Traditional Chinese

/tɹəˈdɪʃənəl tʃaɪˈniːz/

Chinese written using the traditional form of Chinese characters, as opposed to Simplified Chinese (introduced by the PRC as script reform).

حُرُوف صِينِيَّة تَقْلِيدِيَّة

Chinese written using traditional characters


Simplified Chinese

Chinese written using the forms of Chinese characters introduced by the PRC as script reform. The characters are simplified (with a reduced number of strokes, etc.) compared to their pre-reform shapes.

حُرُوف صِينِيَّة مُبَسَّطَة

Chinese written using simplified characters


Lemko

The language of this group of Carpatho-Rusyns, which is sometimes considered a dialect of Ukrainian or of Rusyn.


Esperanto

/ˌɛspəˈɹæntəʊ/

/ˌɛspəˈɹɑːntəʊ/

/ˌɛspəˈɹæntoʊ/

/ˌɛspəˈɹɑntoʊ/

Learned borrowing from Esperanto Esperanto. Originally, this was the pseudonym assumed by the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, and the language was called Lingvo Internacia (“international language”). The term first appears in the publication Science in 1892.

lbor

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Esperanto.

An international auxiliary language designed by L. L. Zamenhof.


Esperanto

From Doktoro Esperanto ("Doctor Hopeful"), the pen-name of Esperanto's author, Dr. Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof, when he published the language in 1887; from esperanto (“one who hopes”), from the verb esperi (“to hope”), from French espérer, Spanish esperar, ultimately from Latin spērō (“to hope”).

esperantigi

to translate or transliterate to Esperanto

esperantismo

the ideal of a neutral, universal auxiliary language

esperantologio

linguistic study of Esperanto, Esperantology

esperantologo

specialist in Esperantology, an Esperantologist

esperantumado

use of Esperanto, Esperanto-related activities


Esperanto

de-proper noun

Esperanto n (proper noun, strong, genitive Esperantos or Esperanto)

Esperantos (genitive)
Esperanto (genitive)


langue

French: langue (see there for further descendants)

From Old French langue, from Latin lingua.


langue

fro-noun

langue oblique singular, f (oblique plural langues, nominative singular langue, nominative plural langues)

langue oblique singular or (canonical feminine)
langues (oblique plural)
langue (nominative singular)
langues (nominative plural)

desctree

Middle French: langue
French: langue (see there for further descendants)

Norman: laungue

Picard: lingue

Walloon: linwe


hispana

eo-head

hispana (accusative singular hispanan, plural hispanaj, accusative plural hispanajn)

hispanan (accusative singular)
hispanaj (plural)
hispanajn (accusative plural)

Spanish (of or pertaining to Spain, the Spanish people, or the Spanish language)

(la hispana) Clipping of la hispana lingvo (“the Spanish language”).


angla

angla (accusative singular anglan, plural anglaj, accusative plural anglajn)

anglan (accusative singular)
anglaj (plural)
anglajn (accusative plural)

elangligi

to translate from English into Esperanto

English (of or pertaining to England, the English people, or the English language)

(la angla) Clipping of la angla lingvo (“the English language”)


Kiribati

→ Japanese: キリバス (Kiribasu)

Gilbert Islands
Kiribati
fr:Ernest Sabatier

From Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts adapted to Gilbertese phonotactics, a shortening of Gilbert Islands. First entry in the Dictionnaire gilbertin-français of Ernest Sabatier (1954).

The Micronesian language spoken in Kiribati.


Irish

From Middle English Irish (12th c.), from Old English *Īrisċ, from Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)), further origin heavily debated but probably from Proto-Celtic *Φīweriyū (“fat land, fertile”), from Proto-Indo-European *péyh₂wr̥ (“fat, swelling”), from *peyh₂- (“to swell; to be fat”), akin to Ancient Greek πίειρα (píeira, “fertile land”), Sanskrit पीवरी (pīvarī, “fat”).

cog

A female given name of chiefly Philippine usage.


Irish

From English Irish. Also a corruption of Iris.


Interlingua

/ˈɪntə(ɹ)ˌlɪŋɡwə/

Coined possibly independently multiple times in multiple languages, but modern use derives from the Interlingua word. The word itself comes from Latin inter (“between”) + lingua (“language”).

A constructed interlanguage based on Romance languages, English, German, Russian and Latin, developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association, and first published in 1951.


Rwanda

From Rwanda-Rundi u Rwanda from the archaic verb -anda (“to expand”). Compare Zulu anda (“to multiply”).

The standardized dialect of the Bantu language Rwanda-Rundi spoken in Rwanda.


Myanmar

/ˈmaɪ̯ænˌmɑː/

From Burmese မြန်မာ (mranma), the formal Burmese name of the main ethnic group in Myanmar; ဗမာ (ba.ma), from which Burma is derived, is the informal name. Both Burmese terms are also adjectives meaning "Burmese" (related to Myanmar/Burma, its, people, language, etc). When certain words are attached, the combination may mean specifically Myanmar (Burma) (country) or Burmese (person, language, etc.) - a noun.

The Sino-Tibetan official language of the country of Myanmar.

The script in which the Myanmar language is written.


Yiddish

From Yiddish ייִדיש (yidish), from Yiddish ייִדיש־דוײַטש (yidish-daytsh), cognate with German jüdisch (“Jewish”).

der

ייִדיש־דוײַטש

Holonym: High German

Meronyms: Eastern Yiddish, East Yiddish, Western Yiddish, West Yiddish

Yiddish is a High German language [...] two varieties of Yiddish developed [...]

1983, Philip Baldi, An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages, page 128:

A West Germanic, or more specifically High German, language that developed from Middle High German dialects, with an admixture of vocabulary from multiple source languages including Hebrew-Aramaic, Romance, Slavic, English, etc., and mostly written in Hebrew characters which is used mainly among Ashkenazic Jews from central and eastern Europe.


Zuni

From earlier Zuñi, from American Spanish, from Acoma Western Keres sɨ̂‧ni or a cognate thereof.

The language traditionally spoken by members of this tribe.


Albanian

Caucasian Albanian
Caucasian Albanian#English


Albanian

en-noun

Albanian (countable and uncountable, plural Albanians)

The Albanians honored old-age in all men, death in none, accounting it vnlawfull to mention a dead man; with whom they alſo buried his wealth.

1613, Samuel Purchas, “[Asia.] Of Armenia Maior, and Georgia: and the neighbouring Nations.”, in Purchas His Pilgrimage. Or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discouered, from the Creation vnto this Present. […], London: […] William Stansby for Henrie Fetherstone, […], →OCLC, book IV (Of the Armenians, Medes, Persians, Parthians, Scythians, Tartarians, Chinois, and of Their Religions), page 291:


Dutch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
Derived from Middle English Duch (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch (“German, Low German, Dutch”) and Middle Dutch dūtsch, duutsc (“German, Low German, Dutch”), from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (“of one’s people”), derived from *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂. Doublet of Deutsch and Doitsu.
Compare Middle English thedisch (“native, endemic”) from Old English þēodisċ (“of one’s people”), Old Saxon thiudisk (German Low German düütsch (“German”)), Old High German diutisc (modern German deutsch (“German”)), modern Dutch Duits (“German”) alongside elevated Diets (“Dutch”) (a secondary distinction, fully accepted only in the 19th century). See also Derrick, Teuton, Teutonic.
The pejorative senses (Dutch courage, Dutch wife, Dutch uncle, etc.) are said to stem from the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the accompanying rivalry.

cog

(South Africa, derogatory, ethnic slur) Pertaining to Afrikaner culture (Cape Dutch).


Dutch

→ Hindi: डच (ḍac)

A male given name, more often given as a nickname to someone of Dutch or German ancestry than as an official given name


Dutch

(collective, South Africa, derogatory, offensive, ethnic slur) Afrikaner people (Cape Dutch).

(collective) The Pennsylvania Dutch people.


latin

head

latin n or c (singular definite latinen)

latinen (definite singular)
latin (indefinite nominative singular)
latinen (definite nominative singular)
latins (genitive indefinite singular)
latinens (definite genitive singular)

From Latin Latīnus, from Latium (“Latium”) + -īnus.


latin

Inherited from Middle French latin, from Old French latin, borrowed from Latin latīnus.


latin

latin (countable and uncountable, plural latinok)

latinok (plural)
latin (nominative singular)
latinok (nominative plural)
latint (accusative singular)
latinokat (accusative plural)
latinnak (dative singular)
latinoknak (dative plural)
latinnal (instrumental singular)
latinokkal (instrumental plural)
latinért (causal-final singular)
latinokért (causal-final plural)
latinná (singular translative)
latinokká (plural translative)
latinig (singular terminative)
latinokig (plural terminative)
latinként (essive-formal singular)
latinokként (essive-formal plural)
latinban (inessive singular)
latinokban (inessive plural)
latinon (singular superessive)
latinokon (plural superessive)
latinnál (adessive singular)
latinoknál (adessive plural)
latinba (illative singular)
latinokba (illative plural)
latinra (singular sublative)
latinokra (plural sublative)
latinhoz (allative singular)
latinokhoz (allative plural)
latinból (elative singular)
latinokból (elative plural)
latinról (delative singular)
latinokról (delative plural)
latintól (ablative singular)
latinoktól (ablative plural)
latiné (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
latinoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
latinéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
latinokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
latinom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
latinjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
latinod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
latinjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
latinja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
latinjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
latinunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
latinjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
latinotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
latinjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
latinjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
latinjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


latin

fro-noun

latin oblique singular, m (nominative singular latins)

latin oblique singular or (canonical masculine)
latins (nominative singular)

Middle French: latin

French: latin

S'en sui plus dolenz, Salatin,
Quar en françois ne en latin
Ne finai onques de proier

c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci commence le miracle de Théophile:

I am very sad about it, Saladin
For neither in French nor in Latin
Have I stopped praying


latin

latin (indefinite nominative uncountable)
latinet (definite nominative uncountable)
latins (genitive indefinite uncountable)
latinets (definite genitive uncountable)


Catalan

From Middle English Catalane, from French Catalan, from Spanish catalán, from Catalan Catalunya.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Catalan.

The Romance language of Catalonia, an autonomous region in the northeast of Spain, also spoken in the Valencian autonomous region (where the language is officially named valencià), the Balearic Islands, Andorra, Roussillon in France, and the Sardinian city of Alghero.

కాటలాన్ భాషా

kāṭalān bhāṣā


Flemish

en-adj

Flemish (comparative more Flemish, superlative most Flemish)

more Flemish (comparative)
most Flemish (superlative)

From Middle English flemmysshe, from Old English flēmisc, from Old Frisian flāmisk, derived from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz (“flowing, current water”) and *-iskaz. Equivalent to English fleam + -ish. More at Flanders.

der

Of or relating to Flanders, either as the historical county of Flanders (the current provinces of West Flanders and East Flanders in Belgium, Zeelandic Flanders in the Netherlands and French Flanders); or as the Dutch-speaking region of Belgium.


Volapük

...some authors have claimed that the slang of the criminal was a kind of international language for thieves, a Volapük of crime.

1897 April 5, A. F. B. Crofton, “The Language of Crime”, in Popular Science Monthly, volume 50, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 834:

The first practical constructed language was the south-west German Pastor Schleyer's Volapük from 1879; its complicated grammar and irregular vocabulary made learning difficult, however. The most successful has been Esperanto, devised by the Warsaw ophthalmologist Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887, that today can count some one million speakers.

2004, Steven Roger Fischer, A history of language, Reaktion Books, →ISBN, page 180:

constructed language
constructed language

An artificial language (constructed language) created in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer.


