Neapolitan

From Latin neāpolītānus, from Neāpolis, from Ancient Greek Νεάπολις (Neápolis, literally “new city”), a Greek city in modern Naples. Doublet of naporitan.

der

A language spoken in South Italy, approximately in the area of the former Kingdom of Naples.


rosyjski

rosyjski (nominative singular)
rosyjskie (nominative plural)
rosyjskiego (genitive singular)
rosyjskich (genitive plural)
rosyjskiemu (dative singular)
rosyjskim (dative plural)
rosyjski (accusative singular)
rosyjskie (accusative plural)
rosyjskim (instrumental singular)
rosyjskimi (instrumental plural)
rosyjskim (locative singular)
rosyjskich (locative plural)
rosyjski (singular vocative)
rosyjskie (plural vocative)


American English

/əˈmɛɹɪkən ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

Compound of American + English. First use appears c. 1806, in a dictionary by Noah Webster; as an adjective, c. 1892.

The form of the English language that is chiefly used in the United States, contrasted with British English or Canadian English and that of other places.

Commonwealth English
Commonwealth English

The form of the English language that is chiefly used in North America, contrasted with Commonwealth English (British English and that of other places).


American English

en-adj

American English (comparative more American English, superlative most American English)

more American English (comparative)
most American English (superlative)

/əˈmɛɹɪkən ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/

Of or relating to, or spoken or written in American English.


Breton

en-noun

Breton (countable and uncountable, plural Bretons)

From French Breton. Doublet of Briton and Brython.

(uncountable) The Celtic language of Brittany.


Persian

Persian (countable and uncountable, plural Persians)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

From Middle English percynne, from Middle French persien, from Italian persiano, from Medieval Latin Persiānus, from Latin Persia, from Ancient Greek Περσίς (Persís), from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿 (p-a-r-s /Pārsa/, “Persia”) (compare modern Iranian Persian فارس (fârs) or Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs)).

der

(uncountable) The Persian language, or a family of languages spoken primarily in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.


Persian

en-adj

Persian (comparative more Persian, superlative most Persian)

more Persian (comparative)
most Persian (superlative)

/ˈpɜː(ɹ)ʃən/

Of or pertaining to the Persian language.

Persies

of or pertaining to the Persian language


Venetian

From Latin Venetianus (“Venetic; Venetian”), from Venetia (“lands of the Veneti; Venice, Veneto; Armorica”) + -anus (“-ian”), from Veneti + -ia. In the case of the Veneti of northern Brittany, derived from Gaulish Uenetoi (“the friendly ones, the kinsmen”), from Proto-Celtic *wenet, a derivation from *wenyā (“kindred”). In the case of the Veneti of northeastern Italy, of uncertain origin but presumably taken from a Venetic endonym, possibly Illyrian or Celtic. Equivalent to Veneto or Venetia + -ian.

der

The Romance language spoken mostly in the Veneto region of Italy.


Wade-Giles

1943. Named after British diplomats Thomas Francis Wade and Herbert Giles, who developed the system in the 19th century.

named-after

The pronunciation aids to Chinese names are of doubtful value. They are not phonetic, being only a slight modification of the Wade-Giles system, and become really confusing when Mandarin pronunciations are given for Cantonese or historical spellings.

1947 May, Earl Swisher, “MacNair, China”, in Pacific Historical Review, volume XVI, number 2, University of California Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 214:

The problem of romanizing Chinese place names is a difficult one. Solutions differ from language to language, and there are several so-called "systems" used even in the English-speaking world.
The system most widely accepted by professionals is the Wade-Giles system. One of its key advantages is that it permits the reader to check back to the original Chinese characters, since most dictionaries are arranged according to this romanization system.

1969, “A note on transliteration”, in Joseph Kitagawa, editor, Understanding Modern China, Quadrangle Books, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

In accordance with the LC manual of bibliographic style, the heading for each entry contains the essential bibliographic data taken from the corresponding LC catalog card. The Chinese titles are given in Wade-Giles romanization. If the English title and/or the title in Pinyin romanization appear in the original work, they are also provided.

1977, “Explanatory Notes”, in Robert Dunn, editor, Chinese-English and English-Chinese Dictionaries in the Library of Congress, Library of Congress, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page vii:

The old spelling system, named the Wade-Giles system after the two 19th century Britons who developed it, made correct pronunciation unnecessarily difficult. It used apostrophes to distinguish aspirated consonants, such as p'ai pronounced with a "p" sound, from unaspirated, such as pai pronounced with a "b" sound. The new Pinyin system eliminates this distinction, which most newspapers ignored anyway. "Beijing" is much closer to the Chinese pronunciation that "Peking", and Vice Premier "Deng" is better rendering than "Teng." But the new system uses some letters in ways that still confuse English speakers. Thers difficult letters are: "c" which should be prounced in this system like the "ts" in "its"; "q" which should be pronounced like the "ch" in "cheek"; "x" which should be pronounced like the "sh" in "she"; and "zh" which should be pronounced like the "j" in "jump".
The system invented by Sir Thomas Wade, diplomat and Cambridge University professor, about 1860 and developed by Herbert Giles, also a Cambridge professor, is only the best known of several in use over the past 100 years. Some of the most familiar Chinese place names, such as Peking and Canton, are derived only partially, or not at all, from Wade-Giles.

1979 March 5, Jay Mathews, “China Is China, But Hangchow Is Hangzhou”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-29:

Most influential in further establishing the Romanization scheme first set down by Wade was Giles' 1,415-page A Chinese–English Dictionary, which became a standard reference work soon after its release in 1912. The orthography it employed came to be known as the Wade–Giles system of Romanization, and it was soon adopted by English-language academia, and then by the media and general public.
In fact Giles' Romanization was only very slightly modified from Wade's – the differences are miniscule. Tones continued to be marked in the Wade–Giles system with numeral superscripts, with the neutral tone either being unmarked, or occasionally given the number '0' or '5'.

2016, Karen Steffen Chung, “Wade–Giles Romanization System”, in The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language, Taylor & Francis, →ISBN, →OCLC:

No longer does the ROC claim to be China and the writing systems that Taiwan uses for Chinese have changed to reflect this. Taiwan has held on to traditional characters and bopomofo, resolutely resisted simplified characters, mostly retained Wade-Giles and Yale for personal, political and geographical names in Taiwan, but grudgingly accepted the linguistic arguments for Hanyu pinyin signage in public spaces.

2017 January 22, Martin Boyle, “Pinyin and a Taiwanese identity”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-21, Editorials, page 6:

The two most prominent systems of transliterations of Mandarin are Wade-Giles and Pinyin. Wade-Giles, established in the 19th century (Kaske,2008) is named after Herbert Allen Giles[...]

2018 March 12, Sophie Zhou, “The T/Daos shall meet: The failure and success of English transliterations of Mandarin Chinese”, in English Today, volume 35, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Lee starts her memoir with a recollection of hiking with her mother shortly after Gong, the author’s grandfather, has passed away, and the narrative veers into a discussion of translation. Lee explains that she uses traditional Chinese characters, and both the Wade-Giles romanization system and Hanyu Pinyin to transliterate certain details from Mandarin. By extent, this exemplifies the language variations not only in Taiwan but also in her own family. Wade-Giles, she notes, is employed by her elders, though she has been taught Hanyu Pinyin. “The gaps that bind us span more than the distances between words,” she writes.

2020 April 24, Kristen Schott, “The Language of Self-Discovery: On Jessica J. Lee’s “Two Trees Make a Forest””, in Los Angeles Review of Books, archived from the original on 2020-07-07:

Aside from some stylistic unevenness (Mr. Brookes uses both modern pinyin and older Wade-Giles transliterations, when lay readers probably would find it easier to read only the latter, given its continued familiarity for historic places and names) and a few lapses into therapeutic editorializing, “Fragile Cargo” is a fascinating and inspiring story of triumph and the tragedy of war.

2023 February 10, Michael Auslin, “‘Fragile Cargo’ Review: The Long Rescue of China’s Past”, in Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 2023-03-05:

A system for transcribing the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese into the Latin alphabet; formally uses hyphens and the spiritus asper apostrophe.

Herbert Giles
Thomas Francis Wade
Wade–Giles


Tagalog

A language spoken in the Philippines, especially in areas of central to southern Luzon.

टागालोग भाषा

ṭāgālog bhāṣā

Kéyah Dańlíinii bikáaʼgi kéédahatʼínígíí bizaad


Tagalog

[t̪ɐˈɣaː.loɡ̚]

Uncertain. Possibly:
* From taga- (“native of”) + alog (“ford”).
* From taga- (“native of”) + ilog (“river”).
* From Tagal, the name of some tribes in Borneo or Sumatra.


