brown

en-noun

brown (countable and uncountable, plural browns)

Bislama: braon

Tok Pisin: braun

→ Welsh: brown

→ Tongan: palauni

From Middle English broun, from Old English brūn (“brown; dark; dusky”), from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH-. Doublet of bruin.
cognates
* Dutch bruin
* German braun
* Ancient Greek φρύνη (phrúnē), φρῦνος (phrûnos, “toad”)
* Latin brunneus (“brown”)
* Lithuanian bė́ras (“brown”)
* Sanskrit बभ्रु (babhrú, “reddish-brown”)
* West Frisian brún

heinäperhonen

nymphalid butterfly of subfamily Satyrinae

Many browns and blacks are immigrants — some of whom have not yet become naturalized citizens of the United States.

2005, Kristen A. Myers, Racetalk: Racism Hiding in Plain Sight:

(sometimes capitalised, countable, informal, ethnic slur) A person of Latino, Middle Eastern or South Asian descent; a brown-skinned person; someone of mulatto, or biracial appearance.


brown

en-adj

brown (comparative browner or more brown, superlative brownest or most brown)

browner (comparative)
more brown (comparative)
brownest (superlative)
most brown (superlative)

American Sign Language: B@Cheek-PalmForward B@Jaw-PalmForward

Reminds me of the time they asked me and a group of other Latino, predominantly Mexican, friends for our passports when we tried to go to their [expletive] party a little over a year ago.[…]
The saddest part is that I don’t think they understand why it’s insulting to ask a brown person for a passport.

2015 November 2 [2014], Susan Svrluga, quoting Ivonne Gonzalez, “Students accuse Yale SAE fraternity brother of saying ‘white girls only’ at party door”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-03, Grade Point:

(sometimes capitalized) Of or relating to any of various ethnic groups having dark pigmentation of the skin.

I think they sort of realized like, oh, we have Aasif who is a Muslim, an American, brown person, you know, who can sit on that fence between cultures and sort of talk about what it is--what this is from the perspective of being an insider and an outsider at the same time.[…]
I think there is in the sort of South Asian, you know, psyche, a kind of adoration of Western ideals and culture that was sort of implanted into us by the British, you know, and this idea that everything that is Western is superior and better than what we have and what India--you know, what is true to our own culture.

2021 September 9, Aasif Mandvi, quotee, “Transcript: Race in America: Giving Voice with Aasif Mandvi”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-25:

(of Asians) South Asian or sometimes Middle Eastern or North African


ablaze

en-adv

ablaze (comparative more ablaze, superlative most ablaze)

more ablaze (comparative)
most ablaze (superlative)

[…] with the spontaneous combustion the house smouldered ablaze.

1969, Ray Bradbury, “The Haunting of the New”, in I Sing the Body Electric!, New York: Knopf, page 143:

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles

Oxford University Press
w:Oxford University Press


accend

en-verb

accend (third-person singular simple present accends, present participle accending, simple past and past participle accended)

accends (present singular third-person)
accending (participle present)
accended (participle past)
accended (past)

From Middle English accenden, from Latin accendere (“to kindle”), formed from ad- + candere (“to shine”).

(transitive, obsolete) To set on fire; to kindle.


FBI

→ Arabic: إِف بِي أَي (ʔif bī ʔay)

→ Bulgarian: ФБР (FBR)

→ Dutch: FBI

→ French: FBI

→ Galician: FBI

desc

→ Hindi: एफ़ बी आई (ef bī āī)

→ Hindi: एफ़ बी आई (ef bī āī)

→ Indonesian: FBI

→ Japanese: エフ・ビー・アイ

→ Japanese: エフ・ビー・アイ

→ Marathi: एफ्.बी.आय्. (eph.bī.āy.)

→ Persian: افبیآی

→ Portuguese: FBI

→ Romanian: FBI

→ Russian: ФБР (FBR)

→ Thai: เอฟบีไอ

→ Thai: เอฟบีไอ

(Australia, weather, firefighting) fire behaviour index


company

en-noun

company (countable and uncountable, plural companies)

→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)

desc

→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)

→ Malay: kompeni

→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh

→ Swahili: kampuni

From Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”), from Old French compaignie (“companionship”) (Modern French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. Old French compaignie is equivalent to Old French compaignon (Modern French: compagnon) + -ie. More at companion.
Displaced native Old English werod, gefer, getæl, and hired.

inh

who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl

you don't dip your pen in company ink

don't fish off the company dock, you don't dip your pen in the company inkwell, you don't fish off the company pier

As he had worked for the CIA for over 30 years, he would soon take retirement from the company.

A team; a group of people who work together professionally.

(espionage, informal) An intelligence service.


acidify

en-verb

acidify (third-person singular simple present acidifies, present participle acidifying, simple past and past participle acidified)

acidifies (present singular third-person)
acidifying (participle present)
acidified (participle past)
acidified (past)

From acid + -ify, from Latin acidus (“sour, acid”); compare French acidifier.

To make something (more) acidic or sour; to convert into an acid.

to acidify sugar

[H]is thin existence all acidified into rage

1837, Thomas Carlyle, The French Revolution: A History […], volume III (The Guillotine), London: James Fraser, […], →OCLC, book III (The Girondins), page 181:


ad

ād (canonical masculine)
ād (nominative singular)
ādas (nominative plural)
ād (accusative singular)
ādas (accusative plural)
ādes (genitive singular)
āda (genitive plural)
āde (dative singular)
ādum (dative plural)

Middle English: ād


kindle

kindle (third-person singular simple present kindles, present participle kindling, simple past and past participle kindled)

kindles (present singular third-person)
kindling (participle present)
kindled (participle past)
kindled (past)

From Middle English kindlen, from Old Norse kynda (“to inflame”), from Proto-Germanic *kundijaną.

If a person kindle a fire in the house of another person, let him pay for the house to the owner, if it be burned.

1841, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, page 336:

And then it was that I first perceived the danger in which I stood; for there was no hope of kindling a light, and I doubted now whether even in the light I could ever have done much to dislodge the great slab of slate.

[1898], J[ohn] Meade Falkner, “In the Vault”, in Moonfleet, London; Toronto, Ont.: Jonathan Cape, published 1934, →OCLC, page 65:

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

(transitive) To start (a fire) or light (a torch, a match, coals, etc.).


lama

lama (absolutive indefinite)
lama (absolutive indefinite singular)
lamak (absolutive indefinite plural)
lamak (ergative indefinite)
lamak (ergative indefinite singular)
lamek (ergative indefinite plural)
lamari (dative indefinite)
lamari (dative indefinite singular)
lamei (dative indefinite plural)
lamaren (genitive indefinite)
lamaren (genitive indefinite singular)
lamen (genitive indefinite plural)
lamarekin (comitative indefinite)
lamarekin (comitative indefinite singular)
lamekin (comitative indefinite plural)
lamarengatik (causative indefinite)
lamarengatik (causative indefinite singular)
lamengatik (causative indefinite plural)
lamarentzat (benefactive indefinite)
lamarentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
lamentzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
lamaz (indefinite instrumental)
lamaz (indefinite instrumental singular)
lamez (indefinite instrumental plural)
lamatan (indefinite inessive)
laman (indefinite inessive singular)
lametan (indefinite inessive plural)
lamatako (indefinite locative)
lamako (indefinite locative singular)
lametako (indefinite locative plural)
lamatara (allative indefinite)
lamara (allative indefinite singular)
lametara (allative indefinite plural)
lamataraino (indefinite terminative)
lamaraino (indefinite singular terminative)
lametaraino (indefinite plural terminative)
lamatarantz (directive indefinite)
lamarantz (directive indefinite singular)
lametarantz (directive indefinite plural)
lamatarako (destinative indefinite)
lamarako (destinative indefinite singular)
lametarako (destinative indefinite plural)
lamatatik (ablative indefinite)
lamatik (ablative indefinite singular)
lametatik (ablative indefinite plural)
lamarik (indefinite partitive)
lamatzat (indefinite prolative)


al

āl (canonical neuter)
āl (nominative singular)
āl (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
āl (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
āla (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *ail, from Proto-Germanic *ailą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éydʰ-lom, from *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”).


AC

adenylyl cyclase
adenylyl cyclase#English

(biochemistry) Initialism of adenylyl cyclase.


pyre

Learned borrowing from Latin pyra (“pyre, funeral pile”), from Ancient Greek πυρά (purá), from πῦρ (pûr, “fire”). Doublet of fire.

lbor

For nine long nights, through all the dusky air, The pyres thick flaming shot a dismal glare.—Homer Iliad, p. 31

A funeral pile; a combustible heap on which corpses are burned.


burn

en-verb

burn (third-person singular simple present burns, present participle burning, simple past and past participle burned or (mostly Commonwealth) burnt or (obsolete) brent)

burns (present singular third-person)
burning (participle present)
burned (participle past)
burned (past)
burnt (Commonwealth participle past)
burnt (Commonwealth past)
brent (obsolete participle past)
brent (obsolete past)
burn (infinitive)

Sranan Tongo: bron

Aukan: boon

From Middle English bernen, birnen, from Old English birnan (“to burn”), metathesis from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-, present stem from *bʰrewh₁-. Doublet of brew.
See also Middle Irish brennim (“drink up”), bruinnim (“bubble up”); also Middle Irish bréo (“flame”), Albanian burth (“Cyclamen hederifolium, mouth burning”), Sanskrit भुरति (bhurati, “moves quickly, twitches, fidgets”). More at brew.

verbranden

chemistry: to cause to combine with oxygen or other active agent

He burned his manuscript in the fireplace.

On July 1, 1402,⁹⁵ when the Prince of Yen reached P’u-k’ou (in Kiangsu), Sheng Yung and his imperial troops attacked him and attempted to burn his boats.⁹⁶

1976, David B. Chan, “The Fall of Nanking”, in The Usurpation of the Prince of Yen, 1398-1402 (Chinese Materials and Research Aids Service Center, Inc. Occasional Series), number 7, San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, Inc., →OCLC, page 83:

Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.

2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

(transitive) To cause to be consumed by fire.

He watched the house burn.

Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:

(intransitive) To be consumed by fire, or in flames.


burnt

en-adj

burnt (comparative more burnt, superlative most burnt)

more burnt (comparative)
most burnt (superlative)

better than a poke in the eye with a burnt stick

The toast was too burnt to eat.


fire

en-verb

fire (third-person singular simple present fires, present participle firing, simple past and past participle fired)

fires (present singular third-person)
firing (participle present)
fired (participle past)
fired (past)
fire (infinitive)

From Middle English firen, fyren, furen, from Old English fȳrian (“to make a fire”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian fioria (“to light a fire”), Saterland Frisian fjuurje (“to fire”), Middle Dutch vûren, vueren, vieren (“to set fire”), Dutch vuren (“to fire, shoot”), Old High German fiuren (“to ignite, set on fire”), German feuern (“to fire”).

udløse

computer sciences, software engineering: to initiate an event

If you fire the pottery at too high a temperature, it may crack.

They fire the wood to make it easier to put a point on the end.

So this was my future home, I thought! Certainly it made a brave picture. I had seen similar ones fired-in on many a Heidelberg stein. Backed by towering hills,[…]a sky of palest Gobelin flecked with fat, fleecy little clouds, it in truth looked a dear little city; the city of one's dreams.

