
Cognate with West Frisian sjitte, Low German scheten, Dutch schieten, German schießen, Danish skyde, Norwegian Bokmål skyte, Norwegian Nynorsk skyta, Swedish skjuta; and also, through Indo-European, with Russian кида́ть (kidátʹ), Albanian hedh (“to throw, toss”), Persian چست (čost, “quick, active”), Lithuanian skudrùs.

(weaving) A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick.


branch

From Middle English branche, braunche, bronche, from Old French branche, branke, from Late Latin branca (“footprint”, later also “paw, claw”) (whence Middle High German pranke, German Pranke (“paw”)), of unknown origin.
Perhaps of Celtic origin, from a hypothetical Gaulish *vranca, from Proto-Indo-European *wrónk-eh₂. If so, then Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rá, vró (“angle, corner”), and possibly Lithuanian rankà (“hand”), Old Church Slavonic рѫка (rǫka, “hand”), Albanian rangë (“yardwork”).
The verb is from Middle English braunchen, from the noun.

unk

unknown

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the highest branch is not the safest roost

The woody part of a tree arising from the trunk and usually dividing.

dheuen

(Mormonism) A local congregation of the LDS Church that is not large enough to form a ward; see Wikipedia article on ward in LDS church.


blade

From Middle English blade, blad, from Old English blæd (“leaf”), from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃-o-to-m, from *bʰleh₃- (“to thrive, bloom”).
See also West Frisian bled, Dutch blad, German Blatt, Danish blad, Irish bláth (“flower”), Welsh blodyn (“flower”), Tocharian A pält, Tocharian B pilta (“leaf”), Albanian fletë (“leaf”). Similar usage in German Sägeblatt (“saw blade”, literally “saw leaf”). Doublet of blat. More at blow.

teh

typically sharp-edged working end of a knife or other cutting tool

(botany) The thin, flat part of a plant leaf, attached to a stem (petiole). The lamina.


vein

From Middle English veyne, borrowed from Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna (“a blood-vessel; vein; artery”) of uncertain origin. See vēna for more. Doublet of vena. Displaced native edre, from ǣdre (whence edder).

жи́ла

stripe or streak in stone or other material

(anatomy) A blood vessel that transports blood from the capillaries back to the heart.

лъынтфэ

blood vessel transporting blood towards the heart

ធមនី

thĕəʼmĕəʼnii


valve

→ Cantonese: 嘩佬／哗佬 (waa1 lou2)

→ Japanese: バルブ (barubu)

→ Thai: วาล์ว (waao)

From Middle English valve, from Latin valva (“double door, valve”). Doublet of valva.

the ileocolic, mitral, and semilunar valves

(anatomy) One or more membranous partitions, flaps, or folds, which permit the passage of the contents of a vessel or cavity in one direction, but stop or control the flow in the opposite direction

(botany) One of the pieces into which certain fruits naturally separate when they dehisce.

(botany) A small portion of certain anthers, which opens like a trapdoor to allow the pollen to escape, such as in the barberry.


pyrene

From Ancient Greek πῡρήν (pūrḗn, “fruit-stone”).

uder

(botany) A pyrena; a nutlet resembling a seed, or the kernel/stone of a drupe.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink.
cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(physical) A solid object in the shape of a circle.

(botany) A flexible band partly or wholly encircling the spore cases of ferns.


leader

→ Catalan: líder

→ Czech: lídr

→ Galician: líder

→ Japanese: リーダー (rīdā)

→ Korean: 리더 (rideo)

→ Polish: lider

→ Portuguese: líder

→ Romanian: lider

→ Russian: ли́дер (líder)

→ Spanish: líder

→ Turkish: lider

→ Ukrainian: лі́дер (líder)

From Middle English leder, ledere, from Old English lǣdere (“leader”), equivalent to lead + -er. Cognate with Scots ledar, leidar (“leader”), West Frisian lieder (“leader”), Dutch leider (“leader”), German Leiter (“leader, conductor, manager”), Danish leder (“leader, manager”), Swedish ledare (“leader, conductor, director”), Icelandic leiðari (“leader, conductor”).

cog

A strong central leader may result in essentially horizontal branches resembling a "telephone pole."

1975, David J. De Laubenfels, Mapping the world's vegetation: regionalization of formations and flora, page 82

Someone or something that leads or conducts.

(botany) A fast-growing terminal shoot of a woody plant.


heart

en-noun

heart (countable and uncountable, plural hearts)

Torres Strait Creole: at

→ Bengali: হার্ট (harṭ)

→ Cantonese: heart

→ Cebuano: Heart

→ Irish: hart

→ Japanese: ハート (hāto); ハツ (hatsu) (from hearts)

→ Korean: 하트 (hateu)

→ Tagalog: Heart

PIE word
 *ḱḗr
From Middle English herte, from Old English heorte (“heart”), from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô (“heart”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱérd (“heart”). Doublet of cardia; see also core.
Most of the modern figurative senses (such as passion or compassion, spirit, inmost feelings, especially love, affection, and courage) were present in Old English. However, the meaning “center” dates from the early 14th century.
The verb sense “to love” is from the 1977 I ❤ NY advertising campaign.

the way to a man's heart is through his stomach

(anatomy) A muscular organ that pumps blood through the body, traditionally thought to be the seat of emotion.


nut

→ Japanese: ナット (natto)

From Middle English nute, note, from Old English hnutu, from Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts (“nut”), from a root *knu- possibly shared with Proto-Celtic *knūs and Latin nux (“nut”). Based on the form of the nouns and the restriction of the root to Germanic, Celtic and Italic, it has been argued to be of non-Indo-European (substrate) origin.
See also West Frisian nút, Dutch noot, German Nuss, Danish nød, Swedish nöt, Norwegian nøtt.

dió

walnut in particular and an element in the name of some other nuts

dióféle

literally: ’walnut-like’, the family of this fruit

walnuts, hazelnuts/peanuts, chestnuts, and related fruits

even a blind squirrel can find a nut once in a while

[...] The Tentigo, head or Nut of the Clitoris, covered by the Nymphes, as by a foreskin and the impaſſable paſſage of it [...]

1665, Dr. Chamberlain's Midwifes Practice, page 54

GLANS, in anatomy, the anterior extremity of the penis, called by other different names, as the head of the penis, the nut of the penis, and the balanus of the penis.

1763, A New and Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

In persons troubled with tight foreskins, the matter from the urethra becomes collected between the foreskin and the nut of the penis.

1864, Edward Cox, Cox's Companion to the Sea Medicine Chest

In this work the great Italian anatomist described a linen sheath which he claimed to have invented. Made to fit the glans, or nut of the penis, it was worn for protection against venereal disease.

1965, Peter Fryer, The Birth Controllers, page 23

(anatomy) Senses related to male genitalia.

(archaic) The glans (structure at the extremity of the penis or of the clitoris).

I kicked him in the nuts.

(vulgar, slang, chiefly plural) A testicle.

Senses related to male genitalia.
A testicle.

As loudmouthed lovermen, these Lil Jon-endorsed ATLiens denigrate women from the window to the wall, generously offering to "make nut come out your nose."

2005 July, “Breakdown”, in Spin, page 104

(vulgar, slang, uncountable) Semen, ejaculate.

Senses related to male genitalia.
Semen, ejaculate.

He just needs a good nut to make him feel better.

[…] feelin' her pussy grippin' his dick as her nut lubricated him […]

2020, Dontavious Robinson, Gangster Mission Part One, Page Publishing, Inc

(vulgar, slang, countable) Orgasm, ejaculation; especially release of semen.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, koruna, krone, krona, and króna. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

Half-a-crown is known as an alderman, half a bull, half a tusheroon, and a madza caroon; whilst a crown piece, or five shillings, may be called either a bull, or a caroon, or a cartwheel, or a coachwheel, or a thick-un, or a tusheroon.

1859, J.C. Hotten, A Dictionary of Modern Slang, Cant, and Vulgar Words

en:former British coin worth five shillings

(historical) A former predecimalization British coin worth five shillings.

кро́на

(anatomy, dentistry) The part of a tooth above the gums.


key

From Middle English keye, kaye, keiȝe, from Old English cǣġ (“key, solution, experiment”) (whence also Scots key and kay (“key”)), of uncertain origin. The only sure cognates are Saterland Frisian Koai (“key”), West Frisian kaai (“key”), and North Frisian kay (“key”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *kēgaz, *kēguz (“stake, post, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-, *ǵegʰ-, *ǵegʰn- (“branch, stake, bush”), which would make it cognate with Middle Low German kāk (“whipping post, pillory”), and perhaps to Middle Dutch keige (“javelin, spear”) and Middle Low German keie, keige (“spear”). For the semantic development, note that medieval keys were simply long poles (ending in a hook) with which a crossbar obstructing a door from the inside could be removed from the outside, by lifting it through a hole in the door. Liberman has noted, however, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages."

шпи́лка

object used to maintain the orientation between two others

Key in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)

(botany) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, such as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara.


stone

en-noun

stone (countable and uncountable, plural stones or (as unit of mass) stone)

Sranan Tongo: ston

→ Esperanto: ŝtono

From Middle English ston, stone, stan, from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *steyh₂- (“to stiffen”).
See also Dutch steen, German Stein, Danish and Swedish sten, Norwegian stein; also Russian стена́ (stená, “wall”), Ancient Greek στία (stía, “pebble”), στέαρ (stéar, “tallow”), Albanian shtëng (“hardened or pressed matter”), Sanskrit स्त्यायते (styāyate, “it hardens”)). Doublet of stein.

cog

a peach stone

(botany) The central part of some fruits, particularly drupes; consisting of the seed and a hard endocarp layer.

To make Capons […] ſome for this Purpoſe make it their Buſineſs after Harveſt-time to go to Markets for buying up Chickens, and between Michaelmas and All-hollantide caponize the Cocks, when they have got large enough to have Stones of ſuch a Bigneſs that they may be pulled out; for if they are too little, it can't be done.