Bali

From Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 八里 (Bālǐ).

Forty minutes later, we found ourselves seated on boulders on the side of Kuan Yin Shan with a lovely view of the river and the town of Tamsui to the east and the farms and field of Pali to the north.

[1981 October 25, Robert Benjamin Kritzer, “This young American finds basic Chinese values still intact in old & new Taiwan”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 42, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

He roused Max from his Taipei hotel suite to tell him the change in plans and to meet the Oregon at the Bali District piers the following day.

2013, Clive Cussler, Mirage (The Oregon Files) (Fiction), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 350:

New Taipei City’s Bali District (八里, across the river from Tamsui) isn’t a place that immediately springs to mind for tourist attractions.

2017 December 15, Richard Saunders, “Off the Beaten Track: Best of Bali”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-18, Features, page 13:


法語

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/faʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fä⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ ɡu⁵³/

/huat̚⁵⁻²⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁵ ɡi⁵³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ ɡi⁴¹/

/faʔ³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

法語是一門美麗的語言。

法语是一门美丽的语言。


San Francisco

From Spanish San Francisco (“Saint Francis”). Doublet of São Francisco.

San Francisco
San Francisco (disambiguation)

A major coastal city and county in California, United States, of over 800,000, widely known for its unique culture, architecture, and LGBT population; formerly Yerba Buena (pre-1847).


Latvian

en-noun

Latvian (countable and uncountable, plural Latvians)

(uncountable) The official language of Latvia; Lettish.


engelsk

head

engelsk (plural and definite singular attributive engelske)

engelske (attributive definite singular)
engelske (attributive plural)

From Old Danish engelsk, from Old English Englisċ, Englisċ, derived from the ethnonym Engle (“Angles”).

English (of or pertaining to the English language)


engelsk

engelsk (canonical masculine)
engelsk (canonical neuter)
engelsken (definite singular)

Snakker du engelsk?


engelsk

Snakkar du engelsk?


New Latin

The reformed Latin language as written or spoken as a lingua franca from 14th century Renaissance Latin to Contemporary Latin beginning in the late 19th century.


Medieval Latin

The Latin language as used during the Middle Ages, before it was developed by the Italian humanists into Renaissance Latin.

միջնադարյան լատիներեն

the Latin language as spoken and written during the Middle Ages, before it was developed by the Italian humanists into Renaissance Latin


Sudanese

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Sudanese.wav

But few Sudanese can forget the group’s participation in a massacre of over 120 democracy protesters in 2019.

2023 May 5, Declan Walsh, “‘Only Word for Them Is Heroes’: How 2 Students Rescued Dozens in Sudan”, in The New York Times:

A person from Sudan or of Sudanese descent.


Maldivian

en-noun

Maldivian (countable and uncountable, plural Maldivians)

(uncountable) The official language of the Maldives, also called Dhivehi or Divehi.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

Of, from, or pertaining to Aragon, the Aragonese people or the Aragonese language.


Aragonese

/ˌærəɡɒˈniːz/

The language of Aragon, nowadays only spoken as a mother tongue by a few thousand people in some valleys of the Pyrenees.

The Spanish language spoken in Aragon when influenced by Aragonese traits.


Toki Pona

From Toki Pona toki pona (literally “good language”), formed from toki (“language”) (from Tok Pisin tok, from English talk) + pona (“good”) (from Esperanto bona (“good”), ultimately from Latin bonus).

bor

In contrast to the hundreds or thousands of study hours required to attain fluency in other languages, a general consensus among Toki Pona speakers is that it takes about 30 hours to master.

2015 July 15, Roc Morin, “How to Say Everything in a Hundred-Word Language”, in The Atlantic:

constructed language
constructed language

A minimalist constructed language with creole-like elements designed by Sonja Lang.


Lebanese

The Hariri-Aoun agreement has shown that Hezbollah can bring the national political system to a halt. This happened in the past several years, and it worsened conditions in sectors such as foreign debt, electricity output, rubbish collection, water delivery, and other essential services, to the discomfort of the majority of Lebanese who have spoken out intermittently against the oligarchy of sectarian leaders who rule the country.

2016 October 22, Rami G Khouri, “Lebanese oligarchy preserves its interests once again”, in Aljazeera:

A person from Lebanon or of Lebanese descent.


Somalian

en-adj

Somalian (comparative more Somalian, superlative most Somalian)

more Somalian (comparative)
most Somalian (superlative)

2007 April 22, “Somalian government tells Mogadishu residents to flee”, in The New York Times:

(nonstandard, sometimes offensive) Synonym of Somali


Serbian

en-noun

Serbian (countable and uncountable, plural Serbians)

(uncountable) The standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Serbs.

Serwies

the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian


Samoan

Samoan (countable and uncountable, plural Samoans)


Tuvaluan

The Polynesian language mostly spoken in Tuvalu.


Tongan

Tongan (countable and uncountable, plural Tongans)

(uncountable) An Austronesian language of the Polynesian branch spoken in Tonga.


Tokelauan

The Polynesian language of the Tokelauan people.


Kazakh

Kazakh (countable and uncountable, plural Kazakhs)

From Russian каза́х (kazáx). Cognate with Cossack, ultimately from Turkic languages.

(uncountable) The national language of Kazakhstan.


motu

motu (nominative singular)
motu (accusative nominative singular)
motun (accusative genitive singular)
motun (genitive singular)
motua (partitive singular)
motussa (inessive singular)
motusta (elative singular)
motuun (illative singular)
motulla (adessive singular)
motulta (ablative singular)
motulle (allative singular)
motuna (essive singular)
motuksi (singular translative)
motutta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
motuni (nominative singular)
motuni (accusative nominative singular)
motuni (accusative genitive singular)
motuni (genitive singular)
motuani (partitive singular)
motussani (inessive singular)
motustani (elative singular)
motuuni (illative singular)
motullani (adessive singular)
motultani (ablative singular)
motulleni (allative singular)
motunani (essive singular)
motukseni (singular translative)
motuttani (abessive singular)
motusi (nominative singular)
motusi (accusative nominative singular)
motusi (accusative genitive singular)
motusi (genitive singular)
motuasi (partitive singular)
motussasi (inessive singular)
motustasi (elative singular)
motuusi (illative singular)
motullasi (adessive singular)
motultasi (ablative singular)
motullesi (allative singular)
motunasi (essive singular)
motuksesi (singular translative)
motuttasi (abessive singular)
motumme (nominative singular)
motumme (accusative nominative singular)
motumme (accusative genitive singular)
motumme (genitive singular)
motuamme (partitive singular)
motussamme (inessive singular)
motustamme (elative singular)
motuumme (illative singular)
motullamme (adessive singular)
motultamme (ablative singular)
motullemme (allative singular)
motunamme (essive singular)
motuksemme (singular translative)
motuttamme (abessive singular)
motunne (nominative singular)
motunne (accusative nominative singular)
motunne (accusative genitive singular)
motunne (genitive singular)
motuanne (partitive singular)
motussanne (inessive singular)
motustanne (elative singular)
motuunne (illative singular)
motullanne (adessive singular)
motultanne (ablative singular)
motullenne (allative singular)
motunanne (essive singular)
motuksenne (singular translative)
motuttanne (abessive singular)
motunsa (nominative singular)
motunsa (accusative nominative singular)
motunsa (accusative genitive singular)
motunsa (genitive singular)
motuaan (partitive singular)
motuansa (partitive singular)
motussaan (inessive singular)
motussansa (inessive singular)
motustaan (elative singular)
motustansa (elative singular)
motuunsa (illative singular)
motullaan (adessive singular)
motullansa (adessive singular)
motultaan (ablative singular)
motultansa (ablative singular)
motulleen (allative singular)
motullensa (allative singular)
motunaan (essive singular)
motunansa (essive singular)
motukseen (singular translative)
motuksensa (singular translative)
motuttaan (abessive singular)
motuttansa (abessive singular)


Telugu

The train rumbled between narrow buildings with flat roofs and multicoloured walls, Telugu script crawling like creepers over them.

