pies

pl-noun

pies m animal (diminutive piesek, augmentative psisko, related adjective psi)

piesek (diminutive)
psisko (augmentative)
psi (adjective)
pies (nominative singular)
psy (nominative plural)
psa (genitive singular)
psów (genitive plural)
psu (dative singular)
psom (dative plural)
psa (accusative singular)
psy (accusative plural)
psem (instrumental singular)
psami (instrumental plural)
psie (locative singular)
psach (locative plural)
psie (singular vocative)
psy (plural vocative)

dog (any member of the family Canidae, including domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, and their relatives (extant and extinct); canid)


patronage

en-noun

patronage (countable and uncountable, plural patronages)

/ˈpeɪtɹənɪd͡ʒ/

/ˈpætɹənɪd͡ʒ/

From Middle English patronage, from Old French patronage (modern French patronage). Equivalent to patron + -age.

The restaurant had "Thank you for your patronage!" printed on its take-out bags.

The act or state of being a customer of some business.


trade union

trade union (plural trade unions or trades unions)

trade unions (plural)
trades unions (plural)

When the first wave of postwar immigrants arrived in Britain in the 1950s and ’60s, it was a period of rising wages, full employment, an expanding welfare state and strong trade unions. Today, Britain’s manufacturing base has all but disappeared, working-class communities have disintegrated, unions have been neutered and the welfare state has begun to crumble.

2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times:

, labour union (Canada), labor union (Canada, US)

An organization whose members belong to the same trade and that acts collectively to address common issues.


religion

religion (countable and uncountable, plural religions)

/ɹɪˈlɪd͡ʒən/

From Middle English religioun, from Old French religion, from Latin religiō (“scrupulousness, pious misgivings, superstition, conscientiousness, sanctity, an object of veneration, cult-observance, reverence”). Most likely from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂leg- with the meanings preserved in Latin dīligere and legere (“to read repeatedly”, “to have something solely in mind”). Displaced Old English ǣfæstnes (“religion, lawfulness”).

displaced

The monk entered religion when he was 20 years of age.

(uncountable) The way of life committed to by monks and nuns.


government

en-noun

government (countable and uncountable, plural governments)

From Middle English governement, from Old French governement (modern French gouvernement), from governer (see govern) + -ment. Morphologically govern + -ment. Displaced native Old English gerec, leodweard, ræden, rǣding and Old English ealdordōm.

government-owned and controlled corporation

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class V § 737a. Government

Ellipsis of government name, one's legal name according to a government.


market

→ Bengali: মার্কেট (markeṭ)

→ Hindi: मार्केट (mārkeṭ)

→ Japanese: マーケット (māketto)

→ Korean: 마켓 (maket)

desc

→ Odia: ମାର୍କେଟ୍ (mārkeṭ)

→ Odia: ମାର୍କେଟ୍ (mārkeṭ)

→ Persian: (Dari) مارکیت (mârkêt)

→ Turkish: market

→ Urdu: مارکیٹ (markeṭ)

From Middle English market, from late Old English market (“market”) and Anglo-Norman markiet (Old French marchié); both ultimately from Latin mercātus (“trade, market”), from mercor (“I trade, deal in, buy”), itself derived from merx (“wares, merchandise”). Cognate with West Frisian merk, Dutch markt, Old High German Markt.

Stop by the market on your way home and pick up some milk.

Mixes [such as cake mixes, pancake mixes, or sauce mixes] are sometimes a reasonable alternative and sometimes not. […] Pancake mixes often offer no advantages at all. Nonetheless, there are times when you would be foolish not to use a mix. Perhaps a domestic emergency occurs. Perhaps cupcakes must be brought to school tomorrow morning, but when you stop at the market on your way home from work, you cannot remember whether you have baking powder, cream of tartar, baking soda, nutmeg, cake flour, chocolate, or vanilla on your shelf, or you want to go through the “five items or fewer” line. So you buy the mix. Only a glutton for punishment would do otherwise.

1999, Cheryl Mendelson, Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House, Scribner, →ISBN, pages 45-46:

en:grocery store, convenience store, or similar store

Any physical store selling groceries, such as a grocery store or convenience store.

Coordinate term: distribution channel (sometimes broadly synonymous)

The stock market ceased to be monopolized by the paper-shuffling national stock exchanges with the advent of Internet markets.

As they were approaching bankruptcy from being knocked out of the calculator market, they began development on the first commercially available microcomputer, the Altair.

If the takeover is approved, Comcast would control 20 of the top 25 cable markets, […]. Antitrust officials will need to consider Comcast’s status as a monopsony (a buyer with disproportionate power), when it comes to negotiations with programmers, whose channels it pays to carry.

2014 March 15, “Turn it off”, in The Economist, volume 410, number 8878:

en:particular system for trading in certain goods

A formally organized, sometimes monopolistic, system of trading in specified goods or effects.

баҙар

formally organized system of trading in specified goods or effects

The sum total traded in a process of individuals trading for certain commodities.

Q: What's the market on such a thing, nowadays? A: Oh, no less than forty, I should reckon.

What is a man / If his chief good and market of his time / Be but to sleep and feed?

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iv]:

The price for which a thing is sold in a market; hence, value or worth; market value.


market

en-verb

market (third-person singular simple present markets, present participle marketing, simple past and past participle marketed)

markets (present singular third-person)
marketing (participle present)
marketed (participle past)
marketed (past)

(intransitive) To deal in a market; to buy or sell; to make bargains for provisions or goods.


world

whirled (with both the wine–whine merger and fern–fir–fur merger)

whorled (with both mergers, Received Pronunciation only)

From Middle English world, weoreld, from Old English weorold (“world”), from Proto-West Germanic *weraldi, from Proto-Germanic *weraldiz (“lifetime, human existence, world”, literally “age/era of man”), equivalent to wer (“man”) + eld (“age”). Superseded Middle English mounde (“world”), from Old French monde, munde (“world”). Cognate with Scots warld (“world”), Saterland Frisian Waareld (“world”), West Frisian wrâld (“world”), Afrikaans wêreld (“world”), Dutch wereld (“world”), Low German Werld (“world”), German Welt (“world”), Norwegian Bokmål verden (“(the) world”), Norwegian Nynorsk verd (“world”), Swedish värld (“world”), Icelandic veröld (“world”).

inh

an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind

have the world by the tail on a downhill pull

the hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the world

the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world


world

English: world

Scots: warld

Inherited from Old English woruld, worold, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldi, from Proto-Germanic *weraldiz.

The people of the world, especially when judging someone.


company

en-noun

company (countable and uncountable, plural companies)

→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)

desc

→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)

→ Malay: kompeni

→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh

→ Swahili: kampuni

From Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”), from Old French compaignie (“companionship”) (Modern French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. Old French compaignie is equivalent to Old French compaignon (Modern French: compagnon) + -ie. More at companion.
Displaced native Old English werod, gefer, getæl, and hired.

inh

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

you don't dip your pen in company ink

don't fish off the company dock, you don't dip your pen in the company inkwell, you don't fish off the company pier

As he had worked for the CIA for over 30 years, he would soon take retirement from the company.

A team; a group of people who work together professionally.

(espionage, informal) An intelligence service.


network

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *neHd-
Proto-Indo-European *-yós
Proto-Germanic *natją
Proto-West Germanic *nati
Old English nett
Middle English net
English net
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Germanic *werką
Proto-West Germanic *werk
Old English weorc
Middle English werk
English work
English network
Compound of net + work.

etymon

filtered-popping recursive transition network

2008, Lou Schuler, "Foreward", in Nate Green, Built for Show, page xi
TV back then was five channels (three networks, PBS, and an independent station that ran I Love Lucy reruns), […]

(broadcasting) A group of affiliated television stations that broadcast common programs from a parent company.


sect

From Middle English secte, from Old French secte (“a sect in philosophy or religion”), from Late Latin secta (“a sect in philosophy or religion, a school, party, faction, class, gild, band, particularly a heretical doctrine or sect, etc.”), possibly, from Latin sequi (“to follow”). Alternatively linked to sectus (“cut off, divided”), past participle of secō.

der

a religious sect

An offshoot of a larger religion or denomination.


board

en-noun

board (countable and uncountable, plural boards)

→ Japanese: ボード (bōdo)

From Middle English bord, from Old English bord, from Proto-West Germanic *bord, from Proto-Germanic *burdą (“board; plank; table”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerdʰ- (“to cut”). The senses "food" and "council" are by metonymy from the sense "table."

inh

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

Each player starts the game with four counters on the board.

A flat surface with markings for playing a board game.

en:clipping of blackboard, surfboard, or others

Short for blackboard, whiteboard, chessboard, surfboard, circuit board, message board (on the Internet), bulletin board, etc.

The object of the game is to move the smiley face over the preset board, in doing so removing the green squares and ending up at the exit […]

2004, Dan Whitehead, Martyn Carroll, Shaun Bebbington, “Future Shocks”, in Your Sinclair, number 94:

You are able to then change a color candy with any candy around the board, similar to the way you are able to with color bomb candies.

2015, Hiddenstuff Entertainment, Candy Crush Soda Saga Game Guide, page 23:

(video games) A level or stage having a particular two-dimensional layout.

(Philippines, local government) A provincial assembly or council.


academy

From French académie, from Latin acadēmīa, from Ancient Greek Ἀκαδημία (Akadēmía), a grove of trees and gymnasium outside of Athens where Plato taught; from the name of the supposed former owner of that estate, the Attic hero Akademos. Doublet of academia and Akademeia; compare academe.

The artists of London had long maintained a private academy for improvement in the art of drawing from living figures

1760–5, Tobias Smollett, The history of England from the revolution in 1688, to the death of George II, published 1805, page 449:

In this year 1633, I became acquainted with Nicholas Fiske, licentiate in physic, who was born in Suffolk, near Framingham* Castle, of very good parentage, who educated him at country schools, until he was fit for the university; but he went not to the academy, studying at home both astrology and physic, which he afterwards practised in Colchester; and there was well acquainted with Dr Gilbert, who wrote "De Magnete".

1776, David Hume, The life of David Hume:

An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university; typically a private school.


army

From (1386) Middle English armee, borrowed from Old French armee (cf. modern French armée), from Medieval Latin armāta (“armed force”), a noun taken from the past participle of Latin armāre (“to arm”), itself related to arma (“tools, arms”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join, fit together”).
Doublet of armada. Displaced native Old English here and fierd.

