triad

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Latin triad-, stem of trias (“three, triad”), from Ancient Greek τριάς (triás).
Sense 3 (“branch of a Chinese underground criminal society”) is due to the word being applied by the British authorities to underground society in Hong Kong based on the geometry of the Chinese character, derived from a name used by some of those societies, 三合會 /三合会 (sānhéhuì, “Three Harmonies Society”), referring to the union between heaven, earth, and humanity.

There are, says the Irish triad, 'three fewnesses that are better than plenty: a fewness of fine words; a fewness of cows on grass; a fewness of good friends around good ale'. As an Ulsterman I would agree.

2000, David Pierce, Irish Writing in the Twentieth Century: A Reader, page 625:

In his general deportment he was pompous and important, affecting a species of florid elocution, which often became ridiculous from his misarranging the triads and quaternions with which he loaded his sentences.

1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], chapter 13, in Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:

The point — and the symbolism — was that so long as the informer kept his mouth shut he was alive. Harry had seen the result of zjuk carried out by the Tapei Triad on a poor jerk they found in a back street of Tan-shui. They had used broad nail heads that didn’t make such big holes on their way in. When the paramedics came and pulled the brick off the dead man, the face came with it.

2012 [2011], Jo Nesbø, translated by Don Bartlett, Gjenferd [Phantom] (Fiction), New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 99:

A branch of a Chinese underground criminal society, mostly based in Hong Kong.

(music) A chord consisting of a root tone, the tone two degrees higher, and the tone four degrees higher in a given scale OR any chord with three notes.


boy band

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-boy band.wav

(music) A pop group whose members are all (usually attractive) young men.

男子組合 /男子组合

pop group whose members are all young men


girl group

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-girl group.wav

Coordinate term: boy group

A pop group made up of (usually attractive) young women.


pop group

Despite their artistic ambitions, they were never able to escape the label of a pop group.

A musical group specializing in pop music.


media

Learned borrowing from Latin media, the feminine nominative of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”). In the sense of a unit of dry measure, via Spanish media. Doublet of medium, medio, and mediate.

(anatomy) The middle layer of the wall of a blood vessel or lymph vessel which is composed of connective and muscular tissue.

(zoology) An ant specialized as a forager in a leaf-cutter ant colony.

(historical) Synonym of cuarto: a half-fanega, a traditional Spanish unit of dry measure equivalent to about 27.8 L


media

en-noun

media (countable and uncountable, plural media or medias)

Burmese: မီဒီယာ (midiya)

Turkish: medya

Latinate plural of medium, particularly as a clipping of communications media and often reinterpreted as singular or mass noun, from Latin media, neuter plural form of medius (“middle”, adjective), from Proto-Italic *meðjos, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰyos (“between”).

Fighter pilots are depicted as cool in popular media like Top Gun.

[…] yet they are all wildly popular pieces of media, viewed by millions of Christians and non-Christians alike. Why? Because they are first and foremost masterful movies and TV shows. Their creators made something worth seeing and sharing.

2020, Jordan Raynor, Master of One: Find and Focus on the Work You Were Created to Do, page 161:

(often treated as uncountable) The totality of content items (television shows, films, books, photographs, etc.) which are broadcast or published.


media

media (nominative plural)
mediów (genitive plural)
mediom (dative plural)
media (accusative plural)
mediami (instrumental plural)
mediach (locative plural)
media (plural vocative)

media (means and institutions for publishing and broadcasting information)


roost

From Middle English roste (“chicken's roost; perch”), from Old English hrōst (“wooden framework of a roof; roost”), from Proto-West Germanic *hrōst, from Proto-Germanic *hrōstaz (“wooden framework; grill”); see *raustijan.
Cognate with Dutch roest (“roost”), German Low German Rust (“roost”), German Rost (“grate; gridiron; grill”).

inh

the highest branch is not the safest roost

(Scotland) The open cross-joists or inner roof of a cottage or living space.


office

Tok Pisin: opis

→ Belarusian: о́фіс (ófis)

→ Bulgarian: о́фис (ófis)

→ Cebuano: opis

→ Chichewa: ofesi

→ Central Dusun: upis

→ Hindi: ऑफ़िस (ŏfis)

→ Iban: opis

→ Japanese: オフィス

→ Marshallese: wōpij

→ Malay: opis

→ Russian: о́фис (ófis)

→ Scottish Gaelic: oifis

→ Swahili: afisi

→ Tausug: upis

→ Ukrainian: о́фіс (ófis)

Microsoft Office
office (disambiguation)

From Middle English office, from Old French office, from Latin officium (“personal, official, or moral duty; official position; function; ceremony, esp. last rites”), contracted from opificium (“construction: the act of building or the thing built”), from opifex (“doer of work, craftsman”) + -ium (“-y”, forming actions), from op- (“work”) + -i- (connective) + -fex (combining form of faciō (“to do, to make”)).
The use in reference to office software is a genericization of various proprietary program suites, such as Microsoft Office.

zyrë

room(s) or building used for non-manual work

Giving the office—is when you suffer any person, who may stand behind your chair, to look over your hand.

1803, Sporting Magazine, number 21, page 327:

1925 July – 1926 May, A[rthur] Conan Doyle, “Where Silas Linden Comes into His Own”, in The Land of Mist, New York, N.Y.: A[lbert] L[evi] Burt Company, published 1926, →OCLC, [https://archive.org/details/landofmist0000doyl/page/" […] What is there for me in it?" "Not a shilling." "What? Wasn't it I that gave the information? Where would you have been if I had not given you the office?"/mode/1up page " […] What is there for me in it?" "Not a shilling." "What? Wasn't it I that gave the information? Where would you have been if I had not given you the office?"]:

(figuratively, slang) Inside information.


populus

la-noun

populus m (genitive populī); second declension

populī (genitive)
populus (nominative singular)
populī (nominative plural)
populī (genitive singular)
populōrum (genitive plural)
populō (dative singular)
populīs (dative plural)
populum (accusative singular)
populōs (accusative plural)
populō (ablative singular)
populīs (ablative plural)
popule (singular vocative)
populī (plural vocative)

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: popul, poplu, pupul

Romanian: popor

Italo-Romance:

Italian: popolo (see there for further descendants)

Sicilian: populu

North Italian:

Old Emilian: povolo

Old Ligurian: povoro

Old Piedmontese: povol

Old Venetan: puovolo

Romansch: pievel

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: poble

Franco-Provençal: poplo

Old French: pueple (see there for further descendants)

Occitan: pòble

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: pueblu, poblu

Extremaduran: puebru

Leonese: pueblu

desctree

Old Galician-Portuguese: poboo, poblo, pobro, povoo
Galician: pobo
Portuguese: povo
Kabuverdianu: povu
→ Makalero: povu
→ Mirandese: pobo

Old Spanish: pueblo
Ladino: puevlo
Spanish: pueblo
Papiamentu: pueblo
→ English: pueblo

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: pobulu, poburu, populu

Borrowings:

→ Proto-Albanian:

Albanian: popull

→ Proto-Brythonic: *pobl (see there for further descendants)

Mirandese: Pruoba

Portuguese: póvoa, Póvoa

Spanish: puebla, Puebla

[ˈpɔpʊɫ̪ʊs̠]

From Old Latin populus (since mid-2nd c. BC), from earlier poplus, from even earlier *poplos (attested already since early 5th c. BC), from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”), further origin unknown; perhaps from Etruscan or from the root of pleō. See also plēbs.

unk

unknown

(Medieval Latin) a parish, part of a city


affiliation

en-noun

affiliation (countable and uncountable, plural affiliations)

/əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/

From French affiliation, from Latin affiliatiō, noun of action from verb affiliō, from af- (form of ad- (“to”) before an f) + filiō (from filius (“son”)).

umbrella organisation
umbrella organisation

A club, society or umbrella organisation so formed, especially a trade union.


gong

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


senate

→ Swahili: seneti

From Middle English senat, from Old French senat, from Latin senātus (“council of elders; a senate”), from senex (“old”). Doublet of Senedd.

der

In Germany, the executive branch of government in the city states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg; the governments of cities that were part of the Hanseatic League; and the bench in a higher appellate court.


duet

duecik (diminutive)
duet (nominative singular)
duety (nominative plural)
duetu (genitive singular)
duetów (genitive plural)
duetowi (dative singular)
duetom (dative plural)
duet (accusative singular)
duety (accusative plural)
duetem (instrumental singular)
duetami (instrumental plural)
duecie (locative singular)
duetach (locative plural)
duecie (singular vocative)
duety (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Duett, from Italian duetto.

(music) duet (piece of music written for two musicians)


chamber

From Middle English chambre, borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, from Ancient Greek καμάρα (kamára, “vaulted chamber”). Doublet of camera.

A committee of marriageable ladies, or of any Christian persons interested in the propagation of the domestic virtues, should employ a Cruikshank or a Leech, or some other kindly expositor of the follies of the day, to make a series of designs representing the horrors of a bachelor's life in chambers, and leading the beholder to think of better things, and a more wholesome condition.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, “Which Had Very Nearly Been the Last of the Story”, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume II, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1850, →OCLC, page 120:

(dated, usually in the plural) Rooms in a lodging house.

A room or set of rooms
Rooms in a lodging house.


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

An oath of loyalty to a liege performed by their vassal; a pledge of allegiance.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.

(rare) Membership in an organised religion or belief system.


profession

From Middle English professioun, from Anglo-Norman professioun, Old French profession (“declaration of faith, religious vows, occupation”), from Latin professiō (“avowal, public declaration”), from the participle stem of profitērī (“to profess”). By surface analysis, profess + -ion.

She died only a few years after her profession.

Rosario was a young novice belonging to the monastery, who in three months intended to make his profession.

1796, Matthew Lewis, The Monk, Folio Society, published 1985, page 27:

(religion) A promise or vow made on entering a religious order.


protest

en-verb

protest (third-person singular simple present protests, present participle protesting, simple past and past participle protested)

protests (present singular third-person)
protesting (participle present)
protested (participle past)
protested (past)

PIE word
 *tréyes
From the Middle English verb protesten, from Old French protester, from Latin prōtestārī, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).

(law, transitive) to make a solemn written declaration, in due form, on behalf of the holder, against all parties liable for any loss or damage to be sustained by non-acceptance or non-payment of (a bill or note). This should be made by a notary public, whose seal it is the usual practice to affix.


protest

en-noun

protest (countable and uncountable, plural protests)

They lodged a protest with the authorities.

