فارسی

ur-noun

فارْسِی • (fārsī) f (Hindi spelling फ़ारसी)

فارْسِی (canonical)
fārsī (romanization)
फ़ारसी (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian فَارْسِی (fārsī), from Arabic فَارِسِي (fārisī), from Early New Persian پَارْسِی (pārsī, “Persian”).


Alsatian

The Germanic lect (language or dialect) spoken in Alsace.


gaulois

From Middle French, from Old French gualeis (“Welsh”) (compare Old French walois (“langue d'oil”)), from Frankish *walhisk (“Roman”), from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“non-Germanic, foreign”). Cognate with Old High German walahisc (“Roman”), Old English wǣlisċ, wīelisċ (“foreign, Celtic”). More at Welsh, Gaul.


Yale

Ultimately borrowed from Welsh Iâl, from iâl (“clearing, cultivated upland”). The surname is habitational. The university is named for Elihu Yale, a notable early benefactor.

A university in the eastern United States.

A romanisation scheme originating from Yale University.

A romanisation scheme designed for Mandarin.

Coordinate term: Jyutping

A romanisation scheme designed for Cantonese.

A romanisation scheme designed for Japanese.

A romanisation scheme designed for Korean.

A surname transferred from the place name.


Armeens

Armenian (the language spoken by the Armenian people)


Latino sine Flexione

An artificial language based on a simplified version of Latin without inflections; also known as Interlingua


quốc ngữ

[kuək̚˧˦ ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]

[kuək̚˦˧˥ ŋɨ˧˨]

[wək̚˦˥ ŋɨ˨˩˦]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 國語 (“national language; official language”).

vi-etym-sino

the modern Vietnamese writing system based on the Latin alphabet

(literary) national language; official language


国字

kokuji (kanji invented outside of China)


旧字体

ja-noun

旧(きゅう)字(じ)体(たい) • (kyūjitai) ^(←きうじたい (kiuzitai)?)

旧字体 (canonical)
kiuzitai (romanization)
きうじたい (hiragana historical)

旧 (kyū-, “old”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”)

prefix

kyūjitai (traditional form of Japanese kanji used before 1947)


新字体

[ɕĩɲ̟d͡ʑita̠i]

新 (shin-, “new”) + 字体 (jitai, “character form”).

shinjitai (a form of Japanese kanji used after 1947)


國語

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/kuɛt̚⁵ ˈn̠ʲy²¹³/

/kuoʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³⁻⁴ u⁴⁴⁵/

/koʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɔːk̚³ jyː¹³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁵ ᵑɡui²¹⁻²¹⁵/

/kuɛt̚⁵ ˈn̠ʲy²¹³/

/kuoʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡi⁵⁵⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/kɔk̚³⁻⁴ u⁴⁴⁵/

/koʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

GT - General Taiwanese (not particular region identified)

你會說國語嗎？

你会说国语吗？

national language; language specific to or of official usage in a nation

(chiefly Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien, colloquial in Hong Kong, dated in Mainland China, obsolete in Malaysia) Mandarin Chinese; standard Chinese

(usually in contrast with 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, “mainland Chinese Mandarin”)) Taiwanese Mandarin; Guoyu

(Malaysia) Malay, the national language of Malaysia

(historical) under conquest dynasties founded by non-Han groups, the language of the conquering ethnic group: Khitan under the Liao, Mongol under the Yuan, Manchu under the Qing, etc.

(Vietnamese Classical Chinese) Vietnamese


shinjitai

Transliteration from Japanese 新(しん)字(じ)体(たい) (shinjitai).

Coordinate term: kyūjitai

However, when a traditional “correct” radical has been obscured by the postwar adoption of a simplified form (shinjitai), that radical is simply ignored.

1992, The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, volume 26, issue 1, page 47:

The simplified form of Japanese kanji used after 1947.


turkki

turkki (nominative singular)
turkki (accusative nominative singular)
turkin (accusative genitive singular)
turkin (genitive singular)
turkkia (partitive singular)
turkissa (inessive singular)
turkista (elative singular)
turkkiin (illative singular)
turkilla (adessive singular)
turkilta (ablative singular)
turkille (allative singular)
turkkina (essive singular)
turkiksi (singular translative)
turkitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
turkkini (nominative singular)
turkkini (accusative nominative singular)
turkkini (accusative genitive singular)
turkkini (genitive singular)
turkkiani (partitive singular)
turkissani (inessive singular)
turkistani (elative singular)
turkkiini (illative singular)
turkillani (adessive singular)
turkiltani (ablative singular)
turkilleni (allative singular)
turkkinani (essive singular)
turkikseni (singular translative)
turkittani (abessive singular)
turkkisi (nominative singular)
turkkisi (accusative nominative singular)
turkkisi (accusative genitive singular)
turkkisi (genitive singular)
turkkiasi (partitive singular)
turkissasi (inessive singular)
turkistasi (elative singular)
turkkiisi (illative singular)
turkillasi (adessive singular)
turkiltasi (ablative singular)
turkillesi (allative singular)
turkkinasi (essive singular)
turkiksesi (singular translative)
turkittasi (abessive singular)
turkkimme (nominative singular)
turkkimme (accusative nominative singular)
turkkimme (accusative genitive singular)
turkkimme (genitive singular)
turkkiamme (partitive singular)
turkissamme (inessive singular)
turkistamme (elative singular)
turkkiimme (illative singular)
turkillamme (adessive singular)
turkiltamme (ablative singular)
turkillemme (allative singular)
turkkinamme (essive singular)
turkiksemme (singular translative)
turkittamme (abessive singular)
turkkinne (nominative singular)
turkkinne (accusative nominative singular)
turkkinne (accusative genitive singular)
turkkinne (genitive singular)
turkkianne (partitive singular)
turkissanne (inessive singular)
turkistanne (elative singular)
turkkiinne (illative singular)
turkillanne (adessive singular)
turkiltanne (ablative singular)
turkillenne (allative singular)
turkkinanne (essive singular)
turkiksenne (singular translative)
turkittanne (abessive singular)
turkkinsa (nominative singular)
turkkinsa (accusative nominative singular)
turkkinsa (accusative genitive singular)
turkkinsa (genitive singular)
turkkiaan (partitive singular)
turkkiansa (partitive singular)
turkissaan (inessive singular)
turkissansa (inessive singular)
turkistaan (elative singular)
turkistansa (elative singular)
turkkiinsa (illative singular)
turkillaan (adessive singular)
turkillansa (adessive singular)
turkiltaan (ablative singular)
turkiltansa (ablative singular)
turkilleen (allative singular)
turkillensa (allative singular)
turkkinaan (essive singular)
turkkinansa (essive singular)
turkikseen (singular translative)
turkiksensa (singular translative)
turkittaan (abessive singular)
turkittansa (abessive singular)


Bosnian

en-noun

Bosnian (countable and uncountable, plural Bosnians)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina

(uncountable) The standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken primarily by Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

gjuha boshnjake

the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian


Maleis

From Dutch Maleis, from obsolete Malei + -s, from Malay Melayu.


Kashmiri

The Dardic Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kashmir.


Kashmiri

de-proper noun

Kashmiri n (proper noun, strong, genitive Kashmiri or Kashmiris)

Kashmiri (genitive)
Kashmiris (genitive)

one of the languages spoken in India and Pakistan; Kashmiri


தமிழ்

ta-proper noun

தமிழ் • (tamiḻ)

tamiḻ (romanization)
தமிழ் (nominative singular)
தமிழே (singular vocative)
தமிழை (accusative singular)
தமிழுக்கு (dative singular)
தமிழுக்காக (benefactive singular)
தமிழுடைய (genitive genitive-i singular)
தமிழின் (genitive genitive-ii singular)
தமிழில் (locative locative-i singular)
தமிழிடம் (locative locative-ii singular)
தமிழோடு (singular sociative sociative-i)
தமிழுடன் (singular sociative sociative-ii)
தமிழால் (instrumental singular)
தமிழிலிருந்து (ablative singular)

→ English: Tamil

→ Old Kannada: ತಮಿೞ (tamiḻa)

Kannada: ತಮಿಳು (tamiḷu)

→ Malayalam: തമിഴ് (tamiḻŭ)

→ Marathi: तमिळ (tamiḷ)

→ Tulu: ತಮುಳು (tamuḷu)

desc

→? Sanskrit: द्रमिल (dramila), द्रविड (draviḍa), द्राविड (drāviḍa)

→ French: Tamoul

According to Bhadriraju Krishnamurthi (2003), earlier recorded as Pali damiḷa. Further etymology unknown. Various hypotheses have been adduced. The main ones consider this word a compound of some sort:
# K. V. Zvelebil (1990) proposes that தமிழ் (tamiḻ) is derived from the verb தகு (taku, “to fit properly”) with the evolution tak- > tav- > tam-.
# Koskinen (1996) speculates a relationship with the name of the lotus flower தாமரை (tāmarai), attested also with the variant தம்மி (tammi), and having cognates in Malayalam താമര (tāmara), Kannada ತಾಮರೆ (tāmare), Tulu ತಾಮರೆ (tāmare) and Telugu తామర (tāmara).
# Southworth (1998) suggests a derivation like *tam-miẓ > tam-iḻ “one's own speech”, considering the final part as a reduced form of மொழி (moḻi, “word, speech”).
However, there are problems with each of these attempts. The sounds -k- and -v- are nowhere attested as variants; moreover, the underlying form of மொழி (moḻi) is Proto-Dravidian *moẓ-, not *miẓ-. The etymology of the word therefore remains unknown.


Tajiki

The dialect of the Persian language spoken in Central Asia, especially in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.


Chumash

From Ineseño čʰumaš (“the Island Chumash people”).


Tigrinya

/tɪˈɡɹiːnjə/

From Tigrinya ትግርኛ (təgrəñña). The spelling Tigrigna came via Italian.

A Semitic language of Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is written in the Ge'ez alphabet.

提格利尼亚语

tígélìníyàyǔ


isiZulu

isíZulu (canonical class-7)
isiZulu (class-7 full-form singular)
siZulu (basic-form class-7 singular)
esiZulwini (class-7 locative singular)
yisiZulu (class-7 copulative singular)
wesiZulu (class-1 possessive singular)
owesiZulu (class-1 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
besiZulu (class-2 possessive singular)
abesiZulu (class-2 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
wesiZulu (class-3 possessive singular)
owesiZulu (class-3 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
yesiZulu (class-4 possessive singular)
eyesiZulu (class-4 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
lesiZulu (class-5 possessive singular)
elesiZulu (class-5 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
esiZulu (class-6 possessive singular)
awesiZulu (class-6 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
sesiZulu (class-7 possessive singular)
esesiZulu (class-7 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
zesiZulu (class-8 possessive singular)
ezesiZulu (class-8 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
yesiZulu (class-9 possessive singular)
eyesiZulu (class-9 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
zesiZulu (class-10 possessive singular)
ezesiZulu (class-10 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
lwesiZulu (class-11 possessive singular)
olwesiZulu (class-11 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
besiZulu (class-14 possessive singular)
obesiZulu (class-14 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
kwesiZulu (class-15 possessive singular)
okwesiZulu (class-15 possessive possessive-substantive singular)
kwesiZulu (class-17 possessive singular)
okwesiZulu (class-17 possessive possessive-substantive singular)


Norwegisch

de-proper noun

Norwegisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Norwegisch or Norwegischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Norwegische, alternative genitive Norwegischen, no plural)

Norwegisch (genitive)
Norwegischs (genitive)
Norwegische (alternative nominative)
Norwegischen (alternative genitive)

Bokmål

Neunorwegisch (in a broad sense, distinguished from Altnorwegisch (“Old Norwegian”) and Mittelnorwegisch (“Middle Norwegian”))

Nynorsk = Neunorwegisch

in a strict sense, distinguished from Landsmål/Landsmaal, Bokmål/Bokmaal and Riksmål/Riksmaal


ગુજરાતી

head

ગુજરાતી • (gujrātī) f

gu-proper noun

ગુજરાતી • (gujrātī) f

મને ગુજરાતી આવડે છે।


Faroese

/ˌfɛəɹəʊˈiːz/

From Faroe + -ese, from Faroese Føroyar.