армия

military force concerned mainly with ground operations

exèrcit

large group of people working towards the same purpose

The People's Liberation Army Navy of China.

The Yugoslav Army consisted of the War Navy, Ground Forces, and Air Force.

Iran's army consists of the Navy, Ground Forces, and Air Force.


church

en-noun

church (countable and uncountable, plural churches)

Pijin: sios

Tok Pisin: sios

→ Hausa: cōcì

→ Hindi: चर्च (carc)

→ Limburgish: sjoeëtsj, sjuutsj

From Middle English chirche, from Old English ċiriċe (“church”), from Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, an early borrowing of Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón), neuter form of κυριακός (kuriakós, “belonging to the lord”), from κύριος (kúrios, “ruler, lord”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell, spread out, be strong, prevail”). Doublet of kirk.
additional etymological information
 For vowel evolution, see bury. Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón) was used of houses of Christian worship since circa 300 CE, especially in the East, though it was less common in this sense than ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía, “congregation”) or βασιλική (basilikḗ, “royal thing”). An example of the direct Greek-to-Germanic progress of many Christian words, possibly via the Goths; it was probably used by West Germanic people in their pre-Christian period. Cognate with Scots kirk (“church”), West Frisian tsjerke (“church”), Saterland Frisian Säärke (“church”), Dutch kerk (“church”), German Kirche (“church”), Danish kirke (“church”), Swedish kyrka (“church”), Norwegian Bokmål kirke, Norwegian Nynorsk kyrkje (“church”), and Icelandic kirkja (“church”). Also picked up by Slavic, via Old High German chirihha (compare Old Church Slavonic црькꙑ (crĭky), Bulgarian църква (cǎrkva), Russian це́рковь (cérkovʹ)). Romance and Celtic languages use descendants of Latin ecclēsia.

der

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

at church every time the doors swing open

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class VI § 983a. Orthodoxy

Appendix:Moby Thesaurus II/39 § High Church

There is a lovely little church in the valley.

This building used to be a church before being converted into a library.

He got the message and was in church the next Sunday. We need to stay in church with the fellowship of others in order to keep the fire of faith burning brightly.

2007, John R. Dodd, Bucky and Friends, page 117:

(countable, Christianity) A Christian house of worship; a building where Christian religious services take place.


bench

→ Hindi: बेंच (beñc)

→ Japanese: ベンチ (benchi)

→ Korean: 벤치 (benchi)

→ Swahili: benchi

→ Urdu: بِنْچ (binc)

From Middle English bench, benk, bynk, from Old English benċ (“bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeg-.
Cognate with Scots benk, bink (“bench”), West Frisian bank (“bench”), Dutch bank (“bench”), German Bank (“bench”), Danish bænk (“bench”), Swedish bänk (“bench”), Icelandic bekkur (“bench”). Doublet of banc, banco, and bank.

эскәмйә

sports: where players sit when not playing

They are awaiting a decision on the motion from the bench.

(law) The seat where the judges sit in court.

(law, figuratively) The people who decide on the verdict, collectively; the judiciary.


bench

en-verb

bench (third-person singular simple present benches, present participle benching, simple past and past participle benched)

benches (present singular third-person)
benching (participle present)
benched (participle past)
benched (past)

I heard he can bench 150 pounds.

1988, Frederick C. Hatfield, "Powersource: Ties that bind", Ironman 47 (6): 21.
For the first several years of my exclusive career in powerlifting, I couldn't bench too well.

(transitive and intransitive, colloquial) To lift by bench pressing


cast

New York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Baltimore

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kas-
Proto-Germanic *kastōną
Old Norse kastabor.
Middle English casten
English cast
From Middle English casten, from Old Norse kasta (“to throw, cast, overturn”), from Proto-Germanic *kastōną (“to throw, cast”), of unknown origin.
Cognate with Scots cast (“to cast, throw”), Danish kaste (“to throw”), Swedish kasta (“to throw, cast, fling, toss, discard”), Icelandic kasta (“to pitch, toss”). In the sense of "flinging", displaced native warp.
The senses relating to broadcasting are based on that same term; compare -cast.

cog

As when a cast of Faulcons make their flight / An an Herneshaw, that lyes aloft on wing […]

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book VI, Canto VII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Louis XIV was keen, employing a total hawking personnel of 175 and adding a fourth cast of gyrfalcons to hunt hares in 1682 […].

2007, Tim Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory, Penguin, published 2013, page 395:

(hawking) The number of hawks (or occasionally other birds) cast off at one time; a pair.


plankton

pl-noun

plankton m inan (related adjective planktonowy or planktoniczny)

planktonowy (adjective)
planktoniczny (adjective)
plankton (nominative singular)
planktonu (genitive singular)
planktonowi (dative singular)
plankton (accusative singular)
planktonem (instrumental singular)
planktonie (locative singular)
planktonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English plankton, French plancton, German Plankton, ultimately from Ancient Greek πλαγκτός (planktós).

(marine biology) plankton (generic term for all the organisms that float in the sea)


zeal

en-noun

zeal (countable and uncountable, plural zeals)

From Middle English zele, from Old French zel, from Late Latin zēlus, from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “zeal, jealousy”), from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to search”). Related to jealous.

der

zeal without knowledge is a runaway horse

She extols the virtues of veganism with missionary zeal.

I bear them record that they have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Romans 10:2:

Zeal, the blind conductor of the will

1687, [John Dryden], “The Third Part”, in The Hind and the Panther. A Poem, in Three Parts, 2nd edition, London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC, page 96:

[…] the highest zeal in religion and the deepest hypocrisy, so far from being inconsistent, are often or commonly united in the same individual character.

1779, David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, part 12, pages 143–144:

[He] would begin admiring her drawings with so much zeal and so little knowledge as seemed terribly like a would-be lover,

1815 December (indicated as 1816), [Jane Austen], chapter 14, in Emma: […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] [Charles Roworth and James Moyes] for John Murray, →OCLC, page 250:

It [Troutbeck] has religious isolation also, for it is several miles—and very strenuous miles in winter—from the parish church at Mungrisdale, and the introduction of the harmonium to the waiting room was due to the zeal of a vicar of many years ago who, in the absence of any other room in the village, obtained permission to use the premises for services, including Sunday School. Most of his successors have continued this self-sacrificing duty.

1951 October, “Notes and News: The Harmonium at Troutbeck”, in Railway Magazine, page 709:

The stockman’s zeal for eliminating the coyote has resulted in plagues of field mice, which the coyote formerly controlled.

1962, Rachel Carson, chapter 15, in Silent Spring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, page 248:

The fervour or tireless devotion for a person, cause, or ideal and determination in its furtherance; diligent enthusiasm; powerful interest.

A zeal of zebras confuses predators. Each zebra has a different set of stripes.

2012, Alex Kuskowski, Zeal of Zebras: Animal Groups on an African Safari, →ISBN, page 8:

The collective noun for a group of zebras.


league

en-noun

league (countable and uncountable, plural leagues)

→ Japanese: リーグ (rīgu)

→ Korean: 리그 (rigeu)

From Middle English liege, ligg, lige (“a pact between governments, an agreement, alliance”), from Middle French ligue, from Italian lega, from the verb legare, from Latin ligō (“I tie”).

Are you going to watch the league tonight?

(informal, rugby, uncountable) Ellipsis of rugby league.


regime

From Middle English regime, regyme, from Middle French regime, from Latin regimen (“direction, government”). Doublet of regimen.

the dictator's regime

Heaven will eliminate the tyrannical regimes.

A form of government, or the government in power, particularly an authoritarian or totalitarian one.

A division of a Mafia crime family, led by a caporegime.

A typical annual water level regime would include a gradual summer drawdown beginning in early May.


wing

From Middle English winge, wenge, from Old Norse vængr ("wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare vængi (“ship's cabin”)), from Proto-Germanic *wēingijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”), thus related to wind. Cognate with Danish vinge (“wing”), Swedish vinge (“wing”), Icelandic vængur (“wing”).
Replaced native Middle English fither (from Old English fiþre, from Proto-Germanic *fiþriją), which merged with Middle English fether (from Old English feþer, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō). More at feather.

gl

"wing of a flying animal, wing of a building"; compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">vængi</i> (“ship's cabin”)

der

They got bro-bro stuck on the wing, cah I picked up and bullet him

2021 July 18, “‘Woop’ Freestyle” (0:25 from the start), Trizz (lyrics):

(slang, MLE) Short for prison wing, a cellblock; or prison or doing time by extension.


quintuplet

From quintuple + -et, from Middle French quintuple.

A group of five, particularly (music) a tuplet of five notes to be played in the time for four.


sextuplet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sextuplet.wav

One of a group of six persons or animals born from the same mother during the same birth.

(music) A group of six notes played in the time of four.

(music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with accents on the first, third and fifth notes.

(music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with accents on the first and fourth notes; a double triplet.

(music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with an accent only on the first note.


septuplet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-septuplet.wav

A group of seven, particularly (music) a tuplet of seven notes.


octuplet

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-octuplet.wav

otteling

one of eight babies born at the same birth

(music) A group of eight notes played in the time of six.


crew

From Middle English crue, from Old French creue (“an increase, recruit, military reinforcement”), the feminine past participle of creistre (“grow”), from Latin crescere (“to arise, grow”).

A group of people together
(scouting) A group of Rovers.

A group of people together
A group of Rovers.


navy

en-noun

navy (countable and uncountable, plural navies)

From Middle English nave, navye, from Anglo-Norman, Old French navie, from Latin nāvigia < nāvigium, from Latin nāvigō, nāvis (“boat”), from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂us. Compare Ancient Greek ναῦς (naûs, “ship”), Persian ناو (nâv, “boat, warship”), Sanskrit नाव (nāva, “ship”), Old English nōwend (“mariner, sailor”).
Displaced native Old English sċiphere (literally “ship army”).

ncog

(archaic, countable) Any fleet of maritime vessels, and especially the entire fleet of any particular nationality, including vessels that are commercial, military, or both.


clergy

From Middle English clergie (attested in the 13th century), from Old French clergié (“learned men”), from Late Latin clēricātus, from Latin clēricus (“one ordained for religious services”), from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós, “of the clergy”). Equivalent to cleric + -ate.

der

Today we brought together clergy from the Wiccan, Christian, New Age and Islamic traditions for an interfaith dialogue.

Then everybody once more knelt, and soon the blessing was pronounced. The choir and the clergy trooped out slowly, […], down the nave to the western door. […] At a seemingly immense distance the surpliced group stopped to say the last prayer.