A formal objection, especially one by a group.

We held a protest in front of City Hall.

All this has led to an explosion of protest across China, including among a middle class that has discovered nimbyism.

2013 August 10, “Can China clean up fast enough?”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

Sage Ip, a 29-year-old flight attendant who cast her ballot on Sunday in the Sai Ying Pun district, said she voted in the primary because she was worried that she would never get a chance to do so again. “Voting is something that is still within our capacity. We can’t express ourselves at protests anymore.”

2020 July 13, Austin Ramzy, Elaine Yu, Tiffany May, “Hong Kong Voters Defy Beijing, Endorsing Protest Leaders in Primary”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-14:

A collective gesture of disapproval; a demonstration.

protestë

collective gesture of disapproval: demonstration — see also demonstration

A written declaration, usually by the master of a ship, stating the circumstances attending loss or damage of ship or cargo, etc.

meriselitys

written declaration stating the circumstances attending loss or damage of ship or cargo, etc.


protest

protest (nominative singular)
protesty (nominative plural)
protestu (genitive singular)
protestów (genitive plural)
protestowi (dative singular)
protestom (dative plural)
protest (accusative singular)
protesty (accusative plural)
protestem (instrumental singular)
protestami (instrumental plural)
proteście (locative singular)
protestach (locative plural)
proteście (singular vocative)
protesty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from German Protest, from Italian protesto, from Latin prōtestārī, from prō + testor, from testis (“witness”).


quartet

From French quartette, from Italian quartetto. Doublet of cuarteto and quartetto.

The string quartet played some chamber music.

A group of four people or things, particularly

(music) A group of four musicians who perform classical music together.

квартет

four musicians who perform a piece of music together

He composed a string quartet.

(music) A musical composition in four parts, each performed by a single voice or instrument.

The barbershop quartet performed the composition a cappella.

(music) A group of four singers, usually males, who sings together in four-part harmony.

The last of the quartet of American fighter pilots to join the RAF before the war was Cyril 'Pussy' Palmer, who was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in March 1918.

2015, Tony Holmes, American Eagles: US Fighter Pilots in the RAF 1939-1945:


confluence

From late Middle English confluence, from Late Latin cōnfluentia (“a flowing together, conflux”), from cōnfluēns (present participle of cōnfluō (“to flow or run together”)) + -ia (nominal suffix).

af

present participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="la">cōnfluō</i> (“to flow or run together”)

(biology) The proportion of cells, in a culture medium, that adhere to each other.


cult

Derived from French culte, from Latin cultus (“care, adoration; cult”), from colō (“cultivate; protect”).

imperial cult

the cult of Mary

The veneration, devotion, and religious rites given to a deity (especially in a historical polytheistic context), or (in a Christian context) to a saint; a subset of worship.


paire

English: pair

Scots: pair

Yola: paare

From Old French paire, from Latin paria.

A pair; a group of two similar, identical, or matching items or creatures:

Two people (often when in a romantic or sexual relationship).

Two animals; a pair or duo of beasts or creatures.

Used with binary nouns, especially for tools or implements.

A number or multitude of things or items.


press

en-verb

press (third-person singular simple present presses, present participle pressing, simple past and past participle pressed or prest)

presses (present singular third-person)
pressing (participle present)
pressed (participle past)
pressed (past)
prest (participle past)
prest (past)

From Middle English pressen (“to crowd, thring, press”), from Old French presser (“to press”) (Modern French presser) from Latin pressāre, from pressus, past participle of premere "to press". Displaced native Middle English thringen (“to press, crowd, throng”) (from Old English þringan (“to press, crowd”)), Middle English thrasten (“to press, force, urge”) (from Old English þrǣstan (“to press, force”)), Old English þryscan (“to press”), Old English þȳwan (“to press, impress”).

cog

(transitive, intransitive) To exert weight or force against, to act upon with force or weight; to exert pressure upon.

(transitive, mechanics, electronics) To activate a button or key by exerting a downward or forward force on it, and then releasing it.

to press a crowd back

(transitive) To drive or thrust by pressure, to force in a certain direction.


clan

→ Catalan: clan

→ Danish: klan

→ Dutch: clan

→ French: clan
→ Turkish: klan

→ Galician: clan

→ German: Clan

→ Italian: clan

→ Norwegian Bokmål: klan

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: klan

→ Polish: klan

→ Russian: клан (klan)

→ Portuguese: clan, clã

→ Spanish: clan

→ Swedish: klan

Borrowed from Irish clann (“offspring, children of the family”) and Scottish Gaelic clann, both from Old Irish cland, borrowed from Old Welsh plant, itself borrowed from Latin planta (“shoot, offspring”). Doublet of plant and planta.

отог

group of relatives with some degree of political organization

Coordinate term: lineage

(anthropology) A group of people all descended from a common ancestor, in fact or belief, especially when the exact genealogies are not known.


filia

filia (nominative singular)
filie (nominative plural)
filii (genitive singular)
filii (genitive plural)
filij (archaic genitive plural)
filii (dative singular)
filiom (dative plural)
filię (accusative singular)
filie (accusative plural)
filią (instrumental singular)
filiami (instrumental plural)
filii (locative singular)
filiach (locative plural)
filio (singular vocative)
filie (plural vocative)

branch (location of an organisation with several locations)


pack

From Middle English pak, pakke, from Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô (“bundle, pack”). Cognate with Dutch pak (“pack”), Low German Pack (“pack”), German Pack (“pack”), Swedish packe (“pack”), Icelandic pakka, pakki (“package”).


quartette

Another musical memory of the stationmaster was his Joint Railway Male Voice Quartette, comprising three local stationmasters and a booking clerk, whose items were very acceptable at social events. One thing that amused me was that the quartette included a Mr. Dove and a Mr. Crowe; and it was Mr. Dove, and not the latter, who took the bass parts.

1952 March, R. S. McNaught, “Joint Line Memories”, in Railway Magazine, page 195:


quintette

Alternative spelling of quintet A composition for five voices or instruments; also, the set of five persons who sing or play five-part music.


litter

en-noun

litter (countable and uncountable, plural litters)

From Middle English litere, lytere, &c., from Anglo-Norman litere, litiere, &c., from Old French litiere (“bedding; bed of loose straw; litter”), from Late Latin lectuāria (“bedding; blankets”), from Latin lectus (“bed; couch”) + -āria (“forming related nouns”), from Proto-Italic *lektos (“[thing] lain upon”), from *leɣō (“to lie down”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-. Cognate with French lit and litière.

der

Reading and Leeds Festivals
Saint George Hare
litter
litter (disambiguation)

枯枝落叶层

layer of dead leaves and other organic matter

andor

litter used for Portuguese Catholic processions

takhtrawan

enclosed Middle Eastern & Indian animal-borne litters or open Persian & Indian human-borne mobile thrones

chowpaul

open Indian litter with arched support pole

nalki

princely Indian litter borne by many men; a groom's litter

mikoshi

ceremonial Japanese litter for Shinto idols

When they went out, they sat in litters, which were curtained.

1922, Maneckji Nusservanji Dhalla, Zoroastrian Civilization, page 219:

"The Chengtu revolutionaries were fantastically colourful in the Szechwanese manner—they costumed themselves as heroes of the stage and their energies were chiefly occupied in tying ropes across the main streets so that when Imperial officials rode by in their litters they would have to get down and crawl under, losing face.

1942 March, “Notes and News: Monument to a Stillborn Railway”, in Railway Magazine, page 88:

(countable) A mobile bed or couch transported upon or suspended from poles placed over human shoulders or animal backs.

(countable, loosely) The general category of all such similar vehicles, inclusive of sedan chairs, hammock litters, and the like.

مِحَفَّة

platform designed to carry a person or a load — see also sedan chair, palanquin

Silkworms... must be well cleansed from the litter.

1835, Andrew Ure, The Philosophy of Manufactures, page 232:

The heir of an estate... troubled himself little about decorating his abode, and, if he attempted decoration, seldom produced anything but deformity. The litter of a farmyard gathered under the windows of his bedchamber, and the cabbages and gooseberry bushes grew close to his hall door.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England..., volume I, page 320:

(uncountable) Animal bedding together with its dung.

Change the cat litter fer chrissakes. This place reeks.

(uncountable) Fuller's earth, clay pellets, wood chips, or other similar loose absorbent materials used for the waste of pet animals.


avifauna

en-noun

avifauna (usually uncountable, plural avifaunas or avifaunae)

From New Latin, from Latin avis (“bird”) + New Latin fauna (“animals”), from Latin Faunus (“god of herdsmen”).

The birds, or all the kinds of birds, inhabiting a region.


camp

en-verb

camp (third-person singular simple present camps, present participle camping, simple past and past participle camped)

camps (present singular third-person)
camping (participle present)
camped (participle past)
camped (past)

From Middle English kampe (“battlefield, open space”), from Old English camp (“battle, contest, battlefield, open space”), from Proto-West Germanic *kamp (“open field where military exercises are held, level plain”), from Latin campus (“open field, level plain”), from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂emp- (“to bend; crooked”). Reinforced circa 1520 by Middle French can, camp (“place where an army lodges temporarily”), from Old Northern French camp, from the same Latin (whence also French champ from Old French). Cognate with Old High German champf (“battle, struggle”) (German Kampf), Old Norse kapp (“battle”), Old High German hamf (“paralysed, maimed, mutilated”). Doublet of campus and champ.
The verb is from Middle English campen, from Old English campian, compian (“to fight, war against”), from Proto-West Germanic *kampōn (“to fight, do battle”), from *kamp (“field, battlefield, battle”), see above. Cognate with Dutch kampen, German kämpfen (“to struggle”), Danish kæmpe, Swedish kämpa.

inh

(transitive, video games) Short for corpse camp.


pais

From Old French, equivalent to French pays (“country”).

(obsolete, law, in set phrases as mentioned below) The country (ie: the jury); also, the people living in the district from where the jury is taken.


herd

From Middle English herde, heerde, heorde, from Old English hierd, heord (“herd, flock; keeping, care, custody”), from Proto-West Germanic *herdu, from Proto-Germanic *herdō (“herd”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ- (“file, row, herd”). Cognate with German Herde, Danish hjord, Swedish hjord. Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian herdhe (“nest”) and Serbo-Croatian krdo.

der

a herd of cattle

a herd of sheep

a herd of goats

The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea.