1750, W[illiam] Ellis, The Country Housewife's Family Companion […], London: James Hodges; B. Collins, →OCLC, page 157


acorn cup

The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed.


kernel

→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

From Middle English kernel, kirnel, kürnel, from Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *kurną (“seed, grain, corn”), equivalent to corn + -le. Cognate with Yiddish קערנדל (kerndl), Middle Dutch kernel, cornel, Middle High German kornel. Related also to Old Norse kjarni (“kernel”).

der

Using the blunt end of one of the vibraphone mallets, he pried open her folds. With the balled end of the other, he rhythmically rolled over her kernel.

2014, Karyn Gerrard, Irene Preston, Lotchie Burton, et al: Summer Heat: 10 Spicy Romances That Sizzle


tentacle

From New Latin tentāculum, from tentō. Doublet of tentaculum.

New extensions into the outer London dormitory areas also have been constructed, and at the present moment the tentacles of London's Underground are slowly but surely extending eastwards into Essex to relieve congestion on the suburban lines of the former Great Eastern Railway.

1948 January and February, C. R. L. Coles, “The Grouping Era”, in Railway Magazine, page 21

(figurative) Something like a zoological limb.


blade of grass

A single long, narrow leaf of a plant described by the mass noun grass.

sprietje

a single instance of a plant described by the mass noun grass


testa

en-noun

testa (plural testas or testae or testæ)

testas (plural)
testae (plural)
testæ (plural)

The testa develops from the tissue, the integument, originally surrounding the ovule.

The seeds are furnished with a reticulated testa, very much in appearance like that of the seeds of two closely-allied pericarps in the cabinet of my friend Mr. Ward, of Wellclose-square, the names of which I have been unable to obtain, but which present strong evidence of belonging to the Malvaceæ.

1840, James Scott Bowerbank, A History of the Fossil Fruits and Seeds of the London Clay, page 30

1969, C. W. Bennett, Seed Transmission of Plant Viruses, Alison Smith, Advances in Virus Research, Volume 14, page 224,
In tests with the Lincoln and Virginia varieties of cowpea, Crowley (1959) found that, in plants infected with bean southern mosaic virus before blossoming, the virus was present in nearly 100% of the testae and endosperms of seeds of both varieties, but could not be detected in the embryos.

Thus, two conditions must be satisfied for the testas to have this effect: contact between the testas and the radicle, and the presence of at least half of the testas.

1977, Commonwealth Scientific, Industrial Research Organization, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, page 354

2005, D. W. Dickson, D. De Waele, Nematode Parasites of Peanut, Michel Luc, Richard A. Sikora, John Bridge, Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture, page 419,
A. arachidis is a parasite of pods, testae, roots and hypocotyls, but not the cotyledons, embryos or other parts of the plant (Bos, 1977a; Bridge et al., 1977).

One of the most remarkable features of cultivated beans is the enormous range of testa colours and patterns which can be found.

2007, J. Smartt, “Evolution of American Phaseolus beans under domestication”, in Peter John Ucko, G. W. Dimbleby, editors, The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, page 458


lumen

Borrowed from Latin lumen (“light, an opening”). Use as a unit was first adopted by French physicist André Blondel in 1894.

(botany) The cavity bounded by a plant cell wall.


berry

→ Indonesian: beri

→ Japanese: ベリー (berī)

desc

→ Thai: เบอร์รี (bəə-rîi)

→ Thai: เบอร์รี (bəə-rîi)

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *bazją
Proto-West Germanic *baʀi
Old English berġe
Middle English berye
English berry
From Middle English berye, from Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Bäie, West Flemish beier, German Beere, Icelandic ber, Danish bær.
The slang sense "police car" may come from the lights on the vehicles' roofs.

etymon

(botany) A soft fruit which develops from a single ovary and contains seeds not encased in pits.

漿果

botany: soft fruit developing from a superior ovary and containing seeds not encased in pits


needle

From Middle English nedle, from Old English nǣdl, from Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu, from Proto-Germanic *nēþlō, from pre-Germanic *neh₁-tleh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₁- (“to spin, twist”).
Cognates
Cognate with Dutch naald (“needle”), German Nadel (“needle, pin, crochet hook”), German nähen (“sew”), Danish nål (“needle”), Norwegian nål (“needle”), Finnish neula (“needle”). Further related with Welsh nyddu, Latin nēre, Sanskrit स्नायति (snāyati, “wraps up, winds”). Related to snood.

cog

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

(entomology) Any of various species of damselfly of the genus Synlestes, endemic to Australia.


limb

The corolla limb of the moonvine Calonyction aculeatum is normally undivided.

1945, “A new form of the moonvine Calonyction aculeatum with divided corolla limb, and length-of-day behavior and flowering of the common form”, in Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, volume 35, number 2

(botany) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal or sepal; blade.


stamen

(botany) In flowering plants, the structure in a flower that produces pollen, typically consisting of an anther and a filament.


stalk

From Middle English stalke, stelke, stalk, perhaps from Old English *stealc, *stielc, *stealuc, from Proto-West Germanic *staluk, *stalik, from Proto-Germanic *stalukaz, *stalikaz, diminutive of Proto-Germanic *stalô, *staluz (“support, stem, stalk”), from Proto-Indo-European *stel- (“to place, stand; be stiff; stud, post, trunk, stake, stem, stalk”). Cognate with Old High German *stelh in wazzarstelh (“wagtail”), Danish stilk (“stalk, stem”), Swedish stjälk (“stalk, stem”), Icelandic stilkur (“stalk, stem”).
Related also to Middle English stale (“ladder upright, stalk”), Old English stalu (“wooden upright”), Middle Low German stal, stale (“chair leg”), Old English stela (“stalk”), Dutch steel (“stalk”), German Stiel (“stalk”), Albanian shtalkë (“crossbeam, board used as a door hinge”), Welsh telm (“frond”), Ancient Greek στειλειή (steileiḗ, “beam”), Old Armenian ստեղն (stełn, “trunk, stalk”).

varsi

something resembling the stalk of a plant

The petiole, pedicel, or peduncle of a plant.

A stem or peduncle, as in certain barnacles and crinoids.

kaula

zoology: stem or peduncle, as in certain barnacles and crinoids

The peduncle of the eyes of decapod crustaceans.

tappi

zoology: peduncle of the eyes of decapod


lip

en-noun

lip (countable and uncountable, plural lips)

From Middle English lippe, from Old English lippa, lippe (“lip”), from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō (“lip”), from Proto-Germanic *lepô, from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“to hang loosely, droop, sag”).
Cognate with West Frisian lippe (“lip”), Dutch lip (“lip”), German Lippe and Lefze (“lip”), Swedish läpp (“lip”), Norwegian leppe (“lip”),
Danish læbe (“lip”),
Latin labium (“lip”).

der

there's many a slip between the cup and the lip

there's many a slip twixt the cup and the lip

(countable) A part of the body that resembles a lip, such as the edge of a wound or the labia.


trunk

From Middle English tronke, trunke, from Old French tronc (“alms box, tree trunk, headless body”), from Latin truncus (“a stock, lopped tree trunk”), from truncus (“cut off, maimed, mutilated”). For the verb, compare French tronquer, and see truncate. Doublet of truncus and tronk.

the apple does not fall far from the trunk

A large suitcase, chest, or similar receptacle for carrying or storing personal possessions, usually with a hinged, often domed lid, and handles at each end, so that generally it takes two persons to carry a full trunk.


bulb

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, obsolete

From Middle English bulb, bolbe, from Latin bulbus (“bulb, onion”), from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

not the brightest bulb in the chandelier

medulla oblongata
medulla oblongata#English

(dated, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.


thorn

From Middle English thorn, þorn, from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós, from *(s)ter- (“stiff”).
cognates
Near cognates include West Frisian toarn, Low German Doorn, Dutch doorn, German Dorn, Danish and Norwegian torn, Swedish torn, törne, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽𐌿𐍃 (þaurnus). Further cognates include Old Church Slavonic трънъ (trŭnŭ, “thorn”), Russian тёрн (tjorn), Polish cierń, Kamkata-viri taňi, tai (“thorn”), Sanskrit तृण (tṛ́ṇa, “grass”).

cog

(botany) A sharp protective spine of a plant.


labium

Learned borrowing from Latin labium (“a lip”). Doublet of lip.

lbor

(anatomy, usually in the plural) A liplike structure; especially one of the vulva's two pairs of folds of skin on either side.


cuticle

From Middle French cuticule, from Latin cuticula (“cuticle, skin”).

The outermost layer of the skin of vertebrates; the epidermis.

(zoology, botany) A noncellular protective covering outside the epidermis of many invertebrates and plants.


pollen

en-noun

pollen (usually uncountable, plural pollens)

From Latin pollen (“fine flour”). Used by Linnaeus in the 18th century to describe the spores produced in the anthers of flowers.

In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

2013 May–June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3

(botany) Pollen grains (microspores) produced in the anthers of flowering plants.


seed

seed (countable and uncountable, plural seeds)

From Middle English seed, sede, side, from Old English sēd, sǣd (“seed, that which is sown”), from Proto-West Germanic *sād, from Proto-Germanic *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow, throw”).
Cognate with West Frisian sied (“seed”), Dutch zaad (“seed”), Low German Saad (“seed”), German Saat (“sowing; seed”), Icelandic sæði (“seed”), Danish sæd (“seed”), Swedish säd (“seed”), Latin satiō (“seeding, time of sowing, season”). More at sow.

alkutilanne

initial state, condition or position of a process

(countable, botany) A fertilized and ripened ovule, containing an embryonic plant.


leaf

en-noun

leaf (countable and uncountable, plural leaves)

Tok Pisin: lip

From Middle English leef, from Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą (“leaf”), from Proto-Indo-European *lowbʰ-o-m, from *lewbʰ- (“leaf, rind”)
See also West Frisian leaf, Low German Loov, Dutch loof, German Laub, Danish løv, Swedish löv, Norwegian Nynorsk lauv, Icelandic lauf; also Irish luibh (“herb”), Latin liber (“bast; book”), Lithuanian lúoba (“bark”), Albanian labë (“rind”), Latvian luba (“plank, board”), Russian луб (lub, “bast”).
(Internet slang: Canadian): In reference to the maple leaf as national symbol.

flat-leaf parsley

Petroselinum crispum neapolitanum group; syn. Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum


spear

Alteration of spire, from Middle English spyre, spier, spir, from Old English spīr (“stalk of a plant, shoot, blade”). More at spire.


stipe

From French stipe, from Latin stipes (“a stock, post, branch”).