1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

Body of persons, such as priests, who are trained and ordained for religious service.

духаве́нства

people trained to officiate at religious ceremonies and services


familia

la-noun

familia f (genitive familiae); first declension

familiae (genitive)
familia (nominative singular)
familiae (nominative plural)
familiae (genitive singular)
familiārum (genitive plural)
familiae (dative singular)
familiīs (dative plural)
familiam (accusative singular)
familiās (accusative plural)
familiā (ablative singular)
familiīs (ablative plural)
familia (singular vocative)
familiae (plural vocative)

Eastern Romance

desc

Aromanian: fumealji, fumealje, fãmealji, fãmealje

Megleno-Romanian: fumeaľă, fămęľă

Romanian: femeie, fămeaiă, fămeie — archaic, fomeie, fimeie — Moldavia (region)

Gallo-Italic

Emilian:

Ligurian: famìggia

Lombard: fameja

Piedmontese: famija

Romagnol: famèja, famì

Rhaeto-Romance

Friulian: famee

Romansch: fumegl, famagl, fameglia

desctree

Venetan: fameja, famégia, famegia
→ Cimbrian: faméeja

Aragonese: familha

Italo-Dalmatian

Corsican: famiglia, famidda, famighja

Dalmatian: famalja

Istriot: fameîa

Italian: famiglia
→ Cimbrian: famildja
→ Maltese: familja
→ Mòcheno: familia
→ Ottoman Turkish: فاملیا
Turkish: familya
→ Armenian: ֆամիլյա (familya)

→ Romansch: famiglia

→ Sardinian: famíglia

Sicilian: famigghia

Borrowings

q

→ Albanian: fëmijë (earlier borrowing from a Vulgar Latin form), familje (later borrowing)

→ Alemannic German: Famiili

→ Asturian: familia

→ Basque: familia

→ Bavarian: Famij, Famülie

desctree

→ Dutch: familie
Afrikaans: familie
Berbice Creole Dutch: famili
Negerhollands: familie, famili
Petjo: fermilie
→ Indonesian: famili
→ Sranan Tongo: famiri
→ Caribbean Javanese: famiri, pamili, pamiri
→ Saramaccan: famíí

→ Dutch Low Saxon: femilie

→ English: familia, family
Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili
Tok Pisin: famili
Sranan Tongo: famiri
→ Chuukese: famini
→ Malay: famili
→ Maori: whāmere

→ Extremaduran: família

→ Galician: familia

→ German: Familie
→ Danish: familie
→ Kashubian: familëjô
→ Latvian: famīlija
→ Lower Sorbian: familija
→ Norwegian Bokmål: familie
→ Russian: фами́лия (famílija)

→ Hungarian: família

→ Kölsch: Famelisch

→ Macedonian: фамилија (familija)

→ Middle French: famille

French: famille
Haitian Creole: fanmi
→ Luxembourgish: Famill
Iranian Persian: فامیل (fâmil)

desc

→ Norman: fanmil'ye, famîle (continental Normandy), fomille, famille (Guernsey), family (Sark), famille, fomille, famîle (continental Normandy), famille (Guernsey), family (Sark), fanmil'ye (Jersey), family

→ Mirandese: família

→ Old Occitan:

Catalan: família

Occitan: familha

→ Polish: familia

→ Portuguese: família

→ Romani: familija

→ Romanian: familie

→ Carpathian Rusyn: фамилія (famylija)

→ Saterland Frisian: Familie

→ Scots: faimlie, faimily

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: фа̀мӣлија

Latin script: fàmīlija

desctree

→ Spanish: familia
→ Cebuano: pamilya
→ Chamorro: familia
→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: familia
→ Ilocano: pamilia
→ Tagalog: pamilya
→ Waray-Waray: pamilya

→ Swahili: familia

→ Swedish: familj

→ Walloon: famile

→ West Frisian: famylje

From Proto-Italic *fameljā (“of the house → household”), from earlier *θameljā.
In view of the semantic shift illustrated in the cognates, famulus (“servant, slave”) (with Oscan 𐌚𐌀𐌌𐌄𐌋 (famel, “servile”)) is probably a backformation from it and not the other way around. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁-m-eló-m (“fundament”), from *dʰeh₁- (“to do, put, place”). Cognate with Sanskrit धामन् (dhāman, “order; dwelling-place, temple; family”), Ancient Greek θεμέλιος (themélios, “of the foundation”), θέμις (thémis, “justice, law”).

cog

a household (all persons subject to the control of one man (whether relations, freedmen or slaves))


familia

pl-noun

familia f (diminutive familijka, augmentative (dialectal) famuła, related adjective familijny)

familijka (diminutive)
famuła (augmentative dialectal)
familijny (adjective)
familia (nominative singular)
familie (nominative plural)
familii (genitive singular)
familii (genitive plural)
familij (archaic genitive plural)
familii (dative singular)
familiom (dative plural)
familię (accusative singular)
familie (accusative plural)
familią (instrumental singular)
familiami (instrumental plural)
familii (locative singular)
familiach (locative plural)
familio (singular vocative)
familie (plural vocative)


cadre

Borrowed from French cadre, from Italian quadro (“framed painting, square”), from Latin quadrum, from quattuor (“four”).

der

From the original plan, thirty-four cadre battalions, with a total of 116 companies, had actually been formed, a total of about 700 officers and another 600 key enlisted men.

2002, Barry M. Stentiford, chapter 9, in The American Home Guard: the State Militia in the Twentieth Century, →ISBN, page 202:

(military) The framework or skeleton upon which a new regiment is to be formed; the officers of a regiment forming the staff.

kader

military: skeleton upon which regiment is formed; its officers


talent

From Middle English talent, from Old English talente, borrowed from the plural of Latin talentum (“a Grecian weight; a talent of money”), from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton, “balance, a particular weight, especially of gold, sum of money, a talent”). Compare Old High German talenta (“talent”). Later figurative senses are from Old French talent (“talent, will, inclination, desire”), derived from the biblical Parable of the Talents.

For the kingdom of heaven is as a man travelling into a far country, who called his own servants, and delivered unto them his goods. And unto one he gave five talents, to another two, and to another one; to every man according to his several ability; and straightway took his journey.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew XXV:14-15:

(historical) A unit of weight and money used in ancient times in Greece, the Roman Empire, and the Middle East, equal to about 30 to 60 kg in various times and places.


szkoła

pl-noun

szkoła f (diminutive szkółka, augmentative szkolisko)

szkółka (diminutive)
szkolisko (augmentative)
szkoła (nominative singular)
szkoły (nominative plural)
szkoły (genitive singular)
szkół (genitive plural)
szkole (dative singular)
szkołom (dative plural)
szkołę (accusative singular)
szkoły (accusative plural)
szkołą (instrumental singular)
szkołami (instrumental plural)
szkole (locative singular)
szkołach (locative plural)
szkoło (singular vocative)
szkoły (plural vocative)

→ Kashubian: szkòła

→ Slovincian: szkôla

Inherited from Old Polish szkoła. Doublet of schola.


kwiat

kwiat m inan (diminutive kwiatek or kwiatuszek, related adjective kwiatowy or kwieciany or kwietni, abbreviation kw.)

kwiatek (diminutive)
kwiatuszek (diminutive)
kwiatowy (adjective)
kwieciany (adjective)
kwietni (adjective)
kw. (abbreviation)
kwiat (nominative singular)
kwiaty (nominative plural)
kwiatu (genitive singular)
kwiatów (genitive plural)
kwiatowi (dative singular)
kwiatom (dative plural)
kwiat (accusative singular)
kwiaty (accusative plural)
kwiatem (instrumental singular)
kwiatami (instrumental plural)
kwiecie (locative singular)
kwiatach (locative plural)
kwiecie (singular vocative)
kwiaty (plural vocative)

desc

→ Old Ruthenian: квѣтъ (květ), квꙗтъ (kvjat)

Belarusian: квет (kvjet)

Ukrainian: квіт (kvit)

→ Yiddish: קווייט (kveyt)

(countable, botany) flower (reproductive structure in angiosperms (flowering plants), often conspicuously colorful and typically including sepals, petals, and either or both stamens and/or a pistil)

(countable) flower (colorful, conspicuous structure associated with angiosperms, frequently scented and attracting various insects, and which may or may not be used for sexual reproduction)

(countable) flower (plant that bears flowers, especially a plant that is small and lacks wood)

(countable) flower (stem of a flowering plant with the blossom or blossoms attached, used for decoration, as a gift, etc.)

(countable, obsolete, zootonomy) fork at the end of a chaeta


surfeit

en-verb

surfeit (third-person singular simple present surfeits, present participle surfeiting, simple past and past participle surfeited)

surfeits (present singular third-person)
surfeiting (participle present)
surfeited (participle past)
surfeited (past)

From Middle English surfeite, surfet, a borrowing from Anglo-Norman surfet, surfeit and Old French sorfet, sorfait, past participle of surfaire (“to augment, exaggerate, exceed”), from sur- (“over”) + faire (“to do”). The adjective is derived from the noun.

You are three men of sin, whom Destiny,
That hath to instrument this lower world
And what is in’t,—the never-surfeited sea
Hath caused to belch up you;

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

If this surfeited sponge of speculation, this crammed commercial cormorant, wanted more than that for his daughter, why could he not say so without asking disgusting questions such as these […]?

1875, Anthony Trollope, chapter 23, in The Way We Live Now, volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, […]:

(transitive) To fill (something) to excess.

She surfeited her children on sweets.

[…] ev’n the wholsomest Meats may be surfeited on, and there is nothing more unhealthy, than to feed very well, and do but very little Exercise.

1665, Robert Boyle, Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects, London: Henry Herringman, Reflection 10, page 186:

To the door of this, the twelfth house whose bell he had rung, came a housekeeper who made him think of an unwholesome, surfeited worm that had eaten its nut to a hollow shell and now sought to fill the vacancy with edible lodgers.

1906, O. Henry, “The Furnished Room”, in The Four Million, New York: A.L. Burt, page 240:

If he said of a dish, in the local tongue: “I could do a bit of that!” or if he simply smacked his lips over it, she would surfeit him with that dish.

1909, Arnold Bennett, The Old Wives’ Tale, Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, Volume 1, Book 2, Chapter 8, section 1, p. 318:

(transitive) To feed (someone) to excess (on, upon or with something).

1697, Aphra Behn, “On an ungrateful and undeserving Mistress, whom he cou’d not help Loving” in Poems upon Several Occasions, London: Francis Saunders, p. 50,
While some glad Rival in her Arms did lye,
Glutted with Love and surfeited with Joy.