1908, W[illiam] B[lair] M[orton] Ferguson, chapter IV, in Zollenstein, New York, N.Y.: D. Appleton & Company, →OCLC:

(transitive) To heat as with fire, but without setting on fire, as ceramic, metal objects, etc.

(intransitive, dated) To catch fire; to be kindled.


apparatus

en-noun

apparatus (plural apparatuses or apparatusses or apparatus or (both rare) apparatûs or apparatūs or (hypercorrect) apparati)

apparatuses (plural)
apparatusses (plural)
apparatus (plural)
apparatûs (plural rare)
apparatūs (plural rare)
apparati (hypercorrect plural rare)

/æp.əˈɹɑː.təs/

Borrowed from Latin apparātus. Doublet of apparat.

(firefighting) A vehicle used for emergency response.


low

From Middle English lowe, loghe, from Old Norse logi (“fire, flame, sword”), from Proto-Germanic *lugô (“flame, blaze”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“light”).
Cognate with Icelandic logi (“flame”), Swedish låga (“flame”), Danish lue (“flame”), German Lohe (“blaze, flames”), North Frisian leag (“fire, flame”), Old English līeġ (“fire, flame, lightning”). More at leye, light.

cog

She was, as one of them expressed himself, in a light low (bright flame) when they observed a king's ship, with her colours up, heave in sight from behind the cape. The guns of the burning vessel discharged themselves […]

1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], →OCLC, page 85:

A boy fell aff his chair a' in a low, for the discharge had set him on fire […]

1843, John Wilson, The Noctes Ambrosianœ of "Blackwood"., page 478:

[…] and he was sure to light of a verse blazing wi' a blue brimstone low that set all straight.

1849, Currer Bell [pseudonym; Charlotte Brontë], Shirley. A Tale. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], →OCLC, page 76:

And methought the whole world was lighted in a lowe, and with a great cry I awoke out of the dream.

1922, E[ric] R[ücker] Eddison, The Worm Ouroboros, London: Jonathan Cape, page 19:

(countable, UK, Scotland, dialect) A flame; fire; blaze.


low

en-verb

low (third-person singular simple present lows, present participle lowing, simple past and past participle lowed)

lows (present singular third-person)
lowing (participle present)
lowed (participle past)
lowed (past)

Driest wood will eithest low,

1724 (edition of 1788), Allan Ramsay, The Tea-Table Miscellany, page 23

They scarcely left to co'er their fuds,
 To quench their lowan drouth.

[…] in every crevice; and each individual brick shone and “lowed” with the intense heat. “As I am a Christian man,” thought he, “this is verily the mouth of the pit; and I am lost — lost for ever, for —”

1870, Edward Peacock, Ralf Skirlaugh, the Lincolnshire Squire: A Novel, page 197:

Sand, striking a light with his flint and steel, and transferring the flame when it lowed up to the bowl of his tiny elf's pipe, so small that it just let in the top of his little finger as he settled the tobacco in it as it began to burn.

1894, Samuel Rutherford Crockett, The Raiders, page 82:

The next I saw, James parried a thrust so nearly that I thought him killed; and it lowed up in my mind that this was the girl's father, and in a manner almost my own, and I drew and ran in to sever them.

1895, Robert Louis Stevenson, Works, page 382:

(UK, Scotland, dialect) To burn; to blaze.


smoke

en-noun

smoke (countable and uncountable, plural smokes)

From Middle English smoke, from Old English smoca (“smoke”), probably a derivative of the verb (see below). Related to Dutch smook (“smoke”), Middle Low German smôk (“smoke”), dialectal German Schmauch (“smoke”).

If those were the days, however, when steam was triumphant, they were also the days of smoke. Nowhere was this so apparent as at "Kings Cross (Suburban)" where, one after another, the Great Northern tank engines thumped their way up the incline and emerged from the tunnel, in clouds of steam and smoke, to pound their way up the last few hundred feet of gradient alongside the platform.

1952 October, C. A. Johns, “One Hundred Years at Kings Cross—1”, in Railway Magazine, page 657:

(uncountable) The visible vapor/vapour, gases, and fine particles given off by burning or smoldering material.

anta intai

visible particles and vapour given off by burning material


flame

en-verb

flame (third-person singular simple present flames, present participle flaming, simple past and past participle flamed)

flames (present singular third-person)
flaming (participle present)
flamed (participle past)
flamed (past)

From Middle English flawmen, from Old French flamber, flammer.

The main blaze of it is past, but a small thing would make it flame again.

c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:

To produce flames; to burn with a flame or blaze.


crown

→ Japanese: クラウン (kuraun)

→ Korean: 크라운 (keuraun)

→ Maori: karauna

From Middle English coroune, from Anglo-Norman corone, from Latin corōna (“crown, wreath”), from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē). Doublet of corona, korona, koruna, krona, króna, and krone. Displaced native Old English corenbēag (“crown”); and Middle English kinehelm, kynehelm, from Old English cynehelm (“crown”).
* (paper size): So called because originally watermarked with a crown.

doublet

(architecture) A kind of spire or lantern formed by converging flying buttresses.

There is no difficulty getting married in Jamaica, is there? No, it only costs half a crown.

1866, Jamaica. Report of the Royal Jamaica Commission, 1866. Part II: Minutes of Evidence and Appendix, H.M.Stationery Office, page 558:

Maggie Murphy had some knickers that she bought in Bagenalstown, an interlock of knickers that she got for a half a crown.

2009, “Maggie Murphy's Knickers” (track 8), in Stay Wut Her Johnny, performed by Richie Kavanagh:

en:any of several Commonwealth coins worth five shillings

(historical, by extension) A coin or note worth five shillings in various countries that are or were in the British Commonwealth, such as Ireland or Jamaica.


火

⟨pi₂⟩ → */pʷɨ/ → /ɸi/ → /hi/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *poy.
Apophonic form of ho (see below). Compare 木 (ki, ko-, “tree”).

in which sinner are transported: a metaphor for being in a difficult situation

篝火: a fire set in an iron cage-like bucket and used as illumination by guard

火を見るよりも明らか

clear than see the fire → as plain as day, as plain as the nose on one's face, as clear as a bell


火

火 (canonical)
ka (romanization)
kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)

/kwa/ → /ka/
From Middle Chinese 火 (MC xwaX).


火

Japanese: 火 (hi), 灯 (hi)

From Proto-Japonic *poy.
Apophonic form of po₁ (see below).
Compare the development of 木 (ki₂, ko₂-, “tree”).

葦火

fire using dried reed as kindling or fuel

佐泥佐斯佐賀牟能袁怒邇毛由流肥能本那迦邇多知弖斗比斯岐美波母

sanesasi Sagamu no₂ wono₁ ni mo₁yuru pi₂ no₂ po₁naka ni tatite to₁pi₁si ki₁mi₁ pa mo₂


火

Japanese: 火 (ho)

Combining form of pi₂ above, probably the older form.


火

Appears in only one poem in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE) as a compound, see derived term 葦火 (asipu).
According to Vovin (2011) p. 222, this is the vowel raising of the nucleus of Proto-Japonic *poy to *puy, followed by deletion of the *-y consonant.

(regional, Central Eastern Old Japanese) a fire

富士

Mount Fuji; disputed; might be an Ainu loanword


炎

/emʉ/ → /eɴ/
From Middle Chinese 炎 (MC hjem).


煪

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/


燃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njen): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 然 (OC *njen) – burn with fire. Originally 然 (OC *njen), but because it was phonetically borrowed for abstract senses, 火 (huǒ) was added for differentiation.
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Jingpho nan (“to light”), shanan (“torch”) (Schuessler, 2007).


爐

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raː): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː). Originally written 盧, see there for more.


爝

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

Likely related to 焦 (OC *ʔsew, “to scorch”); see there for more (STEDT).

(archaic) a torch made of bound reeds that was used for warding off evil spirits


jag

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀅𑀕𑁆𑀕𑀺 (aggi), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀅𑀕𑀺 (agi), from Sanskrit अग्नि (agni, “fire”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hagnís, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnis. Cognate with Hindi आग (āg), Nepali आगो (āgo), Gujarati આગ (āga), Punjabi ਅੱਗ (agga).


PPV

en-noun

PPV (countable and uncountable, plural PPVs)

positive pressure ventilation
positive pressure ventilation#English

(medicine, firefighting) Abbreviation of positive pressure ventilation.

(countable, by extension) A positive pressure ventilation machine, a PPV device

HFPPV

high frequency positive pressure ventilation

IPPV

intermittent positive pressure ventilation

NPPV

noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

NiPPV

non-invasive positive pressure ventilation


grue

head

grue (present tense gruer, simple past grua or gruet or grudde, past participle grua or gruet or grudd)

gruer (present)
grua (past)
gruet (past)
grudde (past)
grua (participle past)
gruet (participle past)
grudd (participle past)

Han gruet for morgendagen.
He was queasy about the following day.

Han grudde seg til tannlegen.

He was queasy about [the coming visit to] the dentist.

To be queasy or nervous in anticipation of something.


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

A town in Vulcan County, southern Alberta, Canada.

A ghost town in Gunnison County, Colorado.


Vulcan

From Vulcan (etymology 1), from the Star Trek TV series of the 1960s.

language constructed
constructed language

A language constructed for the Star Trek franchise, spoken by the fictional Vulcan species.


fire engine

A fire aboard TfW 175007, working a Holyhead-Cardiff Central service on February 8, closed the A483 road while five fire engines from Wrexham, Deeside, and Cheshire attended the scene.

2023 March 22, “Network News: Class 175s withdrawn for safety checks after fires”, in RAIL, number 979, page 13:

(firefighting, vehicles) A vehicle used by firefighters to pump water to fight a fire. Typically, a fire engine carries a supply of water and has the ability to connect to an external water supply.


igniferous

en-adj

igniferous (comparative more igniferous, superlative most igniferous)

more igniferous (comparative)
most igniferous (superlative)

/ɪɡˈnɪfəɹəs/

Near-synonyms: fire-breathing, flammivomous


ignis

la-noun

ignis m (genitive ignis); third declension

ignis (genitive)
ignis (nominative singular)
ignēs (nominative plural)
ignis (genitive singular)
ignium (genitive plural)
ignī (dative singular)
ignibus (dative plural)
ignem (accusative singular)
ignēs (accusative plural)
ignīs (accusative plural)
igne (ablative singular)
ignī (ablative singular)
ignibus (ablative plural)
ignis (singular vocative)
ignēs (plural vocative)

→ Italian: igne

Romanian: Igniș (toponym)

Inherited from Proto-Italic *əngʷnis, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥gʷnís (“fire”). Cognate with Lithuanian ugnis, Sanskrit अग्नि (agní), Hittite 𒀀𒀝𒉌𒅖 (akniš) (an Indo-Iranian borrowing), Old Church Slavonic огнь (ognĭ) and Old Prussian ugnis.

ferro ignique

striduntque cavernis / stricturae Chalybum et fornacibus ignis anhelat

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 8.420–421

Chalybian ores hiss in the caverns, and from the furnace mouths puff the hot-panting fires


fireball

/ˈfaɪəɹˌbɔl/

Chelyabinsk meteor
Nevada Test Site
Operation Upshot–Knothole

The noun is derived from fire (noun) + ball (noun). The adjective and verb are derived from the noun.

tulipallo

bag or ball filled with combustible material; (heraldry) charge depicting a disc-shaped bombshell

[T]here vvas ſuch a Tempeſt & thunder vvith great firebals of lightning, that the vault of the church brake, and halfe the Chancell vvas carried avvay.