1768, Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard:

A number of domestic animals assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper.

tufë

a number of domestic animals assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper

նախիր

cattle assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper

ĉevalaro

horses assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper

բոլուկ

pigs assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper

հոտ

sheep assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper


Big Brother

Big Brother
George Orwell
Nineteen Eighty-Four

After the nominal leader of Oceania in George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, at the height of public concern over the emergence of a Big Brother society, privacy activism shared features in common with some of the hard-line environmental campaigns of the 1990s.

1999, Rebecca A. Grant, Colin John Bennett, Visions of privacy: policy choices for the digital age, page 244

When the agencies of the federal government spied on the political activities of US citizens, they moved into the grey area between concern with national security and a Big Brother system that violated constitutional protections.

2003, Rodney Carlisle, Rodney P. Carlisle, Complete idiot's guide to spies and espionage, page 195

Any omnipresent figurehead representing oppressive control

老大哥

a figurehead representing oppressive control


chorus

en-noun

chorus (plural choruses or (dated) chorusses or (rare) chori)

choruses (plural)
chorusses (dated plural)
chori (plural rare)

The noun is borrowed from Medieval Latin chorus (“church choir”), Latin chorus (“group of dancers and singers; dance”), from Ancient Greek χορός (khorós, “group of dancers and singers, choir, chorus; dance accompanied by song; round dance”); further etymology uncertain, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to encircle, enclose”) or *ǵʰoros. Doublet of choir, chore, and hora.
The plural form chori is from Latin chorī, from Ancient Greek χοροί (khoroí).
The verb is derived from the noun.

der

A group of organ pipes or organ stops intended to be played simultaneously; a compound stop; also, the sound made by such pipes or stops.


chorus

en-verb

chorus (third-person singular simple present choruses, present participle chorusing or chorussing, simple past and past participle chorused or chorussed)

choruses (present singular third-person)
chorusing (participle present)
chorussing (participle present)
chorused (participle past)
chorused (past)
chorussed (participle past)
chorussed (past)

Then she shouted: "Viva our Lady of Grace," and the crowd chorused.

1947 October 20, “Miracle Man”, in Time:

To echo in unison another person's words.


conspiracy

en-noun

conspiracy (countable and uncountable, plural conspiracies)

From Middle English conspiracie, from Anglo-Norman conspiracie, from Latin cōnspīrātiō. Doublet of conspiration.

(law) An agreement between two or more persons to break the law at some time in the future.

Indeed, as I sat, forlorn, never having found my particular conspiracy of lemurs (how about that for a name for a group of lemurs? The name lemur itself comes from the Latin for “spirits of the dead”) …

2018 February 8, Jeffrey T. Laitman, “The Search for the Intersection of Form and Function: Looking for Clues into What Has Determined How, Why, and When Animals Came to Move the Way They Do”, in The Anatomical Record, volume 301, number 3, →DOI:

The Oregon Zoo welcomed two red-ruffed lemurs this week, bringing the total number in the conspiracy — the name for a group of lemurs — to seven.

2018 November 9, “Red alert: New lemurs join zoo conspiracy”, in Oregon Zoo, retrieved 2019-11-05:

That is, further exploration of phonological systems of various languages may turn up evidence motivating conspiracies that have been regarded thus far as impossible.[…]This study of labial palatalization conspiracy is a contribution to the 'too many solutions'/'too few data' problem.

2014, Jerzy Rubach, “Soft labial conspiracy in Kurpian”, in Journal of Linguistics, volume 50, number 1:

(linguistics) A situation in which different phonological or grammatical rules lead to similar or related outcomes.

sameswering

act of working in secret to obtain some goal


milieu

PIE word
 *me
Borrowed from French milieu (“physical or social environment; group of people with a common point of view”), from Middle French milieu, meilleu, mileu, from Old French milliu, meillieu, mileu (“middle”), from mi- (prefix meaning ‘half’) (from Latin medius (“half; middle”)) + lieu, leu (“place”) (from Latin locus (“place; spot (specific location)”)).

der

It's not easy to find someone whom one has mislaid for years in London, particularly if she belongs to the sort of milieu that Anna belonged to, but clearly the first thing to do is look in the telephone book.

1954, Iris Murdoch, chapter 2, in Under the Net […], London: The Reprint Society, published 1955, →OCLC, page 35:

A group of people with a common point of view; a social class or group.

luokka

group of people with a common point of view — see also social class


population

Borrowed from Late Latin populatio (“a people, multitude”), as if a noun of action from Classical Latin populus. Doublet of poblacion.

bor+

invånarantal (often expressed as "har X invånare" instead)

A seasonal migration annually changes the populations in two or more biotopes drastically, many twice in opposite senses.

Within and among populations of grindelias, some morphologic traits appear to vary more from plant to plant than in most genera of composites.

2006, Flora of North America, North of Mexico:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, […]. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better. These rarities may be new mutations, or they can be existing ones that are neutral—or are even selected against—in a wild population. A good example is mutations that disrupt seed dispersal, leaving the seeds on the heads long after they are ripe.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

The tunnel was retired from operational service on September 3 1966. Since then, like many other tunnels, it has been left unused and unloved, apart from by the resident bat population.

2023 November 29, Peter Plisner, “The winds of change in Catesby Tunnel”, in RAIL, number 997, page 56:

(biology) A collection of organisms of a particular species, sharing a particular characteristic of interest, most often that of living in a given area.

[…]it is possible it [the Anglo-Saxon race] might stand second to the Scandinavian countries [in average height] if a fair sample of their population were obtained.

1883, Francis Galton et al., “Final Report of the Anthropometric Committee”, in Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, page 269:

(statistics) A group of units (persons, objects, or other items) enumerated in a census or from which a sample is drawn.

總體 /总体

statistics: greater group of units from which a sample can be drawn

I would like to say something about the place I am doing time at. When I was placed in population, I met another woman and we immediately became good friends.

1985 April 6, Jackie Beattie, “More Power To Us All”, in Gay Community News, page 4:


neighborhood

en-noun

neighborhood (countable and uncountable, plural neighborhoods)

From an alteration of earlier neighborred (“neighborhood”), from Middle English neȝeburredde, neheborreden, equivalent to neighbor + -red; the term being interpreted as neighbor + -hood. For change in suffix (-red to -hood), compare brotherhood.
Cognates
Dutch nabijheid (common in modern language), Dutch naburigheid (uncommon in modern language).

veïnat

topology: set containing an open set which contains some specified point

vizinhança

topology: set containing an open ball which contains a specified point

(obsolete) The disposition becoming a neighbor; neighborly kindness or good will.

A set containing an open ball which contains a specified point.

Alternatively: An open ball which contains some specified point.


tabor

pl-noun

tabor m inan (diminutive taborek, related adjective taborowy)

taborek (diminutive)
taborowy (adjective)
tabor (nominative singular)
tabory (nominative plural)
taboru (genitive singular)
taborów (genitive plural)
taborowi (dative singular)
taborom (dative plural)
tabor (accusative singular)
tabory (accusative plural)
taborem (instrumental singular)
taborami (instrumental plural)
taborze (locative singular)
taborach (locative plural)
taborze (singular vocative)
tabory (plural vocative)

(countable, historical) nomadic group of Gypsies


society

en-noun

society (countable and uncountable, plural societies)

Borrowed from Middle French societé, from Old French societé, from Latin societās, societātem (“fellowship, association, alliance, union, community”), from socius (“associated, allied; partner, companion, ally”), from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-yo- (“companion”), from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). First attested in the 1530s.

der

It was then that they decided to found a society of didgeridoo-playing unicyclists.

At half-past nine on this Saturday evening, the parlour of the Salutation Inn, High Holborn, contained most of its customary visitors.[…]In former days every tavern of repute kept such a room for its own select circle, a club, or society, of habitués, who met every evening, for a pipe and a cheerful glass.

1892, Walter Besant, chapter III, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

(countable) A group of people who meet from time to time to engage in a common interest; an association or organization.

جَمْعِيَّة

group of persons who meet from time to time to engage in a common interest


boil

From Middle English boillen, from Old French boillir (see French bouillir) from Latin bullīre (“to bubble, boil”), from bulla (“bubble”). Displaced native Old English weallan (intransitive) and wiellan (transitive). More at wall, well.

a down-home boil at the town hall

Men and boys also learn to cook at the public and semipublic food events at which men are the primary cooks. These include crawfish and seafood boils, family boucheries, and community festivals. For example, at one crab boil I attended, a grandfather and his eight-year-old grandson cooked the second batch of crabs […]. The advent of crawfish farming has expanded the availability of live crawfish beyond the old seasonal limits just described, but few Cajuns in St. Martin Parish have crawfish boils, or eat crawfish in any form, out of season.

1992, C. Paige Gutierrez, Cajun Foodways, Univ. Press of Mississippi, →ISBN, page 89:

The whole live crawfish typically are consumed at home and at crawfish boils and other social events where the crawfish is boiled[…]

1996, United States International Trade Commission, Crawfish Tail Meat from China, page 5:

I met him and his wife, Diane, at a shrimp boil I'd been invited to by another ex-trawler named Lindel.

2012 November 20, Jill Ann Harrison, Buoyancy on the Bayou: Shrimpers Face the Rising Tide of Globalization, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, page 89:

I also felt the desire to be in a more intimate, familiar setting where we could choose whether or not to talk about our memories of 2005; I ended up spending the evening at a shrimp boil hosted by good friends.

2018 June 4, Kate Parker Horigan, Consuming Katrina: Public Disaster and Personal Narrative, Univ. Press of Mississippi, →ISBN, page 109:

When Mondale had run for president two summers before, for some reason he opened his campaign in Beaufort, at a shrimp boil in our new waterfront park.

2020 February 17, Harriet Keyserling, Against the Tide: One Woman's Political Struggle, Univ of South Carolina Press, →ISBN, page 155:

en:social gathering featuring boiled food

(US) A social event at which people gather to boil and eat food, especially seafood. (Compare a bake or clambake.)

(rare, nonstandard) The collective noun for a group of hawks.


delegation

en-noun

delegation (countable and uncountable, plural delegations)

/dɛlɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Latin dēlēgātiō, dēlēgātiōnis, from dēlēgō: compare French délégation.

The mere delegation of a performance imposes no duty on the delegate to perform. If the delegate performs the duty, the duty is discharged. If the delegate does not perform the duty, the duty is not discharged, but any claim of the obligee for breach is against the delegating party and not against the delegate.

