epicotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling above the cotyledons.


hypocotyl

(botany) In plants with seeds, that portion of the embryo or seedling between the root and cotyledons.

alkeisvarsi

portion of the embryo between the root and cotyledons


pollen grain

(botany) A single male reproductive particle of which the pollen of a plant consists.


androecium

From New Latin; from andro- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikíon), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).


flabellum

en-noun

flabellum (plural flabellums or flabella)

(botany, zoology) Any fan-shaped structure.


micropyle

From French, from Ancient Greek μικρός (mikrós, “small”) + πύλη (púlē, “gate”).

(botany) In seed-bearing plants, a small opening in the integuments of the ovule through which sperm are able to access the ovum.


stolon

(botany) A shoot that grows along the ground and produces roots at its nodes; a runner.


caruncle

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kl̩/

/ˈkɛɹˌʌŋ.kəl/

/ˈkæˌɹʌŋ.kəl/

/kəˈɹʌŋ.kəl/

Borrowed from Middle French caruncule, from Latin caruncula (“a little piece of flesh”), diminutive of carō (“flesh”). Doublet of caruncula.

der

(anatomy, zootomy) A small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy.


syconium

From New Latin sȳconium, from Ancient Greek σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) + -ium.

(botany) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig; a hollow ball with a stalk at one end and an opening (ostiole) at the other, with flowers or fruits on the inside


leaf-scale

A scale on the stem of a plant that turns into a leaf.


stipula

en-noun

stipula (plural stipulas or stipulae or stipulæ)

stipulas (plural)
stipulae (plural)
stipulæ (plural)

From Latin stipula (“stalk, stem”). Doublet of stubble.


knop

From Middle English knop, from Old English cnoppa, cnop, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, which is perhaps related to *knappō (“knob, boy”).

On these shawl borders the knop and flower are often also combined, the knop becoming the cone or Cypress-like trunk of a tree, the branches of which fam out like the fronds of the Hom. [Plate III., fig. 6]. In some Indian and Persian carpets the knop or cone throws out graceful Hom fronds, one on either side, from the ends of which hangs a large flower, presenting the alternation of a branching cone and flower.

1878, Sir George Christopher Molesworth Birdwood, Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878: Handbook to the British Indian Section, Offices of the Royal Commission, page 106

(botany, art) A closed bud or bud-like, swelling protuberance of a plant, or the representation thereof in the decorative arts


indusium

(botany) A protecting membrane, especially that covering the developing spores of a fern.


pinnule

(botany) Any of the ultimate leaflets of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf; a subleaflet.

(zoology) A part or an organ which resembles the barb of a feather, particularly the side branches on the stalks of crinoids; Any of the lateral divisions of the finger-like stalks of an encrinite.


true leaf

(botany) Any leaf containing vascular tissue.


rhizodermis

(botany) The outermost primary cell layer of the root.


drip tip

(botany) An elongated leaf tip from which excess water can drip off harmlessly, as found in plants of the rainforest.


squama

Borrowed from Latin squāma (“scale”). Doublet of squame.

(botany) The bract of a deciduous spike.


panicle

Borrowed from Latin pānicula, diminutive of pānus (“ear of millet, literally 'thread wound on a bobbin'”), from Ancient Greek πῆνος (pênos, “web”), πηνίον (pēníon, “bobbin”). Doublet of panocha.


involucrum

Borrowed from Latin involūcrum. Doublet of involucre.

(anatomy) A sheath that covers or envelopes, especially one that forms around the sequestrum of new bone.


rachis

From New Latin rachis, from Ancient Greek ῥάχις (rhákhis, “spine, ridge”).

der

(obsolete, zoology, anatomy) The spinal column, or the vertebrae of the spine.


domatium

Borrowed from New Latin domatium, from Ancient Greek δωμάτιον (dōmátion, “chamber, bedroom”), diminutive of δῶμα (dôma, “house, dwelling place of animals”); akin to δόμος (dómos, “house”).

A domatium typically takes the form of a hollow under a leaf, or a system of tunnels in a thorn or stem. Ideally, it is a mutualistic adaptation and should not be confused with simple damage by a borer or gall-forming pest, although commonly there is no sharp distinction between domatia of value to the plant and galls caused by harmful aphids and mites, for example.

All are ordinary anatomical features of the plants that the ants exploit, apparently in a unilateral manner. In contrast, the domatia listed comprehensively in Table 14-1 do appear uniquely to serve as ant nests.

1990, Bert Hölldobler, Edward O. Wilson, The Ants, Harvard University Press, page 535

Although the earliest work on mites and leaf domatia was inspired by a belief that mites protected trees from fungal disease (O'Dowd and Willson 1989), mite–fungus–plant interactions received experimental attention only recently.

2004, David Evans Walter, “11: Hidden in Plain Sight: Mites in the Canopy”, in Margaret D. Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker, editors, Forest Canopies, Elsevier (Academic Press), page 237

Domatia and extrafloral nectaries are plant structures that provide shelter and food to predaceous arthropods and thus affect herbivorous insects only indirectly.

2005, Louis M. Schoonhoven, Joop J. A. van Loon, Marcel Dicke, Insect-Plant Biology, Oxford University Press, page 40

(entomology, botany) A chamber produced by a plant in which insects, mites, or fungi live.

domatie

chamber produced by a plant, in which insects, mites or fungi live


sterigma

en-noun

sterigma (plural sterigmata or sterigmas)

(mycology) A slim projecting part of the basidium of some species of fungi that carries the basidiospore.

These sterigmata are retained and make the twigs rough for several years after leaf fall.

2009, J.E. Eckenwalder, Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference, Timber Press

(botany) A woody projection from the tip of the leaf base in certain conifers (Picea and Tsuga).

(entomology) Part of the genitalia of moths.


lignotuber

(botany) A starchy enlargement (caudex), usually of a root, of a woody plant, serving to store water.


tracheid cell

(botany) An elongated cell found in plant xylem whose major function is to carry water.


tracheid

From German Tracheïde, corresponding to trachea + -id.


phyllode

From Latin phyllodium, from Ancient Greek φυλλώδης (phullṓdēs, “resembling a leaf”).

der

(botany) A flattened petiole or leaf rachis that resembles and functions as a leaf, and may or may not be combined with an actual lamina.


scape

From Latin scāpus, from Doric Greek σκᾶπος (skâpos). Doublet of native English shaft.

(botany) A leafless stalk growing directly out of a root, bulb, or subterranean structure.


ament

[T]he scales of the ament in the salix rosea, rose-willow, grow into leaves; and produce other kinds of monsters.

1789, Erasmus Darwin, The Loves of the Plants, J. Johnson, page 9

(botany) A catkin or similar inflorescence.


radicle

(botany) The rudimentary shoot of a plant which supports the cotyledons in the seed, and from which the root is developed downward; the root of the embryo.


bulbil

From Spanish bulbillo, from the diminutive form of Latin bulbus, from Ancient Greek βολβός (bolbós, “plant with round swelling on underground stem”).

uder

(anatomy) A small hollow bulb, such as an enlargement in a small vessel or tube.


flower head

(botany) A compact cluster of florets having the appearance of a single [flower]] (as in the daisy family).


epicalyx

en-noun

epicalyx (plural epicalyxes or epicalyces)

(botany) A group of bracts resembling a calyx


calyculus

(botany, British) A group of bracts resembling an outer calyx.


phelloderm

From Ancient Greek φελλός (phellós) + -derm.

(botany) The innermost parenchymatous tissue of the periderm of some plants


gynophore

(botany) The stalk of a pistil; the stalk, present in certain flowers (such as those of the genera Telopea and Brachychiton), which supports the gynoecium.


gynoecium

From New Latin; from gyno- + oecium (from Ancient Greek οἰκῐ́ον (oikíon), diminutive of οἶκος (oîkos, “house”)).

(botany) The pistils of a flower considered as a group


mericarp

(botany) An individual carpel of a schizocarp, having a single seed


mesophyll

(botany) The soft internal parenchyma of a leaf


mesocarp

From meso- + -carp (from Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”)).

(botany) The middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit. In many fruits such as drupes and tomatoes, the mesocarp is fleshy


perigone

See peri- (“around”) and gon- (“sexual reproduction”).


pappus

Via Latin pappus from Ancient Greek πάππος (páppos), an affectionate term for elderly men (referencing beards).

(botany) The markedly reduced sepals of an Asteraceae floret that take the form of trichomes or scale attached to the ovary or seed.


schizocarp

(botany) A dry fruit that develops from multiple carpels and splits into multiple, one-seeded mericarps at maturity


trigone

From French trigone, from Latin trigōnum, from Ancient Greek τρῐ́γωνον (trígōnon). Doublet of trigon and trigonon.

(anatomy) A smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder, bounded by the apertures of the ureters and urethra; a similar region of a mitral valve


stylet

From French stylet (“stiletto”), from Middle French stilet (“stiletto”), from Old Italian stiletto. Doublet of stiletto.