1611, Iohn Speed [i.e., John Speed], The History of Great Britaine under the Conquests of yͤ Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans. […], London: […] William Hall and John Beale, for John Sudbury and George Humble, […], →OCLC, book IX ([Englands Monarchs] […]), paragraph 26, page 616, column 1:

It is an obſervation of Seamen, That if a ſingle meteor or fireball falls on their maſt, it portends ill luck; but if tvvo come together (vvhich they count Caſtor and Pollux) they preſage good ſucceſſe: […]

1642, Thomas Fuller, “The Good Wife”, in The Holy State, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: […] Roger Daniel for John Williams, […], →OCLC, book I, paragraph 2, page 2:

An emanation of St. Elmo's fire; also (later), of ball lightning.


flammable

en-adj

flammable (comparative more flammable, superlative most flammable)

more flammable (comparative)
most flammable (superlative)

Back-formation from inflammable, which is used to avoid confusion with non-flammable, as the prefix in- is often used to mean "un-; non-", although it was originally meant in a sense closely related to en-.

flammable liquid

леснозапалим

capable of burning — see also inflammable

Coordinate term: volatile

Subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion.

inflammable

subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion

In considering the possible commitment of U.S. forces to South Vietnam , the Joint Chiefs of Staff have reviewed the overall critical situation in Southeast Asia with particular emphasis upon the present highly flammable situation in South Vietnam.

1971, United States. Department of Defense, United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967, page 42:

They could stuff their ears with cotton, but they could not, after all, fight such flammable ideas ( at least not in the public squares where Attucks's war whoops could still be heard ).

2002, Gregory Toledo, The Hanging of Old Brown, page 27:

With her play Diamond Lil, she discovered a way to sneak her flammable subject matter past the censors.

2004, Elizabeth Prioleau, Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love:

King's words touch on a higher law of leadership, that the solution to a sensitive and highly contentious and even flammable situation often lies in doing the opposite of what is expected and even perceived as normal or 'natural'.

2015, Adriaan Groenewald, Seamless Leadership: A passion to perform in South Africa:

Evelyn realized that Adam's flammable words and angry eyes were only the form of his untold pain, holding the strongest words of his heart, unspoken.

2021, Esra Gultakin, In the Shallows: Awaken Your Mind:

(figurative) Very likely to cause fighting or controversy; extremely contentious.


combustion

en-noun

combustion (countable and uncountable, plural combustions)

From Old French combustion, from Latin combustio, from comburere (“to burn”), itself from the intensifying prefix com- + the root burere (a faulty sep. of amburere "to burn around", itself from ambi- + urere "to burn, singe"); equivalent to combust + -ion.

(chemistry) The act or process of burning.


firefighter

From fire + fighter. Created as a gender-neutral term for fireman and firewoman.

(firefighting) A person who has been trained to put out fires.


katal

From Ancient Greek κατάλυσις (katálusis, “dissolution”), from καταλύω (katalúō, “I dissolve”), from κατά (katá, “down”) + λύω (lúō, “I loose”).

der

International System of Units
International System of Units

(chemistry) In the International System of Units, the derived unit of catalytic activity; one mole per second. Symbol: kat.


flamingo

eo-head

flamingo (accusative singular flamingon, plural flamingoj, accusative plural flamingojn)

flamingon (accusative singular)
flamingoj (plural)
flamingojn (accusative plural)


lug

lȗg (canonical masculine)
лу̑г (Cyrillic)
lȗg (nominative singular)
lȕgovi (nominative plural)
luga (genitive singular)
lȕgōvā (genitive plural)
lugu (dative singular)
lugovima (dative plural)
lug (accusative singular)
lugove (accusative plural)
lugu (singular vocative)
luže (singular vocative)
lugovi (plural vocative)
lugu (locative singular)
lugovima (locative plural)
lugom (instrumental singular)
lugovima (instrumental plural)

From Middle High German louge, from Proto-Germanic *laugō ("soap, lye").


język

pl-noun

język m inan (diminutive języczek, augmentative jęzor, related adjective językowy, abbreviation j. or jęz.)

języczek (diminutive)
jęzor (augmentative)
językowy (adjective)
j. (abbreviation)
jęz. (abbreviation)
język (nominative singular)
języki (nominative plural)
języka (genitive singular)
języków (genitive plural)
językowi (dative singular)
językom (dative plural)
język (accusative singular)
języki (accusative plural)
językiem (instrumental singular)
językami (instrumental plural)
języku (locative singular)
językach (locative plural)
języku (singular vocative)
języki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish język. Cognate with English tongue and language.

language, tongue (body of words, and set of methods of combining them (called a grammar), understood by a community and used as a form of communication)

language (sublanguage: the slang of a particular community or jargon of a particular specialist field)

(programming) language (computer language; a machine language)

(Middle Polish) defender (person speaking in favor of someone's name)


focus

la-noun

focus m (genitive focī); second declension

focī (genitive)
focus (nominative singular)
focī (nominative plural)
focī (genitive singular)
focōrum (genitive plural)
focō (dative singular)
focīs (dative plural)
focum (accusative singular)
focōs (accusative plural)
focō (ablative singular)
focīs (ablative plural)
foce (singular vocative)
focī (plural vocative)
focī (locative singular)
focīs (locative plural)

la-ndecl

Locative used in the sense "by the hearth".

Balkan Romance:

Aromanian: foc, focu

Istro-Romanian: foc

Megleno-Romanian: foc

Romanian: foc

Dalmatian:

fuc

Italo-Romance:

Corsican: focu

Italian: fuoco

Neapolitan: fuoco

Sicilian: focu

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fogu, focu

North Italian:

Gallo-Italic:

Emilian: fûg

Ligurian: fêugo

Lombard: fœg, fœi, fœv

Piedmontese: feu, feug

Romagnol: fug, fóg (Faenza, Imola)

Friulian: fûc

Istriot: fògo

Ladin: fech, fesc

Romansch: fieu, fiug

Venetan: fogo

→ Byzantine Greek: φουγκού (phounkoú)

→ Turkish: fufu

→ Greek: φουφού (foufoú)

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: foc

Franco-Provençal: fuè

desctree

Old French: fu
Middle French: feu
French: feu

Walloon: feu

Old Occitan: foc, fuec, fuoc
Occitan: fuòc, fòc, fuec, hoec (Gascony), huec (Gascony)

Ibero-Romance:

Aragonese: fuego

Asturian: fueu, fuegu, ḥuego

Extremaduran: hueu

Mirandese: fuogo

Old Galician-Portuguese: fogo
Fala: fogu
Galician: fogo
Portuguese: fogo (see there for further descendants)

Old Spanish: fuego
Ladino: fuego
Spanish: fuego

→ Catalan: focus

→ Dutch: focus

→ English: focus

→ Esperanto: fokuso

→ Finnish: fokus

→ French: focus

→ Galician: foco

→ German: Fokus

→ Italian: focus

→ Portuguese: foco

→ Russian: фо́кус (fókus)

→ Spanish: foco

→ Swedish: fokus

* The origin is uncertain. Usually connected with Old Armenian բոց (bocʻ).
* Some connect this along with faciēs, facētus, fax to Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). In that case, cognate at the root level with Sanskrit भाति (bhā́ti), Ancient Greek φαίνω (phaínō, “to shine”), etc.
* Matasović, and Hamp before him, opt to derive this from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”); Matasović believes that the -c- would have spread from the nominative of a root noun *dʰṓgʷʰ-s (> *dʰṓkʷʰ-s).


pyro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-pyro-.wav

From Latin pyr, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).


pyro-

From Latin pyro-, from Ancient Greek πῦρ (pûr, “fire”).


vulcanize

en-verb

vulcanize (third-person singular simple present vulcanizes, present participle vulcanizing, simple past and past participle vulcanized)

vulcanizes (present singular third-person)
vulcanizing (participle present)
vulcanized (participle past)
vulcanized (past)

(transitive) To treat rubber with heat and (usually) sulfur to harden it and make it more durable.

These vulcanized hearts, they only become more resistant when you ask for mercy.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 404:

Natural rubber […] vulcanizes readily at the double bonds to give a strong cross-linked structure.

(intransitive) To undergo such treatment.


rehab

en-noun

rehab (countable and uncountable, plural rehabs)

(firefighting) A brief period of time spent away from the fire by a firefighter at a fire scene, for purposes of recuperation.


crack

en-verb

crack (third-person singular simple present cracks, present participle cracking, simple past and past participle cracked)

cracks (present singular third-person)
cracking (participle present)
cracked (participle past)
cracked (past)

From Middle English crakken, craken, from Old English cracian (“to resound, crack”), from Proto-West Germanic *krakōn, from Proto-Germanic *krakōną (“to crack, crackle, shriek”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to resound, cry hoarsely”).
Cognate with Scots crak (“to crack”), West Frisian kreakje (“to crack”), Dutch kraken (“to crunch, creak, squeak”), Low German kraken (“to crack”), German krachen (“to crash, crack, creak”), Lithuanian gìrgžděti (“to creak, squeak”), Old Armenian կարկաչ (karkačʻ), Sanskrit गर्जति (gárjati, “to roar, hum”).

cog

there's more than one way to crack an egg

you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette

Acetone is cracked to ketene and methane at 700°C.

(transitive, chemistry) To break down (a complex molecule), especially with the application of heat: to pyrolyse.

hajottaa

to break down, especially with the application of heat


incense

en-verb

incense (third-person singular simple present incenses, present participle incensing, simple past and past participle incensed)

incenses (present singular third-person)
incensing (participle present)
incensed (participle past)
incensed (past)

From Middle English encens, from Old French encens (“sweet-smelling substance”) from Late Latin incensum (“burnt incense”, literally “something burnt”), neuter past participle of incendō (“I set on fire”). Compare incendiary. Cognate with Spanish encender and incienso.

der

Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labour to incense / Thy glorious heap of funeral.