[…] he shan’t shut me up in this dismal castle, and nauseate me with his surfeiting fondness:

1795, Richard Cumberland, Henry, London: Charles Dilly, Volume 4, Book 10, Chapter 3, p. 18:

[…] I suppose his majesty thought we had enough of it on the field, and did not wish to surfeit us with glory.

1844 Jun, Charles Lever, chapter 53, in Tom Burke of “Ours”, volume 2, Dublin: William Curry, page 31:

After supper, surfeited with the subject, she yawned.

1922, F[rancis] Scott Fitzgerald, The Beautiful and Damned, New York, N.Y.: Charles Scribner’s Sons, →OCLC, book 2, page 210:

The image-surfeited are likely to find sunsets corny; they now look, alas, too much like photographs.

1977, Susan Sontag, “The Heroism of Vision”, in On Photography, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, page 77:

(transitive, figurative) To supply (someone) with something to excess; to disgust (someone) through overabundance.

[…] his appetite for vulgar praise had not yet been surfeited;

1796, Maria Edgeworth, “The Mimic”, in The Parent’s Assistant; or, Stories for Children, volume 2, London: J. Johnson, page 98:

Every one has had the experience of being served with more food than can be eaten with relish and without waste. The effect is to surfeit the appetite and to limit the variety which a patron may have,

1922, Lenore Richards, Nola Treat, chapter 2, in Quantity Cookery,, Boston: Little, Brown, page 8:

(transitive) To satisfy (someone's appetite) to excess (both literally and figuratively).

And take heed to yourselves, lest at any time your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting, and drunkenness, and cares of this life, and so that day come upon you unawares.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Luke 21:34:

Millions of people were starving, while the oligarchs and their supporters were surfeiting on the surplus.

1908 February 19, Jack London, chapter 17, in The Iron Heel, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., →OCLC, page 251:

Those who do not surfeit themselves do not weary quickly of any particular article of diet.

1917, R. L. Alsaker, chapter 16, in Maintaining Health, New York: Frank E. Morrison, page 174:

(intransitive, reflexive) To overeat or feed to excess (on or upon something).

After surfeiting itself with the Feast here provided for it, the Eye, by using a little Exercise in travelling about the Country, grows hungry again, and returns to the Entertainment with fresh Appetite.

1748, William Gilpin, A Dialogue upon the Gardens of the Right Honourable Viscount Cobham, at Stow in Buckinghamshire, London: B. Seeley, page 54:

[…] a more fantastic idiot had never surfeited herself on sweet lies, and swallowed poison as if it were nectar.

1847 October 16, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], chapter I, in Jane Eyre. An Autobiography. […], volume II, London: Smith, Elder, and Co., […], →OCLC, page 16:

[…] the intemperate zeal with which middle-aged men are apt to surfeit themselves upon a seductive folly which they have tasted for the first time.

1869, Mark Twain, chapter 47, in The Innocents Abroad, Hartford, CT: American Publishing Company, page 496:

(intransitive, reflexive, figurative) To indulge (in something) to excess.


force

en-noun

force (countable and uncountable, plural forces)

From Middle English force, fors, forse, from Old French force, from Late Latin fortia, a noun derived from the neuter plural of Latin fortis (“strong”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise, high, hill”).

der

The Europeans tried, my goodness how they tried. But on the day the US proved too strong and too inspired. They were, dammit, just better. And when Leonard's putt dropped they clearly had the force with them as well.

1999 September 28, Mike Selvey, “Crenshaw vindicated by a chain reaction”, in The Guardian:

The dark side of the Force is a pathway to many abilities some consider to be unnatural.

2005, George Lucas, Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, spoken by Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid), published 2005:

(humorous or science fiction, with the, often capitalized) A metaphysical and ubiquitous power from the fictional Star Wars universe created by George Lucas. See usage note.

voima

science fiction: binding, metaphysical, and ubiquitous power


unit

Formerly unite, a later form of unity; see unity.

This pill provides 500 units of Vitamin E.

international unit
international unit#English

An element 𝑒 of 𝑆 such that 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 is called a unit element. (When the law of composition is written additively, the unit element is denoted by 0, and is called a zero element.)

2005, Serge Lang, Algebra, 3rd edition, Springer, →ISBN, page 3:

(algebra) The identity element, neutral element.


race

en-noun

race (countable and uncountable, plural races)

1560s, via Middle French race from Italian razza (early 14th century), of uncertain origin. Partially displaced native Middle English kinde (“kind, type, sort, race, nature”), whence English kind.
theories
* Diez and some other scholars suggest derivation from Proto-Germanic *raitō (whence Old High German reiza (“line”) and Old Norse ríta (“to score, log, outline”)), perhaps via Lombardic *raiza (“line”), which Körting notes is a literal rendering of Latin linea sanguinis (“bloodline of descent”). Anatoly Liberman says "the semantic fit is good" but the chronology falters; he says the Germanic word went out of use before the Italian word arose, and he says the intermediary is not attested.
* Some scholars suggest derivation from Old Spanish raza, rasa, from earlier ras, res (“head of cattle”), from Arabic رَأْس (raʔs, “head”), but Italian razza predates the Spanish word according to Diez and Meyer-Lübke.
* Meyer-Lübke suggested Latin generatio as the root; Körting says "the disappearance of two initial syllables hardly seems credible", but Meyer-Lübke notes the Venetian form narazza and the Old Bellunesian form naraccia, positing that after the first syllable ge- was lost, the remaining (una) narazza came to be reanalysed as una razza.
* Gianfranco Contini suggests the Italian word comes from Old French haraz (“troop of horses”), whence Modern French haras (“breeding farm for horses; stud farm”), from Old Norse hárr (“grey-haired; hoary”). Liberman considers this derivation the most likely.
* Other suggested Latin etyma:
** radius (perhaps via Vulgar Latin *radia) (per Baist).
** radix (“root”) (per Ulrich); Liberman says "the semantic match is excellent", and race (“rhizome of ginger”) (which definitely derives from radix) shows that the phonology is plausible.
** *raptiare (“breed falcons”) (per Körting).
** The nominative of ratio (perhaps via an unattested intermediate form *razzo), as opposed to ragione which derives from the accusative rationem.
* Other implausible suggestions include Slavic raz and Basque arraca, supposedly meaning "stud animal" (Basque arrazza, "race", derives from Spanish).

raça

a group of sentient beings distinguished by common characteristics

عِرْق

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of physical characteristics

raça

a group of organisms distinguished by common characteristics

The Canadian race is one of the most vigorous on the globe.

We toiled not in the acquirement or establishment of them—they are a legacy bequeathed us, by a once hardy, brave, and patriotic, but now lamented and departed race of ancestors.

1838, Abraham Lincoln, Young Men's Lyceum address:

I believe that the British race is the greatest of the governing races that the world has ever seen.

1895 November 11, Joseph Chamberlain, Speech given to the Imperial Institute:

What is to become of the French race and the British race—yes, and the German race—if this thing keeps up?

1917 February, Will Irwin, “War and the Race”, in The Advocate of Peace, volume 79, number 2, page 50:

A group of sentient beings, particularly people, distinguished by common ancestry, heritage or characteristics (see Wikipedia's article on historical definitions of race):

A large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of a common heritage.

racë

a large group of people distinguished from others on the basis of a common heritage


tribe

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tribe, tribu, from Old French tribu, from Latin tribus. Doublet of tribus.

A group of affiliated Mardi Gras Indians.


tribe

English: tribe

From Old French tribu, from Latin tribus.


family

en-noun

family (countable and uncountable, plural families)

Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili

Tok Pisin: famili

Sranan Tongo: famiri

→ Chuukese: famini

→ Malay: famili

→ Maori: whāmere

From Late Middle English famylye, from Latin familia (“a household”). Displaced native Old English hīred. Doublet of familia.

عَائِلَة

group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom

the family that lays together stays together

the family that prays together stays together

the family that sleeps together keeps together

Our family lives in town.

To Jane, he could be only a man whose proposals she had refused, and whose merit she had undervalued; but to her own more extensive information, he was the person, to whom the whole family were indebted for the first of benefits, and whom she regarded herself with an interest, if not quite so tender, at least as reasonable and just, as what Jane felt for Bingley.

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter XI, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume III, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 200:

Such a scandal as the prosecution of a brother for forgery—with a verdict of guilty—is a most truly horrible, deplorable, fatal thing. It takes the respectability out of a family perhaps at a critical moment, when the family is just assuming the robes of respectability:[…]it is a black spot which all the soaps ever advertised could never wash off.

1892, Walter Besant, “Prologue: Who is Edmund Gray?”, in The Ivory Gate […], New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC:

America’s poverty line is $63 a day for a family of four. In the richer parts of the emerging world $4 a day is the poverty barrier. But poverty’s scourge is fiercest below $1.25 ([…]): people below that level live lives that are poor, nasty, brutish and short.

2013 June 1, “Towards the end of poverty”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8838, page 11:

They’re both New Yorkers coasting on their reputations, they’ve both had three marriages, neither of them can shut up when in front of a camera, and perhaps most importantly, they both want to fuck Ivanka, which-which is weird for Trump because Ivanka is in his family, and it’s weird for Giuliani because she isn’t.

2018 May 6, “Rudy Giuliani”, in Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, season 5, episode 10, John Oliver (actor), via HBO:

(countable) A group of people who are closely related to one another (by blood, marriage or adoption); kin; in particular, a set of parents and their children; an immediate family.

аҭаацәа

immediate family [as a group], e.g. parents and their children

фами́лия f (famílija) (archaic or stilted, usually means "surname")

crime family, Mafia family

This is my fraternity family at the university.

Our company is one big happy family.

(countable) A (close-knit) group of people related by blood, friendship, marriage, law, or custom, especially if they live or work together.

[…]This is not your hallmark im Ames, Iowa. And there is “family” working there . . . no radar like gaydar, I always say.

1982 July 15, Gloria Godqueen, “What's in a card”, in Bay Area Reporter, volume 12, number 28, page 7:

Magnolias belong to the family Magnoliaceae.

The closest affinities of the Jubulaceae are with the Lejeuneaceae. The two families share in common: a elaters usually 1-spiral, trumpet-shaped and fixed to the capsule valves, distally[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(countable, biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank.

familie

rank in a taxonomic classification, above both genus and species

the Indo-European family

the Afroasiatic family

(countable, linguistics) A group of languages believed to have descended from the same ancestral language.