Volapük

de-proper noun

Volapük n (proper noun, strong, genitive Volapük or Volapüks)

Borrowed from Volapük Volapük, from English world + speak.


Volapük

Volapük (nominative singular uncountable)
Volapük'ü (accusative singular uncountable)
Volapük'e (dative singular uncountable)
Volapük'te (locative singular uncountable)
Volapük'ten (ablative singular uncountable)
Volapük'ün (genitive singular uncountable)


Volapük

Volapük (nominative singular)
Volapüka (genitive singular)
Volapüke (dative singular)
Volapüki (accusative singular)
o Volapük! (singular vocative)
Volapüku (predicative singular)

→ Danish: volapyk

→ Dutch: Volapük

→ English: Volapük

→ German: Volapük

→ Turkish: Volapük

→ West Frisian: Volapük

Compound of vola (“of the world / world's”), genitive singular of vol (“world”) + pük (“language”) (morpheme structure: vol (“world”) + -a (“genitive morpheme”) + pük (“language”) = volapük (“world language”) / Volapük (“World Language”), i.e., Johann Martin Schleyer's Weltsprache (“World Language / Universal Language”). Johann Martin Schleyer created the compound noun volapük (vol + -a + pük) by both simplifying and deforming the English words: world (world > wol > vol) and speak / speech (speak / speech > pik > pük), which produced (lowercase generic term) volapük (any "worldspeak" or "world language") versus (uppercase specific term) Volapük, "the" Worldspeak / World Language / Weltsprache.

Volapük eprogedon nog no mödiko, e nog ai go no labülon pladi, kel demü patöfs sublimik okik duton lü on.

1938, “Pö yelacen”, in Volapükagased pro Nedänapükans, page 1:

Volapük has not yet made great progress, and is far from occupying the place it deserves due to its its superior qualities.

Volapük (rarely lowercase, compare the generic term volapük versus the specific language called Volapük)


Frisian

From Middle English Frisoun, taken from Old French frison (“a Frisian”), itself derived from Latin Frīsiī (“Frisians”). Displaced native Old English Frīsa (“a Frisian”); see the plural Frīsan for more.

In the province of Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands, a high percentage of the population, about 350000, speak Frisian as their first language.

1998, Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones, Encyclopedia of bilingualism and bilingual education, page 405:

This means that full competence in both Frisian and Dutch (ie understanding, speaking, reading and writing ability) is aimed at all pupils in the province, whether they speak Frisian or Dutch at home.

2000, Jasone Cenoz, Ulrike Jessner, English in Europe: the acquisition of a third language, page 223:

Many Frisians speak Frisian at home and Dutch at work.

2005, Pat Seward, Sunandini Arora Lal, Netherlands, page 89:

A Germanic language group or language (see Usage notes), or a lect thereof, which descended from Old Frisian, with speakers in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark.

(specifically) The West Frisian (or Western Frisian) lect, spoken in the northern Netherlands.


Slovak

en-noun

Slovak (countable and uncountable, plural Slovaks)

From Slovak Slovák (“Slovak”), from a shortening of Proto-Slavic *slověninъ (“Slav”) + -ák. Related to Slovene.

(uncountable) The Slavic language of Slovakia.


Finnish

The Finno-Ugric language spoken by the majority of the people living in Finland, one of the two official languages of the country (the other is Swedish).

a variety of Finnish spoken in Northern Sweden

a variety of Finnish spoken in Northern Norway


Icelandic

Although it's hard for us to imagine, they see the pixels in a raw, uninterpreted fashion, and thus to them a TV screen is as drained of long-ago-and-far-away meaning as is, to you or me, a pile of fall leaves, a Jackson Pollock painting, or a newspaper article in Malagasy (my apologies to you if you speak Malagasy; in that case, please replace it by Icelandic — and don't tell me that you speak that language, too!).

2007, Douglas Hofstadter, I Am a Strange Loop:

A North Germanic language, the national tongue of Iceland.


Welsh

Welsh (countable and uncountable, plural Welsh)

From Middle English Walsch, Welische, from Old English wīelisċ (“Briton; Roman; Celt”), from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz (“Celt; later Roman”), from *walhaz (“Celt, Roman”) (compare Old English wealh), from the name of the Gaulish tribe, the Volcae (recorded only in Latin contexts).
This word was borrowed from Germanic into Slavic (compare Old Church Slavonic Влахъ (Vlaxŭ, “Vlachs, Romanians”), Byzantine Greek Βλάχος (Blákhos)).
Doublet of Vellish. Compare Walloon, walnut, Vlach, Walach, Gaul, Cornwall.

cog

9 minutes to 2. We just stopped to have our horses' mouths washed, and there all people spoke welsh.

1832, Queen Victoria, journal, 6 Aug 1832


Italian

en-noun

Italian (countable and uncountable, plural Italians)

From Middle English Italian, from Medieval Latin Italiānus, from Latin Italia (“Italy”).

(uncountable) The official language of Italy, also spoken in San Marino, the Vatican, and parts of Argentina, Slovenia and Switzerland.


Slovene

From German Slowene, from Slovene Slovenec. Related to Slovak.

Of or pertaining to Slovenia, the Slovenes or the Slovene language.


Danish

Borrowed from Persian دانش (literally “knowledge, science, wisdom”).


Hungarian

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

Of, from, or pertaining to present-day Hungary, the ethnic Hungarian people or the Hungarian language.

Of, from, or pertaining to the Kingdom of Hungary, during the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of ethnicity.


Hungarian

en-noun

Hungarian (countable and uncountable, plural Hungarians)

/hʌŋˈɡɛə.ɹi.ən/

A person from the former Kingdom of Hungary, during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, regardless of that person's ethnicity.

(uncountable) The main language of Hungary.


Swedish

en-proper noun

Swedish (countable and uncountable, plural Swedishes)

From Swede + -ish. Cognate with Dutch Zweeds, German Schwedisch.

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Swedish.

The language of Sweden and Åland (an autonomous part of Finland). Swedish is also one of the two official languages of Finland, spoken by 6% of the citizens. A very small minority in Estonia has Swedish as their mother tongue.


Turkish

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The official language of Turkey, Republic of Cyprus (alongside Greek) and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

Turks

official language of Turkey, Republic of Cyprus and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

This dictionary for Chaghatay Turkish (although it also contains much material for what the author calls 'Rūmī', i.e. south-western Turkish, above all, Ottoman) is the Sanglakh of an obscure eighteenth-century compiler

2001, C. Edmund Bosworth, editor, A Century of British Orientalists, 1902-2001, page 97:

M.A. Òerbak considers Chaghatay Turkish a period of Uzbek.

2003, Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, Culture and Learning in Islam, page 256:

[...] these works include stories of the battles the Turks fought against the Chinese, a variety of legends, and numerous specimens of verse (found mostly in Chinese translation) written in Uyghur Turkish.

2011, Talat S. Halman, Jayne L. Warner, A Millennium of Turkish Literature, page 6:

And my uncle always shouted: “Uzbek Turkish is very close to our Turkish language!”

It was Navai who through his poetry almost single-handedly turned his native Chaghatay Turkish into a literary language.

2022, Dominic Lieven, In the Shadow of the Gods: The Emperor in World History:


Turkish

When a question was asked, would put on a mysterious look. Shake his head. Smoke in silence. Observe, at length, he had doubts. Presided at the council, in state. Swayed a Turkish pipe instead of a scepter. Known to sit with eyes closed ...[…]

1896, Alonzo Reed, Brainerd Kellogg, Higher Lessons in English: A work on English Grammar and composition, 1st edition, Outlook Verlag GmbH, published 2023, →ISBN, page 557:

Of, from, or pertaining to Turkey, the Turkish people or the Turkish language.

Turks

of, from or pertaining to Turkey, the Turkish people or the Turkish language

[...] in Mongolian and some Turkish languages

1962, Gerard Clauson, Turkish and Mongolian Studies, page 37:

Old Turkish began with the separation, formation and consolidation of the independent Turkish languages.

1982, András Róna-Tas, Chuvash Studies, page 119:

This is openly a characteristics of Chaghatay and other Eastern Turkish languages and dialects.

2007, László Károly, Turcology in Turkey: selected papers, page 458:

In the Timurid empire, the Chaghatay Turkish language, which became the standard of the Timurid court, was part of the eastern branch of Turkic languages.

2019, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Hammer and Anvil:


Korean

朝鮮の

North or related to both of Koreas in academic context


Korean

(uncountable) Official language of the people residing on the Korean Peninsula, and language of approximately 60 million people, in Asia, North America, and elsewhere.


Korean

(countable) A native or resident in North Korea or South Korea, or a person of Korean descent.


Strine

From a pronunciation spelling of Australian spoken with this accent. Coined by “Afferbeck Lauder” (Alastair Ardoch Morrison) and popularised with his 1965 book Let Stalk Strine. Australian from 1965.

Several Strine forms depend on an assumed equivalence between Strine fortis consonants and Cultivated/RP lenis ones, thus garbler mince (couple of minutes), egg jelly (actually). It is doubtful whether this reflects any real phonetic difference.

1982, J. C. Wells, “Accents of English”, in Beyond the British Isles, volume 3, page 595:

A team at Griffith University in Bribane is working on what the university′s newspaper callls a bionic snorter. Translating into English from Strine, this is a bionic hooter, conk, bugle or nose.

1989 July 8, “Ariadne”, in New Scientist, page 120:

Dell′Oso describes the encounter of an Asian woman with a surly bus driver whose only language is Strine (a form of Australian English, barely intelligible to many of the native-speakers).

1992, Gillian Bottomley, From Another Place: Migration and the Politics of Culture, published 2009, page 133:

(Australia, New Zealand, UK, informal, humorous) Broad Australian English described as if it were a different language.


Spanish

en-noun

Spanish (countable and uncountable, plural Spanish or Spanishes)

From Middle English Spainish, Spanish, equivalent to Spain + -ish.

Sixty-four percent more Spanish are functionally illiterate compared to Anglos in Lubbock (only 15 percent more of nonwhites than Anglos).

1970, Henry Sioux Johnson, William J. Hernández-Martinez, Educating the Mexican American, page 87:

(US, informal, nonstandard, collective in the plural) People of Hispanic origin; one whose first language is Spanish.


Portuguese

en-adj

Portuguese (comparative more Portuguese, superlative most Portuguese)

more Portuguese (comparative)
most Portuguese (superlative)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portugees

of or relating to the region of Portugal

Portugees

of or relating to the people of Portugal

Portuguese verbs

The latter feature indicates that a Portuguese consonant cannot constitute the nucleus of a syllable.

1981, Milton Mariano Azevedo, A Contrastive Phonology of Portuguese and English, page 31:

Of or pertaining to the Portuguese language.

Portugees

of or relating to the Portuguese language


Portuguese

en-noun

Portuguese (plural Portuguese or (archaic) Portugueses)

Portuguese (plural)
Portugueses (archaic plural)

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

[…] but so close lay the boats that even single hooks snarled, and Harvey found himself in hot argument with a gentle, hairy Newfoundlander on one side and a howling Portuguese on the other.

1897, Rudyard Kipling, Captains Courageous:

With a view to securing its more efficient working, a Portuguese was placed in charge of the entire department as Vidane.

1920, Paulus Edward Pieris, Ceylon and the Portuguese, 1505-1658, page 184:

Beresford required all materials for coatees, waistcoats and pantaloons to be sent out unmade, as the Portuguese were perfectly capable of making the suits up properly after delivery.

2000, René Chartrand, Bill Younghusband, The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars, volume 1, page 23:

(chiefly in the plural) A person native to, or living in, Portugal.