[1611?], Homer, “(please specify |book=I to XXIV)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume (please specify the book number), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC:

(obsolete, transitive) To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle; to burn.


od

az-noun

od (definite accusative odu, plural odlar)

odu (accusative definite)
odlar (plural)
od (nominative singular)
odlar (nominative plural)
odu (accusative definite singular)
odları (accusative definite plural)
oda (dative singular)
odlara (dative plural)
odda (locative singular)
odlarda (locative plural)
oddan (ablative singular)
odlardan (ablative plural)
odun (definite genitive singular)
odların (definite genitive plural)
odum (first-person nominative possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarım (first-person nominative possessed-many possessive singular)
odun (nominative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odların (nominative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odu (nominative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odları (nominative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuz (first-person nominative plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımız (first-person nominative plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuz (nominative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınız (nominative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odu (nominative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odları (nominative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odları (nominative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
odumu (accusative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarımı (accusative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
odunu (accusative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odlarını (accusative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odunu (accusative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odlarını (accusative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuzu (accusative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımızı (accusative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuzu (accusative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınızı (accusative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odunu (accusative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarını (accusative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarını (accusative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
oduma (dative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarıma (dative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
oduna (dative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odlarına (dative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
oduna (dative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odlarına (dative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuza (dative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımıza (dative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuza (dative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınıza (dative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
oduna (dative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarına (dative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarına (dative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
odumda (first-person locative possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarımda (first-person locative possessed-many possessive singular)
odunda (locative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odlarında (locative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odunda (locative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odlarında (locative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuzda (first-person locative plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımızda (first-person locative plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuzda (locative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınızda (locative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odunda (locative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarında (locative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarında (locative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
odumdan (ablative first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarımdan (ablative first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
odundan (ablative possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odlarından (ablative possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odundan (ablative possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odlarından (ablative possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuzdan (ablative first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımızdan (ablative first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuzdan (ablative plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınızdan (ablative plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odundan (ablative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarından (ablative plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarından (ablative plural possessed-many possessive third-person)
odumun (first-person genitive possessed-single possessive singular)
odlarımın (first-person genitive possessed-many possessive singular)
odunun (genitive possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
odlarının (genitive possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
odunun (genitive possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
odlarının (genitive possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
odumuzun (first-person genitive plural possessed-single possessive)
odlarımızın (first-person genitive plural possessed-many possessive)
odunuzun (genitive plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
odlarınızın (genitive plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
odunun (genitive plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarının (genitive plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
odlarının (genitive plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ōt (“fire”).


alight

en-verb

alight (third-person singular simple present alights, present participle alighting, simple past and past participle alit or alighted)

term-label

(transitive, also figuratively, archaic)

alights (present singular third-person)
alighting (participle present)
alit (participle past)
alit (past)
alighted (participle past)
alighted (past)
alight (infinitive)

The verb is probably derived partly:
* from Middle English alighten (“to kindle, light, set on fire; to begin burning; to become bright, shine; to arouse, rouse, stir; (figuratively) to enlighten spiritually, illuminate”) [and other forms], from Old English ālīhtan, ālȳhtan (“to light up; enlighten”) (perhaps modelled after Latin illūmināre, the present active infinitive of illūminō (“to brighten, illuminate, light up”)), from ā- (prefix meaning ‘away, from, off, out’) + līhtan, līehtan (“to glow, to shine; to illuminate, to light”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“to see; to shine; bright”)); and
* from Middle English onlighten (“to cause (something) to shine; to clarify; (figuratively) to enlighten spiritually”) [and other forms], from Old English onlīhtan, a variant of inlīhtan (“to give light to, brighten, illuminate; to cause to shine; to shine; (figuratively) to give clear sight; to clear a mental fog, enlighten”), from Proto-Germanic *inliuhtijaną (“to enlighten, illumine”), from *in (“in; into”) + *liuhtijaną (“to give light, shine”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-; see above); and
* from later uses of alight (adjective).
The English word is analysable as a- (prefix meaning ‘away, from, off, out’) + light (“to start (a fire); to burn, set fire to; to become ignited, take fire; to provide light, illuminate; to show the way by means of a light”).
The adjective and adverb are derived from Late Middle English alight (adjective) [and other forms], from Old English ālīht, ālȳht, a past participle form of Old English ālīhtan, ālȳhtan (verb) (see above); but have also been subsequently interpreted as a- (prefix meaning ‘at; in; on’, used to show a condition, manner, or state) + light (“not dark or obscure, bright, clear; highly luminous”).
cognates
* German erleuchten (“to light up, illuminate”)

nb...

aliȝt, aliȝte, aliȝtte, alihte, aliʒth, allyght, alyghte, alyȝt, alyȝte

cog

The officer hauing by this time alighted his lampe, entred into the roome to ſee him, vvhom he accounted to be dead, […]

1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], “VVherein are Rehearsed the Innumerable Misfortunes vvhich Don-Quixote and His Good Squire Sancho Suffered in the Inne, vvhich He to His Harme Thought to be a Castle”, in Thomas Shelton, transl., The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 133:

To set light to (something); to set (something) on fire; to ignite, to light.


alight

The burning embers and the dry wind quickly set the whole neighbourhood alight.

The sticks were damp and wouldn’t catch alight.

With a heavy load of 650 tons for Arras and Lille we started very quietly, with about a third of a glass of water, and the fire barely alight. This frightened me, but I had reckoned without the 4-6-4's American mechanical stoker.

1961 February, Balmore [pseudonym], “Driving and Firing Modern French Steam Locomotives – Part One”, in Trains Illustrated, London: Ian Allan Publishing, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 110:

tulessa

burning, lit, on fire — see also burning, on fire


alight

Each chapel had its saintly shrine, hung around with offerings; its picture above the altar, although closely veiled, if by any painter of renown; and its hallowed tapers, burning continually, to set alight the devotion of the worshippers.

1860, Nathaniel Hawthorne, “The Burial Chant”, in The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni. […], volume I, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, page 227:

(also figuratively) Chiefly in set alight: in flames, on fire; aflame.


candle

Sranan Tongo: kandra

→ Chichewa: kandulo

From Middle English candel, from Old English candel (“candle”), borrowed from Latin candēla (“candle”), from Latin candeō (“be white, bright, shining”, verb); see candid. Doublet of candela and chandelle.

der

better to light a candle than to curse the darkness

the candle that burns twice as bright burns half as long

light a candle

blow out the candles on the birthday cake

snuff out the candle

A light source consisting of a wick embedded in a solid, flammable substance such as wax, tallow, or paraffin.


torch

The noun is derived from Middle English torch, torche (“large candle; lighted stick; (figurative) sunbeam”), from Old French torche, torque (“torch; bundle of (twisted) straw”) (modern French torche); further etymology uncertain, probably from Vulgar Latin *torca (“coiled object”) (referring to a torch made from twisted plant fibres dipped in a flammable substance such as pitch), from Latin torqua, a variant of torquis (“collar of twisted metal, torque; wreath”), from torqueō (“to twist, wind”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terkʷ- (“to spin; to turn”).
Sense 2.3 (Verbascum thapsus) is either due to the plant’s spike of yellow flowers, or because its leaves and stalks were used to make torches (noun sense 1). Sense 3.2 (“precious cause, etc., which needs to be protected and transmitted to others”) is derived from Latin lampada trādere, from Ancient Greek λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι (lămpắdă părădidónai, “to hand over the torch”), a reference to the torch race held at various festivals such as the Panathenaic Games in Ancient Greece, which involved a relay where a torch was passed from one runner to another.
The verb is derived from the noun.

cog

λᾰμπᾰ́δᾰ πᾰρᾰδιδόναι

sueo'

stick of wood, etc., with one end soaked in a flammable substance and set on fire; similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material

Eleven days before the start of the [modern Olympic] Games, a flaming torch is ignited by the sun in Olympia at the ruins of the ancient Temple of Zeus. With that flame, relay runners lighted torches one from the other and carry it to the opening of the Games. Ever since 1936, the Summer Olympics has had its fire-font lit by a relay torch ignited at Olympia.

1984 June–July, Frances A. Harmon, “The Olympic Games—for Good and All”, in John H[arold] Johnson, editor, Ebony Jr!, volume 12, number 2, Chicago, Ill.: Johnson Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 2:

The degradation of the [Olympic] torch worldwide—it had to be snuffed out more than once to protect it from protesters—even provoked angry Chinese students to mobilise "150 strong and energetic runners" to defend it in Australia, raising the spectre of violence.

2008 April 22–28, Rohit Mahajan, Ashish Kumar Sen, “Ah, the Human Race”, in Vinod Mehta, editor, Outlook: The Weekly Newsmagazine, New Delhi: Maheshwer Peri on behalf of Outlook Publishing, →OCLC, page 48:

The Paris 2024 Paralympic Torch, characterised by its sparkling champaign^([sic – meaning champagne]) colour and unique design, represents the spirit of the Games. […] With its gentle curves, the torch represents a sense of peace and solidarity. It stands as a symbol of the Paralympic Games' mission to promote harmony and unity.

2024 August 18 (last accessed), “Paris 2024 Paralympic Torch: A Symbol of Equality, Water, and Peacefulness”, in Paralympic.org, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia: International Paralympic Committee, archived from the original on 2024-08-18:

A stick of wood or plant fibres twisted together, with one end soaked in a flammable substance such as resin or tallow and set on fire, which is held in the hand, put into a wall bracket, or stuck into the ground, and used chiefly as a light source.

(by extension) A similarly shaped implement with a replaceable supply of flammable material; specifically, a pole with a lamp at one end.

Ernst slipped and dropped his torch on the flagstones, shattering the bulb and plunging us into darkness.

We were too excited to return to the camp, but must make our first exploration at once. Lord John had an electric torch in his knapsack, and this had to serve us as light.

1912, Arthur Conan Doyle, “‘Who could have Foreseen it?’”, in The Lost World […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 140:

I want you to send two unarmed policemen into the tunnel, carrying the money, and waving a torch in front of them.

1974 October 2, Peter Stone, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, spoken by Blue (Robert Shaw), Culver City, Calif.: United Artists, →OCLC:

[L]ook at the pupils [of the eyes], noting the shape, relative sizes and any associated ptosis. Use a pocket torch and shine the light from the side to gauge the reaction of the pupils to light.

1988, Nicholas Joseph Tailey, Simon O’Connor, “The Nervous System”, in Clinical Examination: A Guide to Physical Diagnosis, Oxford, Oxfordshire: Blackwell Scientific Publications, published 1989, →ISBN, page 352:

If you can be bothered to carry them, it is a good idea to bring a torch (flashlight) and maybe binoculars for wildlife spotting.

1999, Natalie Kruger, “Queensland & the Great Barrier Reef”, in Natalie Kruger, Marc Llewellyn, edited by Suzanne Roe Jannetta, Frommer’s 99: Australia, New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Travel, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 398:

The island has only one road and relatively few cars. There are no streetlights so you'll need to bring a torch with you, or buy one from Joy's Shop, if you want to venture out at night.

1999 August, Margo Daly, Anne Dehne, David Leffman, Chris Scott [et al.], “New South Wales and ACT”, in Kieran Falconer, Harriet Sharkey, editors, Australia: The Rough Guide, 4th edition, London: Rough Guides, →ISBN, part 2 (The Guide), page 289:

(by extension, Commonwealth) In full electric torch: synonym of flashlight (“a battery-powered hand-held light source”)

The mob of angry villagers carried torches and pitchforks to the vampire’s castle.

Enter at one doore Æneas, at another Paris, Deiphobus, Antemor [i.e., Antenor], Diomed [i.e., Diomedes] vvith torches.

c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Famous Historie of Troylus and Cresseid. […] (First Quarto), London: […] G[eorge] Eld for R[ichard] Bonian and H[enry] Walley, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], signature [G4], recto:

[A]mongſt the ancients there vvas Amor Lethes [Love Dies], hee tooke burning torches, and extinguiſhed them in the riuer, his ſtatua vvas to be ſeene in the Temple of Venus Eiuſina, of vvhich Ovid makes mention, and ſaith that all louers of olde vvent thither a pilgrimate, that vvould be rid of their loue pangs.