أُسْرَة

linguistics: a group of languages believed to have descended from the same ancestral language


ilk

Inherited from Middle English ilke, from Old English ilca, conjectured as from Proto-Germanic *ilīkaz, a compound of *iz and *-līkaz from the noun *līką (“body”).
The sense of “type”, “kind” is from the application of the phrase of that ilk to families: the word thus came to mean family.

By semblaunt, was that ilke image

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(Scotland and Northern England) Very; same.


circle

en-verb

circle (third-person singular simple present circles, present participle circling, simple past and past participle circled)

circles (present singular third-person)
circling (participle present)
circled (participle past)
circled (past)

From Middle English circle, cercle, from Old French cercle and Latin circulus, diminutive of Latin circus (“circle, circus”), from Ancient Greek κίρκος (kírkos, “circle, ring”), related to Old English hring (“ring”). Compare also Old English ċircul (“circle, zodiac”), which came from the same Latin source.

der

Vultures circled overhead.


business

en-noun

business (countable and uncountable, plural businesses)

Tok Pisin: bisnis

→ Albanian: biznes

→ Belarusian: бі́знэс (bíznes)

→ Bulgarian: би́знес (bíznes)

→ Czech: business, byznys

→ Dutch: business

→ Indonesian: bisnis, bisnes

→ Faroese: besnissaður

→ Finnish: bisnes, business

→ French: business

→ Haitian Creole: biznis

→ Italian: business

→ Japanese: ビジネス (bijinesu)

→ Jersey Dutch: bääznäs

→ Marshallese: peejnej

→ Moroccan Arabic: بزناس (biznās)

desc

→ Newar: बनय्ज्या (banêjyā), बनेज्या (banejyā)

→ Pennsylvania German: Bisniss

→ Polish: biznes

→ Romanian: bișniță

desctree

→ Russian: би́знес (bíznes), би́знесъ (bíznɛs) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Armenian: բիզնես (biznes)
→ Yakut: биисинэс (biisines)

→ Slovak: biznis

→ Spanish: bisnes

→ Tatar: business

→ Ukrainian: бі́знес (bíznes)

→ Welsh: busnes

From Middle English busines, busynes, businesse, bisynes, from Old English bisiġnes (“business, busyness”), equivalent to busy + -ness. Doublet of busyness.

business

action carried out with a prop or piece of clothing

business in the front, party in the back

Gates, who always flew business or coach, didn't particularly like the high air fares Nishi was charging to Microsoft,[…]

1992, James Wallace, Jim Erickson, Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire, page 154:

(travel, uncountable) Business class, the class of seating provided by airlines between first class and coach.

The business with the hat is a fine example of the difficulty of distinguishing between 'natural' and 'formal' acting.

1983, Peter Thomson, Shakespeare's Theatre, →ISBN, page 155:

(acting, theater) Ellipsis of stage business (“aspect of acting”).

I'm sure his goons will go through the ship like a business of ferrets, and they'll want to look in our baggage.

2004, Dave Duncan, The Jaguar Knights: A Chronicle of the King's Blades, →ISBN, page 252:

(countable, rare) The collective noun for a group of ferrets.


business

He is thoroughly business, but has the happy faculty of transacting it in a genial and courteous manner.

1889, The Clothier and furnisher, volume 19, page 38:

[…] and the transaction carried through in a thoroughly business manner.

1909, Business Administration: Business Practice, La Salle Extension University, page 77:

Sometimes this very subtle contrast becomes only too visible, as when in wartime Jewish business men were almost lynched because they were thoroughly business men and worked for profit.

1927, “Making of America Project”, in Harper's Magazine, volume 154, page 502:

The moral is evident: do not invest in schemes promising enormous and quick returns unless you have investigated them in a thoroughly business manner.

2009, Frank Channing Haddock, Business Power: Supreme Business Laws and Maxims that Win Wealth, page 231:

Professional, businesslike, having concern for good business practice.


body

en-noun

body (countable and uncountable, plural bodies)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ-
Proto-West Germanic *bodag
Old English bodiġ
Middle English bodi
English body
From Middle English bodi, bodiȝ, from Old English bodiġ (“body, trunk, chest, torso, height, stature”), from Proto-West Germanic *bodag (“body, trunk”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, observe”). Cognate with Old High German botah (whence Swabian Bottich (“body, torso”)).

der

body-focused repetitive behavior disorder

I was escorted from the building by a body of armed security guards.

A group of people having a common purpose or opinion; a mass.

團體 /团体

group having a common purpose or opinion


branch

From Middle English branche, braunche, bronche, from Old French branche, branke, from Late Latin branca (“footprint”, later also “paw, claw”) (whence Middle High German pranke, German Pranke (“paw”)), of unknown origin.
Perhaps of Celtic origin, from a hypothetical Gaulish *vranca, from Proto-Indo-European *wrónk-eh₂. If so, then Indo-European cognates include Old Norse rá, vró (“angle, corner”), and possibly Lithuanian rankà (“hand”), Old Church Slavonic рѫка (rǫka, “hand”), Albanian rangë (“yardwork”).
The verb is from Middle English braunchen, from the noun.

unk

unknown

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the highest branch is not the safest roost

(Mormonism) A local congregation of the LDS Church that is not large enough to form a ward; see Wikipedia article on ward in LDS church.


ring

→ French: ring
→ Romanian: ring

→ Hungarian: ring

→ Italian: ring

→ Japanese: リング

→ Polish: ring

→ Serbo-Croatian: ring

→ Spanish: ring

→ Turkish: ring

From Middle English ryng, from Old English hring (“ring, circle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“ring”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)krengʰ-, extended nasalized form of *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”). Doublet of rank and rink, as well as indirectly range.
Cognates
* West Frisian ring
* Low German Ring
* Dutch ring
* German Ring
* Swedish ring
* Finnish rengas

(physical) A solid object in the shape of a circle.

In a jack plug, the connector between the tip and the sleeve.

Individuals looking to add their own homepage to a particular ring are, however, more or less at the mercy of the ringmaster, who often maintains a ring homepage listing its acceptance (or membership) policies and an index of its member sites.

2002, Feroz Khan, Information Society in Global Age, page 100:


run

en-verb

run (third-person singular simple present runs, present participle running, simple past ran, past participle run or (nonstandard, colloquial) ran)

runs (present singular third-person)
running (participle present)
ran (past)
run (participle past)
ran (colloquial nonstandard participle past)
run (infinitive)

From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen,
yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).
Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), Alemannic German ränne (“to run”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Rhein, Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

der

hold with the hare and run with the hounds

run around like a chicken with its head cut off

the course of true love never did run smooth

you can't run with the hare and hunt with the hounds

you don't miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water till the well runs dry

you never miss the water until the well runs dry

I was hoping to make the team, but I didn't run the qualifying time.

(transitive) To complete a running course or event in (a given time).

purjehtia myötätuuleen

to sail a boat with the wind coming from behind


run

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal part of a step”

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal distance of a set of stairs”

Let's go for a run in the car.

And I think of giving her a run in London for a change.

1842 December – 1844 July, Charles Dickens, chapter 30, in The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1844, →OCLC:


set

en-verb

set (third-person singular simple present sets, present participle setting, simple past set, past participle set or (dialectal) setten)

sets (present singular third-person)
setting (participle present)
set (past)
set (participle past)
setten (dialectal participle past)

desctree

→ Japanese: セット (setto)
→ Hokkien: siat-to͘h

From Middle English setten, from Old English settan, from Proto-West Germanic *sattjan, from Proto-Germanic *satjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sodéyeti, causative of *sed- (“to sit”).

set a beggar on horseback and he'll ride to the Devil

If he set industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him.

1654, H[enry] Hammond, Of Fundamentals in a Notion Referring to Practise, London: […] J[ames] Flesher for Richard Royston, […], →OCLC:

To apply oneself; to undertake earnestly.


congregation

en-noun

congregation (countable and uncountable, plural congregations)

/ˌkɒŋɡɹɪˈɡeɪʃən/

/ˌkɑŋɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/

From Middle English congregacioun, from Old French congregacion, from Latin congregātiō, itself from congregō (“to herd into a flock”). Adopted (1520s) by the English Bible translator William Tyndale, to render the Ancient Greek ἐκκλησία (ekklēsía, “those called together, (popular) meeting”) (hence Latin ecclēsia) in his New Testament, and preferred by 16th century Reformers instead of church.

cog

A Roman Congregation, a main department of the Vatican administration of the Catholic Church.


strike

→ Danish: strike

→ Dutch: strike

→ French: strike

→ German: Strike

→ Italian: strike

→ Japanese: ストライク (sutoraiku)

→ Korean: 스트라이크 (seuteuraikeu)

→ Portuguese: strike

→ Russian: страйк (strajk)

→ Spanish: strike

→ Swedish: strike

→ Danish: strejke

→ Esperanto: striko

→ Hungarian: sztrájk

→ Japanese: ストライキ (sutoraiki)

desctree

→ German: Streik
→ Kashubian: sztrajk
→ Macedonian: штрајк (štrajk)
→ Serbo-Croatian: štrȁjk /штра̏јк
→ Slovak: štrajk

→ Polish: strajk
→ Belarusian: страйк (strajk)
→ Ukrainian: страйк (strajk)

→ Swedish: strejk

→ Welsh: streic

From Middle English stryken, from Old English strīcan, from Proto-West Germanic *strīkan, from Proto-Germanic *strīkaną, from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”).
Cognate with Dutch strijken, German streichen, Danish stryge, Icelandic strýkja, strýkva.

der

a strike of malt; a strike of coin

(obsolete) Fullness of measure; the whole amount produced at one time.


coven

From Middle English covent, from Anglo-Norman covent, cuvent, from Old French covent, from Latin conventum, from conveniō, from cum (“with”) and venio (“I come”). Doublet of convent.

“This is a very African area”, he said as they maneuvered their way among the covens of menacing children gathered in the halls.

1986, David Leavitt, The Lost Language of Cranes (paperback), Penguin, page 12:

A clique that shares common interests or activities.


competition

en-noun

competition (countable and uncountable, plural competitions)

/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃən/

/ˌkɑːmpəˈtɪʃən/

Borrowed from French compétition, from Late Latin competītiō, competītiōnem, from Latin competō, from con- + petō.

The new stain remover was ten times more effective than the competition.

Japanese retail stores have strove to, and have succeeded in, fulfilling these severe demands, and in doing so, have constantly had to innovate both technologically and institutionally in order to keep up with the competition.