2019, Namwali Serpell, The Old Drift, Hogarth, page 497:


Telugu

de-proper noun

Telugu n (proper noun, strong, genitive Telugu or Telugus)

Telugu (a language spoken in parts of India)


Malagasy

en-noun

Malagasy (countable and uncountable, plural Malagasy or Malagasies)

/ˌmæləˈɡæsi/

From Malagasy malagasy, connected to "Mālāī-Jezīra", island of Malais. Compare English Madagascar, which by folk etymology comes from Marco Polo's misreading of Mogadishu whereas it should be Arabic جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ (jazīrat al-mālāʔiyy, “The Island of Mālāī”).

der

جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ

(uncountable) The languages of Madagascar or of the Malagasy people, when considered to be one language.

Malgassies

the language of the Malagasy, when considered one language

(in particular) The chief lect of this language or language group.


Malagasy

/ˌmæləˈɡæsi/

جَزِيرَة المَالَائِيّ

Of, pertaining to or in the Malagasy language.


kwukyel

Borrowed from kwūkyel, the Yale romanization of Korean 구결(口訣) (gugyeol), from Middle Chinese 口訣 (MC khuwX kwet, “mnemonic rhyme”), from 口 (kǒu, “mouth”) + 訣／诀 (jué, “rhymed saying”).

compound

Abbreviated Chinese characters used to represent Korean grammatical items, inserted into a Chinese-character (Classical Chinese or itwu) text.


Comorian

The language of the islands of the Comoros.


Niuean

A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken mainly in Niue.


Lao

en-noun

Lao (countable and uncountable, plural Lao or Laos)

(countable) A Tai ethnic group native to Southeast Asia.

(uncountable) The official language of Laos that is closely related to Thai.


Lao

Of, from, or pertaining to Laos, the Lao people or their Kra-Dai Lao language.

Laosiaans

of, from, or pertaining to Laos, the people or their language


Wallachian

The language of the Wallachians; Romanian.


Greenlandic

The official language of Greenland, an Eskimo-Aleut language written with the Latin alphabet.


nynorsk

From ny- (“new, modern”) + norsk (“Norwegian”), where ny- means modern in the sense that it’s the last stage of the language, cf. nyislandsk (“New Icelandic”) and nyengelsk (“New English”). Cognate with Icelandic nýnorska.

prefix

Nynorsk, New Norwegian (Norwegian as spoken after 1500, and the written language that is based on this)


Nederlands

Inherited from Dutch Nederlands, equivalent to Nederland + -s.


Nederlands

Translingual: nl

From Nederland (“the Netherlands”) + -s.

Dutch, the language spoken in the Netherlands and in Flanders (i.e. the north of Belgium), Netherlandish


Loglan

The Loglan formal grammar is made up of 91 CFG-type rules.

Loglan is an isolating language, much like English. That means that once you’ve learned a word, you don’t have to worry about changing its form. Even in English, you have to remember to add ‘-ed’ to a verb to make it refer to the past, and ‘-s’ to nouns to make them plural. In Loglan, you won’t have to do that. Also, some English verbs and nouns have irregular forms. There are no irregular Loglan forms.

1994 May, Stephen L. Rice, “Loglan 3 : Understanding Loglan”, in www.loglan.org, retrieved 2012-08-04:

The original language developed by James Cooke Brown, as maintained by The Loglan Institute.


bokmål

Bokmål (one of Norway's two official languages)


bokmål

bokmålet (definite singular)
bokmål (indefinite plural)
bokmåla (definite plural)

From bok (“book”) + mål (“language”), equivalent to Old Norse bókamál, which meant Latin.

Um den sokallade „falske Fyresetningi,“ at eit Folk skulde sjølv kunna velja seg eit Bokmaal, kunde der vera ymist aa segja.

1869, Ivar Aasen, Minningar fraa Maalstriden um Hausten 1858:

About the so-called “false precondition”, that a people is able to choose a written language, one could say various things.

written language; the language used in books


bokmål

bokmål (indefinite nominative uncountable)
bokmålet (definite nominative uncountable)
bokmåls (genitive indefinite uncountable)
bokmålets (definite genitive uncountable)

From bok + mål, from the Danish bogmaal used in Norway since the 1850s to mean written standard language as opposed to dialects. Since 1929 this has been the official name for the written language, which was previously known as riksmål.


Rwandan

en-adj

Rwandan (comparative more Rwandan, superlative most Rwandan)

more Rwandan (comparative)
most Rwandan (superlative)

Of, from, or pertaining to Rwanda, the Rwandan people or language.

Rwandees

of, from, or pertaining to Rwanda, the Rwandan people or language


Georgian

en-noun

Georgian (countable and uncountable, plural Georgians)

/ˈd͡ʒɔːd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔɹd͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒɔʊ.d͡ʒən/

/ˈd͡ʒoːd͡ʒən/

United States of America
United States of America

(countable) A native or resident of the state of Georgia in the United States of America.

Iberian

native or resident of the Eurasian country of Georgia

goober

native or resident of the US state of Georgia


Turkmen

Turkmen (countable and uncountable, plural Turkmen or Turkmens)

The current majority view for the etymology of the ethnonym Türkmen or Turcoman is that it comes from Türk and the Turkic emphasizing suffix -men, meaning "'most Turkish of the Turks' or 'pure-blooded Turks.'" A folk etymology, dating back to the Middle Ages and found in al-Biruni and Mahmud al-Kashgari, instead derives the suffix -men from the Persian suffix -mānind, with the resulting word meaning "like a Turk". While formerly the dominant etymology in modern scholarship, this mixed Turkic-Persian derivation is now viewed as incorrect.

Turkoman

via Medieval Latin Turcomannus, itself derived from Turkic via Persian ترکمان (torkamân)

Türkman

via Ottoman Turkish تركمان (Türkmân); itself derived from Turkic via Persian ترکمان (torkamân)

(uncountable) A Turkic language of the Turkmen spoken mostly in Turkmenistan.


Pashto

Tariq clenched his teeth and muttered something to himself in Pashto that Laila didn’t catch.

2007, Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns, BLOOMSBURY PUBLISHING (2018), page 131:

The native Indo-Iranian language of the Pashtun people; an official language of Afghanistan.


Kyrgyz

/ˈkɜː(ɹ)ɡɪz/

/ˈkɪə(ɹ)ɡɪz/

From Kyrgyz кыргыз (kırgız), possibly derived from Kyrgyz кырк ууз (kırk uuz, “forty tribes”); or possibly from кыргый (kırgıy, “hawk”); or likely from кырк (kırk, “extinguish, mince, cut”). More at Kyrgyz.

uder

The Western Turkic language of Kyrgyz people.


Nauruan

[nɑːˈuː.ɹuːn̩]

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nauruan.wav


Swahili

From Swahili swahili, from Arabic سَوَاحِلِيّ (sawāḥiliyy, “(people) of the coasts”), from سَوَاحِل (sawāḥil, “coasts”), broken plural of سَاحِل (sāḥil, “coast”).

der

An agglutinative language of the Bantu branch widely spoken in East Africa. Born in its modern form from the hybridization of the Arabic and Bantu cultures, it was the language of the traders in East Africa, and spread along the routes of trade.


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

Of or in the language of Luxembourg (derived from the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects).


Luxembourgish

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɜːɡɪʃ/

/ˈlʌksəmˌbɝɡɪʃ/

A Germanic language spoken in Luxembourg and, traditionally, around the city of Arlon (Belgium); originally included in the Moselle Franconian group of High German dialects, but now usually regarded as a separate language due to its standardisation and official use in the state of Luxembourg.


Uzbek

From Russian узбек (uzbek), from Uzbek oʻzbek. Further etymology is uncertain; possibly from Turkic öz (“genuine”) + Sogdian [script needed] (βγ /beġ/, “master”); the latter from Proto-Indo-Aryan *bʰagás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰagás. The first element is often thought to be equivalent to English Oghuz.


Laotian

From Laos + -ian, or after French laotien.

Lao People's Democratic Republic
Lao People's Democratic Republic

A person from the Lao People's Democratic Republic or of Lao descent.


Laotian

Synonym of Lao (“the official language of Laos”)


Laotian

Of, from, or pertaining to the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Laotian people or the Laotian language.


Somali

en-noun

Somali (countable and uncountable, plural Somalis)

(uncountable) A Cushitic language spoken mainly in Somalia and eastern Ethiopia.

(countable) A person from Somalia or of Somali descent.

Somaliër

a person from Somalia or of Somali descent


Somali

Of, from, or pertaining to Somalia, the Somali people or language.


Swiss

Adopted from Middle French Suisse in circa 1515, alongside the form Switzer directly loaned from German.

(nonstandard) Swiss German; the variety of German spoken in Switzerland.


