group

→ Gulf Arabic: قروب (grūp)

→ Japanese: グループ (gurūpu)

→ Korean: 그룹 (geurup)

→ Tongan: kulupu

From French groupe (“cluster, group”), from Italian gruppo, groppo (“a knot, heap, group, bag (of money)”), from Vulgar Latin *cruppo, Renaissance Latin grupus, from Frankish *krupp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“lump, round mass, body, crop”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to crumple, bend, crawl”). In the sense of group theory coined (in French, as groupe) by Évariste Galois.
Cognate with German Kropf (“crop, craw, bunch”); Old English cropp, croppa (“cluster, bunch, sprout, flower, berry, ear of corn, crop”) (whence English crop); Dutch krop (“craw”), Icelandic kroppr (“hump, bunch”). Doublet of crop and croup.

der

Then everybody once more knelt, and soon the blessing was pronounced. The choir and the clergy trooped out slowly, […], down the nave to the western door. […] At a seemingly immense distance the surpliced group stopped to say the last prayer.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Imagine a country where children do nothing but play until they start compulsory schooling at age seven. Then, without exception, they attend comprehensives until the age of 16. Charging school fees is illegal, and so is sorting pupils into ability groups by streaming or setting.

2013 July 19, Peter Wilby, “Finland spreads word on schools”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 6, page 30:

there is a group of houses behind the hill; he left town to join a Communist group

A group of people gathered in front of the Parliament to demonstrate against the Prime Minister's proposals.

A number of things or persons being in some relation to one another.

groep

number of things or persons being in some relation to each other

Throughout this section, we shall assume the existence of finitely presented groups with unsolvable word problem.

1977, Roger C. Lyndon, Paul E. Schupp, Combinatorial Group Theory, Springer, page 192:

In this chapter we give some examples of Fuchsian groups. The most interesting and important ones are the so-called "arithmetic" Fuchsian groups, i.e., discrete subgroups of PSL(2,R) obtained by some "arithmetic" operations. One such construction we have already seen: if we choose all matrices of SL(2,R) with integer coefficients, then the corresponding elements of PSL(2,R) form the modular group PSL(2,Z).

1992, Svetlana Katok, Fuchsian Groups, University of Chicago Press, page 112:

2007, Zhong-Qi Ma, Group Theory for Physicists, World Scientific, page 277,
In Chap. 4 the fundamental concepts on Lie groups have been introduced through the SO(3) group and its covering group SU(2).

(group theory) A set with an associative binary operation, under which there exists an identity element, and such that each element has an inverse.


group

en-verb

group (third-person singular simple present groups, present participle grouping, simple past and past participle grouped)

groups (present singular third-person)
grouping (participle present)
grouped (participle past)
grouped (past)

For many people forming pods last year, finding compatible people to group with was not a cost but a goal.

2021 October 1, Calder Katyal, “Schools Need to Undo the Damage of Pods”, in The Atlantic:

(intransitive) To come together to form a group.


parliament

en-noun

parliament (countable and uncountable, plural parliaments)

From Middle English parlement, from Anglo-Norman parliament, parlement, parliment and Old French parlement (“discussion, meeting, negotiation; assembly, council”), from parler (“to speak”) + -ment (“-ment”, suffix forming nouns from verbs, usually indicating an action or state resulting from them) (from Latin -mentum). Compare Medieval Latin parlamentum, parliamentum (“discussion, meeting; council or court summoned by the monarch”), Italian parlamento and Sicilian parramentu.

cog

Palace of Westminster
Parliament of the United Kingdom

Following the general election, Jane Doe took her oath of office as a member of the nation's fifth parliament.

The acts made in the first Parliament of our most high and dread soveraigne Charles, by the grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, defender of the faith, &c. […]

1633, John Hay, editor, The Acts Made in the First Parliament of our Most High and Dread Soveraigne Charles, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britaine, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c.: Holden by Himselfe, Present in Person, with His Three Estates, at Edinburgh, upon the Twentie Eight Day of Iune, Anno Domini 1633, Edinburgh: Printed by Robert Young, printer to the Kings most excellent Maiestie, →OCLC, title page:

[T]he army under Lambert again thrust the Rump Parliament out of doors, and commenced a new military government, by means of a committee of officers, called the Council of Safety.

1834, Walter Scott, Tales of a Grandfather (Waverley Tales; 49), Parker's edition, volume I, Boston, Mass.: Samuel H[ale] Parker, →OCLC, page 223:

A particular assembly of the members of such a legislature, as convened for a specific purpose or period of time (commonly designated with an ordinal number – for example, first parliament or 12th parliament – or a descriptive adjective – for example, Long Parliament, Short Parliament and Rump Parliament).


covey

The noun is derived from Middle English covei, covey (“brood of partridges, covey; volley of shot; kind of gun”) [and other forms], from Old French covée (“brood (of chickens), clutch”) (modern French couvée), a noun use of the feminine past participle of cover (“to brood (an egg)”) (modern French couver), from Latin cubāre, the present active infinitive of cubō (“to lie down, recline; to incubate; to be broody”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewb- (“to lie down”).
The verb is derived from the noun.
(Cognates):
French couvée (“brood (of chickens), clutch”), couver (“to brood (an egg)”)
Italian covata (“brood, clutch, covey, hatch”), covare (“to brood or incubate (an egg)”)

nb...

coue, coueye, couy, cove, covee, coveie, covy

col

Cognates

cove

of a bird or other animal: to brood, cover, incubate, or sit over (eggs)

But, loa, with a ſuddeyn fluſhing thee galligut Harpeys / From mountayns flitter, with gaggling whirlerye flapping / Their wings: […] This coouie rauenouſe, and ſwift with a deſperat onſet, / They gripte in tallants the meat, and foorth ſpourged a ſtincking / Foule carrayne fauoure: […]

[1582, Virgil, “The Third Booke of Virgil His Aeneis”, in Richard Stanyhurst, transl., The First Foure Bookes of Virgils Æneis, […], London: Henrie Bynneman […], published 1583, →OCLC; republished as The First Four Books of the Æneid of Virgil, […], Edinburgh: [Edinburgh Printing Company], 1836, →OCLC, pages 70–71:

[S]o leacherous they [female partridges] are, that ſetting aſide the naturall affection and love to their young covie, vvhen they are broodie, […] yet if they hear once the Foulers chanterell comming tovvard the male, and that he doth call, preſently they vvill leave the neſt and ſuffer the egs to chill, and for very jealouſie crie again and call back the males, and offer themſelves to be troden, for feare they vvould goe to others. […] And all this doth ſhe to amuſe the Fouler after her, untill ſhe have trained him a contrarie vvay from the covey. Novv by that time that ſhee is paſt that feare, and freed of the motherly care ſhe had of her young ones, than vvill ſhee get into the furrovv of ſome land, lie along her backe, catch a clot of earth up vvith her feet, and therevvith hide her vvhole bodie, and ſo have both her ſelfe and her couvey.

1601, C[aius] Plinius Secundus [i.e., Pliny the Elder], “[Book X.] The Industrie and Wit of Birds in Building Their Nests. Of the Swallow, the Argatilis, Cinnamologi, and Partridges.”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Historie of the World. Commonly Called, The Naturall Historie of C. Plinius Secundus. […], 1st tome, London: […] Adam Islip, →OCLC, pages 289–290:

[A]s for the partridges vvhen they be laid for by the fovvler, together vvith their covin of young birds, they ſuffer them to flie avvay as vvell as they can, and make ſhift to ſave themſelves, but the old rovvens full ſubtilly ſeeme to vvait the comming of the ſaid hunters, abiding untill they approch neere unto them, and by keeping about their feet, traine them ſtill avvay after them, ready ever as it vvere to be caught; […] thus they play mock-holiday vvith the fovvlers, and yet vvith ſome danger to themſelves for the ſafetie of their young, untill they have trained them a great vvay off, vvho ſought for their lives.

1603, Plutarch, “Of the Naturall Love or Kindnes of Parents to Their Children”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, →OCLC, page 219:

See hovv the vvell-taught pointer leads the vvay: / The ſcent grovvs vvarm; he ſtops; he ſprings the prey; / The flutt'ring coveys from the ſtubble riſe, / And on ſvvift vving divide the ſounding ſkies; […]

1713, John Gay, “Rural Sports. A Georgic. Inscribed to Mr. [Alexander] Pope.”, in Poems on Several Occasions, volume I, London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], and Bernard Lintot, […], published 1720, →OCLC, page 20, lines 337–340:

"Fine shooting," again muttered Lord Merton; "and if I knew Lord Etheringhame, he might ask me to shoot over his grounds." Campbell talks of the magic of a name—yes, if the name be partridges. "Well, Adelaide; but how do you mean to contrive it?" […] A lingering hope of the covies gave unusual animation to her brother's manner, when he hoped their acquaintance was only begun: […]

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter III, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, pages 34 and 37:

A brood or family of partridges (family Phasianidae), which includes game birds such as grouse (tribe Tetraonini) and ptarmigans (tribe Tetraonini, genus Lagopus).

rodinka (koroptví)

brood or family of partridges, which includes game birds such as grouse and ptarmigans

Like when you quail huntin' and it's getting dark and you can hear the boss bird whistlin' tryin' to get the covey together again, and he's coming toward you slow and whistlin' soft, cause he knows you somewhere around with your gun.

1952 April 14, Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (A Signet Book; Y3814), New York, N.Y.: New American Library, published 1952, →OCLC, page 52:

No sooner had I spoken than a covey of perhaps twenty birds flushed wild ahead of us and disappeared into the pine woods. […] Just the slamming of a car door, too much talking, or a fast-moving dog will cause a covey to flush well out of gun range.

1977 November, Pete McLain, “Your Great Outdoors—Northeast: Hunting Northern Bobwhite Quail”, in Field & Stream, volume LXXXII, number 7, New York, N.Y.: CBS Publications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 89, columns 2–3:

A group of other birds, such as quail (superfamily Phasianoidea).


covey

From cove + -y (diminutive suffix). Cove is derived from Romani kodo (“this one; him”) or kova (“that person”).

