kupa

pl-noun

kupa f (diminutive kupka or kupcia, augmentative kupsko, related adjective kupowy)

kupka (diminutive)
kupcia (diminutive)
kupsko (augmentative)
kupowy (adjective)
kupa (nominative singular)
kupy (nominative plural)
kupy (genitive singular)
kup (genitive plural)
kupie (dative singular)
kupom (dative plural)
kupę (accusative singular)
kupy (accusative plural)
kupą (instrumental singular)
kupami (instrumental plural)
kupie (locative singular)
kupach (locative plural)
kupo (singular vocative)
kupy (plural vocative)


部隊

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/pou̯²² tɵy̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/

/pɔ³³⁻¹¹ tui³³/

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tui³³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tui²²/

/pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/pou̯²² tɵy̯²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯i⁵⁵/

/pɔ³³⁻¹¹ tui³³/

/pɔ³³⁻²¹ tui³³/

/pɔ²²⁻²¹ tui²²/


fala

falowy (adjective)
fala (nominative singular)
fale (nominative plural)
fali (genitive singular)
fal (genitive plural)
fali (dative singular)
falom (dative plural)
falę (accusative singular)
fale (accusative plural)
falą (instrumental singular)
falami (instrumental plural)
fali (locative singular)
falach (locative plural)
falo (singular vocative)
fale (plural vocative)

→ Belarusian: хва́ля (xválja)

→ Ukrainian: хви́ля (xvýlja)

Borrowed from German Welle. First attested in 1594. Displaced wełn.

ref

Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “fala”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]

bullying (teasing from a higher grade to a lower grade in school, etc.)

(military) time remaining until the end of military service


chapitre

English: chapter; chapiter

Scots: chaipter

Borrowed from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum.

A chapter, passage, or section of a book.

A portion of the Bible read aloud in church.

A chapterhouse; a building hosting such a group.

Such an assembly convoked to decide cases of canon law.


lud

lud (nominative singular)
ludy (nominative plural)
ludu (genitive singular)
ludów (genitive plural)
ludowi (dative singular)
ludom (dative plural)
lud (accusative singular)
ludy (accusative plural)
ludem (instrumental singular)
ludami (instrumental plural)
ludzie (locative singular)
ludach (locative plural)
ludu (singular vocative)
ludzie (singular vocative)
ludy (plural vocative)


stary

pl-adj

stary (comparative starszy, superlative najstarszy, derived adverb staro)

starszy (comparative)
najstarszy (superlative)
stary (masculine nominative singular)
stara (feminine nominative singular)
stare (neuter nominative singular)
starzy (nominative plural virile)
stare (nominative plural)
starego (genitive masculine singular)
starej (feminine genitive singular)
starego (genitive neuter singular)
starych (genitive plural)
starych (genitive plural virile)
staremu (dative masculine singular)
starej (dative feminine singular)
staremu (dative neuter singular)
starym (dative plural)
starym (dative plural virile)
starego (accusative animate masculine singular)
stary (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
starą (accusative feminine singular)
stare (accusative neuter singular)
starych (accusative plural virile)
stare (accusative plural)
starym (instrumental masculine singular)
starą (feminine instrumental singular)
starym (instrumental neuter singular)
starymi (instrumental plural)
starymi (instrumental plural virile)
starym (locative masculine singular)
starej (feminine locative singular)
starym (locative neuter singular)
starych (locative plural)
starych (locative plural virile)

old (of a living being, having lived for most of the expected years)

old (having existed for a while but not outdated)

old (familiar, having been known to the speaker for a long time)


prasa

prasowy (adjective)
prasa (nominative singular)
prasy (nominative plural)
prasy (genitive singular)
pras (genitive plural)
prasie (dative singular)
prasom (dative plural)
prasę (accusative singular)
prasy (accusative plural)
prasą (instrumental singular)
prasami (instrumental plural)
prasie (locative singular)
prasach (locative plural)
praso (singular vocative)
prasy (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: prasa

Inherited from Old Polish prasa. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from German Presse and French presse.

sl

(uncountable, collective) press (those working in such media collectively)


stado

stadko (diminutive)
stado (nominative singular)
stada (nominative plural)
stada (genitive singular)
stad (genitive plural)
stadu (dative singular)
stadom (dative plural)
stado (accusative singular)
stada (accusative plural)
stadem (instrumental singular)
stadami (instrumental plural)
stadzie (locative singular)
stadach (locative plural)
stado (singular vocative)
stada (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish stado, from Proto-Slavic *stado.

herd, flock (group of sheep, birds etc.)


stado

stȁdo (canonical neuter)
ста̏до (Cyrillic)
stado (nominative singular)
stada (nominative plural)
stada (genitive singular)
stada (genitive plural)
stadu (dative singular)
stadima (dative plural)
stado (accusative singular)
stada (accusative plural)
stado (singular vocative)
stada (plural vocative)
stadu (locative singular)
stadima (locative plural)
stadom (instrumental singular)
stadima (instrumental plural)

herd, flock (of domesticated animals like sheep and goats)


subgroup

/ˈsʌbˌɡɹuːp/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-subgroup.wav

subgrup

(group theory) group within a larger group

Much of the information about a group can be gleaned from a study of its subgroups. For these reasons it is important to study the subgroup structure of the almost simple groups, and in particular their maximal subgroups.

1990, Peter B. Kleidman, Martin W. Liebeck, The Subgroup Structure of the Finite Classical Groups, Cambridge University Press, page 1:

A subgroup H of an algebraic group G is called algebraic if H is an algebraic subvariety of G. Algebraic subgroups defined over k (as algebraic subvarieties) are called k-subgroups. An algebraic subgroup of an algebraic group is called k-closed or closed over k (resp. k-defined or defined over k) if it is k-closed (resp. k-defined) as an algebraic subvariety.

1991, Gregori A. Margulis, Discrete Subgroups of Semisimple Lie Groups, Springer-Verlag, page 13:

This is applied in Chapter 9 to prove the first congruence subgroup theorem, which asserts that g.z = z for all z in the center of the Drinfel'd double D(H) and all g in the principal congruence subgroup.

2012, Yorck Sommerhäuser, Yongchang Zhu, Hopf Algebras and Congruence Subgroups, American Mathematical Society, page 3:

(group theory) A subset H of a group G that is itself a group and has the same binary operation as G.


confederacy

From Middle English confederacie, from Anglo-Norman confederacie, from Latin cōnfoederātiō. Doublet of confederation.

The Blackfoot, Iroquois, and Sioux peoples all were governed as confederacies. There were also multi-ethnic confederacies, such as the Iron Confederacy made up of the Plains Cree, Assiniboine, Stoney, and Saulteaux.

Specifically, an instance of a decentralized governing structure among the indigenous peoples of North America.


warta

warta (nominative singular)
warty (nominative plural)
warty (genitive singular)
wart (genitive plural)
warcie (dative singular)
wartom (dative plural)
wartę (accusative singular)
warty (accusative plural)
wartą (instrumental singular)
wartami (instrumental plural)
warcie (locative singular)
wartach (locative plural)
warto (singular vocative)
warty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German warte, from Old High German warta, from Proto-West Germanic *wardu, from Proto-Germanic *wardō.


csorda

csordák (plural)
csorda (nominative singular)
csordák (nominative plural)
csordát (accusative singular)
csordákat (accusative plural)
csordának (dative singular)
csordáknak (dative plural)
csordával (instrumental singular)
csordákkal (instrumental plural)
csordáért (causal-final singular)
csordákért (causal-final plural)
csordává (singular translative)
csordákká (plural translative)
csordáig (singular terminative)
csordákig (plural terminative)
csordaként (essive-formal singular)
csordákként (essive-formal plural)
csordában (inessive singular)
csordákban (inessive plural)
csordán (singular superessive)
csordákon (plural superessive)
csordánál (adessive singular)
csordáknál (adessive plural)
csordába (illative singular)
csordákba (illative plural)
csordára (singular sublative)
csordákra (plural sublative)
csordához (allative singular)
csordákhoz (allative plural)
csordából (elative singular)
csordákból (elative plural)
csordáról (delative singular)
csordákról (delative plural)
csordától (ablative singular)
csordáktól (ablative plural)
csordáé (singular)
csordáké (plural)
csordáéi (singular)
csordákéi (plural)
csordám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
csordáim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
csordád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
csordáid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
csordája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
csordái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
csordánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
csordáink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
csordátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
csordáitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
csordájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
csordáik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Romanian: ciurdă (“herd, flock”)

From Proto-Slavic *čerda, from Proto-Indo-European *kerdʰ-.
Compare (obsolete) Serbo-Croatian čreda, Russian череда́ (čeredá, “sequence, train”), English herd.


črieda

sk-noun

črieda f (relational adjective čriedny or čriedový, diminutive čriedka or čriedočka)

čriedny (adjective relational)
čriedový (adjective relational)
čriedka (diminutive)
čriedočka (diminutive)
nominative
črieda (singular)
čriedy (plural)
genitive
čriedy (singular)
čried (plural)
dative
čriede (singular)
čriedam (plural)
accusative
čriedu (singular)
locative
čriedach (plural)
instrumental
čriedou (singular)
čriedami (plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *čerda, cognate with Slovene čreda, Serbo-Croatian чре́да/čréda, Russian череда́ (čeredá, “sequence”). Non-Slavic cognates include Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (hairda), Welsh cordd (“group”).


trzoda

pl-noun

trzoda f (diminutive trzódka or trzodka)

trzódka (diminutive)
trzodka (diminutive)
trzoda (nominative singular)
trzody (nominative plural)
trzody (genitive singular)
trzód (genitive plural)
trzodzie (dative singular)
trzodom (dative plural)
trzodę (accusative singular)
trzody (accusative plural)
trzodą (instrumental singular)
trzodami (instrumental plural)
trzodzie (locative singular)
trzodach (locative plural)
trzodo (singular vocative)
trzody (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish czrzoda, from Proto-Slavic *čērdà, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰo-. Doublet of czereda, a borrowing from an East Slavic language.

herd (a number of domestic animals assembled together under the watch or ownership of a keeper)


backing band

(British) A group of musicians who accompany an artist at a live performance or on a recording. This can either be an established group, or else an ad hoc group assembled for the purpose.


glaring

2010, Chuck Lorre et al., The Big Bang Theory, episode “The Zazzy Substitution”
Leonard: You’re clearly upset about Amy being gone, and you’re trying to replace her with a bunch of cats.
Sheldon: Clowder.
Leonard: What?
Sheldon: A group of cats is a clowder. Or a glaring. It’s the kind of thing you ought to know now that we have one.


saeculum

la-noun

saeculum n (genitive saeculī); second declension

saeculī (genitive)
saeculum (nominative singular)
saecula (nominative plural)
saeculī (genitive singular)
saeculōrum (genitive plural)
saeculō (dative singular)
saeculīs (dative plural)
saeculum (accusative singular)
saecula (accusative plural)
saeculō (ablative singular)
saeculīs (ablative plural)
saeculum (singular vocative)
saecula (plural vocative)

→ Albanian: shekull

→ Aragonese: sieglo (semi-learned)

→ Asturian: sieglu (semi-learned)

→ Corsican: seculu (semi-learned)

→ English: saeculum, secle

Fala: siglu

→ Galician: século

Old Piedmontese: sevol

→ Interlingua: seculo

→ Italian: secolo (semi-learned)

Neapolitan: seculo

desctree

→ Old French: ciecle, secle, sekle, sicle, siecle; seule (early) (semi-learned)
Middle French: siecle
French: siècle, siecle (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: syèk
Swedish: sekel
Norman: siaeclle (Guernsey), siècl'ye (Jersey)

→ Old Irish: saegul
Irish: saol
Manx: seihll
Scottish Gaelic: saoghal

Old Occitan: segle
Catalan: segle
Occitan: sègle, sècle, siècle

desc

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: seglo, segre (semi-learned)

→ Old Spanish: siclo, sieglo, siglo (semi-learned)

desctree

Spanish: siglo
→ Cebuano: siglo
→ Papiamentu: siglo
→ Tagalog: siglo

→ Portuguese: século

→ Kabuverdianu: seklu

→ Romanian: secol

→ Sicilian: sèculu (semi-learned)
→ Maltese: seklu

→ Swedish: sekel

→ Waray-Waray: siglo

[ˈs̠äe̯kʊɫ̪ʊ̃ˑ]

Probably from *sh₂ey- (“to bind, knit, tie together, tie to, connect”) + *-tlom (instrumental suffix) (whence Latin -culum), in the sense of successive generations being linked together over time. Compare Lithuanian sėkla (“seed”), Proto-Celtic *saitlom (“life, age”), Gaulish Sētlocenia, Hittite [script needed] (išhi-, “to bind”), Sanskrit सि (si, “to bind”).
An alternative theory derives the word from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (“to sow”).


subculture

The goth subculture has its own mode of dress, and it has a characteristic musical style.