The petiole of the frond of a fern or palm


root

en-noun

root (countable and uncountable, plural roots)

From Middle English rote, root, roote (“the underground part of a plant”), from late Old English rōt, from Old Norse rót (Icelandic rót), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); Doublet of wort, radish, and radix.

This tree's roots can go as deep as twenty metres underground.

A root caught Ulot's left foot and he almost fell.

1981, Frank Herbert, God Emperor of Dune, →OCLC, page 6

The part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors and supports the plant body, absorbs and stores water and nutrients, and in some plants is able to perform vegetative reproduction.


root

en-verb

root (third-person singular simple present roots, present participle rooting, simple past and past participle rooted)

roots (present singular third-person)
rooting (participle present)
rooted (participle past)
rooted (past)

From Middle English wrōten (“to dig with the snout”), from Old English wrōtan, from Proto-Germanic *wrōtaną (“to dig out, to root”). Related to Old English wrōt (“snout; trunk”). Loss of initial w- probably due to influence from the related noun (Etymology 1).

furgar

coarse slang: to have sexual intercourse

A pig roots the earth for truffles.

Such tunges ſhuld be torne out by the harde rootes,

c. 1515–1516, published 1568, John Skelton, Againſt venemous tongues enpoyſoned with ſclaunder and falſe detractions &c.

Hoyning like hogges that groynis and wrotes.

(transitive, intransitive) To turn up or dig with the snout.

rode

to turn up or dig with the snout - as pigs


septum

Borrowed from Latin sēptum (“enclosure, wall, fence”).

Deviated septum, a shift from the midline that commonly occurs in normal growth, is present in most adults.

2002, Springhouse, Illustrated Manual of Nursing Practice, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 1158

Sally got a dagger hung from her septum
O'Malley cut his ears off, but wishes that he kept 'em

2008, Neil Cicierega (lyrics and music), “Modify”, in View-Monster, performed by Lemon Demon

(biology) A wall separating two cavities; a partition.

(anatomy) Ellipsis of nasal septum: the cartilaginous center wall of the nose separating the two nostrils.

nasal septum

(anatomy) Either of the two walls that separate the atria or ventricles of the heart into left and right chambers.

(botany) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit.

septe

(botany) partition separating the cells of a fruit


strap

en-noun

strap (countable and uncountable, plural straps)

→ Japanese: ストラップ (sutorappu)

From a variant of earlier strope (“loop on a harness”), from Middle English strope, stropp, from Late Old English strop, stropp (“a band, thong, strap; oar-thong”) and Old French estrope (“strap, loop on a harness”), both from Latin stroppus, struppus (“strap”), from Ancient Greek στρόφος (stróphos, “rope”), from στρέφω (stréphō, “to twist”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *strebʰ- (compare Proto-West Germanic *stroppōn (“to twist, writhe”)). Cognate with Scots strap, strop (“strap, band, thong”), Dutch strop (“noose, strop, loop”), Low German Strop (“strap”), German Struppe, Strüppe, Strippe (“string, cord”), Danish strop (“strap”), Swedish stropp (“strap, loop”).

ремък

a long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like

ивица

a narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass

After that, I graduated up to my first serious queer relationship where I learned the ropes. The first partner who strapped me made it everything I had wished for. She was thoughtful, patient, and would take her cues from how I responded. It was the complete opposite of my first sexual experience which was deeply disappointing and harmful. She bought a new strap just for us — a purple one with a Black harness. She had trouble putting it on, and it was important to her that she didn’t get dressed in front of me. As she struggled in the bathroom with the door open I laughed. “Don’t look!” she screamed as I heard her adorably grunt. She refused my giggly filled offer of help but that little moment beautifully eased the mood for my first time, releasing the tension I felt at being awkward and so new to strap-on sex, especially with a partner who had over a decade more experience than me.

2021 November 8, Addie Tsai, AKALAC, “To Strap Or Not To Strap — That Is The Question”, in Autostraddle, archived from the original on 2021-11-08, Lesbian Sex

18. A strap-on harness fit for a queen because of its faux leather design and plush lining for comfortable wear. This easy-to-adjust harness fits hips up to 64 inches wide and offers a crotchless and open-back style, so you can let your creativity run wild.
The harness also includes three O-rings in different sizes to support a variety of dildo bases.
Peepshow Toys is an immigrant-owned sex toy boutique that promotes sex-positivity and education by only selling products created with body-safe and non-toxic materials.
Promising review: "This strap is so stunning✨ Super high quality, and durable!! I’m a bigger girl, and the size it was pre-measured at was great with plenty of space for expansion. Highly recommend in the red color!!" —Cleo

2022 March 26, Negesti Kaudo, quoting Cleo, “28 Strap-On Dildos And Harnesses Because "Woo, You A Pegga"”, in BuzzFeed, archived from the original on 2022-03-26, Sex Toys

One of the side effects of strap-on sex is that sore pelvic bone feeling you get after pounding into a hungry body. Silicone dildos might feel amazing inside, but they have a tendency to hit and rub against the most delicate parts of the person wearing the strap.

2022 June 29, Archie Bongiovanni, “The Best Sex Toys For Trans Folks and Non-Binary Horndogs”, in Vice Media, archived from the original on 2022-06-29


bark

en-noun

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

(medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.


gland

Late 17th century borrowing from French glande, alteration of Old French glandre, from Latin glandulae (“throat glands, tonsils”), plural of glandula (“a little acorn”), from glāns (“an acorn”) + -ula (diminutive nominal suffix).

gjendër

organ that synthesizes and secretes substance

(zoology) A specialized cell, group of cells, or organ of endothelial origin in the human or animal body that synthesizes a chemical substance, such as hormones or breast milk, and releases it, often into the bloodstream (endocrine gland) or into cavities inside the body or its outer surface (exocrine gland).

(anatomy) A structure resembling a gland, especially a lymph node.


runner

From Middle English rennere, rynner, urnare, equivalent to run + -er. Cognate with Old Norse rennari (“runner; messenger”). Displaced earlier Middle English runel (“runner”), from Old English rynel (“runner”; also “messenger, courier”).

махови́к

mechanical part intended to guide or aid something else to move

(botany) A long stolon sent out by a plant (such as strawberry), in order to root new plantlets, or a plant that propagates by using such runners.


placenta

en-noun

placenta (plural placentae or placentas)

Elision for phrases such as New Latin placenta uterī (“womb cake”), placenta uterina (“uterine cake”), from Latin placenta (“flat cake”), because of the flat round shape of the afterbirth.

(anatomy) An organ in most mammals during gestation that supplies food and oxygen to the foetus and passes back waste. It is on the wall of the uterus and links to the foetus through the umbilical cord. It is expelled after birth.

(botany) In flowering plants, the part of the ovary where ovules develop; in non-flowering plants where the spores develop.


sheath

From Middle English sheth, shethe (“holder for a sword, knife, etc., scabbard, sheath”) [and other forms], from Old English sċēaþ (“sheath”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz (“sheath; covering”), from Proto-Indo-European *skey- (“to dissect, split”) (possibly from the notion of a split stick with a sword inserted).
The English word is cognate with Danish skede, Dutch schede, Icelandic skeið, German Scheide, Low German scheed, Norwegian skjede.

nb...

chethe, scǽð, scaþ, schede, schete, scheth, schethe, seaþ, seeth, seth, sethe, shæþ, shede, sheethe, sheith, (Southwest) ssethe, sseþe, (early forms) scæðe, scaþe, seaþe

der

(botany) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a branch or stem, as in grasses.

(zoology) The foreskin of certain animals (for example, dogs and horses).


axil

(botany) The angle or point of divergence between the upper side of a branch, leaf, or petiole, and the stem or branch from which it springs.


nerve

Recorded since circa 1374 as Middle English nerve, from Medieval Latin nervus (“nerve”), from Latin nervus (“sinew”). Doublet of neuron and sinew.

Some plants have ornamental value because of their contrasting nerves.

(botany) A vein in a leaf; a grain in wood.

He had the nerve to enter my house uninvited.

He hasn't the nerve to tell her he likes her.

You got a lot of nerve / To say you are my friend / When I was down / You just stood there grinning

1965, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Positively 4th Street”

A trip to the whistling, fire-cracking Stadio San Paolo is always a test of nerve but Wenger's men have already outplayed the Italians once.

2013 November 26, Daniel Taylor, The Guardian

Southgate's side kept their nerve and discipline in the unsettling, intimidating surroundings of Budapest, with the behaviour of Hungary's fans leaving much to be desired, to turn up the heat and punish their opponents ruthlessly once they had gone ahead.

2021 September 2, Phil McNulty, “Hungary 0-4 England”, in BBC


palate

From Middle English palate, from Latin palātum (“roof of the mouth, palate”), perhaps of Etruscan origin.

bor

(anatomy) The roof of the mouth, separating the cavities of the mouth and nose in vertebrates.

(zoology) A part associated with the mouth of certain invertebrates, somewhat analagous to the palate of vertebrates.

(entomology, rare) The hypopharynx of an insect.

(botany) A projection in the throat of certain bilabiate flowers as the snapdragon.

I remember, when he was in Scotland, his praising ‘Gordon's palates’ (a dish of palates at the Honourable Alexander Gordon's) with a warmth of expression which might have done for honour to more important subjects.

1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson, Oxford, page 332

(cooking, historical) The palate of an animal, as an item of food.


bladder

From Middle English bladdre, bleddre, bladder, bledder, from Old English blæddre, a variant of blǣdre, blēdre (“blister, bladder”), from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ, *bladrǭ (“blister, bladder”).

(anatomy) Specifically, the urinary bladder.


keel

From Middle English kele, from Old Norse kjǫlr, itself from Proto-Germanic *keluz, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English ċēol from a related root. Distantly related to kile.