Lojban

From Lojban lojban., from rafsi loj (logji (“logic”)) + ban (bangu (“language”)).

An artificial language created by Logical Language Group designed to be logical, based on the earlier Loglan.

لُجْبَن

artificial logical language based on Loglan


Kiswahili

Swahili, an agglutinative Bantu language widely spoken in East Africa.


Ilocano

Borrowed from Spanish ilocano, from iloco + -ano, where the root is from Ilocano i- (place of origin prefix) + either lukong (“hollow; concave”) or luek/luok (“cove; bay”) + Spanish -o.

the ethnolinguistic group of the Ilocos Region on the coasts of northwestern Luzon in the Philippines.


Macedonian

Macedonian (countable and uncountable, plural Macedonians)

From Middle English Macedonyen, partly from Macedonia and partly from Latin Macedonius, + -an; equivalent to Macedonia + -an.

/mæsəˈdəʊnɪən/

Republic of North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia

(uncountable) A South Slavic language, the standard language of the Republic of North Macedonia.


Azerbaijani

/ˌæzəbaɪˈdʒɑːni/

/ˌæzəɹbaɪˈd͡ʒɑːni/

آزربائیجانی

āzerbā’ījānī


Riksmål

A conservative variety of Bokmål that is closer to Danish, sometimes using unofficial spellings that have been removed from standard Bokmål.


Mongolian

Mongolian (countable and uncountable, plural Mongolians)

Originally from Mongol + -ian, a translation (1706) of the German mongolisch, mongalisch. Subsequently, from the name of the country of Mongolia + -an.

Khalka […] Mongolian possesses seven vowels and twenty consonants.

1926, Neville J. Whymant, A Mongolian Grammar:

The Altaic family […] comprises about 40 languages, classified into three groups: Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus.

1987, David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language:

These inscriptions are in Mongolian and thus widen the appliqué's international connections.

(uncountable) A group of languages from Mongolia, specifically Khalkha, the official language of Mongolia.


ruse

LL-Q143 (epo)-Robin van der Vliet-ruse.wav

rusa (“Russian”) + -e (adverbial suffix).


ido

ido (absolutive indefinite)
idoa (absolutive singular)
idoak (ergative singular)
idoari (dative singular)
idoaren (genitive singular)
idoarekin (comitative singular)
idoarengatik (causative singular)
idoarentzat (benefactive singular)
idoz (indefinite instrumental)
idoaz (instrumental singular)
idoan (inessive singular)
idorik (indefinite partitive)
idotzat (indefinite prolative)


ido

Borrowed from Ido Ido, from Esperanto ido.


ido

From Ido Ido (“Ido”), from Esperanto ido (“offspring”).

Ido (artificial language reformed from Esperanto)


簡體

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰe⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːn³⁵ tʰɐi̯³⁵/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰe⁵⁵⁴/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁵³/

/kan⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰe⁴¹/


Egyptian

/ɪˈd͡ʒɪp.ʃən/

From Middle English Egipcien, egyptiane. Displaced Old English Egyptisċ. By surface analysis, Egypt + -ian.

The Afroasiatic language spoken (and written) in ancient Egypt


Anglophone

/ˈæŋɡləˌfəʊn/

/ˈeɪŋɡləˌfoʊn/

One who speaks English, generally natively.


Tajik

From Classical Persian تاجیک (tājīk, “non-Turk (of Central Asia)”) (akin to تازی (tāzī), تازیک (tāzīk)), (ultimately) from Middle Persian tʾcyk' (tāzīg, “Arab”), (ultimately) from Arabic طَيِّئ (ṭayyiʔ, “name of an Arab clan”). See Tayy.
Popular folk etymology traces the word to Tajik тоҷ (toj, “crown”) (see Arabic تَاج (tāj), from Persian تاج (tâj, “crown”)), but this is false.

der

The Persian dialect spoken in Tajikistan.


Duits

From Dutch Duits, from Middle Dutch duutsch, a Northern variant of dietsch, both from Old Dutch *thiudisc, from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz, from *þeudō (“people, nation”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”).


Duits

Afrikaans: Duits

Jersey Dutch: Däuts

From Middle Dutch duutsch, a Northern variant of dietsch, both from Old Dutch *thiudisc, from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz, from *þeudō (“people, nation”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”). Doublet of Diets.

Het Duitsch wordt verdeeld in Hoogduitsch en Nederduitsch. Het groot verschil tusschen beide is de tweede of hoogduitsche klankverschuiving ([...]), waarvan het Nederduitsch vrij gebleven is. [...] Het Nederduitsch begrijpt het Saksisch en het Nederfrankisch. In het Oudsaksisch bestaat [...] heden heet zij Nedersaksisch, of Nederduitsch in eenen engeren zin, of ook nog, en meest Platduitsch.

1892, A. Dassonville, “Over de plaats van het Dietsch in de verdeeling der Indogermaansche Talen”, in Biekorf. Dat is een leer- en leesblad voor alle verstandige Vlamingen, verschijnende 24 maal 's jaars, volume 3, Bijblad van "Biekorf" in Oostermaand, page XIIf.:

Vanaf de tweede helft van de zestiende eeuw komt ook het Nederduits sterk opzetten, als tegenhanger van Hoogduits [...]. Nederduits omvat dus zowel het Nederlands als het Duits dat in Noord-Duitsland wordt gesproken.

2018, Fieke Van der Gucht, Johan De Caluwe, Mathilde Jansen, Nicoline van der Sijs, Atlas van de Nederlandse taal: Editie Vlaanderen, Lannoo (publ.), p. 29

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


ייִדיש

→ Afrikaans: Jiddisj

→ Albanian: jidisht

→ Arabic: يِدِيشِيَّة (yidīšiyya), إِيدِيش (ʔīdīš)

→ Aragonese: yídix

→ Azerbaijani: idiş

→ Belarusian: і́дыш (ídyš)

→ Bulgarian: и́диш (ídiš)

→ Catalan: ídix, jiddisch

→ Chinese: 意第緒／意第绪 (yìdìxù)

→ Czech: jidiš

→ Danish: jiddisch

→ Dutch: Jiddisch

→ English: Yiddish

→ Esperanto: Jidiŝo

→ Estonian: jidiši

→ Faroese: jiddiskur, jiddiskt

→ Finnish: jiddiš

desc

→ French: yiddish, yidiche, yidich, yiddisch, yddisch

→ Georgian: იდიში (idiši)

→ German: Jiddisch, jiddisch

→ Greek: γίντις (gíntis)

→ Hebrew: אִידִישׁ (idish)

→ Hindi: यिडिश (yiḍiś)

→ Hungarian: jiddis

→ Italian: yiddish

→ Japanese: イディッシュ (Idisshu)

→ Korean: 이디시 (idisi)

→ Ladino: idish

→ Latvian: jidišs

→ Lithuanian: jidiš

→ Macedonian: ји́диш (jídiš)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: jiddisch

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: jiddisch

→ Persian: ییدیش (yidiš)

→ Polish: jidysz

→ Portuguese: iídiche

→ Romanian: idiș

→ Russian: и́диш (ídiš), аи́дыше (aídyše)

→ Armenian: իդիշ (idiš)

→ Serbo-Croatian: jidiš, јидиш

→ Slovak: jidiš

→ Slovene: jidiš

→ Spanish: yidis

→ Swedish: jiddisch

→ Thai: ยิดดิช (yítdìt)

Turkish: Yidiş

→ Ukrainian: їдиш (jidyš)

From Middle High German jüdesch, from Old High German judeisc, derived from judo, judeo + -isc, the former from Latin iūdaeus (“Judaean, Jew”), from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), derived from Ἰουδά (Ioudá, “Judah”) + -ιος (-ios), the former from Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh). By surface analysis, ייִד (yid) + ־יש (-ish).

der

Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yəhūḏāh)

surf

אין סאָװעטן־פֿאַרבאַנד איז ייִדיש דערקלערט געװאָרן ווי „די‟ ייִדישע שפּראַך, אַנטקעגן העברעיִש, װאָס איז געװאָרן טריף־פּסול װי די שפּראַך פֿון רעליגיע און ציוניזם.

2020 April 24, Mikhail Krutikov, “װי פּאָליטיש זײַנען ייִדישע לימודים?”, in Forverts:

In the Soviet Union Yiddish was declared to be "the" Jewish language, opposed to Hebrew, which became anathema as the language of religion and Zionism.

in sovetn-farband iz yidish derklert gevorn vi „di‟ yidishe shprakh, antkegn hebreish, vos iz gevorn treyf-posl vi di shprakh fun religye un tsienizm.