Of or pertaining to the Faroe Islands, Faroese people or language.

ֆարերյան

of or pertaining to the Faroe Islands, Faroese people or language


Faroese

/ˌfɛəɹəʊˈiːz/

A person from the Faroe Islands; a Faroe Islander.


Faroese

/ˌfɛəɹəʊˈiːz/

The language of the Faroe Islands, closely related to Icelandic, and more distantly to Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish.


slovinčina

slovinčina (nominative singular)
slovinčiny (nominative plural)
slovinčiny (genitive singular)
slovinčín (genitive plural)
slovinčine (dative singular)
slovinčinám (dative plural)
slovinčinu (accusative singular)
slovinčiny (accusative plural)
slovinčine (locative singular)
slovinčinách (locative plural)
slovinčinou (instrumental singular)
slovinčinami (instrumental plural)


slovenčina

slovenčina (nominative singular)
slovenčiny (nominative plural)
slovenčiny (genitive singular)
slovenčín (genitive plural)
slovenčine (dative singular)
slovenčinám (dative plural)
slovenčinu (accusative singular)
slovenčiny (accusative plural)
slovenčine (locative singular)
slovenčinách (locative plural)
slovenčinou (instrumental singular)
slovenčinami (instrumental plural)


κινέζικα

kinézika (romanization)
κινέζικα (nominative plural)
κινέζικων (genitive plural)
κινέζικα (accusative plural)
κινέζικα (plural vocative)

Alternative form (more formal): κινεζικά n pl (kineziká)

Chinese (the language of China its people)


Cymraeg

cy-adj

Cymraeg (feminine singular Cymraeg, plural Cymraeg, not comparable)

Cymraeg (feminine singular)
Cymraeg (plural)
Cymraeg (mutation mutation-radical)
Gymraeg (mutation mutation-soft)
Nghymraeg (mutation mutation-nasal)
Chymraeg (mutation mutation-aspirate)

Mae'n gweithio i'r wasg Gymraeg.

He/She works for the Welsh (language) press.

Welsh, Welsh-language (with reference to the language only, not the nationality)

Mae'n dod o deulu Cymraeg.

He/She comes from a Welsh-speaking family.


Mozarabic

/məʊˈzæɹəbɪk/

A continuum of closely related Romance dialects spoken in Muslim-dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of Romance language development in Iberia.


тайский

ru-adj

та́йский • (tájskij)

та́йский (canonical)
tájskij (romanization)
та́йский (masculine nominative)
та́йское (neuter nominative)
та́йская (feminine nominative)
та́йские (nominative plural)
та́йского (genitive masculine neuter)
та́йской (feminine genitive)
та́йских (genitive plural)
та́йскому (dative masculine neuter)
та́йской (dative feminine)
та́йским (dative plural)
та́йского (accusative animate masculine)
та́йское (accusative neuter)
та́йскую (accusative feminine)
та́йских (accusative animate plural)
та́йский (accusative inanimate masculine)
та́йские (accusative inanimate plural)
та́йским (instrumental masculine neuter)
та́йской (feminine instrumental)
та́йскою (feminine instrumental)
та́йскими (instrumental plural)
та́йском (masculine neuter prepositional)
та́йской (feminine prepositional)
та́йских (plural prepositional)


ungerska

ungerska (indefinite nominative singular)
ungerskan (definite nominative singular)
ungerskor (indefinite nominative plural)
ungerskorna (definite nominative plural)
ungerskas (genitive indefinite singular)
ungerskans (definite genitive singular)
ungerskors (genitive indefinite plural)
ungerskornas (definite genitive plural)


Moabite

An extinct Canaanite Semitic language, spoken in Moab (modern-day northwestern Jordan). Extinct since 5th century BCE.


japonés

→ Tagalog: Hapones


Englisc

Englisċ (canonical neuter)
Englisċ (nominative singular)
Englisċ (accusative singular)
Englisċes (genitive singular)
Englisċe (dative singular)

Spricst þū Englisċ?

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Manuscript D
Hēr sind on þissum īeġlande fīf ġeþēodu: Englisċ, Bretwīelisċ, Sċyttisċ, Pihtisċ, and Bōclǣden.

Here on this island, there are five languages: English, British, Scottish, Pictish, and Latin.


latín

Borrowed from Latin latīne, or possibly through a Gallo-Romance source. Cf. latino, also ladino.

Latin (the language of the ancient Romans)


ລາວ

Compare Thai ลาว (laao), Northern Thai ᩃᩣ᩠ᩅ, Lü ᦟᦱᧁ (laaw), Shan လၢဝ်း (láao), Khmer ឡាវ (laav), Proto-Austroasiatic *k.raw. More at Lao.

ພາສາລາວ

ຄົນລາວ


Old English

(linguistics, history) The ancestor language of Modern English, also called Anglo-Saxon, spoken in most of Britain from about 400 to 1100.


አማርኛ

head

አማርኛ • (ʾämarəñña) ?

am-noun

አማርኛ • (ʾämarəñña) ?


Estisch

Estisch (adverbial positive predicative)
Estischer (adverbial comparative predicative)
het Estischt (adverbial predicative superlative)
het Estischte (adverbial predicative superlative)
Estische (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
Estischere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
Estischte (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
Estisch (indefinite neuter positive singular)
Estischer (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
Estischte (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
Estische (indefinite plural positive)
Estischere (comparative indefinite plural)
Estischte (indefinite plural superlative)
Estische (definite positive)
Estischere (comparative definite)
Estischte (definite superlative)
Estisch (partitive positive)
Estischers (comparative partitive)


it.

(lexicography) Italian language; abbreviation of italienska.


Chechen

From Russian чечен- (čečen-), the root in чече́нец (čečénec, “a Chechen man”) or чече́нский (čečénskij, “Chechen (adjective)”).

The language of the Chechens, a member of the Nakh family.


yap

yap (nominative singular)
yap (accusative nominative singular)
yapin (accusative genitive singular)
yapin (genitive singular)
yapia (partitive singular)
yapissa (inessive singular)
yapista (elative singular)
yapiin (illative singular)
yapilla (adessive singular)
yapilta (ablative singular)
yapille (allative singular)
yapina (essive singular)
yapiksi (singular translative)
yapitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
yapini (nominative singular)
yapini (accusative nominative singular)
yapini (accusative genitive singular)
yapini (genitive singular)
yapiani (partitive singular)
yapissani (inessive singular)
yapistani (elative singular)
yapiini (illative singular)
yapillani (adessive singular)
yapiltani (ablative singular)
yapilleni (allative singular)
yapinani (essive singular)
yapikseni (singular translative)
yapittani (abessive singular)
yapisi (nominative singular)
yapisi (accusative nominative singular)
yapisi (accusative genitive singular)
yapisi (genitive singular)
yapiasi (partitive singular)
yapissasi (inessive singular)
yapistasi (elative singular)
yapiisi (illative singular)
yapillasi (adessive singular)
yapiltasi (ablative singular)
yapillesi (allative singular)
yapinasi (essive singular)
yapiksesi (singular translative)
yapittasi (abessive singular)
yapimme (nominative singular)
yapimme (accusative nominative singular)
yapimme (accusative genitive singular)
yapimme (genitive singular)
yapiamme (partitive singular)
yapissamme (inessive singular)
yapistamme (elative singular)
yapiimme (illative singular)
yapillamme (adessive singular)
yapiltamme (ablative singular)
yapillemme (allative singular)
yapinamme (essive singular)
yapiksemme (singular translative)
yapittamme (abessive singular)
yapinne (nominative singular)
yapinne (accusative nominative singular)
yapinne (accusative genitive singular)
yapinne (genitive singular)
yapianne (partitive singular)
yapissanne (inessive singular)
yapistanne (elative singular)
yapiinne (illative singular)
yapillanne (adessive singular)
yapiltanne (ablative singular)
yapillenne (allative singular)
yapinanne (essive singular)
yapiksenne (singular translative)
yapittanne (abessive singular)
yapinsa (nominative singular)
yapinsa (accusative nominative singular)
yapinsa (accusative genitive singular)
yapinsa (genitive singular)
yapiaan (partitive singular)
yapiansa (partitive singular)
yapissaan (inessive singular)
yapissansa (inessive singular)
yapistaan (elative singular)
yapistansa (elative singular)
yapiinsa (illative singular)
yapillaan (adessive singular)
yapillansa (adessive singular)
yapiltaan (ablative singular)
yapiltansa (ablative singular)
yapilleen (allative singular)
yapillensa (allative singular)
yapinaan (essive singular)
yapinansa (essive singular)
yapikseen (singular translative)
yapiksensa (singular translative)
yapittaan (abessive singular)
yapittansa (abessive singular)

Yapese (Austronesian language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia, especially by the inhabitants of Yap)


Scots

Borrowed from Scots Scots, from Middle Scots Scottis, from Old English Scottysċ, a late variant of earlier Scyttisċ (“Scottish”). Doublet of Scottish.

A Germanic language closely related to English and descended from northern dialects of Middle English, spoken in parts of Scotland, now especially in the northeastern and southern regions of the country.


Sprache

de-noun

Sprache f (genitive Sprache, plural Sprachen)

Sprache (genitive)
Sprachen (plural)
Sprache (nominative singular)
Sprachen (definite nominative plural)
Sprache (genitive singular)
Sprachen (definite genitive plural)
Sprache (dative singular)
Sprachen (dative definite plural)
Sprache (accusative singular)
Sprachen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German sprache, from Old High German sprāhha, from Proto-West Germanic *sprāku. Cognate with Dutch spraak, English speech, Danish sprog, Swedish språk.

Allgemeinsprache

most commonly used form or dialect of a language

Anderssprache

the act of speaking another language; writing in a different language

Bühnensprache

standard pronunciation for words in public speaking or theatrical stage performance

Fäkalsprache

scatalogical language, potty-mouth language

Frauensprache

language of women, women's use of language

Gruppensprache

cant or jargon of a specific group of people

Ist Deutsch eine schwere Sprache zu erlernen?

Is German a difficult language to learn?

Sie lernt sehr gern Sprachen.

Das Buch wurde in mehr als ein Dutzend Sprachen übersetzt und verkaufte sich millionenfach.

2010, Der Spiegel, number 32/2010, page 102:

The book was translated into more than a dozen languages and sold more than a million copies.

(countable) language (body of words, and set of methods of combining them)


Middle English

The ancient or older language of Modern English, spoken in England and parts of Scotland (where it became Lowland Scots) from about 1100 AD to 1500 AD.


반시옷

ㅿ; a letter of old hangul, representing /z/ or /s/ except for the Chinese characters


Old Church Slavonic

The first literary and liturgical Slavic language.

Ou Kerkslawies

the first literary and liturgical Slavic language

古代教会スラヴ語

こだいきょうかいスラブご

Old Slavonic

may also refer to Old East Slavonic or Proto-Slavic


Arab

From Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab, “Arabs”) or back-formation from Arabic.

a. 1892, Charles Spurgeon, a sermon
You Christian people often see the little gutter children — the poor little arabs in the street — and you feel much pity for them, as well you may.

The other day I heard you complaining of the nuisance that small ragged street-boys are to you whenever you go out. […] You wished that some one would do something to clear away these little Arabs, as you are pleased to call them, so that a fine old English gentleman—as you are pleased to think yourself—might take his exercise in peace.


Miriam

From Hebrew מִרְיָם (Miryam), possibly from Aramaic מרים (Maryām, “bitter”), from a root מר (m-r) meaning "to be bitter". The meaning of this name which is the Old Testament equivalent of Mary has been debated for centuries. Some other explanations are mutiny / rebellion / disobedience from a root מרי (m-r-y).