1621, Democritus Junior [pseudonym; Robert Burton], “Philters Magicall and Poeticall Cures”, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: […] John Lichfield and Iames Short, for Henry Cripps, →OCLC, partition 3, section 2, member 5, subsection 4, page 652:

[F]or this vile woman was I about to commit to danger the lives of so many noble friends—shake the foundation of a lawful throne—carry the sword and torch through the bosom of a peaceful land— […]

1821 January 8, [Walter Scott], chapter XI, in Kenilworth; a Romance. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; and John Ballantyne, […]; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC, page 210:

In easy state upon this couch, there sat a jolly Giant, glorious to see; who bore a glowing torch, in shape not unlike Plenty's horn, and held it up, high up, to shed its light on Scrooge, as he came peeping round the door.

1843 December 19, Charles Dickens, “Stave Three. The Second of the Three Spirits.”, in A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, London: Chapman & Hall, […], →OCLC, page 77:

He remembered […] how he heard Mrs Coldfield's feet and saw the light of the torch approaching along the upper hall and how she came and passed him, […]

1936, William Faulkner, chapter IX, in Absalom, Absalom!, New York, N.Y.: The Modern Library, published 1951, →OCLC, page 370:

The large lagoon-style pool has a sandy beach and swim-up bar. Coconut palms with white-painted trunks surround the lagoon, which is lit by flaming torches at night.

2005, Lee Mylne, “Queensland & the Great Barrier Reef”, in Marc Llewellyn, Lee Mylne, edited by Marie Morris, Frommer’s Australia 2005, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley Publishing, →ISBN, page 296:


valkea

fi-adj

valkea (comparative valkeampi, superlative valkein)

valkeampi (comparative)
valkein (superlative)
valkea (nominative singular)
valkeat (nominative plural)
valkea (accusative nominative singular)
valkeat (accusative nominative plural)
valkean (accusative genitive singular)
valkeat (accusative genitive plural)
valkean (genitive singular)
valkeiden (genitive plural)
valkeitten (genitive plural)
valkeain (genitive plural rare)
valkeaa (partitive singular)
valkeata (partitive singular)
valkeita (partitive plural)
valkeassa (inessive singular)
valkeissa (inessive plural)
valkeasta (elative singular)
valkeista (elative plural)
valkeaan (illative singular)
valkeisiin (illative plural)
valkeihin (illative plural)
valkealla (adessive singular)
valkeilla (adessive plural)
valkealta (ablative singular)
valkeilta (ablative plural)
valkealle (allative singular)
valkeille (allative plural)
valkeana (essive singular)
valkeina (essive plural)
valkeaksi (singular translative)
valkeiksi (plural translative)
valkeatta (abessive singular)
valkeitta (abessive plural)
valkein (instructive plural)
valkeine (comitative plural)
valkeani (nominative singular)
valkeani (nominative plural)
valkeani (accusative nominative singular)
valkeani (accusative nominative plural)
valkeani (accusative genitive singular)
valkeani (accusative genitive plural)
valkeani (genitive singular)
valkeideni (genitive plural)
valkeitteni (genitive plural)
valkeaini (genitive plural rare)
valkeaani (partitive singular)
valkeatani (partitive singular)
valkeitani (partitive plural)
valkeassani (inessive singular)
valkeissani (inessive plural)
valkeastani (elative singular)
valkeistani (elative plural)
valkeaani (illative singular)
valkeisiini (illative plural)
valkeihini (illative plural)
valkeallani (adessive singular)
valkeillani (adessive plural)
valkealtani (ablative singular)
valkeiltani (ablative plural)
valkealleni (allative singular)
valkeilleni (allative plural)
valkeanani (essive singular)
valkeinani (essive plural)
valkeakseni (singular translative)
valkeikseni (plural translative)
valkeattani (abessive singular)
valkeittani (abessive plural)
valkeineni (comitative plural)
valkeasi (nominative singular)
valkeasi (nominative plural)
valkeasi (accusative nominative singular)
valkeasi (accusative nominative plural)
valkeasi (accusative genitive singular)
valkeasi (accusative genitive plural)
valkeasi (genitive singular)
valkeidesi (genitive plural)
valkeittesi (genitive plural)
valkeaisi (genitive plural rare)
valkeaasi (partitive singular)
valkeatasi (partitive singular)
valkeitasi (partitive plural)
valkeassasi (inessive singular)
valkeissasi (inessive plural)
valkeastasi (elative singular)
valkeistasi (elative plural)
valkeaasi (illative singular)
valkeisiisi (illative plural)
valkeihisi (illative plural)
valkeallasi (adessive singular)
valkeillasi (adessive plural)
valkealtasi (ablative singular)
valkeiltasi (ablative plural)
valkeallesi (allative singular)
valkeillesi (allative plural)
valkeanasi (essive singular)
valkeinasi (essive plural)
valkeaksesi (singular translative)
valkeiksesi (plural translative)
valkeattasi (abessive singular)
valkeittasi (abessive plural)
valkeinesi (comitative plural)
valkeamme (nominative singular)
valkeamme (nominative plural)
valkeamme (accusative nominative singular)
valkeamme (accusative nominative plural)
valkeamme (accusative genitive singular)
valkeamme (accusative genitive plural)
valkeamme (genitive singular)
valkeidemme (genitive plural)
valkeittemme (genitive plural)
valkeaimme (genitive plural rare)
valkeaamme (partitive singular)
valkeatamme (partitive singular)
valkeitamme (partitive plural)
valkeassamme (inessive singular)
valkeissamme (inessive plural)
valkeastamme (elative singular)
valkeistamme (elative plural)
valkeaamme (illative singular)
valkeisiimme (illative plural)
valkeihimme (illative plural)
valkeallamme (adessive singular)
valkeillamme (adessive plural)
valkealtamme (ablative singular)
valkeiltamme (ablative plural)
valkeallemme (allative singular)
valkeillemme (allative plural)
valkeanamme (essive singular)
valkeinamme (essive plural)
valkeaksemme (singular translative)
valkeiksemme (plural translative)
valkeattamme (abessive singular)
valkeittamme (abessive plural)
valkeinemme (comitative plural)
valkeanne (nominative singular)
valkeanne (nominative plural)
valkeanne (accusative nominative singular)
valkeanne (accusative nominative plural)
valkeanne (accusative genitive singular)
valkeanne (accusative genitive plural)
valkeanne (genitive singular)
valkeidenne (genitive plural)
valkeittenne (genitive plural)
valkeainne (genitive plural rare)
valkeaanne (partitive singular)
valkeatanne (partitive singular)
valkeitanne (partitive plural)
valkeassanne (inessive singular)
valkeissanne (inessive plural)
valkeastanne (elative singular)
valkeistanne (elative plural)
valkeaanne (illative singular)
valkeisiinne (illative plural)
valkeihinne (illative plural)
valkeallanne (adessive singular)
valkeillanne (adessive plural)
valkealtanne (ablative singular)
valkeiltanne (ablative plural)
valkeallenne (allative singular)
valkeillenne (allative plural)
valkeananne (essive singular)
valkeinanne (essive plural)
valkeaksenne (singular translative)
valkeiksenne (plural translative)
valkeattanne (abessive singular)
valkeittanne (abessive plural)
valkeinenne (comitative plural)
valkeansa (nominative singular)
valkeansa (nominative plural)
valkeansa (accusative nominative singular)
valkeansa (accusative nominative plural)
valkeansa (accusative genitive singular)
valkeansa (accusative genitive plural)
valkeansa (genitive singular)
valkeidensa (genitive plural)
valkeittensa (genitive plural)
valkeainsa (genitive plural rare)
valkeataan (partitive singular)
valkeaansa (partitive singular)
valkeatansa (partitive singular)
valkeitaan (partitive plural)
valkeitansa (partitive plural)
valkeassaan (inessive singular)
valkeassansa (inessive singular)
valkeissaan (inessive plural)
valkeissansa (inessive plural)
valkeastaan (elative singular)
valkeastansa (elative singular)
valkeistaan (elative plural)
valkeistansa (elative plural)
valkeaansa (illative singular)
valkeisiinsa (illative plural)
valkeihinsa (illative plural)
valkeallaan (adessive singular)
valkeallansa (adessive singular)
valkeillaan (adessive plural)
valkeillansa (adessive plural)
valkealtaan (ablative singular)
valkealtansa (ablative singular)
valkeiltaan (ablative plural)
valkeiltansa (ablative plural)
valkealleen (allative singular)
valkeallensa (allative singular)
valkeilleen (allative plural)
valkeillensa (allative plural)
valkeanaan (essive singular)
valkeanansa (essive singular)
valkeinaan (essive plural)
valkeinansa (essive plural)
valkeakseen (singular translative)
valkeaksensa (singular translative)
valkeikseen (plural translative)
valkeiksensa (plural translative)
valkeattaan (abessive singular)
valkeattansa (abessive singular)
valkeittaan (abessive plural)
valkeittansa (abessive plural)
valkeineen (comitative plural)
valkeinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈʋɑ̝lk̟e̞ɑ̝]

From Proto-Finnic *valkëda, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *wëlketa, from *walke or *wëlke (“light”). Cognates include Karelian valkie, Estonian valge, Northern Sami vielgat, Erzya валдо (valdo), Udmurt -валь (-vaľ), and Hungarian világ.