Yiddish, a spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jewish people.


Nahuatl

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Nahuatl.wav

From Spanish náhuatl, from Classical Nahuatl nahuatl, nahuatlatolli (“the clear or understandable language”).

The polysynthetic Aztecan language spoken by an indigenous people of Mexico.

naŭatla lingvo

with the definite article ⦃⦃t+¦eo¦la¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦⦄⦄


Murrinh-Patha

The language spoken by these people; Murinypata.


Burmese

The Sino-Tibetan official language of the country Burma. Also known as Myanmar (which is the name preferred by the country's current government).


Kala Lagaw Ya

Torres Strait Islands
Torres Strait Islands

The Pama-Nyungan language spoken in the western Torres Strait Islands.


Meryam Mir

The Trans-Fly Papuan language spoken in the eastern Torres Strait Islands.


Torres Strait Creole

/ˈtɔːɹɛz stɹeɪt ˈkɹiːəʊl/

From Torres Strait + Creole (“language formed from two parent languages”).

af

A creole spoken in the Torres Strait Islands.


Kriol

A creole language widely spoken by Australian Aborigines in Arnhem Land; Roper River creole; Australian Kriol.


Bube

A Bantu language spoken by the Bubi people.


Quenya

From Noldorin Quenya Quenya, ultimately derived from the Primitive Quendian root *kwene ("person"), being the name for the language invented by J. R. R. Tolkien as the language spoken by the Elves in his books.

A constructed language created by J. R. R. Tolkien modelled on Greek, Latin and Finnish.


Malayalam

From Malayalam മലയാളം (malayāḷaṁ), from മല (mala, “hill, mountain”) + അളം (aḷaṁ, “place”).

Padmanabhan uttered a command in Malayalam, the regional language.

2012 April 30, Jake Halpern, “The Secret of the Temple”, in The New Yorker:

A Dravidian language spoken in the states of Kerala and Lakshadweep, India.


Malayalam

de-proper noun

Malayalam n (proper noun, strong, genitive Malayalam or Malayalams)

Malayalam (genitive)
Malayalams (genitive)


Bicol

From Spanish Bicol / Vicol (“former province, river (Bicol River), language”), from Bikol Central, see Bikol Central Bicol for more.

The language of the native inhabitants of the region, Bicolano.


Vlaams

From Middle Dutch vlâemsch, from Old Dutch flāmisk, from Old Frisian flāmisk, from *flām + -isk, the former from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz.


Vlaams

nl-adj

Vlaams (comparative Vlaamser, superlative meest Vlaams or Vlaamst)

Vlaamser (comparative)
meest Vlaams (superlative)
Vlaamst (superlative)
Vlaams (adverbial positive predicative)
Vlaamser (adverbial comparative predicative)
het Vlaamst (adverbial predicative superlative)
het Vlaamste (adverbial predicative superlative)
Vlaamse (feminine indefinite masculine positive singular)
Vlaamsere (comparative feminine indefinite masculine singular)
Vlaamste (feminine indefinite masculine singular superlative)
Vlaams (indefinite neuter positive singular)
Vlaamser (comparative indefinite neuter singular)
Vlaamste (indefinite neuter singular superlative)
Vlaamse (indefinite plural positive)
Vlaamsere (comparative indefinite plural)
Vlaamste (indefinite plural superlative)
Vlaamse (definite positive)
Vlaamsere (comparative definite)
Vlaamste (definite superlative)
Vlaams (partitive positive)
Vlaamsers (comparative partitive)


Gothic

From Late Latin gothicus (“Gothic, barbaric”), from Ancient Greek Γοτθικός (Gotthikós), from Ancient Greek Γότθοι (Gótthoi, “Goths”) + -ικός (-ikós, “-ic”), proposed to derive from unattested Gothic *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰 (*guta). Equivalent to Goth + -ic. The various usages of the adjective are introduced nearly simultaneously in the first half of the 17th century. The literal meaning “of the Goths” is found in the 1611 preface of the King James Bible, in reference to the Gothicke tongue. The generalized meaning of “Germanic, Teutonic” appears in the 1640s. Reference to the medieval period in Western Europe, and specifically the architecture of that period (“barbaric style”, initially a term of abuse), also appears in the 1640s, as does reference to “Gothic characters” or “Gothic letters” in typography.

der

An extinct Germanic language, once spoken by the Goths.


Gothic

en-adj

Gothic (comparative more Gothic, superlative most Gothic)

more Gothic (comparative)
most Gothic (superlative)

готически

of the type formerly used for printing German

Of or relating to the Goths or their language.

“[W]hat he holds of all things to be most gothic, is gallantry to the women.”

1782, Frances Burney, Cecilia, II.iii.6:

Enormities which gleam like comets through the darkness of gothic and superstitious ages.

1812 letter, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Prose Works, volume II, quoted in OED, published 1888, page 384:

(figuratively) Barbarous, rude, unpolished, belonging to the “Dark Ages”, medieval as opposed to classical.


Gothic

One hundred fifty Gothics sold over 1.5 million copies a month last spring.

1996, Nora Sayre, Sixties going on seventies, page 180:


Sinhala

Borrowed from Sinhalese සිංහල (siṁhala), itself borrowed from Sanskrit सिंहल (siṃhala, literally “lionlike”), from सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”) + -ल (-la), recorded as the name of the island of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from about the 10th to 12th century, but presumably older, as it is also the source of the name Ceylon in western geographic tradition.
The name is sometimes glossed as "abode of lions", referring to a supposed former abundance of lions on the island ( The Asiatic Journal 20 (1836), p. 30). Doublet of Ceylon and Elu.


Chickasaw

Some place names in the United States:
A city in Mobile County, Alabama.


Hopi

From Hopi hopi (“Hopi, good in every respect, be wise/knowing”) (as in Hopituu sinom "Hopi people"). Popularized by J. Walter Fewkes as a replacement for the previously used and offensive name Moqui which sounds like Hopi mooki "dies, be dead".

The Uto-Aztecan language spoken by this North American tribe.


Shona

Scottish Anglicized form of Seonag ( =Joan) and an American variant of Shauna.

A female given name from Scottish Gaelic.


dari

Dari; Eastern Persian (an Indo-Aryan language of Afghanistan)


Luo

The Nilotic language spoken by this group, also known as Dholuo.


Mohawk

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Mohawk.wav

From Dutch Mohawk.
An exonym, probably from Narragansett Mohowaúgsuck, Mauquàuog, meaning “they eat (animate things)”, “cannibals”. The phoneme /m/ is not present in the Mohawk language; the Mohawk autonym is Kanien'kehá:ka (Kanienkehaka, Kanyenkehaka).

The Iroquoian language spoken by these North American indigenous people.


Sioux

From French Sioux, shortening of Nadouessioux, from Ojibwe naadawesiwag (“little snakes”), which could refer to the massasauga snake (Sistrurus catenatus), a small rattlesnake.

Various formerly nomadic Native American tribes of the North American Great Plains.


Cebuano

/sɛˈbwɑːnəʊ/

From Spanish cebuano, from Cebú (“Cebu”) + -ano (“-an”).

A language spoken in the Philippines in and near the province of Cebu.


Quechua

Spanish, from Quechua qhichwa (literally “temperate valley”).

uder

The Quechuas, a tribe of the Inca people, were Indians of the red race and with an appearance and trait which is distinctly American. “They are”, says Victor W. Von Hagen in his book, Realm of the Incas, “of medium height, and inclined to be thickset, with large hands, small wrists, a disproportionately large chest (developed for breathing at high altitudes), well-developed legs, and wide-spreading feet. They are broad-headed, with high cheekbones, prominent aquiline noses, and small, almond-shaped eyes.” There are still five million of them in the Andes.

1972, Lytle Robinson, chapter 5, in Edgar Cayceʼs Story of the Origin and Destiny of Man, USA: Berkley Publishing Corporation, page 105:

A member of one of several South American ethnic groups that spans Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, northern Chile, and in Ecuador and southern Colombia.


Marshallese

From Marshall (“Marshall Islands”) + -ese.

The Austronesian language of the Marshall Islands.


Urdu

Borrowed from Hindustani (see Urdu اُرْدُو (urdū) and Hindi उर्दू (urdū)), from Classical Persian اُرْدُو (urdū), from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“army, camp”) ( > Azerbaijani ordu, Turkish ordu, Turkmen oorda). Doublet of horde and orda.