(surgery) A slender medical probe or device.

Even octopuses without stylets almost certainly retain the molecular machinery necessary to build them.

2017, Danna Staaf, Squid Empire, ForeEdge, page 120

(zoology) A stiff, slender organ of an animal.


vernation

vernation (countable and uncountable, plural vernations)

From New Latin vernātiō, from Latin vernāre (“to be verdant, to flourish”) + -tiō (“-tion: forming abstract nouns”), from vernus (“springlike”) + -āre (“forming verbs”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wósr̥. Equivalent to vernal + -tion.

der

(botany) The arrangement of multiple organs (such as leaves and flower parts) within a bud.

(botany) Arrangement of only leaves within the bud; prefoliation.


silicle

(botany) A short silique, such as the seed capsule (fruit) of shepherd's purse.


silique

From French silique, from Latin siliqua (“a pod or husk, a very small weight or measure”). Doublet of siliqua.

(botany) A long dry fruit (seed capsule), length more than twice the width, typical to cruciferous plants and consisting of two fused carpels that separate when ripe.


tomentum

(anatomy) A network of fine blood vessels between the pia mater and the cerebral cortex.


phytomere

(botany) A segment of the shoot of a grass; it includes the internode and leaf together with parts of the upper and lower nodes.


hypanthium

(botany) The bowl-shaped part of a flower on which the sepals, petals, and stamens are borne


sorus

From New Latin sōrus, from Ancient Greek σωρός (sōrós, “heap”).

AGLAOMORPHIA, [...] Sori non-indusiate, rotundate, [...] Fronds coriaceous, dimorphous, the sterile sessile querciform, brown rigid; [...]

1857, Thomas Moore, Index Filicum: A Synopsis, with Characters, of the Genera, and an Enumeration of the Species of Ferns : with Synonymes, References

(botany) A cluster of sporangia on the edge or underside of a fern frond.


peristome

Its removal does not, however, leave the mouth of the capsule wide open, for around the margin are two circles of pointed teeth forming the peristome.

1911, “Bryophyta”, in Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

(botany) One or two rings of tooth-like appendages surrounding the opening of the capsule of many mosses.


ocrea

(botany) A sheath around a plant stem forming from the stipule of a leaf and extending above the point of insertion of the leaf.


unguis

From Latin unguis (“nail, claw, hoof”). Doublet of onyx.

(botany) The slender base of a petal in some flowers; a claw; an ungula.


ptyxis

en-noun

ptyxis (countable and uncountable, plural ptyxes)

From New Latin ptyxis, from Ancient Greek πτύξις (ptúxis, “a folding”).

der

(botany) The way in which an individual leaf is folded in the bud.


staminode

From New Latin stāminōdium, from Latin stāmen (“warp, thread”) + Ancient Greek εἶδος (eîdos, “form, likeness”).

(botany) An abortive stamen, or any organ modified from an abortive stamen; a staminodium


monochasium

From New Latin monochasium, from Ancient Greek μόνος (mónos, “alone, only, sole, single”) + χάσις (khásis, “chasm, separation”).

(botany) A type of cyme on which each single axis bears one flower.


cyme

]
Borrowed from French cime, cyme (“top, summit”), from Vulgar Latin *cima, from Latin cȳma (“young sprout of a cabbage”, “spring shoots of cabbage”), from Ancient Greek κῦμα (kûma, “anything swollen, such as a wave or billow”; “fetus”, “embryo”, “sprout of a plant”), from κύω (kúō, “I conceive”, “I become pregnant”; in the aorist “I impregnate”). For considerably more information, see cyma, which is an etymological doublet. Compare also Frankish *kīmō (“sprout”), from Proto-Germanic *kīmô, whence German Keim (“sprout”).

cime

in the obsolete first sense only, [18th century]

The inflorescence is some form of cyme, and the flowers are usually regular.

1906, “Gentianaceæ”, in Daniel Coit Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, editors, The New International Encyclopædia

The plant bears small groups of two or three yellowish coloured flowers on an axillary cyme.

2003, S. M. Reddy, S. J. Chary, University Botany 2: Gymnosperms, Plant Anatomy, Genetics, Ecology, page 190

The flower cluster is a cyme (terminal flower is the most advanced), is terminal within the bud and may contain up to six individual flowers.

2003, David Curtis Ferree, Ian J. Warrington, Apples: Botany, Production and Uses, page 157

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909

(botany) A flattish or convex flower cluster, of the centrifugal or determinate type, on which each axis terminates with a flower which blooms before the flowers below it. Contrast raceme.

kvast

botany: a centrifugal or definite inflorescence, esp. compound inflorescences of this type forming a more or less flat head


thyrse

From Ancient Greek θύρσος (thúrsos) via Latin thyrsus and French thyrse. Doublet of thyrsus and torso.

The Thyrsus *, or Thyrse, is a mode of inflorescence very nearly allied to the panicle, being, in fact, a panicle contracted into an ovate, or egg-shaped form. In the thyrse, the middle footstalks, which are longer, extend horizontally, whilst the upper and lower oes are shorter, and rise up vertically.

1804, Benjamin Smith Barton, Elements of Botany, page 143

The example of the thyrse of Eugenia leads us to understand several inflorescences which resemble also racemes or panicles; such are the thyrses of the Lilac.

1840, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, translated by Boughton Kingdon, Vegetable Organography, volume II, page 24

1998, D. W. Stevenson, M. Colella, B. Boom, Rapateaceae, Klaus Kubitzki, H. Huber (editors), The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume IV: Flowering Plants, Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae), page 417,
The number of spikelets is variable, and some genera have thyrses with 70 spikelets (Saxofridericia, Spathanthus) or only 1-3 spikelets per inflorescence (Stegolepsis, Monotrema).

(botany) A type of inflorescence; a compact panicle having an obscured main axis and cymose subaxes.


theca

From New Latin, from Latin thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “a case, box, receptacle”), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “put, set, place”). Doublet of tay.

(botany) The pollen-producing organ usually found in pairs and forming an anther.

(medicine) The twin layers of cells surrounding the basal lamina of an ovarian follicle.

(microbiology, planktology) The membrane complex enveloping the cells of certain plankton including diatoms and dinoflagellates.


druse

Borrowed via French from German Druse (“crystallized piece of ore”); compare dross.

(botany) An aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals found in certain plants.

drusa

an aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals found in certain plants


sporophyll

(botany) The equivalent to a leaf, in ferns and mosses, that bears the sporangia.

spóraifill

the equivalent to a leaf in ferns and mosses


pome

en-noun

pome (plural pomes or (heraldry) pomeis)

From Middle English pome (“fruit, meatball”), from Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pōmum. For the verb, compare French pommer. Doublet of pomme.

The best-known example of a pome is the apple.

(botany) A type of fruit in which the often edible flesh arises from the swollen base of the flower and not from the carpels.


megaspore

(botany) The larger spore of a heterosporous plant, typically producing a female gametophyte

isoitiö

botany: larger of the spores of a heterosporous plant


saccus

Unadapted borrowing from Latin saccus (“a sack, bag”), from Ancient Greek σᾰ́κκος (sákkos, “coarse cloth of hair; sack, bag”), from Semitic. Doublet of sac, sack, saco, and sakkos.

der

(botany) A bladder or winglike structure found on the pollen grains of many species of conifer. The shape or number of the sacci on a pollen grain can help identify the species it came from.


multiple fruit

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower, as for instance, a pineapple.

fruit composé

a fruit that develops from the fusion of carpels from more than one flower


aggregate fruit

en-noun

aggregate fruit (plural aggregate fruits)

(botany) A fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry.

eteri

a fruit that develops from the fusion of more than one carpel within a single flower, as for instance, a raspberry


haplostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem is smooth, without lobes or mixing of the tissues.


plectostele

(botany) A type of protostele in which the two types of vascular tissue in the stem are intermingled.


atactostele

(botany) A type of eustele, found in monocots, in which the vascular tissue in the stem exists as scattered bundles.


actinostele

(botany) A type of protostele, in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward in lobes.

actinostelo

protostele in which the core of vascular tissue in the stem extends outward


protostele

(botany) A type of stele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a solid core, with no central pith or leaf gaps.


eustele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central ring of bundles around a pith.


leaf gap

(botany) A gap or break in the central cylinder of vascular tissue within a plant's stem, caused by the extension of the tissue as a leaf trace.


leaf trace

(botany) An extension of vascular tissue from a plant's stem into a nearby leaf, resulting in a leaf gap in the plant's stele.


solenostele

(botany) A type of siphonostele, in which the vascular tissue in the stem forms a central cylinder around a pith, with widely spaced leaf gaps.


vascular bundle

vascular bundle (plural vascular bundles)

(botany) A strand of xylem, phloem, and their associated tissues within a eustele or atactostele.

