永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～區, formerly ～鎮, ～市) Yonghe (a district of New Taipei, Taiwan)

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


和平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)

(historical) several era names in Chinese history (150; 354–355; 460–465; 551–554)


天命

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ miŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ miŋ⁴⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ mɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ min⁵⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ biɪŋ⁴¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ³³/

Attested earliest on Zhou dynasty's bronze inscriptions, though during the Western Zhou period, the concept was not exactly worded as 天命 (tiānmìng) but 大令 (dàlìng), 大命 (dàmìng), 魯令 (lǔlìng) & 天令 (tiānlìng) (however, 令 (lìng) and 命 (mìng) were indeed used interchangeably). Goldin (2017) links Zhou's concept 天命 (tiānmìng) to Shang's concept 帝令 (dìlìng) "the Deity's command" attested in the Shang's oracle bones.

(historical) the Tianming era (a Chinese era name; the era of Nurhaci as khan of the Later Jin, from the proclamation of the dynasty in 1616 until 1627)


正統

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

Emperor Yingzong
w:Emperor Yingzong of Ming

(historical) the Zhengtong era (a Chinese era name; the era of the first reign of Emperor Yingzong of Ming, from 1436 to 1449)


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

Emperor Ling of Han
w:Emperor Ling of Han

(historical) Jianning (first era name of the reign of Emperor Ling of Han: 168–172 CE)

(～郡) (historical) Jianning (a former commandery of China, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Northern and Southern dynasties)

(～府) (historical) Jianning, Kienning (a former prefecture of Fujian, China, under the Southern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties; modern Jian'ou)

(～路) (historical) Jianning (a former lu in Fujian, China, under the Yuan dynasty; modern Jian'ou)


光和

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

the Guanghe era (178-184), a Chinese era name from reign of Emperor Ling of Han


中平

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

the Zhongping era (184-189), a Chinese era name from reign of Emperor Ling of Han


永樂

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

(historical) the Yongle era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1403 to 1424)


初平

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

Chuping Era (Emperor Xian of Han's first era name)


大義

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ i⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² jiː²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ɡi⁴¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ɡi²²/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ ɡi³³/

大定

possibly fictitious second era of Chen Youliang

(historical) the Dayi era (a Chinese era name; the first (and possibly only) era of Chen Youliang as emperor of Chen Han, from 1360 to 1363)


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(historical) the Yongchang era (a Chinese era name):

The third era of Emperor Yuan of Jin, from 322 to 323.

Emperor Ruizong
w:Emperor Ruizong of Tang

The fourth era of Emperor Ruizong of Tang, in 689.

The era of Li Zicheng as emperor of Shun, from 1644 to 1645.


延祐

/jɛn³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/jɛn³⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

the Yanyou era (1314 - 1320), a Chinese era name for Emperor Renzong of Yuan


建德

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

the Jiande era (572-578), a Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou


大同

→ English: Datong, Tatung

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

The philosophical sense is from the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

… In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

...... Shìgù móu bì ér bù xīng, dàoqiè luànzéi ér bù zuò, gù wàihù ér bù bì, shì wèi dàtóng.

……是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。

……是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

(historical) the Datong era (a Chinese era name):

The fifth era of Emperor Wu of Liang, from 535 to 546.

The third era of Emperor Wuxuan of Dafengmin (formerly Nanzhao), ending in 888.

Emperor Taizong
w:Emperor Taizong of Liao

The third era of Emperor Taizong of Liao, in 947.

The second era of Puxian Wannu as emperor of Eastern Xia, from 1224 to 1233.

The era of Puyi as chief executive of the Japanese puppet state of the State of Manchuria (Manchukuo), from 1932 until his enthronement as emperor with the establishment of the Empire of Manchuria in 1934.