‘Urdu was born in the barracks a few hundred years ago, and was spoken by soldiers. It gets its grammar from Hindi, and vocabulary from Persian.’

2023, Santanu Bhattacharya, One Small Voice, Fig Tree, page 78:

Modern Standard Urdu, an Indo-Aryan language with native speakers mainly in Pakistan and North India. It is a standardized and Persianized version of Hindustani.


Urdu

Ultimately from Classical Persian اُرْدُو (urdū), from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“army, camp”).


Urdu

From Classical Persian اُرْدُو (urdū), from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“army, camp”).


Sinhalese

en-noun

Sinhalese (countable and uncountable, plural Sinhalese)

(uncountable) The Indo-Aryan language of the Sinhalese people.

Some of these forms are no longer in current use


Tamil

Tamil (countable and uncountable, plural Tamils)

Borrowed from Tamil தமிழ் (tamiḻ, “Tamil”); see that entry for theories.

(uncountable) A Dravidian language spoken in the state of Tamil Nadu, India and in Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia.


Marathi

From Marathi मराठी (marāṭhī). Doublet of Maharashtri.

I made a pact with her that she would teach me more Marathi and I could teach her the English alphabet.

2020, Avni Doshi, Burnt Sugar, Hamish Hamilton, page 110:

An Indo-Aryan language that is the predominant language spoken in the state of Maharashtra, India.


Marathi

de-proper noun

Marathi n (proper noun, strong, genitive Marathi or Marathis)


suomi

suomi (nominative singular)
suomi (accusative nominative singular)
suomen (accusative genitive singular)
suomen (genitive singular)
suomea (partitive singular)
suomessa (inessive singular)
suomesta (elative singular)
suomeen (illative singular)
suomella (adessive singular)
suomelta (ablative singular)
suomelle (allative singular)
suomena (essive singular)
suomeksi (singular translative)
suometta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
suomeni (nominative singular)
suomeni (accusative nominative singular)
suomeni (accusative genitive singular)
suomeni (genitive singular)
suomeani (partitive singular)
suomessani (inessive singular)
suomestani (elative singular)
suomeeni (illative singular)
suomellani (adessive singular)
suomeltani (ablative singular)
suomelleni (allative singular)
suomenani (essive singular)
suomekseni (singular translative)
suomettani (abessive singular)
suomesi (nominative singular)
suomesi (accusative nominative singular)
suomesi (accusative genitive singular)
suomesi (genitive singular)
suomeasi (partitive singular)
suomessasi (inessive singular)
suomestasi (elative singular)
suomeesi (illative singular)
suomellasi (adessive singular)
suomeltasi (ablative singular)
suomellesi (allative singular)
suomenasi (essive singular)
suomeksesi (singular translative)
suomettasi (abessive singular)
suomemme (nominative singular)
suomemme (accusative nominative singular)
suomemme (accusative genitive singular)
suomemme (genitive singular)
suomeamme (partitive singular)
suomessamme (inessive singular)
suomestamme (elative singular)
suomeemme (illative singular)
suomellamme (adessive singular)
suomeltamme (ablative singular)
suomellemme (allative singular)
suomenamme (essive singular)
suomeksemme (singular translative)
suomettamme (abessive singular)
suomenne (nominative singular)
suomenne (accusative nominative singular)
suomenne (accusative genitive singular)
suomenne (genitive singular)
suomeanne (partitive singular)
suomessanne (inessive singular)
suomestanne (elative singular)
suomeenne (illative singular)
suomellanne (adessive singular)
suomeltanne (ablative singular)
suomellenne (allative singular)
suomenanne (essive singular)
suomeksenne (singular translative)
suomettanne (abessive singular)
suomensa (nominative singular)
suomensa (accusative nominative singular)
suomensa (accusative genitive singular)
suomensa (genitive singular)
suomeaan (partitive singular)
suomeansa (partitive singular)
suomessaan (inessive singular)
suomessansa (inessive singular)
suomestaan (elative singular)
suomestansa (elative singular)
suomeensa (illative singular)
suomellaan (adessive singular)
suomellansa (adessive singular)
suomeltaan (ablative singular)
suomeltansa (ablative singular)
suomelleen (allative singular)
suomellensa (allative singular)
suomenaan (essive singular)
suomenansa (essive singular)
suomekseen (singular translative)
suomeksensa (singular translative)
suomettaan (abessive singular)
suomettansa (abessive singular)

→ Komi-Zyrian: суоми (suomi)


Croatian

/ˌkɹəʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

/ˌkɹoʊˈeɪ.ʃən/

A standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a South Slavic language, spoken by Croats.


Assamese

The Indo-Aryan language spoken by the majority people in the state of Assam, NE India.


Bengali

en-noun

Bengali (countable and uncountable, plural Bengalis)

Equivalent to Bengal + -i, borrowed from Bengali বাঙ্গালী (baṅgali). Compare Assamese বঙালী (boṅali), Hindi बंगाली (baṅgālī), Classical Persian بنگالی (bangālī).

bor+

(uncountable) A language spoken in Bangladesh and the states of Assam, Tripura and West Bengal, India.

बंगाली भाषा

baṅgālī bhāṣā

बाङ्गला भाषा

bāṅgalā bhāṣā


Novial

From Novial Nov International Auxiliari Lingue (“New International Auxiliary Language”).

uder

international auxiliary language
international auxiliary language

An international auxiliary language, or interlanguage, published by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1928.


Gujarati

/ˌɡʊd͡ʒəˈrɑːti/

/ˌɡuːd͡ʒəˈrɑːti/

Borrowed from Gujarati ગુજરાતી (gujrātī).

The Indic language spoken in the state of Gujarat, India


Magyar

From Hungarian magyar, from Proto-Ugric *mańćɜ (“man, person”).


Magyar

A Hungarian individual, especially in the sense of an ethnic Hungarian.


Punjabi

der

پنجابی•ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

Punjabi پنجابی•ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (pañjābī)


italiano

Borrowed from Latin ītaliānus (“Italian”). By surface analysis, Italia (“Italy”) + -ano (“-an”, derivational suffix).


italiano

(uncountable) Italian (Romance language spoken in Italy)


Cherokee

/ˈt͡ʃɛ.ɹə.ˌkiː/

Most likely from the Cherokee autonym ᏣᎳᎩ (tsalagi). Derivation from a Choctaw exonym meaning "those who live in caves" (compare chiluk (“cave”)) has also been suggested — the Iroquois term for the Cherokee was Oyata'ge'ronon (“inhabitants of the cave country”) — as has derivation from a Creek term for "person(s) who speak(s) a non-Creek language" (see celokketv (“to speak a non-creek language”)).
Whatever its origin, the ethnonym entered European languages at an early date, perhaps as early as the 1670s; in Spanish, the people are called the Tchalaquei as early as 1755.

census-designated place
census-designated place

A census-designated place in Swain County and Jackson County, North Carolina, capital of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

An unincorporated community in Grainger County, Tennessee.

An unincorporated community in San Saba County, Texas.


landsmål

Landsmål (the name given to Nynorsk until 1929)


landsmål

landsmålet (definite singular)
landsmål (indefinite plural)
landsmåla (definite plural)

From land + mål. Cognate with Faroese landsmál (“regional language; Landsmål”) and Icelandic landsmál (“politics; Landsmål”).

cog

(uncountable) Landsmål (the name given to Nynorsk until 1929)


norsk

Norwegian Bokmål: norsk

From Old Danish nornst, cf. Middle Norwegian nornskr. The adjective was probably derived from Old Norse norrœnn (“Norwegian”), from Proto-Germanic *nurþrōnijaz (“northern”). Cognate with English northern.


norsk

From Danish norsk, from Old Danish nornst, cf. Middle Norwegian nornskr and Norwegian norsk.


norsk

From Middle Norwegian nornskr, from earlier norrǿnn (“Norwegian, northern”) + -skr after the same pattern as svenskr and danskr. Cognate with Faroese and Icelandic norskur and Middle Low German norrensch, norrisch, nornsch.


Khmer

From Khmer ខ្មែរ (khmae).
Attributed to the Pali term khemara (“one who is wholesome”). The elision form, ក្មេរ (kmera), is found in ancient stone inscriptions, or a borrowing from Northern Khmer เขมร (/khmɛːr/).

Despite my mother speaking Khmer to us at home, I hadn’t retained it through my formative years.

2024, Kaliane Bradley, The Ministry of Time, Sceptre, page 6:

The national language of Cambodia, part of the Mon-Khmer language family.