Like those activities, bodybuilding is an obsession, a living (for a few), and a way of life for the people involved in it—a subculture, in a word, with its own values, aesthetics and vocabulary.

1974, Charles Gaines, George Butler, Pumping Iron: The Art and Sport of Bodybuilding, page 7:

White Americans are transitioning toward minority status for the first time. As they do, perhaps their ways will be treated less as the default mainstream, and more as subcultures among subcultures.

2014 November 24, Anand Giridharadas, “How to Talk About Race Without Talking About Race”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

White evangelicals once saw themselves “as the owners of mainstream American culture and morality and values,” said Jones. Now they are just another subculture.

2021 July 9, Michelle Goldberg, “The Christian Right Is in Decline, and It’s Taking America With It”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A portion of a culture distinguished by its customs or other features, often in contrast to the larger mainstream culture.

亞文化 /亚文化

(biology) A culture made by transferring microorganisms from a previous culture to a fresh growth medium


subculture

en-verb

subculture (third-person singular simple present subcultures, present participle subculturing, simple past and past participle subcultured)

subcultures (present singular third-person)
subculturing (participle present)
subcultured (participle past)
subcultured (past)

Cultures were subcultured by 20-fold dilution into fresh MS2D medium approximately every 7 d.

1990, Heidi F. Kaeppler et al., “Silicon carbide fiber-mediated DNA delivery into plant cells”, in Plant Cell Reports, volume 9, number 8:

(biology) To transfer (microorganisms) to a fresh growth medium in order to start a new culture


noblesse

en-noun

noblesse (usually uncountable, plural noblesses)

From Middle English noblesse, from Anglo-Norman noblesse, noblesce et al., Old French noblace, nobleche et al., from noble (“noble”).

But thou , whose noblesse keeps one stature still


skup

skȕp (canonical masculine)
ску̏п (Cyrillic)
skup (nominative singular)
skupovi (nominative plural)
skupa (genitive singular)
skupova (genitive plural)
skupu (dative singular)
skupovima (dative plural)
skup (accusative singular)
skupove (accusative plural)
skupe (singular vocative)
skupovi (plural vocative)
skupu (locative singular)
skupovima (locative plural)
skupom (instrumental singular)
skupovima (instrumental plural)

Deverbative of skȕpiti (“to collect, gather”).


krdo

kȑdo (canonical neuter)
кр̏до (Cyrillic)
kȑdo (nominative singular)
krda (nominative plural)
krda (genitive singular)
kȓdā (genitive plural)
krdu (dative singular)
krdima (dative plural)
krdo (accusative singular)
krda (accusative plural)
krdo (singular vocative)
krda (plural vocative)
krdu (locative singular)
krdima (locative plural)
krdom (instrumental singular)
krdima (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъrdo, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱerdʰ-.

herd (group of wild, usually herbivorous animals)


cârd

cârduri (plural)
cârd (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
cârdul (accusative definite nominative singular)
cârduri (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
cârdurile (accusative definite nominative plural)
cârd (indefinite singular)
cârdului (definite singular)
cârduri (indefinite singular)
cârdurilor (definite plural)
cârdule (singular vocative)
cârdurilor (vocative)

From a Slavic language, from Proto-Slavic *kъrdo, from Proto-Indo-European *kerdʰ-. Doublet of cireadă and ciurdă.
Compare Serbo-Croatian кр̏до/kȑdo (“herd”), English herd.


vrh

vrh (nominative singular)
vrhy (nominative plural)
vrhu (genitive singular)
vrhů (genitive plural)
vrhu (dative singular)
vrhům (dative plural)
vrh (accusative singular)
vrhy (accusative plural)
vrhu (singular vocative)
vrhy (plural vocative)
vrhu (locative singular)
vrzích (locative plural)
vrhem (instrumental singular)
vrhy (instrumental plural)

litter (group of baby animals from one pregnancy)


vrh

nominative
vrh (singular)
vrhy (plural)
genitive
vrhu (singular)
vrhov (plural)
dative
vrhom (plural)
accusative
locative
vrhoch (plural)
instrumental
vrhom (singular)
vrhmi (plural)

litter (group of baby mammals from one pregnancy)


kruh

kruh (nominative singular)
kruhy (nominative plural)
kruhu (genitive singular)
kruhů (genitive plural)
kruhu (dative singular)
kruhům (dative plural)
kruh (accusative singular)
kruhy (accusative plural)
kruhu (singular vocative)
kruhy (plural vocative)
kruhu (locative singular)
kruzích (locative plural)
kruhem (instrumental singular)
kruhy (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech kruh, from Proto-Slavic *krǫgъ.


task force

The CEO's task force developed a thoroughgoing marketing strategy for the new product line.

(business, government, military) A group of people working towards a particular task, project, or activity, especially assigned in a particular capacity.


племя

be-noun

пле́мя • (pljémja) n inan (genitive пле́мя or пле́мені, nominative plural плямёны, genitive plural плямён or плямёнаў, relational adjective племянны́)

пле́мя (canonical)
pljémja (romanization)
пле́мя (genitive)
пле́мені (genitive)
плямёны (nominative plural)
плямён (genitive plural)
плямёнаў (genitive plural)
племянны́ (adjective relational)
пле́мя (nominative singular)
плямёны (nominative plural)
пле́мя (genitive singular)
пле́мені (genitive singular)
плямён (genitive plural)
плямёнаў (genitive plural)
пле́мю (dative singular)
пле́мені (dative singular)
плямёнам (dative plural)
пле́мя (accusative singular)
плямёны (accusative plural)
пле́мем (instrumental singular)
пле́менем (instrumental singular)
плямёнамі (instrumental plural)
пле́мі (locative singular)
пле́мені (locative singular)
плямёнах (locative plural)
пле́мені (count-form plural)

Inherited from Old East Slavic племѧ (plemę), from Proto-Slavic *plemę.


племя

ru-noun+

пле́мя • (plémja) n inan (genitive пле́мени, nominative plural племена́, genitive plural племён, relational adjective племенно́й, diminutive пле́мечко)

пле́мя (canonical)
plémja (romanization)
пле́мени (genitive)
племена́ (nominative plural)
племён (genitive plural)
племенно́й (adjective relational)
пле́мечко (diminutive)
пле́мя (nominative singular)
племена́ (nominative plural)
пле́мени (genitive singular)
племён (genitive plural)
пле́мени (dative singular)
племена́м (dative plural)
пле́мя (accusative singular)
племена́ (accusative plural)
пле́менем (instrumental singular)
племена́ми (instrumental plural)
пле́мени (prepositional singular)
племена́х (plural prepositional)
пле́мя (dated nominative singular)
племена́ (dated nominative plural)
пле́мени (dated genitive singular)
племёнъ (dated genitive plural)
пле́мени (dated dative singular)
племена́мъ (dated dative plural)
пле́мя (accusative dated singular)
племена́ (accusative dated plural)
пле́менемъ (dated instrumental singular)
племена́ми (dated instrumental plural)
пле́мени (dated prepositional singular)
племена́хъ (dated plural prepositional)


houf

houf (nominative singular)
houfy (nominative plural)
houfu (genitive singular)
houfů (genitive plural)
houfu (dative singular)
houfům (dative plural)
houf (accusative singular)
houfy (accusative plural)
houfe (singular vocative)
houfy (plural vocative)
houfu (locative singular)
houfech (locative plural)
houfem (instrumental singular)
houfy (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech húf, hauf. Borrowed from Middle High German hufe (“heap”), from Old High German hūfo.


camarilla

/ˌkæməˈɹɪlə/

Borrowed from Spanish camarilla, from cámara (“chamber”) and the diminutive suffix -illa.

The same lack of accountability has been even more disastrous for the two state-owned banks, which exist primarily to funnel IMF and World Bank funds to the president and his camarilla in the form of unsecured loans.

The negotiation dripped with bad faith on both sides, with a powerful Austrian camarilla always seeing it as a short-term deal with the Hungarians to be followed by retribution in due course.

2013, Simon Winder, Danubia, Picador, published 2014, page 369:

A secret, usually sinister, group of conspiring advisors close to the leadership; a cabal.


savez

sávez (canonical masculine)
са́вез (Cyrillic)
savez (nominative singular)
savezi (nominative plural)
saveza (genitive singular)
saveza (genitive plural)
savezu (dative singular)
savezima (dative plural)
savez (accusative singular)
saveze (accusative plural)
saveze (singular vocative)
savezu (singular vocative)
savezi (plural vocative)
savezu (locative singular)
savezima (locative plural)
savezom (instrumental singular)
savezima (instrumental plural)


humankind

en-noun

humankind (usually uncountable, plural humankinds)

The human race; mankind, humanity; Homo sapiens.


human race

Mankind, humanity; humankind; Homo sapiens


subcommittee

Have you ever seen the televised St. Vitus subcommittee prize

2003, R.E.M. (lyrics and music), “Bad Day”, in In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003:

A committee formed by an existing committee, comprising a subset of its members.


cooperative

en-adj

cooperative (comparative more cooperative, superlative most cooperative)

more cooperative (comparative)
most cooperative (superlative)

The patient was rarely cooperative, and tended to refuse treatment.

Santorum, in a comment regarding Senator John McCain's repudiation of torture, stated, "He doesn't understand how enhanced interrogation works. I mean, you break somebody, and after they've broken they become cooperative" (Summers 2011).

2015 November 30, Shane O'Mara, Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of Interrogation, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, page 12:

Ready to work with another person or in a team; ready to cooperate.


police force

He joined the police force a long time ago, when he lived in Virginia.

(law enforcement) Any police organization; a constabulary.


varsity

en-noun

varsity (countable and uncountable, plural varsities)

First attested in the mid 17th century. Clipping of univarsity, reflecting an archaic pronunciation of university.

There were sixteen of them in all, for the most part upper classmen who had failed to make the varsity the year before, with a sprinkling of sophomores and two freshmen.

1903, Ralph Henry Barbour, C. M. Relyea, Weatherby's Inning: A Story of College Life and Baseball, New York: D. Appleton and Company:

A small Pennsylvania university has only one varsity program: e-sports. Is this the future of college athletics?

2019 November 13, Luke Winkie, “Why Colleges Are Betting Big on Video Games”, in The Atlantic:

(sports, US) The principal sports team representing an institution (usually a high school, college, or university.)


門派

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門派):
* → Japanese: 門(もん)派(は) (monha)
* → Korean: 문파(門派) (munpa)
* → Vietnamese: môn phái (門派)

/mən³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/muːn²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/

/mən³⁵ pʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/muːn²¹ pʰaːi̯³³/


農家

/nʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/nʊŋ²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/nʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/nʊŋ²¹ kaː⁵⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² ka³³/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ka⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

Spring and Autumn
w:Spring and Autumn period

agriculturalism (a school of Chinese philosophy, prevalent during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770 to 221 BC), that advocated for peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism)


peasantry

en-noun

peasantry (countable and uncountable, plural peasantries)

From peasant + -ry, from Middle English paissaunt.

They distressed her. They were so stolid. She had always maintained that there is no American peasantry, and she sought now to defend her faith by seeing imagination and enterprise in the young Swedish farmers, and in a traveling man working over his order-blanks. But the older people, Yankees as well as Norwegians, Germans, Finns, Canucks, had settled into submission to poverty. They were peasants, she groaned.

1920, Sinclair Lewis, chapter 3, in Main Street:

(historical) Impoverished rural farm workers, either as serfs, small freeholders or hired hands.


octad

(historical) hundred million = myriad myriad; 100,000,000 = 10⁸


nonad

By Trisection of the three sections of a Tripartite circle. Symbolical of a nonad or nine fold nature of the Deity.