用言

用言 (canonical)
yōgen (romanization)
yougen (romanization)
ようげん (hiragana historical)

用 (“use”) + 言 (“word”), literally “word that expresses function; functional word”. See also the dichotomy of 体用 (taiyō, “substance and function”).

compound

Coordinate term: 体言 (taigen)

(grammar) an inflected 自立語 (jiritsugo, “free word”) in Japanese or Korean grammar


suomen kieli

head

suomen kieli (genitive [please provide], partitive [please provide])


vend

vendek (plural)
vend (nominative singular)
vendek (nominative plural)
vendet (accusative singular)
vendeket (accusative plural)
vendnek (dative singular)
vendeknek (dative plural)
venddel (instrumental singular)
vendekkel (instrumental plural)
vendért (causal-final singular)
vendekért (causal-final plural)
venddé (singular translative)
vendekké (plural translative)
vendig (singular terminative)
vendekig (plural terminative)
vendként (essive-formal singular)
vendekként (essive-formal plural)
vendben (inessive singular)
vendekben (inessive plural)
venden (singular superessive)
vendeken (plural superessive)
vendnél (adessive singular)
vendeknél (adessive plural)
vendbe (illative singular)
vendekbe (illative plural)
vendre (singular sublative)
vendekre (plural sublative)
vendhez (allative singular)
vendekhez (allative plural)
vendből (elative singular)
vendekből (elative plural)
vendről (delative singular)
vendekről (delative plural)
vendtől (ablative singular)
vendektől (ablative plural)
vendé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
vendeké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
vendéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
vendekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
vendem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
vendjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
vended (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
vendjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
vendje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
vendjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
vendünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
vendjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
vendetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
vendjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
vendjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
vendjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

(singular only) Wendish, Sorbian (language)


Ladin

From Ladin ladin, itself from Latin latīnus. Doublet of Latin and Ladino.

A Rhaeto-Romance language (or dialect continuum), spoken primarily in the Italian portion of Tyrol and the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy.


Livonian

A Finno-Ugric language spoken in Latvia.


Anglo-Saxon

/ˌæŋ.ɡləʊˈsæk.sən/

From Anglo- + Saxon, from Latin Anglosaxones (Anglo-Saxones), Latin Angli Saxones (literally “the English Saxons”), as distinguished from the Continental Saxons.

der

Meronyms: Anglian, Kentish, Mercian, Northumbrian, West Saxon

(now rare) Synonym of Old English (language).


Karelian

A language closely related to Finnish, spoken in Karelia, Russia and Finland.


हिंदी

hindī (romanization)
ہندی (Urdu)
हिंदी (direct singular)
हिंदी (oblique singular)
हिंदी (singular vocative)

[ɦɪ̃n̪.d̪iː]

Borrowed from Classical Persian هندی (hindī). Equal to हिंद (hind, “India”) + -ई (-ī, suffix showing relatedness).

suf

The Central Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. These are also spoken in Fiji, Guyana and as a second language by Indians in many other countries.


हिंदी

head

हिंदी • (hindī) (Latin script Hindi, Kannada script ಹಿಂದೀ)

hindī (romanization)
ಹಿಂದೀ (Kannada character)

Borrowed from Classical Persian هندی (hindī).


हिंदी

हिंदी • (hindī) f

mr-proper noun

हिंदी • (hindī) f


Moksha

From Moksha мокша (mokša, “a Moksha person”).

A language of the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.

мăкшă чĕлхи

măkšă čĕlh̬i


アイスランド語

アイスランド語 (canonical)
aisurandogo (romanization)

アイスランド (“あいすらんど, Aisurando, Iceland”) + 語 (“language”)


íslenska

head

íslenska f (genitive singular íslensku, no plural)

íslensku (genitive singular)
íslenska (indefinite nominative singular)
íslenskan (definite nominative singular)
íslensku (accusative indefinite singular)
íslenskuna (accusative definite singular)
íslensku (dative indefinite singular)
íslenskunni (dative definite singular)
íslensku (genitive indefinite singular)
íslenskunnar (definite genitive singular)

Íslenskan er okkar mál!

Ég elska íslensku.

Við erum seinar í íslensku!


íslenska

íslenska (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative íslenskaði, supine íslenskað)

íslenskaði (indicative past singular third-person)
íslenskað (supine)
að íslenska (infinitive)
íslenskað (supine)
íslenskandi (participle present)
ég íslenska (indicative participle present)
við íslenskum (indicative present)
ég íslenski (present subjunctive)
við íslenskum (present subjunctive)
þú íslenskar (indicative participle present)
þið íslenskið (indicative present)
þú íslenskir (present subjunctive)
þið íslenskið (present subjunctive)
hann (indicative participle present)
hún (indicative participle present)
það íslenskar (indicative participle present)
þeir (indicative present)
þær (indicative present)
þau íslenska (indicative present)
hann (present subjunctive)
hún (present subjunctive)
það íslenski (present subjunctive)
þeir (present subjunctive)
þær (present subjunctive)
þau íslenski (present subjunctive)
ég íslenskaði (indicative participle past present)
við íslenskuðum (indicative past)
ég íslenskaði (past subjunctive)
við íslenskuðum (past subjunctive)
þú íslenskaðir (indicative participle past present)
þið íslenskuðuð (indicative past)
þú íslenskaðir (past subjunctive)
þið íslenskuðuð (past subjunctive)
hann (indicative participle past present)
hún (indicative participle past present)
það íslenskaði (indicative participle past present)
þeir (indicative past)
þær (indicative past)
þau íslenskuðu (indicative past)
hann (past subjunctive)
hún (past subjunctive)
það íslenskaði (past subjunctive)
þeir (past subjunctive)
þær (past subjunctive)
þau íslenskuðu (past subjunctive)
íslenska (þú) (indicative participle past present)
íslenskið (þið) (indicative past)
íslenskaðu (indicative participle past present pronoun-included)
íslenskiði (indicative past pronoun-included)
að íslenskast (infinitive)
íslenskast (supine)
íslenskandist (participle present)
it is never used attributively (participle present)
predicatively (participle present)
only for explicatory subclauses (participle present)
ég íslenskast (indicative participle present)
við íslenskumst (indicative present)
ég íslenskist (present subjunctive)
við íslenskumst (present subjunctive)
þú íslenskast (indicative participle present)
þið íslenskist (indicative present)
þú íslenskist (present subjunctive)
þið íslenskist (present subjunctive)
hann (indicative participle present)
hún (indicative participle present)
það íslenskast (indicative participle present)
þeir (indicative present)
þær (indicative present)
þau íslenskast (indicative present)
hann (present subjunctive)
hún (present subjunctive)
það íslenskist (present subjunctive)
þeir (present subjunctive)
þær (present subjunctive)
þau íslenskist (present subjunctive)
ég íslenskaðist (indicative participle past present)
við íslenskuðumst (indicative past)
ég íslenskaðist (past subjunctive)
við íslenskuðumst (past subjunctive)
þú íslenskaðist (indicative participle past present)
þið íslenskuðust (indicative past)
þú íslenskaðist (past subjunctive)
þið íslenskuðust (past subjunctive)
hann (indicative participle past present)
hún (indicative participle past present)
það íslenskaðist (indicative participle past present)
þeir (indicative past)
þær (indicative past)
þau íslenskuðust (indicative past)
hann (past subjunctive)
hún (past subjunctive)
það íslenskaðist (past subjunctive)
þeir (past subjunctive)
þær (past subjunctive)
þau íslenskuðust (past subjunctive)
íslenskast (þú) (indicative participle past present)
íslenskist (þið) (indicative past)
íslenskastu (indicative participle past present pronoun-included)
íslenskisti (indicative past pronoun-included)
íslenskaður (masculine nominative singular)
íslenskuð (feminine nominative singular)
íslenskað (neuter nominative singular)
íslenskaðir (masculine nominative plural)
íslenskaðar (feminine nominative plural)
íslenskuð (neuter nominative plural)
íslenskaðan (accusative masculine singular)
íslenskaða (accusative feminine singular)
íslenskað (accusative neuter singular)
íslenskaða (accusative masculine plural)
íslenskaðar (accusative feminine plural)
íslenskuð (accusative neuter plural)
íslenskuðum (dative masculine singular)
íslenskaðri (dative feminine singular)
íslenskuðu (dative neuter singular)
íslenskuðum (dative masculine plural)
íslenskuðum (dative feminine plural)
íslenskuðum (dative neuter plural)
íslenskaðs (genitive masculine singular)
íslenskaðrar (feminine genitive singular)
íslenskaðs (genitive neuter singular)
íslenskaðra (genitive masculine plural)
íslenskaðra (feminine genitive plural)
íslenskaðra (genitive neuter plural)
íslenskaði (masculine nominative singular)
íslenskaða (feminine nominative singular)
íslenskaða (neuter nominative singular)
íslenskuðu (masculine nominative plural)
íslenskuðu (feminine nominative plural)
íslenskuðu (neuter nominative plural)
íslenskaða (accusative masculine singular)
íslenskuðu (accusative feminine singular)
íslenskaða (accusative neuter singular)
íslenskuðu (accusative masculine plural)
íslenskuðu (accusative feminine plural)
íslenskuðu (accusative neuter plural)
íslenskaða (dative masculine singular)
íslenskuðu (dative feminine singular)
íslenskaða (dative neuter singular)
íslenskuðu (dative masculine plural)
íslenskuðu (dative feminine plural)
íslenskuðu (dative neuter plural)
íslenskaða (genitive masculine singular)
íslenskuðu (feminine genitive singular)
íslenskaða (genitive neuter singular)
íslenskuðu (genitive masculine plural)
íslenskuðu (feminine genitive plural)
íslenskuðu (genitive neuter plural)

Sagan var skrifuð af Richard, en Hildur íslenskaði.

The story was written by Richard, and translated into Icelandic by Hildur.

Margt barnaefni hefur verið íslenskað.

A lot of children's material has been translated into Icelandic.

(with accusative) to translate into Icelandic


araba

eo-head

araba (accusative singular araban, plural arabaj, accusative plural arabajn)

araban (accusative singular)
arabaj (plural)
arabajn (accusative plural)

Arabic (of or pertaining to the Arab peoples, their nations, or the Arabic language)

(la araba) Clipping of la araba lingvo (“the Arabic language”).


српски

srpski (romanization)
српски (indefinite masculine)
српска (feminine indefinite)
српско (indefinite neuter)
српски (indefinite plural)
српскиот (definite masculine unspecified)
српската (definite feminine unspecified)
српското (definite neuter unspecified)
српските (definite plural unspecified)
српскиов (definite masculine proximal)
српскава (definite feminine proximal)
српсково (definite neuter proximal)
српскиве (definite plural proximal)
српскион (definite distal masculine)
српскана (definite distal feminine)
српсконо (definite distal neuter)
српскине (definite distal plural)


српски

ср̏пскӣ (canonical)
sȑpskī (romanization)
српски (masculine nominative singular)
српска (feminine nominative singular)
српско (neuter nominative singular)
српског (genitive masculine singular)
српскога (genitive masculine singular)
српске (feminine genitive singular)
српског (genitive neuter singular)
српскога (genitive neuter singular)
српскому (dative masculine singular)
српскоме (dative masculine singular)
српској (dative feminine singular)
српскому (dative neuter singular)
српскоме (dative neuter singular)
српски (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
српску (accusative feminine singular)
српско (accusative neuter singular)
српског (accusative animate masculine singular)
српскога (accusative animate masculine singular)
српски (masculine singular vocative)
српска (feminine singular vocative)
српско (neuter singular vocative)
српскоме (locative masculine singular)
српскому (locative masculine singular)
српској (feminine locative singular)
српскоме (locative neuter singular)
српскому (locative neuter singular)
српским (instrumental masculine singular)
српском (feminine instrumental singular)
српским (instrumental neuter singular)
српски (masculine nominative plural)
српске (feminine nominative plural)
српска (neuter nominative plural)
српских (genitive masculine plural)
српских (feminine genitive plural)
српских (genitive neuter plural)
српским (dative masculine plural)
српскима (dative masculine plural)
српским (dative feminine plural)
српскима (dative feminine plural)
српским (dative neuter plural)
српскима (dative neuter plural)
српске (accusative masculine plural)
српске (accusative feminine plural)
српска (accusative neuter plural)
српски (masculine plural vocative)
српске (feminine plural vocative)
српска (neuter plural vocative)
српским (locative masculine plural)
српскима (locative masculine plural)
српским (feminine locative plural)
српскима (feminine locative plural)
српским (locative neuter plural)
српскима (locative neuter plural)
српским (instrumental masculine plural)
српскима (instrumental masculine plural)
српским (feminine instrumental plural)
српскима (feminine instrumental plural)
српским (instrumental neuter plural)
српскима (instrumental neuter plural)

српском(у/е)