興平

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

the Xingping era (194-195), a Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Xian of Han


建安

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ an⁴⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ an⁴⁴/

Emperor Xian of Han
w:Emperor Xian of Han

the Jian'an era (Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, 196–220)


弘光

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɐŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

the Hongguang era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, in 1645)


順治

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵn²² t͡siː²²/

/sun⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/suŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/sun⁴¹⁻²² ti²²/

/sun²²⁻²¹ ti²²/

/sun³³⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/sun³³⁻²¹ ti³³/

/suŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/

/zən²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/sɵn²² t͡siː²²/

/sun⁵⁵ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/suŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/sun⁴¹⁻²² ti²²/

/sun²²⁻²¹ ti²²/

/sun³³⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/sun³³⁻²¹ ti³³/

/suŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/

/zən²² zz̩⁴⁴/

the Shunzhi era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1644 to 1661)


泰昌

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

the Taichang era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1620 to 1621)


太元

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

the Taiyuan era (376 - 397), a Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin


長壽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

(historical) various era names from 692–694 and 769–779


興業

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

(historical) the Xingye era (a Chinese era name; the era of Zhu Hengjia as regent of the Southern Ming, in 1645)


民國

→ Bouyei: Minfguef

→ Zhuang: Minzgoz

/mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/miŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

/mɐn²¹ kʷɔːk̚³/

/miŋ¹¹ kuəʔ²/

/miŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ¹/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɒʔ²/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ¹/

/miŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒʔ²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² kɔk̚⁵/

/bin¹³⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔk̚³²/

/bin²³⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kok̚²/

/min¹³ ku̯ɤ̞²⁴/

105th year of the Republic era (i.e. 2016 A.D.)

民國105年

民国105年

the Republic of China era (a Chinese era name; the era beginning with the founding of the Republic of China in 1912)


紹興

→ English: Shao-hsing, Shaoxing

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/siːu̯²² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sieu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾iŋ⁵⁵/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻²² hiɪŋ³³/

/siau²²⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻¹¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/siau³³⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Shaoxing (a prefecture-level city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


太平天國

ㄊㄞˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄧㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Тайпин Тяньго

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³⁽⁻²¹⁾ ^((tʰ-))nieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuɔʔ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³ kɔk̚⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔk̚³²/

the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era (a Chinese era name; the era from the founding of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1851 until its destruction in 1864)


康國

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(historical) Kangguo (era name of Yelü Dashi from 1134 to 1143)


光緒

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕy⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ ɕy⁴⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯¹³/

/kuɔŋ⁴² ɕy¹¹/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɔŋ³³ sɯ²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ su⁵²/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕy⁵¹/

/kuɑŋ²⁴ ɕy⁴⁴/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯¹³/

/kuɔŋ⁴² ɕy¹¹/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ si⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² su²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ su³³/

/kɔŋ³³ sɯ²²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² si²²/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ su⁵²/

光緒十二年

光绪十二年

the Guangxu era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1875 to 1908)


龍鳳

/lʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ²²/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ fuŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ³³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ³³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ²²/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ fuŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ³³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ³³/

(historical) the Longfeng era (a Chinese era name; the era of Han Lin'er as emperor of Han Song, from 1355 to 1366)


中和

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hɔ²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hɔ²⁴/


咸豐

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ham¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hoŋ³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ham¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hoŋ³³/

(historical) the Xianfeng era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1851 to 1861)


道光

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯²² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ koŋ²⁴/

/to²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔ²² kɔŋ³³/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

/dɔ²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tou̯²² kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰo⁵⁵ koŋ²⁴/

/to²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵⁵/

/tɤ³³⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to²²⁻²¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/to³³⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔ²² kɔŋ³³/

/tau³⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ³³/

/dɔ²² kuɑ̃⁴⁴/

the Daoguang era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1821 to 1850)


雍正

/jʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/i̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/yŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɛiŋ²¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/iɪŋ³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ioŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sĩã²¹³/

/jʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/i̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯uŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨn⁵⁵/

/yŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɛiŋ²¹³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/iɪŋ³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ¹¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ²¹/

/ioŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sĩã²¹³/

the Yongzheng era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1723 to 1735)


同治

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/tʰuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/

/doŋ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/tʰuŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɛi²⁴²/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ti³³/

/tɔŋ²³⁻³³ ti³³/

/tɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ti²²/

/tɔŋ¹³⁻²² ti²²/

/taŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ti¹¹/

/doŋ²² zz̩⁴⁴/

the Tongzhi era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1862 to 1875)


乾隆

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːn²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/kʰiːn²¹ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰiɛn¹³⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/kʰiɛn²³⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/kʰiɛn²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑi²² loŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑɪ²² loŋ³³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːn²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/kʰiːn²¹ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰiɛn¹³⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/kʰiɛn²³⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/kʰiɛn²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/kʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ʑi²² loŋ⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑɪ²² loŋ³³/

1969, 潘藩, directed by 陸邦, 相思甜如蜜 [My Sweetheart], spoken by 陳維才 (高魯泉 [Ko Lo Chuen]):

These two Qianlong-era vases of mine are worth ten grand.

ngo⁵ ni¹ loeng⁵ go³ kin⁴ lung⁴⁻² faa¹ zeon¹ aa³ zik⁶ sing⁴ maan⁶ ngan⁴ gaa³.