維管束

botany: part of transport system in vascular plants


juba

(botany) A loose panicle whose axis falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.


juba

His cast and Ms. Romero offered advice and insights on everything from the kind of coat that a central character would wear to the staging of the juba, an African dance at the end of Act I.

2009 April 23, Patrick Healy, “Director’s Race Adds to Drama for an August Wilson Revival”, in New York Times

An American dance of West African origin that involves stomping as well as slapping and patting the arms, legs, chest, and cheeks.


spikelet

(botany) A small, or secondary spike, especially one of many in the inflorescence of a grass or sedge.


putamen

For calculation of D2 BP, bilateral caudate and putamen ROIs were defined anatomically.

2009 February 6, Fiona McNab et al., “Changes in Cortical Dopamine D1 Receptor Binding Associated with Cognitive Training”, in Science, volume 323, number 5915, →DOI, pages 800–802

[M]ultilingual speakers have a greater density of grey matter in the area involved in articulation and phonological processes, namely the left putamen.

2019, Albert Costa, translated by John W. Schwieter, The Bilingual Brain, Penguin, published 2021, page 92

(neuroanatomy) A round structure located at the base of the forebrain, regulating movement and learning.


rachilla

rachilla (plural rachillas or rachillae)

(botany) A rachis of secondary or higher order in leaves and ferns that are compound more than once.


protonema

(botany) A filament of cells that forms following the germination of the spores of mosses and liverworts


episperm

(botany) The outer, protective layer of the seed of a flowering plant

episperma

the outer, protective layer of the seed of a flowering plant


preflower

(botany) A growth in the internode of a plant that develops into a flower


synergid

(botany) Either of two naked nucleated cells at the top of the embryo sac that cooperate with the oosphere in the production of the embryo.


protocorm

Orchids rely on fungi to reproduce. Their tiny seeds don't have any on-board nutrients (like beans and apples) and will not germinate until they are infected by a symbiotic fungus which supplies them with food. Known as a protocorm, this tiny orchid-fungus ball grows, turns green and eventually starts to photosynthesise.

2014 April 5, “Quite interesting: A quietly intriguing column from the brains behind QI, the BBC quiz show. This week; QI orchids you not”, in The Daily Telegraph (Weekend), page W22

(botany) A tuberous mass of cells that is the embryonic form of orchids and club mosses


funicle

From Latin fūniculus (“cord”), diminutive from fūnis (“cord”) + -culus.

The elaiosome emerges from the funicle.

(botany) The stalk or stem of an ovule or seed.


naked seed

(botany) A gymnosperm seed which isn't enclosed in a plant ovary.


seed coat

(botany) The protective outer cover of a seed


foliole

Diminutive of Latin folium (“leaf”). Compare French foliole.

(botany) One of the distinct parts of a compound leaf; a leaflet.


protoderm

(botany) the primary meristem from which the epidermis develops


areole

Borrowed from French aréole, from Latin areola: a small area. Doublet of areola.


seed leaf

(botany) One of the first leaves a seed plant's embryo develops.


seed vessel

(botany) The ripened and otherwise modified wall of a plant ovary


loment

(botany) A type of modified legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds.

loment

a type of modified legume that breaks apart at constrictions occurring between the segments of the seeds


rhizoid

(botany) A rootlike structure in fungi and some plants that acts as support and/or aids the absorption of nutrients.


Beltian body

From Belt + -ian, after Thomas Belt (1832–1878), English geologist and naturalist.

(botany) A structure found on the tips of leaflets in some acacias, rich in lipids and proteins, believed to have evolved as part of a symbiotic relationship with ants.


ostiole

(botany) A similar hole or opening in plants, such as the opening of the involuted fig inflorescence through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed.


utricle

Borrowed from French utricule or Latin ūtriculus (“a small skin or leathern bottle”), diminutive of ūter (“a bag or bottle made of an animal's hide”). Doublet of utriculus.

bor

(biology) A small cell, sac, or bladder-like protuberance in an animal or plant:

(anatomy) The larger of the two fluid-filled cavities forming part of the membranous labyrinth in the vertebrate inner ear (the other being the saccule) and into which the semicircular canals open. It contains hair cells and otoliths which send signals to the brain concerning the orientation of the head.

prostatic utricle
prostatic utricle#English

(anatomy) Clipping of prostatic utricle.

(botany) A dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit with thin membranous pericarp, similar to an achene and found in the beet and dock plants.


prophyll

Originally coined by French botanists, from Ancient Greek πρό (pró) and φύλλον (phúllon).

(botany) The frequently specialised or reduced leaf produced at the first node of a new shoot.


foliage leaf

(botany) An unspecialized leaf, composed of a flat lamina and often a petiole, which is the primary seat of photosynthesis and transpiration in plants that have them.


lateral meristem

en-noun

lateral meristem (plural lateral meristems)

(botany) Meristem forming a cylinder within some plants' organs (primarily stems, branches and roots) and allowing them to increase in girth (lateral growth).


pulvinoid

(botany) An area of tissue that swells on a permanent basis to reorient a plant part, most often a leaf or leaflet.


phyllary

(botany) An individual bract within an involucre or involucel.


leaf sheath

(botany) A structure at the base of a leaf's petiole that partly surrounds or protect the stem or another organ that it subtends.


cataphyll

From cata- + -phyll; intended as translation of German niederblatt, literally, “lower leaf”.

(botany) A leaf, sometimes abortive, sometimes persistent, that does not develop into a photosynthetic structure, but instead fulfills protective or storage functions. Examples include cotyledons, bud-scales, glochids, rhizome-scales, and bulb-scales.

catáfilo

a leaf that fulfils protective or storage functions


stipel

The phaseoloid clade is characterised by some members of all groups having stipels, and desmodioid root nodules which export ureides […]

2000, Patrick S. Herendeen, Anne Bruneau, P. S. Pollard, Advances in Legume Systematics (part 9, page 13)

(botany) A stipule associated with a leaflet rather than a complete leaf.


pseudostipule

(botany, usually in the plural) An often modified basal pair of leaflets of a compound leaf appearing very close to the stem.


bracteole

(botany) A small leaf of leaf-like structure directly subtending a flower or inflorescence whose stalk itself is subtended by a bract.

plewinka

a bract subtending an inflorescence whose stalk itself is subtended by a bract

(botany) A bract subtending an individual flower rather than an inflorescence.


involucel

(botany) An involucre that forms at the base of a flower cluster within a compound inflorescence.


vitta

(botany) An oil tube in the fruit of some plants.


glome

Borrowed from Latin glomus (“a ball”). Compare globe.

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-glome.wav

(anatomy) One of the two prominences at the posterior extremity of the frog of a horse's foot.

(geometry) A hypersphere in 4-dimensional Euclidean space defined as the set of all points that are at a given distance from a given point, also called a 3-sphere.


lenticel

From French lenticelle, from Latin lens.

One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth.


leaf insertion

(botany) In liverworts, the angle and orientation of the plane of the leaves with respect to the axis of the stem.


perigonium

(botany) The sterile parts of a flower; collectively, the sepals and petals (or tepals); the perianth.


rhytidome

rhytidome (usually uncountable, plural rhytidomes)

From Ancient Greek ῥυτίδωμα (rhutídōma, “wrinkle”), from ῥυτιδόω (rhutidóō, “to wrinkle”), from ῥυτίς (rhutís, “wrinkle”).

der

(botany) The dead layers of plant bark (undergoing or having undergone secondary growth) external to that of the last formed periderm http://i.word.com/idictionary/rhytidome.


procambium

(botany) A meristem that lies just inside the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem


velamen

(botany) A spongy, usually pale, multiseriate epidermis (i.e. consisting of multiple layers of cells) covering the roots of some kinds of plants, especially plant species with an epiphytic or semi-epiphytic habit. Examples include various orchid and Clivia species


substem

(botany) One of several plant stems splitting off from a main stem.


footstalk

(botany) A stalk (such as a peduncle or pedicel) that supports another structure.


pseudanthium

(botany) An inflorescence that looks and functions as if it were a single flower.


carpophore

(botany) A thin stalk that raises the pistil above the stamens in some plants.


lodicule

(botany) A small scale at the base of the ovary of a flower of a grass


gemmule

Borrowed from French gemmule, from Latin gemmula (“small bud; small gem”), from gemma (“bud of a plant; gem, jewel; thing made of precious stones”) (further etymology uncertain; possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth; to produce”), but see further at that entry) + -ula (feminine form of -ulus (diminutive suffix)).

A very similar mode of growth and propagation is found among the compound Polypes, whose gemmules, like those of the Medusæ, are at first free, and moved by cilia; afterwards attached, and budding forth with a plant-like body.

1849, W[illiam] H[enry] Harvey, “The Microscopic Wonders of the Sea”, in The Sea-side Book; being an Introduction to the Natural History of the British Coasts, London: John Van Voorst, […], →OCLC, page 198

Accidental hematozoa may be found, […] in the vessels of man and other animals; these are foreign to the blood, and do not circulate with it. The hydatid, acephalocystis endogena, detaches its gemmules from its inner surface; one thus inclosing the other in a series, like pill-boxes. It is found in the liver, kidney, womb, etc.