valkea

valkea (nominative singular)
valkeat (nominative plural)
valkea (accusative nominative singular)
valkeat (accusative nominative plural)
valkean (accusative genitive singular)
valkeat (accusative genitive plural)
valkean (genitive singular)
valkeiden (genitive plural)
valkeitten (genitive plural)
valkeain (genitive plural rare)
valkeaa (partitive singular)
valkeata (partitive singular)
valkeita (partitive plural)
valkeassa (inessive singular)
valkeissa (inessive plural)
valkeasta (elative singular)
valkeista (elative plural)
valkeaan (illative singular)
valkeisiin (illative plural)
valkeihin (illative plural)
valkealla (adessive singular)
valkeilla (adessive plural)
valkealta (ablative singular)
valkeilta (ablative plural)
valkealle (allative singular)
valkeille (allative plural)
valkeana (essive singular)
valkeina (essive plural)
valkeaksi (singular translative)
valkeiksi (plural translative)
valkeatta (abessive singular)
valkeitta (abessive plural)
valkein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
valkeani (nominative singular)
valkeani (nominative plural)
valkeani (accusative nominative singular)
valkeani (accusative nominative plural)
valkeani (accusative genitive singular)
valkeani (accusative genitive plural)
valkeani (genitive singular)
valkeideni (genitive plural)
valkeitteni (genitive plural)
valkeaini (genitive plural rare)
valkeaani (partitive singular)
valkeatani (partitive singular)
valkeitani (partitive plural)
valkeassani (inessive singular)
valkeissani (inessive plural)
valkeastani (elative singular)
valkeistani (elative plural)
valkeaani (illative singular)
valkeisiini (illative plural)
valkeihini (illative plural)
valkeallani (adessive singular)
valkeillani (adessive plural)
valkealtani (ablative singular)
valkeiltani (ablative plural)
valkealleni (allative singular)
valkeilleni (allative plural)
valkeanani (essive singular)
valkeinani (essive plural)
valkeakseni (singular translative)
valkeikseni (plural translative)
valkeattani (abessive singular)
valkeittani (abessive plural)
valkeineni (comitative plural)
valkeasi (nominative singular)
valkeasi (nominative plural)
valkeasi (accusative nominative singular)
valkeasi (accusative nominative plural)
valkeasi (accusative genitive singular)
valkeasi (accusative genitive plural)
valkeasi (genitive singular)
valkeidesi (genitive plural)
valkeittesi (genitive plural)
valkeaisi (genitive plural rare)
valkeaasi (partitive singular)
valkeatasi (partitive singular)
valkeitasi (partitive plural)
valkeassasi (inessive singular)
valkeissasi (inessive plural)
valkeastasi (elative singular)
valkeistasi (elative plural)
valkeaasi (illative singular)
valkeisiisi (illative plural)
valkeihisi (illative plural)
valkeallasi (adessive singular)
valkeillasi (adessive plural)
valkealtasi (ablative singular)
valkeiltasi (ablative plural)
valkeallesi (allative singular)
valkeillesi (allative plural)
valkeanasi (essive singular)
valkeinasi (essive plural)
valkeaksesi (singular translative)
valkeiksesi (plural translative)
valkeattasi (abessive singular)
valkeittasi (abessive plural)
valkeinesi (comitative plural)
valkeamme (nominative singular)
valkeamme (nominative plural)
valkeamme (accusative nominative singular)
valkeamme (accusative nominative plural)
valkeamme (accusative genitive singular)
valkeamme (accusative genitive plural)
valkeamme (genitive singular)
valkeidemme (genitive plural)
valkeittemme (genitive plural)
valkeaimme (genitive plural rare)
valkeaamme (partitive singular)
valkeatamme (partitive singular)
valkeitamme (partitive plural)
valkeassamme (inessive singular)
valkeissamme (inessive plural)
valkeastamme (elative singular)
valkeistamme (elative plural)
valkeaamme (illative singular)
valkeisiimme (illative plural)
valkeihimme (illative plural)
valkeallamme (adessive singular)
valkeillamme (adessive plural)
valkealtamme (ablative singular)
valkeiltamme (ablative plural)
valkeallemme (allative singular)
valkeillemme (allative plural)
valkeanamme (essive singular)
valkeinamme (essive plural)
valkeaksemme (singular translative)
valkeiksemme (plural translative)
valkeattamme (abessive singular)
valkeittamme (abessive plural)
valkeinemme (comitative plural)
valkeanne (nominative singular)
valkeanne (nominative plural)
valkeanne (accusative nominative singular)
valkeanne (accusative nominative plural)
valkeanne (accusative genitive singular)
valkeanne (accusative genitive plural)
valkeanne (genitive singular)
valkeidenne (genitive plural)
valkeittenne (genitive plural)
valkeainne (genitive plural rare)
valkeaanne (partitive singular)
valkeatanne (partitive singular)
valkeitanne (partitive plural)
valkeassanne (inessive singular)
valkeissanne (inessive plural)
valkeastanne (elative singular)
valkeistanne (elative plural)
valkeaanne (illative singular)
valkeisiinne (illative plural)
valkeihinne (illative plural)
valkeallanne (adessive singular)
valkeillanne (adessive plural)
valkealtanne (ablative singular)
valkeiltanne (ablative plural)
valkeallenne (allative singular)
valkeillenne (allative plural)
valkeananne (essive singular)
valkeinanne (essive plural)
valkeaksenne (singular translative)
valkeiksenne (plural translative)
valkeattanne (abessive singular)
valkeittanne (abessive plural)
valkeinenne (comitative plural)
valkeansa (nominative singular)
valkeansa (nominative plural)
valkeansa (accusative nominative singular)
valkeansa (accusative nominative plural)
valkeansa (accusative genitive singular)
valkeansa (accusative genitive plural)
valkeansa (genitive singular)
valkeidensa (genitive plural)
valkeittensa (genitive plural)
valkeainsa (genitive plural rare)
valkeataan (partitive singular)
valkeaansa (partitive singular)
valkeatansa (partitive singular)
valkeitaan (partitive plural)
valkeitansa (partitive plural)
valkeassaan (inessive singular)
valkeassansa (inessive singular)
valkeissaan (inessive plural)
valkeissansa (inessive plural)
valkeastaan (elative singular)
valkeastansa (elative singular)
valkeistaan (elative plural)
valkeistansa (elative plural)
valkeaansa (illative singular)
valkeisiinsa (illative plural)
valkeihinsa (illative plural)
valkeallaan (adessive singular)
valkeallansa (adessive singular)
valkeillaan (adessive plural)
valkeillansa (adessive plural)
valkealtaan (ablative singular)
valkealtansa (ablative singular)
valkeiltaan (ablative plural)
valkeiltansa (ablative plural)
valkealleen (allative singular)
valkeallensa (allative singular)
valkeilleen (allative plural)
valkeillensa (allative plural)
valkeanaan (essive singular)
valkeanansa (essive singular)
valkeinaan (essive plural)
valkeinansa (essive plural)
valkeakseen (singular translative)
valkeaksensa (singular translative)
valkeikseen (plural translative)
valkeiksensa (plural translative)
valkeattaan (abessive singular)
valkeattansa (abessive singular)
valkeittaan (abessive plural)
valkeittansa (abessive plural)
valkeineen (comitative plural)
valkeinensa (comitative plural)

[ˈʋɑ̝lk̟e̞ɑ̝]

aamun valkea


deluge

From Middle English deluge, from Old French deluge, alteration of earlier deluvie, from Latin dīluvium, from dīluō (“wash away”). Doublet of diluvium.

deluge system, deluge gun, deluge set

2002, NAVEDTRA, Gunner's Mate 14324A
In the event of a restrained firing or canister overtemperature condition, the deluge system sprays cooling water within the canister until the overtemperature condition no longer exists.

On June 8, 2005, a decomposition reaction occurred in the manifold system on a mobile acetylene trailer at Western's Bellville plant that caused the fusible plugs of five cylinders to melt, releasing the products of decomposition. The materials released did not ignite before the deluge system was manually activated, controlling the incident. The incident started when a mobile acetylene trailer, with the cylinder valves open and the manifold fully pressurized, was moved into another bay and the block valve was opened, which initiated an acetylene decomposition reaction.

2009 January 13, National Transportation Safety Board, “Earlier Western Accidents”, in Special Investigation Report: Mobile Acetylene Trailer Accidents: Fire During Unloading in Dallas, Texas, July 25, 2007; Fire During Unloading in The Woodlands, Texas, August 7, 2007; and Overturn and Fire in East New Orleans, Louisiana, October 20, 2007, archived from the original on 2022-01-20, page 18:

(firefighting) A system for flooding or drenching a space, container, or area with water in an emergency to prevent or extinguish a fire.


-ase

Derived from ending of diastase; a libfix


toast

en-noun

toast (countable and uncountable, plural toasts)

→ Bulgarian: тост (tost)

→ Czech: toust, toast

→ Dutch: toost, toast

→ French: toast

→ Romanian: toast

→ German: Toast

→ Greek: τοστ (tost)

→ Hebrew: טוסט (tost)

→ Italian: toast

→ Japanese: トースト (tōsuto)

→ Korean: 토스트 (toseuteu)

→ Maori: tōhi

→ Macedonian: тост (tost)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: toast

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: toast

→ Polish: tost, toast

desctree

→ Russian: тост (tost)
→ Armenian: տոստ (tost)

→ Turkish: tost

→ Ukrainian: тост (tost)

→ Welsh: tost

Bill Murray
Dow Jones & Company
Ghostbusters
The Wall Street Journal

From Middle English tost, from the verb tosten (see below).
(person who is honored with a drink): First appears in print at the very end of the 17th century. The conventional assumption is that the use is metaphorical, “the name of a lady being supposed to flavour a drink like a spiced toast.” This is pure speculation, however, as the origin of the sense remains obscure.
(something that will be no more): Ad-libbed by actor Bill Murray in the 1984 film Ghostbusters (see quotation).

The metal frame survived the fire, but the plastic and rubber bits are toast.

(uncountable, slang, chiefly US) Something that is irreparably damaged or used up, especially when destroyed by heat or fire; something which has been burnt to a crisp or incinerated.


match

→ Bengali: ম্যাচ (mêc)

→ Hindi: माचिस (mācis)

→ Irish: meaits

→ Japanese: マッチ (matchi)

→ Jersey Dutch: match

→ Malay: macis, mancis

→ Pashto: ماچس (māčás)

→ Urdu: ماچس (mācis)

→ Welsh: matsis

From Middle English macche, mecche (“wick (of a candle)”), from Old French mesche, meische, from Vulgar Latin micca (compare Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia), which in turn is probably from Latin myxa (“nozzle, curved part of a lamp”), from Ancient Greek μύξα (múxa, “lamp wick”).

der

He struck a match and lit his cigarette.

A device made of wood or paper, at the tip coated with chemicals that ignite with the friction of being dragged (struck) against a rough dry surface.

自來火 /自来火

⁶zy-le-hu / ²zy⁶-le²-hou³ / ⁶zy-le²-hou³


on fire

From Middle English on fier, on fijre, on fire, on fyire, on fyre.

If the wind picks up and the flames spread, the whole town could go on fire.

I wouldn't piss on someone if they were on fire


light water

(inorganic chemistry) Water in its standard form of H₂O, containing two protium (¹H) hydrogen atoms, as opposed to heavy water (which contains deuterium, ²H).

The light water (AFFF) of the TACR was to be backed up by fluorinated protein foam instead of standard protein foam.

2001, Roger C. Mardon, An Illustrated History of Fire Engines, →ISBN, page 112:

These fires can be extinguished with water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, light water, vaporising liquids ("Halons"), carbon dioxide and dry powder.

2014, John R. Ridley, Safety at Work, →ISBN, page 504:

They can be extinguished by carbon dioxide, dry powder, water spray, light water and vaporising liquid

2015, Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, Introduction to Health and Safety at Work, →ISBN:

Foam formed by water and a fluorocarbon surfactant, used in firefighting because it floats on flammable liquids lighter than water.


fireman

By February 1944 there were over two thousand women employed at the Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company [...]. There were also female firemen on almost every shipyard crane [...].

1993, Nancy F. Cott, editor, History of Women in the United States. Historical Articles on Women's Lives and Activities. 15. Women and War, page 432:

For firemen everywhere rescuing cats from trees has been as much a part of the job as tackling blazing buildings.