2013 February 6, Hideo Otake, “Revising the Interpretation of the Japanese Economy”, in Michio Muramatsu, Frieder Naschold, editors, State and Administration in Japan and Germany: A Comparative Perspective on Continuity and Change, page 319:

(uncountable, collectively) The competitors in such a contest.


committee

→ French: comité (see there for further descendants)

From commit + -ee, or else revival of Anglo-Norman commite, past participle of commettre (“to commit”), from Latin committere, from con- (“with”) + mittere (“to send”). The OED3 prefers the first etymology.

a camel is a horse designed by a committee

(Pakistan, British Pakistani, finance) Alternative form of kameti


act

act (countable and uncountable, plural acts)

From Middle English acte, from Old French acte, from Latin ācta (“register of events”), plural of āctum (“decree, law”), from agere (“to do, to act”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Compare German Akte (“file”). Partially displaced deed, from Old English dǣd (“act, deed”).

act of parliament
act of parliament#English


base

base (countable and uncountable, plural bases)

acid

antonym(s) of “chemical compound that will neutralize an alkali”

From Middle English base, bas, baas, from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βάσις (básis). Doublet of basis and bass.

أَسَاس

something from which other things extend

The logarithm to base 2 of 8 is 3.

(mathematics) A number raised to the power of an exponent.

base

math: number raised to the power of an exponent

basis

chemical compound that will neutralize an acid


base

Probably a specific use of Etymology 1, above; perhaps also a development of the plural of bar.

to run the country base

1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

So ran they all, as they had bene at bace, / They being chased that did others chase.

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book V, Canto VIII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

(now chiefly US, historical) The game of prisoners' bars.


following

The following words have no definition[…]

The following wind sped us on our way.

(of a wind) Blowing in the direction of travel.


following

Following all relevant safety instructions, administer a dose of the corticosteroid.

Administer a dose of the corticosteroid, following all relevant safety instructions.


following

He had a loyal following.

And White Hart Lane was stunned when Rovers scored just five minutes after the restart in front of their away following.

2011 September 29, Jon Smith, “Tottenham 3 - 1 Shamrock Rovers”, in BBC Sport:

Mikayla has 14.4 million followers on TikTok and it is growing every day, and she has accumulated over one billion likes on the app. She also has 2.5 million followers on Instagram. Both her followings accumulate to an impressive 16.9, almost 17 million followers.

2023 January 31, Katelyn Mensah, “Who is Mikayla Nogueira? The beauty TikToker whose face and eyelashes are all over your FYP”, in The Tab, archived from the original on 2023-01-31:

Move Forward, which has built a strong following among young people, appeared to have outperformed expectations.

2023 May 14, Rebecca Ratcliffe, Thitipol Panyalimpanun, “Opposition parties take lead in Thai election”, in The Guardian:

A group of followers, attendants or admirers; an entourage.

Coordinate term: follower

When a new user joins Weibo, he should register Weibo and get a unique ID, and then he takes some existing users as his followings and waits for others to follow him.

2014, Zhengbiao Guo, Zhitang Li, Hao Tu, Da Xie, “Weibo: An Information-Driven Online Social Network”, in Marina L.Gavrilova, C.J. Kenneth Tan, editors, Transactions on Computational Science XXII (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; 8360), Springer, →ISBN, part I (Neural and Social Networks), page 6:

A follower can follow any other users and receive any kind of tweets from his or her followings.

2017, Konglin Zhu, Xiaoming Fu, Wenzhong Li, Sanglu Lu, Jan Nagler, “Population Growth in Online Social Networks”, in Xiaoming Fu, Jar-Der Luo, Margarete Boos, editors, Social Network Analysis: Interdisciplinary Approaches and Case Studies, CRC Press, →ISBN, section 3 (The Data), subsection 1 (Three Online Social Networks):

She scrolled through her [Chloe’s] page and liked a few of her pictures that were like candy to her eyes before thoroughly checking her followings. She then checked Chloe’s followers, which was well over a thousand followers.

2020, Jay Janzee, Don’t Get Too Close, Pittsburgh, Pa.: RoseDog Books, →ISBN, page 79:

(social media) An account which is followed.


authority

authority (countable and uncountable, plural authorities)

From Middle English auctorite, autorite (“authority, book or quotation that settles an argument”), from Old French auctorité, from Latin stem of auctōritās (“invention, advice, opinion, influence, command”), from auctor (“master, leader, author”). For the presence of the h, compare the etymology of author.

Authorities say the suspect fled on foot.

The case was that of a murder. It had an element of mystery about it, however, which was puzzling the authorities. A turban and loincloth soaked in blood had been found; also a staff.

1927, F. E. Penny, chapter 4, in Pulling the Strings:

No sooner has a [synthetic] drug been blacklisted than chemists adjust their recipe and start churning out a subtly different one. These “legal highs” are sold for the few months it takes the authorities to identify and ban them, and then the cycle begins again.

2013 August 10, “Legal highs: A new prescription”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8848:

In China, authorities said they might soon shoot down an unidentified flying object over waters near the northern city of Rizhao, The South China Morning Post reported.

2023 February 12, Daniel E. Slotnik, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Monday Briefing: U.S. Destroys U.F.O.s”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-13, Briefing:

(plural) Persons, regarded collectively, who occupy official positions of power; police or law enforcement.


list

From Middle English lī̆st, lī̆ste (“band, stripe; hem, selvage; border, edge, rim; list, specification; barriers enclosing area for jousting, etc.”), from Old English līste (“hem, edge, strip”), or Old French liste, listre (“border; band; strip of paper; list”), or Medieval Latin lista, all from Proto-West Germanic *līstā, from Proto-Germanic *līstǭ (“band, strip; hem, selvage; border, edge”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to trace, track”).
Cognates
* Saterland Frisian Lieste (“margin, strip, list”)
*Dutch lijst (“picture frame, list”)
* German Low German Liest (“edging, border”)
* German Leiste (“strip, rail, ledge; (heraldry) bar”)
* Swedish lista (“list”)
* Icelandic lista listi (“list”)
* Italian lista (“list; strip”)
* Portuguese lista (“list”)
* Spanish lista (“list, roll; stripe”)
* Galician lista (“band, strip; list”)
* Finnish lista (“(informal) list; batten”).

cog

Lisp is an applicative language. This means that it is structured around applying functions (operations) to a linked list of arguments that accompany those functions. […] A function call or function definition is only coded in the syntax of a list, which can be of an indefinite length. Thus, the list is the only data structure for a Lisp program.

1985 March 10, Ed Acly, “A Tale of Three Languages: C, Ada & Lisp”, in Computerworld: The Newsweekly for the Computer Community, volume XIX, number 12, Framingham, Mass.: CW Communications, →ISSN, →OCLC, page ID/10, columns 1–2:

programming language
programming language

(computing, programming) A codified representation of a list used to store data or in processing; especially, in the Lisp programming language, a data structure consisting of a sequence of zero or more items.

llista

computing: codified representation of a list


list

en-verb

list (third-person singular simple present lists, present participle listing, simple past and past participle listed)

lists (present singular third-person)
listing (participle present)
listed (participle past)
listed (past)

(intransitive, obsolete) To engage in public service by enrolling one's name; to enlist.


house

en-noun

house (countable and uncountable, plural houses or (dialectal) housen or (chiefly humorous) hice)

houses (plural)
housen (dialectal plural)
hice (humorous plural)

Chinese Pidgin English: houso

Nigerian Pidgin: haus

Tok Pisin: haus

Sranan Tongo: oso
→ Dutch: osso

→ Cantonese: house (hau¹ si²)

→ Japanese: ハウス (hausu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-der.?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hūs
Middle English hous
English house
From Middle English hous, hus, from Old English hūs (“dwelling, shelter, house”), from Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą (compare Scots hoose, West Frisian hûs, Dutch huis, German Haus, German Low German Huus, Danish hus, Faroese hús, Icelandic hús, Norwegian Bokmål hus, Norwegian Nynorsk hus and Swedish hus), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kews-, from *(s)kewH- (“to cover, hide”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English meson, measoun (“house”), borrowed from Old French maison (“house”). More at hose. The uncommon plural form housen is from Middle English husen, housen. (The Old English nominative plural was simply hūs.)

huis

debating chamber for government politicians

a house divided against itself cannot stand

it takes a heap of living to make a house a home

it takes a heap o' livin' to make a house a home

it takes a lot of living to make a house a home

the call is coming from inside the house

use the master's tools to dismantle the master's house

A small publishing house would have a contract with an independent fulfillment house.

I have a good banker in this city, but I would not wish to draw upon the house until the time when I shall draw for a round sum.

1855 December – 1857 June, Charles Dickens, Little Dorrit, London: Bradbury and Evans, […], published 1857, →OCLC:

en:building housing something other than humans

en:place of business, company, organization

A building used for something other than a residence (typically with qualifying word).

A place of business; a company or organisation, especially a printing press, a publishing company, or a couturier.

As the babysitter, Emma always acted as the mother whenever the kids demanded to play house.

(uncountable) A children's game in which the players pretend to be members of a household.


house

en-verb

house (third-person singular simple present houses, present participle housing, simple past and past participle housed)

houses (present singular third-person)
housing (participle present)
housed (participle past)
housed (past)

From Middle English housen, from Old English hūsian, from Proto-Germanic *hūsōną (“to house, live, dwell”), from the noun (see above). Compare Dutch huizen (“to live, dwell, reside”), German Low German husen (“to live, dwell, reside”), German hausen (“to live, dwell, reside”), Norwegian Nynorsk husa (“to house”), Faroese húsa (“to house”), Icelandic húsa (“to shelter, house”).

cog

All you wanna do is drink a fifth, house a lasagna, and hide in a dumpster until that baby stops crying.