2016, Marco J. Jimenez, Contract Law: A Case and Problem Based Approach (Aspen Casebook Series), New York: Wolters Kluwer, →ISBN, page 1192:

(law) The act whereby or constellation in which the performance of an obligation (owed to an obligee, presuming its validity; irrespective of the obligation as the target of the delegation, rarely called delegatary) is assigned by its debtor (delegator, obligor) to and towards another party (delegatee, delegate)

valtuutus

(law) the substitution of the person who performs


military

en-adj

military (not generally comparable, comparative more military, superlative most military)

more military (comparative)
most military (superlative)

From Middle English militari, from Old French militaire, from Latin mīlitāris, from mīles (“soldier”). Doublet of militaire.

If you join a military force, you may end up killing people.

(Canada, US) Relating to armed forces such as the army, marines, navy and air force (often as distinguished from civilians or police forces).

զինվորական

(North America) relating to armed forces such as the army, marines, navy and air force


military

en-noun

military (plural military or militaries)

He spent six years in the military.

The dispatches […] also exposed the blatant discrepancy between the west's professed values and actual foreign policies. Having lectured the Arab world about democracy for years, its collusion in suppressing freedom was undeniable as protesters were met by weaponry and tear gas made in the west, employed by a military trained by westerners.

2013 June 7, Gary Younge, “Hypocrisy lies at heart of Manning prosecution”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 18:


nation

From Middle English nacioun, nacion, from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiōnem, accusative of nātiō (“nation”). Displaced native Old English þēod.

ពលរដ្ឋ

pŭəllĕəʼrŏət

The Choctaw Nation is the third-largest federally recognized tribe in the United States and the second-largest Indian reservation in area.

In North America, an Indigenous people and their federally recognized territory.


organization

organization (countable and uncountable, plural organizations)

/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌɔɹɡənɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌɔɹɡnɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌɔɹɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌɔɹˈɡænɪzeɪʃən/

Borrowed from Middle French organisation, from Medieval Latin organizātiō; by surface analysis, organize + -ation.

bor+

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 712. Party

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 709. Cooperation

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class VI § 968. Lawyer

The organization of the book is as follows.

(uncountable) The way in which something is organized, such as a book or an article.

In response to the crisis, the nations in the region formed an organization. If you want to be part of this organization, you have to follow its rules.

(countable) A group of people or other legal entities with an explicit purpose and written rules.

organisasie

Over time, the spontaneous movement had become an organization.

(countable) A group of people consciously cooperating.

He's been in the Dodgers' organization since 2003.

(baseball) A major league club and all its farm teams.


studio

→ Japanese: スタジオ

→ Norwegian: studio

From Italian studio (“room for study”), from Latin studium.
Doublet of study and etude.

It’s a lovely little studio with almost a river view.


人丁

/ʐən³⁵ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ³³/

/ʐən³⁵ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jɐn²¹ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/zin²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ³³/


人海

/ʐən³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ hoɪ³¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/ʐən³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ hoɪ³¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/


人家

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ t͡ɕia⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/zin²³⁻³³ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ke⁴⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ke³³/

/n̠ʲin²³ kɑ¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/ʐən³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ä³/

/jɐn²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

jau⁵ gei² wu⁶ jan⁴ gaa¹ zyu⁶ hai² nei¹ dou⁶.

有幾戶人家住喺呢度。

有几户人家住喺呢度。


人口

/ʐən³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛu³³/

/zin²³⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kʰio⁵⁵⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/zən²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/ʐən³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ kʰi̯eu̯³¹/

/iŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛu³³/

/zin²³⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² kʰio⁵⁵⁴/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/zən²² kʰɤ⁴⁴/

城市人口

控制人口增長

控制人口增长

人口分佈

人口分布

人口密集

低端人口

常住人口

population (people living within a political or geographical boundary)


人民

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (人民):
* → Japanese: 人民(じんみん) (jinmin)
* → Korean: 인민(人民) (inmin)
* → Vietnamese: nhân dân (人民)

desc

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ

→ Manchu: ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ (niyalma irgen) (calque)

→ Zhuang: yinzminz

/ʐən³⁵ min³⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/

/jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹/

/ᵑɡin²² ᵐbin²²/

/t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/iŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐən¹³ min¹³/

/ʐən³⁵ min³⁵/

/ʐəŋ²⁴ miŋ²⁴/

/jɐn²¹ mɐn²¹/

/ᵑɡin²² ᵐbin²²/

/t͡səŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/iŋ⁵³⁻³³ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡siŋ¹³⁻²¹ miŋ¹³/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ miŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐən¹³ min¹³/

Attestable in pre-Qin texts as a term meaning "common people". Modern sense first attested in An English and Chinese dictionary published in 1884 by W. Lobscheid.

humanity; humans (as a collective); humankind; the human race


人種

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ t͡suŋ³¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/ʐən³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐn²¹ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/

/ŋin¹¹ t͡suŋ³¹/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɔŋ⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɔŋ⁵³/

/d͡zin¹³⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/zin²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/

/lin²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/lin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/laŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/laŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siɪŋ⁵³/

/laŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siɪŋ⁴¹/


humanity

en-noun

humanity (countable and uncountable, plural humanities)

Inherited from Middle English humanyte, humanite, humanitye. By surface analysis, human or humane + -ity. Partly displaced mankind, from Old English mancynn (literally “human race”).

surf

Then he commenced to talk, really talk. and inside of two flaps of a herring's fin he had me mesmerized, like Eben Holt's boy at the town hall show. He talked about the ills of humanity, and the glories of health and Nature and service and land knows what all.

1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:

At last the concourse is relatively clear of humanity and the task of clearing up can begin.

1962 April, J. N. Faulkner, “Summer Saturday at Waterloo”, in Modern Railways, page 265:

It is tempting to speculate about the incentives or compulsions that might explain why anyone would take to the skies in [the] basket [of a balloon]: […]; perhaps to moralise on the oneness or fragility of the planet, or to see humanity for the small and circumscribed thing that it is; […].

2013 June 7, David Simpson, “Fantasy of navigation”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 26, page 36:

“The internet”, Eric Schmidt, former chairman of Google, famously observed, “is the first thing that humanity' has built that humanity doesn’t understand, the largest experiment in anarchy that we have ever had.”

2024 May 4, John Naughton, “The internet is in decline – it needs rewilding”, in The Guardian:

(uncountable) Humankind; human beings as a group.

بَشَرِيَّة

human beings as a group — see also mankind

(uncountable) The human condition or nature.

Think of that; by that sweet girl that old man had a child: hold ye then there can be any utter, hopeless harm in Ahab? No, no, my lad; stricken, blasted, if he be, Ahab has his humanities!

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “The Ship”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC, page 90:

Killing Animals Humanely. Humanity requires that animals be killed in the quickest and least painful manner. The following circular has been sent by our American Humane Education Society very widely through the country.

[1890], The American Humane Education Society, “Kiling Animals Humanely”, in A[nna] Sewell, Black Beauty: […], American edition, Boston, Mass.: […] [T]he American Humane Education Society, →OCLC:

(uncountable) The quality of being benevolent; humane traits of character; humane qualities or aspects.

Philosophy is a humanity while psychology is a science.

(countable) Any academic subject belonging to the humanities.


人類

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (人類):
* → Japanese: 人類(じんるい) (jinrui)
* → Korean: 인류(人類) (illyu)
* → Vietnamese: nhân loại (人類)

/ʐən³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ lɵy̯²²/

/ŋin¹¹ luɪ⁵³/

/iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡui²⁴²/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/

/ʐən³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐn²¹ lɵy̯²²/

/ŋin¹¹ luɪ⁵³/

/iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡui²⁴²/

/d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/

/naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/

人類前途

人类前途

人類遺址

人类遗址

人類活動導致的氣候變化

人类活动导致的气候变化

to concern the survival of the human race

關係到人類的生死存亡

关系到人类的生死存亡

Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.

圖書館是人類知識的海洋。

图书馆是人类知识的海洋。

The book is the ladder of human progress.

書籍是人類進步的階梯。

书籍是人类进步的阶梯。

Archaeology is a science that studies human cultures and history.

haau² gu² hok⁶ hai⁶ jat¹ mun⁴ jin⁴ gau³ jan⁴ leoi⁶ man⁴ faa³ tung⁴ lik⁶ si² ge³ hok⁶ fo¹.

考古學係一門研究人類文化同歷史嘅學科。

考古学系一门研究人类文化同历史嘅学科。

(collective) humanity; humans; humankind; the human race; hominid


lag

laget (definite singular)
lag (indefinite plural)
laga (definite plural)
lagene (definite plural)

From Old Norse lag (“layer; companionship”), from Proto-Germanic *lagą (“situation; law”), from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lie”).

jeg [tok det] som et tegn på at vårt venninneforhold ennå sto ved lag

I [took it] as a sign that our friendship was still standing

hver ferdemann hadde til plikt å legge en sten til varden når han fór forbi for at den kunde holdes ved lag og helst bli større

1929, Sverre Steen, Ferd og fest, page 205:

each traveler had a duty to lay a stone at the cairn when he passed by so that it could be kept at bay and preferably become larger

krona var av samme verdi som før krigen og verden skulle sånn sett være i lage igjen

the krona was of the same value as before the war and the world was thus to be regular again

huset kom saa rent af lage, at det gav sig i alle laft

1879, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Norske Folke- og Huldre-Eventyr, page 108:

the house came so clean of the ordinary, that it gave way in every nook and cranny

hun hadde stelt alt av lage for dem

1917, Knut Hamsun, Markens Grøde I, page 91:

she had taken care of everything regular for them

verden er af lave

1909, Henrik Ibsen, Efterladte Skrifter I, page 405:

bring ham ej af lave

1873, Henrik Ibsen, Kærlighedens komedie, page 91:

saa lagde jeg i paa nyt lag

1879, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, Norske Folke- og Huldre-Eventyr, page 35:

stå ved lag

still have its validity; remain unchanged

holde ved lag

være/komme i lag/lage

være/komme av lage

be/get out of their usual or proper custom

på nytt lag

the correct or usual way in which something is arranged; correct and regular order, condition, etc.