1891, The Yoga-vásishtha-mahárámáyana of Válmiki:

The nonuply perspective nonads of Milne are distinct from all cases of cyclic nonads given by the theory of section I. of this paper […]

1921, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, page 6:

The beginning, middle and end of the nonad forms a triad, […]

2020, John Krey, The Structure of Knowledge Using Natural Patterns, page 3:

(rare) Synonym of ennead (“collection or series of nine things”)


pentad

From Ancient Greek πεντάς (pentás), from πέντε (pénte, “five”) + -άς (-ás, “-ad”), equivalent to pent- + -ad.

Synonym of quintet: A group of five things, particularly

A five-day division of the Chinese calendar, forming part of a solar term (Chinese: 候).


firing squad

A group of soldiers or paramilitaries detailed to execute someone, usually by rifle shot, or to discharge their weapons ceremonially at a funeral.

գնդակահարողների խումբ

a group of soldiers detailed to execute someone or to discharge weapons ceremonially


junior varsity

junior varsity (plural junior varsities)

In sports, a team composed of players who play behind the varsity unit.


rock band

(music) A group of musicians who play rock music.


precinct

From Middle English precinct, precincte, early 15th century, in sense of “district for government purposes”, from Medieval Latin precinctum, alternative form of praecinctum (“enclosure, boundary line”), neuter singular of praecinctus, perfect passive participle of Latin praecingō (“surround, gird”), from prae (“before”) + cingō (“surround, encircle”), from which also cinch.
Cognate to Italian precingere (“to encircle”).

(US) A subdivision of a city or other locality for the purposes of voting and representation in local government. In cities, precincts may be grouped into wards.


clero

From Latin clērus, from Ancient Greek κλῆρος (klêros). The -o ending, uncharacteristic of Catalan, suggests that the term may have been borrowed via Spanish or Italian.


joint venture

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-joint venture.wav

A cooperative partnership between two individuals or businesses in which profits and risks are shared.

(law) A cooperative partnership between two or more criminals.

(loosely) Any cooperative partnership or agreement.


joint venture

Unadapted borrowing from English joint venture.


joint venture

(business) joint venture (cooperative partnership between two individuals or businesses in which profits and risks are shared)


entourage

/ˈɒn.tʊ.ɹɑːʒ/

/ˈɑ̃ː.tʊ.ɹɑːʒ/

/ˈɑn.tə.ɹɑʒ/

Unadapted borrowing from French entourage, from entourer (“to surround”).

ubor

(topology) A binary relation in a uniform space which generalises the notion of two points being no farther apart than a given fixed distance; a uniform neighbourhood.


walking wounded

(plural only, in triage) Those casualties whose wounds do not require them to be moved on a stretcher but that can walk to medical treatment.


jato

jȁto (canonical neuter)
ја̏то (Cyrillic)
jȁto (nominative singular)
jata (nominative plural)
jata (genitive singular)
jȃtā (genitive plural)
jatu (dative singular)
jatima (dative plural)
jato (accusative singular)
jata (accusative plural)
jato (singular vocative)
jata (plural vocative)
jatu (locative singular)
jatima (locative plural)
jatom (instrumental singular)
jatima (instrumental plural)


flete

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

Inherited from Old English flēot (“bay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fleut, from Proto-Germanic *fleutą.


viewership

en-noun

viewership (countable and uncountable, plural viewerships)

collectively, the viewers of a television program or other video broadcast


cosca

Borrowed from Sicilian cosca (“rib, branch”), from Late Latin costula, diminutive of costa (“rib”). Doublet of costola.


panteon

panteon (nominative singular)
panteony (nominative plural)
panteonu (genitive singular)
panteonów (genitive plural)
panteonowi (dative singular)
panteonom (dative plural)
panteon (accusative singular)
panteony (accusative plural)
panteonem (instrumental singular)
panteonami (instrumental plural)
panteonie (locative singular)
panteonach (locative plural)
panteonie (singular vocative)
panteony (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin Pantheon, from Ancient Greek Πάνθειον (Pántheion), neuter of πάνθειος (pántheios), from πᾶν (pân) + θείος (theíos), from θεός (theós).

pantheon (category or classification denoting the most honored persons of a group)


turba

la-noun

turba f (genitive turbae); first declension

turbae (genitive)
turba (nominative singular)
turbae (nominative plural)
turbae (genitive singular)
turbārum (genitive plural)
turbae (dative singular)
turbīs (dative plural)
turbam (accusative singular)
turbās (accusative plural)
turbā (ablative singular)
turbīs (ablative plural)
turba (singular vocative)
turbae (plural vocative)

→ Catalan: turba

→ Galician: turba

Italian: turba

→ Portuguese: turba

Sicilian: turba

→ Spanish: turba

desctree

→ Middle Welsh: twryf, turvf, turyf, twrf, twrw, twrwf, tyryf
Welsh: twrf

→ Middle Welsh: torf

Welsh: torf

Probably from Ancient Greek τύρβη (túrbē, “tumult, disorder, turmoil”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to rotate, swirl, twirl, move around”); related to English storm.

der

acceptis autem quinque panibus et duobus piscibus respexit in caelum et benedixit illis et fregit et distribuit discipulis suis ut ponerent ante turbas

Then [Jesus] took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed them, and broke, and gave to the disciples to set before the multitude.


別人

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʐən³/

/piɛ²¹ zən²¹/

/pʰiɛt̚⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/pɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/pat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/

/pat̚²⁴⁻² laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴³⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴⁻³² laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴⁻³² laŋ²³/

/pak̚⁴⁻² naŋ⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ n̠ʲin²³/

/bəʔ¹¹ n̠ʲin²³/

/bəʔ²² n̠ʲin³³/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʐən³⁵/

/pi̯ɛ³⁵ ʐən³/

/piɛ²¹ zən²¹/

/pʰiɛt̚⁵ ŋin¹¹/

/pɛiʔ⁵⁻³³ nˡøyŋ⁵³/

/pat̚¹²¹⁻²¹ laŋ¹³/

/pat̚²⁴⁻² laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴³⁻²¹ laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴⁻³² laŋ²⁴/

/pat̚⁴⁻³² laŋ²³/

/pak̚⁴⁻² naŋ⁵⁵/

/biɪʔ¹¹ n̠ʲin²³/

/bəʔ¹¹ n̠ʲin²³/

/bəʔ²² n̠ʲin³³/

靠別人

靠别人

冒犯到別人

冒犯到别人

用手指著別人

用手指着别人

為別人帶來麻煩

为别人带来麻烦

這件事不准跟別人說。

这件事不准跟别人说。

我不需要別人的憐憫。

我不需要别人的怜悯。

These people who are out of touch with reality just don't understand the real suffering of others!

Zhè yī qún bùshírénjiānyānhuǒ de rén, gēnběn bù zhīdào biérén de shíjì tòngkǔ!

這一群不食人間煙火的人，根本不知道別人的實際痛苦！

这一群不食人间烟火的人，根本不知道别人的实际痛苦！


rodzina

pl-noun

rodzina f (diminutive rodzinka, related adjective rodzinny, abbreviation rodz.)

rodzinka (diminutive)
rodzinny (adjective)
rodz. (abbreviation)
rodzina (nominative singular)
rodziny (nominative plural)
rodziny (genitive singular)
rodzin (genitive plural)
rodzinie (dative singular)
rodzinom (dative plural)
rodzinę (accusative singular)
rodziny (accusative plural)
rodziną (instrumental singular)
rodzinami (instrumental plural)
rodzinie (locative singular)
rodzinach (locative plural)
rodzino (singular vocative)
rodziny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rodzina. By surface analysis, ród + -ina.

z rodziną najlepiej wychodzi się na zdjęciu

family (group or aggregation of things classed together as kindred or related from possessing in common characteristics which distinguish them from other things of the same order)

(biology, taxonomy) family (category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank)


rodzina

rodzinka (diminutive)
rodzina (nominative singular)
rodziny (nominative plural)
rodziny (genitive singular)
rodzin (genitive plural)
rodzinie (dative singular)
rodzinōm (dative plural)
rodzinã (accusative singular)
rodziny (accusative plural)
rodzinōm (instrumental singular)
rodzinami (instrumental plural)
rodzinōma (instrumental plural)
rodzinie (locative singular)
rodzinach (locative plural)
rodzino (singular vocative)
rodziny (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish rodzina. By surface analysis, rōd + -ina.


clowder

A variation, recorded since 1801, of clutter, itself from clot, from Old English clott (“round mass, lump”), from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz (hence cognate with Dutch kloot (“ball, testicle”), Danish klods (“a block, lump”) and German Klotz (“lump, block”)).

A Brooklyn friend who persists in feeding the host of creatures - including me - who appear at her door will be delighted to know that the most nonchalant recipients of her largesse may be referred to as a clowder of cats.

1984 15 April, Nelson Bryant, “Bevies of Terms Befuddle Prides”, in The New York Times

Real cat fights are rare in established clowders. So instead of risking serious injury, cats resort to menace and threats.

2007, Kathryn Soper, Cat Wrangling Made Easy:

2010, The Big Bang Theory, episode “The Zazzy Substitution”
Leonard: You’re clearly upset about Amy being gone, and you’re trying to replace her with a bunch of cats.
Sheldon: Clowder.
Leonard: What?
Sheldon: A group of cats is a clowder. Or a glaring. It’s the kind of thing you ought to know now that we have one.

2011, M.D. Pueppke, Fuzzy the Cat, The One and Only, “Getting on terms with the terms”
How ‛bout organizing a party of clowder chowder. You know, big servings of chowder for the cat clowder.


ćma

ćma (nominative singular)
ćmy (nominative plural)
ćmy (genitive singular)
ciem (genitive plural)
ćmie (dative singular)
ćmom (dative plural)
ćmę (accusative singular)
ćmy (accusative plural)
ćmą (instrumental singular)
ćmami (instrumental plural)
ćmie (locative singular)
ćmach (locative plural)
ćmo (singular vocative)
ćmy (plural vocative)


świat

światek (diminutive)
świat (nominative singular)
światy (nominative plural)
świata (genitive singular)
światów (genitive plural)
światu (dative singular)
światom (dative plural)
świat (accusative singular)
światy (accusative plural)
światem (instrumental singular)
światami (instrumental plural)
świecie (locative singular)
światach (locative plural)
świecie (singular vocative)
światy (plural vocative)

world (people living on Earth collectively)


代表

/taɪ̯⁵¹ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɛ⁴⁴ piɔː⁵¹/

/tɔːi̯²² piːu̯³⁵/

/tʰoɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ piau³¹/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βieu³³/

/tʰoi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piau⁵²⁻²¹/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ pi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɛ⁴⁴ piɔː⁵¹/

/tɔːi̯²² piːu̯³⁵/

/tʰoɪ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ piau³¹/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βieu³³/

/tʰoi²¹³⁻⁵⁵ piau⁵²⁻²¹/

to represent (to stand or act in place of, or be a political representative)


fowk

From Middle English folk, from Old English folc, from Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.


workforce

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

The rail sector's ageing workforce (28% of workers are over 50 years old) means that about 15,000 people could retire from the industry by 2025.

2020 December 2, Stefanie Foster, “Network News: Success of major projects hinges on fixing skills crisis”, in Rail, page 8:

All the workers employed by a specific organization or state, or on a specific project.


readership

en-noun

readership (countable and uncountable, plural readerships)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-readership.wav

the Nora Chadwick Readership in Celtic Studies


school of thought

school of thought (plural schools of thought)

He did not belong to the school of thought that believed Jackson Pollock to be much of an artist.

But there is a school of thought that holds that the more you talk about recession, the more likely it is to transpire.

2018 September 21, Mark Rice-Oxley, “Don't mention the R-word”, in The Guardian:

A group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy.