српском(у/е)

српски
српског(а)

српском(е/у)

српском(е/у)

(in masculine, substantive) the Serbian language


Gaolainn

Gaolainne (genitive)
Gaolainn (indefinite nominative singular)
a Ghaolainn (indefinite singular vocative)
Gaolainne (genitive indefinite singular)
Gaolainn (dative indefinite singular)
an Ghaolainn (definite nominative singular)
na Gaolainne (definite genitive singular)
leis an nGaolainn (dative definite singular)
don Ghaolainn (dative definite singular)
Gaolainn (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghaolainn (lenition mutation)
nGaolainn (eclipsis mutation)

/ˈɡeːl̪ˠɪnʲ/

Alternative spelling of Gaelainn: Munster form of Gaeilge (“the Irish language”)


Gaedhlaing

Gaedhlainge (genitive)
Gaedhlaing (indefinite nominative singular)
a Ghaedhlaing (indefinite singular vocative)
Gaedhlainge (genitive indefinite singular)
Gaedhlaing (dative indefinite singular)
an Ghaedhlaing (definite nominative singular)
na Gaedhlainge (definite genitive singular)
leis an nGaedhlaing (dative definite singular)
don Ghaedhlaing (dative definite singular)
Gaedhlaing (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghaedhlaing (lenition mutation)
nGaedhlaing (eclipsis mutation)


Gaeilge

Gaeilge (genitive)
Gaeilge (indefinite nominative singular)
a Ghaeilge (indefinite singular vocative)
Gaeilge (genitive indefinite singular)
Gaeilge (dative indefinite singular)
an Ghaeilge (definite nominative singular)
na Gaeilge (definite genitive singular)
leis an nGaeilge (dative definite singular)
don Ghaeilge (dative definite singular)
Gaeilge (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghaeilge (lenition mutation)
nGaeilge (eclipsis mutation)

corresponding to the form Gaelainn or Gaedhlaing

/ˈɡeːl̪ˠənʲ/

[ˈɡɰeːl̪ˠɪnʲ]

[ˈɡɰeːl̪ˠɪɲ]

corresponding to the form Gaedhilg or Gaeilic

From older Gaedhilge, originally the genitive of Classical Gaelic Gaedhealg, Gaoidhealg, from Old Irish Goídelc.

is fearr Gaeilge bhriste ná Béarla cliste

šḱŕīvn̥̄ šē n ʒēlǵə gə rī wȧ.

1899, Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart, volume II (overall work in German), Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 123:


Gaeilge

Gaeilge (genitive)
Gaeilge (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghaeilge (lenition mutation)


Gaedhilge

Gaedhilge (genitive)
Gaedhilge (indefinite nominative singular)
a Ghaedhilge (indefinite singular vocative)
Gaedhilge (genitive indefinite singular)
Gaedhilge (dative indefinite singular)
an Ghaedhilge (definite nominative singular)
na Gaedhilge (definite genitive singular)
leis an nGaedhilge (dative definite singular)
don Ghaedhilge (dative definite singular)
Gaedhilge (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghaedhilge (lenition mutation)
nGaedhilge (eclipsis mutation)

Obsolete spelling of Gaeilge (“the Irish language”).


ǃKung

The ǃ in the word ǃKung is an orthographic symbol denoting a "click" sound. The ǃKung language, aside from sharing many of the same sounds found in all languages, has four distinct clicks […]

1973, The Second Wave, volume 3, page 17:

Harpending spoke ǃKung because of his previous fieldwork in the area, […]

1994, The Aging Experience: diversity and commonality across cultures (Jennie Keith), page 24

None of the ideologues spoke ǃKung, […]

2007, Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, The Old Way: A Story of the First People, page 286:

In Epembe, Oonduda and Uusilo very few people could understand and even fewer could speak ǃKung. They expressed their sorrow at this loss.

2002, New horizons for the San: participatory action research with San communities in Northern Namibia (Dhyani J. Berger, Elke Zimprich), page 22

A Khoisan language spoken in Namibia, Angola, and South Africa, famous for its click consonants.


Revised Romanization of Korean

The official South Korean romanization standard for Korean.

文化观光部２０００年式

Wénhuà Guānguāngbù Èrlínglínglíng nián shì

文化観光部２０００年式

ぶんかかんこうぶにせんねんしき


韓国語

韓国語 (canonical)
kankokugo (romanization)

[kã̠ŋko̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

韓国 (Kankoku, “South Korea or just Korea”) + 語 (-go, “language”), from South Korean 한국어 (han'gugeo)

suf

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


Gàidhlig

head

Gàidhlig f (genitive singular Gàidhlig or Gàidhlige)

Gàidhlig (genitive singular)
Gàidhlige (genitive singular)

Gàidhlig na h-Èireann (“Irish Gaelic”)

Gàidhlig Mhanainn (“Manx”)

From Old Irish Goídelc. Cognate with Irish Gaeilge and Manx Gaelg.


Gàidhlig

Gàidhlig (nominative plural Gàidhlige, comparative Gàidhlige)

Gàidhlige (nominative plural)
Gàidhlige (comparative)
Gàidhlig (masculine nominative)
Ghàidhlig (feminine nominative)
Gàidhlige (nominative plural)
Ghàidhlig (genitive masculine)
Gàidhlige (feminine genitive)
Gàidhlige (genitive plural)
Gàidhlig (dative masculine)
Ghàidhlig (dative feminine)
Gàidhlige (dative plural)
Ghàidhlig (masculine vocative)
Ghàidhlig (feminine vocative)
Gàidhlige (plural vocative)
Gàidhlig (mutation mutation-radical)
Ghàidhlig (lenition mutation)


jidysz

pl-noun

jidysz m inan (indeclinable, related adjective jidyszowy)

jidyszowy (adjective)
jidysz (nominative singular)
jidyszu (genitive singular)
jidyszowi (dative singular)
jidysz (accusative singular)
jidyszem (instrumental singular)
jidyszu (locative singular)
jidyszu (singular vocative)

Język jidysz powstał wśród Żydów aszkenazyjskich, którzy żyli wśród narodów niemieckich.

The Yiddish language arose amongst Ashkenazi Jews who were living amongst German peoples.

Yiddish (West Germanic, or more specifically High German, language that developed from Middle High German dialects, with an admixture of vocabulary from multiple source languages, including Hebrew-Aramaic, Romance, Slavic, English, etc., and mostly written in Hebrew characters, which is used mainly among Ashkenazic Jews from Central and Eastern Europe)


조선어

[t͡ɕo̞sʰʌ̹nʌ̹]

Sino-Korean word from 조선(朝鮮) (Joseon, “Korea”) + 어(語) (-eo, “language”).

ko-etym-sino

(Japan, North Korea, Yanbian) the Korean language


러시아어

[ɾʌ̹ɕʰia̠ʌ̹]

러시아 (Reosia, “Russia”) + 어(語) (-eo, “language”)


te reo

Borrowed from Maori te reo (“Māori”, literally “the language”).

bor+

Currently, many Kiwis are learning te reo.


Sorbian

A group of Slavic languages spoken by a minority in eastern Germany.


संस्कृत

hi-proper noun

संस्कृत • (sanskŕt) f (Urdu spelling سنسکرت)

sanskŕt (romanization)
سنسکرت (Urdu)
संस्कृत (direct singular)
संस्कृत (oblique singular)
संस्कृत (singular vocative)

Hi-संस्कृत.oga

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संस्कृत (saṃskṛtá, “put together, refined”).


संस्कृत

head

संस्कृत • (sauskŕt) ?

mr-proper noun

संस्कृत • (sauskŕt) ?

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संस्कृत (saṃskṛtá, “perfected, refined”).


संस्कृत

ne-proper noun

संस्कृत • (sanskr̥t)

sanskr̥t (romanization)
संस्कृत [sʌnskrit̪] (nominative singular)
संस्कृतलाई [sʌnskrit̪läi] (accusative singular)
instrumental (accusative)
ergative (accusative)
संस्कृतले [sʌnskrit̪le] (singular)
संस्कृतलाई [sʌnskrit̪läi] (dative singular)
संस्कृतबाट [sʌnskrit̪̚bäʈʌ] (ablative singular)
संस्कृतको [sʌnskrit̪̚ko] (genitive singular)
संस्कृतमा [sʌnskrit̪mä] (locative singular)


संस्कृत

saṃskṛtá (romanization)
संस्कृतम् (nominative singular)
संस्कृते (dual nominative)
संस्कृतानि (nominative plural)
संस्कृता1 (nominative plural)
संस्कृत (singular vocative)
संस्कृते (dual vocative)
संस्कृतानि (plural vocative)
संस्कृता1 (plural vocative)
संस्कृतम् (accusative singular)
संस्कृते (accusative dual)
संस्कृतानि (accusative plural)
संस्कृता1 (accusative plural)
संस्कृतेन (instrumental singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संस्कृतैः (instrumental plural)
संस्कृतेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
संस्कृताय (dative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (dative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (dative plural)
संस्कृतात् (ablative singular)
संस्कृताभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संस्कृतेभ्यः (ablative plural)
संस्कृतस्य (genitive singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual genitive)
संस्कृतानाम् (genitive plural)
संस्कृते (locative singular)
संस्कृतयोः (dual locative)
संस्कृतेषु (locative plural)

desc

Ashokan Prakrit: *𑀲𑀁𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢 (*saṃkkata), *𑀲𑀁𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀝 (*saṃkkaṭa)

desctree

Prakrit: 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀬 (sakkaya), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀅 (sakkaa), 𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀢 (sakkata), 𑀲𑀁𑀓𑀟 (saṃkaḍa)
>? Sinhalese: සකු (saku) (possibly borrowed)
→ Kannada: ಸಕ್ಕದ (sakkada)

Pali: saṅkhata, saṅkhaṭa

→ Assamese: সংস্কৃত (xoṅskrit)

→ Bengali: সংস্কৃত (śoṅskrito)

→ English: Sanskrit

→ Gujarati: સંસ્કૃત (sãskŕt)

→ Hindi: संस्कृत (sanskŕt)

→ Kannada: ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ (saṃskṛta)

→ Marathi: संस्कृत (sauskŕt)

→ Malayalam: സംസ്കൃതം (saṁskr̥taṁ)

→ Nepali: संस्कृत (sanskr̥t)

→ Odia: ସଂସ୍କୃତ (saṁskruta)

→ Persian: سانسکریت (sânskerit), سنسکریت (sanskerit), سَهاسْکِرْت (sahâskert)

→ Tamil: சமஸ்கிருதம் (camaskirutam)

→ Telugu: సంస్కృతము (saṁskr̥tamu)

→ Pali: sakkata (calque)
→ Burmese: သက္ကတ (sakka.ta., “Sanskrit”)

desc

→ Tibetan: ལེགས་སྦྱར (legs sbyar) (calque)

Compound of सम् (sam, “together, wholly”) + स्कृ (skṛ, “to do”) + -त (-ta, “-ed”).

com+

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Bharata Muni, Nāṭya Śāstra

c. 900 CE, Dhanañjaya, Daśarūpa

संस्कृतात् प्राकृतम् इष्टम् ततोऽपभ्रंशभाषणम्।

Rasikasarvasva in Narayana on Gitagovinda 5.2

One takes for granted that from Sanskrit originated Prakrit, whence the Apabhramsa language.

saṃskṛtāt prākṛtam iṣṭam tatoʼpabhraṃśabhāṣaṇam.


Ngan'gityemerri

(linguistics) An Aboriginal language spoken in the Daly River region of the Northern Territory of Australia of the Southern Daly language family.


Dyirbal

An ergative Australian Aboriginal language of the Dyirbalic branch of the Pama-Nyungan family, spoken in the region of Cairns and the Atherton Tableland, Queensland.