(zoology) The periphery of a whorl extended to form a more or less flattened plate; a prominent spiral ridge.


pod

From Middle English *pod ("seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in pod-ware (“legume seed; seed grain”)), likely from Old English pād (“an outer garment, covering, coat, cloak”), from Proto-West Germanic *paidu, from Proto-Germanic *paidō (“coat, smock, shirt”), from Proto-Indo-European *baiteh₂- (“woolen clothes”). Cognate with Old Saxon pēda (“skirt”), German dialectal Pfeid, Pfeit (“shirt”), Gothic 𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 (paida, “mantle, skirt”), Albanian petk (“gown, garment, dress, suit”), Ancient Greek βαίτη (baítē, “goat-skin, fur-coat, tent”).

gloss

"seed-pod, husk, shell, outer covering"; attested in <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">pod-ware</i> (“legume seed; seed grain”)


costa

Unadapted borrowing from Latin costa (“a rib”). Doublet of coast.


pouch

en-verb

pouch (third-person singular simple present pouches, present participle pouching, simple past and past participle pouched)

pouches (present singular third-person)
pouching (participle present)
pouched (participle past)
pouched (past)

From Middle English pouche, poche, borrowed from Old Northern French pouche, from Old French poche, puche (whence French poche; compare also the Anglo-Norman variant poke), of Germanic origin: from Frankish *poka (“pouch”) (compare Middle Dutch poke, Old English pohha, dialectal German Pfoch). Doublet of poke; compare pocket.


spur

From Middle English spure, spore, from Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô, from Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick”).

(botany) A short thin side shoot from a branch, especially one that bears fruit or, in conifers, the shoots that bear the leaves.


bud

en-noun

bud (countable and uncountable, plural buds)

From Middle English budde (“bud, seed pod”), from Proto-Germanic *buddǭ (compare Dutch bot (“bud”), German Hagebutte (“hip, rosehip”), regional German Butzen (“seed pod”), Swedish dialect bodd (“head”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”).

In this slide, you can see a yeast cell forming buds.

A small rounded body in the process of splitting from an organism, which may grow into a genetically identical new organism.

пъпка

You got any buds?

(usually uncountable, slang) Potent cannabis taken from the flowering part of the plant (the "bud"), or marijuana generally.

(US, Canada, Australia, slang, usually in the plural) Cannabis that has been taken from the flowering part of the plant intended to be smoked.

Hey bro, want to smoke some bud?

(US, Canada, Australia, slang, uncountable) Marijuana.


style

style (countable and uncountable, plural styles)

→ Finnish: staili

→ Scottish Gaelic: stoidhle

→ Iban: stail

→ Japanese: スタイル (sutairu)

→ Korean: 스타일 (seutail)

→ Malay: stail

→ Portuguese: style

→ Swahili: staili

The noun is derived from Middle English stile, stel, stele, stiel, stiele, stil, still, stille, styele, style, styill, styll, styyl (“writing tool, stylus; piece of written work; characteristic mode of expression, particularly one regarded as high quality; demeanour, manner, way of life; person's designation or title; stem of a plant; period of time”), from Old French style, estile, stil, stile (modern French style), or from Medieval Latin stylus, both from Latin stilus (“pointed instrument, pale, spike, stake; writing tool, stylus; act of setting down in writing, composition; characteristic mode of expression, style; stem of a plant”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to be sharp; to pierce, prick, puncture, stab; to goad”). Doublet of stylus.
The English word is cognate with Catalan estil (“engraving tool, stylus; gnomon; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace”), German Stiel (“handle; stalk”), Italian stilo (“needle, stylus; fountain pen; beam; gnomon; part of pistil, style”), Occitan estil, Portuguese estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style”), Spanish estilo (“writing tool, stylus; manner of doing something, style; fashionable skill, grace; part of pistil, style”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

styl

manner of expression in writing or speech

styl

manner of creating, doing, or presenting something, especially a work of architecture or art

The calyx of Theophraſta is a ſmall, permanent perianthium, divided into five obtuſe ſegments, making obtuſe angles alſo with one another: [...] the ſtyle is ſubulated, and ſhorter than the corolla: the ſtigma is acute.

1751, John Hill, A General Natural History: Or, New and Accurate Descriptions of the Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals of the Different Parts of the World; […], London: Printed for Thomas Osborne, […], →OCLC, page 268

Senses relating to a thin, pointed object.

(botany) The stalk that connects the stigma(s) to the ovary in a pistil of a flower.

estil

(surgery) A kind of surgical instrument with a blunt point, used for exploration.

(zoology) A small, thin, pointed body part.

the anal styles of insects

(entomology) A long, slender, bristle-like process near the anal region.


throat

peak

antonym(s) of “end of a gaff next to the mast”

From Middle English throte, from Old English þrote, þrota, þrotu (“throat”), from Proto-Germanic *þrutō (“throat”), from Proto-Indo-European *trud- (“to swell, become stiff”). Cognate with Dutch strot (“throat”), German Drossel (“throttle, gorge of game (wild animals)”) (etymology 2), Icelandic þroti (“swelling”), Swedish trut.

cog

one's belly thinks one's throat has been cut

one's stomach thinks one's throat has been cut

As I swallowed I felt something strange in my throat.

(nautical) That end of a gaff which is next to the mast.

(botany) The orifice of a tubular organ; the outer end of the tube of a monopetalous corolla; the faux, or fauces.


pilum

(botany) The columella on the surface of a pollen grain.


spine

From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.

der

Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.

2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, page 409

(anatomy, zootomy) A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen.

रीढ़ की हड्डी

rīṛh kī haḍḍī

ریڑھ کی ہڈی

rīṛh kī haḍḍī


disk

→ Japanese: ディスク (disuku)

→ Korean: 디스크 (diseukeu)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: disk

→ Thai: ดิสก์ (dìt)

→ Turkish: disk

→ Welsh: disg

From Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos, “a circular plate suited for hurling”), from δικέω (dikéō, “to hurl, to launch”). Doublet of dais, desk, disc, discus, dish, and diskos.


bract

From Latin bractea (“a thin plate of metal; gold leaf”).

der

In this vegetable monster the bractes, or divisions of the spike, become wonderfully enlarged; and are converted into leaves.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9

A Verticil or Whirl may be[…]Naked; that is without involucre, bracte or brittle. Bracted - or Involucred

1793, Thomas Martyn, The Language of Botany

Great dense patches of them grew, four and five and six feet deep, impenetrable swathes of dark green bracts that advertised their danger.

2017, Benjamin Myers, The Gallows Pole, Bloomsbury, published 2019, page 31

(botany) A leaf or leaf-like structure from the axil out of which a stalk of a flower or an inflorescence arises.


catkin

From Middle Dutch katteken (“catkin”, literally “little cat”), equivalent to cat + -kin. So named due to the resemblance of lengthier kinds to a kitten's tail, or, perhaps more probably, the fine fur found on some catkins (compare the pictures). Cognate with German Kätzchen, modern Dutch katje.

(botany) A type of inflorescence, consisting of an axis with many unisexual apetalous flowers along its sides, as in the willow and poplar.


bole

From Middle English bole, from Old Norse bolr, akin to Danish bul and German Bohle (“plank”). See also bulwark (“defensive wall”).

Enormous elm-tree boles did stoop and lean / Upon the dusky brushwood underneath / Their broad curved branches, fledged with clearest green, / New from its silken sheath.

1842, Alfred Tennyson, “A Dream of Fair Women”, in Poems, volume 1, page 188


bole

en-noun

bole (countable and uncountable, plural boles)

From Ancient Greek βῶλος (bôlos, “clod or lump of earth”): compare French bol. Doublet of bolus.

bor

Good Iznik has strong colours well-contained within their outlines and a very clean, clear white. The red colour, made with Armenian bole (an earthy clay) should be thick and proud of the surface.

2018 April 14, “8 things to know about İznik pottery”, in Christie's

Any of several varieties of friable earthy clay, usually coloured red by iron oxide, and composed essentially of hydrous silicates of alumina, or more rarely of magnesia.


bole

Alternative form of boll (old unit of measure).


bole

"Open the bole," said the old woman firmly and hastily to her daughter-in-law, “open the bole wi' speed, that I may see if this be the right Lord Geraldin[…].

1816, Walter Scott, The Antiquary, Adam and Charles Black, published 1862, page 220

(Scotland) An aperture with a shutter in the wall of a house, to admit air or light.


hilum

Learned borrowing from Latin hīlum (“a trifle; a spot on a seed”).

lbor

[The pancreas] is a hook-shaped gland, about 15 cm long, that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, with the head in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum[…], extending to the left as the body behind the stomach and ending as the tail lying against the hilum of the spleen.

1998, R[obert] M[atthew] H[ay] McMinn, R. T. Hutchings, B. M. Logan, “Abdomen”, in The Concise Handbook of Human Anatomy, London: Manson Publishing, pages 144–145

The shadows of the hila on chest X-ray are mainly formed by the pulmonary arteries (PAs) and some of their main branches and the upper pulmonary veins (PVs).

2010, Benoît Ghaye, “Imaging of Hila and Pulmonary Vessels”, in Emmanuel E. Coche, Benoît Ghaye, Johan De Mey, Philippe Duyck, editors, Comparative Interpretation of CT and Standard Radiography of the Chest, Heidelberg: Springer, →DOI, page 166

In the large majority of normal patients, the hila appear equal in size on frontal radiographs; comparison of the two hila is helpful in patients with a unilateral abnormality.

2010, W. Richard Webb, Charles B. Higgins, Thoracic Imaging: Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Radiology, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Pa., London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, page 161

(anatomy) A depression or fissure through which ducts, nerves, or blood vessels enter and leave a gland or organ.


lobule

(anatomy) A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.

diminutive of lobe:
A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.


phloem

First attested in 1872. From German Phloëm, coined by Swiss botanist Carl Nägeli in 1858 from Ancient Greek φλόος (phlóos, “husk, bark”) + a Greek-sounding ending -em (cf. System).

der

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of sugars and nutrients manufactured in the shoot.


sepal

From French sépale, from New Latin sepalum.

1836, The Family Magazine, Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge, Volume III, Redfield & Lindsay, page 367,
When the sepals are distinct, or separate from each other, the calyx is said to be polysepalous.

2009, Shubhrata R. Mishra, Understanding Plant Reproduction, Discovery Publishing House, page 164,
The sepal and the petal are essentially leaf-like in form and anatomy but generally simpler in detailed structure than a foliage leaf.