學派 /学派

opinion subscribed to by some connected or arbitrary group

шко́ла

в нау́ке и́ли иску́сстве


nomenklatura

pl-noun

nomenklatura f (related adjective nomenklaturowy)

nomenklaturowy (adjective)
nomenklatura (nominative singular)
nomenklatury (nominative plural)
nomenklatury (genitive singular)
nomenklatur (genitive plural)
nomenklaturze (dative singular)
nomenklaturom (dative plural)
nomenklaturę (accusative singular)
nomenklatury (accusative plural)
nomenklaturą (instrumental singular)
nomenklaturami (instrumental plural)
nomenklaturze (locative singular)
nomenklaturach (locative plural)
nomenklaturo (singular vocative)
nomenklatury (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin nōmenclātūra. Sense 3, sense 4 and sense 5 are semantic loans from Russian номенклату́ра (nomenklatúra).

sl

номенклату́ра

(uncountable, derogatory, historical, politics) nomenklatura (list of bureaucratic posts in government and industry in the former Soviet Union (or other communist countries), filled by those appointed by the Party)


номенклатура

uk-noun

номенклату́ра<>

номенклату́рний

номенклату́ра • (nomenklatúra) f inan (genitive номенклату́ри, nominative plural номенклату́ри, genitive plural номенклату́р, relational adjective номенклату́рний)

номенклату́ра (canonical)
nomenklatúra (romanization)
номенклату́ри (genitive)
номенклату́ри (nominative plural)
номенклату́р (genitive plural)
номенклату́рний (adjective relational)
номенклату́ра (nominative singular)
номенклату́ри (nominative plural)
номенклату́ри (genitive singular)
номенклату́р (genitive plural)
номенклату́рі (dative singular)
номенклату́рам (dative plural)
номенклату́ру (accusative singular)
номенклату́ри (accusative plural)
номенклату́рою (instrumental singular)
номенклату́рами (instrumental plural)
номенклату́рі (locative singular)
номенклату́рах (locative plural)
номенклату́ро (singular vocative)
номенклату́ри (plural vocative)

uk-ndecl

номенклату́ра<>


рабочий люд

ru-noun+

рабо́чий лю́д • (rabóčij ljúd) m anim (genitive рабо́чего лю́да, uncountable)

рабо́чий лю́д (canonical)
rabóčij ljúd (romanization)
рабо́чего лю́да (genitive)
рабо́чий лю́д (nominative singular)
рабо́чего лю́да (genitive singular)
рабо́чему лю́ду (dative singular)
рабо́чего лю́да (accusative singular)
рабо́чим лю́дом (instrumental singular)
рабо́чем лю́де (prepositional singular)


люд

люд • (ljud) m inan (genitive лю́да, uncountable)

ljud (romanization)
лю́да (genitive)
лю́д (nominative singular)
лю́да (genitive singular)
лю́ду (dative singular)
лю́д (accusative singular)
лю́дом (instrumental singular)
лю́де (prepositional singular)

ме́лкий городско́й люд

крестья́нский люд


люд

uk-noun

люд • (ljud) m inan (genitive лю́ду, uncountable)

ljud (romanization)
лю́ду (genitive)
люд (nominative singular)
лю́ду (genitive singular)
лю́дові (dative singular)
лю́ду (dative singular)
люд (accusative singular)
лю́дом (instrumental singular)
лю́ду (locative singular)
лю́ді (locative singular)
лю́де (singular vocative)


нация

ru-noun+

национа́льный

на́ция • (nácija) f inan (genitive на́ции, nominative plural на́ции, genitive plural на́ций, relational adjective национа́льный)

на́ция (canonical)
nácija (romanization)
на́ции (genitive)
на́ции (nominative plural)
на́ций (genitive plural)
национа́льный (adjective relational)
на́ция (nominative singular)
на́ции (nominative plural)
на́ции (genitive singular)
на́ций (genitive plural)
на́ции (dative singular)
на́циям (dative plural)
на́цию (accusative singular)
на́ции (accusative plural)
на́цией (instrumental singular)
на́циею (instrumental singular)
на́циями (instrumental plural)
на́ции (prepositional singular)
на́циях (plural prepositional)

Объединённые На́ции


семья

семья́ • (semʹjá) f inan (genitive семьи́, nominative plural се́мьи, genitive plural семе́й, relational adjective семе́йный, diminutive семе́йка)

семья́ (canonical)
semʹjá (romanization)
семьи́ (genitive)
се́мьи (nominative plural)
семе́й (genitive plural)
семе́йный (adjective relational)
семе́йка (diminutive)
семья́ (nominative singular)
се́мьи (nominative plural)
семьи́ (genitive singular)
семе́й (genitive plural)
семье́ (dative singular)
се́мьям (dative plural)
семью́ (accusative singular)
се́мьи (accusative plural)
семьёй (instrumental singular)
семьёю (instrumental singular)
се́мьями (instrumental plural)
семье́ (prepositional singular)
се́мьях (plural prepositional)
семья́ (dated nominative singular)
се́мьи (dated nominative plural)
семьи́ (dated genitive singular)
семе́й (dated genitive plural)
семьѣ́ (dated dative singular)
се́мьямъ (dated dative plural)
семью́ (accusative dated singular)
се́мьи (accusative dated plural)
семьёй (dated instrumental singular)
семьёю (dated instrumental singular)
се́мьями (dated instrumental plural)
семьѣ́ (dated prepositional singular)
се́мьяхъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Akkala Sami: сямьй (s’am’j)

→ Udmurt: семья (śemja)

[sʲɪˈm⁽ʲ⁾ja]

Inherited from Old East Slavic сѣмиꙗ (sěmija, “family, household; husband, wife”), from Proto-Slavic *sěmьja.


old guard

The Blues, without new big-money signings Fernando Torres and David Luiz, relied on their old guard to dig them out of an early hole.

2011 February 1, Saj Chowdhury, “Sunderland 2 - 4 Chelsea”, in BBC:

Collectively, the members of a team who have been a long time in a place.


legio

la-noun

legiō f (genitive legiōnis); third declension

legiō (canonical feminine)
legiōnis (genitive)
legiō (nominative singular)
legiōnēs (nominative plural)
legiōnis (genitive singular)
legiōnum (genitive plural)
legiōnī (dative singular)
legiōnibus (dative plural)
legiōnem (accusative singular)
legiōnēs (accusative plural)
legiōne (ablative singular)
legiōnibus (ablative plural)
legiō (singular vocative)
legiōnēs (plural vocative)

desc

→ Armenian: ղեգեօն (ġegeōn), ղէգէօն (ġēgēōn), լեգէոն (legēon), լեգեոն (legeon)

→ Asturian: llexón, lexón

→ Catalan: legió

→ Czech: legie

→ Danish: legion

→ Dutch: legio

→ Esperanto: legio

→ Finnish: legioona

→ Galician: lexión

→ German: Legion

desctree

→ Ancient Greek: λεγεών (legeṓn)
Greek: λεγεώνα (legeóna)
→ Aramaic: לגיונא
→ Coptic: ⲗⲉⲅⲉⲱⲛ (legeōn)
→ Gothic: 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍉𐌽 (laigaiōn)

→ Hungarian: légió

→ Icelandic: legíó

→ Ido: legiono

→ Irish: léigiún

→ Italian: legione

→ Sicilian: liggiuni

→ Maltese: leġjun

→ Norwegian Bokmål: legion

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: legion

→ Old French: legion

→ Middle Dutch: legioen

Dutch: legioen
Afrikaans: legioen
→ Indonesian: legiun
Negerhollands: legionen
→ West Frisian: legioen

→ Middle English: legioun

English: legion

→ French: légion
Persian: لژیون (ležiyon)

→ Polish: legion

→ Portuguese: legião

→ Romanian: legiune

→ Russian: легио́н (legión)

→ Sicilian: lijuni

Spanish: León, → legión

→ Serbo-Croatian: legija

→ Swedish: legion

→ Swedish: legio

→ Volapük: legion

From legere, legō (“to choose; to collect”) + -iō.


consociation

en-noun

consociation (countable and uncountable, plural consociations)

PIE word
 *ḱóm
Borrowed from Latin cōnsociātiōnem, the accusative singular of cōnsociātiō (“alliance; association, union”), from cōnsociō (“to make common; to associate; to connect, join (in), unite; to agree with; to share”) + -tiō (suffix forming nouns relating to actions or the results of actions). Cōnsociō is derived from con- (prefix indicating a being or bringing together of several things) + sociō (“to ally, associate; to join, unite; to share in”) (from socius (“associated; joining in, sharing, partaking; akin, kindred, related; allied, confederate, leagued, united”, adjective), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”)).

der

The ſum is this; after the greateſt conſociation of religious duties for preparation, no Man can be ſufficiently vvorthy to communicate, let us take care, that vve be not unvvorthy by bringing a guilt vvith us, or the remanent affection to a ſin.

1649, Jer[emy] Taylor, “Discourse XVIII. Vpon the Institution and Reception of the Holy Sacrament of the LORDS Supper.”, in The Great Exemplar of Sanctity and Holy Life According to the Christian Institution. […], London: […] R. N. for Francis Ash, […], →OCLC, 3rd part, paragraph 15, page 118:

But thoſe Raptures of Devotion by day, might be by the Spirits kindling a purer kinde of Love-flame in his heart, as vvell as by fortifying and raiſing his Imagination. […] And if this be their manner of communion, it may vvell be enquired into, […] vvhether all men be capable of conſociation vvith theſe good Genii.

1653, Henry More, chapter XI, in An Antidote against Atheisme, or An Appeal to the Natural Faculties of the Minde of Man, whether There Be Not a God, London: […] Roger Daniel, […], →OCLC, book I, page 149:

Consent is the second mode of acquiring dominion. The consociation of male and female is the first species of it, which is principally in marriage, for which the promise of the woman to be faithful is required.

1837–1839, Henry Hallam, “History of Moral and Political Philosophy, and of Jurisprudence from 1600 to 1650”, in Introduction to the Literature of Europe, in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, paragraph 100, page 400:

(uncountable) Associating, or coming together in a union; (countable) an instance of this.

聯盟 /联盟

associating, or coming together in a union; an instance of this

(countable, Christianity) A confederation of Christian churches or organizations.

In Connecticut some of the Congregational churches are associated in consociations and the others in associations.

The Consociation was another meeting of the clergy, but embracing also with each minister a lay delegate, and thus uniting, not only the ministry, but the laymen of the county, in a general fraternal religious conference.

1869, Harriet Beecher Stowe, “One Minister in Cloudland”, in Oldtown Folks, Boston, Mass.: Fields, Osgood, & Co., […], →OCLC, page 451:

Congregational church
Congregational church

(US, Congregationalism, specifically) A voluntary, permanent council made up of representatives of neighbouring Congregational churches for mutual advice and co-operation in ecclesiastical matters; also, a meeting of pastors and delegates from churches thus united.

(countable, ecology) A subdivision of an association, made up chiefly of organisms of a single species.

(countable, politics) A power-sharing arrangement over territory entered into by competing groups.


culto

película de culto

cult (a group or sect of people with a deviant religious, philosophical or cultural identity)


symphony orchestra

en-noun

symphony orchestra (plural symphony orchestras)

(music) A large orchestra that traditionally plays Western classical orchestral music.


commentariat

From Boston, a man who finally joined the commentariat by making his debut on CNBC’s Hardball, Esquire Magazine writer-at-large, Charlie Pierce!

2000 January 22, Peter Sagal, “Wait, Wait...Don’t Tell Me!”, in National Public Radio:

The world, of course, is seen by the commentariat as a side issue, yet another diversion from his real work, which is to answer whatever questions they see fit to pose.

2010, Mungo MacCallum, The Monthly, April 2010, Issue 55, The Monthly Ptd Ltd, page 32

As the dust settles on the Supreme Court’s cataclysmically destabilizing term, a very persistent question has bubbled up among the law professor commentariat: How the hell are we going to teach all this?

2024, G. S. Hans, Law Professors Can’t Keep Carrying Water For the Supreme Court, in: Balls and Strikes, August 5 2024

(informal) All the pundits and commentators of the news media collectively.


non-governmental organization

non-governmental organization (plural non-governmental organizations)

non-governmental organizations (plural)
NGO (abbreviation)

A legally constituted non-commercial organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government.

иеиҳабыратəым аиҿкаара

organization with no government participation


rada

rada (nominative singular)
rady (nominative plural)
rady (genitive singular)
rad (genitive plural)
radzie (dative singular)
radom (dative plural)
radę (accusative singular)
rady (accusative plural)
radą (instrumental singular)
radami (instrumental plural)
radzie (locative singular)
radach (locative plural)
rado (singular vocative)
rady (plural vocative)

→ English: rada

→ Kashubian: rada

→ Slovincian: rada

Consilium. Rad. Rada.