हिन्दी

ne-proper noun

हिन्दी • (hindī)

hindī (romanization)
हिन्दी [ɦin̪d̪i] (nominative singular)
हिन्दीलाई [ɦin̪d̪iläi] (accusative singular)
instrumental (accusative)
ergative (accusative)
हिन्दीले [ɦin̪d̪ile] (singular)
हिन्दीलाई [ɦin̪d̪iläi] (dative singular)
हिन्दीबाट [ɦin̪d̪ibäʈʌ] (ablative singular)
हिन्दीको [ɦin̪d̪iko] (genitive singular)
हिन्दीमा [ɦin̪d̪imä] (locative singular)

bor+

Borrowed from Classical Persian هندی (hindī)


हिन्दी

hindī (romanization)
हिन्दी (nominative singular)
हिन्दि (singular vocative)
हिन्दीम् (accusative singular)
हिन्द्या (instrumental singular)
हिन्द्यै (dative singular)
हिन्द्याः (ablative singular)
हिन्द्यै1 (ablative singular)
हिन्द्याः (genitive singular)
हिन्द्यै1 (genitive singular)
हिन्द्याम् (locative singular)

हिन्दीं वदामि।


Igbo

Surprised by her switch to Igbo, he did not speak.

2019, Chigozie Obioma, An Orchestra of Minorities, Abacus (2019), page 180:

The language spoken by the Igbo people and elsewhere in southern Nigeria.


スペイン語

スペイン語 (canonical)
supeingo (romanization)

[sɨ̥pe̞ĩŋɡo̞]


字母

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sz̩⁵¹ muɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡si²⁴²⁻⁵³ mo³³/

/li³³⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/li⁴¹⁻²² bu⁵⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ bu⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bɤ⁴¹/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ bo⁵³/

/zi³³⁻²¹ bu⁴¹/

三十六字母

(Chinese phonetics) character representing an initial consonant


Sindarin

Developed by J. R. R. Tolkien as a language in his fantasy works, in which the word Sindarin itself is not of Sindarin origin: it is a term in Quenya (another of Tolkien's constructed languages), derived from Sindar, the Quenya name for the people who spoke it, which in turn is derived from sinda (“grey”).

constructed language
constructed language

A constructed language, partly inspired by Welsh, spoken by certain elves and others in J. R. R. Tolkien's works.


Aramaic

From Aram, the place settled by Aramaeans; from the Aramaic ארם, ܐܪܡ (ʾarām).

ܐܪܡܝܐ

ʾārāmāyā, ʾărammāyā

A subfamily of languages in the Northwest Semitic language group. It includes (but not limited to):

The language of the administration in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian empires from the seventh to fourth centuries BC: often called Imperial Aramaic or Official Aramaic.

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic

The language of Jewish targums, Midrash and the Talmuds, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.

The liturgical language of various Christian churches: often called Syriac.

The liturgical language of the Mandaeans: usually called Mandaic.

Any language of this family today called Neo-Aramaic, and separated by religion also Judeo-Aramaic and Syriac


ǃXóõ

The ǃXóõ language is spoken by widely scattered groups of San living in southwestern Botswana and a small area of eastern Namibia.

1985, Anthony Traill, Phonetic and Phonological Studies of ǃXÓÕ Bushman, page 1

[…] which studied category formation of ǃXóõ clicks by speakers of a language that has no clicks (American English) and two other unrelated African languages that have clicks, but fewer of them […]

2008, Keith Elwin Johnson, Second Language Acquisition of the Spanish Multiple Vibrant Consonant, page 49:

However, the phonotactic patterning of 'uvular' clicks in ǃXóõ does not comply with the predicted patterns given in this analysis.

2010, “Amana L. Miller, Tongue body and tongue root shape differences in Nǀuu clicks correlate with phonotactic patterns”, in Turbulent Sounds: An Interdisciplinary Guide, page 258:

Speakers of ǃXóõ (also known as Taa), gathered together for a storytelling competition at Pos 17, Namibia […]

2011, Nicholas Evans, Dying Words: Endangered Languages and What They Have to Tell Us, page 53:

The most phonologically diverse language may be ǃXóõ, spoken by about 4,000 people in Botswana and Namibia, which has somewhere between 84 and 159 consonants.

2011, Michael C. Corballis, The Recursive Mind: The Origins of Human Language, Thought, and Civilization, page 76:

[…] and the ǃXóõ language spoken in Botswana and Namibia […]

2011, Intercultural Communication: A New Approach to International Relations and Global Challenges (Houman A. Sadri, Madelyn Flammia), page 129

A Khoisan language, known for its large phonemic inventory including complex click consonants.


francese

From Francia + -ese.
Borrowed from Old French franceis.


Nepali

an Indo-Aryan language used primarily by the people of Nepal


ǃXũ

A Northern Khoisan language of Namibia, Angola, and Botswana. This language has about 5,000 speakers in the Kalahari Desert.


luxemburgués

Luxembourgish, the language of Luxembourg


Kalanga

A Bantu language spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe.


Cocoliche

Indeed, cocoliche might in some respects be seen as another example of dialectal influence upon Italian – except that in this case the ‘dialect’ is another Romance ‘language’, and not an Italo-Romance variety.

1995, Martin Maiden, A Linguistic History of Italian, Longman, published 2003, page 269:

A pidgin or language continuum formed from Italian and Spanish, spoken in parts of the River Plate region of South America in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.


Yoruba

In the parlour, she could hear Aunty Biola attempting to teach her father Yoruba, collapsing into helpless giggles whenever he mispronounced his vowels, giving them the flat English sound instead of lifting them upwards with the slight outward puff of breath that was required.

2005, Helen Oyeyemi, The Icarus Girl, Bloomsbury, page 48:

A sub-Saharan language. It belongs to the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family, and has nearly 40 million speakers in Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and Sierra Leone, as well as communities in Brazil and Cuba.


Yoruba

Of unclear and disputed origin, it is likely that it was derived from an exonym from neighboring groups to the north, such as Hausa, Fulani, or Bariba. Various implausible etymologies have been proposed, often used to insult the Yoruba people or support supposed Middle Eastern or Jewish origins of the Yoruba people. What is certain is that the term was used originally in reference to only the Ọ̀yọ́ people (a subgroup of the Yoruba ethnic group) and the Oyo empire, and did not become used to refer to all Yoruba peoples until the late 19th century during attempts to foster a common ethnic identity. Etymological theories include:
* Several folk etymologies associate the term from coming from Hausa or Fula slurs of Yoruba people, such as Hausa ya rība meaning "One who cheats," referring to the supposed deceitful tactics Yoruba traders used, or Hausa ya ruba meaning "Bad or rotten person." These has been dismissed and proscribed by most Yoruba scholars, however, the Yoruba term yóóbá is derived from the first etymology, but is not to be mistaken with "Yoruba."
*According to linguist Kọlá Túbọ̀sún, it ultimately derives from a contraction of yārṑ + ọba "Children of the Ọba", (referring to the Alaafin of Oyo).
* A newly proposed theory suggests it is a reborrowing from the word Yàgbà, a Yoruba subethnic group, borrowed into the Nupe and Hausa languages, where it became Yarba, and then reborrowed from Hausa Yarbanci

Kò gbọ́ (èdè) Yorùbá.


Kashubian

/kəˈʃuːbɪən/

A Slavic language spoken in the Pomeranian region of Poland.


فارسي

ar-noun

فَارِسِيّ • (fārisiyy) m

فَارِسِيّ (canonical)
fārisiyy (romanization)
فَارِسِي (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْفَارِسِي (definite informal singular triptote)
فَارِسِي (construct informal singular triptote)
فَارِسِيٌّ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْفَارِسِيُّ (definite nominative singular triptote)
فَارِسِيُّ (construct nominative singular triptote)
فَارِسِيًّا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْفَارِسِيَّ (accusative definite singular triptote)
فَارِسِيَّ (accusative construct singular triptote)
فَارِسِيٍّ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْفَارِسِيِّ (definite genitive singular triptote)
فَارِسِيِّ (construct genitive singular triptote)

From Middle Persian 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭩𐭪 (Pārsīg). Cognate with Modern Persian پارسی (pârsi, “Persian, Persic”).


فارسي

arz-proper noun

فارسي • (fārsi) m


فارسي

فارسِي (canonical)
fārsī (romanization)
फ़ार्सी (Devanagari)


فارسي

ajp-adj

فارسي • (fārsi) (feminine فارسيّة (fārsiyye), common plural فرس (furs))

fārsi (romanization)
فارسيّة (feminine)
فرس (common plural)


فارسي

ajp-noun

فارسي • (fārsi) m (plural فرس (furs), feminine فارسيّة (fārsiyye))

fārsi (romanization)
فرس (plural)
فارسيّة (feminine)


Oriya

Odia, the language spoken in the state of Odisha, India.


Oriya

de-proper noun

Oriya n (proper noun, strong, genitive Oriya or Oriyas)

Odia (one of the languages spoken in India)


Yup'ik

Borrowed from Yup'ik Yup'ik (“real person”), from Proto-Eskimo *iŋuɣpiɣ, from *iŋuɣ (“human, person”).

(linguistics) A language of the Eskimo-Aleut family.

jupikki

(linguistics) A subbranch of the Eskimo-Aleut family of languages. This is the only language family known to straddle both North America and Asia. It is centered squarely in Alaska and is thought to have migrated across to Siberia a few hundred years ago.


Ojibwe

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Ojibwe.wav

First attested in English around 1700 (and attested in early French as Outchibouec), from the Ojibwe name of an individual band of Ojibwe, of unclear origin. The most widely accepted theory connects it to Ojibwe ojibwaakide (“it shrivels, it puckers in the fire”), in reference to the puckering or tightening of moccasins at their seams or near fire. Alternatively, Helen Tanner and Edmund Danzinger connect it to the Ojibwe practice of writing on birch bark or making pictographs, respectively; compare ozhibii' (“write (someone's name) down”).
Other, less credible theories:
Other, less likely suggestions include: Henry Schoolcraft derived it from a word *bwe "pertaining to voice" ((compare bedowe (“have a soft voice”)), and like George Belcourt, believed it referred to a peculiarity of the tribe's (language's) pronunciation. Some other works connect it to the word for puckering the lips, which however is bajiishkidooneni (“she or he puckers the lips”), or assert that it refers to roasting captives until their flesh puckered, but this was not a common practice and is improbable as a self-designation.

m+

The language spoken by the native Algonquin people of central Canada, one of a closely related group of languages and dialects of the Algonquian branch of the Algic language family.


Kabyle

From Arabic قَبَائِل (qabāʔil, “tribes”), plural of قَبِيلَة (qabīla, “tribe”).

A Northern Berber language of the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic language family, spoken by over 3,000,000 people in Algeria; native name Taqbaylit.


Fijian

/fɪˈd͡ʒiːən/

an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken on Fiji. It has 650,000 speakers, including second language users.


kola

kola (nominative singular)
kole (nominative plural)
koli (genitive singular)
kol (genitive plural)
koli (genitive plural)
koli (dative singular)
kolom (dative plural)
kolę (accusative singular)
kole (accusative plural)
kolą (instrumental singular)
kolami (instrumental plural)
koli (locative singular)
kolach (locative plural)
kolo (singular vocative)
kole (plural vocative)

Borrowed from English cola, from a Niger-Congo language. Sense 3 is a genericized trademark of Coca-Cola.


gall

head

gall (countable and uncountable, plural gallok)

gallok (plural)
gall (nominative singular)
gallok (nominative plural)
gallt (accusative singular)
gallokat (accusative plural)
gallnak (dative singular)
galloknak (dative plural)
gallal (instrumental singular)
gallokkal (instrumental plural)
gallért (causal-final singular)
gallokért (causal-final plural)
gallá (singular translative)
gallokká (plural translative)
gallig (singular terminative)
gallokig (plural terminative)
gallként (essive-formal singular)
gallokként (essive-formal plural)
gallban (inessive singular)
gallokban (inessive plural)
gallon (singular superessive)
gallokon (plural superessive)
gallnál (adessive singular)
galloknál (adessive plural)
gallba (illative singular)
gallokba (illative plural)
gallra (singular sublative)
gallokra (plural sublative)
gallhoz (allative singular)
gallokhoz (allative plural)
gallból (elative singular)
gallokból (elative plural)
gallról (delative singular)
gallokról (delative plural)
galltól (ablative singular)
galloktól (ablative plural)
gallé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
galloké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
galléi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
gallokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
gallom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
galljaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
gallod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
galljaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
gallja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
galljai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
gallunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
galljaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
gallotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
galljaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
galljuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
galljaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


Erse

From Scots Erse (“Irish”), from earlier Ersche, Ersch, a contraction of Erisch, Erische (“Irish”), from Middle English Erische, Irische, Irisch (“Irish”). Doublet of Irish. Compare also Scots Irisch.