2017, Taylor A. Steeves, Vipen K. Sawhney, Essentials of Developmental Plant Anatomy, Oxford University Press, page 29,
In tomato, for example, the first sepal primordium is formed as an outgrowth at the periphery of the apex and the subsequent sepal primordia are initiated in a helical fashion at an angle of approximately 137° from the previous one.

(botany) One of the component parts of the calyx, particularly when such components are not fused into a single structure.


legume

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-legume.wav

Borrowed from French légume, from Latin legūmen (“bean”). Doublet of legumen.

(botany) Any of a large family (Fabaceae, syn. Leguminosae) of dicotyledonous herbs, shrubs, and trees having fruits that are legumes or loments, bearing nodules on the roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and including important food and forage plants (as peas, beans, or clovers).


xylem

From German Xylem, from Ancient Greek ξύλον (xúlon, “wood”).

(botany) A vascular tissue in land plants primarily responsible for the distribution of water and minerals taken up by the roots; also the primary component of wood.


pith

en-noun

pith (usually uncountable, plural piths)

The noun is derived from Middle English pith, pithe (“central tissue of a plant’s stem or a tree’s trunk and branches; other spongy inner tissue in a plant; flesh of a fruit, pulp; inner tissue in a body; inner part of an object; essential part, essence, quintessence; importance, value; energy, force, strength, vigour; severity”) [and other forms], from Old English piþa [and other forms], from Proto-Germanic *piþô, from earlier *piþō (oblique *pittan); further etymology unknown. Doublet of pit (“seed or stone inside a fruit”).
The verb is derived from the noun (Middle English pethen (“to give courage or strength”), from pith (noun), did not survive into modern English).
cognates
* Dutch peen (“carrot”)
* Middle Low German peddek, peddik, piddek (“bone marrow; medulla; spinal cord; inner part of a horn or quill; (figurative) core, essence”) (the last spelling rare) (Low German Peddik (“core; pulp”))
* West Frisian piid (“pulp, kernel”)

nb...

peth, peþe, pight, piþ, piþe, piþþe, pyght, pyth, pythe, pytthe, pyþe, (Early Middle English) piþa

cog

The soft, spongy substance inside plant parts; specifically, the parenchyma in the centre of the roots and stems of many plants and trees.


lemma

non-lemma

linguistics, lexicography: canonical form of a word

From Ancient Greek λῆμμα (lêmma, “premise, assumption”), from the same root as λαμβάνω (lambánō, “I take”).

تَمْهِيدِيَّة

mathematics: proposition used mainly in the proof of some other proposition

(mathematics) A proposition proved or accepted for immediate use in the proof of some other proposition.

(in phrases, by extension) A proposition originally used for such a purpose, but having later acquired a greater, independent, importance; a fundamental (often pithy) and widely-used result.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:lemma.

(linguistics, lexicography) The canonical form of an inflected word; i.e., the form usually found as the headword in a dictionary, such as the nominative singular of a noun, the bare infinitive of a verb, etc.


lemma

From the Ancient Greek λέμμα (lémma), from λέπω (lépō, “I peel”).

(botany) The outer shell of a fruit or similar body.

(botany) One of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses.

niðara blómuøgn

botany: one of the specialized bracts around the floret in grasses


thrum

From Middle English thrum, throm (> Anglo-French trome), from Old English *þrum (found in tungeþrum (“ligament of the tongue”)) from Proto-Germanic *þrumą. Cognate with German Trumm and Old Norse thrǫmr (“edge, brim”).

(anatomy) A bundle of minute blood vessels, a plexus.


tuber

From Latin tūber (“bump, hump, swelling”).

(anatomy) A rounded, protuberant structure in a human or animal body.

буца

anatomy: rounded, protuberant structure in body


corona

en-noun

corona (plural coronas or coronae or (obsolete) coronæ)

coronas (plural)
coronae (plural)
coronæ (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: コロナ (korona)

The noun is borrowed from Latin corōna (“crown; garland, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē, “type of crown; curved object (door handle, tip of a bow, stern of a ship, etc.)”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). The English word is a doublet of crown.
The plural form coronae is borrowed from Latin corōnae.
The verb is derived from the noun.

kruunu

appendage of an organism that resembles a crown or corona

Is it probable that this depression has arisen from the distorting effect of some form of head dress, similar perhaps to that which is still applied to the heads of infants in various parts of France, as described by Drs. Foville and Lunier? This consists of a neckerchief passed twice round the head from the corona either to the back of the neck, when the resulting deformity (which is that of the Charlcombe skull) is designated annular by Dr. Gosse; or is carried under the chin and jaw, when it is termed bilobed by the same writer.

1863 September, John Thurnam, “XXII.—On Synostosis of the Cranial Bones, Especially the Parietals, Regarded as a Race-character in One Class of Ancient British and in African Skulls”, in G[eorge] Busk et al., editors, The Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Biological Science, number XVIII, London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, […], published April 1865, →OCLC, page 265

The ophthalmic division supplies sensation from the eyebrows to the coronal suture. The sensory innervation stops at the corona, not at the hairline, and this fact may help one to differentiate a true abnormality from a factitious one, since people who are “faking” sensory loss more often lose sensation at the hairline.

2013, Eric S. Hsu, Charles Argoff, Katherine E. Galluzzi, Raphael J. Leo, Andrew Dubin, “Head Pain: Trigeminal Neuralgia”, in Problem-Based Pain Management, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, section 2 (Head Pain), page 27

(anatomy) An upper or crownlike portion of certain parts of the body.

A region of the skull located along the coronal suture, at the junction between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones.


rosette

Borrowed from Middle French rosette, rozette (in sense 15) and (modern) French rosette.

(botany) One or more whorls of leaves, clustered tightly at the base of a plant.

(botany) A plant growth form in which the plant grows outward in all directions for a short distance, producing a small round shape.


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.


umbel

Borrowed from Latin umbella (“umbrella”). Compare umbrella, composed of the same etymological elements but formed independently.

(botany) A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster (= inflorescence) in which the individual flower stalks arise from the same point, the youngest flowers being at the centre.


spike

From Middle English spike, spyke, spik, from Old Norse spík (“spike, sprig”), from Proto-Germanic *spīkō (“stick, splinter, point”), from Proto-Indo-European *spey- (“to be pointed; sharp point, stick”). Cognate with Icelandic spík (“spike”), Swedish spik (“spike, nail”), Dutch spijker (“nail”), Old English spīcing (“spike”), and Latin spīca (“ear of corn”), which may have influenced some senses.

oil of spike


shell

From Middle English schelle, from Old English sċiell, from Proto-West Germanic *skallju, from Proto-Germanic *skaljō, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to split, cleave”).
Compare West Frisian skyl (“peel, rind”), Dutch schil (“peel, skin, rink”), Low German Schell (“shell, scale”), Irish scelec (“pebble”), Latin silex (“pebble, flint”), siliqua (“pod”), Old Church Slavonic сколика (skolika, “shell”). More at shale.
Doublet of sheal.
* (computing): From being viewed as an outer layer of interface between the user and the operating-system internals.

cog

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

(botany) The hard external covering of various plant seed forms.

A pod containing the seeds of certain plants, such as the legume Phaseolus vulgaris.


drupe

Scientific Latin, from Latin drūpa (“wrinkled olive”), from Ancient Greek δρύππᾱ (drúppā).

Her bare foot slipped, and the two panting youngsters tangled ignominiously among the branches, in a shower of drupes and leaves, clutching at each other [...].

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin, published 2011, page 71

(botany) a kind of fruit, with a fleshy exterior, formed from the exocarp and mesocarp, surrounding a hardened endocarp which protects the seed.


pedicel

From Late Latin pedīcellus, diminutive of pedīculus (“foot-stalk or pedicle of a fruit or leaf”), diminutive of pēs (“foot”).

(anatomy) A stalk-shaped body part; an anatomical part that resembles a stem or stalk.


anther

From French anthère, from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρός (anthērós, “flowery, blooming”), from ἄνθος (ánthos, “flower”).

der

(botany) The pollen-bearing part of the stamen of a flower.


stoma

From New Latin stoma, from Ancient Greek στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(botany) One of the tiny pores in the epidermis of a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor pass.

estoma

botany: tiny pore in the epidermis of a leaf


calyx

From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch.

Meronym: sepal

(botany) The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop.

(zoology, anatomy) Any of various cup-like structures.

A chamber in the mammalian kidney through which urine passes.

The crown containing the viscera of crinoids and similar echinoderms, entoprocts, and the polyps of some cnidarians.

A funnel-shaped expansion of the vas deferens or oviduct of insects.

A flattened cap of neuropil in the brain of insects.


stigma

From Latin stigma, from Ancient Greek στίγμα (stígma, “brand”), from στίζω (stízō, “I mark”). Distantly related to stick.

Now you see just how the stamen gets its lusty dust onto the stigma / And why this frenzied chlorophyllous orgy starts in spring is no enigma!

1982, Dennis Linde (lyrics and music), “Reproduction”, in Grease 2

(botany) The sticky part of a flower that receives pollen during pollination.


vesicle

From Middle French vesicule, from Latin vēsīcula.

(cytology) A membrane-bound compartment found in a cell.

Coordinate term: acinus

en:small bladder-like structure
en:compartment within fruit

A small bladder-like cell or cavity, as:

(botany) A small sac filled with juice, one of many constituting the pulp of a fruit such as an orange, lemon, or grapefruit.

(biology, medicine) A small sac or cyst or vacuole, especially one containing fluid. A blister formed in or beneath the skin, containing serum. A bleb.

Coordinate term: bulla

en:small bladder-like structure
en:small blister
en:small blister less than 5 mm

(biology, medicine) (usually and especially) Such a blister that is less than 5 mm in diameter.