1855, Samuel Henry Dickson, “Exciting Causes of Disease. [Parasites—Animal and Vegetable.]”, in Elements of Medicine: A Compendious View of Pathology and Therapeutics; or The History and Treatment of Diseases, Philadelphia, Pa.: Blanchard and Lea, →OCLC, section II (Etiology), page 108

They [spores and tetraspores] may rather be considered, the one a true spore, supposed to be fertilized by means of an antheridium; the other, a mere gemmule, or bud of the simplest possible structure, which is cast off by the parent plant, and carries with it sufficient vitality to become the nucleus of a fresh individual.

1867, Samuel Octavus Gray, “The Position of Sea-weeds in the Vegetable Kingdom; Their Structure, etc.”, in British Sea-weeds: An Introduction of the Study of the Marine Algæ of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands, London: L[ovell] Reeve & Co., […], →OCLC, page 12

The gemmules of the Marchantia [a genus of liverworts] are little disc-shaped masses of cells composed of two or more layers.

1867, Herbert Spencer, “Differentiations among the Outer Tissues of Plants”, in The Principles of Biology (A System of Synthetic Philosophy; III), volume II, London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, […], →OCLC, § 272, page 235

The ova [of the brown hydra, Hydra oligactis, formerly Hydra fusca] covered with a horny substance possess a great power of resistance to the cold, thus preserving their vitality until the return of conditions favorable for their existence, when development begins to take place. This proceeds up to a certain point, the covering of the ovum bursting, liberates the embryo, which becomes ciliated, and for some time swims freely in the water; in this condition it is known as a "gemmule."

1867 April, J. Josselyn Ranson, “General Meeting. [Hydræ, or Freshwater Polypes.]”, in W[illia]m Lant Carpenter, editor, Proceedings of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society, (Established 1862,) for the Year 1867, volume II, number 4, Bristol: […] [F]or the [Bristol Naturalists’] Society by G. Morris, […], →OCLC, page 40

(archaic) Synonym of gemma (“an asexual reproductive structure, as found in animals such as hydra (genus Hydra) and plants such as liverworts (division Marchantiophyta), consisting of a cluster of cells from which a new individual can develop”)

gemma

Sponges are propagated by gemmules, which originate in the organic mucus, and are carried out of the body by the effluent currents just described. In some sponges these gemmules are ciliated and locomotive when mature; but it seems probable that the majority of the species produce only unciliated gelatinous grains, which are nevertheless endowed with a very active motility, like the ultimate particles of even inorganic matter.

1860, G. J., J. Y. J., “ZOOPHYTES”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. […], 8th edition, volume XXI, Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, →OCLC, part VI (Sponges), page 1008, column 2

The increase in size of the gemmule takes place by means of cell growth and division, and by the fusion of neighboring small gemmules.

1891 July–December, Henry V[an Peters] Wilson, “Notes on the Development of Some Sponges”, in Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, volume VIII, part 2, Raleigh, N.C.: E. M. Ezzell, […], published 1892, →OCLC, page 97

The green fresh-water sponge dies away in autumn, all but little pinhead clusters of cells called gemmules, which eventually float away from the dead skeleton and start new sponges in the spring.

1931, J[ohn] Arthur Thomson, Patrick Geddes, “Ecological”, in Life: Outlines of General Biology, volume 1, London: Williams & Norgate, →OCLC, page 54

All fresh-water and some marine sponges reproduce asexually by means of gemmules; these embryos are formed simply by assembly of a few amoebocyte cells. Reproduction is also accomplished sexually by the union of sperm and egg cells.

1964 March, John F. Storr, “Introduction”, in Ecology of the Gulf of Mexico Commercial Sponges and Its Relation to the Fishery […] (United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report—Fisheries; no. 466), Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, →OCLC, page 2

The actual formation of gemmules by fresh-water sponges is so clearly an adaptation to seasonal climatic changes, that at first it was reasonable to believe that seasonal alternation itself induced the gemmulation. However, conflicting reports on the relationship of gemmule production to seasonal temperature changes required that an alternative hypothesis be developed.

1978, Patricia R[ose] Bergquist, “Reproduction and Development”, in Sponges, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, pages 125–126

Asexual reproduction in the sponge begins with the formation of small particles, known as gemmules, within the parent sponge tissue. […] Gemmule formation has been studied in a number of species, especially in E. fluviatilis[…], as gemmule formation can be induced in vitro[…]. Specific stages in the process of gemmule formation have been proposed based on the time-lapse microscopic study of Rasmont and De Vos (1974).

2008, Noriko Funayama, “Stem Cell System of Sponge”, in Thomas C. G. Bosch, editor, Stem Cells: From Hydra to Man, Dordrecht: Springer, page 23

(specifically, zoology) A small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater sponges (phylum Porifera) that develops into a new sponge.

芽球

small gemma or bud of dormant embryonic cells produced by some freshwater sponges that develops into a new sponge

Curse you, you wandering gemmule, / And nail you fast in Hell! / You gave me gout and bandy legs, / You beast, you wanted a cell! / Gout, and gravel, and evil days— / (Theology speaks, shaking her head) / But there is One who knows your ways!

1868, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Darwin’s Gemmule”; quoted in Christopher Ricks, “Tennyson Inheriting the Earth”, in Hallam Tennyson, editor, Studies in Tennyson, Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1981, part II (Alfred Tennyson), page 95

This theory [of pangenesis] appears to be as follows: That each living organism is ultimately made up of an almost infinite number of minute particles termed "gemmules," each of which has power to reproduce its kind. […] That such a complete collection of gemmules is aggregated in each ovum and spermatozoon in most animals, and in each part capable of reproducing by gemmation (budding) in the lowest animals and in plants. Therefore in many of such lower organisms such a congeries of ancestral gemmules must exist in every part of the body, since in them every part is capable of reproducing by gemmation.

1869 September, “Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection. III.”, in The Month: A Magazine and Review, volume XI, London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Company, and Burns, Oates, and Company, →OCLC, page 278

Metamorphosis, in this respect, may truly be described as a process of the readjustment and rearrangement of the atoms and gemmules of the insect's frame. The variations of living beings may, in their turn, be explained by assuming an irregularity to exist in the arrangement of the gemmules which unite to form the germ of the varying form. Modified cells will give out modified gemmules, and these last will produce variations in the new being.

1878 April, Andrew Wilson, “The Law of Likeness, and Its Working”, in The Popular Science Monthly. Supplement, number XII, New York, N.Y.: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, […], →OCLC, page 560, column 1

[M]icroscopic research has so far failed to discover any trace of Darwin's Gemmules in the blood or anywhere else. Furthermore, sheep have been docked in early life for scores of generations, yet every lamb is born with a tail. Since both parents and all of their ancestors have been docked, whence come the gemmules to produce the tail in the lamb?

1917 August 3, Horace G. Regnart, “The Germ Plasm”, in Live Stock Journal, volume LXXXVI, number 2261, London: Vinton & Co., →OCLC, page 70, column 1

In retrospect, there were three main defects of Darwin's "pangenesis" theory of inheritance: (1) the presumption that there was a gemmule corresponding to every trait and specific to one and only one trait; (2) the idea that copies of all gemmules are transmitted to the next generation; and (3) the idea that somatic changes occurring during the lifetime of an individual could locally alter gemmules proceeding from the affected organ and then be passed to subsequent generations via gemmule replicates contained in the gametes.

2003, Mary Jane West-Eberhard, “Darwin’s Theory of Development and Evolution”, in Developmental Plasticity and Evolution, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, page 190, column 2

(historical) In the obsolete theory of pangenesis propounded by the English scientist Charles Darwin (1809–1882): a hypothetical particle once thought to be the basis of heredity.

To what do this cavity which contains the gemmule, this thin layer which covers it, correspond? We have stated that the cotyledon is nothing else than the first leaf of the little vegetable, and the gemmule the union of the leaves which will follow it.

1849, Adrien[-Henri] de Jussieu, “Ovule and Seed”, in James Hewetson Wilson, transl., The Elements of Botany, London: John Van Voorst, […], →OCLC, § 579 (Monocotyledonous Embryo), page 442

The embryo is composed of cells and spiral vessels; a small stem, or stalklet; a rudimentary descending portion, which becomes the root or radicle; and a rudimentary ascending axis, surrounded by a bud, or gemmule. Between the radicle and the gemmule, the first leaves developed are termed cotyledons: a plant having leaves like seed-lobes.

1867, Louis Figuier, “The Fruit”, in [anonymous], transl., The Vegetable World; being a History of Plants, with Their Botanical Descriptions and Peculiar Properties. […], London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, part I, page 169

The incipient apical meristem (gemmule) is located between the two cotyledons of the mature embryo and consists of a pocket of approximately 200 meristematic cells[…].