I don't know what would become of these here young chaps, if it wasn't for such careful old coveys as we are— […]

1821 September (first performance), William T[homas] Moncrieff, “Tom and Jerry; or, Life in London”, in Selection from the Dramatic Works of William T. Moncrieff. […], volume III, London: Hailes Lacy, […], published 1851, →OCLC, Act II, scene ii, page 43:

Hullo! my covey, what's the row?

1837 May, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], “Oliver Walks to London, and Encounters on the Road a Strange Sort of Young Gentleman”, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume I, London: Richard Bentley, […], published 1838, →OCLC, page 123:

'Pooh!' said he, 'you are as easily wounded as an unfledged dove—don't mind what an old covey like me says—I understand it all.'

1846, Justin Jones, The Prince and the Queen; or, Scenes in High Life: A Romance of the Court of St. James, Boston, Mass.: U.S. Pub. Co., →OCLC:

There vas an old covey as lived in Wapping, at the time I'm telling you of, who vas connected vith us by ties of common interest.

1850, Waldo Howard, “The Burglar’s Story”, in The Mistake of a Life-time: or, The Robber of the Rhine Valley. […], Boston, Mass.: F. Gleason, […], →OCLC, page 140, column 2:

(British, familiar, slang, dated) A male person, a man; a chap, a chappie.


flock

From Middle English flok, from Old English flocc (“flock, company, troop”), from Proto-West Germanic *flokk, from Proto-Germanic *flukkaz (“crowd, troop”). Cognate with German Low German Flock (“crowd, flock”), Danish flok (“flock”), Swedish flock (“flock”), Norwegian flokk (“flock”), Faroese flokkur (“flock”), Icelandic flokkur (“flock, group”). Related also to Norman fliotchet (“flock, crowd”), from Old Norse. Perhaps related to Old English folc (“crowd, troop, band”). More at folk.

cog

A number of birds together in a group, such as those gathered together for the purpose of migration.


組

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaːʔ): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).


order

en-noun

order (countable and uncountable, plural orders)

→ Swahili: oda

From Middle English ordre, from Old French ordre, ordne, ordene (“order, rank”), from Latin ōrdinem, accusative of ōrdō (“row, rank, regular arrangement”, literally “row of threads in a loom”), from Proto-Italic *ordō (“to arrange”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-d-, from *h₂er-.
Related to Latin ōrdior (“begin”, literally “begin to weave”). In sense “request for purchase”, compare bespoke. Doublet of ordo.

cog

partially ordered set
partially ordered set


order

en-verb

order (third-person singular simple present orders, present participle ordering, simple past and past participle ordered)

orders (present singular third-person)
ordering (participle present)
ordered (participle past)
ordered (past)
order (infinitive)

persons presented to be ordered deacons

1549 March 7, Thomas Cranmer [et al.], compilers, The Booke of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacramentes, […], London: […] Edowardi Whitchurche […], →OCLC:

To admit to holy orders; to ordain; to receive into the ranks of the ministry.


division

en-noun

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

The House of Commons has voted to approve the third reading of the bill without a division. The bill will now progress to the House of Lords.

(government) A method by which a legislature is separated into groups in order to take a better estimate of vote than a voice vote.

(music) A set of pipes in a pipe organ which are independently controlled and supplied.


duo

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From French duo or Italian duo, from Latin duo (“two”), from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Doublet of two, which was inherited via Proto-Germanic.

Any cocktail consisting of a spirit and a liqueur.


duo

Borrowed from Italian duo, from Latin duo, from Proto-Italic *duō, from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Doublet of dwa (“two”).

(music) duo (piece of music written for two musicians)


cor

Inherited from Old Catalan cor, from Vulgar Latin *corem m, from Latin cor n.

dir-ho de tot cor

to say it with all the heart; to be sincere


class

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

Magnolias belong to the class Magnoliopsida.

(taxonomy, countable) A rank in the classification of organisms, below phylum and above order; a taxon of that rank.

klas

taxonomy: classification below Phylum and above Order


genus

la-noun

genus n (genitive generis); third declension

generis (genitive)
genus (nominative singular)
genera (nominative plural)
generis (genitive singular)
generum (genitive plural)
generī (dative singular)
generibus (dative plural)
genus (accusative singular)
genera (accusative plural)
genere (ablative singular)
generibus (ablative plural)
genus (singular vocative)
genera (plural vocative)

Catalan: gens

Franco-Provençal: gins

Old French: giens

→ Arabic: جِنْس (jins)

→ Catalan: gènere

→ Danish: genus

→ Dutch: genus

→ English: genus (see there for further descendants)

→ Finnish: genus

→ Galician: xendra, xénero

→ German: Genus

→ Irish: géineas

→ Italian: genere

→ Old French: gen(d)re (see there for further descendants)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: genus

→ Portuguese: género, gênero (Brazil)

→ Romanian: gen

→ Spanish: género

→ Swedish: genus

From Proto-Italic *genos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os n (“race”), from the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”); compare also gēns, gignō and -gnus, from the same root. From the genitive gener-is (< PIE *ǵénh₁es-os), the sound shift -r- < *-s- can be observed, through which the Old Latin form *genes-is can be reconstructed.
Cognates include Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin, kind”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “race, class of beings”), Proto-Celtic *genos (“birth; family”), and English kin. Doublet of genea.

cog

6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed): Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; […] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225

Nouns have six genders: masculine, e.g. hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g. hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g. hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g. hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing'; epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g. passer 'sparrow', aquila 'eagle'.

Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.

Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.

16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere): Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19

Nouns have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede with hic: hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede with haec, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'. Neuter, which you can precede with hoc, e.g. hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede with hic and haec: hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three of hic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g. hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing', hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g. hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g. hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine), haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine), hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).


school

en-noun

school (countable and uncountable, plural schools)

Australian Kriol: skul

Bislama: skul

Nigerian Pidgin: skul

Tok Pisin: skul, sikul

Pijin: skul

→ Maori: kura

→ Swahili: skule, skuli

From Middle English scole, from Old English scōl (“place of education”), from Late Latin schola, scola (“learned discussion or dissertation, lecture, school”), from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ, “spare time, leisure”), from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, have, possess”). Doublet of schola and shul.
Compare Old Frisian skūle, schūle (“school”) (West Frisian skoalle, Saterland Frisian Skoule), Dutch school (“school”), German Low German School (“school”), Old High German scuola (“school”), German Schule (“school”), Old Norse skóli (“school”).
Influenced in some senses by Middle English schole (“group of persons, host, company”), from Middle Dutch scole (“multitude, troop, band”). See school (“group”). Related also to Old High German sigi (German Sieg, “victory”), Old English siġe, sigor (“victory”).

cog

German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">Sieg</i>

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class IV § 542. School

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/36 § graduate school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/39 § high school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/46 § junior high school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/52 § middle school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/57 § normal school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/58 § open classroom school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/65 § preparatory school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/67 § public school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/75 § secondary school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/80 § special school

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/83 § summer school

The Barbizon school of painters were part of an art movement towards Realism in art, which arose in the context of the dominant Romantic movement of the time.

An art movement, a community of artists.


parlement

English: parliament, Parliament

Scots: parliament

desc

→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French parlement; equivalent to parlen + -ment. Compare Medieval Latin parliamentum.

A parliament (formal council of importance)

A consultation, council, or conference:
A parliament (legislative assembly).

(specifically) The parliament of England.