Coordinate term: germ

(anatomy) A pocket of embryonic tissue that is the beginning of an organ.


suture

From Middle English suture, from Latin sūtūra (“suture”), from suere (“sew, join or tack together”) + -tūra (forms action nouns).

af

(anatomy) A type of fibrous joint bound together by Sharpey's fibres which only occurs in the skull.

lebeční šev

type of fibrous joint which only occurs in the skull


petal

From Ancient Greek πέταλον (pétalon), from πέταλος (pétalos, “broad, flat”), from Proto-Hellenic *pétalos, from Proto-Indo-European *peth₂- (“to spread out”), whence Latin pandō and Proto-Germanic *faþmaz (“embrace”) (English fathom).

der

(botany) One of the component parts of the corolla of a flower. It applies particularly, but not necessarily only, when the corolla consists of separate parts, that is when the petals are not connately fused. Petals are often brightly colored.

kroonblaar

one of the component parts of the corolla of a flower


ovule

Borrowed from French ovule (“ovum”), from Latin ōvum (“egg”). Doublet of ovolo.

(botany) The structure in a plant that develops into a seed after fertilization; the megasporangium of a seed plant with its enclosing integuments.

ডিম্বক

botany: structure that develops into a seed


ovary

From New Latin ovarium, from Medieval Latin ovaria (“bird ovary”), from Latin ovum (“egg”). Doublet of ovarium.

The male testicles are homologous to the female ovaries.

(anatomy) A female reproductive organ, often paired, that produces ova and in mammals secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone.


tassel

From Middle English tassel, from Old French tassel, from Latin taxillus (“small cube”), from tālus (“ankle”).

(botany) The panicle on a male plant of maize, which consists of loose threads with anthers on them.


periderm

(botany) The outer layer of plant tissue comprising the phellem, phellogen and the phelloderm.


urn

From Middle English urne, from Old French urne, from Latin urna (“vessel”).

(botany) A hollow body shaped like an urn, in which the spores of mosses are contained; a spore case; a theca.


villus

Borrowed from Latin villus (“shaggy hair”).

(botany) One of the fine soft hairs on fruits, flowers, and other parts of plants.


frond

Borrowed from Latin frons, frond- (“leafy branch”).

(botany) The leaf of a fern, especially a compound leaf.


rib

From Middle English rib, ribbe, from Old English ribb (“rib”), from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją (“rib, reef”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ- (“arch, ceiling, cover”).
Cognate with Dutch rib (“rib”), Norwegian ribbe (“sparerib”), Norwegian ribben (“rib”), Low German ribbe (“rib”), German Rippe (“rib”), Old Norse rif (“rib, reef”), Serbo-Croatian rèbro (“rib”).
(wife or woman): In reference to the creation of Eve from Adam's rib in the Bible.

(anatomy) Any of a series of long curved bones occurring in 12 pairs in humans and other animals and extending from the spine to or toward the sternum.


rib

From Middle English ribbe, from Old English ribbe (“hound's-tongue”).

(botany) Hound's-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale).

Tanacetum balsamita
Tanacetum balsamita#Translingual

(botany) Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita).

Nasturtium officinale
Nasturtium officinale#Translingual

(botany) Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).


phalange

Borrowed from Middle French phalange. Doublet of phalanx, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(anatomy) A phalanx ("one of the bones of the finger or toe").


veinlet

A small or secondary vein, especially on the wing of an insect or the leaf of a plant.

žilka

a small or secondary vein, especially on the wing of an insect or the leaf of a plant


capsule

Borrowed from French capsule, from Latin capsula, diminutive of capsa (“box”).

(botany) A type of simple, dehiscent, dry fruit (seed-case) produced by many species of flowering plants, such as poppy, lily, orchid, willow and cotton.

(botany) A sporangium, especially in bryophytes.

(anatomy) A tough, fibrous layer surrounding an organ such as the kidney or liver

(anatomy) A membrane that surrounds the eyeball


rhizome

From rhiz- + -ome. As philosophical metaphor, used by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

All these species are climbing, briery plants, having long slender roots, which proceed in all directions from a common rootstalk or rhizome.

1868, George Bacon Wood, A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology, Or Materia Medica, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, page 432

(botany) A horizontal, underground stem of some plants that sends out roots and shoots (scions) from its nodes.

kökümsov

horizontal underground stem of some plants


tiller

From Middle English teler, from Anglo-Norman telier (“beam used in weaving”), from Medieval Latin telarium, from Latin tēla (“web”).

der

(aviation, by extension) A steering wheel, usually mounted on the lower portion of the captain's control column, which is used to steer the aircraft's nosewheel or tailwheel to provide steering during taxi.


amphora

en-noun

amphora (plural amphoras or amphorae or amphorai)

amphoras (plural)
amphorae (plural)
amphorai (plural)

/æmˈfɔ(ː)ɹə/

From Latin amphora (“large wine vessel, Roman unit of liquid measure”), from Ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς (amphoreús, “two-handled pitcher, Greek units of liquid measure”), ultimately from Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 (a-pi-po-re-we, “carried on both sides”).

der

(botany) A lower valve of a fruit that opens transversely.


tubercle

tubercle

wartlike protuberance on the roots of some plants

(anatomy) A round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth, especially those found on bones for the attachment of a muscle or ligament or small elevations on the surface of a tooth.

(botany) A small rounded wartlike protuberance of the roots of some leguminous plants; the lip of certain orchids, cacti.

(pathology) A small rounded nodule forming the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis.


pitcher

From Middle English picher, from Old French pichier, pechier (“small jug”), bichier (compare modern French pichet), from Late Latin or Medieval Latin pīcārium, alteration of bīcārium, itself possibly from bacarium, bacar or from Ancient Greek βῖκος (bîkos). Doublet of beaker.

the pitcher goes so often to the well that it is broken at last

(botany) A tubular or cuplike appendage or expansion of the leaves of certain plants. See pitcher plant.


stipule

From French, from Latin stipula (“stalk (of hay), straw”).

(botany) A basal appendage of a typical leaf of a flowering plant, usually appearing paired beside the petiole although sometimes absent or highly modified.


glume

From Latin gluma (“husk of grain”). The root can also be seen in glubere (“to peel”).

[T]he glume in some alpine grasses, and the scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

(botany) A basal, membranous, outer sterile husk or bract in the flowers of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).


perianth

From French périanthe, from New Latin perianthium. By surface analysis, peri- + -anth.

(botany, bryology) The sterile, tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure in a leafy liverwort.


involucre

Borrowed from French involucre, from Latin involūcrum (“wrapper”). Doublet of involucrum.

(botany) Conspicuous bract, bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence.


receptacle

From Middle English receptacle, from Anglo-Norman receptacle and Middle French receptacle (“organ containing a fluid; gathering place; water basin”) (modern French réceptacle), from Latin receptāculum (“animal enclosure, container, place of refuge, receptacle, repository, reservoir, shelter”), from receptāre (“to harbour, to receive, to shelter”) or receptō (“I receive back or again, I recover”), frequentative of recipiō (“I receive; I hold back, I reserve”) (from re- (“back, again”) + capiō (“I hold”)) + -culum (suffix forming nouns from verbs, particularly nouns representing tools and instruments); cognate with Italian recettaculo, ricettaculo, Portuguese receptáculo, Spanish receptáculo.

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

All flowers in a head share a common receptacle. The receptacle may be flat or convex. It may bear tiny scales called paleae. The paleae of a receptacle are referred to as chaff. Receptacles without paleae are said to be epaleate or naked. When the paleae are shed, they may leave either a smooth or a pitted receptacle. Occasionally, hairs, scales, or bristles may also be present on the receptacle.

2015, Robert H. Mohlenbrock, “Descriptions and Illustrations”, in Flowering Plants: Asteraceae, Part I (The Illustrated Flora of Illinois), Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, page 7

(botany) The part of the flower stalk (peduncle or pedicel) to which the floral parts are attached; a thalamus, a torus.

In the Asteraceae (aster or sunflower family), the end of the peduncle to which all of the florets of the flower head are attached.


pinna

From Latin pinna (“dorsal fin; wing, feather”). Doublet of pen, penna, and panne.

Meronyms: antihelix, antitragus, concha, helix, tragus

(anatomy) The visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head, the auricle; outer ear excluding the ear canal.

(botany) A leaflet or primary segment of a pinnate compound leaf.

Fiederblatt

(zoology) A feather, wing, fin, or other similar appendage.


ligule

(botany) A portion of a leaf found at the base of the petiole, when present.

(botany) In many grasses (Poaceae) and some sedges (Cyperaceae), the membranous appendage or ring of hairs projecting from the inner side of a leaf at the junction between the blade and the sheath.


petiole

Borrowed from French pétiole, and its source, Late Latin petiolus (“little foot”), diminutive form of Latin pēs (“foot”).

Most insects consume tissue from the leaf blade were measured just past the twist on the side away only, leaving the leaf petioles unscathed.

1978, Harry T. Valentine, Estimating Defoliation of Hardwoods Using Blade-petiole Relations, Forest Service Research Paper NE 405, US Department of Agriculture, page 1

By contrast, the petioles of large pinnate leaves, as well as stems, typically resist torsion by placing stiff materials with high elastic moduli (like sclerenchyma) toward the perimeters of their cross sections.

1992, Karl J. Niklas, Plant Biomechanics, University of Chicago Press, page 167

An example of this is leaf petioles. Some species of trees have pinnate leaves which, when the leaves fall, shed pinnae from the petiole, which is then left as a tapering, somewhat flexible rod.

2000, Mike Hansell, Bird Nests and Construction Behaviour, Cambridge University Press, page 116

(botany) The stalk of a leaf, attaching the blade to the stem.

(entomology, insect anatomy) A narrow or constricted segment of the body of an insect; especially, the metasomal segment of certain Hymenoptera, such as wasps.


caudex

From Latin caudex (“tree trunk”, “tree stem”); compare codex.

uder

(botany) An enlargement of the stem, branch or root of a woody plant, usually serving to store water.


carpel

1835, borrowed from French carpelle, from New Latin carpellum, a diminutive of Ancient Greek κᾰρπός (karpós, “fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *kerp- (“to pluck, harvest”).

der

(botany) A constituent part of a flower pistil - the individual female reproductive organs in a flower. A carpel is composed of an ovary, a style, and a stigma, although some flowers have carpels without a distinct style. In origin, carpels are leaves (megasporophylls) that have evolved to enclose the ovules. A pistil may be composed of a single carpel or of several carpels fused together.


filament

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fīlāmentum, from Late Latin fīlō (“to spin, draw out in a long line”), from Latin fīlum (“thread”).