1992, Michael G. Mullins, Alain Bouquet, Larry E. Williams, “The Structure of the Grapevine: Vegetative and Reproductive Anatomy”, in Biology of the Grapevine (Biology of Horticultural Crops), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, published 2003, page 38

(botany) Synonym of plumule (“the first bud, or growing point, of a plant embryo, situated above the cotyledons”)

plumule

Concussion from shell explosion often sufficient to produce miliary hemorrhages in brain substance. Mott has found such lesions in brains of shell shock. Lesser lesions on fine nerve fibrils and gemmules, or nerve cells may reasonably be postulated.

1927, William N[ewbold] Bispham, “Professional Schools in Military and Nonmilitary Institutions”, in Frank W. Weed, editor, The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War, volume VII (Training), Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, →OCLC, section I (In the United States), pages 508–509

The mitral cells also extend several secondary dendrites (SD) laterally outward into the external plexiform layer (EPL), where they are in intimate association with the dendritic spines (or gemmules) belonging to the dendrites of the granule cell population, whose cell bodies (g) lie deeper in the granular layer (GRL) of the bulb.

1981, Wilfrid Rall, “Functional Aspects of Neuronal Geometry”, in Alan [Madoc] Roberts, Brian M. H. Bush, editors, Neurones without Impulses: Their Significance for Vertebrate and Invertebrate Nervous Systems (Society for Experimental Biology, Seminar Series; 6), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, page 225

Two GAD-positive gemmules (D₁, D₂) from dendrites of periglomerular neurons form synapses with a mitral/tufted dendritic shaft (D₃). One gemmule (D₁) appears to form a reciprocal synapse, and the other gemmule (D₂) appears to be presynaptic only (original magnification × 54,000).

1998, Eugene Roberts, “Eugene Roberts”, in Larry R[yan] Squire, editor, The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, volume 2, San Diego, Calif., London: Academic Press, figure 4 caption, page 381

There is both ultrastructural and electrophysiological evidence indicating that the mitral/tufted dendrite-to-gemmule synapses are excitatory, whereas the adjacent gemmule-to-mitral/tufted dendrite synapses are inhibitory.

2008, Rudolf Nieuwenhuys, Jan Voogd, Christiaan van Huijzen, “Telencephalon: Introduction and Olfactory System”, in The Human Central Nervous System, 4th edition, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, section II (Structure of Spinal Cord and Brain Parts), page 346, column 1

(neurology) Synonym of dendritic spine (“a small membranous protrusion from the dendrite of a neuron that typically receives input from a single axon at the synapse”)


indumentum

(botany) A surface covering of any kind of trichomes, e.g. hairs, scales.


cladode

From New Latin cladodium, from Ancient Greek κλᾰ́δος (kládos, “young slip of a tree”).

(botany) A flattened organ arising from the stem of a plant, often replacing the leaves in photosynthetic function, as leaves in such plants (for example asparagus, butchers broom) are typically reduced to scales.


tegmen

From New Latin, from Latin tegmen, syncopated form of tegimen.

(biology) A covering or integument, usually referring to a thin layer or membrane in an organism.

(botany) An integument such as the inner membrane of the coat of a seed.

(anatomy) A covering such as the thin layer of bone in the roof of the middle ear of mammals.

(entomology) In insects such as winged cockroaches and locusts, the tegmina are the stiff, membranous fore wings; in many species they are not primarily used for flight, but serve as protective covering for the delicate hind wings, which are the main organs of flight. Note that the more heavily armoured fore-wings of most beetles are called elytra, not tegmina.


cypsela

(botany) An achene formed from an inferior bicarpellary ovary of which only one carpel develops into a seed, as in plants of the family Compositae.


pyxidium

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek πυξίδιον (puxídion), diminutive of πῠξῐ́ς (puxís, “box”).

Key to Species of Cariniana Inflorescence predominantly terminal and subterminal; pyxidium without teeth at line of opercular dehiscence.

1979, Organization for Flora Neotropica, New York Botanical Garden, Flora Neotropica: Issue 21, Part 1, p. 221

The pyxidium has the trigonoidly cylindrical or obconical form of that of Couratari, but it is much thicker, heavier, and more solid in substance.

1924, Samuel James Record, Clayton Dissinger Mell, Timbers of Tropical America, page 467

The capsule of gold−beater's skin, in which the grubs of the Cione are enclosed, divides itself, at the moment of liberation, into two hemispheres "of a regularity so perfect that they recall exactly the bursting of the pyxidium when the seed is distributed".

1913, Georges Victor Legros, Fabre: Poet of Science, page 176

A fruit of this kind is sometimes termed a pyxidium; that is, a little chest.

1836, Asa Gray, Elements of Botany, page 221

(botany) A seed capsule in the form of a box, the seeds being released when the top splits off.


microsporophyll

1993, Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, The biology and evolution of fossil plants, Prentice-Hall, page 843:

a leaflike organ that bears one or more microsporangia (contrast megasporophyll or macrosporophyll)


sympodium

(botany) A pattern of branching, similar to dichotomous branching, where the axis or stem is morphologically made up of a series of superposed branches imitating a simple stem.

Sympodium

a pattern of branching, similar to dichotomous branching


lepal

From Ancient Greek λεπίς (lepís, “scale (of a fish); flake”); compare French lépale.

(botany, obsolete) A sterile transformed stamen.


sarmentum

Runner-bearing, viticulosæ. Throwing out runners, viticulæ, sarmenta, or flagella, which take root from space to space.

1821, Samuel Frederick Gray, “An Introduction to Botany”, in A Natural Arrangement of British Plants, With An Introduction to Botany, volume 1, page 42


locule

(botany) Any of the cells of a compound ovary of a plant.


synandrium

(botany) An androecium of which the anthers have been fused.


sarment

(botany) A long slender prostrate stem or runner, such as of the strawberry.


umbraculum

(botany) Any umbrella-shaped appendage, such as the cap borne on the seta of Marchantia.


jugum

/ˈd͡ʒuː.ɡəm/

Borrowing from Latin jugum (“a yoke, collar; a pair of anything; the summit, ridge”). Doublet of yoke and yuga.

bor

(zootomy) A connecting ridge or projection, especially on a bone.

(entomology) A lobe on the forewing of some moths which interlocks with the hindwing in flight.

(botany) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants.

(botany) A pair of opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant.


primocane

But Courtney Weber, a breeder at Cornell University, is working with Mr. Clark’s primocane selections to develop varieties that could be mown down before winter and fruit the next year.

2007 July 25, David Karp, “At Last, Sweet Blackberries Stay the Course”, in New York Times

(botany, agronomy) A fruit cane in its first year of growth, especially that of a bramble.


glochid

From Ancient Greek γλωχίς (glōkhís, “barb of an arrow”).

der

[The bunny-ears cactus is] a particularly unpleasant cactus with thousands of nearly invisible, glochid [...] spines.

2016, Justin O. Schmidt, The Sting of the Wild, Johns Hopkins University Press, page 29

A small, detachable, irritant spine occurring in dense clusters in the areoles of certain cacti such as the prickly pear.


cucullus

(botany) A hood-shaped organ, resembling a cowl or monk's hood, as of certain concave and arched sepals or petals.


phylloclade

(botany) A flattened stem, a type of cladode that has unlimited extension growth and resembles a leaf.


underleaf

(obsolete) A prolific kind of cider apple.


verticillaster

Latin verticillus (“a whirl”) + aster (“a star”).

(botany) A whorl of flowers apparently of one cluster, but composed of two opposite axillary cymes, as in mint.


racemule

(botany, probably dated) A little raceme.


phylloid

en-adj

phylloid (comparative more phylloid, superlative most phylloid)

more phylloid (comparative)
most phylloid (superlative)


bractlet

(botany) A bract on the stalk of a single flower, which is itself on a main stalk that supports several flowers


leaf node

intercalary meristem
intercalary meristem

(botany) One of the spots upon a stem where buds and intercalary meristems occur, usually marking the end of a season's growth.


budlet

We have a criterion to distinguish one bud from another, or the parent bud from the numerous budlets which are its offspring.

(Can we date this quote?), Erasmus Darwin, Phytologia

As zooid, bud and budlet development is closely coordinated, the stage of a colony during its blastogenetic cycle is univocally defined and expressed by a formula of three numbers separated by slashes

2009, Baruch Rinkevich, Valeria Matranga, Stem Cells in Marine Organisms

(botany) A smaller or secondary bud, usually growing from a parent bud.


spermoderm

In the seed these membranes are called by various names, of which the most frequently used are spermoderm or testa for the primine; mesosperm, for the secondine; and endopleura for the other.