Compar consilium, Równá rádá.

(Middle Polish) council; Further details are uncertain.


организация

ru-noun+

организа́ция

организацио́нный

организа́ция • (organizácija) f inan (genitive организа́ции, nominative plural организа́ции, genitive plural организа́ций, relational adjective организацио́нный)

организа́ция (canonical)
organizácija (romanization)
организа́ции (genitive)
организа́ции (nominative plural)
организа́ций (genitive plural)
организацио́нный (adjective relational)
организа́ция (nominative singular)
организа́ции (nominative plural)
организа́ции (genitive singular)
организа́ций (genitive plural)
организа́ции (dative singular)
организа́циям (dative plural)
организа́цию (accusative singular)
организа́ции (accusative plural)
организа́цией (instrumental singular)
организа́циею (instrumental singular)
организа́циями (instrumental plural)
организа́ции (prepositional singular)
организа́циях (plural prepositional)

[ɐrɡənʲɪˈzat͡sɨjə]

Ru-организация.ogg

организа́ція — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

организа́ция сети ― organizácija seti ― networking


rabbinate

en-noun

rabbinate (countable and uncountable, plural rabbinates)

The Rabbinate now uses computers to keep lists of women without proper religious divorces (a get) and children born to women without them (mamzerim) -- who are without status under Jewish law.

1989 April 8, Jon David Aloisi-Nalley, “Israeli Legislator Addresses NYC Gay Synagogue”, in Gay Community News, page 7:


koop

Shortening of kooperatiba. Compare English co-op.

a co-op; any shop owned by a cooperative

a cooperative; a type of company that is owned partially or wholly by its employees, customers or tenants


elenco

From Latin elenchus, from Ancient Greek ἔλεγχος (élenkhos). Compare English elenchus (“a Socratic method of debate”).

cog

cast (group of actors performing a play or production together)


часть

ru-noun+

часть • (častʹ) f inan (genitive ча́сти, nominative plural ча́сти, genitive plural часте́й)

častʹ (romanization)
ча́сти (genitive)
ча́сти (nominative plural)
часте́й (genitive plural)
ча́сть (nominative singular)
ча́сти (nominative plural)
ча́сти (genitive singular)
часте́й (genitive plural)
ча́сти (dative singular)
частя́м (dative plural)
ча́сть (accusative singular)
ча́сти (accusative plural)
ча́стью (instrumental singular)
ча́стию (instrumental singular)
částʹju (instrumental singular)
částiju (instrumental singular)
частя́ми (instrumental plural)
ча́сти (prepositional singular)
частя́х (plural prepositional)
ча́сть (dated nominative singular)
ча́сти (dated nominative plural)
ча́сти (dated genitive singular)
часте́й (dated genitive plural)
ча́сти (dated dative singular)
частя́мъ (dated dative plural)
ча́сть (accusative dated singular)
ча́сти (accusative dated plural)
ча́стью (dated instrumental singular)
ча́стію (dated instrumental singular)
částʹju (dated instrumental singular)
částiju (dated instrumental singular)
частя́ми (dated instrumental plural)
ча́сти (dated prepositional singular)
частя́хъ (dated plural prepositional)

→ Karelian:

South Karelian: čuasti

Inherited from Old East Slavic чѧсть (čęstĭ), from Proto-Slavic *čęstь.


отделение

ru-noun+

отделе́ние • (otdelénije) n inan (genitive отделе́ния, nominative plural отделе́ния, genitive plural отделе́ний)

отделе́ние (canonical)
otdelénije (romanization)
отделе́ния (genitive)
отделе́ния (nominative plural)
отделе́ний (genitive plural)
отделе́ние (nominative singular)
отделе́ния (nominative plural)
отделе́ния (genitive singular)
отделе́ний (genitive plural)
отделе́нию (dative singular)
отделе́ниям (dative plural)
отделе́ние (accusative singular)
отделе́ния (accusative plural)
отделе́нием (instrumental singular)
отделе́ниями (instrumental plural)
отделе́нии (prepositional singular)
отделе́ниях (plural prepositional)

desc

→ Armenian: բաժանմունք (bažanmunkʻ) (calque)

[ɐdʲːɪˈlʲenʲɪje]

Ru-отделение.ogg

отдели́ть (otdelítʹ) + -е́ние (-énije)

af

отдели́ть (otdelítʹ) + -е́ние (-énije)

Молодой гражданин, пройдёмте в отделение!

Follow (me) to the police station, young man!

Molodoj graždanin, projdjómte v otdelenije!

отделение милиции
отделение милиции#Russian

отделение полиции
отделение полиции#Russian

(informal) police station or a local police department. Contraction of отделение милиции (otdelenije milicii). (older). Contraction of отделение полиции (otdelenije policii). (newer).


factio

la-noun

factiō f (genitive factiōnis); third declension

factiō (canonical feminine)
factiōnis (genitive)
factiō (nominative singular)
factiōnēs (nominative plural)
factiōnis (genitive singular)
factiōnum (genitive plural)
factiōnī (dative singular)
factiōnibus (dative plural)
factiōnem (accusative singular)
factiōnēs (accusative plural)
factiōne (ablative singular)
factiōnibus (ablative plural)
factiō (singular vocative)
factiōnēs (plural vocative)

Padanian:

Piedmontese: fasson

Northern Gallo-Romance:

Franco-Provençal: façon

Old French: façon (see there for further descendants)

French: façon

Southern Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: faiçó, faisó

Occitan: faiçon

Old Galician-Portuguese: feiçon, faiçon

Galician: feizón

Portuguese: feição

Borrowings

→ Catalan: facció

→ Czech: fakce

→ Danish: faktion

→ Irish: faicsean

→ Italian: fazione

→ Middle French: faction

French: faction

desctree

→ Dutch: factie
Afrikaans: faksie
→ Indonesian: faksi

→ English: faction

→ Romanian: facțiune

→ Portuguese: facção

→ Spanish: facción

From faciō (“I make, do”) + -tiō (action noun suffix), with a metaphorical primary meaning.

affix

Christiana Unio Socialis tantam victoriam assecuta est, quantam in Germania nulla umquam factio ex electionibus liberis tulerat: abhinc Bavariam regere poterit duabus partibus [2/3] legatorum nisa.

2003, Hannelore Zöllner, Eximia victoria Stoiberiana https://web.archive.org/web/20171227121931/http://www.interrete.de/latein/nuntiibrem.html, Nuntii Latini Radio Bremen, Septembris 2003

The Christian Social Union has achieved a victory that no other party in Germany has carried out: henceforth it will rule Bavaria holding two thirds of the legislature.

a political faction, a group of people acting together


法人

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐən³⁵/

(law) corporate person; legal entity; legal person; juridical person


компания

ru-noun+

компа́ния • (kompánija) f inan (genitive компа́нии, nominative plural компа́нии, genitive plural компа́ний)

компа́ния (canonical)
kompánija (romanization)
компа́нии (genitive)
компа́нии (nominative plural)
компа́ний (genitive plural)
компа́ния (nominative singular)
компа́нии (nominative plural)
компа́нии (genitive singular)
компа́ний (genitive plural)
компа́нии (dative singular)
компа́ниям (dative plural)
компа́нию (accusative singular)
компа́нии (accusative plural)
компа́нией (instrumental singular)
компа́ниею (instrumental singular)
компа́ниями (instrumental plural)
компа́нии (prepositional singular)
компа́ниях (plural prepositional)

→ Kazakh: компания (kompaniä)

Ru-компания.ogg

кампа́ния (kampánija)

компа́нія — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

реквизи́ты компа́нии

страхова́я компа́ния

тра́нспортная компа́ния


lidstvo

lidstvo (nominative singular)
lidstva (genitive singular)
lidstvu (dative singular)
lidstvo (accusative singular)
lidstvo (singular vocative)
lidstvu (locative singular)
lidstvem (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Old Czech ľudstvo, from Proto-Slavic *ľudьstvo. By surface analysis, lid + -stvo.


labor union

(Canada, US) A continuous association of wage-earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment; a trade union.


powers that be

After Romans 13:1 in the Tyndale Bible and the King James Version.
The phrase is a translation of the Ancient Greek αἱ οὖσαι ἐξουσίαι (hai oûsai exousíai, “the existing authorities”). “Be” is the archaic third-person plural present indicative form, equivalent to the modern “are”, not a subjunctive.

der

αἱ οὖσαι ἐξουσίαι

[I]t appeared as though the hospital at Barchester would fall into abeyance, unless the powers that be should take some steps towards putting it once more into working order.

1857, Anthony Trollope, “Hiram’s Hospital According to Act of Parliament”, in Barchester Towers. […], volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, →OCLC, page 20:

Whoever you elect, he will legislate in favor of ‘law and order,’ to protect things as they are. The main concern of the powers that be is that the people should continue to believe in and uphold the existing system.

1929, Alexander Berkman, chapter 10, in Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism, New York: Vanguard Press, →OCLC:

Time is truly wastin', there's no guarantee / Smile is in the makin', we've got to fight the powers that be

1975, “Fight the Power (Part 1 & 2)”, in The Heat Is On, performed by The Isley Brothers:

The powers that be, they trick us / Loopholes to evict us

2021, “Skyline”, in Parallel World, performed by Cadence Weapon:

(idiomatic) The holders of power or the authorities in a given situation, especially if seen as being faceless or unreasonably bureaucratic.


splinter group

Splinter groups in the centre Left or centre Right are often a shot in the arm for the Far Right or the Communist Party.

A group of members of a political party or of a similar organisation who have decided to create their own organisation.


стая

ru-noun+

ста́я • (stája) f inan (genitive ста́и, nominative plural ста́и, genitive plural стай, relational adjective ста́йный, diminutive ста́йка)

ста́я (canonical)
stája (romanization)
ста́и (genitive)
ста́и (nominative plural)
стай (genitive plural)
ста́йный (adjective relational)
ста́йка (diminutive)
ста́я (nominative singular)
ста́и (nominative plural)
ста́и (genitive singular)
ста́й (genitive plural)
ста́е (dative singular)
ста́ям (dative plural)
ста́ю (accusative singular)
ста́и (accusative plural)
ста́ей (instrumental singular)
ста́ею (instrumental singular)
ста́ями (instrumental plural)
ста́е (prepositional singular)
ста́ях (plural prepositional)

Inherited from Old East Slavic стаꙗ (staja, “cattleshed, shelter, tent”), from Proto-Slavic *staja. Cognate to стоя́ть (stojátʹ), стать (statʹ).

inh+

ста́я птиц

На краю́ си́них небе́с черне́лись леса́, а с противополо́жной стороны́ находи́ли му́тные сне́жные облака́, как бу́дто гоня́ пе́ред собо́ю ста́ю перелётных птиц, без кри́ка, одна́ за друго́ю, пробира́вшихся по не́бу.

1847, Фёдор Достоевский [Fyodor Dostoevsky], “Часть первая. I”, in Хозяйка; English translation from Constance Garnett, transl., The Landlady, 1914:

There was a dark patch of forest against the blue sky on the horizon, and on the opposite side were thick snow-clouds, which seemed chasing before them a flock of flying birds moving noiselessly one after another across the sky.