Portuguese

/ˌpɔː.t͡ʃəˈɡiːz/

Portuguese, however, is slightly different from Catalan, Spanish, and Romanian in that there is no strict adjacency requirement between wh-words and the verbal cluster in indirect questions.

2000, João Costa, Portuguese Syntax: new comparative studies, page 65:

Overall it is Taipa (which means mudflats in Portuguese and its Cantonese name Tam-zai also means mud flats) that has changed the most through reclamation followed by the east coast of the Macau Peninsula.

2001, Richard Louis Edmonds, William John Kyle, “Land Use in Macau: Changes between 1972 and 1994”, in Arthur H. Chen, editor, Culture of Metropolis in Macau: An International Symposium on Cultural Heritage: Strategies for the Twenty-first Century, Cultural Affairs Bureau [文化局], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 255, column 2:

A Romance language originating in Portugal, and now the official language of Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guiné Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), Cape Verde, East Timor, and Brazil.


German

German (countable and uncountable, plural Germans)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

From Latin Germānus, Germānī (“the peoples of Germānia”), as distinct from Gauls (in the writings of Caesar and Tacitus), and of uncertain ultimate origin (possibly Celtic/Gaulish).
Not related to german (“closely related”) or germane (from the Latin adjective germānus, through Old French).
Attested since at least 1520. Replaced the older terms Almain and Dutch (from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz) in English. Besides cognates of German, Almain, and Dutch, two other categories of words for the Germans in other languages are cognates of Saxon and descendants of Proto-Slavic *němьcь; see those entries for more.
The surname is generally from the noun, though sometimes confused with Herman, Hermann under Russian influence. As a German surname, Americanized from Germann. Compare Germán, Germain, Jerman.

[…] tie them tightly in a thickly floured cloth, and boil them for three hours and a half. We can recommend this as a remarkably light small rich pudding : it may be served with German, wine, or punch sauce.

1858, Eliza Acton, Modern Cookery in All Its Branches: Reduced to a System of Easy Practice, for the Use of Private Families : in a Series of Receipts, which Have Been Strictly Tested, and are Given with the Most Minute Exactness : to which are Added Directions for Carving, Garnishing, and Setting Out the Table, with a Table of Weights and Measures, page 279:

The wine list harbours some great bottles, mature clarets and Burgundies as well as a clutch of fine Germans (gold-dust these days in restaurants) […]

1996, Jim Ainsworth, Passport's Guide to Britain's Best Restaurants:


German

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Meronyms: Low German (Plattdeutsch), High German

German has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

(uncountable) An Indo-European (Indo-Germanic) language, primarily spoken in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, South Tyrol, Switzerland, Luxembourg, and a small part of Belgium.

A number of townships in the United States, listed under German Township.


German

en-adj

German (comparative more German, superlative most German or Germanest)

more German (comparative)
most German (superlative)
Germanest (superlative)

/ˈd͡ʒɜː.mən/

Duits

of or relating to the country of Germany

National Socialist German Workers' Party

Meronyms: Low German, High German

Because the instructions were German, Yves couldn't read them.

In this manner there existed, about the time of the Reformation, three grand divisions of the German language, viz. the Upper German (Ober Deutsch), the Low German (Nieder Deutsch, or Platt Deutsch), and lastly the High German (Hoch Deutsch).

1816, George Henry Noehden, A Grammar of the German Language, 3rd edition, page 3:

To trace its progress, it will be necessary to enter into detail, and to examine the German language in its two great divisions, the Low and High German.

1838, Joseph Bosworth, A Dictionary of the Anglo-saxon Language, page xiii:

This volume is intended to provide a survey of the linguistic characteristics of modern German dialects …. These are defined geographically as those within the borders of the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Austria, the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and Alsace in France ([..]).

1990, Charles V.J. Russ, Introduction, in: Charles V.J. Russ (ed.), The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey, p. xviii (note: the work covers Frisian, Low and High German dialects)

Of, in or relating to the German language.


Hawaiian

ภาษาฮาวาย

phās̄ʹā ḥāwāy


Japanese

/ˌd͡ʒæpəˈniːz/

From Japan + -ese after the model of earlier Portuguese japonês, New Latin japonensis, French japonais, etc.

I’ve been studying Japanese for three years, and I still can’t order pizza in Tokyo!

A language that is primarily spoken in East Asia and is the official language of Japan.

जापानी भाषा

jāpānī bhāṣā


Castilian

From Castile + -ian as a calque of Spanish castellano (“Of or related to Castile, Spain, or the Spanish language”). Doublet of castellano, castellanus, castellan, and chatelain.

doublet

(inexact, sometimes offensive) Synonym of Spanish, the language of Spain and its former colonies.


Slovio

An artificial language based on the Slavic languages and written in either the Latin or Cyrillic script, intended to be readily understandable by speakers of any modern Slavic language.


Greek

en-proper noun

Greek (countable and uncountable, plural Greeks)

Greece
Greek language
Greek people
Griko
Names of the Greeks
Wikipedia

From Old English Grēcas (“Greeks”), variant of Crēcas, from Proto-West Germanic *Krēkō, from Latin Graecus of uncertain origin, perhaps derived from the toponym Γραῖα (Graîa) or from other Paleo-Balkanic forms from a tribal name Graii. See also the Wikipedia articles on "Griko" and "Names of the Greeks". Greek in any case has the cognate Γραικός (Graikós), the mythological ancestor of the Γραίοι (Graíoi, “Graecians”). Germanic cognates include Dutch Griek, German Grieche. The ⟨g⟩ in English and Germanic cognates was restored under influence from French grec and classical Latin Graecus. The adjective dates to 14th-century Middle English, replacing Old English Grēċisċ (“Greekish”) and earlier Middle English Gregeis. In reference to fraternities and sororities, a clipping of earlier Greek-letter in reference to their usual names being initialisms of mottos in the Greek language. In reference to terms used to analysize financial derivatives, from their usual names consisting of Greek letters.

The language spoken by people of Greece, particularly, depending on context, Ancient Greek or Modern Greek.


Indonesian

en-noun

Indonesian (countable and uncountable, plural Indonesians)

/ˌɪndəˈniːʒən/

(uncountable) The common language spoken in Indonesia.


Czech

From Polish Czech, from Czech Čech, ultimately a variation and contraction of Proto-Slavic *čelověkъ (“human”).

(uncountable) A Slavic language primarily spoken in the Czech Republic.


Galician

Galician (countable and uncountable, plural Galicians)

From Galicia (“region in northwest Spain”) + -an.

suffix

Rosalia de Castro became a crucial element in this early nationalist cultural campaign: she spoke Galician as her first language and she was literate, educated, and sympathetic to the group's progressive aims.

1998, Catherine Davies, Spanish Women's Writing, 1849-1996, page 63:

(uncountable) The language of Galicia; a Romance language spoken in the northwestern corner of the Iberian peninsula.


Chinese

en-adj

Chinese (not generally comparable, comparative more Chinese, superlative most Chinese)

more Chinese (comparative)
most Chinese (superlative)

Chinese
Chinese Proficiency Test
Chinese Turkestan

/ˌt͡ʃʌɪˈniz/

/ˈt͡ʃʌɪˌniz/

[ˌt͡ʃəɪˈniːz]

[ˈt͡ʃəɪˌniˑz]

From China + -ese under influence of Portuguese chinês, replacing older Chinish. Doublet of chinois. In its orientalist sense of "generically exotic, backwards, or poorly organized", sometimes a deliberate marketing strategy to increase sales, as with the German Chinese checkers. In its sense related to the orientation of stage lighting's barn doors, a reference to a supposed resemblance to East Asian eyes.

sjinese

of, from, or relating to China, its people, its culture, and its language

Chinese fire belly newt

Cynops orientalis ⇒ Hypselotriton orientalis

Chinese gooseberry

especially Actinidia chinensis and Actinidia deliciosa

Chinese painted quail

Coturnix chinensis ⇒ Excalfactoria chinensis

Chinese radish Raphanus sativus var. niger ⇒ Raphanus sativus var. sativus)

Chinese spotbill

Anas poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha ⇒ Anas zonorhyncha

Chinese yam

Dioscorea opposita ⇒ Dioscorea polystchya

have got more chins than a Chinese phonebook

have got more chins than a Chinese phone book

Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang

There are four Chinese tones... five, if you count the neutral one.

The construction of a verbal system which is fairly regular and at the same time based on existing languages is a most difficult task, because in no other domain of the grammar do languages retain a greater number of ancient irregularities and differ more fundamentally from one another. Still an attempt will be made here to conciliate the two points of view and to bring about something which resembles the simple Chinese grammar without, however, losing its European character or the power of expressing nuances to which we are accustomed in our own languages.

1928, Otto Jespersen, An International Language, page 82:

The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang 平壤.

2012, Endymion Wilkinson, “Introduction”, in Chinese History: A New Manual, 3rd revised edition, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 14:

Of, from, or related to a language native to Han Chinese persons, often used generally of Chinese characters or particularly to refer to Standard Mandarin.


Chinese

/ˌt͡ʃʌɪˈniz/

/ˈt͡ʃʌɪˌniz/

[ˌt͡ʃəɪˈniːz]

[ˈt͡ʃəɪˌniˑz]

The Chinese are present in all parts of the world.

(uncountable, collective) The Han Chinese, whether in China or overseas.

the people of China — see also Han Chinese, overseas Chinese

你好 is read “Nǐ hǎo” and means “Hello” in Chinese.

(uncountable) The Standard Chinese language, written in Chinese characters and spoken and spelled using Standard Mandarin pronunciation.

Sjinees

the standard language of China — see also Mandarin

Suzhounese and Hakka are lesser-known varieties of Chinese.

(uncountable) The branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family including Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese, Southern Min, and other closely related language varieties and dialects.


Norwegian

en-noun

Norwegian (countable and uncountable, plural Norwegians)

From Medieval Latin Norvegia (from Old Norse Norvegr (“Norway”)) + -an, with v replaced by w due to influence from earlier English Norwayan (“Norwegian”).

A kind of fishing boat on the Great Lakes of North America.

(uncountable) The language of Norway, which has two official forms (written standards): Bokmål and Nynorsk.


Norwegian

en-adj

Norwegian (comparative more Norwegian, superlative most Norwegian)

more Norwegian (comparative)
most Norwegian (superlative)

Of or pertaining to the Norwegian language

Noors

of or pertaining to the Norwegian language


Thai

en-noun

Thai (countable and uncountable, plural Thai or Thais)

Borrowed from Thai ไทย (tai). Doublet of Tai and Dai.

(uncountable) The main language spoken in Thailand (closely related to Lao).


English

English (countable and uncountable, plural English or Englishes)

From Middle English Englisch, English, Inglis, from Old English Englisċ (“of the Angles; English”), from Engle (“the Angles”), a Germanic tribe + -isċ; equivalent to Engle + -ish. Compare West Frisian Ingelsk, Scots Inglis (older ynglis), Dutch Engels, Danish engelsk, Old French Englesche (whence French anglais), German englisch, Spanish inglés, all ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“narrow”) (compare Sanskrit अंहु (áṃhu, “narrow”), अंहस् (áṃhas, “anxiety, sin”), Latin angustus (“narrow”), Old Church Slavonic ѫзъкъ (ǫzŭkŭ, “narrow”)).

cog

Sorry, my English isn't very good.

(uncountable) Facility with the English language, ability to employ English correctly and idiomatically.

անգլերեն

one's ability to employ the English language

What's the English for 'à peu près'? It depends: how is it being used?

(uncountable) A particular instance of the English language, including

The English term or expression for some thing or idea.

The specs are all correct, but the English in the instructions isn't as clear as it should be.

The English text or phrasing of some spoken or written communication.