[produksjonsselskapet] ville gjerne sette sammen et lag for å utvikle tittelnovellen til et filmmanuskript, men hadde klare ambisjoner om å gjøre dette på en uortodoks måte

2001, Marianne Bjørneboe (Editor), Filmfortellere, page 51:

[the production company] wanted to put together a team to develop the title story into a film script, but had clear ambitions to do so in an unorthodox way

McCauley leder et lag av kjeltringer som behersker flere håndverk. Kortsvindel, sprengstoff, betongsaging, åpning av safer, spaning

2009, Kjetil Stensvik Østli, Politi og røver:

McCauley leads a team of thugs who master several crafts. Card fraud, explosives, concrete sawing, opening of safes, reconnaissance

a flock, company, circle of people (united in togetherness, socializing, friendship or common profession)

a group of people working together; a team

an association (a group of persons associated for a common purpose; an organization)


majority

en-noun

majority (countable and uncountable, plural majorities)

/məˈd͡ʒɒɹɪti/

/məˈd͡ʒɑɹɪti/

/məˈd͡ʒɔɹɪti/

From Middle French maiorité, from Medieval Latin māiōritātem, accusative of Latin māiōritās, from Latin māiōr (“greater”).
Morphologically major + -ity

The ruling party had a narrow three-seat majority in the legislature.

The winner with 53% had a 6% majority over the loser with 47%.

In a parliament or legislature, the difference in seats between the ruling party and the opposition; (UK) in an election, the difference in votes between the winning candidate and the second-place candidate.

çoxluq, əksəriyyət

difference between the winning vote and the rest of the votes

By the time I reached my majority, I had already been around the world twice.

(dated) Legal adulthood, age of majority.

On receiving the news of his promotion, Charles Snodgrass said he was delighted to be entering his majority.

He was a captain before he went to the front, and following the Argonne battles he got his majority and the command of the divisional machine-guns.

1925, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, chapter 8, in The Great Gatsby, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, published 1953, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 150:

(UK) The office held by a member of the armed forces in the rank of major.


minority

minority (countable and uncountable, plural minorities)

From Middle French minorité, and its source Late Latin minōritās, from Latin minor.
Morphologically minor + -ity

And lest any man should think her intent was to unnestle ill neighbours, and not to aid good neighbours, or that she was readier to restore what was invaded by others than to render what was in her own hands; see if the time provided not a new occasion afterwards, when through their own division, without the intermise of strangers, her forces were again sought and required; she forsook them not, prevailed so far as to be possessed of the castle of Edinburgh, the principal strength of that kingdom, with peace, incontinently, without cunctations or cavillations, the preambles of a wavering faith, she rendered with all honour and security; and his person to safe and faithful hands; and so ever after during his minority continued his principal guardian and protector.

a. 1603, Francis Bacon, Discourse in the Praise of Queen Elizabeth:

She also played a key role as dowager-regent during the minority of her son.

2011, Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin, published 2012, page 117:

The state of being a minor; youth, the period of a person's life prior to reaching adulthood.

minderjarigheid

period or condition of a person prior to reaching adulthood


clientele

clientele (usually uncountable, plural clienteles)

Borrowed from French clientèle, ultimately from Latin cliēns (English client).

Helen's clientele encompasses a broad range of different ages, races and social statuses.

The bars’ clientèle called Foucault “Herr Doktor”.

1997: Chris Horrocks, Introducing Foucault, page 34 (Totem Books, Icon Books; →ISBN)

Due to its mixed clientele over the years, the Record Rack has a varied product array.

1998 March 14, Patricia Bates, “Parks' Record Rack: Serving Southeast Texas Flavor For 39 Years”, in Billboard, volume 110, number 11, page 112:

The body or class of people who frequent an establishment or purchase a service, especially when considered as forming a more-or-less homogeneous group of clients in terms of values or habits.

кліенту́ра

body of clients who frequent an establishment


firm

From Italian firma (“signature”), from firmare (“to sign”), from Latin firmāre (“to make firm, to confirm (by signature)”), from firmus (“firm, stable”). The contemporary sense developed in the 18th century simultaneously with German Firma (“business, name of business”). There are conflicting statements in the literature as to which of the two languages influenced which. Doublet of dharma and dhamma. Other cognates include Russian держать (deržatʹ, “to hold”).

der

football hooliganism
football hooliganism

(slang) A criminal gang, especially based around football hooliganism.


team

→ Armenian: թիմ (tʻim)

→ Bengali: টীম (ṭim)

→ Cantonese: team

→ Catalan: tim

→ Czech: tým

→ Dutch: team

→ Indonesian: tim

→ Esperanto: team

→ Finnish: tiimi

→ German: Team

→ Hausa: tim

→ Hindi: टीम (ṭīm)

→ Italian: team

→ Japanese: チーム (chīmu)

→ Korean: 팀 (tim)

→ Macedonian: тим (tim)

→ Maori: tīma

→ Marathi: टीम (ṭīm)

→ Northern Kurdish: tîm

→ Norwegian Bokmål: team

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: team

→ Pashto: ټيم (ṭim)

→ Persian: تیم (tim)

→ Polish: team

→ Portuguese: time (Brazilian)

→ Romanian: team

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: тим

Latin script: tim

→ Slovak: tím

→ Swahili: timu

→ Swedish: team

→ Tagalog: tim

→ Thai: ทีม (tiim)

→ Tok Pisin: tim

→ Urdu: ٹِیم (ṭīm)

→ Welsh: tîm

→ West Frisian: team

From Middle English tem, teem, teme, from Old English tēam (“child-bearing, offspring, brood, set of draught animals”), from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz (“that which draws or pulls”), from Proto-Germanic *taugijaną, *tugōną, *teuhōną, *teuhaną (“to lead, bring, pull, draw”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”). Cognate with Scots team, teem (“a chain, harness”), Saterland Frisian Toom (“bridle; breeding”), West Frisian team (“bridle, team”), Dutch toom (“bridle, reins, flock of birds”), German Low German Toom (“bridle”), German Zaum (“bridle”), Norwegian tømme (“bridle, rein”), Swedish töm (“leash, rein”). More at teem, tie, tow.

cog

It happened almost every day that coaches stuck fast, until a team of cattle could be procured from some neighbouring farm to tug them out of the slough.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter III, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

The adjacent alleys were choked with tethered wagons, the teams reversed and nuzzling gnawed corn-ears over the tail-boards.

1931, William Faulkner, Sanctuary, Vintage, published 1993, page 111:

A set of draught animals, such as two horses in front of a carriage.


team

team (nominative singular)
teamy (nominative plural)
teamu (genitive singular)
teamów (genitive plural)
teamowi (dative singular)
teamom (dative plural)
team (accusative singular)
teamy (accusative plural)
teamem (instrumental singular)
teamami (instrumental plural)
teamie (locative singular)
teamach (locative plural)
teamie (singular vocative)
teamy (plural vocative)

team (well-coordinated group of people working together)


panel

From Middle English panel (“piece of cloth, saddle pad, pane of glass, piece of ice, part, division, jury list, jury members”), from Anglo-Norman panel, panelle (“piece of cloth, saddle cushion”), from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, diminutive of Latin pannus (“cloth, rag, garment”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂n- (“fabric”). Cognate with Old English fana (“a piece of cloth, patch, banner, flag, vane”). Doublet of vane.

cog

The last panel of a comic strip usually contains a punchline.

(comics) An individual frame or drawing in a comic.

the panel of a door

(joinery) A board having its edges inserted in the groove of a surrounding frame.

(British, historical) A list of doctors who could provide limited free healthcare prior to the introduction of the NHS.


clique

Borrowed from French clique, ultimately of imitative origin. Influenced by "claque", though this may have happened in French rather than in English.

claque

another type of ingroup of people with biased interests

Does anyone know what an internet clique is/does? I came across a few and am thoroughly confused.

1999, Jackie, “someone help me out?”, in alt.fan.leo-dicaprio (Usenet):

even though we're not "regulars" anymore...*sniffle*...we still can't forget the NG...i always tell new fans about it...(people who join my clique, etc...)...and besides...i owe the NG a LOT...itz where i met my best friend...

2000, - deanna -, “ot: hiya”, in alt.fan.backstreet.boys (Usenet):

you always have to click some big section and you get a whole new set of options in a different frame, thats^([sic]) usually on the other side of the screen. when you're there, you can choose from (in a section site stuff or something like that) link me, link you, links, top 10 links, free for all links, cliques, and webrings.

2001, spee2k, “future no doubt website....”, in alt.music.no-doubt (Usenet):

(Internet) A group of related web sites that link to each other, like a webring but with exclusive membership determined by the clique owner.


bunt

buncik (diminutive)
bunt (nominative singular)
bunty (nominative plural)
buntu (genitive singular)
buntów (genitive plural)
buntowi (dative singular)
buntom (dative plural)
bunt (accusative singular)
bunty (accusative plural)
buntem (instrumental singular)
buntami (instrumental plural)
buncie (locative singular)
buntach (locative plural)
buncie (singular vocative)
bunty (plural vocative)

→ Russian: бунт (bunt)

Borrowed from Middle High German bund (originally any union, the "mutiny" sense since the 17th century). Compare German Bund.

rebellion (attitude of rejecting authority)


cite

English: city (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ceety, ceetie

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


bund

From German Bund (“alliance, league”). Doublet of Bund, bond, and band.

A group of foreign sympathizers of Nazi Germany, most notoriously before and during World War II.


flange

From dialectal English flange (“to project”), flanch (“a projection”), from Middle French flanche, from Old French flanche (“flank, side”), from Frankish *hlanka, from Proto-Germanic *hlankō (“bend, curve; side, flank”). See flank. As a term for a group of baboons, it was popularized in the comedy TV series Not the Nine O'Clock News.

der

[The] enduring problem with the Gathering is that [players] can't affect anything that happens ... whatever they do, the LT just flange it back to the original plot line.

1998, Mr MI Pennington, “Can the Players be Trusted?”, in rec.games.frp.live-action (Usenet):

2007, "balor", Changing the metaphysics on Rule 7 https://web.archive.org/web/20071014193135/http://forums.rule7.co.uk/Topic28357-44-2.aspx
'Oh look, the amulet of flange has been activated, this means all Paladins now only have one heal per day instead of two.'

(roleplaying games) An ability in a role-playing game which is not commonly available, overpowered or arbitrarily imposed by the referees.


gam

From Italian gamba (“leg”). Doublet of gamb, gamba, jamb, and jambe. Compare gammon and ham.

Make the salesclerk blush by flashing some gam and asking him to mix a bucket in your flesh tone.

2010, Home Swell Home: Designing Your Dream Pad, →ISBN, page 19:

The women's-liberation movement of the late sixties and the seventies – the so-called second wave of feminism – introduced Americans to the notion that their mothers and sisters and daughters ought not to be "objectified": that there was something wrong with reducing female people to boobs, gams, and beaver.