Na krajú sínix nebés černélisʹ lesá, a s protivopolóžnoj storoný naxodíli mútnyje snéžnyje oblaká, kak búdto gonjá péred sobóju stáju pereljótnyx ptic, bez kríka, odná za drugóju, probirávšixsja po nébu.


commonality

en-noun

commonality (countable and uncountable, plural commonalities)

2003, NASA, Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster Transcript, transcript of radio communication,
KLING: FYI I've just lost four separate temperature transducers on the left side of the vehicle, hydraulic return temperatures. (pause) Two of them on system one and one in each of systems 2 and 3.
CAIN: Four hyd return temps?
KLING: To the left outboard and left inboard elevons.
CAIN: OK, is there anything common to them, DSC or MDM or anything? I mean, you're telling me you lost them all at exactly the same time?
KLING: No, not exactly. They were within probably four or five seconds of each other.
CAIN: OK, where are those? Where is that instrumentation located?
KLING: All four of them are located in the aft part of the left wing, right in front of the elevons, elevon actuators. And there is no commonality.
CAIN: No commonality.
(long pause)

(telecommunications) A quality that applies to materiel or systems: (a) possessing like and interchangeable parts or characteristics enabling each to be utilized, or operated and maintained in common; (b) having interchangeable repair parts and/or components; (c) applying to consumable items interchangeably equivalent without adjustment.

yhteensopivuus

telecom: property of having these characteristics


społeczeństwo

społeczeństwo (nominative singular)
społeczeństwa (nominative plural)
społeczeństwa (genitive singular)
społeczeństw (genitive plural)
społeczeństwu (dative singular)
społeczeństwom (dative plural)
społeczeństwo (accusative singular)
społeczeństwa (accusative plural)
społeczeństwem (instrumental singular)
społeczeństwami (instrumental plural)
społeczeństwie (locative singular)
społeczeństwach (locative plural)
społeczeństwo (singular vocative)
społeczeństwa (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: spòłeczeństwò

From społeczny + -stwo. First attested in 1715. Compare Czech společenství and Slovak spoločenstvo.

ref

Małpa-człowiek (in Polish), 1715, page 263

society, community (group of people who meet from time to time to engage in a common interest; an association or organization)


буржуазия

ru-noun+

буржуази́я • (buržuazíja) f inan (genitive буржуази́и, nominative plural буржуази́и, genitive plural буржуази́й)

буржуази́я (canonical)
buržuazíja (romanization)
буржуази́и (genitive)
буржуази́и (nominative plural)
буржуази́й (genitive plural)
буржуази́я (nominative singular)
буржуази́и (nominative plural)
буржуази́и (genitive singular)
буржуази́й (genitive plural)
буржуази́и (dative singular)
буржуази́ям (dative plural)
буржуази́ю (accusative singular)
буржуази́и (accusative plural)
буржуази́ей (instrumental singular)
буржуази́ею (instrumental singular)
буржуази́ями (instrumental plural)
буржуази́и (prepositional singular)
буржуази́ях (plural prepositional)

→ Armenian: բուրժուազիա (buržuazia)

→ Azerbaijani: burjuaziya

→ Georgian: ბურჟუაზია (buržuazia)

→ Kazakh: буржуазия (burjuaziä)

[bʊrʐʊɐˈzʲijə]

Буржуази́я о́чень лю́бит так называ́емые «положи́тельные» ти́пы и рома́ны с благополу́чными конца́ми, так как они́ успока́ивают её на мы́сли, что мо́жно и капита́л нажива́ть и неви́нность соблюда́ть, быть зве́рем и в то же вре́мя счастли́вым.

April 13, 1895, Anton Chekhov, Letter to A.S. Suvorin:

The bourgeoisie loves so-called “positive” types and novels with happy endings since they lull one into thinking that it is fine to simultaneously acquire capital and maintain one’s innocence, to be a beast and still be happy.

Buržuazíja óčenʹ ljúbit tak nazyvájemyje «položítelʹnyje» típy i romány s blagopolúčnymi koncámi, tak kak oní uspokáivajut jejó na mýsli, što móžno i kapitál naživátʹ i nevínnostʹ sobljudátʹ, bytʹ zvérem i v to že vrémja sčastlívym.


city hall

/ˈsɪtɪ ˌhɔːl/

You can't fight city hall.

(figuratively, metonymically) The city government; government in general.


家庭

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² teŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ teŋ²³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² teŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/ke³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³⁵ tʰin¹¹/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² teŋ²⁴/

/ka³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ¹³/

/kɛ³³⁻²¹ teŋ²³/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² teŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²³/

/ke³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²⁴/

/ke³³⁻²³ tʰeŋ⁵⁵/

寄養家庭／寄养家庭

貧困家庭／贫困家庭

家庭團聚／家庭团聚

The novel reflects the decline of a feudal family.

Zhè bù xiǎoshuō fǎnyìng le yī ge fēngjiàn jiātíng de bàiluò.

這部小說反映了一個封建家庭的敗落。

这部小说反映了一个封建家庭的败落。

I visited some impoverished families in Africa last year.

Shàngnián wǒ tànwàng guò yīxiē Fēizhōu de pínqióng jiātíng.

上年我探望過一些非洲的貧窮家庭。

上年我探望过一些非洲的贫穷家庭。

Children from divorced families will be affected in the end.

Líyì jiātíng dàodǐ háishì huì yǐngxiǎng dào háizi.

離異家庭到底還是會影響到孩子。

离异家庭到底还是会影响到孩子。

family; household (Classifier: 戶／户; 個／个)


barkada

From Spanish barcada (“boatload”), which underwent semantic change.


barkada

Borrowed from Spanish barcada (“boatload”) with semantic shift.

bor+

group of people going together on a trip


classis

la-noun

classis f (genitive classis); third declension

classis (genitive)
classis (nominative singular)
classēs (nominative plural)
classis (genitive singular)
classium (genitive plural)
classī (dative singular)
classibus (dative plural)
classem (accusative singular)
classēs (accusative plural)
classīs (accusative plural)
classe (ablative singular)
classī (ablative singular)
classibus (ablative plural)
classis (singular vocative)
classēs (plural vocative)

→ Asturian: clas, clase

→ Bulgarian: класа (klasa)

→ Catalan: classe

→ Czech: klasa (archaic)

→ Danish: klasse

→ Dutch: classis
→ Indonesian: klasis

→ English: classis

→ Galician: clase

→ German: Classis (biology)

→ Italian: classe

desc

→ Macedonian: клас (klas), класа (klasa)

→ Middle French: classe

French: classe (see there for further descendants)

→ English: class (see there for further descendants)

→ Norman: clâsse

→ Norwegian: klasse

→ Old Irish:

Irish: clas

Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Portuguese: classe

→ Proto-Brythonic: *klas

Breton: klas

Middle Welsh: clas

Welsh: clas
→ English: clas

→ Romanian: clasă

→ Spanish: clase

→ Swedish: klass

→ Ukrainian: клас (klas)

→ Venetan: clase

→ Yiddish: קלאַס (klas)

[ˈkɫ̪äs̠ːɪs̠]

From Proto-Italic *klāssis, from Proto-Indo-European *klh₁-d⁽ʰ⁾-ti- (“a call”), from *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Cognate with Latin calō, clāmō, clārus, concilium, Ancient Greek καλέω (kaléō).

inh

any one of the five divisions into which Servius Tullius divided the Roman citizenry

quae fortūna virīs, classem quō lītore linquant,

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.517–518

What [has] fortune [granted] to the men? On which shore did they moor the fleet? Why are they coming here?
(Aeneas and Achates ponder a series of indirect questions.)


communitas

la-noun

commūnitās f (genitive commūnitātis); third declension

commūnitās (canonical feminine)
commūnitātis (genitive)
commūnitās (nominative singular)
commūnitātēs (nominative plural)
commūnitātis (genitive singular)
commūnitātum (genitive plural)
commūnitātī (dative singular)
commūnitātibus (dative plural)
commūnitātem (accusative singular)
commūnitātēs (accusative plural)
commūnitāte (ablative singular)
commūnitātibus (ablative plural)
commūnitās (singular vocative)
commūnitātēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: comunitat

English: community, communitas

French: communauté

Galician: comunidade

Italian: comunità

Occitan: comunitat

Portuguese: comunidade

Romanian: comunitate

Sicilian: cumunità

Spanish: comunidad

From commūnis (“common, public”) + -tās.

public spirit, a sense of duty and willingness to serve one's community


comprador bourgeoisie

en-noun

comprador bourgeoisie (plural comprador bourgeoisies)

/ˈkɒmpɹədɔː(ɹ)ˌbʊə(ɹ)ʒwɑːˈziː/

(Marxism) A section of an indigenous middle class allied with foreign investors, multinational corporations, bankers, and military interests.


nonprofit

The definition and scope of nonprofit perhaps needs clarification. Relations of nonprofit to NGO

charity and church need clarification: all intuitively meet the definition of being not for profit.

both subclasses of organization. NGO is not a subclass of nonprofit. An example of NGO is Red Cross. No example of nonprofit is given. A political party is not made for profit

but WordNet does not have it as a nonprofit. WordNet has church as indirect hyponym of organization and not of nonprofit.

NCIT distinguishes nonprofit organization from non-profit corporation

the latter being a species of corporation

This entry tentatively follows the model of Wikidata by ranking NGO as hyponym of NPO

contrary to WordNet. More research needed.

Historically, companies have viewed nonprofits primarily as recipients of their philanthropy – usually in the form of cash and product donations, as well as employee volunteers, in exchange for a boost to their reputations or stronger relationships with local stakeholders.

2014 February 27, Adeeb Mahmud, “Beyond charity: three innovative types of business partnerships for nonprofits”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

The people who made millions or billions from these companies are now changing yet another sector of the American economy: philanthropy. They’re forcing nonprofits to become incubators and disruptors, rather than just service providers, and to think about how they sell themselves, how they measure what they do, and what programs will attract money.

2018 July 25, Alana Semuels, “How Silicon Valley Has Disrupted Philanthropy”, in The Atlantic:

They make up one of three community outreach teams employed by OnPoint, a New York City nonprofit that provides services for people who use drugs.

2023 February 22, Jeneen Interlandi, Donavon Smallwood, “One Year Inside a Radical New Approach to America’s Overdose Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

The shelter, an independent nonprofit, was originally a pilot project of Trinity Lutheran Church of Manhattan, and still occupies its basement on the Upper West Side.

2023 March 18, Jane Margolies, “How the Head of a Shelter for Young L.G.B.T.Q. Adults Spends Sundays”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Ellipsis of nonprofit organization: an organization that exists for reasons other than to make a profit, such as a charitable, educational or service organization.


grist

grist (countable and uncountable, plural grists)

From Middle English grist, gryst, from Old English grist, gyrst (“the action of grinding, corn for grinding, gnashing”), of obscure origin: possibly from a pre-Germanic substrate language, or from a derivative of Proto-Germanic *gredaną (“to crunch”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to rub, grind”). Cognate with Old Saxon gristgrimmo (“gnashing of the teeth”), German Griesgram (“a grumbler, a grouch, peevishness, misery”), Old English gristel (“gristle”).

cog

(ropemaking) A given size of rope, common grist being a rope three inches in circumference, with twenty yarns in each of the three strands.


girl band

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-girl band.wav

A pop group or rock band made up solely of young women.