1835, John Lindley, A Key to Structural, Physiological, and Systematic Botany, Longman et al. (publishers), page 35

[…] The general covering of the seed is called spermoderm (σπέρμα, seed, and δέρμα, covering). […] The Spermoderm usually consists of two parts, an external membrane, called the episperm or testa (ἐπί, upon, or on the outside, and σπέρμα, a seed, or testa, a shell), and an internal membrane, called endopleura (ἔνδον, within, and πλευρά, side).

1851, John Hutton Balfour, Manual of Botany, Second Edition, John Joseph Griffin and Co., page 275


floscule

From Latin
 flōsculus, diminutive of flōs (“flower, blossom”). Compare French floscule.


phellogen

en-noun

phellogen (countable and uncountable, plural phellogens)

From Ancient Greek φελλός (phellós, “cork”) + -gen.

We distinguish between primary bark (originating from primary meristems - protoderm, ground meristem and procambium) and secondary bark (originating from secondary meristems - the vascular cambium, the phellogen, and dilatation meristem).

2007, Keith Roberts, Handbook of Plant Science, volume 1, page 154

(botany) The tissue of young cells that produces the phellem.


urceole

Stamineal urceole 10-15-toothed, with 5-10 of the teeth obtuse and sterile, and the 5 remaining ones alternate and monantherous.

1837, James Macfadyen, The Flora of Jamaica, page 101

The common Lady's Mantle is now considered to include 10 species based chiefly on the distribution of hairiness, the shape of the leaf and the fruit or urceole.

1961, Roger William Butcher, A New Illustrated British Flora, page 686

The numerous structures lying on the floor of the ovarian cavity have been interpreted in the past as carpels (Stapf, 1894; Baehni, 1937, 1938) or as female flowers (Hutchinson, 1926) while the urceole has been regarded as an overdeveloped "disc" or receptacle (Stapf, l.e.), a receptacle resembling a thick corolla (Hutchinson, l.e) and corolla (Baehni, l.c).

1968, The Journal of Biological Sciences - Volume 11, Issues 1-2, page 3

(botany) A disc in the center of a flower, often resembling a thickening of the corolla, which holds the carpels.


hemicarp

(botany) One portion of a fruit that spontaneously divides into halves.


leafet

January 9 1853, Henry David Thoreau, diary
Pulling up the Johnswort on the face of the cliff, I am surprised to see the signs of unceasing growth about the roots, fresh shoots two inches long, white with red leafets, and all the radical part quite green. The leaves of the crowfoot also are quite green, and carry me forward to spring.


epispore

(botany) The thickish outer coat of certain spores.


pseudocarp

(botany) The portion of an anthocarpous fruit that is not derived from the ovary, such as the soft part of a strawberry or fig.


gynobase

(botany) a short conical or flat elevation of the receptacle of a flower, bearing the gynoecium


rostellum

rostellum (plural rostella or rostellums)

From Latin, diminutive of rostrum (“beak”).

1922, John Christopher Willis, "Orchidacea", entry in A Manual and Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns, page 471,
The rostellum has an outer firm pouch, inside which is the viscid substance to which are firmly attached the caudicles of the pollinia. An insect entering the fl. probes the spur of the labellum and its back comes into contact with the rostellum and depresses the pouch, causing the viscid substance to adhere to the insect.

In many orchids there is a discrete "viscidium," or sticky pad, formed by the rostellum.

1993, Robert L. Dressler, Phylogeny and Classification of the Orchid Family, page 45

2005, Orchids of Manitoba: A Field Guide, Native Orchid Conservation Inc., page 20,
The third stigma is sterile and has developed into the rostellum, a sticky structure that aids in pollination by attaching the pollen to insects.

(botany) A projecting part of the column in the flower of an orchid that separates the male stamen from the female gynoecium.


cystolith

(botany) A concretion of mineral matter within a leaf or other part of a plant.


phyllocladium

(botany) A flattened stem or branch that more or less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards respiration and assimilation.


rhizine

(botany, lichenology) A rootlike filament or hair growing from the stems of mosses or on lichens; a rhizoid


rundle

The Flowers hereof are purple, and grow in rundles about the Stalks, as the others do.

1710, William Salmon, Botanologia: The English Herbal, page 845

The Swallow-tail Butterfly feeds upon several of the Rundle-bearing plants of the fifth Class, which we know are endowed with similar qualities.

1776, William Withering, A Botanical Arrangement Of All The Vegetables Naturally Growing in Great Britain, page XIII

If you pursue one of these rundles or umbels, you will find that each stick or spoke terminates in another set of smaller stalks, each of which bears a single small flower.

1794, Evenings at Home; or, the juvenile budget opened, page 73

The stalk is brownish and round at the bottom, and sometimes that from the middle upwards, three foot high or more, beset at certain distances with rundles or circles of many broad leaves, larger and broader for the most part than any other of this kinde, and of a dark green colour; It hath two or three, and sometimes four of these rundles or circles of leaves, and bare without any leaf between;

1656, John Parkinson, Paradisi In Sole, page 31

The Martagon Imperial hath, as all the Martagons have, a scaly pale yellow root; the stalk riseth a yard high, of a brownish colour, beset at certain distances with rundles of broad green leaves, and naked betwixt;

1676, John Rea, Flora: Seu, De Florum Cultura, page 40

The virginian martagon, pale yellow scaly root, the stalk rises yard-high, beset with sharp-pointed whitish green leaves, in rundles, the head bearing three or four, or more, somewhat large flowers turning back, of a gold yellow colour, with many brown spots about the bottom of the flowers, the points or ends of the leaves that turn up, of a red or scarlet colour without spots: a very tender plant and must be defended from winter's frosts.

(obsolete) A cluster of leaves that radiate out from a central point, like the spokes of a wheel.

He invented a pneumatic engine, and a peculiar instrument of use in gnomonics to solve this problem: known plane, in a known elevation, to describe such lines with the expedite turning of rundles to certain divisions, as by the shadow of the stile may shew the equal hours of the day.'

1781, William Preston, Illustrations of Masonry, page 213

(engineering, obsolete) One of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.


sporid

Further North, where it [sc. rust] first attacks the barberry its primary form and color is a yellow cup-cell, which matures and sends out spores which attack the wheat by penetrating into its tissue, as the sporid did the brier, and produce the red, globular cell.

1884, John W. Glenn, Report of the experimental and other work done at […] the School of Agriculture, Horticulture and Botany, University of Tennessee during the Years 1883 and 1884, page 63

357. […] Somewhat later in the season the same parasitic filaments which have been producing Red-rust spores begin to produce lines or spots of dark-colored, thick-walled, two-celled bodies (teleutospores), the so-called spores of the Black-rust […] Being thick-walled, they endure the winter without injury, and when spring comes […] they germinate on the rotting straw and produce several minute spores, called sporids. This is the fourth and last stage of the rust. The sporids fall upon Barberry-leaves and germinate […] giving rise to cluster-cups again.

1886, Charles E. Bessey, The Essentials of Botany, page 172

As the sporids originating from Micrococcus of sheep-pox develop, according to Hallier, in the air to a Cladosporium […]

1875, E. Klein, “Research on the Smallpox of Sheep”, in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, volume 165, page 220


ascidium

From New Latin ascidium, from Ancient Greek ἀσκίδιον (askídion), from ἀσκός (askós, “leather bag”) + -ιδιον (-idion, “diminutive ending”).

(zoology) One of the former genus Ascidium of simple ascidians, which included most of the known species; sometimes used as a name for the family Ascidiidae or for all the Tunicata, or Ascidiacea.


rhizotaxis

(botany) The arrangement of the roots of plants.


phyllodium

From New Latin phyllōdium, from Ancient Greek φυλλώδης (phullṓdēs, “leaflike”).

der

(botany) A petiole dilated into the form of a blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias.


anthophore

(botany) The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the pink family.

antóforo

the stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla


turion

(botany) A bud, produced by some aquatic plants, that becomes detached and dormant until the following spring


radicel

(botany) A small branch of a root; a rootlet.


sporidium

From New Latin sporidium, from Latin spora. See spore.

(botany) A secondary spore borne on a promycelium, or a filament produced from a spore, in certain kinds of minute fungi.


spermaphore

(botany) That part of the ovary from which the ovules arise; the placenta.


synangium

From New Latin, from syn- + Ancient Greek ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “a vessel”).

(botany) The boat-shaped sorus of certain ferns.


biforine

From Latin biforis, biforus (“having two doors”), from bis (“twice”) + foris (“door”).

The true biforines when separated from the other tissues in water, rapidly discharge the crystals from one or both ends of the cells, and often with such force as to drive the cells backwards like a rocket[…]

1871, The American Naturalist: Volume 5, page 336

(botany) An oval sac or cell, found in the leaves of certain araceous plants, with an opening at each end through which raphides, generated inside, are discharged.


induviae

From Latin induviae (“clothes”), from induō (“I put on”). See indue.

(botany) persistent portions of a calyx or corolla

(botany) leaves which do not disarticulate from the stem, and hence remain for a long time


periclinium

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek "around" + "a bed".