Two points which appeal to the writer are that the stations of origin and of destination are printed (in Erse and English) once only and then are summarised at the foot, [...]. [...] Clar Chloinne Mhuiris is the Erse original of Claremorris, and Dublin appears as Baile Atha Cliath.

1940 May, G. W. J. Potter, “Tickets of the Great Southern Railways”, in Railway Magazine, page 292:

Now he's just sung in his mother tongue, the ancient Irish Erse, and cleared the pub completely by the forty-second verse!

1993, “Plastic Paddy”, in Mirrors, performed by Eric Bogle:

Either of the Gaelic languages of Ireland and Scotland.


Germanization

en-noun

Germanization (countable and uncountable, plural Germanizations)

The adoption of German customs or culture.

(historical) The policy, in Nazi Germany, of the expansion of the German language and culture.


sard

Sardinian (a Romance language indigenous to Sardinia)


новояз

ru-noun+

новоя́з • (novojáz) m inan (genitive новоя́за, uncountable)

новоя́з (canonical)
novojáz (romanization)
новоя́за (genitive)
новоя́з (nominative singular)
новоя́за (genitive singular)
новоя́зу (dative singular)
новоя́з (accusative singular)
новоя́зом (instrumental singular)
новоя́зе (prepositional singular)

но́вый (nóvyj) + -о- (-o-) + яз(ы́к) (jaz(ýk)), literally “newlang”; calque of English Newspeak, from George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.

af

new language (generally with pejorative connotations); new argot


བོད་སྐད

/pʰøː˩˨.kɛː˥˨/

བོད (bod, “Tibet”) + སྐད (skad, “language”)

compound

Tibetan, specifically referring to the oral component of the language.


AAVE

Initialism of African-American Vernacular English.


ایتالیایی

head

ایتالیایی • (itâliyâyi) (plural ایتالیاییها (itâliyâyi-hâ))

itâliyâyi (romanization)
ایتالیاییها (plural)


Algonquin

From Canadian French algonquin, from earlier algoumequin, from either Maliseet elakómkwik ("these are our relatives") or Mi'kmaq algoomeaking (“at the place of spearing fish and eels”).

der

The language spoken by the Algonquins, a transitional language between Ojibwe and Abenaki.

United Counties of Leeds and Grenville#English

A community of Augusta township, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, Canada.

A village in McHenry County and Kane County, Illinois.

A place name:
A place in the United States:
A township in McHenry County, Illinois.

A neighbourhood of Louisville, Kentucky.

census-designated place
census-designated place

Dorchester County
Dorchester County#English

A census-designated place in Dorchester County, Maryland.

Ontonagon County
Ontonagon County#English

An unincorporated community in Bohemia Township, Ontonagon County, Michigan.


språk

språket (definite singular)
språk (indefinite plural)
språka (definite plural)
språkene (definite plural)


språk

språket (definite singular)
språk (indefinite plural)
språka (definite plural)


slovenački

sh-adj

slòvenačkī (Cyrillic spelling сло̀веначкӣ)

slòvenačkī (canonical)
сло̀веначкӣ (Cyrillic)
slovenački (masculine nominative singular)
slovenačka (feminine nominative singular)
slovenačko (neuter nominative singular)
slovenačkog (genitive masculine singular)
slovenačkoga (genitive masculine singular)
slovenačke (feminine genitive singular)
slovenačkog (genitive neuter singular)
slovenačkoga (genitive neuter singular)
slovenačkomu (dative masculine singular)
slovenačkome (dative masculine singular)
slovenačkoj (dative feminine singular)
slovenačkomu (dative neuter singular)
slovenačkome (dative neuter singular)
slovenački (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
slovenačku (accusative feminine singular)
slovenačko (accusative neuter singular)
slovenačkog (accusative animate masculine singular)
slovenačkoga (accusative animate masculine singular)
slovenački (masculine singular vocative)
slovenačka (feminine singular vocative)
slovenačko (neuter singular vocative)
slovenačkome (locative masculine singular)
slovenačkomu (locative masculine singular)
slovenačkoj (feminine locative singular)
slovenačkome (locative neuter singular)
slovenačkomu (locative neuter singular)
slovenačkim (instrumental masculine singular)
slovenačkom (feminine instrumental singular)
slovenačkim (instrumental neuter singular)
slovenački (masculine nominative plural)
slovenačke (feminine nominative plural)
slovenačka (neuter nominative plural)
slovenačkih (genitive masculine plural)
slovenačkih (feminine genitive plural)
slovenačkih (genitive neuter plural)
slovenačkim (dative masculine plural)
slovenačkima (dative masculine plural)
slovenačkim (dative feminine plural)
slovenačkima (dative feminine plural)
slovenačkim (dative neuter plural)
slovenačkima (dative neuter plural)
slovenačke (accusative masculine plural)
slovenačke (accusative feminine plural)
slovenačka (accusative neuter plural)
slovenački (masculine plural vocative)
slovenačke (feminine plural vocative)
slovenačka (neuter plural vocative)
slovenačkim (locative masculine plural)
slovenačkima (locative masculine plural)
slovenačkim (feminine locative plural)
slovenačkima (feminine locative plural)
slovenačkim (locative neuter plural)
slovenačkima (locative neuter plural)
slovenačkim (instrumental masculine plural)
slovenačkima (instrumental masculine plural)
slovenačkim (feminine instrumental plural)
slovenačkima (feminine instrumental plural)
slovenačkim (instrumental neuter plural)
slovenačkima (instrumental neuter plural)

(Bosnia, Serbia, in masculine, substantive) the Slovenian language


Gullah

Gola people
Gullah
Gullah#Etymology
folk etymology

First attested in 1739 as a male black slave's proper name, of unclear origin. Traditionally linked by folk etymology to an apheresis of Angola (where many African slaves were carried from), or an apparent West African ethno-tribal group called the Gola people.
See more at the Wikipedia article Gullah, including other theories.

Gullah has been spoken continuously since before the Civil War.

A creole of English and various African languages spoken on a group of islands off the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia in the Southern United States.

The culture surrounding this language and geography.


Gullah

The music of George Gershwin’s Porgie and Bess was inspired in part by Gullah "shouts".

Pertaining to the Gullah language and culture.


O'odham

From O'odham o'odham (“person, man, human being”).

der

The indigenous Uto-Aztecan language of the O'Odham.


Jiddisch

Jiddisch (adverbial positive predicative)
Jiddische (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
Jiddisch (indefinite neuter positive singular)
Jiddische (indefinite plural positive)
Jiddische (definite positive)
Jiddisch (partitive positive)

Borrowed from Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish, “Jewish, Yiddish”).


Jiddisch

de-proper noun

Jiddisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Jiddisch or Jiddischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Jiddische, alternative genitive Jiddischen, no plural)

Jiddisch (genitive)
Jiddischs (genitive)
Jiddische (alternative nominative)
Jiddischen (alternative genitive)
Jiddisch (nominative singular usually-without-article)
Jiddische (definite nominative singular)
Jiddisch (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Jiddischs (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Jiddischen (definite genitive singular)
Jiddisch (dative singular usually-without-article)
Jiddischen (dative definite singular)
Jiddisch (accusative singular usually-without-article)
Jiddische (accusative definite singular)

From English Yiddish, from Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish), from Middle High German jüdesch, from Old High German judeisc, derived from judo, judeo + -isc, the former from Latin iūdaeus (“Judaean, Jew”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), derived from Ἰουδά (Ioudá, “Judah”) + -ιος (-ios), the former from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh).

der

Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh)


普通話

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (普通話):
* → Japanese: 普(ふ)通(つう)話(わ) (futsūwa)
* → Korean: 보통화(普通話) (botonghwa)
* → Vietnamese: phổ thông thoại (普通話)

→ English: p'u-t'ung-hua, Putonghua

ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/pʰu³³⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))luŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((Ø-))ŋuɑ²⁴²/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/pʰu⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ xua²¹³/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pʰu⁵⁵ hɵŋ³³ va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/pʰu⁴⁴ tʰʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa⁵³/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ³³ ue⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ue²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ue³³/

/pʰɔ⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ tʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ua²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ua²²/

/pʰu²¹ tʰoŋ³³⁴ ɡuɛ³³⁴/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ ue¹¹/

/pʰu³³ tʰoŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/

官話／官话, 北方話／北方话

Guanhua, a group of Northern Chinese dialects including Putonghua

the rules of this scheme are created with Shanghai's common speech (=Shanghainese) as the standard

fāng'àn de guīdìng, shì ná shànghǎi pǔtōnghuà zuò biāozhǔn de

方案的規定，是拿上海普通話做標準的

方案的规定，是拿上海普通话做标准的

標準的普通話

标准的普通话

你會說普通話嗎？

你会说普通话吗？

He speaks the local dialect at home and Standard Mandarin at school.

Tā zài jiā shuō fāngyán, zài xuéxiào shuō pǔtōnghuà.

他在家說方言，在學校說普通話。

他在家说方言，在学校说普通话。

Popularize the "common speech"; gradually begin using the phonetic alphabet.

1957 July, Chou You-Kuang "Chinese gets a Latin alphabet" in The UNESCO Courier p. 19

Tuīguǎng “pǔtōnghuà”; zhúbù cǎiyòng pīnyīn wénzì.

推廣「普通話」；逐步採用拼音文字。

推广「普通话」；逐步采用拼音文字。

(chiefly Mainland China, recently in Hong Kong) Standard Mandarin Chinese; standard Chinese

(usually in contrast with 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Taiwanese Mandarin”)) mainland Chinese Mandarin; Putonghua


普通話

[ɸɯ̟t͡sɨːβ̞a̠]

From Chinese 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, literally “common speech”).

zh-m

(uncommon, scholarly) Putonghua; Standard Mandarin


Italienisch

de-proper noun

Italienisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Italienisch or Italienischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Italienische, alternative genitive Italienischen, no plural)

Italienisch (genitive)
Italienischs (genitive)
Italienische (alternative nominative)
Italienischen (alternative genitive)
Italienisch (nominative singular usually-without-article)
Italienische (definite nominative singular)
Italienisch (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Italienischs (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Italienischen (definite genitive singular)
Italienisch (dative singular usually-without-article)
Italienischen (dative definite singular)
Italienisch (accusative singular usually-without-article)
Italienische (accusative definite singular)


slovenščina

slovẹ́nščina (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
slovénščina (nominative singular)
slovénščine (genitive singular)
slovénščini (dative singular)
slovénščino (accusative singular)
slovénščini (locative singular)
slovénščino (instrumental singular)

Slovenščina je južnoslovanski jezik z okoli 2,2 milijonoma govorcev po svetu, od katerih jih večina živi v Sloveniji.

Slovenian is a South-Slavic language with around 2.2 million speakers in the world, of which the majority lives in Slovenia.


japonès

Japanese (language used by the Japanese people)


Tupi

Any of the Tupian languages, especially Old Tupi or Nheengatu.


Bajan

A shortened form of Bar-Bajan, a phonetically spelled form of Barbadian.

A Creole language spoken on the island of Barbados.


Mancunian

]
From Latin Mancunium (appearing in a 4th-century manuscript of the Antonine Itinerary), an alternative name for or corruption of Mamucium (“name of the Roman fort at what is now Manchester”) + -an, probably modelled after Late Latin Mancuniensis (“related or pertaining to Mancunium”).

cog

The accent and dialect of English spoken in Manchester and some of its environs.


한글

Uncertain; likely a compound of 한(韩) (han, “Korean”) + 글 (geul, “writing”). First recorded in the Han'geulmo jukbogi (한글모죽보기), 1907 to 1913, as 한글모 (han'geulmo).

compound

한글을 바르게 사용합시다.

이 글은 한글이 영어보다 어순 배치가 자유로운 강점이 있다는 내용인데요.