2019, Joe Lawson, Shameless (series 10, episode 4, "A Little Gallagher Goes a Long Way")

(Canada, US, slang, transitive) To eat; especially, to scarf down.


plenum

plenum (nominative singular)
plena (nominative plural)
plenum (genitive singular)
plenów (genitive plural)
plenum (dative singular)
plenom (dative plural)
plenum (accusative singular)
plena (accusative plural)
plenum (instrumental singular)
plenami (instrumental plural)
plenum (locative singular)
plenach (locative plural)
plenum (singular vocative)
plena (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Plenum, French plenum, or English plenum, ultimately from Latin plēnum. First attested in the 20th century. Doublet of ful and pełny.

ref

Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “plenum”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa: PWN

plenum (a legislative meeting (especially of the Communist Party) in which all members are present)


klub

pl-noun

klub m inan (diminutive klubik, related adjective klubowy)

klubik (diminutive)
klubowy (adjective)
klub (nominative singular)
kluby (nominative plural)
klubu (genitive singular)
klubów (genitive plural)
klubowi (dative singular)
klubom (dative plural)
klub (accusative singular)
kluby (accusative plural)
klubem (instrumental singular)
klubami (instrumental plural)
klubie (locative singular)
klubach (locative plural)
klubie (singular vocative)
kluby (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klub or French club, ultimately from English club.
First attested in the 18th century. Compare Silesian klub.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “klub”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “klub”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

club (association of members)
club (people in such an association)

club (association of members)
club (place of such an association)

(politics) club (fraction of parliamentarians of the Polish parliament)

(politics) club (former political organization grouping the most active politicians, replaced over time by a political party)


klub

klub (nominative singular)
kluby (nominative plural)
klubu (genitive singular)
klubōw (genitive plural)
klubowi (dative singular)
klubōm (dative plural)
klub (accusative singular)
kluby (accusative plural)
klubym (instrumental singular)
klubami (instrumental plural)
klubōma (instrumental plural)
klubie (locative singular)
klubach (locative plural)
klubie (singular vocative)
kluby (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klub or Polish klub, ultimately from English club.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

There is no difficulty getting married in Jamaica, is there? No, it only costs half a crown.

1866, Jamaica. Report of the Royal Jamaica Commission, 1866. Part II: Minutes of Evidence and Appendix, H.M.Stationery Office, page 558:

Maggie Murphy had some knickers that she bought in Bagenalstown, an interlock of knickers that she got for a half a crown.

2009, “Maggie Murphy's Knickers” (track 8), in Stay Wut Her Johnny, performed by Richie Kavanagh:

en:any of several Commonwealth coins worth five shillings

(historical, by extension) A coin or note worth five shillings in various countries that are or were in the British Commonwealth, such as Ireland or Jamaica.


state

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Latin statuslbor.
Old French estatbor.
Middle English stat
English state
From Middle English stat (as a noun); adopted c. 1200 from both Old French estat and Latin status (“manner of standing, attitude, position, carriage, manner, dress, apparel; and other senses”), from stare (“to stand”). Doublet of estate and status. The sense of "polity" develops in the 14th century. Compare French être, Greek στέω (stéo), Italian stare, Portuguese estar, Romanian sta, and Spanish estar.

der

something is rotten in the state of Denmark

there is something rotten in the state of Denmark

States in which the energy has definite values are called stationary states of a system; they are described by wave functions Ψₙ which are the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian operator, i.e. which satisfy the equation ĤΨₙ = EₙΨₙ, where Eₙ are the eigenvalues of the energy.

1977, J. B. Sykes, John Stewart Bell, translating Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz, Course of Theoretical Physics Vol. 3: Quantum Mechanics: Non-relativistic Theory, page 28:

A condition; a set of circumstances applying at any given time.

(physics) A complete description of a system, consisting of parameters that determine all properties of the system.

absolute state

in a state

in a bit of a state

Who the fuck undressed me? Try tracing back. It's now Sunday. Yesterday was Saturday. The semi-final at Hampden. I had got myself into some fucking state before and after the match.

1994 [1993], Irvine Welsh, “Traditional Sunday Breakfast”, in Trainspotting, London: Minerva, →ISBN, page 92:

An absolute state of a visit: what the Trump and Windsor snapshots tell us [title]

2019 June 3, Hannah Jane Parkinson, “An absolute state of a visit: what the Trump and Windsor snapshots tell us”, in The Guardian:

(colloquial, in the singular) A mess; disorder; a bad condition or set of circumstances.

In the fetch state, the address of the next instruction is placed on the address bus.

(computing) The stable condition of a processor during a particular clock cycle.

وَضْع

computing: the stable condition of a processor during a particular clock cycle

The state here includes a set containing all names seen so far.

(computing) The set of all parameters relevant to a computation.

estat

computing: the set of all parameters relevant to a computation

A debugger can show the state of a program at any breakpoint.

(computing) The values of all parameters at some point in a computation.

estat

computing: the values of all parameters at some point in a computation

(sciences) The physical property of matter as solid, liquid, gas or plasma.

(obsolete) Highest and stationary condition, as that of maturity between growth and decline, or as that of crisis between the increase and the abating of a disease; height; acme.

a state of being

a state of emergency

Relate what Latium was, her ancient Kings : / Declare the paſt, and preſent State of things, / When firſt the Trojan Fleet Auſonia ſought ; / And how the Rivals lov’d, and how they fought.

1697, “Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil, volume III, Londo: Jacob Tonson, published 1721, page 713:

I corralled the judge, and we started off across the fields, in no very mild state of fear of that gentleman's wife, whose vigilance was seldom relaxed.

1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:


federation

en-noun

federation (countable and uncountable, plural federations)

desc

ဖယ်ဒရေးရှင်း

→ Burmese: ဖယ်ဒရေးရှင်း (hpaida.re:hrang:)

/ˌfɛdəˈɹeɪʃn̩/

Borrowed from French fédération, from Late Latin foederatio, from Latin foederare; equivalent to federate + -ion.

It is 106 years since federation.

Act of joining together into a single political entity.


people

en-noun

people (countable and uncountable, plural peoples)

Jamaican Creole: piipl

Pijin: pipol

Sranan Tongo: pipel

Tok Pisin: pipel

From Middle English puple, peple, peeple, from Anglo-Norman people, from Old French pueple, peuple, pople, from Latin populus (“a people, nation”), from Old Latin populus, from earlier poplus, from even earlier poplos, from Proto-Italic *poplos (“army”) of unknown origin. Doublet of pueblo. Gradually ousted native English lede and, partially, folk.
Originally used with singular verbs (e.g. "the people is hungry, and weary, and thirsty, in the wilderness" in the King James Version of 2 Samuel 17:29), the plural aspect of people is probably due to influence from Middle English lede, leed, a plural since Old English times; see lēode.

nobody ever went broke underestimating the good taste of the American people

nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American people

nobody ever went broke underestimating the taste of the American people

no one ever went broke underestimating the taste of the American people

people that live in glass houses should not throw stones

people that live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

people who live in glass houses should not throw stones

people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones

Coordinate term: (sometimes synonymous) nation

a people apart

an industrious people

the indigenous peoples of Europe

the native peoples of Borneo

`So, oh Holly. This people was an old people before the Egyptians were.'

1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

(countable, collective) Persons forming or belonging to a particular group, such as a nation, class, ethnic group, country, family, etc.

volk

a group of persons forming or belonging to a particular nation etc.

ពលរដ្ឋ

pŭəllĕəʼrŏət

My people lived through the Black Plague and the Thirty Years War.

His people live out west.

en:one's ancestors, relatives, or family

A person's ancestors, relatives or family.

familie

a person's ancestors, relatives or family


people

en-verb

people (third-person singular simple present peoples, present participle peopling, simple past and past participle peopled)

peoples (present singular third-person)
peopling (participle present)
peopled (participle past)
peopled (past)

I don't people well.” “Not peopling well is a crap excuse,” I retorted, and started to step around him, but a sudden thought occurred to me.

2018, Jennifer L. Armentrout, The Darkest Star, Tor Teen, →ISBN, page 149:

My head tilted as Calvin said, "Don't worry about him. He just doesn't people well.
The fuck? I people. Sometimes. With people I know.

I don't people well.” He laughed at that. “You do okay,” he assured her.

2020, Teri Anne Stanley, Lucky Chance Cowboy, Sourcebooks, Inc., →ISBN:

(rare, informal) To interact with people; to socialize.


crowd

crowd (third-person singular simple present crowds, present participle crowding, simple past and past participle crowded)

crowds (present singular third-person)
crowding (participle present)
crowded (participle past)
crowded (past)

From Middle English crouden, from Old English crūdan, from Proto-West Germanic *krūdan, from Proto-Germanic *krūdaną, *kreudaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”). Cognate with German Low German kroden (“to push, shove”), Dutch kruien (“to push, shove”).

cog

The man crowded into the packed room.

(intransitive) To press forward; to advance by pushing.


clutch

→ Dutch: kluts (“clutch”)

From Middle English clucchen, clicchen, cluchen, clechen, cleken, from Old English clyċċan (“to clutch, clench”), from Proto-West Germanic *klukkjan, from Proto-Germanic *klukjaną, from Proto-Germanic *klu- (“to ball up, conglomerate, amass”), from Proto-Indo-European *glew- (“to ball up; lump, mass”).
Cognate with Swedish klyka (“clamp, fork, branch”). The noun is from Middle English cleche, cloche, cloke ("claw, talon, hand"; compare Scots cleuk, cluke, cluik (“claw, talon”)), of uncertain origin, with the form probably assimilated to the verb.
Alternative etymology derives Old English clyċċan from Proto-Germanic *klēk- (“claw, hand”), from Proto-Indo-European *glēk-, *ǵlēḱ- (“claw, hand; to clutch, snatch”). If so, then cognate with Irish glac (“hand”).

gloss

Any device for gripping an object, as at the end of a chain or tackle.


commission

en-noun

commission (countable and uncountable, plural commissions)

→ Japanese: コミッション (komisshon)

→ Korean: 커미션 (keomisyeon)

→ Punjabi: ਕਮਿਸ਼ਨ (kamiśan)

From Middle English commissioun, from Old French commission, from Latin commissiō (“sending together; commission”), from prefix com- (“with”) + noun of action missiō (“sending”), from perfect passive participle missus (“sent”), from the verb mittō (“to send”) + noun of action suffix -iō.

der

David received his commission after graduating from West Point.

Let him see our commission.

c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv]:

This is an exact Inventory of what we found about the Body of the Man-Mountain, who uſed us with great Civility, and due Reſpect to your Majefty's Commiſſion.

1726 October 28, [Jonathan Swift], “The Emperor of Lilliput, Attended by Several of the Nobility, Come to See the Author in His Confinement. […]”, in Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. […] [Gulliver’s Travels], volume I, London: […] Benj[amin] Motte, […], →OCLC, part I (A Voyage to Lilliput), page 43:

An official charge or authority to do something, often used of military officers.

the European Commission

the Electoral Commission

the Federal Communications Commission

The company's sexual harassment commission made sure that every employee completed the on-line course.

A commission was at once appointed to examine into the matter.