2012 September 10, Ariel Levy, “The Space In Between”, in The New Yorker:

Online Etymology Dictionary
w:Online Etymology Dictionary

(slang) A person's leg, especially an attractive woman's leg.


gam

Uncertain but surely formed within English; etymons may include game or gammon.

Upon getting into a "gam" of whales, this boat, together with that of one of the mates, pulled for a single whale that was seen at a distance from the others, and succeeded in getting square up to their victim unperceived.

1862, Henry Theodore Cheever, The Whalemen's Adventures in the Southern Ocean, Darton & Hodge, page 116:

Breakfast was interrupted as a gam of porpoises surrounded the Argyle, swaying in the foam and singing in gurgles and beeps.

1985, Dennis Kyte, To the Heart of a Bear: The Last Elegant Bear, →ISBN:

Christmas day in 1998, we lived on the Pacific Ocean in Pacific Grove, California and watched a gam of whales breaching in the deep ultramarine water.

2010, Jack White, Mastery of Self Promotion, →ISBN, page 119:

Collective noun used to refer to a group of whales, or rarely also of porpoises; a pod.

But what is a Gam? You might wear out your index-finger running up and down the columns of dictionaries, and never find the word, Dr. Johnson never attained to that erudition; Noah Webster’s ark does not hold it. Nevertheless, this same expressive word has now for many years been in constant use among some fifteen thousand true born Yankees. Certainly, it needs a definition, and should be incorporated into the Lexicon. With that view, let me learnedly define it. Gam. NOUN—A social meeting of two (or more) Whaleships, generally on a cruising-ground; when, after exchanging hails, they exchange visits by boats’ crews, the two captains remaining, for the time, on board of one ship, and the two chief mates on the other.

1851 November 14, Herman Melville, “chapter 53”, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:

There is still that yearning for news from Nantucket that there was when the whale-ships stopped for a gam out in the far-distant Pacific Ocean […]

1916, Harry B. Turner, “Nantucket's Early Telegraph Service”, in Proceedings of the Nantucket Historical Association, page 50:

If time was available, whaling prospects poor, and the weather gentle, a gam might last all day and include tea and dinner.

1997, Gillies Ross, Margaret Penny, This Distant and Unsurveyed Country, →ISBN, page 14:

Twice each year, the Russian Navy sent out such ships to provision Russian whalers in the Sea of Okhotsk. In sailing toward the supposed Russian ship, the Abigail’s captain, Ebenezer Nye, was hoping for a gam with the ship's officers […]

2007, Tom Chaffin, Sea of Gray: The Around-the-World Odyssey of the Confederate Raider Shenandoah, →ISBN, page 230:

(by extension) A social gathering of whalers (whaling ships).


junta

Borrowed from Spanish junta, feminine form of junto, from Latin iunctus, perfect passive participle of iungō (“join”). Attested from 1623.

A council, convention, tribunal or assembly; especially, the grand council of state in Spain.


junta

junta (nominative singular)
junty (nominative plural)
junty (genitive singular)
junt (genitive plural)
juncie (dative singular)
juntom (dative plural)
juntę (accusative singular)
junty (accusative plural)
juntą (instrumental singular)
juntami (instrumental plural)
juncie (locative singular)
juntach (locative plural)
junto (singular vocative)
junty (plural vocative)

(military) junta (ruling council of a military dictatorship)


raj

rajok (plural)
raj (nominative singular)
rajok (nominative plural)
rajt (accusative singular)
rajokat (accusative plural)
rajnak (dative singular)
rajoknak (dative plural)
rajjal (instrumental singular)
rajokkal (instrumental plural)
rajért (causal-final singular)
rajokért (causal-final plural)
rajjá (singular translative)
rajokká (plural translative)
rajig (singular terminative)
rajokig (plural terminative)
rajként (essive-formal singular)
rajokként (essive-formal plural)
rajban (inessive singular)
rajokban (inessive plural)
rajon (singular superessive)
rajokon (plural superessive)
rajnál (adessive singular)
rajoknál (adessive plural)
rajba (illative singular)
rajokba (illative plural)
rajra (singular sublative)
rajokra (plural sublative)
rajhoz (allative singular)
rajokhoz (allative plural)
rajból (elative singular)
rajokból (elative plural)
rajról (delative singular)
rajokról (delative plural)
rajtól (ablative singular)
rajoktól (ablative plural)
rajé (singular)
rajoké (plural)
rajéi (singular)
rajokéi (plural)
rajom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
rajaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
rajod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
rajaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
raja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
rajai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
rajunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
rajaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
rajotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
rajaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
rajuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
rajaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from a Slavic language. Compare Serbo-Croatian roj. Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *rojь.

tűzcsoport < raj < szakasz < század < zászlóalj < ezred < dandár < hadosztály < hadtest < hadsereg < hadseregcsoport < front

(of bees and other insects) swarm, (of birds) flock


synod

From Ancient Greek σύνοδος (súnodos, “assembly, meeting”) – from σύν (sún, “with”) (English syn-) + ὁδός (hodós, “way, path”).
Compare also with the term סַנְהֶדְרִין (“sunédrion”) common throughout Hebrew Talmudic literature.

bor

(Christianity) An administrative division of churches, either the entire denomination, as in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, or a mid-level division (middle judicatory, district) as in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America


troop

Attested in English since 1545, from French troupe (back-formation of troupeau, diminutive of Medieval Latin troppus "flock") and Middle French trouppe (from Old French trope (“band, company, troop”)), both of Germanic origin from Frankish *þorp (“assembly, gathering”), from Proto-Germanic *þurpą (“village, land, estate”), from Proto-Indo-European *treb- (“dwelling, settlement”).
Doublet of troupe, and possibly also of thorp, dorp, and trip. Cognate with German Dorf (“village”).

der

A detachment of soldiers or police, especially horse artillery, armour, or state troopers.

Lord Baden-Powell of Gilwell (1920) Aids To Scoutmastership, page 6: “It is the Patrol System that makes the Troop, and all Scouting for that matter, a real co-operative effort.”

(scouting) A chapter of a national girl or boy scouts organization, consisting of one or more patrols of 6 to 8 youngsters each.

A group of meerkat families living together.

(mycology) A group of mushrooms that are close but not close enough to be called a cluster.


troop

en-verb

troop (third-person singular simple present troops, present participle trooping, simple past and past participle trooped)

troops (present singular third-person)
trooping (participle present)
trooped (participle past)
trooped (past)

Then everybody once more knelt, and soon the blessing was pronounced. The choir and the clergy trooped out slowly, […], down the nave to the western door. […] At a seemingly immense distance the surpliced group stopped to say the last prayer.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

To move in numbers; to come or gather in crowds or troops.


contingent

en-adj

contingent (comparative more contingent, superlative most contingent)

more contingent (comparative)
most contingent (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-contingent.wav

From Middle English, from Old French contingent, from Medieval Latin contingens (“possible, contingent”), present participle of contingere (“to touch, meet, attain to, happen”), from com- (“together”) + tangere (“to touch”).

der

Not logically necessarily true or false.


denomination

en-noun

denomination (countable and uncountable, plural denominations)

/dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

From Middle English denominacion, from Old French denominacion, from Latin dēnōminātiō.

(uncountable) The act of naming or designating.

"Will you allow me to present Sir George Evelyn to you?—the most accomplished coquet that ever 'Dealt destruction round the land On all he judged a foe;' under which denomination he ranks all women."

1837, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VII, in Ethel Churchill: Or, The Two Brides. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 46:

(countable) That by which anything is denominated or styled; an epithet; a name, designation, or title; especially, a general name indicating a class of like individuals.

She follows the Ahmadiyya denomination of Islam.

Denomination does more than create space in which to discern, however. It also provides a means for living out differing forms of a faithful Christian life.

2011, Paul M. Collins, Barry A. Ensign-George, Denomination: Assessing an Ecclesiological Category, Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN, page 6:

(countable, religion) A class, or society of individuals, called by the same name; a subdivision of a religion.

denominasie

class or society with the same name, a sect

What denomination is that money? They are all 50 euro notes.

In 1823, a further issue of treasury notes was ordered to the amount of $100,000, in denominations of five to seventy-five cents, receivable for dues to the State.

1896, William Graham Sumner, chapter 11, in History of Banking in the United States:

(countable) A unit in a series of units of weight, money, etc.


elite

en-adj

elite (comparative eliter or more elite, superlative elitest or most elite)

eliter (comparative)
more elite (comparative)
elitest (superlative)
most elite (superlative)

From Middle English elit, from Old French elit, eslit (“chosen, elected”) past participle of elire, eslire (“to choose, elect”), from Latin eligere (“to choose, elect”), with past participle electus; see elect.

Not since Coventry in 1992 has a Premier League side kicked off a campaign with an all-English XI but things have reached the point where, of the 61 signings who have cost the elite division's 20 clubs a transfer fee this summer, only 12 have involved Englishmen.

2013 August 20, Louise Taylor, The Guardian:

Representing the choicest or most select of a group.


elite

constituting an elite

the hubris of the elites

Is there a nobler or more disinterested aim than to educate the cadres, the elites of tomorrow?

1964 August 7, “France's Culture Corps”, in Time:

So is there a way out of the grim place we’re in? What I believe is that while resentment can put bad people in power, in the long run it can’t keep them there. At some point the public will realize that most politicians railing against elites actually are elites in every sense that matters and start to hold them accountable for their failure to deliver on their promises. And at that point the public may be willing to listen to people who don’t try to argue from authority, don’t make false promises, but do try to tell the truth as best they can. We may never recover the kind of faith in our leaders — belief that people in power generally tell the truth and know what they’re doing — that we used to have. Nor should we. But if we stand up to the kakistocracy — rule by the worst — that’s emerging as we speak, we may eventually find our way back to a better world.

2024 December 9, Paul Krugman, “My Last Column: Finding Hope in an Age of Resentment”, in New York Times:

A special group or social class of people who have a superior social or economic status and attendant power, advantages, or privileges in society; a member of such a group.

The Nations League results have also seen England respond to an ongoing criticism that they fail to beat the top sides, with even Southgate insisting they could not be considered among the world's elite until they beat the best. The World Cup did nothing to answer those questions.

2018 November 18, Phil McNulty, “England 2 - 1 Croatia”, in BBC Sport:

Someone who is among the best at a certain task.