30 June 2019, Don't call us for cats stuck in trees', Fire Brigade warns (Daily Telegraph)

(firefighting) Someone (especially one who is male) who is skilled in the work of fighting fire.


firewoman

A female fireman (person who heats a steam engine).


roast

en-verb

roast (third-person singular simple present roasts, present participle roasting, simple past and past participle roasted)

roasts (present singular third-person)
roasting (participle present)
roasted (participle past)
roasted (past)

From Middle English rosten, a borrowing from Old French rostir (“to roast, to torture with fire”), from Frankish *rōstijan (“to roast, broil”), from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną (“to roast”), from Proto-Indo-European *rews- (“to crackle; roast”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian rosterje (“to roast”), Dutch roosten, roosteren (“to roast”), German rösten (“to roast”).
Displaced native Middle English breden, bræden (“to roast”), from Old English brǣdan, related to German braten (“to roast, grill”).

der

roasted in wrath and fire

c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

To heat to excess; to heat violently; to burn.


enzyme

en-noun

enzyme (countable and uncountable, plural enzymes)

From German Enzym, coined 1878 by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne from Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).

affix

en:proteinaceous or ribonucleic biocatalyst

(biochemistry) A biomolecule that catalyses a biological chemical reaction: either a globular protein with this function or an RNA molecule with this function.

Coordinate term: ribozyme

(strictly) The protein type specifically.

(Christianity) Leavened bread, as opposed to azyme.


enzyme

From Ancient Greek ἐν (en, “in”) + ζύμη (zúmē, “sourdough”).


aflame

en-adj

aflame (comparative more aflame, superlative most aflame)

more aflame (comparative)
most aflame (superlative)

My heart's aflame, my body's strained, but, God, I like it

2006, “Wolf Like Me”, in Return to Cookie Mountain, performed by TV on the Radio:

In flames, on fire, flaming, with flames coming from it.


blaze

en-verb

blaze (third-person singular simple present blazes, present participle blazing, simple past and past participle blazed)

blazes (present singular third-person)
blazing (participle present)
blazed (participle past)
blazed (past)

From Middle English blasen, from Middle English blase (“torch”). See above.

The campfire blazed merrily.

(intransitive) To be on fire, especially producing bright flames.


campfire

[ˈkʰɛə̯mpˌfaɪ̯ɚ]

Come, stack arms, Men! Pile on the rails; stir up the campfire bright; no matter if the canteen fails, we'll make a roaring night. Here Shenandoah brawls along, there burly Blue Ridge echoes strong, to swell the Brigade's rousing song, of “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
We see him now — the old slouched hat cocked o’er his eye askew, the shrewd, dry smile, the speech so pat, so calm, so blunt, so true. The “Blue-Light Elder” knows ’em well; says he, “That’s Banks — he’s fond of shell; Lord save his soul! We’ll give him” — well, that’s “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
Silence! Ground arms! Kneel all! Caps off! Old Blue Light’s going to pray. Strangle the fool that dares to scoff: Attention! 'Tis his way. Appealing from his native sod in forma pauperis to God: “Lay bare thine arm, stretch forth thy rod! Amen!” That’s “Stonewall’s Way.”
He’s in the saddle now. Fall in! Steady, the whole brigade! Hill’s at the ford, cut off — we’ll win his way out, ball and blade! What matter if our shoes are worn? What matter if our feet are torn? “Quick step! We’re with him before the morn!” That’s “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
The sun’s bright lances rout the mists of morning, and by George! Here’s Longstreet struggling in the lists, hemmed in an ugly gorge. Pope and his Yankees, whipped before, “Bay’nets and grape!” hear Stonewall roar; “Charge, Stuart! Pay off Ashby’s score!” in “Stonewall Jackson’s Way.”
Ah! Maiden, wait and watch and yearn for news of Stonewall’s band! Ah! Widow read with eyes that burn that ring upon thy hand. Ah! Wife, sew on, pray on, hope on! Thy life shall not be all forlorn. The foe had better ne’er been born that gets in “Stonewall’s Way.”

1862, John Williamson Palmer, Stonewall Jackson's Way

Energy has seldom been found where we need it when we want it. Ancient nomads, wishing to ward off the evening chill and enjoy a meal around a campfire, had to collect wood and then spend time and effort coaxing the heat of friction out from between sticks to kindle a flame.

2013 July-August, Henry Petroski, “Geothermal Energy”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 4:

A fire at a campground or on a camping trip, often used for cooking, to provide light and heat, to drive away bugs, and as a focal point for sitting around in the evening and talking, telling stories, and singing.


fumus

la-noun

fūmus m (genitive fūmī); second declension

fūmus (canonical masculine)
fūmī (genitive)
fūmus (nominative singular)
fūmī (nominative plural)
fūmī (genitive singular)
fūmōrum (genitive plural)
fūmō (dative singular)
fūmīs (dative plural)
fūmum (accusative singular)
fūmōs (accusative plural)
fūmō (ablative singular)
fūmīs (ablative plural)
fūme (singular vocative)
fūmī (plural vocative)

Aromanian: fum

Asturian: fumu

Catalan: fum

English: fume

Franco-Provençal: fom

Friulian: fum

Istriot: fòumo

Italian: fumo

Occitan: fum, hum

Old French: fum

desctree

⇒ Old French: fumee
Middle French: fumee, fumée
French: fumée

Old Galician-Portuguese: fumo, fume
Galician: fume, fumo
Portuguese: fumo
Guinea-Bissau Creole: fumu
Kabuverdianu: fumu
→ Hunsrik: Fumm

Old Spanish: fumo
Ladino: fumo, umo
Spanish: humo, fumo (archaic)
Papiamentu: huma

Romanian: fum

Romansch: fim

Sardinian: fummu, fumu

Sicilian: fumu

Vulgar Latin: *affumāre (see there for further descendants)

From Proto-Italic *fūmos, from earlier *θūmos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). Cognates include Ancient Greek θῡμός (thūmós), Sanskrit धूम (dhūmá) and Old Church Slavonic дꙑмъ (dymŭ), English dust.

“‘Hīc, ubi disiectās mōlēs āvolsaque saxīs

29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.608–609

“‘Here, where piles [of masonry] have been scattered, and stones torn from stone, and you see billowing smoke mixed with dust, ….’”
(The destruction of Troy.)

saxa vidēs mixtōque undantem pulvere fūmum, ….’”


brand

English: brand

Scots: brand

Yola: broan, brone

From Old English brand, brond, from Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.


brand

brand (indefinite nominative singular)
brands (genitive indefinite singular)
branden (definite nominative singular)
brandens (definite genitive singular)
bränder (indefinite nominative plural)
bränders (genitive indefinite plural)
bränderna (definite nominative plural)
brändernas (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish brander, from Old Norse brandr, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenu-. A derivative of brinna.

en skogsbrand

en anlagd brand
an arson
(literally, “a [deliberately] set uncontrolled fire”)

a larger, uncontrolled fire (due to an accident, arson, or the like), a conflagration


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:


bake

en-verb

bake (third-person singular simple present bakes, present participle baking, simple past baked or (dialectal) book, past participle baked or (dialectal) baken)

bakes (present singular third-person)
baking (participle present)
baked (past)
book (dialectal past)
baked (participle past)
baken (dialectal participle past)

From Middle English baken, from Old English bacan (“to bake”), from Proto-West Germanic *bakan, from Proto-Germanic *bakaną (“to bake”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”).
Cognate with West Frisian bakke (“to bake”), Dutch bakken (“to bake”), Low German backen (“to bake”), German backen (“to bake”), Norwegian Bokmål bake (“to bake”), Danish bage (“to bake”), Swedish baka (“to bake”), Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “roast”, verb).

paska

to make baked goods or something into bread

(computer graphics, transitive) To fix (lighting, reflections, etc.) as part of the texture of an object to improve rendering performance.


immolate

en-verb

immolate (third-person singular simple present immolates, present participle immolating, simple past and past participle immolated)

immolates (present singular third-person)
immolating (participle present)
immolated (participle past)
immolated (past)

Borrowed from Latin immolō (“I sacrifice”) (past participle immolātus).

She imparted these stories gradually to Miss Crawley; gave her the whole benefit of them; felt it to be her bounden duty as a Christian woman and mother of a family to do so; had not the smallest remorse or compunction for the victim whom her tongue was immolating; nay, very likely thought her act was quite meritorious, and plumed herself upon her resolute manner of performing it.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, chapter 19, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC:


parch

parch (third-person singular simple present parches, present participle parching, simple past and past participle parched)

parches (present singular third-person)
parching (participle present)
parched (participle past)
parched (past)

From Middle English parchen, paarchen (“to parch; dry; roast”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant of Middle English perchen (“to roast”).

The sun today could parch cement.

(transitive) To burn the surface of, to scorch.


chauffeur

(firefighting) The driver of a fire truck.


flamma

la-noun

flamma f (genitive flammae); first declension

flammae (genitive)
flamma (nominative singular)
flammae (nominative plural)
flammae (genitive singular)
flammārum (genitive plural)
flammae (dative singular)
flammīs (dative plural)
flammam (accusative singular)
flammās (accusative plural)
flammā (ablative singular)
flammīs (ablative plural)
flamma (singular vocative)
flammae (plural vocative)

Insular Romance:

Sardinian: fiama, fiamma

Balkano-Romance:

Aromanian: fleamã

Italo-Romance:

Italian: fiamma

Sicilian: ciamma

Rhaeto-Romance:

Friulian: flame

Gallo-Romance:

Catalan: flama

Franco-Provençal: fllama

>? Occitan: flamba

Old French: flame

Middle French: flame

French: flame, flamme (latinized)

→ Middle English: flawme

English: flame

Ibero-Romance:

Asturian: llama

Old Galician-Portuguese: chama

Galician: chama

Portuguese: chama

Spanish: llama

⇒ Vulgar Latin: *flammizāre (see there for further descendants)

Borrowings:

→ German: Flamme

→ Danish: flamme

→ Norwegian Bokmål: flamme

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: flamme

desc

→ Greek: φλαμούρι (flamoúri), φλαμουριά (flamouriá)

→ Old Dutch: flamma

Middle Dutch: vlamme

desctree

Dutch: vlam
Afrikaans: vlam
Negerhollands: vlam

→ Swedish: flamma

→ Portuguese: flama

→ Romanian: flamă

→ Spanish: flama

→ Welsh: fflam

From Proto-Italic *flagmā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥-g-mh₂, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥g- (“to shimmer, gleam, shine”). Compare flagrō (“to blaze”) and fulgō (“to flash, shine”) from the same root, as well as Ancient Greek φλογμός (phlogmós, “flame”).

cog

Urbi ferrō flammāque minitatus est.

He threatened the city with fire and sword.


book burning

en-noun

book burning (countable and uncountable, plural book burnings)

(literally) A mass burning of books, intended as a form of political and/or religious censorship.

Exhuming McCarthy (meet me at the book burning, meet me at the book burning)

1987, “Exhuming McCarthy”, in Document (R.E.M. No. 5), performed by R.E.M.:

(by extension, idiomatic) Any mass destruction, removal, or recalling of books, motion pictures, broadcasts, or electronic works as a form of censorship, especially motivated by religious or political objections to the material.


foam

foam (countable and uncountable, plural foams)

From Middle English fom, foom, from Old English fām, from Proto-West Germanic *faim, from Proto-Germanic *faimaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poHy-m-os, from *(s)poH(y)- (“foam”). Cognate with German Feim (“foam”), Latin spūma (“foam”), Latin pūmex (“pumice”), Sanskrit फेन (phéna, “foam”), possibly Northern Kurdish fê (“epilepsy”).

skuim

A substance composed of a large collection of bubbles or their solidified remains, especially:

(firefighting) A collection of small bubbles formed by mixing an extinguishing agent with water, used to cover and extinguish fires.


foam

en-verb

foam (third-person singular simple present foams, present participle foaming, simple past and past participle foamed)

foams (present singular third-person)
foaming (participle present)
foamed (participle past)
foamed (past)

It used to be common practice to foam the runway prior to an emergency landing, in case a fuel-fed fire occurred.