valtio

valtio (nominative singular)
valtiot (nominative plural)
valtio (accusative nominative singular)
valtiot (accusative nominative plural)
valtion (accusative genitive singular)
valtiot (accusative genitive plural)
valtion (genitive singular)
valtioiden (genitive plural)
valtioitten (genitive plural)
valtiota (partitive singular)
valtioita (partitive plural)
valtiossa (inessive singular)
valtioissa (inessive plural)
valtiosta (elative singular)
valtioista (elative plural)
valtioon (illative singular)
valtioihin (illative plural)
valtiolla (adessive singular)
valtioilla (adessive plural)
valtiolta (ablative singular)
valtioilta (ablative plural)
valtiolle (allative singular)
valtioille (allative plural)
valtiona (essive singular)
valtioina (essive plural)
valtioksi (singular translative)
valtioiksi (plural translative)
valtiotta (abessive singular)
valtioitta (abessive plural)
valtioin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
valtioni (nominative singular)
valtioni (nominative plural)
valtioni (accusative nominative singular)
valtioni (accusative nominative plural)
valtioni (accusative genitive singular)
valtioni (accusative genitive plural)
valtioni (genitive singular)
valtioideni (genitive plural)
valtioitteni (genitive plural)
valtiotani (partitive singular)
valtioitani (partitive plural)
valtiossani (inessive singular)
valtioissani (inessive plural)
valtiostani (elative singular)
valtioistani (elative plural)
valtiooni (illative singular)
valtioihini (illative plural)
valtiollani (adessive singular)
valtioillani (adessive plural)
valtioltani (ablative singular)
valtioiltani (ablative plural)
valtiolleni (allative singular)
valtioilleni (allative plural)
valtionani (essive singular)
valtioinani (essive plural)
valtiokseni (singular translative)
valtioikseni (plural translative)
valtiottani (abessive singular)
valtioittani (abessive plural)
valtioineni (comitative plural)
valtiosi (nominative singular)
valtiosi (nominative plural)
valtiosi (accusative nominative singular)
valtiosi (accusative nominative plural)
valtiosi (accusative genitive singular)
valtiosi (accusative genitive plural)
valtiosi (genitive singular)
valtioidesi (genitive plural)
valtioittesi (genitive plural)
valtiotasi (partitive singular)
valtioitasi (partitive plural)
valtiossasi (inessive singular)
valtioissasi (inessive plural)
valtiostasi (elative singular)
valtioistasi (elative plural)
valtioosi (illative singular)
valtioihisi (illative plural)
valtiollasi (adessive singular)
valtioillasi (adessive plural)
valtioltasi (ablative singular)
valtioiltasi (ablative plural)
valtiollesi (allative singular)
valtioillesi (allative plural)
valtionasi (essive singular)
valtioinasi (essive plural)
valtioksesi (singular translative)
valtioiksesi (plural translative)
valtiottasi (abessive singular)
valtioittasi (abessive plural)
valtioinesi (comitative plural)
valtiomme (nominative singular)
valtiomme (nominative plural)
valtiomme (accusative nominative singular)
valtiomme (accusative nominative plural)
valtiomme (accusative genitive singular)
valtiomme (accusative genitive plural)
valtiomme (genitive singular)
valtioidemme (genitive plural)
valtioittemme (genitive plural)
valtiotamme (partitive singular)
valtioitamme (partitive plural)
valtiossamme (inessive singular)
valtioissamme (inessive plural)
valtiostamme (elative singular)
valtioistamme (elative plural)
valtioomme (illative singular)
valtioihimme (illative plural)
valtiollamme (adessive singular)
valtioillamme (adessive plural)
valtioltamme (ablative singular)
valtioiltamme (ablative plural)
valtiollemme (allative singular)
valtioillemme (allative plural)
valtionamme (essive singular)
valtioinamme (essive plural)
valtioksemme (singular translative)
valtioiksemme (plural translative)
valtiottamme (abessive singular)
valtioittamme (abessive plural)
valtioinemme (comitative plural)
valtionne (nominative singular)
valtionne (nominative plural)
valtionne (accusative nominative singular)
valtionne (accusative nominative plural)
valtionne (accusative genitive singular)
valtionne (accusative genitive plural)
valtionne (genitive singular)
valtioidenne (genitive plural)
valtioittenne (genitive plural)
valtiotanne (partitive singular)
valtioitanne (partitive plural)
valtiossanne (inessive singular)
valtioissanne (inessive plural)
valtiostanne (elative singular)
valtioistanne (elative plural)
valtioonne (illative singular)
valtioihinne (illative plural)
valtiollanne (adessive singular)
valtioillanne (adessive plural)
valtioltanne (ablative singular)
valtioiltanne (ablative plural)
valtiollenne (allative singular)
valtioillenne (allative plural)
valtionanne (essive singular)
valtioinanne (essive plural)
valtioksenne (singular translative)
valtioiksenne (plural translative)
valtiottanne (abessive singular)
valtioittanne (abessive plural)
valtioinenne (comitative plural)
valtionsa (nominative singular)
valtionsa (nominative plural)
valtionsa (accusative nominative singular)
valtionsa (accusative nominative plural)
valtionsa (accusative genitive singular)
valtionsa (accusative genitive plural)
valtionsa (genitive singular)
valtioidensa (genitive plural)
valtioittensa (genitive plural)
valtiotaan (partitive singular)
valtiotansa (partitive singular)
valtioitaan (partitive plural)
valtioitansa (partitive plural)
valtiossaan (inessive singular)
valtiossansa (inessive singular)
valtioissaan (inessive plural)
valtioissansa (inessive plural)
valtiostaan (elative singular)
valtiostansa (elative singular)
valtioistaan (elative plural)
valtioistansa (elative plural)
valtioonsa (illative singular)
valtioihinsa (illative plural)
valtiollaan (adessive singular)
valtiollansa (adessive singular)
valtioillaan (adessive plural)
valtioillansa (adessive plural)
valtioltaan (ablative singular)
valtioltansa (ablative singular)
valtioiltaan (ablative plural)
valtioiltansa (ablative plural)
valtiolleen (allative singular)
valtiollensa (allative singular)
valtioilleen (allative plural)
valtioillensa (allative plural)
valtionaan (essive singular)
valtionansa (essive singular)
valtioinaan (essive plural)
valtioinansa (essive plural)
valtiokseen (singular translative)
valtioksensa (singular translative)
valtioikseen (plural translative)
valtioiksensa (plural translative)
valtiottaan (abessive singular)
valtiottansa (abessive singular)
valtioittaan (abessive plural)
valtioittansa (abessive plural)
valtioineen (comitative plural)
valtioinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈʋɑ̝l̪t̪io̞]

valta (“power”) + -io. Coined by Finnish journalist, poet and translator Paavo Tikkanen in 1847.

coin

state, country (a political entity with sovereignty over a usually large geographical area)


circuit

From Middle English circuit, from Old French circuit, from Latin circuitus (“a going round”), from circuire (“go round”), from circum (“around”) + ire. As a Chinese administrative division, a calque of Chinese 道 (dào) or 路 (lù).

piiri

Methodist Church: district in which an itinerant preacher labors

dao

Imperial Chinese administrative divisions

(historical) Various administrative divisions of imperial and early Republican China, including:

The counties at the fringes of the empire, usually with a non-Chinese population, from the Han to the Western Jin.

The 10 or so major provinces of the empire from the Tang to the early Yuan.

Major provincial divisions from the Yuan to early Republican China.


ministry

From Middle English mynisterie, borrowed from Old French menistere, in turn borrowed itself from Latin ministerium; equivalent to minister + -y.

She works for the ministry of finance.

He works for the ministry of defence.

I work for the ministry of education.

They work for the ministry of agriculture.

Government department, at the administrative level normally headed by a minister (or equivalent rank, e.g. secretary of state), who holds it as portfolio, especially in a constitutional monarchy, but also as a polity


college

⇒ Bengali: কলেজ (kolej)

→ Finnish: college

⇒ Hindustani:

desc

Hindi: कालिज (kālij), कॉलेज (kŏlej), कालेज (kālej)

Urdu: کالِج (kālij)

→ Russian: ко́лледж (kólledž), колле́дж (kollédž)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: ко̀леџ

Latin script: kòledž

→ Slovene: koledž

→ Ukrainian: ко́ле́дж (kólédž)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Italic *kom
Old Latin com
Latin cum
Latin con-
Latin lēx
Latin -ō
Latin lēgō
Latin collēga
Proto-Indo-European *-yōs
Proto-Italic *-jōs
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ium
Latin collēgiumbor.
Old French college
Middle French collegebor.
Middle English college
English college
From Middle English college, from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium. Doublet of collegium.

大專 /大专

postsecondary institution that does not award bachelor's degrees

مَعْهَد

non-specialized, semi-autonomous division of a university

Eton College

(UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa) A high school or secondary school.

An academic institution.
A high school or secondary school.

私立高中

in the formal names of private schools: secondary school


college

English: college (see there for further descendants)

Scots: college

/kɔˈlɛːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium.

A group of clergymen (usually dependent on public funds).

A group of teachers and students; a university or part of one.

A group of colleagues; a team or organisation.


staff

en-noun

staff (countable and uncountable, plural staffs or staves or staff)

staffs (plural)
staves (plural)
staff (plural)

Token (railway signalling)#Staff and ticket

→ French: staff

→ Italian: staff

→ Japanese: スタッフ (sutaffu)

→ Korean: 스태프 (seutaepeu)

→ Malay: staf

desc

→ Portuguese: stafe, staff, estafe (Brazil)

→ Spanish: staff

From Middle English staf, from Old English stæf (“letter of the alphabet”), from Proto-West Germanic *stab, from Proto-Germanic *stabaz. Cognate with Dutch staf, German Stab, Swedish stav.
Sense of "group of military officers that assists a commander" and similar meanings, attested from 1702, is influenced by or is even from German Stab.

inh

(uncountable) A mixture of plaster and fibre used as a temporary exterior wall covering.ᵂ

At the head of that division which had Westminster Bridge for its approach to the scene of action, Lord George Gordon took his post; with Gashford at his right hand, and sundry ruffians, of most unpromising appearance, forming a kind of staff about him.

1841 February–November, Charles Dickens, “Barnaby Rudge. Chapter 49.”, in Master Humphrey’s Clock, volume III, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 217:

(military) An establishment of officers in various departments attached to an army, to a section of an army, or to the commander of an army. The general's staff consists of those officers about his person who are employed in carrying his commands into execution.

The train-staff and ticket system was used widely at one time, until superseded by electrical token systems, the first of which, the tablet system, appeared in 1878, […].

1946 July and August, “Wise's Train Staff”, in Railway Magazine, page 214:

The first up train was the morning semi-fast ex Buncrana, which sped through with No. 8 at its head, adroitly exchanging staffs at about 15 m.p.h. […] The next train through Tooban was our opposite number, and we duly received the vital staff.

1949 November and December, K. Longbottom, “By Goods Train to Gweedore”, in Railway Magazine, page 355:

The unusual rolling stock, the fare collection methods, and the exchange of train staffs make it quite clear that here is something out of the ordinary run of suburban electric lines.

1951 November, R. K. Kirkland, “The Wimbledon and West Croydon Line of the Southern Region”, in Railway Magazine, page 726:

(rail transport, archaic) A form of token once used, in combination with a ticket, for safe train movements between two points on a single line.


side

en-noun

side (countable and uncountable, plural sides)

From Middle English side, from Old English sīde (“side, flank”), from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ (“side, flank, edge, shore”), from Proto-Indo-European *sēy- (“to send, throw, drop, sow, deposit”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Siede (“side”), West Frisian side (“side”), Dutch zijde, zij (“side”), German Low German Sied (“side”), German Seite (“side”), Danish and Norwegian side (“side”), Swedish sida (“side”).
The LGBTQ slang sense was coined by sex therapist and author Joe Kort in 2010 and popularized in 2013. The sense was coined by analogy with top and bottom and based on the metaphor of a box which has a top, bottom, and sides.

coinage

know which side one's bread is buttered on

laugh out of the other side of one's mouth

not be able to hit the broad side of a barn

the apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest

the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence

the grass is always greener on the other side of the road

Which side of the tray shall I put it on?  The patient was bleeding on the right side.

We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine.[…]As we reached the lodge we heard the whistle, and we backed up against one side of the platform as the train pulled up at the other.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

The slightest effort made the patient cough. He would stand leaning on a stick and holding a hand to his side, and when the paroxysm had passed it left him shaking.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

One half (left or right, top or bottom, front or back, etc.) of something or someone.

He had to put a bit of side on to hit the pink ball.