精英

person who is among the best at certain task

Coordinate term: pica

(typography) A typeface with 12 characters per inch.


fleet

From Middle English flete, flet (“fleet”), from Old English flēot (“ship”), likely related to Proto-West Germanic *flotōn, from Proto-Germanic *flutōną (“to float”).

List of collective nouns on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Appendix:Glossary of collective nouns by collective term

Despite the line proving to be a useful strategic route for men and supplies to the British naval fleets stationed at Scapa Flow in both world wars, the Duke's legacy looked to have passed into history when it was listed for closure in the infamous Beeching report.

2021 October 20, Paul Stephen, “Leisure and pleasure on the Far North Line”, in RAIL, number 942, page 48:

(nautical) A number of vessels in company, especially war vessels; also, the collective naval force of a country, etc.

The individual waves in corrugated fiberboard.


fleet

en-verb

fleet (third-person singular simple present fleets, present participle fleeting, simple past and past participle fleeted)

fleets (present singular third-person)
fleeting (participle present)
fleeted (participle past)
fleeted (past)

From Middle English fleten (“float”), from Old English flēotan (“float”), from Proto-West Germanic *fleutan, from Proto-Germanic *fleutaną.

To cause to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass, as a rope or chain.


fleet

en-adj

fleet (comparative fleeter or more fleet, superlative fleetest or most fleet)

fleeter (comparative)
more fleet (comparative)
fleetest (superlative)
most fleet (superlative)

In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong.

1671, John Milton, “The First Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 3:

[…]it was not till the afternoon that they came out on the high-road, their first high-road; and there disaster, fleet and unforeseen, sprang out on them — disaster momentous indeed to their expedition[…]

1908 October, Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC:

Aye, the Chicopee, a fine-un, she were. Clean built and trig-lookin’! None more fleet in ‘64 than she...

2019, Robert Eggers, Max Eggers, The Lighthouse (motion picture), spoken by Thomas Wake (Willem Dafoe):

(literary) Swift in motion; light and quick in going from place to place.


gang

→ Cebuano: gang

→ Danish: gæng

→ Dutch: gang

→ Hindi: गैंग (gaiṅg)

→ Japanese: ギャング (gyangu)

→ Malay: geng

→ Norman: dgaîngue

→ Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: gjeng

Norwegian Nynorsk: gjeng

→ Portuguese: gangue

→ Spanish: gang

→ Swedish: gäng

→ Finnish: jengi

→ Tagalog: gang

→ Thai: แก๊ง (gɛ́ng)

From Middle English gang, from Old English gang (“a journey; way; passage”), from Proto-West Germanic *gang, from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ- (“to step; stride”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Gong, Dutch gang, German Gang, Norwegian gang, Swedish gång, Icelandic gangur, Vedic Sanskrit जंहस् (jáṃhas).


gang

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


gang

gang (nominative singular)
gangi (nominative plural)
gangu (genitive singular)
gangów (genitive plural)
gangowi (dative singular)
gangom (dative plural)
gang (accusative singular)
gangi (accusative plural)
gangiem (instrumental singular)
gangami (instrumental plural)
gangu (locative singular)
gangach (locative plural)
gangu (singular vocative)
gangi (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English gang, from Middle English gang, from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, from Proto-Germanic *gangaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰongʰ-o-s, from *ǵʰengʰ-. Doublet of ganek.

gang (criminal group with a common background)


gentry

en-noun

gentry (countable and uncountable, plural gentries)

From Old French genterise. By surface analysis, gentle (“well-born; of a good family or respectable birth”) + -ry (suffix indicating "a class, group, or collection of").


horde

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Recorded in English since 1555. From Middle French horde, from German Horde, from Polish horda, from Russian орда́ (ordá, “horde", 'clan, troop'”), probably from Kipchak Turkic (compare Tatar урда (urda, “horde”)), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“place of staying of the army, ruler etc.”). Cognates include Turkish ordu (“camp, army”), Mongolian орд (ord, “court, castle, royal compound, camp, horde”) and Kalmyk орда (orda). Doublet of orda and Urdu.

cog

A wandering troop or gang; especially, a clan or tribe of a nomadic people (originally Tatars) migrating from place to place for the sake of pasturage, plunder, etc.; a predatory multitude.


court

→ Bulgarian: корт (kort)

→ French: court

desctree

→ Russian: корт (kort)
→ Armenian: կորտ (kort)

caught (non-rhotic, horse–hoarse merger)

From Middle English court, from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrtem (accusative of cōrs), ultimately from cohors. Doublet of cohort.

مَلْعَب

place for playing the game of tennis and some other ball games

An enclosed space; a courtyard; an uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building, or by different buildings; also, a space opening from a street and nearly surrounded by houses; a blind alley.

(Australia, US) A street with no outlet, a cul-de-sac.

No solace could her paramour entreat / Her once to show, ne court, nor dalliance.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

I went to make court to the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle at their house in Clerkenwell.

1667 April 28 (Gregorian calendar), John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 18 April 1667]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, →OCLC:

Attention directed to a person in power; behaviour designed to gain favor; politeness of manner; civility towards someone


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:


think tank

From the use of think tank or think box in the 19th century to refer to the human brain.

Why don't we take a leaf out of the government's book and have a think tank?

1974, The Think Tank (Are You Being Served?), season 2, episode 3, spoken by "Captain" Stephen Peacock (Frank Thornton):

As 1965 drew to a close a secret research project for the United States Department of Defense was concluded by a ‘think-tank’ of seven psychologists at the American Institute for Research, in the Maryland woods outside Washington, DC.

1978, Peter Watson, War on the Mind, New York: Basic Books, →ISBN, page 21:

(idiomatic) A group of people who collectively perform research and develop reports and recommendations on topics relating to strategic planning or public policy, and which is usually funded by corporate, government, or special interests.

خَلِيَّة تَفْكِير

group producing research and recommendations


think tank

think tank (nominative singular)
think tanki (nominative plural)
think tanku (genitive singular)
think tanków (genitive plural)
think tankowi (dative singular)
think tankom (dative plural)
think tank (accusative singular)
think tanki (accusative plural)
think tankiem (instrumental singular)
think tankami (instrumental plural)
think tanku (locative singular)
think tankach (locative plural)
think tanku (singular vocative)
think tanki (plural vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English think tank.


neat

en-adj

neat (comparative neater, superlative neatest)

neater (comparative)
neatest (superlative)

on the rocks

antonym(s) of “undiluted liquor or cocktail”

From Middle English nete, net, nette, from Anglo-Norman neit (“good, desirable, clean”), a variant of Old French net, nette (“clean, clear, pure”), from Latin nitidus (“gleaming”), derived from nitēre (“to shine”). Doublet of net and nitid. Cognate with German nett (“nice, kind”).

der

My room is neat because I tidied it this morning.  She has very neat hair.

Then his sallow face brightened, for the hall had been carefully furnished, and was very clean. ¶ There was a neat hat-and-umbrella stand, and the stranger's weary feet fell soft on a good, serviceable dark-red drugget, which matched in colour the flock-paper on the walls.

1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter II, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0091:

A very neat old woman, still in her good outdoor coat and best beehive hat, was sitting at a polished mahogany table on whose surface there were several scored scratches so deep that a triangular piece of the veneer had come cleanly away,[…].

1963, Margery Allingham, “Foreword”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Clean, tidy; free from dirt or impurities.

I like my whisky neat.

1595, George Peele, The Old Wives’ Tale, The Malone Society Reprints, 1908, lines 464-465,
A cup of neate wine of Orleance,
That never came neer the brewers of England.

From this same Head, this Fountain-head divine, / For different Palates springs a different Wine! / In which no Tricks, to strengthen, or to thin ’em— / Neat as imported—no French Brandy in em’—

1756, David Garrick, Catharine and Petruchio, London: J. & R. Tonson and S. Draper, Prologue:

1932, Winston Churchill, Painting as a Pastime, New York: Cornerstone Library, 1965,
At one side of the palette there is white, at the other black; and neither is ever used ‘neat.’

Free from contaminants; unadulterated, undiluted. Particularly of liquor and cocktails; see usage below.

неразреден

undiluted, particularly of alcoholic drinks


neat

artificial intelligence
artificial intelligence

(informal) An artificial intelligence researcher who believes that solutions should be elegant, clear and provably correct. Compare scruffy.


neat

From Middle English nete, neat, from Old English nēat (“animal, beast, ox, cow, cattle”), from Proto-West Germanic *naut, from Proto-Germanic *nautą (“foredeal, profit, property, livestock”), from Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to acquire, make use of”). Cognate with Dutch noot (“cow, cattle”, in compounds), dialectal German Noß (“livestock”), Alemannic German Nooss (“young sheep or goat”), Swedish nöt (“cattle”), Icelandic naut (“cattle, bull”) and Faroese neyt (“cattle”). More at note.

cog

From thence into the open fields he fled, / Whereas the Heardes were keeping of their neat / And shepheards singing to their flockes, that fed,

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, page 467:

And yet the steer, the heifer, and the calf / Are all call’d neat.

c. 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Winters Tale”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

There on a Hillock thou mayſt ſing / Unto a handſome Shepardling; / Or to a Girle (that keeps the Neat) / VVith breath more ſvveet then Violet.

1648, Robert Herrick, “To his Muse”, in Hesperides: Or, The Works both Humane & Divine […], London: […] John Williams, and Francis Eglesfield, and are to be sold by Tho[mas] Hunt, […], →OCLC, page 2:


riot

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

Riotousness, disturbance; lack of peaceableness.


smack

From Middle English *smakken, from Middle Dutch smacken (modern Dutch smakken (“to smack, pop, hurl down, crash”)), from Old Dutch *smakkon, from Proto-West Germanic *smak(k)ōn. Cognate West Frisian smakke, Middle Low German smacken (“to hit, hurl, fling”), Plautdietsch schmaksen (“to smack the lips”), German schmatzen (“eat noisily”), regional German schmacken, Schmackes (“vigour”) (compare Swedish smak (“slap”), the first part of Saterland Frisian smakmuulje (“to smack, slap”)).


youth

en-noun

youth (countable and uncountable, plural youths)

From Middle English youthe, youghte, ȝouþe, from Old English ġeoguþ (“the state of being young; youth”), from Proto-West Germanic *juwunþa, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþō, *jugunþiz (“youth”), corresponding to young + -th. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Juugd, West Frisian jeugd, Dutch jeugd, German Low German Jöögd, German Jugend.

inh

Serene, smiling, enigmatic, she faced him with no fear whatever showing in her dark eyes. The clear light of the bright autumn morning had no terrors for youth and health like hers.