An abugida used to write the Khmer language and sometimes Pali.


Khmer

A member of an ethnolinguistic group that constitutes most of the population of Cambodia.


Khmer

en-adj

Khmer (comparative more Khmer, superlative most Khmer)

more Khmer (comparative)
most Khmer (superlative)

Of or pertaining to the Khmer people or their language.

خِمِيرِيّ

of or pertaining to the Khmer people or their language


non-rhotic

/nɒnˈɹəʊtɪk/

In a non-rhotic accent, the word 'sort' can be pronounced like the word 'sought'.

Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation

Of an accent, most often one of English: not pronouncing the written letter "r" unless it is followed by a vowel, as in Received Pronunciation, most other accents of England, the Boston accent, traditional NYC English, many accents of southern Louisiana, Australian English, etc.


rhotic

[ˈɹəʊ̯.tʰɪk]

Back-formation from rhotacism, coined in 1968 by John C. Wells.

Rhotic speech is common in Ireland, Scotland, much of the United States, Canada, West Country England, and many parts of the north and west of England.

Rhotic (or r-ful) dialects are linguistic relics in England, as shown in Map 7-5. Nonrhotic or r-less dialects have been displacing them since the seventeenth century. Among the linguistically most conservative population in England, represented by the NORMs of the SED, both rhotic and nonrhotic dialects are found throughout the country. The fact that the rhotic dialects are relics is indicated on Map 7-5 not by the predominance of nonrhotic dialects, but by the discontinuity of the regions where rhotic dialects are found. A century or so earlier, they covered even more of the country, and the three regions probably formed part of a continuous network.

1998, J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, page 94:

Except for the Southland area, New Zealand English today is non-rhotic (Wells, 1982: 606). Australian, Tristanian and Port Stanley Falkland Islands English are also non-rhotic, as is South African English (except for some people who are native Afrikaans speakers – Wells 1982: 617). This has often been erroneously ascribed (for instance, in Trudgill, 1986a) to the fact that most of England was non-rhotic at the time of the main immigration to New Zealand. It is now obvious that this is not correct at all: of the eighty-four Mobile Unit speakers analysed, an astonishing 92% are rhotic to some degree.

2004, Peter Trudgill, New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes, Oxford University Press, page 68:

2009, Ingrid Rosenfelder, Rhoticity in educated Jamaican English, Thomas Hoffmann, Licia Siebers, World Englishes – Problems, Properties and Prospects: Selected Papers from the 13th IAWE Conference, John Benjamins Publishing Company,
Contrary to “traditional” descriptions in the literature, Jamaican English cannot be characterized as predominantly rhotic, exhibiting an overall degree of rhoticity of approximately 20 per cent.

(linguistics, of an English accent) That allows the phoneme /ɹ/ even when not followed by a vowel, as in bar (/bɑːɹ/) and bard or barred (/bɑːɹd/); (of an English speaker) who speaks with such an accent.


mongol

Borrowed from Mongolian монгол (mongol), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mongɣul). Doublet of mogol.


mongol

mongolok (plural)
mongol (nominative singular)
mongolok (nominative plural)
mongolt (accusative singular)
mongolokat (accusative plural)
mongolnak (dative singular)
mongoloknak (dative plural)
mongollal (instrumental singular)
mongolokkal (instrumental plural)
mongolért (causal-final singular)
mongolokért (causal-final plural)
mongollá (singular translative)
mongolokká (plural translative)
mongolig (singular terminative)
mongolokig (plural terminative)
mongolként (essive-formal singular)
mongolokként (essive-formal plural)
mongolban (inessive singular)
mongolokban (inessive plural)
mongolon (singular superessive)
mongolokon (plural superessive)
mongolnál (adessive singular)
mongoloknál (adessive plural)
mongolba (illative singular)
mongolokba (illative plural)
mongolra (singular sublative)
mongolokra (plural sublative)
mongolhoz (allative singular)
mongolokhoz (allative plural)
mongolból (elative singular)
mongolokból (elative plural)
mongolról (delative singular)
mongolokról (delative plural)
mongoltól (ablative singular)
mongoloktól (ablative plural)
mongolé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
mongoloké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
mongoléi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
mongolokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
mongolom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
mongoljaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
mongolod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
mongoljaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
mongolja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
mongoljai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
mongolunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
mongoljaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
mongolotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
mongoljaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
mongoljuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
mongoljaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


mongol

Borrowed from Mongolian монгол (mongol). Doublet of mogol.

Mongolian (native or inhabitant of Mongolia)


mongol

pt-adj

mongol m or f (plural mongóis, not comparable)


英語

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (英語):
* → Japanese: 英(えい)語(ご) (eigo)
* → Korean: 영어(英語) (yeong'eo)
* → Vietnamese: Anh ngữ (英語)

→ Wutunhua: yenyek

/iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/in²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/(j)in²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/iɪŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ ɡɯ⁵²/

/in⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

/iŋ⁵⁵ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɪŋ⁵⁵ jyː¹³/

/in²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/(j)in²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋi²⁴/

/iŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/iɪŋ³³ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡi⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡi⁴¹/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu⁵³/

/iɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu⁵³/

/eŋ³³⁻²³ ɡɯ⁵²/

/in⁵⁵ n̠ʲy²¹/

Short for 英格蘭／英格兰 (Yīnggélán) + 語／语 (yǔ).

zh-etym-short

牛津英語詞典

牛津英语词典

以英語為母語的人

以英语为母语的人

英語國家

英语国家

講一口純正的英語

讲一口纯正的英语

我會說英語。

我会说英语。

你會說英語嗎？

你会说英语吗？

Tā jì huì shuō Yīngyǔ yòu huì shuō hànyǔ.

她既會說英語又會說漢語。

她既会说英语又会说汉语。

「地鐵站」用英語怎麽說？

「地铁站」用英语怎么说？

1904, Liang Qichao, 新大陸遊記 [Travel Notes of the New Continent], 廣智書局, published 1907, page 8:

Àozhōu zhī Xī'ào, Nán'ào liǎng shěng, xiàn néng jiě yīngyǔ wǔshí jù yǐshàng zhě, nǎi kě dēnglù.

澳洲之西澳、南澳兩省，限能解英語五十句以上者，乃可登陸。

澳洲之西澳、南澳两省，限能解英语五十句以上者，乃可登陆。


英語

Borrowed from Chinese 英語／英语 (Yīngyǔ), or a compound coined in Japan of 英 (ei, “England”) + 語 (-go, “language”).

私は英語で話すことが出来ます。

Watashi wa Eigo de hanasu koto ga dekimasu.

貴方は英語が話せますか？

2002 March 9, Yumi Hotta with Obata, Takeshi, “第(だい)131(ひゃくさんじゅういち)局(きょく) 試(ため)される伊(い)角(すみ) [Game 131: Isumi’s Endeavor]”, in ヒカルの碁 [Hikaru’s Go], volume 16 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 56:

How’s my Japanese? Not bad, right? I also speak Korean and English. I like learning languages.

オレの日本語どう？悪くないだろ 韓国語と英語も話すんだぜ 趣味だな語学は

Ore no nihongo dō? Waruku nai daro Kankokugo to eigo mo hanasu n da ze Shumi da na gogaku wa


英語

Borrowed from Japanese 英(えい)語(ご) (eigo), itself from Chinese 英語／英语 (Yīngyǔ).


Afar

A Cushitic language spoken in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti.


Blackfoot

en-noun

Blackfoot (plural Blackfoots or Blackfoot or Blackfeet)

Blackfoots (plural)
Blackfoot (plural)
Blackfeet (plural)

Blackfoot (disambiguation)
Blackfoot Confederacy

A member of a North American confederacy of several tribes.


Blackfoot

The Algonquian language of these people.

A city, the county seat of Bingham County, Idaho, United States.


Farsi

Apparently first used widely in English in the late 1960s or early 1970s. From Persian فارسی (fârsi), meaning "relating to Fars", the Arabicized form of the name of the province of Pars (Early Classical Persian پارس (pārs)) which was adopted in Iran following the Arab conquest of Persia in the 7th century. The sense for the hijra argot is from Hindi फ़ारसी (fārsī) from the same word.

That the Farsi or Persian is not a language derived from the Pehlevi, but a collateral and independent tongue, seems to be sufficiently certain.

1820, William Erskine, “On the sacred books and religion of the Parsis”, in Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay, volume II, page 315:

In July 1984, Radio Iran Toilers began broadcasting in Farsi from Afghanistan; by the end of 1988 it was transmitting twenty-one hours a week.