(botany) The involucre that surrounds the common receptacle in composite flowers.


fovilla

Diminutive from Latin fovere (“to cherish”).

(botany, archaic) One of the fine granules in the protoplasm of a pollen grain.


exostome

(botany) The small aperture or foramen in the outer coat of the ovule of a plant.


phyllome

(botany) A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf.


simple fruit

(botany) A fruit that develops from either a single or compound ovary within a flower with a single pistil.

payak na bunga

a fruit that develops from either a single or compound ovary within a flower with a single pistil


sarcocarp

(botany) The mesocarp (fleshy middle layer of the pericarp of a fruit).


trophosperm

From tropho- + Ancient Greek seed. Compare French trophosperme.


periblem

en-noun

periblem (countable and uncountable, plural periblems)

From peri- + root of Ancient Greek βλῆμα (blêma, “to sprout, shoot”).

der

(botany) nascent cortex, or immature cellular bark


prosenchyma

(botany) The tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities, such as the principal cells of ordinary wood.

προσέγχυμα

the tissues formed of elongated cells, especially those with pointed or oblique extremities


syncarp

From syn- + -carp, New Latin syncarpium. See syncarpous.

(botany) A kind of aggregate fruit in which the ovaries cohere in a solid mass, with a slender receptacle, as in the magnolia.

(botany) A similar multiple fruit, such as a mulberry.


sieve plate

(botany) A structure of tiny apertures present in adjacent sieve walls that enable the movement of fluids inside the phloem.


sieve-tube element

en-noun

sieve-tube element (plural sieve-tube elements)

(botany) A type of sclerenchyma cell located in the phloem that is involved in the movement of carbohydrates.


vessel element

(botany) A cell that is linear in form and is responsible for the conduction of water and minerals in the xylem.


plerome

Borrowed from German Plerom + English -ome (suffix denoting a mass of something). Plerom is derived from Pleroma (obsolete), from Ancient Greek πλήρωμᾰ (plḗrōma, “that which fills, a complement; a filling up, a completing”): see further at pleroma.

der

(botany) The central portion of the apical meristem in a growing plant root or stem which, according to the histogen theory, gives rise to the endodermis and stele.


bothrenchyma

Ancient Greek βόθρος (bóthros, “pit”) + -enchyma

(botany, obsolete) Dotted or pitted ducts or vessels forming the pores seen in many kinds of wood.


perigynium

/pɛɹɪˈd͡ʒɪnɪəm/

Borrowed from New Latin perigynium, from peri- + Ancient Greek γῠνή (gunḗ, “woman”) + -ium.

(botany) Any unusual appendage around the pistil, such as the bottle-shaped body in the sedges, or the bristles and scales in some other genera of the sedge family.


paracorolla

en-noun

paracorolla (plural paracorollas or paracorollae)

paracorollas (plural)
paracorollae (plural)

(botany) A secondary or inner corolla; a corona, as of the Narcissus.


pseudostem

The pseudostem of the banana can be several metres tall.

(botany) A false stem made of the rolled bases of leaves.


paraphyllum

(botany) A small foliaceous organ between the leaves of some mosses.


incubously

(botany) In an orientation such that distal (anterior) parts of older leaves overlap the proximal (posterior) parts of younger ones.


regma

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥῆγμα (rhêgma, “breaking, fracture”). Doublet of rhegma.

bor+

A red dye is obtained from the regmata of Mallotus philippinensis, and Chrozophora tinctoria yields purple and blue dyes.

1988, The Marshall Cavendish illustrated encyclopedia of plants and earth sciences, Marshall Cavendish Corporation

(botany) A kind of dry fruit, consisting of three or more cells, each of which eventually breaks open at the inner angle.


phyton

From Ancient Greek φυτόν (phutón, “plant”).

(botany) One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves.


epiphloeum

(botany) A corky envelope or outer portion of bark, lying next beneath an epidermis.


hypoderma

(botany) A layer of tissue beneath the epidermis in plants, performing the physiological function of strengthening the epidermal tissue. In phanerogamous plants it is developed as collenchyma.


metastoma

en-noun

metastoma (plural metastomas or metastomata)

metastomas (plural)
metastomata (plural)

From Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “behind”) + στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).

(zoology) A ventral single plate located in the opisthosoma of some non-arachnid chelicerates in the extinct genus Houia which is involved in feeding and manipulating food.


pseudotrunk

(botany) A false trunk formed by the roots etc. of certain trees.


hypocarpium

(botany) An enlarged fleshy structure that forms below the fruit, from the receptacle or hypanthium.


laticifer

(botany) a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites.


collective fruit

collective fruit (plural collective fruits)

While the true aggregate fruit is produced by the ovaria of a single flower, a collective fruit, if aggregate, is produced by the ovaria of many flowers

1832, John Lindley, An Introduction to Botany

(botany) Any fruit formed from a mass of flowers, such as the mulberry or pineapple.


pollinarium

First used in H. F. Link's Elementa philosophiæ botanicæ (1824), formed from classical Latin pollin- (pollen) and the suffix -arium (place for).¹

(botany) The structure in an orchid flower which becomes attached to an insect during pollination. Includes the pollinia, caudicle, and viscidium.


leptosporangium

2003, Jill Bailey, Filicinophyta (ferns), entry in The Facts on File Dictionary of Botany, page 84,
In the Filicales the leptosporangium has a specialized spore dispersal mechanism involving an annulus of cells with thick walls that ejects spores explosively as it dries out.

The characteristic that unites the Filicales as a monophyletic clade is the presence of leptosporangia with an annulus-an area of specialized cells involved in dehiscence.[…]Leptosporangia typically produce only a few spores, and are most commonly homosporous.

2010, Lily Bora, Principles of Paleobotany, page 256

Leptosporangia are unique among vascular plants in (1) developing from a single cell, and (2) having a single layer of cells making up the sporangium wall.

2011, Michael G. Simpson, Plant Systematics, page 88

(botany) A sporangium formed from a single epidermal cell.


middle rib

(botany) The main vein of a simple leaf or leaflet, running from the petiole to its apex, and from which the other veins usually spread.

(botany) The continuation of the petiole of a pinnately compound leaf around which the leaflets attach.


gynostemium

gynostemium (plural gynostemia or gynostemiums)

gynostemia (plural)
gynostemiums (plural)

For the expression of MADS-box genes, mature flowers were dissected into their individual floral organs (sepals, petals, labellums and gynostemiums).

2015 November 19, “Digital Gene Expression Analysis Based on De Novo Transcriptome Assembly Reveals New Genes Associated with Floral Organ Differentiation of the Orchid Plant Cymbidium ensifolium”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI

(botany) A reproductive structure, in some plants, formed by fusion of the stamens and pistil


guard cell

A kind of specialized cell located in the lower leaf epidermis of plants. Pairs of guard cells surround tiny stomatal airway pores and regulate their opening and closing.


pseudofruit

(botany) A fruit which includes tissue not derived from the ovary but from some adjacent tissue.


calycophyll

(botany) A leaf-like structure formed from a sepal or calyx lobe which enlarges, usually many-fold, before or after anthesis, especially when most of the sepals or calyx lobes retain their original size.


buttress-root

A root growing from the above-ground stem or trunk, and providing support.


exotesta

(botany) The outer layer of the testa, derived from the outer integument of the ovule.


androgynophore

(botany) A stalk bearing both the androecium and the gynoecium of a flower above the level of insertion of the perianth.


trophophyll

(botany) A vegetative, nutrient-producing leaf or microphyll, whose primary function is photosynthesis.


paraperigonium

(botany) An anomalous secondary outgrowth of the perianthal meristem with ramifying vasculature.


phyllopodium

(botany) The part of the stipe that is proximal or basal of the articulation (joint) and remains attached to the rhizome after the frond has detached from the articulation.


stylodium

(botany) An elongate stigma that resembles a style.


caulome

(botany) A stem structure or stem axis of a plant, viewed as a whole.


تخمدان

head

تخمدان • (toxm-dân) (plural تخمدانها (toxm-dân-hâ))

toxm-dân (romanization)
تخمدانها (plural)

تخم (toxm, “ovum, egg”) + ـدان (-dân, “container”)

af

ovary (lower part of a pistil or carpel)


podcase

In some species, this selective pressure was not local but species-wide; evolution in maize, for example, turned the hard podcase of teosinte into easily milled, but still glumed, pod-corns and then into naked-grained cobs 41, 42 .

2009 February 11, Dorian Q. Fuller Michael D. Purugganan, “The nature of selection during plant domestication”, in Nature, volume 457, number 7231, →DOI, pages 843–848


pseudostyle

(botany) The hidden part of the stigmatic crest


scale leaf

(botany) A small modified leaf, especially a colorless membranous one, such as on a rhizome or forming part of a bulb.


pearl body

(biology) A small, lustrous, pearl-like food body produced from the epidermis of leaves, petioles and shoots of certain plants, sought after by various arthropods and ants.


anthocarp

(botany) Any of various forms of fruits in which part of the perianth tissue remains attached to the fruit, as part of the mechanism of dispersal.