(sports, billiards, snooker, pool) Sidespin; english


oligarchy

en-noun

oligarchy (countable and uncountable, plural oligarchies)

/ˈɒlɪˌɡɑːki/

/ˈɑːlɪˌɡɑɹki/

/ˈoʊlɪˌɡɑɹki/

Borrowed from French oligarchie, from Late Latin oligarchia, from Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía), from ὀλίγος (olígos, “few”) + ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “rule”).
By surface analysis, oligo- (“few”) + -archy (“rule, command”).

aristocracy

rule by 'the best', particularly a hereditary nobility

Despite the involvement of all classes of society, America's political duopoly and the importance of money to mass-market campaigning has established an oligarchy that is seldom responsive to the citizenry as a whole, when opposed to the wealthy or major interest groups.

It's an oligarchy because these families own and run almost everything that makes money in El Salvador. Coffee gave birth to the oligarchy in the late 19th century, and economic growth has revolved around them ever since.

1981 September 6, “The Eclipse of the Oligarchs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The Itasca Project is just one example of existing oligarchy, and a surprisingly open one at that.

2016 January 17, “Wealthy cabals run America”, in Al Jazeera America, retrieved 2016-01-18:

A government run by and for only a few, often the aristocracy, the wealthy, or their friends and associates.


phalanx

Borrowed from Latin phalanx or Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx, “battle order, array”). Doublet of phalange, planch, plancha, planche, and plank.

doublet

(historical, plural phalanxes) An ancient Greek and Macedonian military unit that consisted of several ranks and files (lines) of soldiers in close array with joined shields and long spears.

The monarch hath gone, but his rocky throne
Still rests on its frowning base;
Its motionless guards rise in phalanx lone,
And nought save the winds through their helmets that moan,
And none but those bosoms and hearts of stone
Sigh o'er a fallen race.

1827, Lydia Sigourney, Poems, The Chair of the Indian KIng, page 93:

But there was no man to greet them in the market-place, and no woman's face appeared at the windows - only a bodiless voice went before them, calling: "Fallen is Imperial Kôr! - fallen! - fallen! fallen!" On, right through the city, marched those gleaming phalanxes, and the rattle of their bony tread echoed through the silent air as they pressed grimly on.

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

From Courbevoie to the Hôtel des Invalides, one walked through a hedge of elaborate decorations—of bees, eagles, crowns, N’s; of bucklers, banners, and wreaths bearing the names of famous victories; of urns blazing with incense; of rostral columns; masts bearing trophies of arms and clusters of flags; flaming tripods; allegorical statues; triumphal arches; great banks of seats draped in imperial purple and packed with spectators, and phalanges of soldiers.

1895, Ida M[inerva] Tarbell, “The Second Funeral of Napoleon.—Removal of Napoleon’s Remains from St. Helena to the Banks of the Seine in 1840.”, in A Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, New York, N.Y.: S[amuel] S[idney] MᶜClure, Limited […], page 240, column 1:

Broad phalanx of cars across the bridge moving slowly through the streaming snow.

1963, J P Donleavy, A Singular Man, published 1963 (USA), page 331:

The Guardian today listed a phalanx of ministers who back the bill, including Tessa Jowell, the culture secretary, Tony McNulty, the policing minister, Andy Burnham, the junior health minister, Ian Pearson, the climate change minister, John Healey, the financial secretary to the Treasury, and Keith Hill, parliamentary private secretary to Tony Blair.

2007 April 25, Hélène Mulholland, “Blair refuses to condemn FoI bill”, in The Guardian, London, archived from the original on 2014-10-03:

There, the Paisleyites were being held back by another phalanx of soldiers and policemen.

2007 May 6, Sean O'Hagan, “The day I thought would never come: This week, Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness will astonish those who experienced the Troubles”, in The Guardian, London, archived from the original on 2014-10-03:

For a short time the two phalanges of men faced each other at a distance apart.

2009, Maria Nugent, “[In between] The second day”, in Captain Cook Was Here, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 58:

The next day, phalanges of soldiers blocked all entrances to the city as rumours that Muslim workers from all around Calcutta would throng the venue of the meeting in protest reached the commissioner of the city Police.

2022, Sugata Nandi, “Insurrectionary city: Revolts in colonial Calcutta, 1918–1946”, in Urvi Mukhopadhyay, Suchandra Ghosh, editors, Exploring South Asian Urbanity, Routledge, →DOI, →ISBN, part V (Urban fringes and insurrections), chapter section “The mass and Gandhi Raj, 1918–1922”:

(plural phalanxes or (rare) phalanges) A large group of people, animals or things, compact or closely massed, or tightly knit and united in common purpose.

orda

large group of animals, plants, or people

(anatomy, plural phalanges) One of the bones of the finger or toe.


bar

en-noun

bar (countable and uncountable, plural bars)

→ Albanian: bar m

→ Arabic: بَار m (bār)

→ Armenian: բար (bar)

→ Bulgarian: бар (bar)

→ Burmese: ဘား (bha:)

→ Chichewa: bála

→ Cantonese: 吧 (baa¹)

→ Czech: bar m

→ Danish: bar c

→ Dutch: bar m

→ Esperanto: baro

→ Estonian: baar

→ French: bar m
→ Romanian: bar

→ Galician: bar m

→ Georgian: ბარი (bari)

→ German: Bar f

→ Greek: μπαρ n (bar)

→ Gulf Arabic: بار (bār)

→ Hebrew: בָּר (bar), בָּאר (bár)

→ Hungarian: bár (also via German)

→ Icelandic: bar m

→ Irish: beár m

→ Italian: bar m

→ Japanese: バー (bā)

→ Khmer: បារ (baa)

→ Korean: 바 (ba)

→ Lithuanian: bãras m

→ Macedonian: бар m (bar)

→ Malagasy: ba

→ Mandarin: 吧 (bā)

→ Norwegian:

Bokmål: bar m

Nynorsk: bar m

→ Persian: بار (bâr)

→ Polish: bar m

→ Portuguese: bar m

→ Russian: бар m (bar)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ба̑р m, bȃr m

→ Slovene: bȃr m

→ Spanish: bar m

→ Swahili: baa

→ Swedish: bar c (see there for further descendants)

→ Thai: บาร์ (baa)

→ Turkish: bar

→ Xhosa: íbhári

→ Zulu: ibha

From Middle English barre, from Old French barre (“beam, bar, gate, barrier”), from Vulgar Latin *barra, of uncertain origin. Doublet of barre.

der

He's studying hard to pass the Bar this time; he's failed it twice before.

(US, Philippines, law, usually with the) The bar exam, the legal licensing exam.


bar

From Middle English barren, from Old French barrer, from Medieval Latin barrare (“to bar”), from the noun. Cognate to Occitan barrar, Spanish barrar, Portuguese barrar.
Preposition properly imperative of the verb. Compare barring.

Leg At Each Corner is at 3/1, Lost My Shirt 5/1, and it's 10/1 bar.

(horse racing) Denotes the minimum odds offered on other horses not mentioned by name.


union

en-noun

union (countable and uncountable, plural unions)

→ Bengali: ইউনিয়ন (iuniẏon) (learned)

From Middle English unyoun, from Old French union, from Late Latin ūniō, ūniōnem (“oneness, unity”), from Latin ūnus (“one”). Doublet of unio.

der

(countable) Something united, or made one; something formed by a combination or coalition of parts or members; a confederation; a consolidated body; a league.

միություն

that which is united; something formed by a combination of parts or members


NGO

Alternative forms: N.G.O., N. G. O.

For instance, Philately is the most popular hobby of the world. Hence, introducing biophilately in the agenda of the concerned NGO will enhance its success in its aims. Spotting animals, birds, plants, insects, etc. on stamps may provide interested people with an efficient media of education […]

1990, Desh Bandhu, Harjit Singh, A. K. Maitra, editors, Environmental Education and Sustainable Development, New Delhi: Indian Environmental Society, page 486:

Often compared to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or associations, intergroups are also similar to lobbying groups because they receive external assistance in the form of financial and/or secretarial support.

2017, Stelios Stavridis, Davor Jancic, Parliamentary Diplomacy in European and Global Governance, page 102:

non-governmental organization
non-governmental organization#English

Initialism of non-governmental organization.


cohort

From Latin cohors (stem cohort-); borrowed into Old English as coorta, but reintroduced into Middle English as cōhort and chōors via Old French cohorte. Doublet of court.

(taxonomy) A natural group of orders of organisms, less comprehensive than a class.


payroll

A list of employees who receive salary or wages, together with the amounts due to each.


vanguard

Earlier forms included vandgard and (a)vantgard, derived from Old French avan(t)garde (“before guard”). Doublet of avant-garde and vaward.

By some paradoxical evolution rancour and intolerance have been established in the vanguard of primitive Christianity. Mrs. Spoker, in common with many of the stricter disciples of righteousness, was as inclement in demeanour as she was cadaverous in aspect.

1921, Ben Travers, chapter 4, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:

[O]ne minute this "Jihadi John" was struggling to get by, and get accepted, in drizzly England, unemployed with a mortgage to pay and a chip on his shoulder, and the next he stands in brilliant Levantine sunlight, where everything is clear and etched, at the vanguard of some Sunni Risorgimento intent on subjecting the world to its murderous brand of Wahhabi Islam.

2014 November 17, Roger Cohen, “The horror! The horror! The trauma of ISIS [print version: International New York Times, 18 November 2014, page 9]”, in The New York Times:

(by extension) The person(s) at the forefront of any group or movement.


element

From Middle English element, from Old French element, from Latin elementum (“a first principle, element, rudiment”) (see further etymology there).
The verb is from Middle English elementen, from the noun.

element

simplest or essential part or principle of anything

A factor, one of the conditions contributing to a result.