Data: I have completed my analysis of the anomaly. It appears to be a multi-phasic temporal convergence in the space-time continuum.
Dr. Crusher: In English, Data.

1994, Brannon Braga, Ronald D. Moore, “All Good Things...”, in Star Trek: The Next Generation, season 7, episodes 25-26, Brent Spiner and Gates McFadden (actors):

Thank you, doctor. Now, please say that again in English.

A clear and readily understandable expression of some idea in English.

This reflects that in English, students learn a range of text types, such as procedures, editorials, poetry, and not just academic essays.

2018, Clarence Green, James Lambert, “Advancing disciplinary literacy through English for academic purposes: Discipline-specific wordlists, collocations and word families for eight secondary subjects”, in Journal of English for Academic Purposes, volume 35, →DOI, page 109:

I loved reading until 7th grade English.

Synonym of language arts, the class dedicated to improving primary and secondary school students' mastery of English and the material taught in such classes.


English

en-prop

English (countable and uncountable, plural Englishes)

English (surname)
English#Places in the United States

English language, literature, composition as a subject of study

акӑлчан чӗлхи

ak̬ălč̬an č̬ĕlh̬i

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Brazoria County, Texas.

Red River County
Red River County#English

An unincorporated community in Red River County, Texas.


English

en-verb

English (third-person singular simple present Englishes, present participle Englishing, simple past and past participle Englished)

Englishes (present singular third-person)
Englishing (participle present)
Englished (participle past)
Englished (past)

While the man Clive—he fought Plassy, spoiled the clever foreign game,
Conquered and annexed and Englished!

1880, Robert Browning, “Clive”, in Dramatic Idylls: Second Series, page 12, lines 7–8:

(transitive; archaic or rare) To make English; to claim for England.


Afrikaans

/ˌɑːfɹɪˈkɑːnz/

From Afrikaans Afrikaans or Dutch Afrikaans.

A Germanic language descending from Dutch; the primary language of the descendants of Dutch and other European settlers, as well as many mixed-race (e.g. Rehoboth Basters) living in South Africa and in Namibia. Also, one of the eleven official languages of South Africa and until 1990 one of three official languages of Namibia.


Afrikaans

de-proper noun

Afrikaans n (proper noun, strong, genitive Afrikaans or Afrikaans')

Afrikaans (genitive)
Afrikaans' (genitive)

Borrowed from Afrikaans and/or Dutch Afrikaans.


ruby

en-noun

ruby (countable and uncountable, plural rubies)

From Middle English ruby, rube, from Old French rubi, from Medieval Latin rubīnus.

A ruby hummer, a South American hummingbird, Clytolaema rubricauda.


furigana

Borrowed from Japanese 振り仮名 (furigana, “annotating kana”, literally “assigned phonetic character”).

bor

Furigana are indispensable for some names of people and places whose Kanji are not included among the official Kanji list, and whose sounds can be unusual and even idiosyncratic.

2014, Insup Taylor, M. Martin Taylor, Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese, revised edition, John Benjamins, →ISBN, page 290:

(Japanese typography) Kana printed next to or above a kanji or other character to indicate the pronunciation.


furigana

fr-noun

furigana m (plural furigana or furiganas)


lingua franca

Unadapted borrowing from Italian lingua franca.

ubor

(historical) Mediterranean Lingua Franca (common language spoken in Mediterranean ports in centuries past)


Guaraní

/ˌɡwɑːɹəˈniː/

Borrowed from Spanish guaraní, from Portuguese guarani ultimately derived from Guaraní guarani (“warrior”).

South-American Indian language of the Tupí-Guaraní family; spoken in Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina.


French

en-prop

French (countable and uncountable, plural Frenches)

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: 9@InsideNeckhigh-PalmDown 9@SideNeckhigh-PalmUp

→ Choctaw: Filanchi

→ Punjabi: ਫ਼੍ਰੈਂਚ (fraiñc)

→ Zulu: isiFulentshi

Inherited from Middle English Frenche, Frensch, Frensc, Frenshe, Frenk, Franche, from Old English Frenċisċ (“Frankish, French”), from Proto-West Germanic *Frankisk (“Frankish”), equivalent to Frank + -ish (compare Frankish). Cognate with Middle Low German vranksch, frenkisch, vrenkesch, vrenksch (“Frankish, French”), Middle High German vrenkisch, vrensch ("Frankish, Franconian; > German fränkisch (“Frankish, Franconian”)), Danish fransk (“French”), Swedish fransk, fransysk (“French”), Icelandic franska (“French”).
Doublet of Frankish.
In reference to vulgar language, from expressions such as pardon my French in the early 19th century, originally in reference to actual (but often mildly impolite) French expressions by the upper class, subsequently adopted ironically by the lower class for English cursewords under the charitable conceit that the listener would not be familiar with them.
In reference to vermouth, a shortened form of French vermouth, distinguished as usually being drier than Italian vermouth.

gl

"Frankish, Franconian; > German <i class="Latn mention" lang="de">fränkisch</i> (“Frankish, Franconian”)

She speaks French.

Ne mowe we alle Latin wite...
Ne French...

c. 1390, Robert Grosseteste, translating Chateau d'Amour as The Castle of Love, ll. 25 ff.

I... wolde also be bolde in such french as is peculiare to the lawys of this realme, to leue it wyth them in wrytynge to.

1533, Thomas More, The Debellacyon of Salem & Bizance, fol. 96

I could speak but little French.

1720, Daniel Defoe, Memoirs of a Cavalier, page 13:

Thus, complementary to the French of France, the Quebecois (and in a lesser degree the Frenches of Africa, Swiss French, etc.) would constitute languages in their own right.

1991, Michael Clyne, Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations, Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 169:

Almost three quarters of the population 65 and older reported speaking French.

1997, Albert Valdman, French and Creole in Louisiana, page 29:

Although he would spend the rest of his life in France, Picasso never mastered the language, and during those early years he was especially self-conscious about how bad his French was.

2004, Jack Flam, Matisse and Picasso: The Story of Their Rivalry and Friendship, page 18:

The Frenches of England remain as working languages in the different registers of various occupational communities and for particular social rituals. Beyond the fifteenth century, French is a much less substantial presence in England, though[…]

2013, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, Language and Culture in Medieval Britain: The French of England, C.1100-c.1500, Boydell & Brewer Ltd, →ISBN, page 361:

(chiefly uncountable) The language of France, shared by the neighboring countries Belgium, Monaco, and Switzerland and by former French colonies around the world.

Frans

principal language of France and other related countries

lingua Francogallica (lingua francogallica f)

I'm taking French next semester.

(uncountable) French language and literature as an object of study.

Pardon my French.

The enraged headsman spares no 'bad French' in explaining his motives.

1845, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, Adventure in New Zealand, volume I, page 327:

Cameron: Pardon my French, but you're an asshole!

1986, John Hughes, Ferris Bueller's Day Off'

The book... is a welcome change from theory-infected academic discourse, pardon my French.

2005 May 29, New York Times Book Review, page 12:

(uncountable, euphemistic, now often ironic) Vulgar language.

Dawn French.


French

en-adj

French (comparative more French, superlative most French)

more French (comparative)
most French (superlative)

→ Choctaw: Filanchi

→ Tamil: பிரஞ்சு (pirañcu)

French verbs


Tupinambá

An extinct South-American Indian language of the Tupí-Guaraní family.


japonais

→ Rade: Za pô nê


japonais

fr-adj

japonais (feminine japonaise, masculine plural japonais, feminine plural japonaises)

japonaise (feminine)
japonais (masculine plural)
japonaises (feminine plural)


Russian

en-noun

Russian (countable and uncountable, plural Russians)

From Medieval Latin (11th century) Russiānus, the adjective of Russia, a Latinization of the Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ). Attested in English (both as a noun and as an adjective) from the 16th century. By surface analysis, Russia + -an.

(countable) An ethnic Russian; a member of the East Slavic ethnic group which is native to, and constitutes the majority of the population of, Russia.


Taiwanese

Language. Mandarin is the official language, but many people speak Taiwanese (a variant of a southern Chinese dialect) and Japanese. The younger generation and those engaged in the tourist trade speak some English.

1975, Lawrence A. Clancy, Sunset Travel Guide to the Orient: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, China, Menlo Park, California: Lane Publishing Co., page 108:

The gay and lesbian movement in Taiwan is composed largely of students and other intellectuals and therefore is largely Mandarin-speaking, middle-class, and young. Koa-a-hi actresses, by contrast, almost always speak Taiwanese as their primary language, are rarely educated beyond elementary school, and can barely make ends meet.

1999, Teri Silvio, “Reflexivity, Bodily Praxis and Identity in Taiwanese Opera”, in GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, volume 5, number 4, Duke University Press, pages 585–604:

The variant of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan, the native language of the Hoklo.

тайва́ньский

язы́к, диале́кт


Zulu

The language of these people, a Bantu language; isiZulu.


Pitjantjatjara

/pɪt͡ʃənt͡ʃəˈt͡ʃaːrə/

From Pitjantjatjara Pitjantjatjara, from pitjantja + tjara, literally "having (the word) pitjantja" (as opposed to the word yankunytja).

Western Desert language
Western Desert language

An Aboriginal language, mainly spoken in central Australia and belonging to the Western Desert language group (Pama-Nyungan subfamily).

皮堅加加拉印地安語

the aboriginal language mainly spoken in central Australia

(erroneous) The Western Desert language group as a whole.


Pitjantjatjara

/pɪt͡ʃənt͡ʃəˈt͡ʃaːrə/

Of or pertaining to the Pitjantjatjara language or people.


gallo

→ Catalan: galó

→ English: Gallo

→ German: Gallo

→ Spanish: galó

From Breton gall (“a Gaul or a foreigner”), from being a language found in eastern Brittany of the non-Celts, from Latin gallus.


Maori

New Zealand, approximating Māori pronunciation

Borrowed from Maori māori (“aborigine, native; normal, ordinary, plain”). Doublet of Maoli.


español

gl-noun

español m (plural españois, feminine española, feminine plural españolas)

españois (plural)
española (feminine)
españolas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese espanhol. Compare Portuguese espanhol and Spanish español.


español

Inherited from Old Spanish espanyol, espannol. Probably a thirteenth-century borrowing from Old Occitan espaignol (compare modern Occitan espanhòl, Catalan espanyol, Portuguese espanhol, French espagnol), from Vulgar Latin *Hispaniolus (“of Spain”), from Latin Hispānus, back-formed from Hispānia, assumed in comparison to Hebrew שָׁפָן (šap̄ā́n) to reflect Punic *𐤀𐤉𐤔𐤐𐤍 (*ʾyšpn /*ʔī šap̄ān/, literally “coast of hyraxes”).
According to phonetic rules, if inherited from Latin, the Castilian Spanish result would have been *españuelo (though some argue that this did not take root because the suffix -uelo would be perceived as diminutive; more likely, it was simply because there was no need at the time for a common secular name for all the inhabitants of Christian Iberia/Spain, and a common identity as a unified people or entity had not yet been formed. Until then, the people used cristiano (“Christian”) to refer to themselves). The word español was supposedly imported from Provence by a medieval chronicler (it was originally introduced by pilgrims in Santiago) because there was no existing translation of the earlier Roman word Hispani when writing a chronicle of Spanish history, but this was the word Provençal speakers used to refer to the Christian kingdoms of what would later become Spain. In Old Spanish there was also a form españón which disappeared after the first half of the 14th century, possibly derived from a Vulgar Latin *Hispaniōnem. Compare also espanesco, the word Mozarabic speakers used for themselves, presumably from a Vulgar Latin *Hispaniscus.