我呢兩個乾隆花樽啊值成萬銀㗎。

我呢两个乾隆花樽啊值成万银㗎。

the Qianlong era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1736 to 1795)


嘉慶

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ka³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/kia³³⁻²³ kʰeŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ka²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰi̯aŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ka³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/kia³³⁻²³ kʰeŋ²¹³/

the Jiaqing era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1796 to 1820)


宣統

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syːn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ɕyɵn⁴² tʰuŋ²¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan³³ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/suaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰoŋ⁵²/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/syːn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/ɕyɵn⁴² tʰuŋ²¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan³³ tʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/

/suaŋ³³⁻²³ tʰoŋ⁵²/

the Xuantong era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1909 to 1911, and then as very briefly restored by the Manchu Restoration in 1917)


神獸

/ʂən³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɐu̯³³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu²¹³/

/ʂən³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ sɐu̯³³/

/siŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu²¹³/

era name used during the Northern Wei dynasty (528–530)


康德

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ tɐk̚⁵/

(historical) the Kangde era (a Chinese era name; the era of Puyi as emperor of the Japanese puppet state of the Empire of Manchuria (Manchukuo), from his enthronement upon its reestablishment as an empire in 1934 until its dissolution in 1945)


康定

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

(～市) Kangding (a county-level city in Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)

Emperor Renzong of Song
w:Emperor Renzong of Song

(historical) Kangding era of the Song dynasty (the period of time during which Emperor Renzong of Song reigned; 1040–1041)


太康

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(historical) Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin (280–289) or Emperor Daozong of Liao (1075–1084)


天安

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/


太和

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔː²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wɔː²¹/


興安

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/


中統

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(historical) era name of Kublai Khan, Emperor Shizu of Yuan (1260–1264)


洪武

/xʊŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hʊŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/

the Hongwu era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1368 to 1398, and as briefly restored by the Yongle Emperor in 1402)


景泰

/t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ³⁵ tʰaːi̯³³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/kɪŋ³⁵ tʰaːi̯³³/

the Jingtai era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1450 to 1457)


昌達

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

era name for the period that Zhu Can declared himself an emperor (618-619)


正德

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tiɪk̚⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tiɪk̚⁵/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ tiɪk̚³²/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ tiɪk̚³²/

(historical) the Zhengde era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1506 to 1521)


祺祥

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

the Qixiang era (the original Chinese era name proposed for the Tongzhi era by the Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, but rescinded before coming into effect)


宣德

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ tɤ³⁵/

the Xuande era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1426 to 1435)


洪熙

/xʊŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ hei̯⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ hei̯⁵⁵/

the Hongxi era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, in 1425)


萬曆

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/wän⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

the Wanli era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1573 to 1620)


崇禎

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵/

the Chongzhen era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1628 to 1644)


永安

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/iŋ³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/iŋ³³⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ an⁴⁴/

(historical) An era name: any of the periods of time from 258–264; 304; 314–320; 401–412; 528–530; or 1098–1100


嘉靖

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/kaː⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ²²/

the Jiajing era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1522 to 1566)


永曆

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɪk̚²/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɪk̚²/

the Yongli era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1647 to 1662)


共戴

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² taːi̯³³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/

/kʊŋ²² taːi̯³³/

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
w:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia

the Gongdai era (a Chinese era name; the era of Bogd Khan as khagan of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, from 1911 to 1915, and then as restored from 1921 to 1924)


通治

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː²²/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡siː²²/

the Tongzhi era (a Chinese era name; the era proclaimed by Chadu, a rebel who captured Chengdu and attempted to install himself as the emperor of a vassal state under the suzerainty of the Qing dynasty in 1917)


洪憲

/xʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ hiːn³³/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hʊŋ²¹ hiːn³³/

(～帝) the Hongxian Emperor, also known as Yuan Shikai; the only emperor of the short-lived Empire of China, which lasted from December 1915 until March 1916

the Hongxian era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign)