(astronomy) An orbital element; one of the parameters needed to uniquely specify a particular orbit.


element

elemencik (diminutive)
element (nominative singular)
elementy (nominative plural)
elementu (genitive singular)
elementów (genitive plural)
elementowi (dative singular)
elementom (dative plural)
element (accusative singular)
elementy (accusative plural)
elementem (instrumental singular)
elementami (instrumental plural)
elemencie (locative singular)
elementach (locative plural)
elemencie (singular vocative)
elementy (plural vocative)

(obsolete, chemistry) element (any one of the simplest chemical substances that cannot be decomposed in a chemical reaction or by any chemical means and made up of atoms all having the same number of protons)


brood

en-noun

brood (countable and uncountable, plural broods)

From Middle English brood, brod, from Old English brōd (“brood; foetus; breeding, hatching”), from Proto-Germanic *brōduz (“heat, breeding”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁- (“breath, mist, vapour, steam”).

der

As a hen doth gather her brood under her wings.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 13:34:

The young of certain animals, especially a group of young birds or fowl hatched at one time by the same mother.


club

→ Afrikaans: klub

→ Czech: klub

→ Dutch: club

desctree

→ French: club
→ Khmer: ក្លឹប (kləp)
→ Romanian: club
→ Ottoman Turkish: قلوب (klüb)
Turkish: kulüp

→ German: Club, Klub (used to be common for some decades, but is now becoming less frequent again)
Russian: клуб (klub), клубъ (klub) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Yakut: кулууп (kuluup)
→ Yiddish: קלוב (klub)
Serbo-Croatian: klȗb/клу̑б

desc

→ Greek: κλαμπ (klamp), γκλομπ (gklomp), γκλοπ n (gklop), κλομπ n (klomp)

→ Indonesian: klub

→ Japanese: 倶楽部 (kurabu), クラブ (see there for further descendants)

→ Malay: kelab

→ Spanish: club

→ Tokelauan: kalapu

→ Welsh: clwb

From Middle English clubbe, from Old Norse klubba, klumba (“cudgel”), from Proto-Germanic *klumpô (“clip, clasp; clump, lump; log, block”). Cognate with English clump, cloud, Latin globus, glomus; and perhaps related to Middle Low German kolve (“bulb”), German Kolben (“butt, bulb, club”).

knuppel

heavy stick for use as weapon or plaything

At half-past nine on this Saturday evening, the parlour of the Salutation Inn, High Holborn, contained most of its customary visitors.[…]In former days every tavern of repute kept such a room for its own select circle, a club, or society, of habitués, who met every evening, for a pipe and a cheerful glass.

1892, Walter Besant, chapter III, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

An association of members joining together for some common purpose, especially sports or recreation.

He can have no right to the benefits of Society, who will not pay his Club towards the Support of it.

(archaic) The fees associated with belonging to such a club.

A heavy object, often a kind of stick, intended for use as a bludgeoning weapon or a plaything.

An implement to hit the ball in certain ball games, such as golf.

(card games) A black clover shape (♣), one of the four symbols used to mark the suits of playing cards.

I've got only one club in my hand.

A playing card marked with such a symbol.


estado

Borrowed from Spanish estado, from Latin stātus.


land

ovd-decl-blank-full

land

land (indefinite nominative singular)
landeð (definite nominative singular)
land (indefinite nominative plural)
landę (definite nominative plural)
land (accusative indefinite singular)
landeð (accusative definite singular)
land (accusative indefinite plural)
landę (accusative definite plural)
lande (dative indefinite singular)
landę (dative definite singular)
landum (dative indefinite plural)
landum (dative definite plural)
landume (dative definite plural)

From Old Norse land, from Proto-Germanic *landą, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ- (“land, heath”). Cognate with Swedish land.


fare

English: fare

Scots: fare

Yola: gudeváre

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English faru, from Proto-West Germanic *faru, from Proto-Germanic *farō.
* Old English fær, from Proto-West Germanic *far, from Proto-Germanic *farą.

A proceeding or occurrence:
Behaviour or appearance.


trust

en-noun

trust (countable and uncountable, plural trusts)

From Middle English trust (“trust, protection”). Long considered a borrowing from Old Norse traust (“confidence, help, protection”), itself from Proto-Germanic *traustą, but the root vocalism is incompatible, and so it is considered a reflex of an unattested Old English *trust, from a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”). Akin to Danish trøst (“comfort, solace”), Saterland Frisian Traast (“comfort, solace”), West Frisian treast (“comfort, solace”), Dutch troost (“comfort, consolation”), German Trost (“comfort, consolation”), Gothic trausti (“alliance, pact”). Doublet of tryst. More at true, tree.

cog

(trust law) An arrangement whereby property or money is given to be held by a third party (a trustee), on the basis that it will be managed for the benefit of, or eventually transferred to, a stated beneficiary; for example, money to be given to a child when he or she reaches adulthood.


trust

pl-noun

trust m inan (related adjective trustowy)

trustowy (adjective)
trust (nominative singular)
trusty (nominative plural)
trustu (genitive singular)
trustów (genitive plural)
trustowi (dative singular)
trustom (dative plural)
trust (accusative singular)
trusty (accusative plural)
trustem (instrumental singular)
trustami (instrumental plural)
truście (locative singular)
trustach (locative plural)
truście (singular vocative)
trusty (plural vocative)

(business) trust (group of businessmen or traders)


caucus

tlb

(US, Canada, Israel, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Pakistan, archaic in UK, not used in the European Union)

Unknown. Often claimed to be from an Algonquian language; transcribed words such as cawaassough and caucauasu meaning "counselor, elder, adviser" appear in early texts. A popular folk etymology attested in Great Leaders and National Issues of 1896 stated: "In the early part of the eighteenth century a number of caulkers connected with the shipping business in the North End of Boston held a meeting for consultation. That meeting was the germ of the political caucuses which have formed so prominent a feature of our government ever since its organization." American Heritage Dictionary states the term is taken from the Caucus Club of Boston in the 1760s, possibly from Medieval Latin caucus (“drinking vessel”).

bor

He conferred with Mr. Warren of Plymouth upon the necessity of giving into spirited measures, and then said, "Do you keep the committee in play, and I will go and make a caucus against the evening; and do you meet me."

1788, William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America:

A usually preliminary meeting of party members to nominate candidates for public office or delegates to be sent to a nominating convention, or to confer regarding policy.

A grouping of all the members of a legislature from the same party.

parlamentní klub

a grouping of all members of a legislature representing the same party

A political interest group by members of a legislative body.


Christendom

en-noun

Christendom (countable and uncountable, plural Christendoms)

From Middle English cristendom, cristendome, from Old English cristendōm, equivalent to Christen + -dom.

Edom

in medieval times, a Jewish term referring to Christian countries

The Arian doctrine which then divided Christendom.

1670, John Milton, “(please specify the page)”, in The History of Britain, that Part Especially now Call’d England. […], London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for James Allestry, […] , →OCLC:

The result is contained in the fact of a wide and still widening Christendom.

1825, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, “Aphorisms on that which is indeed spiritual religion”, in Aids to Reflection, page 184:

Wessex was facing new barbarians, apparently intent on destroying everything that Christendom meant for England.

2009, Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity, Penguin, published 2010, page 503:

The Christian world; Christ's Church on Earth.

kristanaro (collective noun; kristano + -aro)


millennial

The adjective is a learned borrowing from Late Latin mīllennium (“millennium”) + English -al (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’ forming adjectives; and forming nouns). The English word may be analysed as millennium + -al or milli- (prefix meaning ‘thousand’) + -ennial (suffix meaning ‘years’).
Sense 5 (“of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century”) was coined by the American authors William Strauss (1947–2007) and Neil Howe (born 1951) in their book Generations (1991): see the quotations.
The noun is derived from the adjective.

coinage

Michael Dimock (2019 January 17) “Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins”, in Pew Research Center, archived from the original on 2020-06-01.

semiannual · annual · biennial · triennial · quadrennial · quinquennial

quintennial · sextennial · septennial · octennial · novennial · decennary

decennial · sesquidecennial · centennial · sesquicentennial · bicentennial · tricentennial · quadricentennial · bimillennial · trimillennial · quadrimillennial · decamillennial

the millennial generation

He was suffering from a typical millennial problem: Which is the correct emoji to use?

Boomers played cassettes in their cars and popularized FM radio. Thirteeners love their compact disks. Today's electronics industry is abuzz with talk of the new digital technology that awaits Millennial teenagers.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Past as Prologue”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 352:

When the staccato, Neptunes-ian single "Boyfriend" was released in March, musical prognosticators were quick to peg the album it portended, Believe, as Justin Bieber's Justified, a grown-and-sexy, R&B-centric departure that evolved millennial teenybopper Justin Timberlake into one of the unifying pop-music figures of the aughts.

2012 June 26, Genevieve Koski, “Justin Bieber: Believe”, in The A.V. Club, archived from the original on 2023-04-05:

Many people, or at least a handful of very loud people, hate to being dubbed Millennial. They see it as derogatory.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

But, while many have jumped to label the astrology boom as another millennial trend, that may not actually be the case.

2018 March 22, Wilder Davies, “Mercury Is Entering Retrograde Again. This Is Why So Many People Care”, in Time:

We make hits / Two broke millennial men / And we'd do it again

2024, “We Make Hits”, in James Smith (lyrics), Where's My Utopia?, performed by Yard Act:

(by extension, originally US, demography) Often capitalized: of or relating to, or characteristic of, people born in the last two decades of the 20th century from around the early 1980s to the mid 1990s (with 1996 births cited as the last Millennial year), and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E.

millenniaali-

the millennial judgment

VVhereas the very Povver of the Civil Magisſtrate and his ſecurity is hazarded by vvild and hot-ſpirited men, that vvould raiſe a Fifth Monarchie by Bloud and Rapine, and tumble dovvn all Government, […] and that they are the Pioners to level all plain, and break all Government in pieces, that Chriſt, the Fifth Monarch, may perſonally come and begin his Millennial Empire upon Earth; […]

1660, H[enry] More, chapter XVII, in An Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness; […], London: […] J[ames] Flesher, for W[illiam] Morden […], →OCLC, book I, page 204:

This is that illuſtrious Reign of Chriſt in his Millennial Empire of Love, vvhen the Chriſtian life ſhall take place, and Opinions and Perſecutions ſhall be done avvay.

1669, Henry More, “[https://books.google.com/books?id=6ipkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP70 The Preface to the Reader, […]]”, in An Exposition of the Seven Epistles to the Seven Churches; […], London: […] James Flesher, →OCLC:

But their reciprocal, unſelfiſh Aid, / Affords an Emblem of Millennial Love.

1745, [Edward Young], “Night the Ninth and Last. The Consolation. Containing, among Other Things, I. A Moral Survey of the Nocturnal Heavens. II. A Night-Address to the Deity. […]”, in The Complaint: Or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: […] [Samuel Richardson] for A[ndrew] Millar […], and R[obert] Dodsley […], published 1750, →OCLC, page 320:

Every tenant was quite sure things would be different when the reins got into his hands—there was to be a millennial abundance of new gates, allowances of lime, and returns of ten per cent.