Basque

Borrowed from French basque, from Gascon Occitan basc, from Latin Vascō, Vascōnēs pl, a pre-Roman era tribe settled in the Atlantic Biscaian gulf and Pyrenean mountain region of south-western Europe, who were ancestors of the current Basque population.


Romanian

The oldest Romanian period (also known as Common Romanian, Proto-Romanian, Primitive Romanian) is the period prior to the separation of the four Romanian dialects: a north-Danubian dialect (Daco-Romanian) and three south-Danubian dialects (Aromanian / Macedo-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian).

2013, Gabriela Pană Dindelegan (ed.), Martin Maiden (consultant ed.), The Grammar of Romanian, Oxford University Press, page 4

Of or relating to Romania, the Romanian people, or the Romanian language.

Roemeens

of or relating to Romania, its people, or language


Romanian

en-noun

Romanian (countable and uncountable, plural Romanians)

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Romanian.

(uncountable) The official language of Romania and Moldova.

I think there was this one Black guy in there who was practically crying.
I swear I could hear Sir Mixalot in my head whenever I did Romanians.

2010 March 24, Built, “With the big boyz...”, in IronMag Forums:

I did Romanians for a year and worked up to 250 for sets of 5. I couldn't take the DOMS anymore and dropped them.

2015 April 15, OZ-USF-UFGator, “diract Back work: Are Deadlifts and chin ups enough”, in Starting Strength Forum:

Romanian deadlift
Romanian deadlift#English

(countable, weightlifting, slang) Ellipsis of Romanian deadlift.


Bulgarian

Bulgarian (countable and uncountable, plural Bulgarians)

(uncountable) The official language of Bulgaria.


送る

ja-verb

送(おく)る • (okuru) transitive godan (stem 送(おく)り (okuri), past 送(おく)った (okutta))

送る (canonical)
okuru (romanization)
送り (stem)
送った (past)
送ら
おくら
okura
送り
おくり
okuri
送る
おくる
okuru
送れ
おくれ
okure
送られる (passive)
おくられる (passive)
okurareru (passive)
送らせる (causative)
送らす (causative)
おくらせる (causative)
おくらす (causative)
okuraseru (causative)
okurasu (causative)
送れる (potential)
おくれる (potential)
okureru (potential)
送ろう (volitional)
おくろう (volitional)
okurō (volitional)
送らない (negative)
おくらない (negative)
okuranai (negative)
送らず (continuative negative)
おくらず (continuative negative)
okurazu (continuative negative)
送ります (formal)
おくります (formal)
okurimasu (formal)
送った (perfective)
おくった (perfective)
okutta (perfective)
送って (conjunctive)
おくって (conjunctive)
okutte (conjunctive)
送れば (conditional hypothetical)
おくれば (conditional hypothetical)
okureba (conditional hypothetical)

日常生活を送る

日常生活 にちじょうせいかつ


Lithuanian

en-noun

Lithuanian (countable and uncountable, plural Lithuanians)

(uncountable) The main language of Lithuania.


finn

head

finn (countable and uncountable, plural finnek)

finnek (plural)
finn (nominative singular)
finnek (nominative plural)
finnet (accusative singular)
finneket (accusative plural)
finnek (dative singular)
finneknek (dative plural)
finnel (instrumental singular)
finnekkel (instrumental plural)
finnért (causal-final singular)
finnekért (causal-final plural)
finné (singular translative)
finnekké (plural translative)
finnig (singular terminative)
finnekig (plural terminative)
finnként (essive-formal singular)
finnekként (essive-formal plural)
finnben (inessive singular)
finnekben (inessive plural)
finnen (singular superessive)
finneken (plural superessive)
finnél (adessive singular)
finneknél (adessive plural)
finnbe (illative singular)
finnekbe (illative plural)
finnre (singular sublative)
finnekre (plural sublative)
finnhez (allative singular)
finnekhez (allative plural)
finnből (elative singular)
finnekből (elative plural)
finnről (delative singular)
finnekről (delative plural)
finntől (ablative singular)
finnektől (ablative plural)
finné (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
finneké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
finnéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
finnekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
finnem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
finnjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
finned (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
finnjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
finnje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
finnjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
finnünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
finnjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
finnetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
finnjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
finnjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
finnjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


British

en-adj

British (comparative more British, superlative most British)

more British (comparative)
most British (superlative)

From Middle English Brittish, from Old English Brettisċ.
The spelling with single -t- appears in the 13th century under the influence of Medieval Latin Britannicus, but spelling with -tt- persists alongside -t- during the 13th to 17th centuries.
In reference to the island of Great Britain from ca. 1400 (Latin natio Anglica sive Britannica, Brittisshe occean 1398, the Britishe nacion 1548).
As a noun, referring to the British people, British soldiers, etc. from ca. 1600.

brythonik

history: of the ancient inhabitants of the southern part of Britain


Arabic

General American, Canada, Mary–marry–merry merger

From Latin arabicus, from Arabia + -icus, from Ancient Greek Ἀραβία (Arabía), ultimately from the Arabic عَرَب (ʕarab).

One day my UN students asked me, "Which is the Arabic country where the best Arabic is spoken?" I quickly replied, "Bosnia." They exclaimed, "But Bosnia is not an Arab country!"

2008, Abdallah Nacereddine, To Be Oneself: The Tragicomedy of an Unfinished Life History, →ISBN, page 342:


Arabic

We’d gone to Arabic school as children and taken lessons in the summer holidays, and I still read the news in Arabic, but it wasn’t like I practised reciting the written language any more, with its complex rhythms and grammatical structures.

2023, Isabella Hammad, Enter Ghost, Jonathan Cape, page 74:

A major Semitic language originating from the Arabian peninsula, and now spoken natively (in various spoken dialects, all sharing a single highly conservative standardized literary form) throughout large sections of the Middle East and North Africa.

The Aramaic-derived alphabet used to write the Arabic, Persian, Pashto, Urdu, and Uyghur languages, among others.

ғәрәп яҙыуы

ğərəp yaźıwı


Arabic

Classic Arabic didn't "turn into" the various Arabic vernaculars. There is disagreement over whether the range of spoken Arabics all have a single ancestor (seems unlikely), but Classical Arabic is a somewhat artificial creation based on at least two dialects.

2004 April 22, Peter T. Daniels, “Taiwanese and their language”, in soc.culture.china (Usenet):

That's the majority of working N'Yawkers. Blacks and Hispanics outnumber the arabics.

2000 July 20, Topprolmc, “OT - I participated in an obscene act today!”, in rec.motorcycles.harley (Usenet):


espanhol

pt-noun

espanhol m (plural espanhóis, feminine espanhola, feminine plural espanholas)

espanhóis (plural)
espanhola (feminine)
espanholas (feminine plural)

[is.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

[es.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

[is.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

[es.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

/iʃ.pɐ̃ˈɲɔw/

[iʃ.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

/eʃ.pɐ̃ˈɲɔw/

[eʃ.pɐ̃ˈj̃ɔʊ̯]

[es.pɐˈɲɔʊ̯]

/ɪs.pɐ̃ʲ̃.ˈj̃ɔw/

/ɪʃ.pɐ̃ʲ̃.ˈj̃ɔw/

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese espanhol (“Iberian”), from Old Occitan espaignol, from a Vulgar Latin *Hispaniolus, from Latin Hispānus. Compare Galician and Spanish español. Doublet of hispano

inh+

(uncountable) Spanish (Romance language spoken in Spain and much of Latin America)


Russisch

de-proper noun

Russisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Russisch or Russischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Russische, alternative genitive Russischen, no plural)

Russisch (genitive)
Russischs (genitive)
Russische (alternative nominative)
Russischen (alternative genitive)
Russisch (nominative singular usually-without-article)
Russische (definite nominative singular)
Russisch (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Russischs (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Russischen (definite genitive singular)
Russisch (dative singular usually-without-article)
Russischen (dative definite singular)
Russisch (accusative singular usually-without-article)
Russische (accusative definite singular)


Kalaallisut

From Greenlandic kalaallisut (“Greenlandic”).

The Greenlandic Inuit language, spoken in Greenland.

Specifically the West Greenlandic dialect, spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Greenland.


Cornish

From Corn(wall) + -ish, from Cornish Kernewek, Kernowek.

A habitational surname from Old English referring to someone from Cornwall.


kanji

en-noun

kanji (countable and uncountable, plural kanji or kanjis)

Borrowed from Japanese 漢字(かんじ) (kanji, “Chinese characters”), from Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH, “Han dynasty, China”) + Middle Chinese 字 (MC dziH, “[written] character”) (Compare Korean 한자 (hanja), Mandarin 漢字／汉字 (hànzì), Vietnamese Hán tự, Hokkien 漢字／汉字 (hàn-jī / hàn-lī), Cantonese 漢字／汉字 (hon³ zi⁶)). Doublet of hanja and Hanzi.

I know about a thousand kanji.

Any individual Chinese character as used in the Japanese language.


kanji

kanji (Chinese characters in Japanese context)


入

Ideogram (指事) - an arrowhead indicating "to enter".
Compare 人 (rén).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nup ~ nip. Cognate with Tibetan ནུབ (nub, “to fall (gradually), sink, to set; to decay, to decline”) and Burmese နိပ် (nip, “to decline (e.g. price); to be suppressed, to settle, to be quelled”).
Chinese characters belonging to the same word family include:
* 納 (OC *nuːb, “to make enter”)
* 內 (OC *nuːbs, “inside”)
* 軜 (OC *nuːb, “reins on the inside of the horse”)
* 妠 (OC *nuːms, *nuːb, *rnoːd, “to marry (a girl)”)
* 躡 (OC *neb, “to tiptoe, tread”)
* 攝 (OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb, “to take in, photograph, grasp”)
* 鑷 (OC *neb, “tweezers, forceps”)
* and potentially Cantonese 擸 (laap3, “to bring together, to collect”)
The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is rì. The irregular sound change is for taboo reasons - to avoid homophony with its derived vulgar meaning "to enter > to have sexual intercourse", nowadays represented by 日 (rì).

zh-m

陽入

阳入

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 入聲／入声 (rùshēng, “the checked tone”).


Occitan

From French occitan; see there for more.

A Romance language spoken in Occitania, a region of Europe that includes Southern France, Auvergne, Limousin, and some parts of Catalonia and Italy.


Occitan

Someone of the regional culture that speaks this language; an inhabitant of Occitania.


Occitan

en-adj

Occitan (comparative more Occitan, superlative most Occitan)

more Occitan (comparative)
most Occitan (superlative)

Of or pertaining to the Romance language Occitan, or the regional culture of the people who speak it.


svenska

svenska (indefinite nominative singular)
svenskan (definite nominative singular)
svenskor (indefinite nominative plural)
svenskorna (definite nominative plural)
svenskas (genitive indefinite singular)
svenskans (definite genitive singular)
svenskors (genitive indefinite plural)
svenskornas (definite genitive plural)

Talar du svenska?

Hon talar inte (så mycket) svenska

Ursäkta, min svenska är inte så bra

Excuse me, my Swedish isn't very good [is not so good]

Hur säger man det på svenska?

Vad heter det på svenska?
What is that / it called in Swedish? ["What is that / it named in Swedish?" – "Vad kallas det på svenska?" (What is that / it called in Swedish?) is also perfectly clear, but a bit less idiomatic]

Det kan vara svårt att öva sin svenska när folk byter till engelska

It can be difficult to practice your Swedish when people switch to English

Alla talar svenska

Everyone speaks Swedish [common phrase on posters and covers and the like for dubbed movies]

lånord i svenskan
loan words in [the] Swedish [Definite corresponds to thinking of a language as an "entity" – compare "in the Swedish language"]


romaji

en-noun

romaji (countable and uncountable, plural romajis)

/ˈɹəʊməd͡ʒi/

/ɹəʊˈmɑːd͡ʒi/

Transliteration from Japanese ローマ字(じ) (rōmaji, literally “Roman letters”).

ja-r

The romaji of the word ローマ字 is “rōmaji”.