kuusikko

kuusikko (nominative singular)
kuusikot (nominative plural)
kuusikko (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikot (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikon (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikot (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikon (genitive singular)
kuusikkojen (genitive plural)
kuusikoiden (genitive plural)
kuusikoitten (genitive plural)
kuusikkoa (partitive singular)
kuusikkoja (partitive plural)
kuusikoita (partitive plural)
kuusikossa (inessive singular)
kuusikoissa (inessive plural)
kuusikosta (elative singular)
kuusikoista (elative plural)
kuusikkoon (illative singular)
kuusikkoihin (illative plural)
kuusikoihin (illative plural)
kuusikolla (adessive singular)
kuusikoilla (adessive plural)
kuusikolta (ablative singular)
kuusikoilta (ablative plural)
kuusikolle (allative singular)
kuusikoille (allative plural)
kuusikkona (essive singular)
kuusikkoina (essive plural)
kuusikoksi (singular translative)
kuusikoiksi (plural translative)
kuusikotta (abessive singular)
kuusikoitta (abessive plural)
kuusikoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
kuusikkoni (nominative singular)
kuusikkoni (nominative plural)
kuusikkoni (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikkoni (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikkoni (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikkoni (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikkoni (genitive singular)
kuusikkojeni (genitive plural)
kuusikoideni (genitive plural)
kuusikoitteni (genitive plural)
kuusikkoani (partitive singular)
kuusikkojani (partitive plural)
kuusikoitani (partitive plural)
kuusikossani (inessive singular)
kuusikoissani (inessive plural)
kuusikostani (elative singular)
kuusikoistani (elative plural)
kuusikkooni (illative singular)
kuusikkoihini (illative plural)
kuusikoihini (illative plural)
kuusikollani (adessive singular)
kuusikoillani (adessive plural)
kuusikoltani (ablative singular)
kuusikoiltani (ablative plural)
kuusikolleni (allative singular)
kuusikoilleni (allative plural)
kuusikkonani (essive singular)
kuusikkoinani (essive plural)
kuusikokseni (singular translative)
kuusikoikseni (plural translative)
kuusikottani (abessive singular)
kuusikoittani (abessive plural)
kuusikkoineni (comitative plural)
kuusikkosi (nominative singular)
kuusikkosi (nominative plural)
kuusikkosi (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikkosi (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikkosi (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikkosi (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikkosi (genitive singular)
kuusikkojesi (genitive plural)
kuusikoidesi (genitive plural)
kuusikoittesi (genitive plural)
kuusikkoasi (partitive singular)
kuusikkojasi (partitive plural)
kuusikoitasi (partitive plural)
kuusikossasi (inessive singular)
kuusikoissasi (inessive plural)
kuusikostasi (elative singular)
kuusikoistasi (elative plural)
kuusikkoosi (illative singular)
kuusikkoihisi (illative plural)
kuusikoihisi (illative plural)
kuusikollasi (adessive singular)
kuusikoillasi (adessive plural)
kuusikoltasi (ablative singular)
kuusikoiltasi (ablative plural)
kuusikollesi (allative singular)
kuusikoillesi (allative plural)
kuusikkonasi (essive singular)
kuusikkoinasi (essive plural)
kuusikoksesi (singular translative)
kuusikoiksesi (plural translative)
kuusikottasi (abessive singular)
kuusikoittasi (abessive plural)
kuusikkoinesi (comitative plural)
kuusikkomme (nominative singular)
kuusikkomme (nominative plural)
kuusikkomme (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikkomme (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikkomme (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikkomme (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikkomme (genitive singular)
kuusikkojemme (genitive plural)
kuusikoidemme (genitive plural)
kuusikoittemme (genitive plural)
kuusikkoamme (partitive singular)
kuusikkojamme (partitive plural)
kuusikoitamme (partitive plural)
kuusikossamme (inessive singular)
kuusikoissamme (inessive plural)
kuusikostamme (elative singular)
kuusikoistamme (elative plural)
kuusikkoomme (illative singular)
kuusikkoihimme (illative plural)
kuusikoihimme (illative plural)
kuusikollamme (adessive singular)
kuusikoillamme (adessive plural)
kuusikoltamme (ablative singular)
kuusikoiltamme (ablative plural)
kuusikollemme (allative singular)
kuusikoillemme (allative plural)
kuusikkonamme (essive singular)
kuusikkoinamme (essive plural)
kuusikoksemme (singular translative)
kuusikoiksemme (plural translative)
kuusikottamme (abessive singular)
kuusikoittamme (abessive plural)
kuusikkoinemme (comitative plural)
kuusikkonne (nominative singular)
kuusikkonne (nominative plural)
kuusikkonne (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikkonne (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikkonne (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikkonne (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikkonne (genitive singular)
kuusikkojenne (genitive plural)
kuusikoidenne (genitive plural)
kuusikoittenne (genitive plural)
kuusikkoanne (partitive singular)
kuusikkojanne (partitive plural)
kuusikoitanne (partitive plural)
kuusikossanne (inessive singular)
kuusikoissanne (inessive plural)
kuusikostanne (elative singular)
kuusikoistanne (elative plural)
kuusikkoonne (illative singular)
kuusikkoihinne (illative plural)
kuusikoihinne (illative plural)
kuusikollanne (adessive singular)
kuusikoillanne (adessive plural)
kuusikoltanne (ablative singular)
kuusikoiltanne (ablative plural)
kuusikollenne (allative singular)
kuusikoillenne (allative plural)
kuusikkonanne (essive singular)
kuusikkoinanne (essive plural)
kuusikoksenne (singular translative)
kuusikoiksenne (plural translative)
kuusikottanne (abessive singular)
kuusikoittanne (abessive plural)
kuusikkoinenne (comitative plural)
kuusikkonsa (nominative singular)
kuusikkonsa (nominative plural)
kuusikkonsa (accusative nominative singular)
kuusikkonsa (accusative nominative plural)
kuusikkonsa (accusative genitive singular)
kuusikkonsa (accusative genitive plural)
kuusikkonsa (genitive singular)
kuusikkojensa (genitive plural)
kuusikoidensa (genitive plural)
kuusikoittensa (genitive plural)
kuusikkoaan (partitive singular)
kuusikkoansa (partitive singular)
kuusikkojaan (partitive plural)
kuusikoitaan (partitive plural)
kuusikkojansa (partitive plural)
kuusikoitansa (partitive plural)
kuusikossaan (inessive singular)
kuusikossansa (inessive singular)
kuusikoissaan (inessive plural)
kuusikoissansa (inessive plural)
kuusikostaan (elative singular)
kuusikostansa (elative singular)
kuusikoistaan (elative plural)
kuusikoistansa (elative plural)
kuusikkoonsa (illative singular)
kuusikkoihinsa (illative plural)
kuusikoihinsa (illative plural)
kuusikollaan (adessive singular)
kuusikollansa (adessive singular)
kuusikoillaan (adessive plural)
kuusikoillansa (adessive plural)
kuusikoltaan (ablative singular)
kuusikoltansa (ablative singular)
kuusikoiltaan (ablative plural)
kuusikoiltansa (ablative plural)
kuusikolleen (allative singular)
kuusikollensa (allative singular)
kuusikoilleen (allative plural)
kuusikoillensa (allative plural)
kuusikkonaan (essive singular)
kuusikkonansa (essive singular)
kuusikkoinaan (essive plural)
kuusikkoinansa (essive plural)
kuusikokseen (singular translative)
kuusikoksensa (singular translative)
kuusikoikseen (plural translative)
kuusikoiksensa (plural translative)
kuusikottaan (abessive singular)
kuusikottansa (abessive singular)
kuusikoittaan (abessive plural)
kuusikoittansa (abessive plural)
kuusikkoineen (comitative plural)
kuusikkoinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *kuucikkoi. Equivalent to kuusi (“six”) + -ikko.


municipal corporation

en-noun

municipal corporation (plural municipal corporations)

(law): A municipality; a governing body within a larger state formed by the enactment of a governing document.


underclass

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-underclass.wav

The two are immediately caught up in a terrorist plot to rid the earth of its underclass, and this gives Nobby the chance to live out a James Bond fantasy of Englishness, with his own lager-swilling twist.

2016 February 23, Robbie Collin, “Grimsby review: ' Sacha Baron Cohen's vital, venomous action movie'”, in The Daily Telegraph (London):

Still, among New York’s creative underclass — cash poor but culturally potent — it feels like everything but socialism is now irrelevant.

2019 March 3, Simon van Zuylen-Wood, “When Did Everyone Become a Socialist?”, in New York Magazine:

While there are reasons to be optimistic about this trend, there is also something queasy about the emergence of a new underclass of urban servants.

2019 August 12, Derek Thompson, “America's Hot New Job Is Being a Rich Person's Servant”, in The Atlantic:

The poorest class of people in a given society.


民族

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (民族):
* → Japanese: 民族(みんぞく) (minzoku)
* → Korean: 민족(民族) (minjok)
* → Vietnamese: dân tộc (民族)

→ Bouyei: minfzuf

→ Zhuang: minzcuz

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

Nowadays, the men and women of the various Hua have not had their ethnicities changed, yet they have bared their heads and recline when sitting, overusing the barbaric rites. It is said that among those who have shaved [their heads to become monks and nuns], all are foreigners. The nation has its old customs; its norms may not be changed.

The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6ᵗʰ century CE

Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn.

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。

今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。

民族宗教

民族政治

民族大融合

民族區域自治區

民族区域自治区

people; nation; nationality; ethnic group; minority; ethnos (Classifier: 個／个)

少數民族 少數民族#Chinese

少数民族 少数民族#Chinese

Short for 少數民族／少数民族 (shǎoshù mínzú, “ethnic minority”).


line of succession

en-noun

line of succession (plural lines of succession)

An ordered sequence of named people who would succeed to a particular office upon the death, resignation or removal of the current occupant; constructed using the rules of an established order of succession.


gremium

gremium (nominative singular)
gremia (nominative plural)
gremium (genitive singular)
gremiów (genitive plural)
gremium (dative singular)
gremiom (dative plural)
gremium (accusative singular)
gremia (accusative plural)
gremium (instrumental singular)
gremiami (instrumental plural)
gremium (locative singular)
gremiach (locative plural)
gremium (singular vocative)
gremia (plural vocative)

assembly, body (organisation, company or other authoritative group)


орден

ru-noun+

о́рден • (órden) m inan (genitive о́рдена, nominative plural ордена́, genitive plural ордено́в)

о́рден • (órden) m inan (genitive о́рдена, nominative plural о́рдены, genitive plural о́рденов)

о́рден (canonical)
órden (romanization)
о́рдена (genitive)
ордена́ (nominative plural)
ордено́в (genitive plural)
о́рден (canonical)
órden (romanization)
о́рдена (genitive)
о́рдены (nominative plural)
о́рденов (genitive plural)
о́рден (nominative singular)
ордена́ (irregular nominative plural)
о́рдена (genitive singular)
ордено́в (genitive plural)
о́рдену (dative singular)
ордена́м (dative plural)
о́рден (accusative singular)
ордена́ (accusative irregular plural)
о́рденом (instrumental singular)
ордена́ми (instrumental plural)
о́рдене (prepositional singular)
ордена́х (plural prepositional)
о́рден (nominative singular)
о́рдены (nominative plural)
о́рдена (genitive singular)
о́рденов (genitive plural)
о́рдену (dative singular)
о́рденам (dative plural)
о́рден (accusative singular)
о́рдены (accusative plural)
о́рденом (instrumental singular)
о́рденами (instrumental plural)
о́рдене (prepositional singular)
о́рденах (plural prepositional)

иезуи́тский о́рден

о́рдены ордены#Russian

(organizations) order (pl: о́рдены (órdeny))


commissariat

The department of an army that supplies provisions for the troops.

(historical) A department of the government of the Soviet Union in the early period of its existence.

կոմիսարիատ

a department of the government of the Soviet Union

A territorial and governmental unit of Colombia at some points in its history.


wind band

A musical group consisting solely of woodwind and brass instruments.


hivemind

Kevin Kelly (editor)
Out of Control (Kelly book)

From hive + mind, originally applied to beehives. As a metaphor for collective intelligence popularized in Out of Control (1992) by Kevin Kelly.

The marvel of “hive mind” is that no one is in control, and yet an invisible hand governs, a hand that emerges from very dumb members.

1992, Kevin Kelly, Out of Control, Addison-Wesley, published 1994, →ISBN, page 12:

The hive mind should be thought of as a tool. Empowering the collective does not empower individuals — just the reverse is true.

2006 May 29, Jaron Lanier, “Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism”, in Edge:

In any case, culture and technology are increasingly reliant on the hive mind–and whatever its faults, Lanier's broadside helps us consider the consequences of this momentous development.

2006 December 10, Steven Johnson, “Digital Maoism”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

There are many places, of course, on the internet where a utopian ideal of "here comes everybody" prevails, where the anonymous hive mind is fantastically curious and productive.

2011 July 23, Tim Adams, “How the internet created an age of rage”, in The Observer:

It is not my metaphor–the notion of a hivemind, a group sort of consciousness and/or collective body of knowledge, has long been discussed in both academic settings and in common parlance.

2019, Sarah Rose Cavanagh, Hivemind, Orion, →ISBN:

Just as industrial society was imagined as a well-functioning machine, instrumentarian society is imagined as a human simulation of machine learning systems: a confluent hive mind in which each element learns and operates in concert with every other element.