1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Dairy”, in Adam Bede […], volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book first, page 156:

millenarian

(Christianity) Synonym of millenarian (“pertaining to the belief in an impending period of one thousand years of peace and righteousness associated with the Second Coming of Christ and his reign on earth”)


millennial

Someday, Boomers hope, Millennials will build according to great ideals their parents can only envision, act on vital issues their parents can only ponder.

1991, William Strauss, Neil Howe, “The Millennial Cycle”, in Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069, New York, N.Y.: William Morrow and Company, →ISBN, part III (The Future), page 342:

Meet the Millennials, born in or after 1982—the "Babies on Board" of the early [Ronald] Reagan years, the "Have You Hugged Your Child Today?" sixth graders of the early [Bill] Clinton years, the teens of Columbine, and, this year, the much-touted high school Class of 2000, now invading the nation's campuses.

2000 September, Neil Howe, William Strauss, “The Next Great Generation”, in Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, →ISBN, page 4:

When we saw Millennials as kids being raised so differently, we could already make an easy prediction. We had seen this dark to bright contrast in child upbringing before many times in American history, so we already foresaw that by the time you got to 2000 you would see huge changes in people in their late teens and early 20s.

2015 August 24, Samantha Sharf, quoting Neil Howe, “What is a ‘Millennial’ Anyway? Meet the Man who Coined the Phrase”, in Forbes, New York, N.Y.: Forbes, Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-29:

In a bumper for a newsmagazine program, a reporter muses: “[It’s] the year of the yuppie, but what is a yuppie?” That’s right, fellow millennials: Not long ago, young people had so much economic opportunity that their generation was defined by its upward mobility.

2020 June 25, Eve Peyser, “In vintage TV ads, a curious fountain of hope (and cheese)”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

(originally US, demography) Often capitalized: a person from the generation born in the last two decades of the 20th century, from around the early 1980s to the mid-1990s and who reached adulthood early in the third millennium C.E., characterized by their familiarity with computer technology and poorer financial prospects than their parents.


bureau

Unadapted borrowing from French bureau, earlier "coarse cloth (as desk cover), baize", from Old French burel (“woolen cloth”), diminutive of *bure (compare Middle French bure (“coarse woolen cloth”), French bourre (“hair, fluff”)), from Late Latin burra (“wool, fluff, shaggy cloth, coarse fabric”); akin to Ancient Greek βερβέριον (berbérion, “shabby garment”). Doublet of burel and borrel, taken from Old French.

cog

(chiefly British) A desk, usually with a cover and compartments that are located above the level of the writing surface rather than underneath, and often used for storing papers.


series

en-noun

series (plural series or (obsolete) serieses)

series (plural)
serieses (obsolete plural)

→ Japanese: シリーズ (shirīzu)

→ Korean: 시리즈 (sirijeu)

→ Burmese: စီးရီး (ci:ri:)

Attested from the 1610s; borrowed from Latin seriēs, from serere (“to join together, bind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“to bind, put together, to line up”). Related to desert, insert, sermon, and sorcerer.

مُتَسَلْسِلَة

in analysis: sum of the terms of a sequence

A series of seemingly inconsequential events led cumulatively to the fall of the company.

When Timothy and Julia hurried up the staircase to the bedroom floor, where a considerable commotion was taking place, Tim took Barry Leach with him.[…]. The captive made no resistance and came not only quietly but in a series of eager little rushes like a timid dog on a choke chain.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 19, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Seeing the British establishment struggle with the financial sector is like watching an alcoholic […]. Until 2008 there was denial over what finance had become. When a series of bank failures made this impossible, there was widespread anger, leading to the public humiliation of symbolic figures.

2013 June 28, Joris Luyendijk, “Our banks are out of control”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 3, page 21:

A number of things that follow on one after the other or are connected one after the other.

سِلْسِلَة

a number of things that follow on one after the other

“Friends” was one of the most successful television series in recent years.

(broadcasting) A television or radio program consisting of several episodes that are broadcast at regular intervals.

टी वी शृंखला

ṭī vī śŕṅkhlā

The harmonic series has been much studied.

(mathematics) The sequence of partial sums ∑ᵢ₌₁ⁿa_i of a given sequence aᵢ.

The Blue Jays are playing the Yankees in a four-game series.

(cricket, baseball) A group of matches between two sides, with the aim being to win more matches than the opposition.

(commerce) A parcel of rough diamonds of assorted qualities.


brav

brav (nominative singular)
bravu (genitive singular)
bravu (dative singular)
brav (accusative singular)
brave (singular vocative)
bravu (locative singular)
bravem (instrumental singular)

outdated word for small cattle like pigs, goats, sheep


marriage

en-noun

marriage (countable and uncountable, plural marriages)

From Middle English mariage, from Old French mariage, from marier (“to marry”), from Latin marītō (“marry”, verb, literally “give in marriage”), from marītus (“lover”, “nuptial”), from mas (“male, masculine, of the male sex”). Equivalent to marry + -age. Doublet of maritage. Displaced native Old English sinsċipe.

der

marriage by cohabitation with habit and repute

You should enter marriage for love.


corps

From French corps d’armée (literally “army body”), from Latin corpus (“body”). Doublet of corpse and corpus. See also English riff.

diplomatic corps

White House press corps

An organized group of people united by a common purpose.


corps

The performers were all creditable dancers as well as comedians […] even the largest of them cavorted about en pointe with wonderful ease, and the corps work was extremely precise in its inaccuracies.

1981 December 12, David Foushee, “Pushing the Edges”, in Gay Community News, volume 9, number 21, page 6:


estate

From Middle English estat, from Anglo-Norman estat and Old French estat (French: état), from Latin status. Doublet of state and status.

The collective property and liabilities of someone, especially a deceased person.

имот

property and liabilities, especially of a deceased person

I am afraid that some of the nobles who are campaigning for it simply want to use the Estates to cut down the King's power and increase their own.

1992, Hilary Mantel, A Place of Greater Safety, Harper Perennial, published 2007, page 115:

The three estates of feudal lords, clergy and royal officers met in separate chambers, and exercised an advisory role.

2011, Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms, Penguin, published 2012, page 202:

(historical) A major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country and formerly possessing distinct political rights (Estates of the realm).

съсловие

historical: major social class or order of persons

(UK, automotive) A station wagon; a car with a tailgate (or liftgate) and storage space to the rear of the seating which is coterminous with the passenger compartment (and often extensible into that compartment via folding or removable seating).

I call matter of estate not only the parts of sovereignty, but whatsoever[…]concerneth manifestly any great portion of people.

(obsolete) The state; the general body politic; the common-wealth; the general interest; state affairs.

This time, however, it only includes the static parameters that you expect to be consistent across your estate.

2015, Peter Carter, Pro SQL Server Administration, page 82:

information technology
information technology

(computing) An organization's collective information technology resources.


sheepfold

Inherited from Middle English shepefald, perhaps from Late Old English sċēapa falde (literally “sheep's fold”), equivalent to sheep + fold.


opposition

/ˌɒp.əˈzɪʃ.ən/

/ˌɑ.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

From Middle English opposicioun, from Old French oposicion (whence French opposition), from Late Latin oppositiō, translating Ancient Greek ἀντίθεσις (antíthesis), from the past participle stem of classical Latin oppōnō (“I set against”).

intellectual property
intellectual property

(law) In United States intellectual property law, a proceeding in which an interested party seeks to prevent the registration of a trademark or patent.

kiistäminen

legal: proceeding to prevent registration of a trademark or patent


vestry

From Anglo-Norman vesterie, from Old French vestiaire (“room for vestments, dressing room”), from Latin vestiarium (“wardrobe”). Doublet of vestiary.

uder

The choirboys change into their cassocks in the vestry.

A room in a church where the clergy put on their vestments and where these are stored; also used for meetings and classes; a sacristy.

The vestry meets on the first Tuesday of every month.

A committee of parishioners elected to administer the temporal affairs of a parish.

An assembly of persons who manage parochial affairs; so called because usually held in a vestry.


trio

PIE word
 *tréyes
1715-25; borrowing from Italian trio.

I'm cooking crab cakes with arugula and mayonnaise, griddled lamb with rosemary potatoes and buttered spinach, then a trio of desserts.

2015, Kate Hardy, Bachelor at Her Bidding:

These are exciting times for England and particularly for this group. Six of this side won the Under-17s European Championship in 2014 and the attacking trio from Everton and Liverpool – Ademola Lookman, Dominic Solanke and Calvert-Lewin – had an excellent tournament.

2017 June 11, Ben Fisher, “England seal Under-20 World Cup glory as Dominic Calvert-Lewin strikes”, in the Guardian:

I love his music, but it is a bit disconcerting to realize that you could die in extreme old age and still only be familiar with a mere handful of the baryton trios.

2013, Simon Winder, Danubia, Picador, published 2014, page 281:

(music) A piece of music written for three musicians.

trio

a piece of music written for three musicians

Any cocktail made with a spirit, a liqueur, and a creamy ingredient.


trio

trio (nominative singular)
tria (nominative plural)
tria (genitive singular)
triów (genitive plural)
triu (dative singular)
triom (dative plural)
trio (accusative singular)
tria (accusative plural)
triem (instrumental singular)
triami (instrumental plural)
triu (locative singular)
triach (locative plural)
trio (singular vocative)
tria (plural vocative)

(music) trio (piece of music written for three musicians)


detail

en-noun

detail (countable and uncountable, plural details)

Borrowed from Middle French détail, from Old French detail, from detaillier, from de- + taillier (“to cut”).

Frequently members of the small police detail dispatched to the scene joined in.