The katakana and the hiragana are syllabic forms of writing derived from Chinese characters, while the romaji are the letters used in writing most European languages.

For example, in Japanese advertisements sexy and my house often appear in romaji, making the underlying concepts of eroticism and private ownership more exotic.

2006, Ralph Fasold, Jeffrey Connor-Linton, An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, page 410:

Today people ordinarily use kana-kanji conversion systems for inputting Japanese text. Because many of them can touch-type the romajis for the kanas, the O-code with kana-kanji conversion is more accessible.

2011, T Okadome, J Nakajima, S Ito, K Kakusho, “An Accessible Coded Input Method for Japanese Extensive Writing”, in Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Text Input Methods:

A representation of Japanese in Latin script.


romaji

Unadapted borrowing from Japanese ローマ字 (ローマじ, rōmaji, literally “Roman letters”), from ローマ (Rōma, “Rome, Roman”) + 字 (じ, ji, “letter, character”).


Klingon

[Alt: Photograph of two people in Klingon costume]
c. 1960s, from the Star Trek franchise, purportedly by Gene Roddenberry, named for Lieutenant Wilbur Clingan of the Los Angeles Police Department. In-universe, the name was a transcription of Klingon tlhIngan.

An artificial language created by Marc Okrand for the film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.


hanja

Borrowed from Korean 한자(漢字) (hanja), from Middle Chinese 漢字 (MC xanH dziH, “Chinese character”, literally “Han Chinese + character”).
Compare Cantonese 漢字／汉字 (hon³ zi⁶), Japanese 漢字 (kanji), Mandarin 漢字／汉字 (hànzì), Vietnamese Hán tự. Doublet of kanji and Hanzi.

ltc-l

The Han character script used to write Korean, particularly in classical literature.

hanja

Any individual Han character as used in the Korean language.


中文

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (中文):
* → Japanese: 中文(ちゅうぶん) (chūbun)
* → Korean: 중문(中文) (jungmun)
* → Vietnamese: Trung văn (中文)

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ vəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋun¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ vən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ wən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴ vəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ ʋun¹¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ buŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ vən²¹/

以中文書寫的文章

以中文书写的文章

He grew up in the United States and can't read Chinese.

keoi⁵ hai² mei⁵ gwok³ daai⁶, m⁴ sik¹ tai² zung¹ man⁴⁻².

佢喺美國大，唔識睇中文。

佢喺美国大，唔识睇中文。

中文授課

中文授课

你說中文嗎？

你说中文吗？

spoken Chinese, including all dialects and varieties

ngo⁵ zung¹ man⁴⁻² meng⁴⁻² m⁴ hou² teng¹.

我中文名唔好聽。

我中文名唔好听。

(Mainland China, Taiwan, proscribed) Mandarin


ewe

ewe (nominative singular)
ewet (nominative plural)
ewe (accusative nominative singular)
ewet (accusative nominative plural)
ewen (accusative genitive singular)
ewet (accusative genitive plural)
ewen (genitive singular)
ewejen (genitive plural)
eweä (partitive singular)
ewejä (partitive plural)
ewessä (inessive singular)
eweissä (inessive plural)
ewestä (elative singular)
eweistä (elative plural)
eween (illative singular)
eweihin (illative plural)
ewellä (adessive singular)
eweillä (adessive plural)
eweltä (ablative singular)
eweiltä (ablative plural)
ewelle (allative singular)
eweille (allative plural)
ewenä (essive singular)
eweinä (essive plural)
eweksi (singular translative)
eweiksi (plural translative)
ewettä (abessive singular)
eweittä (abessive plural)
ewein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
eweni (nominative singular)
eweni (nominative plural)
eweni (accusative nominative singular)
eweni (accusative nominative plural)
eweni (accusative genitive singular)
eweni (accusative genitive plural)
eweni (genitive singular)
ewejeni (genitive plural)
eweäni (partitive singular)
ewejäni (partitive plural)
ewessäni (inessive singular)
eweissäni (inessive plural)
ewestäni (elative singular)
eweistäni (elative plural)
eweeni (illative singular)
eweihini (illative plural)
ewelläni (adessive singular)
eweilläni (adessive plural)
eweltäni (ablative singular)
eweiltäni (ablative plural)
ewelleni (allative singular)
eweilleni (allative plural)
ewenäni (essive singular)
eweinäni (essive plural)
ewekseni (singular translative)
eweikseni (plural translative)
ewettäni (abessive singular)
eweittäni (abessive plural)
eweineni (comitative plural)
ewesi (nominative singular)
ewesi (nominative plural)
ewesi (accusative nominative singular)
ewesi (accusative nominative plural)
ewesi (accusative genitive singular)
ewesi (accusative genitive plural)
ewesi (genitive singular)
ewejesi (genitive plural)
eweäsi (partitive singular)
ewejäsi (partitive plural)
ewessäsi (inessive singular)
eweissäsi (inessive plural)
ewestäsi (elative singular)
eweistäsi (elative plural)
eweesi (illative singular)
eweihisi (illative plural)
ewelläsi (adessive singular)
eweilläsi (adessive plural)
eweltäsi (ablative singular)
eweiltäsi (ablative plural)
ewellesi (allative singular)
eweillesi (allative plural)
ewenäsi (essive singular)
eweinäsi (essive plural)
eweksesi (singular translative)
eweiksesi (plural translative)
ewettäsi (abessive singular)
eweittäsi (abessive plural)
eweinesi (comitative plural)
ewemme (nominative singular)
ewemme (nominative plural)
ewemme (accusative nominative singular)
ewemme (accusative nominative plural)
ewemme (accusative genitive singular)
ewemme (accusative genitive plural)
ewemme (genitive singular)
ewejemme (genitive plural)
eweämme (partitive singular)
ewejämme (partitive plural)
ewessämme (inessive singular)
eweissämme (inessive plural)
ewestämme (elative singular)
eweistämme (elative plural)
eweemme (illative singular)
eweihimme (illative plural)
ewellämme (adessive singular)
eweillämme (adessive plural)
eweltämme (ablative singular)
eweiltämme (ablative plural)
ewellemme (allative singular)
eweillemme (allative plural)
ewenämme (essive singular)
eweinämme (essive plural)
eweksemme (singular translative)
eweiksemme (plural translative)
ewettämme (abessive singular)
eweittämme (abessive plural)
eweinemme (comitative plural)
ewenne (nominative singular)
ewenne (nominative plural)
ewenne (accusative nominative singular)
ewenne (accusative nominative plural)
ewenne (accusative genitive singular)
ewenne (accusative genitive plural)
ewenne (genitive singular)
ewejenne (genitive plural)
eweänne (partitive singular)
ewejänne (partitive plural)
ewessänne (inessive singular)
eweissänne (inessive plural)
ewestänne (elative singular)
eweistänne (elative plural)
eweenne (illative singular)
eweihinne (illative plural)
ewellänne (adessive singular)
eweillänne (adessive plural)
eweltänne (ablative singular)
eweiltänne (ablative plural)
ewellenne (allative singular)
eweillenne (allative plural)
ewenänne (essive singular)
eweinänne (essive plural)
eweksenne (singular translative)
eweiksenne (plural translative)
ewettänne (abessive singular)
eweittänne (abessive plural)
eweinenne (comitative plural)
ewensä (nominative singular)
ewensä (nominative plural)
ewensä (accusative nominative singular)
ewensä (accusative nominative plural)
ewensä (accusative genitive singular)
ewensä (accusative genitive plural)
ewensä (genitive singular)
ewejensä (genitive plural)
eweään (partitive singular)
eweänsä (partitive singular)
ewejään (partitive plural)
ewejänsä (partitive plural)
ewessään (inessive singular)
ewessänsä (inessive singular)
eweissään (inessive plural)
eweissänsä (inessive plural)
ewestään (elative singular)
ewestänsä (elative singular)
eweistään (elative plural)
eweistänsä (elative plural)
eweensä (illative singular)
eweihinsä (illative plural)
ewellään (adessive singular)
ewellänsä (adessive singular)
eweillään (adessive plural)
eweillänsä (adessive plural)
eweltään (ablative singular)
eweltänsä (ablative singular)
eweiltään (ablative plural)
eweiltänsä (ablative plural)
ewelleen (allative singular)
ewellensä (allative singular)
eweilleen (allative plural)
eweillensä (allative plural)
ewenään (essive singular)
ewenänsä (essive singular)
eweinään (essive plural)
eweinänsä (essive plural)
ewekseen (singular translative)
eweksensä (singular translative)
eweikseen (plural translative)
eweiksensä (plural translative)
ewettään (abessive singular)
ewettänsä (abessive singular)
eweittään (abessive plural)
eweittänsä (abessive plural)
eweineen (comitative plural)
eweinensä (comitative plural)


日本語

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jyː¹³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ pən²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² puːn³⁵ jyː¹³/

/nˡiʔ⁵⁻²¹ puoŋ³³⁻³⁵ ŋy³³/


日本語

ja-noun

日(に)本(ほん)語(ご) or 日(にっ)本(ぽん)語(ご) • (nihongo or nippongo)

日本語 (canonical)
日本語 (canonical)
nihongo (romanization)
nippongo (romanization)

[ɲ̟ihõ̞ŋɡo̞]

[ɲ̟ip̚põ̞ŋɡo̞]

From 日本 (Nihon, Nippon, “Japan”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

suf

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


한국어

Sino-Korean word from 한국(韓國) (Han'guk, “Korea”) + 어(語) (-eo, “language”).


Kannada

The Dravidian language that is the official language of the state of Karnataka, India.


Kannada

de-proper noun

Kannada n (proper noun, strong, genitive Kannada or Kannadas)


mandarin

fo-noun

mandarin n (genitive singular mandarins)

mandarins (genitive singular)
mandarin (indefinite nominative)
mandarin (accusative indefinite)
mandarini (dative indefinite)
mandarins (genitive indefinite)

From Danish mandarin, from Dutch mandorijn or Portuguese mandarim, mandarij, from Malay menteri, manteri, from Hindi मन्त्रि (mantri), from Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् (mantrin, “minister, councillor”), from मन्त्र (mantra, “counsel, maxim, mantra”) + -इन् (-in, “an agent suffix”).


mandarin

head

mandarin (countable and uncountable, plural mandarinok)

mandarinok (plural)
mandarin (nominative singular)
mandarinok (nominative plural)
mandarint (accusative singular)
mandarinokat (accusative plural)
mandarinnak (dative singular)
mandarinoknak (dative plural)
mandarinnal (instrumental singular)
mandarinokkal (instrumental plural)
mandarinért (causal-final singular)
mandarinokért (causal-final plural)
mandarinná (singular translative)
mandarinokká (plural translative)
mandarinig (singular terminative)
mandarinokig (plural terminative)
mandarinként (essive-formal singular)
mandarinokként (essive-formal plural)
mandarinban (inessive singular)
mandarinokban (inessive plural)
mandarinon (singular superessive)
mandarinokon (plural superessive)
mandarinnál (adessive singular)
mandarinoknál (adessive plural)
mandarinba (illative singular)
mandarinokba (illative plural)
mandarinra (singular sublative)
mandarinokra (plural sublative)
mandarinhoz (allative singular)
mandarinokhoz (allative plural)
mandarinból (elative singular)
mandarinokból (elative plural)
mandarinról (delative singular)
mandarinokról (delative plural)
mandarintól (ablative singular)
mandarinoktól (ablative plural)
mandariné (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
mandarinoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
mandarinéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
mandarinokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
mandarinom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
mandarinjaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
mandarinod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
mandarinjaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
mandarinja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
mandarinjai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
mandarinunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
mandarinjaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
mandarinotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
mandarinjaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
mandarinjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
mandarinjaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Internationalism mainly via German, originally from Portuguese mandarim, mandarij, from Malay menteri, manteri.


mandarin

mandarinen (definite singular)
mandariner (indefinite plural)
mandarinene (definite plural)

From Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् (mantrin, “minister, councillor”), Malay menteri, manteri, and Portuguese mandarim.

no:Mandarin (embedsmann)
no:Mandarin (frukt)
no:Mandarin (språk)

(uncountable) Mandarin (official language in China)


mandarin

mandarinen (definite singular)
mandarinar (indefinite plural)
mandarinane (definite plural)


mandarin

mandarin (indefinite nominative singular)
mandarinen (definite nominative singular)
mandariner (indefinite nominative plural)
mandarinerna (definite nominative plural)
mandarins (genitive indefinite singular)
mandarinens (definite genitive singular)
mandariners (genitive indefinite plural)
mandarinernas (definite genitive plural)
mandarin (indefinite nominative uncountable)
mandarinet (definite nominative uncountable)
mandarins (genitive indefinite uncountable)
mandarinets (definite genitive uncountable)


Hindi

From Classical Persian هِنْدِی (hindī), from هِنْد (hind, “India”), from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu) + Persian adjectival suffix ـِی (-ī). Not from Iranian Persian هند (hend).