2020, “'한글이 영어보다 위대한 이유' 꾸준글 사실일까? [han'geuri yeong'eoboda widaehan iyu kkujun'geul sasirilkka?]”, in SBS TV:

this piece of writing is about how the flexibility of Korean word order compared to English is a point in its favor

BTS의 노래를 한글로 따라 부르고 싶고[…]

2021, “KBS 다큐온, BTS 한글 댓글 한류 '한국어 하세요?' 외국어로서의 한국어 매력 분석 [KBS dakyuon, BTS han'geul daetgeul hallyu han'gugeo haseyo? oegugeoroseoui han'gugeo maeryeok bunseok]”, in Korea Lecturer News:

they want to sing along to BTS's songs in Korean […]


Babylonian

From Latin Babylōnius (“of Babylon, Babylonian”) (from Ancient Greek Βαβυλώνιος (Babulṓnios)) + -an; corresponding to Babylon + -ian.

der

A later form of Akkadian language spoken in Babylonia in 1950 BC – 100 AD.


McCune-Reischauer

Created in 1937 by George M. McCune and Edwin O. Reischauer.

Revised Romanization of Korean
Revised Romanization of Korean

One of the three main systems of Romanization used for Korean (the others being Revised Romanization of Korean and Yale romanization).


հայերեն

hayeren (romanization)
հայերեն (nominative singular singular-only)
հայերենի (dative singular singular-only)
հայերենից (ablative singular singular-only)
հայերենով (instrumental singular singular-only)
հայերենում (locative singular singular-only)
հայերենը (definite nominative singular singular-only)
հայերենն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
հայերենին (dative definite singular singular-only)
հայերենս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
հայերենիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
հայերենիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
հայերենովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
հայերենումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
հայերենդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
հայերենիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
հայերենիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
հայերենովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
հայերենումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

հայերենը/հայերենն

հայերենները/հայերեններն

հայերեններին

հայերեններից

հայերեններով

հայերեններում

հայերեններիս

հայերեններիցս

հայերեններովս

հայերեններումս

հայերեններիդ

հայերեններիցդ

հայերեններովդ

հայերեններումդ


kyūjitai

Transliteration from Japanese 旧(きゅう)字(じ)体(たい) (kyūjitai, literally “old character form”).

ja-r

Coordinate term: shinjitai

Although the kyūjitai kanji were not banned, the obsolete kyūjitai kanji have become unreadable to more and more readers over time, thus making texts including them difficult for modern readers, but at least there is a recognized mapping from new form to old form.

2020, Stewart Arneil, “Encoding Disappearing Characters: The Case of Twentieth-Century Japanese-Canadian Names”, in Journal of the Text Encoding Initiative, number 12, Text Encoding Initiative Consortium, →DOI, →ISSN:

The traditional form of Japanese kanji used before 1947.


tedesco

From Medieval Latin or Late Latin theodiscus, from a Germanic language, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (“of the people, popular, vernacular”), from *þeudō (“people”) + *-iskaz (“-ish, -ic, -al”). The Old English form is þēodisċ, the Old High German one diutisc (attested ca. 1090 in the Annolied). Compare also Friulian todesc, archaic or regional French thiois, Sicilian tudiscu.


idiș

Borrowed from Yiddish אידיש (idish), a variant of ייִדיש (yidish).


Engrish

From the mispronunciation of the word English common to Japanese speakers, who have difficulty distinguishing "L" and "R" sounds. The Japanese transliteration of the word "English", イングリッシュ (Ingurisshu) is often used for teaching purposes. In that word, /ɾ/ (romanised as "r") is pronounced instead of the English /l/.

'Why you not teach Engrish more? I must aspeak^([sic]) Engrish.' The Chelsea's resident mad painter was angry at the way Jeremy had been ignoring him.

2003, Bruce L. Russell, Channelling Henry, page 129:

(sometimes derogatory) Ungrammatical, unorthographical or nonsensical English, especially that which is found in East Asia, notably in Japan.


Spanglish

Dunglish

mixture of English and Dutch in the Netherlands

Llanito

mixture of English and Spanish in Gibraltar

The Nobel laureate Octavio Paz is said to have had it that Spanglish is “neither good, nor bad, but abominable.”

2021 November 23, John McWhorter, “America Has More Than One Spanglish”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

A language blend of English and Spanish spoken by both Latinas, Latinos, and Anglo-Americans.


言葉

Heian period
Iroha
Man'yōshū
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten

From Old Japanese 言葉 (ko₂to₂ba), attestable since at least the Man'yōshū of 759 CE. In turn, reconstructed as deriving from Proto-Japonic *kətənpa.
Compound of 言 (koto, “word”) + 端 (ha, “edge; beginning, end”). The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
The term 言 (koto) was formerly the main term for word in Japanese. This term is also cognate with 事 (koto, “thing, fact, event”). The ha may have been added to differentiate from 事 (koto).
The 葉 spelling is an example of ateji (当て字).

com

asobase, the stem of the causative form asobaseru of verb 遊ぶ asobu

that consists of suffixing verbs with the term 遊ばせ

天地の詞: an instructional pangram used in the early Heian period


言葉

From Proto-Ryukyuan *kotoba, from Proto-Japonic *kətənpa. Cognate with Japanese 言葉 (kotoba).

language; speech; lingo; dialect; way of speaking


إنكليزي

ajp-noun

إنكليزي • (ʔinglīzi) m (plural إنكليز (ʔinglīz), feminine إنكليزيّة (ʔinglīziyye))

ʔinglīzi (romanization)
إنكليز (plural)
إنكليزيّة (feminine)

From Semi-learned borrowing from Arabic إِنْكْلِيزِيّ (ʾinglīziyy).

slbor

إِنْكْلِيزِيّ


tai

fo-noun

tai n (genitive singular tais, uncountable)


Sanskrit

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit संस्कृत (saṃskṛtá, “perfected, prepared, constructed, refined”). First use appears c. 1617 in the publications of Samuel Purchas.

lbor

The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps no longer exists...
- Sir William Jones, 2 February, 1786, at the Asiatick Society.

2004, Benjamin W. Fortson IV, “Introduction”, in Indo-European Language and Culture, page 8:

A classical Indo-European language of South Asia, which is the liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism.


Sanskrit

de-proper noun

Sanskrit n (proper noun, strong, genitive Sanskrit or Sanskrits)

Sanskrit (genitive)
Sanskrits (genitive)


אנגלית

he-proper noun

אַנְגְּלִית • (ang'lít) f

אַנְגְּלִית (canonical)
ang'lít (romanization)

Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth of Nations

English (the language originating in England but now spoken in all parts of the British Isles, the Commonwealth of Nations, North America, and other parts of the world)


Jewish

en-adj

Jewish (comparative more Jewish, superlative most Jewish)

more Jewish (comparative)
most Jewish (superlative)

From Jew + -ish. Compare Middle English Judewissh (“Jewish”), Old English Iūdēisċ (“Jewish”), Dutch joodsch, joods (“Jewish”), German jüdisch (“Jewish”), Danish jødisk (“Jewish”), Swedish judisk (“Jewish”), Gothic 𐌾𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (judaiwisks, “Jewish”). See also Yiddish.

cog

The roots of American Jewry are not in the Middle East but in Europe—their Jewish style, their strong Jewish words, their strong nostalgia, their actual, weighable history, all this issues from their European origins. Grandpa did not hail from Haifa—he was a Jewish humanist, a spiritual, believing Jew, who complained not in an antique tongue called Hebrew but in colorful, rich, vernacular Yiddish.

1993, Philip Roth, Operation Shylock, page 47:

Although I did know that my Jewish name was Yiddish, the rabbi who first taught me Hebrew in the 1960s insisted that we all have Hebrew and not Yiddish names

2007, Laura Levitt, American Jewish Loss After the Holocaust, page 69:

2012, Aya Elyada, A Goy Who Speaks Yiddish: Christians and the Jewish Language in Early Modern Germany, Stanford University Press:


Jewish

The Statue of Liberty. A French gift with a poem made by a Jewish.

2022 November 26, ArgieSocDem, Twitter, archived from the original on 2022-12-09:

(non-native speakers' English, proscribed) A Jew.


Jewish

Joods

informal term for Yiddish — see also Yiddish

I can't speak Jewish; I can't even understand it.

quoted in 1947, William Lloyd Warner, Leo Srole, The Social Systems of American Ethnic Groups (page 232)

(informal, proscribed) The Yiddish or Hebrew language.

We believe that although he speaks Jewish, he speaks Russian quite badly and pretentiously.

2005 November 17, John Doyle Klier, Imperial Russia's Jewish Question, 1855-1881, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57:

After a day servicing commercial refrigeration through the five boroughs, Dad would bring home a story of a Chinese waiter on Second Avenue who “speaks Jewish like a Galitzianer,” or of a Mafioso in a Queens fruit market who “has such yiddisher taam, I call him Rabbi Zino.”

2009, Martin S. Jaffee, The End of Jewish Radar: Snapshots of a Postethnic American Judaism, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 115:

A Jew wearing a cap with a visor and a red scarf around his neck is answering a Jewish woman who has addressed him in Polish: “One speaks Jewish aboard the Jewish tram”. Another butts in: “What about in Hebrew?” “In Hebrew as well”.
[…] The Jews in Wereszczyn spoke Jewish amongst themselves, and Polish with us. They had their own Jewish accent, but they had a pretty good grasp of the Polish language.

2012 August 6, Ewa Kurek, Polish-Jewish Relations 1939-1945: Beyond the Limits of Solidarity, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 215:


ફ્રાંસીસી

head

ફ્રાંસીસી • (phrā̃sīsī) f

gu-proper noun

ફ્રાંસીસી • (phrā̃sīsī) f

From ફરાસીસી (pharāsīsī) with influence from English French. Displaced Gujarati ફરાસીસી (pharāsīsī).


japansk

[jaˈpʰæːˀnsɡ̊]


castelhano

pt-noun

castelhano m (plural castelhanos, feminine castelhana, feminine plural castelhanas)

castelhanos (plural)
castelhana (feminine)
castelhanas (feminine plural)

→ Old Tupi: kasîana

Borrowed from Spanish castellano, from Latin Castellānus < castellānus. Doublet of castelão.

(uncountable) Castilian; Spanish (Romance language spoken in Spain and much of Latin America)


yoruba

[ɟ͡ʝoˈɾu.β̞a]

[ɟ͡ʝoˈɾu.β̞a]


spagnolo

q

along with French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">espagnol</i>

→ Romanian: spaniol (along with French espagnol)

From Spagna (“Spain”) + -olo (“derivative suffix”), possibly also from Old Occitan espaignol, from a Vulgar Latin *Hispāniolus, from Latin Hispānus. Compare French espagnol, Portuguese espanhol, Spanish español. Doublet of épagneul.


Hokkien

Borrowed from Hokkien 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian / Fukien”). Doublet of Fukien and Fujian.

bor

Almost 90 percent of Taiwan's 6 million occupants at the end of World War II spoke Hokkien.

2011, Shelley Rigger, Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, →ISBN, page 28:

Because Hokkien is the most widely spoken local language (after Mandarin) in both Taiwan and Kinmen, this national language policy – when implemented in Kinmen – resulted in a different perceived language policy.

2020, Tsung-lun Alan Wan, “Language Revitalization and Perceived Language Shift: A Case of Kinmenese Hokkien”, in Jens Damm, Hauke Neddermann, editors, Intercultural Dialogue across Borders: China between Tradition and Modernity, Zürich: LIT Verlag, →ISBN, page 106:

Under colonial rule, learning or speaking my grandma’s native Hokkien, along with dozens of indigenous languages, was illegal by law.

2022 June 22, Zoe Yu, “Endangered Languages Are Worth Saving”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-22, Student Editorial Contest Winner:

The awards celebrate not only Mandopop but also artists singing in Taiwanese - also known as Hokkien - Hakka and indigenous languages, a visible sign of the government's efforts to promote tongues other than Mandarin.

2023 July 2, Ben Blanchard, “Taiwan celebrates linguistic diversity at annual music awards”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-07-03, Asia Pacific:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Hokkien.

(chiefly Southeast Asia) A linguistic subgroup of the Southern Min (Min Nan) branch, of the Min branch, of the Sinitic (Chinese) branch, of the Sino-Tibetan language family which is mainly spoken in the south-eastern part of mainland China (Fujian province), Taiwan, and by overseas Chinese of Hoklo descent, such as in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Southern Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, etc.