(botany) Lower part of a perianth containing the fruit, the upper part having dropped away, well seen in plants of the family Nyctaginaceae.

(botany) In the Nyctaginaceae, individual apetalous flowers have a tubular, petaloid calyx that resembles a sympetalous corolla. The lower portion of the calyx tightly enwraps the one-seeded achene and is persistent around the fruit as an anthocarp. The calyx base plus the enclosed seed-bearing achene is the unit of dispersal.

(botany) A collective, composite or aggregated fruit formed from an entire inflorescence, as in the sorosis of a pineapple or the syconus of a fig.

(botany) A fruit resulting from many flowers, such as the pineapple; a fruit of which the perianth or the torus forms part.

(botany) A composite false fruit, consisting of the actual fruit and the perianth.

(botany) A fruit formed by the union of the floral organs or part of them, with the fruit itself, as in Nyctagineae; also applied to fruits with accessories, sometimes termed pseudocarps, as the strawberry and pineapple.


pseudotrichome

(botany) A structure similar to a trichome


leafbase

(botany) The base of a leaf, where it joins the stem.


tree fork

A bifurcation in the trunk of a tree giving rise to two roughly equal diameter branches.


mesocotyl

The bHLH genes R, B, Sn and Hopi were subsequently identified in maize and shown to induce tissue-specific anthocyanin biosynthesis, including expression in the aleurone layer, scutellum, pericarp, root, mesocotyl, leaf and anther.

2016 March 5, “The Tomato Hoffman’s Anthocyaninless Gene Encodes a bHLH Transcription Factor Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis That Is Developmentally Regulated and Induced by Low Temperatures”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI

(botany) The white part of a plant's stem between the buried seed and the plumule


compound leaf

(botany) A leaf that has a fully subdivided blade, therefore having leaflets.


simple leaf

(botany) A leaf that has an undivided blade, therefore having no leaflets.


mictoplasm

In healthy sieve elements, gold particles were mainly found in the mictoplasm and in association with the membrane, whereas in the cell lumen they were significantly less abundant.

2015 August 19, Stefanie V. Buxa et al., “Phytoplasma infection in tomato is associated with re-organization of plasma membrane, ER stacks, and actin filaments in sieve elements”, in Frontiers in Plant Science, volume 6, →DOI

(botany) Any phloem containing sieve cells.


gynandrium

(botany) A combined male and female stamen structure.


gynostegium

(botany) An adnation of the stamens with the style and stigma, typically found in members of the family Apocynaceae.


pneumatode

From Ancient Greek πνεῦμα (pneûma) (breath) and ὁδός (hodós) (pathway)

(botany, histology) A group of cells with spiral secondary wall thickenings, present in a velamen; acts as an airway for gas exchange for respiration or photosynthesis


leaf bud

(botany) A bud which develops into a leaf or a leafy branch.


leaf scar

A mark left on a branch or twig after it falls off


tryma

From Ancient Greek τρῆμα (trêma, “hole”).

(botany) A drupe with fleshy exocarp, dehiscent.


diachyma

Of Ancient Greek [Term?] origin; see dia-, chyme.


exotegmen

(botany) The part of the seed coat that develops from the outer surface of the inner integument


palisade cell

(botany) Any of a layer of elongated cells, near the surface of leaves, that have chloroplasts that absorb a major portion of the light energy used by the leaf


aphlebia

(botany) An imperfect or irregular leaf ending (commonly found on ferns)


ramicaul

(botany) A stem that bears a single leaf (as in some orchids)


semaphyll

(botany) A sepal or similar structure which has become modified to attract pollinators


cataphyllary

From Ancient Greek [Term?] (“down”) + [Term?] (“leaf”).

(botany) A simple leaf in the form of a scale


spore case

Some specimens appear to have spore-cases at the top of their branches, similar to those seen in younger, better-known early land plants such as Cooksonia.

2018 March 23, Susannah Lydon, The Guardian

(botany) A structure containing spores; a sporangium.


synema

From syn- + Ancient Greek νῆμα (nêma, “thread”).

(botany, obsolete) The column of combined filaments in a monadelphous flower.


andropetal

(botany) A petal that is derived from a modified stamen


hyperphyll

(botany) A distal part of a sprout or a leaf.


rhizophore

(botany) The structure bearing the true roots in certain species of Selaginella.


phyllon

From Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”). Doublet of phyllo, distantly also with foil, folio, and folium.

In this following the analogy of phyton already appropriated for the integer of the axis plus the phyllon or phylla it bears.

1868, The American Journal of Science, page 272

Phylloceras ptychoicum is one of the most interesting species of all those found in the Kutch Jura, [...] The lobes are most characteristic, and on them the external and first lateral saddle are the most important parts. The external saddle is beautifully symmetrical, finishing in four phylla, of which the two corresponding ones are equal; the first lateral saddle is also divided into four terminating phylla, which are, however, not quite symmetrical.

Corona double; phylla of the outer row almost free, 1.8 to 2 mm. long, lanceolate, [...]

1912, Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, page 99

(especially botany, uncommon) A leaf, or something (flat) resembling a leaf.


bungangkahoy

tl-noun

búngangkáhoy (Baybayin spelling ᜊᜓᜅᜅ᜔ᜃᜑᜓᜌ᜔)

búngangkáhoy (canonical)
ᜊᜓᜅᜅ᜔ᜃᜑᜓᜌ᜔ (Baybayin)


spathilla

(botany) A secondary or diminutive spathe.


rhizosheath

(botany) The coating that surrounds a rhizome


medullary ray

(anatomy) the middle part of a cortical lobule in the kidney


verticel

(botany) A circle of flowers around a node on a stem.


root nodule

(botany) A lump found on the roots of some plants, primarily legumes, that forms a symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia, allowing the plant to obtain nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, which most plants cannot do.


pseudowhorl

(botany) Any arrangement of tightly-packed leaves that is not an actual whorl


macrohair

(botany) A relatively large hair, typically on a bract or leaf


ectocolpus

(botany) A groove on the surface of a pollen grain


xylopodium

(botany) A woody stem or root, typically underground.


floricane

An experiment was carried out to investigate whether detached segments of floricanes during winter pruning of erect blackberries could be used as a source of propagating material.

1997 July, HortScience, volume 32, number 4, →DOI

(botany) A stem of some species of Rubus in its second year of growth, when it bears flowers.


scabrule

Possibly a descendant of Latin scaber + -ule

Rare specimens will have one or more leaves covered adaxially with tiny scabrules, which provide a rough texture to the leaf.

2004, Arthur Haines et al., “Records for Carex rostrata (Cyperaceae) in New England”, in Rhodora, volume 106, number 927, →JSTOR

(botany) Short, stiff projections or hairs which give a stem or leaf a rough texture, at least in one direction.


meristele

The origin and course of the two meristeles will be traced in the following paragraphs. Other meristeles are seen scattered round the stele, some of comparable dimensions to those already indicated, others smaller, […]

1901, Botanical Pamplets, volume 45, page 49

(botany) Each of the apparently isolated units of a dictyostele.


polystele

In a stele prior to the breaking up into a polystele, phloem strand becomes “U”-shaped.

1960, Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India, page 89

(botany) a segment of plant stem which is characterised by possession of more than a single stele.


flag leaf

(agricultural, cereals, botany) The last leaf to emerge in a cereal plant during its growth; the flag leaf provides majority of the leaf area of the plant and is used as one indicator of its growth stage.

agricultural; cereals; agricultural; cereals

Cereal growth staging scales on Wikipedia..


rootstalk

All these species are climbing, briery plants, having long slender roots, which proceed in all directions from a common rootstalk or rhizome.

1868, George Bacon Wood, A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology, Or Materia Medica, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Company, page 432

For Theophrastus insists that the scion's relation to the rootstalk is not essentially different from that of any other plant's relation to the earth. The rootstalk simply provides nourishment, just as the earth does, while the formation and growth of the scion are both due to the power of the scion itself.

2016, James Wilberding, Forms, Souls, and Embryos, Routledge


prebranch

(botany) Describing the part of a root from which a lateral root will form


protophyll

(botany) A primitive leaf in some clubmosses


paracladium

(botany) A branch that has the same branching structure as the main axis


tetrachenium

(botany) A fruit formed by four indehiscent parts


barbella

(botany) a short, stiff, straight leaf hair.


stereid

(botany) A plant cell with thickened cell walls providing mechanical support.


fruitspike

(botany) An inflorescence of fruit in the form of a spike


sporosphere

(botany) The compartment of a plant containing spores


root system

(botany) The structure comprising the roots of a plant.


trophophore

(botany) The sterile part of a fern's leaf, as opposed to the sporophore.


root cap

(botany) A cap of cells covering the growing extremity of a root;