1910, Emerson Hough, “The Purchase Price”, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Feel awfully about Scott... It was a terrible thing for him to love youth so much that he jumped straight from youth to senility without going through manhood. The minute he felt youth going he was frightened again and thought there was nothing between youth and age.

1936 Feb. 15, Ernest Hemingway, letter to Maxwell Perkins

Her youth and beauty attracted him to her.

(uncountable) The quality or state of being young.


colonia

From Latin colōnia (“colony”), from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”).


populace

en-noun

populace (countable and uncountable, plural populaces)

From Middle French populace, from Italian popolaccio.

The populace despised their ignorant leader.

Throughout the 1500s, the populace roiled over a constellation of grievances of which the forest emerged as a key focal point. The popular late Middle Ages fictional character Robin Hood, dressed in green to symbolize the forest, dodged fines for forest offenses and stole from the rich to give to the poor. But his appeal was painfully real and embodied the struggle over wood.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 2, in Internal Combustion:

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021 December 29, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, in RAIL, number 947, page 57:

The inhabitants of a country or one of its administrative divisions (such as a state, province, or county).


fan base

Building a fan base is crucial to career development of a pop musician.

The fans of a thing or person taken as a group.


Jewry

Jewry (countable and uncountable, plural Jewries)

From Middle English Jewery, from Old French juerie. By surface analysis, Jew + -ry.

𐕛𐔰𐕖𐔰𐕙𐕒𐕡𐕎

Jews in general, the Jewish population of a locale

The Nazis who murdered Katzenelson also burned the entire Jewry of Radoshkowitz—Mane’s birthplace and burialplace in the vicinity of Vilna.

1973, Eisig Silberschlag, “Notes”, in From Renaissance to Renaissance: Hebrew Literature from 1492-1970, New York: Ktav Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 389:

(historical) The quarter of a town or city inhabited either partially or exclusively by Jews; historically, its main buildings were the synagogue, the ritual bath or mikve, the kosher-oriented butchery and bakery, etc.


working class

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-working class.wav

And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

It may seem that the Met was a snobbish outfit, a betrayer of the egalitarian dreams of Charles Pearson, but in being one of the pioneers of working men's fares the company had helped to bring about a revolution that would allow the working classes to live in London. Cheap trains would supersede Gladstone's well-meant Parliamentary Trains.

2012, Andrew Martin, Underground Overground: A passenger's history of the Tube, Profile Books, →ISBN, page 47:

The social class of those who perform physical work for a living, as opposed to the professional or middle class, the upper class, or others.


working class

en-adj

working class (comparative more working class, superlative most working class)

more working class (comparative)
most working class (superlative)
working-class before noun (usually)


jury

→ Dutch: jury (or via French)

→ Finnish: jyry

→ French: jury (see there for further descendants)

→ Hungarian: zsűri

→ Macedonian: жири (žiri)

→ Norman: jury

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jury

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jury

→ Portuguese: júri

→ Swedish: jury

From Middle English jure, from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta, from Latin iūrō (“I swear or take an oath”).

And so the jury and he approached, as if this were a time of peace instead of one of the greatest world disturbances ever known in history, the question whether the prosecution had proved to the jury’s satisfaction that George Joseph Smith was guilty of murder. The jury were the shield which stood between him and death, unless, to the jury’s satisfaction, he was proved to be guilty. Yet while they were the shield of the man accused, they were also the Sword of the State; and if the man were proved guilty, they were the servants of the State to punish him. Their respective functions were these: he the judge, had to settle the law, and the jury must take the law from him. The jury were judges of fact.

1952, James Avery Joyce, Justice At Work, Pan 1957 edition, page 92:

(law) A group of individuals chosen from the general population to hear and decide a case in a court of law.


assembly

en-noun

assembly (countable and uncountable, plural assemblies)

From Middle English assemblee, from Anglo-Norman asemblee (Old French asemblee, French assemblée). By surface analysis, assemble + -y.

assembly language
assembly language#English

(computing) Ellipsis of assembly language.

assembly-kieli

short for assembly language — see also assembly language


firma

firma (nominative singular)
firmy (nominative plural)
firmy (genitive singular)
firm (genitive plural)
firmie (dative singular)
firmom (dative plural)
firmę (accusative singular)
firmy (accusative plural)
firmą (instrumental singular)
firmami (instrumental plural)
firmie (locative singular)
firmach (locative plural)
firmo (singular vocative)
firmy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian firma, from Latin firmāre.

company (in legal context, a corporation)


jet set

(idiomatic) A social class of wealthy people who travel for pleasure.


synagogue

/ˈsɪ.nəˌɡɒɡ/

/ˈsɪ.nəˌɡɑɡ/

From Middle English synagoge, from Old French synagoge, from Latin synagōga, from Ancient Greek σῠνᾰγωγή (sŭnăgōgḗ, “assembly, gathering”), from συνάγω (sunágō, “I gather together”), from σῠ́ν (sŭ́n, “with, together”) + ᾰ̓́γω (ắgō, “I lead”). By surface analysis, syn- + -agogue.

der

On Tuesday, Netanyahu and his wife toured Shanghai’s Ohel Moshe synagogue in the Hongkou district that was home to many of the 18,000 Jews granted refuge in Shanghai from the horrors of Nazi persecution.

2013 May 7, “Netanyahu: Jewish people capable of own defense”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-25:

A place of worship for Jews or Samaritans.

A congregation of Jews or Samaritans for the purpose of worship or religious study.


coterie

The new junior employee joined our merry after-hours coterie.

A tightly knit coterie of executive powerbrokers made all the real decisions in the company.

Baskets of game had reached her house, but not a single line, in his own hand, had met her eye. Better it should be so: Georgiana was not yet in a state to "lure the gentle tassel back," but no thanks to the chattering coterie whom she had courted for the sole purpose of rendering the marquis reassured on the subject of proper acquaintance.

1842, [anonymous collaborator of Letitia Elizabeth Landon], chapter XXV, in Lady Anne Granard; or, Keeping up Appearances. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, page 27:

The verses were copied out, handed about, sneered at, admired, passed from coterie to coterie.

1848 November – 1850 December, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 19, in The History of Pendennis. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1849–1850, →OCLC:

In the case of a crack-smoking, prostitute-frequenting Mr. Sheen, many people in Hollywood say there is a long list of enablers: managers and agents and publicists; a coterie of assistants and party buddies; prostitutes, drug dealers and sex film stars; and the tabloid media, which have fed on Mr. Sheen’s antics for years.

2011 March 7, Brooks Barnes, Bill Carter, Michael Cieply, “Sheen Is Surrounded by a Coterie of Enablers”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

So the thought of closing the Academy is not based in malice; the action might prove enlightening and refreshing. The old club coterie has very little excuse, and its loss would leave few casualties.

2016 March 3, David Thomson, “Biggest lesson of the 2016 Oscars? The Academy should be scrapped”, in The Guardian:

A circle of people who associate with one another for a common purpose.

The coterie was located in the middle of our wheat field.

The population of each coterie constantly changes over a period of a few months or years, by death, birth, and emigration. But the coterie boundary remains about the same, being learned by each prairie dog born into it.

2000, Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, page 473:

The odd part of prairie dog life is that this friendly state exists only among the members of each coterie, and does not extend between coteries.

2001, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson, The Emperor's Embrace: The Evolution of Fatherhood:

Young prairie dogs in a coterie are brothers and sisters. They have the same father and sometimes the same mother. To find a mate from a different family, young prairie dogs must travel to a new area.

2009, Miriam Aronin, The Prairie Dog's Town: A Perfect Hideaway, page 22:


multitude

From Middle English multitude, multitud, multytude (“(great) amount or number of people or things; multitudinous”), borrowed from Old French multitude (“crowd of people; diversity, wide range”), or directly from its etymon Latin multitūdō (“great amount or number of people or things”), from multus (“many; much”) + -tūdō (suffix forming abstract nouns indicating a state or condition). The English word is analysable as multi- + -itude.

Do I contradict myself? / Very well then I contradict myself, / (I am large, I contain multitudes.)

1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC, stanza 51, page 78:

A torrential rain poured down from the floodgates of the angry heavens upon the bared heads of the assembled multitude which numbered at the lowest computation five hundred thousand persons.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[Episode 12: The Cyclops]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

On the other hand, to arrive after dusk, when the multitude of garish little public-houses are lit up, giving glimpses of crowded jostling bars and taprooms, is an introduction to a fine city well calculated to affect even the most nonchalant.

1951 October, R. S. McNaught, “Lines of Approach”, in Railway Magazine, page 703:

We found Pop Glossop in his pantry polishing silver, and put in our order. He seemed a little surprised at the inrush of such a multitude, but on learning that our tongues were hanging out obliged with a bottle of the best […]

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, chapter XIV, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

A great amount or number, often of people; abundance, myriad, profusion.

Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil

1599, “Exodus 23:2”, in Geneva Bible, Tolle Lege Press, →ISBN, page 83:

Along with its natural protectors and guardians, learning will be caſt into the mire and trodden down under the hoofs of a ſwiniſh multitude.

1790 November, Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event. […], London: […] J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 117:

The mass of ordinary people; the masses, the populace.

ամբոխ

mass of ordinary people; the populace or the masses


dynasty

From Middle French dynastie, from Late Latin dynastia, from Ancient Greek δυναστεία (dunasteía, “power, dominion”).

During the Ming dynasty, China was ruled by the Zhu family.

(East Asian history) The polity or historical era under the rule of a certain dynasty.

朝代

era or polity under a certain dynasty, especially in East Asian history


swarm

English: swarm

Scots: swairm

From Old English swearm, from Proto-Germanic *swarmaz.


kindred

en-noun

kindred (countable and uncountable, plural kindreds)

From Middle English kyndrede, from older kynrede (“kindred”), from Old English cynrēd, cynrǣden (“kindred, family, stock”), from cynn (“kind, kin, lineage”) + -rǣden (“condition, state”). Equivalent to kin + -red, see these. The -d- is epenthetic between a nasal and a liquid (as e.g. in spindle).

He that is in Distress tho' a stranger has a right to claim kindred with the wealthy—

1777, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, The School for Scandal, V.i:


Jerry

An unincorporated community in Asotin County, Washington, United States; named for early rancher Jerry McGuire.