Lighting was unimaginative for the standard stock with naked tungsten filament bulbs and metal reflectors. However, all compartments had individual reading lights above the seats with attractive glass shades.

1979 August, Graham Burtenshaw, Michael S. Welch, “O.V.S. Bulleid's SR loco-hauled coaches - 1”, in Railway World, page 398

Such a wire, as can be heated until it glows, in an incandescent light bulb or a thermionic valve.

(botany) The stalk of a flower stamen, supporting the anther.


spore

→ Thai: สปอร์ (sà-bpɔɔ)

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From New Latin spora, from Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed”), related to σπόρος (spóros, “sowing”) and σπείρω (speírō, “to sow”), from Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to strew”) (compare English spread).

Thresher maws are subterranean carnivores that spend their entire lives eating or searching for something to eat. Threshers reproduce via spores that lie dormant for millennia, yet are robust enough to survive prolonged periods in deep space and atmospheric re-entry. As a result, thresher spores appear on many worlds, spread by previous generations of space travelers.

2008, BioWare, Mass Effect (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Thresher Maws Codex entry

A reproductive particle, usually a single cell, released by a fungus, alga, or plant that may germinate into another.


cortex

en-noun

cortex (countable and uncountable, plural cortexes or cortices)

(uncountable, botany) The tissue of a stem or root that lies inward from the epidermis, but exterior to the vascular tissue.


cotyledon

From Latin cotylēdōn, from Ancient Greek κοτυληδών (kotulēdṓn, “cup-shaped cavity”), from κοτύλη (kotúlē, “cup”).

der

(botany) The leaf of the embryo of a seed-bearing plant; after germination it becomes the first leaves of the seedling.


corymb

From the French corymbe, from the Latin corymbus, from the Ancient Greek κόρυμβος (kórumbos). Doublet of corymbus.

Hoya carnosa (Thick-leaved).—Foliage large, flowers in large drooping corymbs; they are of a pinkish-white colour, and contain, or rather yield, drops of pure sweet honey; hence this fine old plant is known as the Honey plant.

1855 June 5, T. Appleby, “Plants for Baskets”, in George W. Johnson, Robert Hogg, editors, The Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman’s Companion: A Journal of Horticulture, Rural and Domestic Economy, Botany, and Natural History, volume XIV, number CCCXLIX, London: Published for the proprietors, […], →OCLC, page 161, column 2

(botany) A cluster of flowers with a flat or convex top.


tendril

From Middle French tendrillon (“bud, shoot, cartilage”), perhaps a diminutive of tendron (“cartilage”), from Old French tendre (“soft”) (see tender (adj.)), or else from Latin tendere (“to stretch, extend”) (see tender (v.)).


follicle

He could feel the follicles in his inner ear go crazy.

1996, Janette Turner Hospital, Oyster, paperback edition, Virago Press, page 345

(anatomy) A small cavity or sac, such as a hair follicle.

(botany) A type of primitive dry fruit produced by certain flowering plants.


corm

From scientific Latin cormus, from Ancient Greek κορμός (kormós, “trunk stripped of its boughs”).

The saffron crocus has to be planted by hand from corms.

2002, Victoria Finlay, Colour, Sceptre, published 2003, page 268

A short, vertical, swollen, underground stem of a plant (usually one of the monocots) that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as drought.


vexillum

Borrowed from Latin vēxillum (“flag, banner”).

(botany) The upper petal of a papilionaceous flower.

vexilo

the upper petal of a papilionaceous flower


stele

From 1886 French stèle, from Ancient Greek στήλη (stḗlē, “upright rock; pillar; column”).

der

The stele may have—in different structures—one to many protoxylem (primitive wood) groups, and is accordingly described as monarch...diarch...triarch...tetrarch...polyarch.

1895, Sydney Howard Vines, A Students' Text-book of Botany, section 179

The so-called central cylinder, for which Van Tieghem has proposed the name stele (column).

1898, Eduard Strasburger et al., translated by Hobart Charles Porter, A Text-book of Botany, section 109

(botany) The central core of a plant's root and stem system, especially including the vascular tissue and developed from the plerome.

varsi

(botany) central core of the root and shoot system


lamina

en-noun

lamina (plural laminae or (archaic) laminæ or laminas)

laminae (plural)
laminæ (archaic plural)
laminas (plural)

Borrowed from Latin lāmina (“a thin piece of metal, wood, marble; a plate, leaf, layer”).

bor

A thin layer, plate, or scale of material.

(anatomy) Either of two broad, flat plates of bone of a vertebra that is fused with and extends from the pedicle to the median line of the neural arch to form the base of the spinous process and that along with the pedicle forms the posterior part of the vertebral foramen.

(botany) The flat expanded part of a foliage leaf or leaflet.

(geology) A fine layer that occurs in sedimentary rocks.

(zootomy) One of the narrow thin parallel plates of soft vascular sensitive tissue that cover the flesh within the wall of a hoof.


operculum

(anatomy) One of several flaps of cerebral cortex covering the insula.


meristem

From German Meristem, from Ancient Greek μεριστός (meristós, “divided”), from μερίζω (merízō), from μέρος (méros) + στέμμα (stémma, “wreath, garland”). First used in 1858 by Swiss botanist Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli (1817–1891).

af

Coordinate term: cambium

By looking back at a past populated by beings of grotesque difference, humans could place themselves at the apical meristem—the growing tip—of the future.

2020, Janet Chernela, quotee, “Life Finds A Way”, in Jonathan Elmore, editor, Fiction and the Sixth Mass Extinction, Rowman & Littlefield

(botany) The plant tissue composed of totipotent cells that allows plant growth.


macrosporangium

(botany) A megasporangium; sporangium or conceptacle containing only large spores; opposed to microsporangium.


medulla

en-noun

medulla (plural medullas or medullae or medullæ)

medullas (plural)
medullae (plural)
medullæ (plural)

Borrowed from Latin medulla (“pith, marrow”), perhaps from medius (“middle”).

The soft inner part of something, especially the pith of a fruit.

(anatomy) The inner substance of various organs and structures, especially the marrow of bones.

髓质

the inner substance of various organs and structures, especially the marrow of bones

(anatomy, neuroanatomy) The medulla oblongata.

(botany) The internal tissue of a plant.


tepal

From French tépale, from New Latin tēpalum, coined 1827 by transposition of French pétale (“petal”).

1982, H. Q. Varekamp (translator and editor), Z. Botschantzeva, Tulips: Taxonomy, Morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology, page 27,
In Tulipa the pubescent tips of the tepals are quite interesting in particular those of T. fosteriana. The top of the tepal is initiated and develops before the reflexed, lateral parts.

The species bears creamy white flowers with a yellow base and tepals often streaked with rose-pink.

2001, Barbara W. Ellis, Taylor's Guide to Bulbs, page 400

In our material of T. bulbosa, the abaxial outer tepal was larger at its inception than the lateral ones (Fig 8.4C), whereas the primordia of the outer tepals are of nearly equal size in both T. barrelieri (Fig 8.5E) and T. palustris (not shown).

2013, Margarita V. Remizowa, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Paula J. Rudall, “8: Patterns of bract reduction in racemose inflorescences of early-divergent monocots”, in Paul Wilkin, Simon J. Mayo, editors, Early Events in Monocot Evolution, page 194

(botany) Any component of the perianth (outermost whorls of flower parts, not involved in reproduction), especially when the components are not distinguished into sepals and petals.


corolla

corolla (plural corollas or corollae or corollæ)

corollas (plural)
corollae (plural)
corollæ (plural)

From Latin corōlla (“small garland, chaplet or wreath”), diminutive of corōna (“garland, chaplet, wreath”).

bor

Our wet fingers touched and we formed a circle like the corolla of a flower, floating into the silence of the desert dawn with the ancient sun on our bodies.

1974, Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, Faber & Faber, published 1992, page 125

(botany) An outermost-but-one whorl of a flower, composed of petals, when it is not the same in appearance as the outermost whorl (the calyx); it usually comprises the petal, which may be fused.


tree trunk

(botany) The main structural member of a tree.


storage organ

(botany) A part of a plant, such as a bulb, specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or of water.

zásobní orgán

botany: part of plant modified for storage of energy


taproot

From tap + root. The oldest use (by Philemon Holland) is spaced as tap root. In the 18th and 19th centuries the standard spelling was tap-root.

(botany) A long, tapering root possessed by many plants (such as carrots and dandelions).


velum

Borrowed from Latin vēlum (“a cloth, covering, awning, curtain, veil”). Doublet of veil.

a thin membrane resembling a veil or curtain, such as:


pericycle

(botany) In a plant root, the cylinder of plant tissue between the endodermis and phloem.


pericarp

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑːp/

/ˈpɛɹɪˌkɑɹp/

From French péricarpe, from New Latin pericarpium, from Ancient Greek περικάρπιον (perikárpion, “pod, husk, shell”), from περι- (peri-, “around”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). By surface analysis, peri- + -carp.

der

When, as in the cherry, the different layers of the pericarp are well-defined and largely developed, they received distinctive names ; the outer skin is the epicarp (epi, upon, carpon, a fruit), the middle fleshy part is the mesocarp (mesos, middle) ; and the innermost hard shell is the endocarp (endos, within) ; in other words the pericarp is made up of epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. […] In all normal fruits these three layers of the pericarp are present […].

The pericarp of sorghums of the factorial titution BBSSrr, BBSsrr, BbsSrr, and BbSsrr may possess some t degree of coloration even though the pericarp color factor R is nt.

1928, Journal of Agricultural Research, page 582

Many fruits show differentiation of the pericarp into layers – the plum, for example, has a thin outer pericarp forming the skin, a succulent middle pericarp forming the flesh and a stony inner pericarp surrounding the single seed.

1992 August 20, Jim C. Forbes, James C. Forbes, Drennan Watson, Plants in Agriculture, Cambridge University Press, page 180

One important difference is the pericarp of sorghum is more bran-like and contains starch granules in the cells. However, as with maize, the sorghum pericarp is often referred to as a “hull” and is generally removed during processing.

2009, Stanley P. Cauvain, Linda S. Young, The ICC Handbook of Cereals, Flour, Dough & Product Testing: Methods and Applications, DEStech Publications, Inc, page 207

(botany) The outermost layer, or skin, of a ripe fruit or ovary.