2019, Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, →ISBN:

A national hive mind has come to life on an open source Facebook group where hundreds of strangers trade tips on making respirator masks with baby wipes and paper towels, […]

2020 March 30, Andrew Jacobs, Rachel Abrams, “Hive Mind of Makers Rises to Meet Pandemic”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(by extension) Collective intelligence, especially when facilitated by communications technology.


equitatus

la-noun

equitātus m (genitive equitātūs); fourth declension

equitātus (canonical masculine)
equitātūs (genitive)
equitātus (nominative singular)
equitātūs (nominative plural)
equitātūs (genitive singular)
equitātuum (genitive plural)
equitātuī (dative singular)
equitātibus (dative plural)
equitātum (accusative singular)
equitātūs (accusative plural)
equitātū (ablative singular)
equitātibus (ablative plural)
equitātus (singular vocative)
equitātūs (plural vocative)

From equitō (“to ride”) + -tus (noun-forming suffix).

af

[ɛkʷɪˈt̪äːt̪ʊs̠]


výbor

výbor (nominative singular)
výbory (nominative plural)
výboru (genitive singular)
výborů (genitive plural)
výboru (dative singular)
výborům (dative plural)
výbor (accusative singular)
výbory (accusative plural)
výbore (singular vocative)
výbory (plural vocative)
výboru (locative singular)
výborech (locative plural)
výborem (instrumental singular)
výbory (instrumental plural)

Deverbal from vybrat. Compare Polish wybór and Russian вы́бор (výbor).


chudoba

chudoba (nominative singular)
chudoby (nominative plural)
chudoby (genitive singular)
chudob (genitive plural)
chudobie (dative singular)
chudobom (dative plural)
chudobę (accusative singular)
chudoby (accusative plural)
chudobą (instrumental singular)
chudobami (instrumental plural)
chudobie (locative singular)
chudobach (locative plural)
chudobo (singular vocative)
chudoby (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish chudoba. By surface analysis, chudy + -oba.


tabun

tabunek (diminutive)
tabun (nominative singular)
tabuny (nominative plural)
tabunu (genitive singular)
tabunów (genitive plural)
tabunowi (dative singular)
tabunom (dative plural)
tabun (accusative singular)
tabuny (accusative plural)
tabunem (instrumental singular)
tabunami (instrumental plural)
tabunie (locative singular)
tabunach (locative plural)
tabunie (singular vocative)
tabuny (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ukrainian табу́н (tabún), from Tatar табун (tabun).


potomstvo

potomstvo (nominative singular)
potomstva (genitive singular)
potomstvu (dative singular)
potomstvo (accusative singular)
potomstvo (singular vocative)
potomstvu (locative singular)
potomstvem (instrumental singular)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *potomьstvo.

offspring, descendants, posterity, progeny


zvířena

zvířena (nominative singular)
zvířeny (nominative plural)
zvířeny (genitive singular)
zvířen (genitive plural)
zvířeně (dative singular)
zvířenám (dative plural)
zvířenu (accusative singular)
zvířeny (accusative plural)
zvířeno (singular vocative)
zvířeny (plural vocative)
zvířeně (locative singular)
zvířenách (locative plural)
zvířenou (instrumental singular)
zvířenami (instrumental plural)


námořnictvo

námořnictvo (nominative singular)
námořnictva (genitive singular)
námořnictvu (dative singular)
námořnictvo (accusative singular)
námořnictvo (singular vocative)
námořnictvu (locative singular)
námořnictvem (instrumental singular)


listenership

en-noun

listenership (countable and uncountable, plural listenerships)

/ˈlɪsənəʃɪp/

/ˈlɪsənɚʃɪp/

From listener + -ship (suffix denoting a property or state of being).

suffix

While Soviet jamming is intense, particularly in the vicinity of Moscow, we have evidence that "Voice [of America]" programs can be heard in areas 25 miles from Moscow and that there are listeners in numerous cities throughout the Soviet Union. Listenership in the satellites, according to refugees, is widespread.

1953 August–December, “‘Voice’ Move to Washington”, in U.S. Information Agency: First Report to Congress, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Information Agency, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 10:

[A]n increase in VOA [Voice of America] audience size may well have been concealed by a change in recording listenership. In all, VOA tied for third in listenership among foreign stations.

1969 April 28, “Highlights”, in Foreign Radio Listening in Czechoslovakia before and during the Invasion (Research Service; E-7-69), Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Assessment, United States Information Agency, →OCLC, page ii:

In the late sixties, as if the result of some galactic explosion, the popular idiom splintered and broke into so many components that a microscopic analysis of each is a difficult if not Herculean task. The cause of this diffusion can be traced to several sources. One was the rapid acceleration and increasing listenership to FM radio, whose alternative programming deviated from hard-rock to progressive country & western, from album cuts to singles, from lush strings to neo-jazz, and away from banal top-forty disc jockeys towards mellowed diplomats who were more influenced by orchestration than sensation.

1977, Peter E. Berry, “1969: The Tower of Babel”, in “… And the Hits Just Keep on Comin’”, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, →ISBN, page 89:

On the other hand, listenership figures from SABC [...] indicate that Radio Metro, an English-medium music programme oriented to urban blacks has one of the highest listenerships of all stations among blacks.

1996, David Gough, “Black English in South Africa”, in Vivian de Klerk, editor, Focus on South Africa (Varieties of English around the World; G15), Amsterdam, Philadelphia, Pa.: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, →ISSN, section B (Pan-ethnic Varieties), subsection 3 (English and the Media), page 56:

What people "want" to read in newspapers, see on television and in films, and listen to over the radio is made available to them by the media owners and their managers. The main objective is to make continuous efforts to increase readership/viewership/listenership so that revenue of advertisements could be attracted.

1998, Nandini Prasad, “Electronic Media and Public Service Broadcasting”, in V. S. Gupta, Rajeshwar Dyal, editors, Media and Market Forces: Challenges and Opportunities: Proceedings of the Regional Seminars and the National Colloquium, New Delhi: [F]or AMIC; Friedrich Ebert Stiftung by Concept Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 117:

The American research confirmed the figure of 35 million as the average listenership of the station within Nigeria.

2000, Mansur Abdulkadir, “Popular Culture in Advertising: Nigerian Hausa Radio”, in Richard Fardon, Graham Furniss, editors, African Broadcast Cultures: Radio in Transition, Oxford, Oxfordshire: James Currey; Harare, Zimbabwe: Baobab, →ISBN, page 128:

As long-time owners of an independent theater chain who were now in search of inexpensive, reliable content that would capture a young listenership for their fledgling radio network, [George Washington] Trendle and [John H.] Kunsky likely thought the Western was the kind of low-risk, high-reward genre KTBC was in search of.

2015, Avi Santo, “Putting on the Mask: Character Licensing before the Lone Ranger”, in Selling the Silver Bullet: The Lone Ranger and Transmedia Brand Licensing (Texas Film and Media Studies Series), Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, →ISBN, page 34:

As noted earlier, Black musics including the blues have not had solely Black listenerships, or remained entirely Black practices: others have been captivated by these musics, contributed to their histories, and benefitted financially from them.

2021, Byron Dueck, “Music of Ethnic North America”, in Timothy Rommen, Bruno Nettl, editors, Excursions in World Music, 8th edition, New York, N.Y., Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge, →ISBN, page 454:

The audience that listens to a certain form or genre of audio material (specifically (Internet, radio), an audio broadcast such as a radio program or a podcast).

tigpaminaw

audience that listens to an audio broadcast


hejno

hejno (nominative singular)
hejna (nominative plural)
hejna (genitive singular)
hejn (genitive plural)
hejnu (dative singular)
hejnům (dative plural)
hejno (accusative singular)
hejna (accusative plural)
hejno (singular vocative)
hejna (plural vocative)
hejně (locative singular)
hejnu (locative singular)
hejnech (locative plural)
hejnem (instrumental singular)
hejny (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech hajno, from Proto-Slavic *gajno, which is a deverbal of Proto-Slavic *gajiti (“to protect”).


stádo

stádo (nominative singular)
stáda (nominative plural)
stáda (genitive singular)
stád (genitive plural)
stádu (dative singular)
stádům (dative plural)
stádo (accusative singular)
stáda (accusative plural)
stádo (singular vocative)
stáda (plural vocative)
stádě (locative singular)
stádu (locative singular)
stádech (locative plural)
stádem (instrumental singular)
stády (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech stádo, from Proto-Slavic *stado.


stádo

stádový (adjective relational)
nominative
stádo (singular)
stáda (plural)
genitive
stáda (singular)
stád (plural)
dative
stádu (singular)
stádam (plural)
accusative
locative
stáde (singular)
stádach (plural)
instrumental
stádom (singular)
stádami (plural)


smečka

smečka (nominative singular)
smečky (nominative plural)
smečky (genitive singular)
smeček (genitive plural)
smečce (dative singular)
smečkám (dative plural)
smečku (accusative singular)
smečky (accusative plural)
smečko (singular vocative)
smečky (plural vocative)
smečce (locative singular)
smečkách (locative plural)
smečkou (instrumental singular)
smečkami (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech smečka. Doublet of smyčka. Formerly meaning “loop, dog-collar”, then being used for “a group of dogs”.


skupina

cs-noun

skupina f (relational adjective skupinový)

skupinový (adjective relational)
skupina (nominative singular)
skupiny (nominative plural)
skupiny (genitive singular)
skupin (genitive plural)
skupině (dative singular)
skupinám (dative plural)
skupinu (accusative singular)
skupiny (accusative plural)
skupino (singular vocative)
skupiny (plural vocative)
skupině (locative singular)
skupinách (locative plural)
skupinou (instrumental singular)
skupinami (instrumental plural)


skupina

skupina (nominative singular)
skupiny (nominative plural)
skupiny (genitive singular)
skupin (genitive plural)
skupinie (dative singular)
skupinom (dative plural)
skupinę (accusative singular)
skupiny (accusative plural)
skupiną (instrumental singular)
skupinami (instrumental plural)
skupinie (locative singular)
skupinach (locative plural)
skupino (singular vocative)
skupiny (plural vocative)


skupina

skȕpina (canonical feminine)
ску̏пина (Cyrillic)
skupina (nominative singular)
skupine (nominative plural)
skupine (genitive singular)
skupina (genitive plural)
skupini (dative singular)
skupinama (dative plural)
skupinu (accusative singular)
skupine (accusative plural)
skupino (singular vocative)
skupine (plural vocative)
skupini (locative singular)
skupinama (locative plural)
skupinom (instrumental singular)
skupinama (instrumental plural)


skupina

skupína (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
skupína (nominative singular)
skupíni (dual nominative)
skupíne (nominative plural)
skupíne (genitive singular)
skupín (dual genitive)
skupín (genitive plural)
skupíni (dative singular)
skupínama (dative dual)
skupínam (dative plural)
skupíno (accusative singular)
skupíni (accusative dual)
skupíne (accusative plural)
skupíni (locative singular)
skupínah (dual locative)
skupínah (locative plural)
skupíno (instrumental singular)
skupínama (dual instrumental)
skupínami (instrumental plural)

group (number of things or persons being in some relation to each other)


grupa

pl-noun

grupa f (diminutive grupka, related adjective grupowy)

grupka (diminutive)
grupowy (adjective)
grupa (nominative singular)
grupy (nominative plural)
grupy (genitive singular)
grup (genitive plural)
grupie (dative singular)
grupom (dative plural)
grupę (accusative singular)
grupy (accusative plural)
grupą (instrumental singular)
grupami (instrumental plural)
grupie (locative singular)
grupach (locative plural)
grupo (singular vocative)
grupy (plural vocative)

→ Silesian: grupa

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Gruppe, French groupe, or Italian gruppo, ultimately from Latin grupus. First attested in 1765.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “grupa”, in Słownik języka polskiego

group (number of people called together for a particular purpose or for a shared activity)

(chemistry) group (a column in the periodic table of chemical elements)

(grammar) phrase (a word or, more commonly, a group of words that functions as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence, always containing an expressed or implied head (the principal word or subgroup, with core importance) and often consisting of a head plus some other elaborating words)

(group theory) group (a set with an associative binary operation, under which there exists an identity element, and such that each element has an inverse)


oddíl

oddíl (nominative singular)
oddíly (nominative plural)
oddílu (genitive singular)
oddílů (genitive plural)
oddílu (dative singular)
oddílům (dative plural)
oddíl (accusative singular)
oddíly (accusative plural)
oddíle (singular vocative)
oddíly (plural vocative)
oddíle (locative singular)
oddílu (locative singular)
oddílech (locative plural)
oddílem (instrumental singular)
oddíly (instrumental plural)