Teochew

Other branches of Southern Min (limited mutual intelligibility)


Hokkien

Borrowed from Hokkien 福建 (Hok-kiàn, “Fujian / Fukien”). Doublet of Fukien.

bor+

wikang Hokkien

salitang Hokkien
Hokkien language word; Hokkien Language

[…] Iyan ang historikal na dahilan kung bakit hindi pinapansin ng halos lahat ng mga kritiko ang literaturang Tsino natin. Kahit na humigit kumulang sa dalawang daang Filipino ang nagsusulat sa wikang Mandarin o Hokkien sa kasalukuyan ay hindi inaakala ng mga bobong iskolar na dugong Malay na malaking bahagi ng literatura[…]

1996, Alfredo E. Litiatco, Isagani R. Cruz, The Alfredo E. Litiatco lectures of Isagani R. Cruz, De La Salle University Press, →ISBN, page 237:

[…] That is the historical reason why almost all critics ignore our Chinese literature. Even though there are about two hundred Filipinos writing in Mandarin or Hokkien today, stupid scholars of Malay blood do not think that a large part of the literature […]

[…] at lalim ng impluwensiyang Tsino sa wikang Tagalog. Dito'y dapat linawin na ang mga bokabularyong Tsinong tinukoy sa pag-aaral ay mula sa wikang Hokkien. Mangilan-ngilan lamang ang mula sa Cantones at Mandarin. Hindi naman ito kataka-taka dahil mahigit nobenta porsiyento ng mga Tsinong lumikas sa Pilipinas ay galing sa Fujian (o Hokkian) […] At ang salitang "paslang," ayon sa pag-aaral ni Manuel, ay mula sa pariralang Hokkien na "phah si lang" na ang kahuluga'y... ano pa nga ba kundi "pumatay ng tao!" […]

1997, Joaquin Sy, Tsapsuy: mga sanaysay, tula, salin at iba pa 雜碎, Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 260,265:

[…] and depth of Chinese influence on the Tagalog language. Here it should be clarified that the Chinese vocabulary referred to in the study is from the Hokkien language. Only a few come from Cantonese and Mandarin. This is not surprising because more than ninety percent of the Chinese who emigrated to the Philippines are from Fujian (or Hokkian) […] And the word "paslang," according to Manuel's study, is from the Hokkien phrase "phah si lang" which means... what else but "to kill a person!" […]

[…] lumabas mula sa kuwarto ang anak kong lalaking nakabihis militar at may hawak na riple. Pinisil niya ako sa balikat saka sinabi sa wikang Hokkien, "Magsasanay kaming magpaputok ng rifle ngayong araw. Pa! Corporal na ako, hindi na flag bearer […] Hokkien ang dalawang salitang iyon. Pagkatapos ng anak kong lalaki sa paaralang Tsino, nagkolehiyo na siya sa paaralang Pilipino. Nag-aalala akong makakalimutan niya ang wikang Tsino, pati na ang sulat Tsino. Nang maglaho sa labas […] usap-usapan ng mga tao sa Chinatown, ang pangongolekta ng donasyon ng class president naming binansagan naming Kuya Macao na bagama't Cantones ay nakapagsasalita ng matatas na Hokkien, ang limang linggong wala akong perang manood ng […]

2003, Ching Tam Cua, translated by Joaquin Sy, 五月花節：柯清淡小說精選 (Flores de Mayo: Tatlong Piling Kwento) [Flowers of May: Three Selected Stories], Kaisa Para sa Kaunlaran, →ISBN, page 48,50:

[…] my son came out of the room in military uniform and holding a rifle. He squeezed my shoulder and said in Hokkien, "We're going to practice firing a rifle today. Pa! I'm a corporal, no longer a flag bearer […] Those two words are Hokkien. After my son went to Chinese school, he went to college in the Filipino school. I was worried that he would forget the Chinese language, including the Chinese script. When he disappeared outside […] the people in Chinatown talked about the donation collection of our class president nicknamed Brother Macau that although Cantonese can speak fluent Hokkien, the five weeks I didn't have money to watch […]

[…] Napanaginipan ng historyador ang emperador. Nagpakilala itong si Shih Huang Ti. (Nakakapag-Hokkien sa panaginip.) Matapos libutin ang maharlikang hardin, […]

2004, Mayo Uno Martin, Babél: Mga Tula ni Mayo Uno Martin [Babél: Poems of Mayo Uno Martin], High Chair, →ISBN, page 41:

[…] The historian dreamed of the emperor. He introduced himself as Shih Huang Ti. (Able to use Hokkien in a dream.) After touring the royal garden, […]

[…]Hango umano ang "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" o "teng"] sa Tsino, at iniuugnay sa wikang Amoy-Hokkien. Ayon sa PCIJ, ang "hue" daw ay may literal na katumbas na "bulaklak" [flower], samantalang ang "eng" o "teng" ay katumbas daw ng "pusta" o "taya" [bet].[…] Ayon kay Joaquin Sy, isang eksperto sa Hokkien at tagasalin ng mga akdang Tsino, ang "huweteng" ay maaaring mula sa "hua" [bulaklak] at "tang" [salansan ng papeles]. Wala namang makapagsasabi kung sa paglipas ng panahon ay nagbago ang bigkas sa "hua tang" at naging "hue teng." Kung babalikan naman ang Tsapsuy: Mga sanaysay, tula, salin, at iba pa (1997) ni Sy, binanggit ang "jue xin" na mulang Hokkien. Tumutukoy ang "jue xin" sa tao na buo […]

2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon, UP Press, →ISBN, page 4:

[…]It is indeed similar as said that "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" or "teng"] is derived from Chinese, and is associated with the Amoy-Hokkien language. According to the PCIJ, "hue" is said to have a literal equivalent to "bulaklak" [flower], while "eng" or "teng" is said to be equivalent to "pusta" or "taya" [bet]. […] According to Joaquin Sy, a Hokkien expert and translator of Chinese works, "hueteng" may be from "hua" [flower] and "tang" [stack of papers]. No one can say if over time the pronunciation changed from "hua tang" to "hue teng." Going back to Sy's Tsapsuy: Essays, poems, translations, and others (1997), "jue xin" from Hokkien is mentioned. "jue xin" refers to the person as a whole

[…] Beinte-singko anyos lang si Kho Bunthong. Siya ang pinakabata sa editorial department. Nakapag-aral siya ng journalism sa isang unibersidad sa Tsina, at mahusay pang mag-Ingles, kaya siya ang inatasang maging reporter ni Mr. Le. Makuwento siya at prangka magsalita, maliksi kumilos at mabilis magtrabaho, at tapat sa pakikiharap sa tao, kaya't natutuwa sa kanya ang mga taga-editorial department. Galing siya sa Chaozhou sa Guangdong. Maliban sa pagkakaiba sa punto ay hindi gaanong nagkakalayo ang salitang Chaozhou sa Hokkien. Siguro'y dahil hindi masyadong malayo ang aming edad, gayundin ang pag-uugali, kaya naman madali kaming […]

2007, Bai Ren 白刃, translated by Joaquin Sy 施華謹, Lagalag sa Nanyang: (Nanyang Piaoliuji) 南洋漂流記 [Wandering the South Seas (Southeast Asia)], UP Press, →ISBN, page 334:

[…] Kho Bunthong is only twenty-five years old. He is the youngest in the editorial department. He studied journalism at a university in China, and speaks English well, so he was assigned to be a reporter for Mr. Le. He is talkative and straightforward, agile and quick to work, and honest in dealing with people, which is why the editorial department likes him. He is from Chaozhou in Guangdong. Except to a certain point, the Chaozhou language is not that far from Hokkien. Maybe it's because our age is not too far apart, as well as our behavior, that's why we easily […]

[…] nakapagsasalita ng Hokkien o Cantonese. Sa struktura ng pamilya, mas sumusunod din ang mga mestiso sa kagawiang Pilipino na nagbibigay-halaga sa kamag-anak ng babaeng asawa. Kapansin-pansin naman sa kanila ang ilang katangian tulad ng pagkahilig sa karangyaan, debosyon sa Katolisismo at sa kulturang Espanyol, at kakayahang magnegosyo […]

2012, Philippine Social Sciences Review, volume 64, number 2, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines, page 25:

[…] able to speak Hokkien or Cantonese. In the family structure, the mestizos also follow the Filipino practice that gives importance to the wife's relatives. They are notable for some characteristics such as a penchant for luxury, devotion to Catholicism and Spanish culture, and the ability to do business […]

the Hokkien language (linguistic variety under Southern Min of the Min languages of the Sinitic (Chinese) languages of the Sino-Tibetan family)


Romanche

From French romanche, which stems from Latin romanice.


castellano

es-adj

castellano (feminine castellana, masculine plural castellanos, feminine plural castellanas)

castellana (feminine)
castellanos (masculine plural)
castellanas (feminine plural)

From Latin Castellānus (“Castilian”), from Castella (“Castile”) + -ānus (“-an: forming adjectives”), q.v.

rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains, Philippines

Castilian (of or related to the kingdom or region of Castile)

(inexact, sometimes offensive) Spanish (of or related to Spain, particularly the Castilian or European forms of the Spanish language)


castellano

es-noun

castellano m (plural castellanos, feminine castellana, feminine plural castellanas)

castellanos (plural)
castellana (feminine)
castellanas (feminine plural)


castellano

Castilian Spanish (the dialect of the kingdom or region of Castile)

(inexact) European Spanish, Spanish Spanish (the dialects of Spain generally, particularly as opposed to those in Latin America)

(inexact, sometimes offensive) Spanish (the Spanish language generally)


castellano

castellano (a former Spanish coin, notionally equivalent to a castellano of gold)


Iberian

An extinct language isolate that was spoken in the Iberian peninsula.


ولاپوک

head

ولاپوک • (volâpuk)

fa-proper noun

ولاپوک • (volâpuk)


sueco

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Suecus, ultimately from Latin Suiōnēs (“Swedes”) (in Tacitus); cognate with Old English Swēon (“Swedes”).


sueco

pt-noun

sueco m (plural suecos, feminine sueca, feminine plural suecas)

suecos (plural)
sueca (feminine)
suecas (feminine plural)

From earlier suécio (“Swedish”), from Suécia (“Sweden”), from Latin Suiones (“Swedes”), a Germanic tribe mentioned in Tacitus’ Germania.

(uncountable) Swedish (a Germanic language of Sweden)


sueco

pt-adj

sueco (feminine sueca, masculine plural suecos, feminine plural suecas, not comparable)

sueca (feminine)
suecos (masculine plural)
suecas (feminine plural)


sueco

Borrowed from Medieval Latin Suecus, ultimately from Latin Suiōnēs (“Swedes”) (in Tacitus); cognate with Old English Swēon (“Swedes”).


Classical Greek

The form of the Ancient Greek language used during the classical period of Greek literature: approximately 600 to 300 BCE.


Sindhi

de-proper noun

Sindhi n (proper noun, strong, genitive Sindhi or Sindhis)

Sindhi (a language spoken in parts of India and Pakistan)


Old French

The French language as spoken or written from the 9th to the early 14th century.

ou frans

French language from 9th to the early 14th century


Ilokano

tl-noun

Ilokano (feminine Ilokana, Baybayin spelling ᜁᜎᜓᜃᜈᜓ)

From Spanish ilocano. By surface analysis, Iloko + -ano.


Bambara

A West Sudanic language spoken mainly in Mali by as many as six million people, and by smaller numbers of people in Senegal Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.


Pali

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पालि (pāli).

lbor

A Middle Indo-Aryan language of north India, closely related to Sanskrit; the sacred language of the Buddhist scriptures.


Balinese

en-noun

Balinese (countable and uncountable, plural Balinese)

Balinese (cat)
Balinese language
Balinese people


Kapampangan

A language of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian family of languages; it is one of the major languages of the Philippines and the primary language in the province of Pampanga, as well as southern Tarlac.


Kapampangan

A native speaker of the Kapampangan language.


Kapampangan

Pertaining to the Kapampangan language or its speakers.

капампанганский

pertaining to Kapampangan or its speakers


Kapampangan

tl-noun

Kapampangan (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜉᜋ᜔ᜉᜅᜈ᜔)

Borrowed from Kapampangan Kapampangan, from pangpang (“shore”) + ka- -an.