1855–1858, William H[ickling] Prescott, History of the Reign of Philip the Second, King of Spain, volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Boston, Mass.: Phillips, Sampson, and Company, →OCLC:

A body or group of people, officially tasked with carrying out a particular function.

a reseller's commission

The real-estate broker charged a four percent commission for their knowledge on bidding for commercial properties; for their intellectual perspective on making a formal offer and the strategy to obtain a mutually satisfying deal with the seller in favour of the buyer.

[T]he scandal was the pretty common one of a corrupt agreement between hotel proprietors and a salesman who took and gave secret commissions, so that his business had a monopoly of all the drink sold in the place.

1935, G. K. Chesterton, The Scandal of Father Brown:

A fee charged by an agent or broker for carrying out a transaction.


commission

en-verb

commission (third-person singular simple present commissions, present participle commissioning, simple past and past participle commissioned)

commissions (present singular third-person)
commissioning (participle present)
commissioned (participle past)
commissioned (past)

He commissioned a replica of the Mona Lisa for his living room, but the painter gave up after six months.

(transitive) To place an order for (often a piece of art).

The aircraft carrier was commissioned in 1944, during WWII.

The 1.7 mile-long conveyor system was commissioned in November 2022, and will remove one million lorry movements from the roads around West London.

2023 March 8, Chris Howe, “Building the platform for Old Oak Common's platforms”, in RAIL, number 978, page 60:

(transitive, especially of a ship or boat) To put into active service.


corporation

/ˈkɔːpəˈɹeɪʃən/

/ˌkɔɹpəˈɹeɪʃən/

From Middle English corporacion, corporation, from Late Latin corporatio (“assumption of a body”), from Latin corporatus, past participle of corporare (“to form into a body”); see corporate.
(protruding belly): Perhaps a play on the word corpulence.

der

(historical) In Fascist Italy, a joint association of employers' and workers' representatives.


party

From Middle English party, from Old French parti (“parted”), from Latin partītus (“parted”), past participle of partiō (“to divide”). More at part.

(obsolete, except in compounds) Divided; in part.


kin

en-noun

kin (countable and uncountable, plural kins or kin)

From Middle English kyn, from Old English cynn (“kind, sort, rank”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją (“race, generation, descent”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁yom, from *ǵenh₁- (“to produce”).
Cognate with Scots kin (“relatives, kinfolk”), North Frisian kinn, kenn (“gender, race, family, kinship”), Dutch kunne (“gender, sex”), Middle Low German kunne (“gender, sex, race, family, lineage”), Danish køn (“gender, sex”), Swedish kön (“gender, sex”), Icelandic kyn (“gender”), Finnish kunnia (“honour, glory”), Ingrian kunnia (“reputation”), and through Indo-European, with Latin genus (“kind, sort, ancestry, birth”), Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “kind, race”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “kind, race”), Albanian dhen (“(herd of) small cattle”).


kin

It turns out my back-fence neighbor is kin to one of my co-workers.

Related by blood or marriage, akin. Generally used in "kin to".


kin

[Owl:] Oh I ain't stealin' this dime... I just took it for safe-keepin'.
 [Turtle:] Ain't much you kin do with it—'cept make a phone call.

1959 January 5, Walt Kelly, Pogo, comic strip, →ISBN, page 4:

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling


kith

en-noun

kith (usually uncountable, plural kiths)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-kith.wav

From Middle English kith (“kinsmen, relations”), from Old English cȳþþ, cȳþþu (“kinship, kinsfolk, relations”), from Proto-Germanic *kunþiþō (“knowledge, acquaintance”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). Cognate with Old High German kundida (“kith”), kundī (“knowledge”), Gothic 𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌹 (kunþi, “knowledge”). More at couth, -th.

inh

Alack, would that Edward listened more to me and less to the queen’s kith! These Woodvilles!

1843, Edward Bulwer[-]Lytton, The Last of the Barons, London; New York, N.Y.: George Routledge and Sons […], →OCLC:

The demography-crossing thing that undergirds this election year, I think, is a strong, broad desire to punish Clinton and his kith with a denial of further power.

2000 August 3, Michael Kelly, “New Hope For Nice Guys”, in Orlando Sentinel, archived from the original on 2013-06-18:

(archaic or obsolete, uncountable) Friends and acquaintances.


civilization

Near-synonym: ecumene (archaic)

Some of the tourists in the upcountry might have embarrassed themselves if they'd been capable of having any shame, whining that they couldn't wait to get back to civilization.

(inherently emic, sometimes capitalized) Collectively, those people and places of the world considered to have a high standard of behavior and / or a high level of development. Commonly subjectively used by people of one society to exclusively refer to their society, or their elite sub-group, or a few associated societies, implying all others, in time or geography or status, as something less than civilised, as savages or barbarians. (Compare refinement, elitism, civilised society, the Civilised World.

civilització

people of the world considered to have a high standard of behavior


band

→ Japanese: バンド (bando)

→ Korean: 밴드 (baendeu)

Inherited from Middle English band (also bond), from Old English beand, bænd, bend (“bond, chain, fetter, band, ribbon, ornament, chaplet, crown”), from Proto-Germanic *bandą, *bandiz (“band, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to tie, bind”). Middle English band reinforced by Old French bande. Cognate with Dutch band, German Band, Danish bånd, Swedish band, Icelandic band (“band”). Related to bond, bind, bend.

valence band;  conduction band

(physics) A group of energy levels in a solid state material.


band

band (nominative singular)
bandy (nominative plural)
bandu (genitive singular)
bandów (genitive plural)
bandowi (dative singular)
bandom (dative plural)
band (accusative singular)
bandy (accusative plural)
bandem (instrumental singular)
bandami (instrumental plural)
bandzie (locative singular)
bandach (locative plural)
bandzie (singular vocative)
bandy (plural vocative)

(music) pop or jazz band playing mostly wind instruments


harem

en-noun

harem (countable and uncountable, plural harems)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حرم (harem) Turkish harem, from Arabic حَرَم (ḥaram, “something prohibited; sanctuary, women”); and later also from حَرِيم (ḥarīm) with same meaning, both from حَرُمَ (ḥaruma, “be forbidden or unlawful”). Doublet of haram.

der

2006 Maestripieri, Dario; Mayhew, Jessica; Carlson, Cindy L.; Hoffman, Christy L.; and Radtke, Jennifer M. "One-Male Harems and Female Social Dynamics in Guinea Baboons", published in Folia Primatol 2007; 78:56–68, doi 10.1159/000095686

A group of female animals (cows) herded and controlled by a male animal (bull) of that species for breeding purposes. Such behaviour is exhibited by bovids including cattle and buffalo as well as moose, elephants, seals (including elephant seals), sea lions, and baboons.


harem

Borrowed from French harem, from Arabic حَرَم (ḥaram, “something prohibited; sanctuary, women”). Doublet of haram.


harem

harem (nominative singular)
haremy (nominative plural)
haremu (genitive singular)
haremów (genitive plural)
haremowi (dative singular)
haremom (dative plural)
harem (accusative singular)
haremy (accusative plural)
haremem (instrumental singular)
haremami (instrumental plural)
haremie (locative singular)
haremach (locative plural)
haremie (singular vocative)
haremy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish حرم (harem), from Arabic حَرَم (ḥaram). Doublet of haram.

bor+

harem (the private part of an Arab household)


community

en-noun

community (countable and uncountable, plural communities)

From Late Middle English communite, borrowed from Old French communité, comunité, comunete (modern French communauté), from Classical Latin commūnitās (“community; public spirit”), from commūnis (“common, ordinary; of or for the community, public”) + -itās. By surface analysis, commune + -ity. Doublet of communitas.

der

(Wales, countable) A local area within a county or county borough which is the lowest tier of local government, usually represented by a community council or town council, which is generally equivalent to a civil parish in England.


agora

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ἀγορά (agorá).

lbor

(formal) assembly, conference, summit (meeting for discussing serious issues)


generation

en-noun

generation (countable and uncountable, plural generations)

/ˌd͡ʒɛnəˈɹeɪʃən/

Inherited from Middle English generacioun, from Anglo-Norman generacioun, Middle French generacion, and their source, Latin generātiō, from generāre (“to beget, generate”). By surface analysis, generate + -ion.

inh+

Thy Mothers of my generation: what's she, if I be a Dogge?

c. 1605–1608, William Shakespeare, “The Life of Tymon of Athens”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:

(now US, dialectal) Race, family; breed.

(obsolete) Descendants, progeny; offspring.

Before the independence of India the books of Dr P. K. Yadav presented a fundamental challenge to the accepted ideas of race relations that, two generations later, will be true of the writings of the radical writers of the 1970s.

The average amount of time needed for children to grow up and have children of their own, generally considered to be a period of around thirty years, used as a measure of time.

Generation X grew up in the eighties, whereas the generation known as the millennials grew up in the nineties.

A group of people born in a specific range of years and whose members can relate culturally to one another.

People sometimes dispute which generation of Star Trek is best, including the original and The Next Generation.

A version of a form of pop culture which differs from later or earlier versions.

jälkeläiset

that which is generated or brought forth

It runs for 17331 generations before stabilizing as 136 blinkers, 109 blocks, 65 beehives, 18 loaves, 18 boats, 7 ships, 4 tubs, 3 ponds, 2 toads, and 40 gliders.

1989 November 20, Dean Hickerson, “Life: glider gun origin”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

The glider is fast--it moves 2 cells every 3 generations. There is also a spinning thing (sixty degrees every 21 generations)

1999 June 15, hexatron, “A new hexagonal CA with a new glider”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

In B37/S23, it goes symmetrical after 10 ticks, and produces a familiar pair of B-heptominoes after 23 ticks (the next generation after this can be found in the rotor of a standard B3/S23 p46 oscillator):

2008 June 25, Dave Greene, “Life: B37/S23 - A Chaotic Universe.”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) A single iteration of a cellular automaton rule on a pattern.


家

Oracle bone script: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 𢑓 (, “male pig”). An archaic variant closer to the original drawing is 𡩀. See 𢑓 (xiá) for more. Similar to 冡.
Later the phonetic component have been corrupted to 豕, so Shuowen Jiezi erroneously analyzed it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + abbreviated phonetic 豭 (OC *kraː, “pig”).
All etymologies based on the modern version of the phonetic component (豕) are folk etymologies since they miss the original component (𢑓).
Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).
嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

och-l

傢
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
𡩙
𡩚
𡩵
𡩀
價

家庭

家事

李家

我家有四口人。