Hindi
Hindi (disambiguation)
Hindi language (Hindi belt)
Hindi languages

The Central Zone of Indo-Aryan languages. These are also spoken in Fiji, Guyana and as a second language by Indians in many other countries.


Hindi

de-proper noun

Hindi n (proper noun, strong, genitive Hindi or Hindis)

Ultimately from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu).


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ (manju), probably from Sanskrit मञ्जुश्री (mañjuśrī, “Manjushri”).

der

(obsolete) A person belonging to the Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty) of China.


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

The indigenous language of the Manchu people, spoken in Manchuria.

(obsolete) The Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty).


Manchu

/ˌmænˈt͡ʃuː/

Manchurian, referring to the Manchu language.


català

No parlo català.

Catalan (the language spoken by the Catalans)


Ukrainian

From Ukraine + -ian (suffix meaning ‘from; like; related to’, forming adjectives; or ‘one belonging to, from, like, or relating to’, forming nouns).

suffix

It [Old Slavonic] is the root of both branches of the living Russian language: of Great Russian, which is the literary and official Russian, as well as of Ukrainian, or Southern Russian. There are, moreover, no popular dialects in our country. The fourteen millions of Ukrainians, settled in the plains of south-west Russia, all speak exactly the same language.

1888, Stepniak [i.e., Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky], chapter I, in The Russian Peasantry: Their Agrarian Condition, Social Life, and Religion, 2nd edition, volume II, London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co. […], →OCLC, page 573:

The East Slavic language of Ukrainians, and the official language of Ukraine.


espanyol

From Old Occitan espaignol, from Vulgar Latin *Hispāniolus, from Latin Hispānus, from Hispānia.


espanyol

head

espanyol m (Latin spelling, feminine singular espanyola, masculine plural espanyoles, feminine plural espanyolas)

espanyola (feminine singular)
espanyoles (masculine plural)
espanyolas (feminine plural)

Cognate with Spanish español: see detailed etymology there.

No avlo el espanyol kastilyano, ma entendi la majorita de lo ke disho.

I don't speak Castilian Spanish, but I understood most of what he said.

(singular masculine noun) Spanish (language)


Armenian

Of, from, or pertaining to Armenia, the Armenian people, the Armenian language, or the Armenian alphabet.

аерман

of, from, or pertaining to Armenia, Armenians, the language or alphabet


Armenian

(uncountable) The language of Armenia and the Armenian people, whose older stages are Old Armenian and Middle Armenian.

(uncountable) A branch of Indo-European languages, which includes the various stages of the Armenian language.


unkari

unkari (nominative singular)
unkari (accusative nominative singular)
unkarin (accusative genitive singular)
unkarin (genitive singular)
unkaria (partitive singular)
unkarissa (inessive singular)
unkarista (elative singular)
unkariin (illative singular)
unkarilla (adessive singular)
unkarilta (ablative singular)
unkarille (allative singular)
unkarina (essive singular)
unkariksi (singular translative)
unkaritta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
unkarini (nominative singular)
unkarini (accusative nominative singular)
unkarini (accusative genitive singular)
unkarini (genitive singular)
unkariani (partitive singular)
unkarissani (inessive singular)
unkaristani (elative singular)
unkariini (illative singular)
unkarillani (adessive singular)
unkariltani (ablative singular)
unkarilleni (allative singular)
unkarinani (essive singular)
unkarikseni (singular translative)
unkarittani (abessive singular)
unkarisi (nominative singular)
unkarisi (accusative nominative singular)
unkarisi (accusative genitive singular)
unkarisi (genitive singular)
unkariasi (partitive singular)
unkarissasi (inessive singular)
unkaristasi (elative singular)
unkariisi (illative singular)
unkarillasi (adessive singular)
unkariltasi (ablative singular)
unkarillesi (allative singular)
unkarinasi (essive singular)
unkariksesi (singular translative)
unkarittasi (abessive singular)
unkarimme (nominative singular)
unkarimme (accusative nominative singular)
unkarimme (accusative genitive singular)
unkarimme (genitive singular)
unkariamme (partitive singular)
unkarissamme (inessive singular)
unkaristamme (elative singular)
unkariimme (illative singular)
unkarillamme (adessive singular)
unkariltamme (ablative singular)
unkarillemme (allative singular)
unkarinamme (essive singular)
unkariksemme (singular translative)
unkarittamme (abessive singular)
unkarinne (nominative singular)
unkarinne (accusative nominative singular)
unkarinne (accusative genitive singular)
unkarinne (genitive singular)
unkarianne (partitive singular)
unkarissanne (inessive singular)
unkaristanne (elative singular)
unkariinne (illative singular)
unkarillanne (adessive singular)
unkariltanne (ablative singular)
unkarillenne (allative singular)
unkarinanne (essive singular)
unkariksenne (singular translative)
unkarittanne (abessive singular)
unkarinsa (nominative singular)
unkarinsa (accusative nominative singular)
unkarinsa (accusative genitive singular)
unkarinsa (genitive singular)
unkariaan (partitive singular)
unkariansa (partitive singular)
unkarissaan (inessive singular)
unkarissansa (inessive singular)
unkaristaan (elative singular)
unkaristansa (elative singular)
unkariinsa (illative singular)
unkarillaan (adessive singular)
unkarillansa (adessive singular)
unkariltaan (ablative singular)
unkariltansa (ablative singular)
unkarilleen (allative singular)
unkarillensa (allative singular)
unkarinaan (essive singular)
unkarinansa (essive singular)
unkarikseen (singular translative)
unkariksensa (singular translative)
unkarittaan (abessive singular)
unkarittansa (abessive singular)


у

ru:у (китайский язык)


上

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (上):
* → Japanese: 上(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 상(上) (sang)
* → Vietnamese: thượng (上, “upper”), thướng (上, “to go up”)

Ideogram (指事): a line above another (contrast 下 (xià)) — up. Originally written as 𠄞, but changed to this form to prevent confusion with 二 (èr).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟེང (steng), Tibetan ཡང་རྩེ (yang rtse, “summit; pinnacle”) (Bodman, 1980), Mizo zo (“to be high”), zah (“to respect; to revere”) (STEDT).
Shijing rimes indicate occasional level tone for pronunciation 2 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive of pronunciation 2 with suffix *-s, literally meaning "what has been raised" (Schuessler, 2007). The rising tone in Middle Chinese words with voiced stop initials regularly evolves into departing tone in Mandarin; pronunciation 3 results from 叶韻 (xiéyùn), which artificially preserves classical poetry rhyming words' pronunciations.

cog

(～聲) (Chinese phonetics) rising tone in Chinese phonetics


合

Sino-Xenic (合):
* → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Burmese language
Proto-Sino-Tibetan language

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”).


Low Saxon

Holonym: Low German (broad sense)

The Low Saxon dialect area is usually divided into West Low Saxon and East Low Saxon.

1961, R. E. Keller, German Dialects: Phonology and Morphology with selected Texts, page 339:

Low German

Synonym of Low German (strict sense: a certain West Germanic language)

There is general agreement that, to the east, Low Saxon should be divided from East Low German (Ostniederdeutsch) approximately though quite coincidentally, along the modern border between the Federal Republic and the GDR, although there is no general agreement as to precisely where the dialect boundary should lie, or as to which isogloss should be crucial to its delineation. [...] The Low Saxon dialects are sometimes referred to collectively as West Low German (Westniederdeutsch) [...]

1990, Stephen Barbour, Patrick Stevenson, Variation in German: A critical approach to German sociolinguistics, Cambridge University Press, page 86f:

A group of related dialects of Low German, spoken in northern Germany and parts of the Netherlands, formerly also in Denmark.


呼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː): semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 乎 (OC *ɢaː) – to exhale, call, or shout from the mouth.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) medial; in Middle Chinese: being open-mouthed (開口／开口) or closed-mouthed (合口), also called 開合／开合); or, for modern Chinese: one of four medials (四呼)


Hispanic

en-adj

Hispanic (comparative more Hispanic, superlative most Hispanic)

more Hispanic (comparative)
most Hispanic (superlative)

From Latin hispānicus, from Hispānia (“Iberia”) + -icus.

Of or pertaining to the Iberian peninsula, its people, its culture or its languages.

Houses in New Mexico, California and Florida exhibit a strong Hispanic architectural influence.

(colloquial) Of or relating to a Spanish-speaking people or culture, as in Latin America.

hispà

Of or relating to Spanish-speaking people or culture


Hispanic

A native or descendant of a Spanish-speaking country.


latino

it-adj

latino (feminine latina, masculine plural latini, feminine plural latine)

latina (feminine)
latini (masculine plural)
latine (feminine plural)

Latin, of or related to the Latin language

Romance, of or related to the various Romance languages

of or related to the speakers of the Romance languages such as Italians, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanians, etc.


Hunmin Jeongeum

Borrowed from Korean 훈민정음(訓民正音) (Hunminjeong'eum), literally "correct sounds to educate the people".

This setting was the same in the Revised Nogeoldae, corrected during the King Seongjong (成宗), and was also the same in Translated Nogeoldae and Nogeoldae Eonhae, which Korean Hangeul (Hunmin Jeongeum) pronunciations and interpretations are added based on Revised Nogeoldae.

2003, Gregory K.. Iverson, Ahn Sang-Cheol, Explorations in Korean Language and Linguistics, page 41:

Hunmin-jeongeum (the original name for Hangul) kept coming to mind.

2009, Buddhism and Culture - Issues 1-3, page 61:

Research on Hunmin Jeongeum as the archetype of the current Korean script is practically nonexistent, to the extent that Japanese research on the subject is highly acclaimed.

2013, The Korea Foundation, Korea Focus - February 2013:

(historical) The phonetic script in which Korean is written, now usually called hangul.


Türkçe

Türkçe (nominative singular)
Türkçeyi (accusative definite singular)
Türkçeye (dative singular)
Türkçede (locative singular)
Türkçeden (ablative singular)
Türkçenin (genitive singular)

From Ottoman Turkish تركجه (Türkçe). By surface analysis, Türk (“Turk”) + -çe (glossonym-forming suffix).

surf

Milyonlarca insan Türkçe öğreniyor.