(firefighting) To coat or cover with foam.


unburnt

en-adj

unburnt (comparative more unburnt, superlative most unburnt)

more unburnt (comparative)
most unburnt (superlative)


אש

he-noun

אֵשׁ • (esh) f (plural indefinite אִשִּׁים, singular construct אֵשׁ־, plural construct אִשֵּׁי־) [pattern: קֵטֶל]

אֵשׁ (canonical)
esh (romanization)
אִשִּׁים (indefinite plural)
אֵשׁ־ (construct singular)
אִשֵּׁי־ (construct plural)

From Proto-Semitic *ʔiš- (“fire”). Cognate with Akkadian 𒉈 (išātum, “fire”) and Ge'ez እሳት (ʾəsat, “fire”).

וַיֵּרָא מַלְאַךְ ה׳ אֵלָיו בְּלַבַּת אֵשׁ מִתּוֹךְ הַסְּנֶה וַיַּרְא וְהִנֵּה הַסְּנֶה בֹּעֵר בָּאֵשׁ וְהַסְּנֶה אֵינֶנּוּ אֻכָּל׃

אבינו מלכנו
אָבִינוּ מַלְכֵּנוּ עֲשֵׂה לְמַעַן בָּאֵי בָּאֵשׁ וּבַמַּיִם עַל קִדּוּשׁ שְׁמֶךָ.

מְדוּרָה

controlled fire in the open air, bonfire


blast

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

The sound produced by thunder or storms.


andiron

From Middle English aundire, aundiren, from Old French andier (possibly from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”)) compare Welsh anner, annair (“heifer”), Breton annoar (“heifer”), from Proto-Celtic *anderā (“young woman”), due either to their somewhat animal-like appearance of four legs or to the prominent figuring of bull and heifer design elements; compare its alternative names of fire-dog and dog-iron. Spelling influenced by iron.

The furniture was old-fashioned and massive. The great brass andirons on the wide hearth stood like sentinels proclaiming and guarding the dignity of the family. The spreading antlers on the wall testified to a mighty hunter in some past generation.

1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, chapter 7, in The House Behind the Cedars:

(usually in the plural) A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side

capfoguer

a utensil for supporting wood while burning


set on fire

en-verb

set on fire (third-person singular simple present sets on fire, present participle setting on fire, simple past and past participle set on fire)

sets on fire (present singular third-person)
setting on fire (participle present)
set on fire (participle past)
set on fire (past)

I don't want to set the world on fire / I just want to start a flame in your heart

1941 [1938], Bennie Benjamin, Eddie Durham, Sol Marcus, Eddie Seiler (lyrics and music), “I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire” (0:05 from the start), performed by The Ink Spots, Decca:


fireplace

Sepia Delft tiles surrounded the fireplace, their crudely drawn Biblical scenes in faded cyclamen blending with the pinkish pine, while above them, instead of a mantelshelf, there was an archway high enough to form a balcony with slender balusters and a tapestry-hung wall behind.

1963, Margery Allingham, chapter 3, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC:

Opposite the old church is a Tudor black-and-white cottage, flanked at one end by the Brocket Arms, a splendid 400-year-old pub with stone-flagged floors, a vast inglenook fireplace and a garden full of oak tables and benches for summer evening meditation.

1980, AA Book of British Villages, Drive Publications Ltd, page 45:

An open hearth for holding a fire at the base of a chimney.


chimenea

→ English: chimenea

From Old Spanish chimenea, from older cheminea (via vowel metathesis), from Old French cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta. Compare English chimney.


hearth

From Middle English herth, herthe, from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ, from Proto-Germanic *herþaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kerh₃- (“heat; fire”). Cognate with West Frisian hurd, Dutch haard, German Herd, Swedish härd.


hogar

Inherited from Old Spanish fogar, from Vulgar Latin focāris, from Latin focus. Compare Galician fogar, English foyer.


precipitate

From New Latin praecipitatum. Equivalent to Latin praecipitō + -ate (noun-forming suffix).

af

As for the musculature it is a precipitate of Spirit and the signature of the cosmos is in it.

1976 September, Saul Bellow, Humboldt’s Gift, New York, N.Y.: Avon Books, →ISBN, page 381:

A product resulting from a process, event, or course of action.


fire drill

There is no machine on earth so potent, yet so simple and elegant, as the two sticks of the Native American fire drill;

1999, Paul Douglas Campbell, Survival Skills of Native California, →ISBN, page 4:

A fire-starting tool consisting of a wooden rod and some primitive means of rapidly rotating the rod on a flat surface like a drill until tinder can be ignited.


firework

Commercial firework displays are commonly launched from boats or other vessels

Saltpetre being the principal ingredient in fireworks, and a volatile body, by reaſon of its aqueous and aërial parts, is eaſily rarified by fire; but not ſo ſoon when foul and groſs, as when purified from its crude and earthy parts, which greatly retard its velocity: therefore, when any quantity of Fireworks are to be made, it ſhould be examined; for if it is not well cleanſed, and of a good ſort, your works will not have their proper effect; […]

1776, Robert Jones, John Muller, “Sect. I. Saltpetre.”, in Artificial Fireworks, Improved to the Modern Practice, from the Minutest to the Highest Branches; … Also, Mr. Muller's Fireworks, for Sea and Land Service, …, 2nd corr. edition, London: Printed for J. Millan, near Whitehall, →OCLC, page 1:

A device using gunpowder and other chemicals which, when lit, emits a combination of coloured flames, sparks, whistles or bangs, and sometimes made to rocket high into the sky before exploding, used for entertainment or celebration.


spark

→ Esperanto: sparko

→ Japanese: スパーク

From Middle English sparke, sperke, from Old English spearca, from Proto-West Germanic *sparkō (compare Saterland Frisian Spoorke, West Frisian spark, Dutch spark, German Low German Sparke, German Sparke), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz (“lively, energetic”), from Proto-Indo-European *sperg- (“to strew, sprinkle”) (compare Breton erc’h (“snow”), Latin spargō (“to scatter, spread”), sparsus (“scattered”), Lithuanian sprógti (“to germinate”), Ancient Greek σπαργάω (spargáō, “to swell”), Avestan 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬈𐬔𐬀 (frasparega, “branch, twig”), Sanskrit पर्जन्य (parjanya, “rain, rain god”)).

cog

A small particle of glowing matter, either molten or on fire, resulting from an electrical surge or excessive heat created by friction.


fiery

en-adj

fiery (comparative more fiery or fierier, superlative most fiery or fieriest)

more fiery (comparative)
fierier (comparative)
most fiery (superlative)
fieriest (superlative)

From Middle English fyry, from fyr (“fire”). Equivalent to fire + -y.

Blast after blast, fiery outbreak after fiery outbreak, like a flaming barrage from within,[…]most of Edison's grounds soon became an inferno. As though on an incendiary rampage, the fires systematically devoured the contents of Edison's headquarters and facilities.

2006, Edwin Black, chapter 1, in Internal Combustion:


ardent

ca-adj

ardent m or f (masculine and feminine plural ardents)


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.


goer

From Middle English goere, equivalent to go + -er. Compare German Geher (“goer, walker”).

[…] multiple calls on Southwark's ground. From the radio traffic it sounded like they had a goer.

2023, A. J. Taylor, Firefighting: Better than Working for a Living:

(firefighting, slang) A fire incident in progress.


khan

From Proto-Mongolic *gal, perhaps related to Proto-Tungusic *gụl-.
Compare Mongolian гал (gal), Evenki гулдай (guldaj, “to light, kindle”).


lar

From Latin lārem, in its current form most likely a learned borrowing. A popular or inherited form also existed, referring to the irons in a hearth on which vats were hung to heat water or make stews. The word may ultimately be of Etruscan origin. Doublet of llar.


loge

logen (definite singular)
logar (indefinite plural)
logane (definite plural)

From Old Norse logi. Shares a far back origin with lys (“light”). Thus it ultimately derives from Proto-Indo-European *lewk- (“bright, shine”).


loge

loga (definite singular)
loger (indefinite plural)
logene (definite plural)


tine

head

tine f (genitive singular tine or tineadh, nominative plural tinte or tintreacha)

tine (genitive singular)
tineadh (genitive singular)
tinte (nominative plural)
tintreacha (nominative plural)
nominative (indefinite)
tine (indefinite singular)
tinte (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a thine (indefinite singular)
a thinte (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an tine (definite singular)
na tinte (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na tine (definite singular)
na dtinte (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an tine (definite singular)
don tine (definite singular)
leis na tinte (definite plural)
nominative (indefinite)
tine (indefinite singular)
tinte (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a thine (indefinite singular)
a thinte (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
tineadh (indefinite singular)
dative (indefinite)
tinidh (archaic dialectal indefinite singular)
nominative (definite)
an tine (definite singular)
na tinte (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na tineadh (definite singular)
na dtinte (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an tine (definite singular)
leis an tinidh (archaic definite dialectal singular)
don tine (definite singular)
don tinidh (archaic definite dialectal singular)
leis na tinte (definite plural)
tine
thine
dtine

From Old Irish teine, from Proto-Celtic *teɸnets, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“hot”).


bale

English: bale (archaic)

Scots: bale

Either from Old English bǣl, Old Norse bál, or a conflation of both; in any case, from Proto-Germanic *bēlą.


beacon

From Middle English beken, from Old English bēacn (“sign, signal”), from Proto-West Germanic *baukn, from Proto-Germanic *baukną (compare West Frisian beaken (“buoy”), Dutch baken (“beacon”), Middle Low German bāke (“beacon, sign”), German Bake (“traffic sign”), Middle High German bouchen (“sign”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂u-, *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”).

emergency position indicating radio beacon


char

en-verb

char (third-person singular simple present chars, present participle charring, simple past and past participle charred)

chars (present singular third-person)
charring (participle present)
charred (participle past)
charred (past)

I charred the wood.

The wood charred.

(ergative) To burn something to charcoal; to be burnt to charcoal.


chlorination

en-noun

chlorination (countable and uncountable, plural chlorinations)

(chemistry) The act or process of chlorinating something; especially, the addition of chlorine to water to purify it, and a process for the extraction of gold by exposure of the auriferous material to chlorine gas.


conflagration

conflagration (countable and uncountable, plural conflagrations)

/ˌkɒnfləˈɡɹeɪʃən/

From Middle French, from Latin cōnflagrātiō (“burning, conflagration”).

der

It took sixty firefighters to put out the conflagration.

And back to hell his way did he take, / For the Devil thought by a slight mistake / It was general conflagration.

1834 [1799], Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey, “The Devil's Thoughts”, in The Poetical Works of S. T. Coleridge, volume II, London: W. Pickering, page 87:

en:A large, ferocious, and destructive fire

A large fire extending to many objects, or over a large space; a general burning.

حَرِيق

a large, ferocious, and destructive fire