2022, Gary Gerstle, chapter 7, in The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order […] , New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, Part II. The Neoliberal Order, 1970–2020:

(military, law enforcement) A temporary unit or assignment.


administration

administration (usually uncountable, plural administrations)

/ədˌmɪnəˈstɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English administracioun, from Old French administration, from Latin administratio, from administrare; see administer; compare French administration.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The Obama administration

The Duterte administration

(government, politics) The country's government under the rule of a particular leader.


agency

agency (countable and uncountable, plural agencies)

From Medieval Latin agentia, from Latin agēns (present participle of agere (“to act”)), agentis (cognate with French agence, see also agent).

moral agency

individual agency

Formally, capitalism performs its fundamental gesture—reappropriation without transformation. This bears on the question of subjective agency because this “reappropriation without transformation” is exactly what agency seeks to avoid; such a process indicates, in fact, that one's agency has failed, that one really had no agency in the first place.

2001, Todd McGowan, The Feminine "No!", SUNY Press, →ISBN, page 105:

Strictly speaking, at the level of personal agency one could say that power is a condition where one is “enabled.” I would contend that this is a condition of personal agency.

2012, Edmund V. Sullivan, A Critical Psychology, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 75:

The feeling of being in control of one's body should involve the sense of body-ownership, plus an additional sense of agency.

2013, Andy Clark, Julian Kiverstein, Tillmann Vierkant, Decomposing the Will, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 112:

(sociology, philosophy, psychology) The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

agència

A medium through which power is exerted or an end is achieved.

As an employment agency you have a responsibility to supply work to the individual agency worker, as well as a service to the client.

2012, Simon Toms, The Impact of the UK Temporary Employment Industry in Assisting Agency Workers since the Year 2000, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, →ISBN, page 277:

An establishment engaged in doing business for another; also, the place of business or the district of such an agency.

agjenci

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

Central Intelligence Agency

A department or other administrative unit of a government; also, the office or headquarters of, or the district administered by such unit of government.


agenda

agendka (diminutive)
agenda (nominative singular)
agendy (nominative plural)
agendy (genitive singular)
agend (genitive plural)
agendzie (dative singular)
agendom (dative plural)
agendę (accusative singular)
agendy (accusative plural)
agendą (instrumental singular)
agendami (instrumental plural)
agendzie (locative singular)
agendach (locative plural)
agendo (singular vocative)
agendy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin agenda/agendum/agendus. First attested in 1560.

lbor

branch, department (of a company or organization)

agenda liturgiczna

(obsolete, Christianity) Christian prayer book


wisdom

en-noun

wisdom (countable and uncountable, plural wisdoms)

From Middle English wisdom, from Old English wīsdōm (“wisdom”), from Proto-Germanic *wīsadōmaz (“wisdom”), corresponding to wise + -dom or wise + doom (“judgement”). Cognate with Scots wisdom, wysdom (“wisdom”), West Frisian wiisdom (“wisdom”), Dutch wijsdom (“wisdom”), German Weistum (“legal sentence”), Danish/Norwegian/Swedish visdom (“wisdom”), Icelandic vísdómur (“wisdom”).

ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ

ability to apply relevant knowledge in an insightful way

The ability to make a decision based on the combination of knowledge, experience, and intuitive understanding.


alliance

alliance (countable and uncountable, plural alliances)

From Middle English alliaunce, from Old French aliance (French alliance). Equivalent to ally + -ance. Compare with Doric Greek ἁλία (halía, “assembly”).

matrimonial alliances

an alliance between church and state, or between two countries

(uncountable) The state of being allied.


public

en-adj

public (comparative more public, superlative most public)

more public (comparative)
most public (superlative)

The adjective and noun are derived from Late Middle English publik, publike (“(adjective) generally observable, public; relating to the general public or public affairs; (noun) a generally observable place or situation”), from Anglo-Norman public, publik, publique, Middle French public, publique, and Old French public (“(adjective) generally observable, public; relating to the general public; official; (noun) community or its members collectively; nation, state; audience, spectators collectively”) (modern French public, publique (obsolete)); and from their etymon Latin pūblicus (“of or belonging to the community, people, or state; general, public”), an alteration of poplicus (influenced by pūbēs (“adult men; male population”)), from poplus (“community; the people, public; nation, state”) (later populus; from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”); further origin uncertain, possibly from Etruscan or from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”)) + -icus (suffix meaning ‘of or pertaining to’). Doublet of people.
The Middle English word displaced native Old English ceorlfolc and folclic.
The verb is derived from the adjective.

publik

open to all members of a community, as opposed to only a segment of it

nobody ever went broke underestimating the good taste of the American public

nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public

nobody ever went broke underestimating the taste of the American public

no one ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public

no one ever went broke underestimating the taste of the American public

[S]tanding publick Records have been kept of theſe vvell atteſted Relations, and Epocha’s made of thoſe unvvonted events.

1667, J[oseph] G[lanvill], Some Philosophical Considerations Touching the Being of Witches and Witchcraft. […], London: […] E[llen] C[otes] for James Collins […], →OCLC, page 5:

[I]f the nominated be to a place vvherein he is entruſted vvith the management of public moneys, he that nominates is ſurety for him, and is to make good vvhat he defrauds the Common-vvealth of.

1673, John Ray, “Of Venice”, in Observations Topographical, Moral, & Physiological; Made in a Journey through part of the Low-countries, Germany, Italy, and France: […], London: […] John Martyn, printer to the Royal Society, […], →OCLC, page 163:

I Profeſs in the ſincerity of my Heart that I have not the leaſt perſonal Intereſt in endeavouring to promote this neceſſary VVorks having no other Motive than the publick Good of my Country, by advancing our Trade, providing for Infants, relieving the Poor, and giving ſome Pleaſure to the Rich.

1729, [Jonathan Swift], A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to Their Parents, or the Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick, Dublin: […] S[arah] Harding, […], →OCLC, page 16:

I knew a brazen minister of state, / Who bore for twice ten years the publick hate. / In every mouth the question most in vogue / Was, When will they turn out this odious rogue?

1731 (date written), Jonathan Swift, “An Epistle to Mr. [John] Gay”, in Thomas Sheridan, John Nichols, editors, The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, […], new edition, volume VIII, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1801, →OCLC, page 118:

Money, being the instrument of an important public and private purpose, is rightly regarded as wealth; but everything else which serves any human purpose, and which nature does not afford gratuitously, is wealth also. […] Everything forms therefore a part of wealth, which has a power of purchasing; for which anything useful or agreeable would be given in exchange.

1848, John Stuart Mill, “Preliminary Remarks”, in Principles of Political Economy: With Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, book I (Production), page 8:

A mere 3% of the more than 1,000 people interviewed said they actually knew what the conference was about. It seems safe to say public awareness of the Convention on Biological Awareness in Nagoya – and its goal of safeguarding wildlife – is close to non-existent.

2010 September 16, Adam Vaughan, “Public awareness of the biodiversity crisis is virtually non-existent”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-09:

In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra-wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.

2013 May 6, George Monbiot, “Why the politics of envy are keenest among the very rich [print version: Money just makes the rich suffer, 17 May 2013]”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 23, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-16, page 19:

Pertaining to the people as a whole, as opposed to a group of people; concerning the whole community or country.

عَلَنِيّ

pertaining to people as a whole, as opposed to a group of people

In Iron Clouds conceal'd the Publick Light: / And Impious Mortals fear'd Eternal Night.

1697, Virgil, “The First Book of the Georgics”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 68, lines 639–640:

In the squares and places you see half-a-dozen of them together, sitting in a social circle on the bottoms of upturned baskets, knitting, talking, and enjoying the public sunshine, as if it were their own household fire.

1858 January 17 (date written), Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Mediterranean Sea”, in Passages from the French and Italian Note-books of Nathaniel Hawthorne, volume I, London: Strahan & Co., […], published 1871, →OCLC, page 54:

Of or pertaining to the human race as a whole; common, universal.


public

en-noun

public (countable and uncountable, plural publics)

yleisö

particular demographic or group of people, or segment of the population, sharing some common characteristic; (sociology) group of people sharing some common interest, but not necessarily having any interactions with each other

(well-being):

Chiefly preceded by the: a collective body of a politically organized nation or state; a body politic, a nation, a state; also, the interest or well-being of such a collective body; the common good.


kawan

Borrowed from Malay kawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaban (“companion, member of a group (of animals or people); friend”). Doublet of kaban.

inh

herd; flock; school; swarm (group of animal together, especially of the same kind)


fraternity

en-noun

fraternity (countable and uncountable, plural fraternities)

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
From Middle English fraternite, borrowed from Old French fraternité, from Latin frāternitās, ultimately from frāter (“brother”).

The quality of being brothers or brotherly; brotherhood.

Having now so amply declared unto thee most of the principal things of this thrice-renowned and illustrious city, I will briefly by way of an epitome mention most of the other particulars thereof, and so finally shut up this narration: there are reported to be in Venice and the circumjacent islands two hundred churches in which are one hundred forth-three pairs of organs, fifty-four monasteries, twenty-six nunneries, fifty-six tribunals or places of judgment, seventeen hospitals, six companies or fraternities, whereof I have before spoken; one hundred and sixty-five marble statues of worthy personages, partly equestrial, partly pedestrial, which are erected in sundry places of the city, to the honour of those that either at home have prudently administered the commonweal, or abroad valiantly fought for the same.

1611, Thomas Coryate, Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c:

The decision of Judge Stafford [to dismiss the case] represents an exhibition of raw power wielded by the well-organized fraternities of the medical profession against consumer groups working in the interest of women's health care.

1976 December 11, Linda Curtis, quotee, “Feminists Challenge 'Health Monopoly'”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 24, page 3:

A group of people associated for a common purpose.

broederskap

(US, Philippines) A social organization of male students at a college or university; usually identified by Greek letters.


muscle

muscle (countable and uncountable, plural muscles)

From Middle English muscle, muscule, muskylle, and in part from Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“a muscle”, literally “little mouse”) because of the mouselike appearance of some muscles, from mūs (“mouse”). Doublet of mussel. More at mouse.

der

Types of muscles: See Category:en:Muscles

Muscle consists largely of actin and myosin filaments.

For as the Trunk of the Body, is kept from tilting forvvard by the Muſcules of the Back: So, from falling backvvard, by theſe of the Belly.