Millions of people are learning Turkish.

Özbek Türkçesi


攝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb).
Probably from the same word family as 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”) (STEDT); see there for more.

Han compound

(Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese)


Ardhamagadhi

Transliteration of Sanskrit अर्धमागधी (ardhamāgadhī).

translit

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit


平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (平):
* → Japanese: 平(へい) (hei)
* → Korean: 평(平) (pyeong)
* → Vietnamese: bình (平)

→ Iu Mien: baengh (“level”)

desc

→ Proto-Palaungic: *-pre/iŋ (“equal, level”) (Sidwell, 2015)

→ Proto-Tai: *biangᴬ (“flat, even”)

Lao: ພຽງ (phīang, “flat, even, equal”)

Lü: ᦵᦗᧂ (peng, “flat, even, equal”)

Northern Thai: ᨻ᩠ᨿᨦ (“flat, even, equal”)

Shan: ပဵင်း (páeng, “flat, even, equal”)

Thai: เพียง (piiang, “equal, as, only, just”)

Characters in the same phonetic series (平) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Uncertain. Various explanations include:
* According to the Shuowen, 八 (“division”) + 亏 (“exhaled air”) — the smooth flow of speech.
* Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ben, *beŋ): phonetic 釆 () + semantic 二 (“two equal lines”) (Lin Yiguang, 1920)
* A pictogram (象形) of waterweed spread flat on the surface of water. Original form of 苹 (OC *beŋ, “duckweed”). (Lawrence J. Howell)
* Pictogram (象形) of a balance scale. (Karlgren, 1973)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“plank; palm; flat surface; wing”), whence Jingpho phun-pyen (phun⁵⁵ pjen³³, “plank”) and Burmese ပြန့် (pran., “flat and even”) (STEDT).

cog

平上去入

the four tones of Middle Chinese: level, rising, departing and checked

陽平／阳平

(Chinese phonetics) level tone (one of the four tones in Middle Chinese)


allemand

From Late Latin Alamannus or Alemannus (related to Alamans, ancient Germanic people for whom the name meant "all men", "all people", according to Asinius Quadratus). aleman became alemant by the addition of a terminal T of the singular objective case for adjectives of second class in Old French, and then alemand. The Latin word itself derives from the Old High German Alaman, from a Proto-Germanic *Alamanniz, likely from the roots *allaz (whence English all) and *manniz < *mann- (whence English man).

L’allemand est une langue germanique.

Mon stagiaire parle un allemand impeccable.

Parlez-vous allemand ?


allemand

fr-adj

allemand (feminine allemande, masculine plural allemands, feminine plural allemandes)

allemande (feminine)
allemands (masculine plural)
allemandes (feminine plural)

Il n’y a pas qu’en Allemagne qu’on utilise des mots allemands.

Not only in Germany does one use German words.

La traduction allemande de France est Frankreich.

The German translation of "France" is Frankreich.

(relational) of the German language; German


anglais

Il parle anglais.


anglais

anglais (feminine anglaise, masculine plural anglais, feminine plural anglaises)

anglaise (feminine)
anglais (masculine plural)
anglaises (feminine plural)

→ Wolof: Angale

Il est anglais.

Ceci n’est pas un avion anglais.

(Louisiana) Anglo-American or Anglophone


Vietnamese

The Vietnamese I own is the one you gave me, the one whose diction and syntax reach only the second-grade level.

2019, Ocean Vuong, On Earth We're Briefly Gorgeous, Jonathan Cape, page 31:

The Austroasiatic language spoken predominantly in Vietnam.


Gaelic

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Irish Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Manx Gaelic.

Goidelic; any Goidelic language.
Scottish Gaelic.

She taught herself some Gaelic as a child. It’s hard to pronounce, and with no other Gaelic speakers around that she could practice on, she’s forgotten nearly all of what she learned.

2020, N. K. Jemisin, The City We Became, Orbit, page 342:


Gaelic

Of or relating to the Gaels, the Goidel peoples of Scotland and Ireland, and the Manx, or their languages.


等

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (等):
* → Japanese: 等(とう) (tō)
* → Korean: 등(等) (deung)
* → Vietnamese: đẳng (等)

→ Proto-Turkic: *teŋ (“equal”) (see there for further descendants)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs).
竹 here refers to the bamboo strips used for writing (e.g. grading, classification) in ancient times. 寺 (OC *ljɯs) was originally used phonetically; the character was subsequently borrowed for another word with the same meaning, but with no phonetic resemblance to 寺.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“top; to rise; to raise”) (STEDT). Endoactive of 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to rise; to ascend”) (Schuessler, 2007).

liushu

OC *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ

inh

the third division member of a rime doublet

重紐三等

重纽三等

Middle Chinese finals
w:Middle Chinese finals

(Chinese phonetics) one of the "divisions" of a rime table, encoding some phonological distinction; see Middle Chinese finals on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


聲

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聲):
* → Japanese: 声(しょう) (shō); 声(せい) (sei)
* → Korean: 성(聲) (seong)
* → Vietnamese: thanh (聲)

→ Thai: เสียง (sǐiang)

desc

→ Vietnamese: tiếng (“voice; language; sound”)

→ Zhuang: sing

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰjeŋ): phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).


polski

pol. (abbreviation)
polski (nominative singular)
polskie (nominative plural)
polskiego (genitive singular)
polskich (genitive plural)
polskiemu (dative singular)
polskim (dative plural)
polski (accusative singular)
polskie (accusative plural)
polskim (instrumental singular)
polskimi (instrumental plural)
polskim (locative singular)
polskich (locative plural)
polski (singular vocative)
polskie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish polski. By surface analysis, pole + -ski.


Modern English

The English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift, completed in roughly 1550.


Modern Greek

The Greek language as spoken by the Greek people since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. It was written using polytonic script until 1982, when this was officially dropped in favour of monotonic.


Tibetan

en-noun

Tibetan (countable and uncountable, plural Tibetans)


Modern French

French spoken after the fifteenth century.


Sardinian

A Romance language spoken in the Italian region of Sardinia.


Tok Pisin

Borrowed from Tok Pisin Tok Pisin, from English talk + pidgin or business.

A creole of Indo-European, Malayo-Polynesian and Trans-New Guinean languages (principally English and Kuanua); one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea.


Tok Pisin

From English talk + pidgin (ultimately from business).

1992, collected by Mühlhäusler et al. quoted in Language, Education, and Development: Urban and Rural Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea (Suzanne Romaine, Oxford: 1992)

And we didn't know Tok Pisin either. Our brothers went to the station, and then learned new things in the station. Then they returned speaking in creole.

Na mipela i no save long Tok Pisin tu. Brata bilong mipela ol i go long stesin, orait ol i kisim save long stesin. Ol i kam bek orait ol i tok pisin.


Kurdish

/ˈkɜː(ɹ)dɪʃ/

Family of Indo-Iranian languages of Kurdistan (in the Mesopotamia region, from the Zagros of mid-western Iran to the eastern extension of the chain of the Taurus Mountains).


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the seal script.
Compare 闢.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨

(Chinese phonetics) Short for 開口／开口 (kāikǒu, “open-mouthed”).


amer.

whig (oigg) — eng. liberal politiker.
Whistler, J. — amer. målare (1834—1903).
Whitman, Walt — amer. skald (1819—1893)

1927, Främmande ord i svenska språket. Folkets uppslagsbok, page 166:

whig (hwĭg) — English liberal politician.
Whistler, J. — American painter (1834—1903).
Whitman, Walt — American poet (1819—1893)

amerikansk engelska
amerikansk engelska#Swedish

(lexicography) American (English); Abbreviation of amerikansk engelska.


עברית

עִבְרִית (canonical)
ivrít (romanization)

Root
 ע־ב־ר (ʿ-b-r)
From עִבְרִי ('ivrí, “Hebrew”).


Pennsylvania Dutch

en-noun

Pennsylvania Dutch (countable and uncountable, plural Pennsylvania Dutch)

From their primary residence in Pennsylvania and from Palatine German Deitsch (“German”), their own endonym, gradually modified under influence from Dutch.

(uncountable) Their language, Pennsylvania German, a High German language descended from Palatine German.


Vulcan

From Latin Vulcānus, probably from Etruscan although very unclear, but unknown meaning and further origin (see more in Latin entry). Doublet of bolcane and volcano.

A town in Vulcan County, southern Alberta, Canada.

A ghost town in Gunnison County, Colorado.


Vulcan

From Vulcan (etymology 1), from the Star Trek TV series of the 1960s.

language constructed
constructed language

A language constructed for the Star Trek franchise, spoken by the fictional Vulcan species.


Laurentian

From Latin Laurentius (“Laurence”) + -ian, after the Saint Lawrence River. Piecewise doublet of Laurencian and Lawrentian; compare also lawrencium.

piecewise doublet

(by extension, nonstandard) Of or pertaining to Canada as a whole.


Laurentian

Laurentian language
Saint Lawrence River

An extinct Iroquoian language of Canada.


Chichewa

/t͡ʃɪˈt͡ʃɛwə/

From Chichewa Chicheŵa, from chi- (“language”) + Cheŵa.

The Bantu language of the Chewa tribe belonging to the Bantu linguistic family and one of Malawi’s national tongues promoted as the country’s lingua franca.


Chichewa

/t͡ʃiˈt͡ʃe.w⁽ᵝ⁾á/


kana

Borrowed from Japanese 仮名(かな) (kana, “phonetic character”, literally “borrowed character”, from the way that kana were originally Chinese characters "borrowed" for their phonetic values).

ja-r

The hiragana and katakana syllabaries. These are made up of characters that represent individual syllables, which are used to write Japanese words and particles. Kana are derived from kanji.


Thracian

/ˈθɹeɪʃi.ən/

(uncountable) the extinct language formerly spoken in Thrace.


Amharic

Fifi smiles and nods, then says “yes” in Amharic with that typical Ethiopian inflection that makes it sound less like a word and more like a sharp intake of air.

2019, Maaza Mengiste, The Shadow King, Canongate Books, published 2020, pages 218–219:


Piedmontese

A Gallo-Italic language spoken in Piedmont.


インドネシア語

インドネシア語 (canonical)
Indoneshiago (romanization)

bahasa Indonesia, Indonesian; the national language of Indonesia


français

desctree

→ Persian: فرانسه (farânse)
→ Pashto: فرانسه (farānsa)
→ Ottoman Turkish: فرانسه (firansa)
Turkish: Fransa
→ Laz: ჶრანსა (fransa)
→ Armenian: Ֆրանսա (Fransa) — Western Armenian
→ Azerbaijani: Fəransə, Fransa

→ Yoruba: Faran̄sé

Altered from Middle French françois, from Old French françois, franceis, from France + -ois, corresponding to Early Medieval Latin francēnsis, from Late Latin Francus (“a Frank”). By surface analysis, France + -ais.

Il parle très bien le français.

Elle a fait beaucoup d’efforts pour améliorer son français.

She made a lot of effort to improve her French.

Le français est la sixième langue la plus parlée au monde après le chinois, l’anglais, le hindi, l’espagnol et l’arabe.

French is the sixth most spoken language in the world after Chinese, English, Hindi, Spanish and Arabic.

Fort [adverbe de degré] reste vivant dans le français parlé en Belgique et dans certaines provinces de France ; il est très courant dans la langue écrite : […]

1936, Maurice Grevisse, edited by André Goosse, Le bon usage, 14th edition, published 2008, page 1238:

Strong [adverb of degree] remains alive in the French spoken in Belgium and in certain provinces of France; it's very common in written language: […]

parler français comme une vache espagnole