околопло́дник

outermost layer of a ripe fruit or ovary


carina

Borrowed from Latin carīna (“keel”). Doublet of careen and carene.

(anatomy) Any of several features that have a projecting central ridge


parenchyma

en-noun

parenchyma (countable and uncountable, plural parenchymas or parenchymata)

parenchymas (plural)
parenchymata (plural)

/pəˈɹɛŋ.kɪm.ə/

From Ancient Greek παρέγχῠμα (parénkhuma, “anything poured in beside”), from πᾰρᾰ- (para-, “beside”) + ἔγχῠμα (énkhuma, “instillation, content of a vessel”), given by the Greek anatomist Erasistratus to the peculiar substance of the lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleen, as if formed separately by the veins that run into them.

af

(botany) The cellular tissue, typically soft and succulent, found chiefly in the softer parts of leaves, pulp of fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc.


ruga

Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

bor

Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]

1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83

the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

(anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.


culm

Borrowed from Latin culmus. Doublet of calame, calamus, and haulm; further related to caramel, chalumeau and shawm.

[…] because, upon hearing him out, she sank down on the lawn in an impossible posture, examining a grass culm and frowning, he had taken his words back at once; […]

1962, Vladimir Nabokov, Pale Fire, page 150

(botany) The stem of a plant, especially of grass or sedge.


raceme

Borrowed from Latin racēmus (“cluster, bunch”). Doublet of raisin.

(botany) An indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are arranged along a single central axis.


leafstalk

The stalk that supports a leaf and connects it to the plant.


midrib

(botany) The strengthened vein down the middle of a flower petal or simple leaf or leaflet.

gihoy

(botany) The continuation of the petiole of a pinnately compound leaf around which the leaflets attach.


plumule

From Latin plumula, diminutive of pluma (“feather”); compare French plumule.

(botany) The first bud, or growing point, of a plant embryo, situated above the cotyledons.


false fruit

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but some adjacent tissue.

falsk frukt

A fruit with tissue not derived from ovary


accessory fruit

en-noun

accessory fruit (plural accessory fruits)

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue, as for instance, a strawberry.


pepo

Borrowed from Latin pepō, from Ancient Greek πέπων (pépōn, “large melon”), from πέπων (pépōn, “ripe”), from πέπτω (péptō, “ripen”). Doublet of pumpion; compare pumpkin.

der

A fruit of plants of the gourd family Cucurbitaceae, possessing a hard rind and producing many seeds in a single, central, pulpy chamber.

The Papago claim that their ancient pepo would produce a mature, sweet melon if the ground were wet only once, while the "new" melons would not.

1945, George Francis Carter, Plant Geography and Culture History in the American Southwest, Issue 5 edition, page 25


whorl

(anatomy) Any volution, as for example in the human ear or fingerprint.


raphe

Borrowed from New Latin raphē, from Ancient Greek ῥᾰφή (rhaphḗ, “seam; suture”).

bor

They are inserted into the midline raphae or the anococcygeal raphae and the coccyx.

2004, Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, V. Sivanesaratnam, Pratap Kumar, Alokendu Chatterjee, Essential of Obstetrics, page 28

It shows three symmetrical raphes (asterisk) radiating from the centre of the aortic root, but in fetuses there is often asymmetry between the raphes with the one between the left and noncoronary sinuses being larger than the others (red asterisk in Figure 2.14b).

2005, Robert H. Anderson, Marco Pozzi, Suzie Hutchinson, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, page 29

(anatomy) A seamlike ridge or furrow on an organ, bodily tissue, or other structure, typically marking the line where two halves or sections fused in the embryo.

The connecting ridge between the two halves of the medulla oblongata or the tegmentum of the midbrain.

The vast majority of the raphes do not bifurcate (123 genera), but the raphes of 7 genera do.

2003, Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr., Charles R. Gunn, Anna L. Weitzman, Fruits and Seeds of Genera in the Subfamily Faboideae (Fabaceae), page 24

(botany) The part of the stalk of an anatropous ovary that is united in growth to the outside covering and forms a ridge along the body of the ovule.

The invariant occurrence of adhesive EPS at both the driving and the non-driving raphes supports a model for constitutive, rather than induced, secretion of the raphe adhesive.

2007, Andrew M. Smith, James A. Callow, Biological Adhesives, page 87

(botany) A longitudinal median groove in the valve of many diatoms.


exocarp

exo- + Ancient Greek καρπός (karpós, “fruit”); exo- + -carp.

(biology) The outermost layer of the pericarp of fruits; the skin or epicarp


exosporium

(botany) The outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exine.


exine

(botany, palynology) the outer layer of a pollen grain or spore; the exosporium.


megaphyll

(botany) A leaf having an internally branching system of veins, or a structure that is derived from such a leaf.


vascular tissue

en-noun

vascular tissue (countable and uncountable, plural vascular tissues)

(zoology, anatomy) The arteries, veins, capillaries, and associated tissues in an animal.


palea

In a single Brazilian species, doubtfully referred to Brickellia, a few pales occur toward the edge of the disk.

1917, Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, A Monograph of the Genus Brickellia

(botany) One of the chaffy scales or bractlets growing on the receptacle of many compound flowers, such as the sunflower.


segment

From Latin segmentum (“a piece cut off, a strip, segment of the earth, a strip of tinsel”), from secāre (“to cut”).

der

a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf

The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone,[…]. Scribes, illuminators, and scholars held such stones directly over manuscript pages as an aid in seeing what was being written, drawn, or read.

2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist

One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion.

дял

one of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off

(botany) A portion of an organ whose cells are derived from a single cell within the primordium from which the organ developed.

jaoke

botany: portion of an organ derived from a single cell within the primordium

(zoology) One of several parts of an organism, with similar structure, arranged in a chain; such as a vertebra, or a third of an insect's thorax.

jaoke

zoology: one of several parts of an organism, with similar structure, arranged in a chain

(computing) A region of memory or a fragment of an executable file designated to contain a particular part of a program.

segmentti

computing: region of memory or a fragment of an executable file designated to contain a particular part of a program


trichome

From French trichome, from New Latin trichoma, from Ancient Greek τρίχωμα (tríkhōma), from θρίξ (thríx, “hair”) or independently from tricho- + -ome. Doublet of trichoma.

(botany) A hair- or scale-like extension of the epidermis of a plant.


aerial root

(botany) Any adventitious root that grows from a plant stem above ground.


spathe

From Latin spatha, from Ancient Greek σπάθη (spáthē, “blade”). Doublet of epee, spatha, and spade.

(botany) A large bract that envelops or subtends a whole inflorescence, typically a spadix.


spadix

Via Latin spādīx from Ancient Greek σπᾱ́δῑξ (spā́dīx, “palm branch”).

The spadix of this plant is frequently quite white, or coloured, and the leaves liable to be streaked with white, and to have black, or scarlet blotches on them.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 148

(botany) A fleshy spike (inflorescence) with reduced flowers, usually enclosed by a spathe, characteristic of aroids.

However, the shells of modern nautiluses show the opposite pattern—males are somewhat larger than females, with a wider aperture to accommodate the spadix.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, page 57

(zoology) A male sexual organ of certain cephalopods and hydrozoans (especially the nautilus), used to transfer sperm.


microsporangium

(botany) A case, capsule or container that holds microspores.


microspore

(botany) The smaller of the two spores produced by plants; compare megaspore.


sporangium

/spəˈɹænd͡ʒɪəm/

From Late Latin sporangium, from Ancient Greek σπορά (sporá, “seed”) + ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel”).

Scientific explanations include that exposure to light, lack of moisture or absence of food can cause sporangia to form from the plasmodium. At least one of these three conditions has been present every time I've seen sporangia form.

1993, Sally Stenhouse Kneidel, Creepy Crawlies and the Scientific Method: Over 100 Hands-on Science Experiments for Children, page 81

Asexual reproduction by the production of a bud in place of a sporangium is not uncommon.

2000, Peter R. Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity, page 161

The sporangia, however, are much larger: 3–4 mm long 0.7–1.1 mm in diameter versus only 1–1.5 mm long 0.5–0.8 mm in Corynepteris, and are characteristically banana shaped with a pair of elongate annuli.

2009, Edith L. Taylor, Thomas N. Taylor, Michael Krings, Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 416

(botany, mycology) A case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced by an organism.

спора́нгий

a case, capsule, or container in which spores are produced


mucro

Borrowed from Latin mucro. From 17th century.

(botany, zoology) A pointed end, often sharp, abruptly terminating an organ, such as a projection at the tip of a leaf; the posterior tip of a cuttlebone; or the distal part of the furcula in Collembola.


hydathode

(botany) A tissue, in the leaves of many plants, that contains microscopic pores through which water is excreted.


floret

From Old French florete, diminutive of flor (“flower”). Doublet of fleuret and floweret.

A small flower, especially one of a cluster in a composite flower.


seedcase

(botany) A pouch-like structure of a plant that encloses the seeds.


seedpod

(botany) A pouch-like form on a plant which encloses the seeds.


samara

From Latin samara (“elm seed”), from a Gaulish term derived from Proto-Celtic *samos (“summer”).

The fruit is a nut, samara or drupe, containing a single seed with a straight embryo and little or no endosperm.

1993, R. H. Richens, "Ulmaceae", pages 95-96 in, V. H. Heywood, ed., Flowering Plants of the World, updated edition, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 96

The winged indehiscent fruit of trees such as the ash, elm or maple.


peduncle

From Late Latin pedunculus, from pedis, genitive of pēs (“foot”).

(botany) The axis of an inflorescence; the stalk supporting an inflorescence.

سُوَيْق

botany: axis or supporting stalk of inflorescence

(anatomy) A bundle of neurons connecting different parts of the brain.

سُوَيْق

bundle of neurons connecting parts of brain

(anatomy) In arthropods, the base segments of an antenna or stalk-like structures such as the peduncles of some barnacles

(anatomy) In vertebrates, the base of any relatively massive anatomical member connected to the body by a narrower section. Cf. caudal peduncle of fishes.

varsi

anatomy, vertebrates, base of any relatively massive anatomical member

(anatomy) A stem attaching a mass of tissue (such as a polyp) to the body.