崇德

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾naiʔ²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sʊŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/t͡suŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾naiʔ²⁴/

Emperor Taizong
w:Emperor Taizong of Qing

the Chongde era (a Chinese era name; the era of Emperor Taizong of Qing, from the proclamation of the Qing dynasty in 1636 until 1643)


東武

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mou̯¹³/

the Dongwu era (a Chinese era name; the era of Zhu Changqing as regent of the Southern Ming, in 1648)


天聰

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ⁵⁵/

the Tiancong era (a Chinese era name; the era of Hong Taiji as khan of the Later Jin, from 1627 until the founding of the Qing dynasty in 1636)


隆武

/lʊŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ mou̯¹³/

the Longwu era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1645 to 1646)


紹武

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

the Shaowu era (the intended Chinese era name of that emperor, which never officially began due to the death of the emperor before the intended date of introduction)


定武

/tiŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² mou̯¹³/

/tiŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² mou̯¹³/

the Dingwu era (a Chinese era name; the supposed era of that emperor's reign, claimed to be from 1646 to 1663)


天啟

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʰɐi̯³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʰɐi̯³⁵/

The era proclaimed by Yuan Faseng of Northern Wei, a rebel who declared himself emperor, in 525.

The era proclaimed by Xiao Zhuang of Liang, a claimant to the Southern dynasties throne, from 558 to 560.

The second era of King Zhaocheng of Nanzhao, from 840 to 859.

The third era of Xu Shouhui as emperor of Tianwan, from approximately 1356 to 1359.

The first era of Ming Yuzhen as emperor of Ming Xia, from 1361 to 1362.

The era of the Tianqi Emperor's reign, from 1621 to 1627.


天順

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

the Tianshun era (a Chinese era name; the era of the second reign of Emperor Yingzong of Ming, from 1457 to 1464)


隆慶

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ hɪŋ³³/

the Longqing era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1567 to 1572)


監國

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kaːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/kaːm⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(historical) the Jianguo era (a Chinese era name; the era of Zhu Yihai as regent of the Southern Ming, from 1646 to 1653)


成化

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɪŋ²¹ faː³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/sɪŋ²¹ faː³³/

the Chenghua era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1465 to 1487)


德壽

/tɤ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɐu̯²²/

/tɤ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɐu̯²²/

the Deshou era (a Chinese era name; the era of Chen Li as emperor of Chen Han, from 1363 to 1364)


建文

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ wən³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ wən³⁵/

the Jianwen era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1399 to 1402)


開熙

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hei̯⁵⁵/

the Kaixi era (a Chinese era name; the era of Ming Sheng as emperor of Ming Xia, from 1367 to 1371)


弘治

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wɐŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/wɐŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

the Hongzhi era (a Chinese era name; the era of that emperor's reign, from 1488 to 1505)


大定

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɪŋ²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² tɪŋ²²/

The era of Emperor Xuan of Western Liang, from 555 to 562.

Emperor Jing
w:Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou

The second era of Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, in 581.

Emperor Shizong
w:Emperor Shizong of Jin

The first era of Emperor Shizong of Jin, from 1161 to 1189.

The possibly fictitious second era of Chen Youliang as emperor of Chen Han, in 1363.


天統

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

the Tiantong era (a Chinese era name; the second era of Ming Yuzhen as emperor of Ming Xia, from 1363 to 1366)


天定

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

the Tianding era (a Chinese era name; the fourth era of Xu Shouhui as emperor of Tianwan, from 1359 to 1360)


天佑

Sino-Xenic (天佑):
* → Japanese: 天佑(てんゆう) (ten'yū)
* → Korean: 천우(天佑) (cheonu)

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯²²/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ joʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ jɐu̯²²/

Zhang Zhou
w:Zhang Shicheng#Regional rule

the Tianyou era (a Chinese era name; the era of Zhang Shicheng as emperor of Zhang Zhou, from 1354 to 1357)


大中

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

w:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century)

the Dazhong era (a Chinese era name; an era of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century), from 847 to 860)


Kiến An

[kiən˧˦ ʔaːn˧˧]

[kiəŋ˦˧˥ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

[kiəŋ˦˥ ʔaːŋ˧˧]

vi:Kiến An
vi:Kiến An (xã)
vi:Kiến An, Hứa Xương

Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, 196–220

Chinese era name from the reign of Emperor Baoding of Dali, 1083–1091