1701, Nehemiah Grew, “Of the Use of Organized Bodies”, in Cosmologia Sacra: Or A Discourse of the Universe as It is the Creature and Kingdom of God. […], London: […] W[illiam] Rogers, S[amuel] Smith, and B[enjamin] Walford: […], →OCLC, 1st book, paragraph 18, page 27:

(uncountable) A contractile form of tissue which animals use to effect movement.

2008, Lou Schuler, "Foreward", in Nate Green, Built for Show, page xii
The fact that I was middle-aged, bald, married, and raising girls instead of chasing them didn't really bother me. Muscles are cool at any age.

(uncountable, usually in the plural) A well-developed physique, in which the muscles are enlarged from exercise.

The lesson to be drawn from the events of 1914, to Roosevelt's mind, was that civilization needed muscle to defend it, not just solemn words.

2010, Adam Quinn, US Foreign Policy in Context, page 81:

It was going to take muscle to pluck Miss Agnes out of the canal.

2013, John D. MacDonald, The Long Lavender Look, page 15:

How can the unions - or more specifically the RMT—possibly think this is a good time to exert a bit of industrial muscle and indulge in strikes both on the national railway and the London Underground?

2022 January 12, Christian Wolmar, “A new year... but the same old mistakes are being made”, in RAIL, number 948, pages 40–41:

(uncountable, figurative) Strength, force.

It was easy enough to dodge him, let him crash into the floorboards. Peltroc knew that his priority was the leader, not the hired muscle.

1985, Lance Parkin, The Infinity Doctors, page 34:

(uncountable, figurative) Hired strongmen or bodyguards.


muscle

en-verb

muscle (third-person singular simple present muscles, present participle muscling, simple past and past participle muscled)

muscles (present singular third-person)
muscling (participle present)
muscled (participle past)
muscled (past)

She muscled through the ruins.

(intransitive) To move forcefully or with great strength.


membership

en-noun

membership (countable and uncountable, plural memberships)

The terms of membership agreement were vague.

He has memberships in clubs in three cities.

But when Krystal McConnell and Ashley Flynn were named deep in the heart of the '80s the thing was cuteness, feminine delicacy raised to an aesthetic paradigm. --- And everyone named according to a particular version of the pedigree fantasy. Ashley : transplanted Southern privilege, a destiny lying in sorority mixers and a marriage of health club memberships, state-of-the-art appliances and night courses in nouvelle cuisine.

1999, Andrew Pyper, chapter 10, in Lost Girls:

Hence there resulted a division of the membership of the brotherhood into two classes, the practical and theoretic, or, as they are more commonly called, the operative and speculative, or “domatic” and “geomatic."

2012, The Etiquette of Freemasonry: A Handbook for the Brethren, →ISBN:

The state of being a member of a group or organization.


cavalry

cavalry (countable and uncountable, plural cavalries)

From Middle French cavalerie, in turn from Italian cavalleria. Recorded in English from the 1540s. Doublet of chivalry.

(military, countable) The branch of the military transported by fast light vehicles, also known as mechanized cavalry.


constellation

PIE word
 *ḱóm
From Middle English constellacioun, constillacioun (“(astrology) position of the moon or a planet in relation to the ascendant sign of the zodiac; horoscope; (astronomy) formation of fixed stars, constellation; (astronomy) elevation or position of the sun”) [and other forms], borrowed from Old French constellation (modern French constellation), or directly from its etymon Late Latin cōnstēllātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnstēllātiō (“collection of stars supposed to exert an influence upon human affairs, constellation”), from Latin con- (prefix denoting a bringing together of several objects) + stēlla (“star; meteor; planet”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”)) + -ātiō (suffix forming nouns).

nb...

constelacioun, constellacion, constellacyon, constellacyoun, constillacion, constillacione, constillacioune, constillatioun, constollacion, constolacioun

sterrebeeld

arbitrary formation of stars perceived as a figure or pattern, or a division of the sky including it

rykelmä

configuration or grouping of related things

But alas such peruerse constellation nowe reigneth ouer men, that where some be aptely and naturally disposed to amitie, and fyndeth one, in similitude of studie and maners, equall to his expectation, and therfore kendeleth a feruent loue towarde that persone, puttinge all his ioye and delite in the praise and auauncement of him that he loueth, it hapneth that he which is loued, beinge promoted in honour, either of purpose neglecteth his frende, therby suppressynge libertie of speche or familiar resorte; or els esteming his mynde with his fortune onely, and nat with the suertie of frendship, hideth from him the secretes of his harte, and either trusteth no man, or els him whome prosperous fortune hath late brought in acquaintaunce.

1531, Thomas Elyot, “The Diuision of Ingratitude and the Dispraise therof”, in Ernest Rhys, editor, The Boke Named the Governour […] (Everyman’s Library), London: J[oseph] M[alaby] Dent & Co; New York, N.Y.: E[dward] P[ayson] Dutton & Co, published [1907], →OCLC, 2nd book, pages 188–189:

[H]e was born under the constellation that gives a man skill, riches, and integrity, whatever that constellation may be, which is of the less consequence because babies can't choose their own horoscopes, and, indeed, if they could, there might be an inconvenient rush of babies at particular epochs.

1862 July – 1863 August, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “First Impressions”, in Romola. […], volume I, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1863, →OCLC, book I, page 72:

The configuration of planets at a given time (especially a person's birth), as believed to affect events on Earth, or used for determining a horoscope.


combination

en-noun

combination (countable and uncountable, plural combinations)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English combinacioun, combynacyoun, from Old French combination, from Late Latin combīnātiō.
Morphologically combine + -ation

These guidelines should be followed in combination with those given last week.

She took a dangerous combination of alcohol and heroin.

The act of combining, the state of being combined or the result of combining.

The combination to their safe was the date of birth of their first child.

A sequence of numbers or letters used to open a combination lock.

комбинация

sequence of numbers or letters for a combination lock

An association or alliance of people for some common purpose.

A rapid sequence of punches or strikes in boxing or other combat sports.


chapter

en-verb

chapter (third-person singular simple present chapters, present participle chaptering, simple past and past participle chaptered)

chapters (present singular third-person)
chaptering (participle present)
chaptered (participle past)
chaptered (past)

From Middle English chapitre, from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum (“a chapter of a book, in Medieval Latin also a synod or council”), diminutive of caput (“a head”); see capital, capitulum, and chapiter, which are doublets of chapter.


paparazzi

en-noun

paparazzi (countable and uncountable, plural paparazzis)

Reinterpretation of the plural of paparazzo, the singular standard Italian form.

“Tell Page that PAPARAZZI is here, in my apartment. And then tell her that their offices are right across from us …”

1989, Carol Muske-Dukes, Dear Digby, Viking, →ISBN, page 148:

Rather, the business paparazzi is armoring itself for a backlash campaign against the entrepreneurial big mouths.

2001, Geert Lovink, “The Rise and Fall of Dotcom Mania”, in Dark Fiber: Tracking Critical Internet Culture, MIT Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 354:

Nelishia—You are a special lady with an enormous heart with skills that are off the chains!!! You go girl!!! A definite multi-tasking Diva!! Get your Chanel shades paparazzi is lurking…lol

2006, Kisha Green, And Even If I Did, iUniverse, →ISBN, page vi:

(nonstandard, uncountable) Paparazzi taken as a group.


paparazzi

Unadapted borrowing from Italian paparazzi, plural of paparazzo.


ulica

pl-noun

ulica f (diminutive uliczka, abbreviation ul.)

uliczka (diminutive)
ul. (abbreviation)
ulica (nominative singular)
ulice (nominative plural)
ulicy (genitive singular)
ulic (genitive plural)
ulicy (dative singular)
ulicom (dative plural)
ulicę (accusative singular)
ulice (accusative plural)
ulicą (instrumental singular)
ulicami (instrumental plural)
ulicy (locative singular)
ulicach (locative plural)
ulico (singular vocative)
ulice (plural vocative)

(colloquial, sociology) public opinion (society as an exponent of views and assessments of current political, social, and cultural life)


dav

dav (nominative singular)
davy (nominative plural)
davu (genitive singular)
davů (genitive plural)
davu (dative singular)
davům (dative plural)
dav (accusative singular)
davy (accusative plural)
dave (singular vocative)
davy (plural vocative)
davu (locative singular)
davech (locative plural)
davem (instrumental singular)
davy (instrumental plural)

On zmizel v davu.


dav

sk-noun

dav m inan (relational adjective davový)

davový (adjective relational)
nominative
dav (singular)
davy (plural)
genitive
davu (singular)
davov (plural)
dative
davom (plural)
accusative
locative
dave (singular)
davoch (plural)
instrumental
davom (singular)
davmi (plural)


foster family

A family having at least one foster child.


colony

Tok Pisin: koloni

→ Tokelauan: kolone

From Middle English colane, colonye, from Latin colōnia (“colony”), from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”), from earlier *quelō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Doublet of Cologne, Colonia, and Köln.

der

The question of ecclesiastical jurisdiction had to be answered before the colony sailed for East Florida.

2006, Kenneth H. Beeson Jr., Fromajadas and Indigo: The Minorcan Colony in Florida, Arcadia Publishing, →ISBN:

A group of people who settle such an area and maintain ties to their native country, and (later) their descendants.

a colony of British expats in Spain

The Amana Colonies in Iowa were settled by people from Germany.

A group of people, of one nationality, ethnic group, or language, residing in a different country, city, or area; the area such people occupy.

a nudist colony; the statue was put up right in the middle of the artist colony

a leper colony on the outskirts of town; most buildings in the penal colony were made of concrete

A group of people with similar interests, occupations, or characteristics, living in a particular area; the area such people occupy.

ant colony; coral colony

a colony of specialized polyps and medusoids

(biology) A group of organisms of same or different species living together in close association.

Our colony is quite small, but each apartment is large.

(India) An apartment complex or neighborhood.


tsunami

(oceanography) tsunami (very large and destructive wave, generally caused by a tremendous disturbance in the ocean, such as an undersea earthquake or volcanic eruption; often a series of waves (a wave train))

(figurative) tsunami (violent event that changes or completely shatters the previous state of something)

(figurative) tsunami, flood (appearance of some emotion, behavior, or phenomenon in large quantities or in high intensity) [with genitive]

(figurative) tsunami, flood (huge number of people gathered in some place and moving to somewhere) [with genitive]