1991, Richard Felix Staar, Foreign Policies of the Soviet Union, page 91:

The method of writing Farsi is logical, although reading can be trickier, as one has to guess at the unwritten consonants of unfamiliar words.

1999, Maria O'Shea, Culture shock! Iran, page 75:

We chatted away in Farsi.

2001, Dan Baumann, Imprisoned in Iran: Love's Victory Over Fear, page 20:

For instance, in Farsi pošt means 'back' (noun) as in pošt=am dard mikonad 'my back hurts' […]

2009, Vit Bubenik, "The rise and development of the possessive construction in Middle Iranian with parallels in Albanian", page 97 in Grammatical Change in Indo-European Languages, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 305


Adi

A diminutive of the female given name Aditi


Inuktitut

Transliteration of Inuktitut ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (inoktitot, “like the Inuit”).

translit

I can hear a swell of laughter and boisterous merriment in Inuktitut.

2018, Tanya Tagaq, Split Tooth, And Other Stories (2023), page 46:


Inuktitut

ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ#Inuktitut

Inuktitut (the language of the Inuit people) Latin spelling of ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ (inoktitot)


Papago

Borrowed from Spanish Pápago, itself from O'odham Ba꞉bawĭkoʼa (“they eat tepary beans”).

der

In the valley of the Gila and on its tributaries from the northeast are the Pimas, Maricopas, and Papagos.

1895, J[ohn] W[esley] Powell, chapter I, in Canyons of the Colorado, Meadville, PA: Flood & Vincent; republished as The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, New York: Dover, 1961, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 24:

(historical) A Uto-Aztecan people of southern Arizona and Sonora in northern Mexico. Today they are known as the Tohono O'odham ("the Desert People").


Papiamento

From Papiamentu Papiamento. Compare Portuguese papeamento (“chatter”).

Alternative form of Papiamentu (“creole language”)


Chamorro

/t͡ʃəˈmɒɹəʊ/

/t͡ʃəˈmɔɹoʊ/

An Austronesian language spoken by the indigenous native islanders of the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam.


Chamorro

(Northern Mariana Islands spelling) Chamorro (language)


Amoy

Latin: amoyensis

From the Postal Romanization of Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi), specifically the Zhangzhou Hokkien dialect.


Amoy

wikang Amoy

salitang Amoy

[…]maaga pa sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, una pa kaysa mga Kastila at mga Amerikano ang sapit ng impluensiya ng mga Intsik sa mga wika sa kapuluan. Dalawang wikang Intsik ang dala ng mga mangangalakal mula sa Tsina.— ang wikang Amoy ng lalawigang Pukyen at ang wikang Kantonis ng lalawigang Makaw. Kaya marahil may anyo ng salitang bistay (Amoy) sa Bulakan na bithay (Kantonis) sa dakong Batangan. Ang mga salitang himig Intsik na maririnig na […]

(Can we date this quote?), Panitikan: babasahing may uri ng pangwika publishing, volume 1, page 4:

[…]even earlier in the history of the Philippines, first before the Spaniards and the Americans, the Chinese influenced the languages of the islands. The traders from China brought two Chinese languages— the Amoy language of Fukien province and the Cantonese language of Macau port. So perhaps there is a form of the word bistay (Amoy) in Bulacan which is bithay (Cantonese) in the Batangas area. The Chinese sounding words that can be heard […]

[…]Ang salitang "Parian" ay nangangahulugan, sa literal na gamit nito, ng "organisasyon o pederasyon" mula sa salitang Amoy na "Palien."¹⁵ Ito ay tumutukoy din sa mga "tirahan o quarter ng mga Intsik."¹⁶ Ngunit sa aktwal na gamit ng mga Kastila at sa pagkaunawa ng mga katutubo, ito nga ay lugar na ipunan ng mga Tsino upang makontrol ang kanilang galaw matapos na sila ay mapaghinalaang nagtaksil sa Espanya sa pa-[…]

1986, Jaime B. Veneracion, Kasaysayan ng Bulakan, Bahay-Saliksikan ng Kasaysayan, page 121:

[…]The word "Parian" means, in its literal use, "organization or federation" from the Amoy word "Palien."¹⁵ It also refers to the "habitations or quarters of the Chinese."¹⁶ But in actuality as used by the Spaniards and in the understanding of the natives, this is indeed a place where the Chinese were filled into in order to control their movement after they are suspected of betraying Spain in the […]

[…]Hango umano ang "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" o "teng"] sa Tsino, at iniuugnay sa wikang Amoy-Hokkien. Ayon sa PCIJ, ang "hue" daw ay may literal na katumbas na "bulaklak" [flower], samantalang ang "eng" o "teng" ay katumbas daw ng "pusta" o "taya" [bet].[…]

2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon, UP Press, →ISBN, page 4:

[…]It is indeed similar as said that "huweteng" ["hue"+"eng" or "teng"] is derived from Chinese, and is associated with the Amoy-Hokkien language. According to the PCIJ, "hue" is said to have a literal equivalent to "bulaklak" [flower], while "eng" or "teng" is said to be equivalent to "pusta" or "taya" [bet]. […]


إنجليزي

إِنْجْلِيزِيّ (canonical)
ʔinglīziyy (romanization)
إِنْجْلِيز (plural)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّة (feminine)
إِنْجْلِيزِي (indefinite informal masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِي (definite informal masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِي (construct informal masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّة (ar-infl-a feminine indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّة (ar-infl-a definite feminine informal singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّة (ar-infl-a construct feminine informal singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيٌّ (indefinite masculine nominative singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيُّ (definite masculine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيُّ (construct masculine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةٌ (ar-infl-a feminine indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّةُ (ar-infl-a definite feminine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةُ (ar-infl-a construct feminine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيًّا (accusative indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّ (accusative definite masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّ (accusative construct masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةً (accusative ar-infl-a feminine indefinite singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّةَ (accusative ar-infl-a definite feminine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةَ (accusative ar-infl-a construct feminine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيٍّ (genitive indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيِّ (definite genitive masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيِّ (construct genitive masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةٍ (ar-infl-a feminine genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّةِ (ar-infl-a definite feminine genitive singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّةِ (ar-infl-a construct feminine genitive singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْن (dual indefinite informal masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْن (definite dual informal masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْ (construct dual informal masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْن (ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْن (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine informal singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْ (ar-infl-a construct dual feminine informal singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّانِ (dual indefinite masculine nominative singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّانِ (definite dual masculine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّا (construct dual masculine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَانِ (ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَانِ (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَا (ar-infl-a construct dual feminine nominative singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْنِ (accusative definite dual masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْ (accusative construct dual masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a dual feminine indefinite singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a definite dual feminine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْ (accusative ar-infl-a construct dual feminine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite masculine singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْنِ (definite dual genitive masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّيْ (construct dual genitive masculine singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a dual feminine genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a definite dual feminine genitive singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّتَيْ (ar-infl-a construct dual feminine genitive singular triptote)
إِنْجْلِيز (broken-form indefinite informal masculine plural triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيز (broken-form definite informal masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيز (broken-form construct informal masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّات (feminine indefinite informal plural sound-form)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّات (definite feminine informal plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّات (construct feminine informal plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزٌ (broken-form indefinite masculine nominative plural triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزُ (broken-form definite masculine nominative plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزُ (broken-form construct masculine nominative plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتٌ (feminine indefinite nominative plural sound-form)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتُ (definite feminine nominative plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتُ (construct feminine nominative plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزًا (accusative broken-form indefinite masculine plural triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزَ (accusative broken-form definite masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزَ (accusative broken-form construct masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتٍ (accusative feminine indefinite plural sound-form)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتِ (accusative definite feminine plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتِ (accusative construct feminine plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite masculine plural triptote)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِ (broken-form definite genitive masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِ (broken-form construct genitive masculine plural triptote)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتٍ (feminine genitive indefinite plural sound-form)
الْإِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتِ (definite feminine genitive plural sound-form)
إِنْجْلِيزِيَّاتِ (construct feminine genitive plural sound-form)

ar-decl-gendered-noun

إِنْجْلِيزِيّ/ʔinglīziyy

إِنْجْلِيز/ʔinglīz

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of إِنْجْلِيز (ʔinglīz, “Englishmen”) + ـِيّ (-iyy), likely from Italian inglese.


Luganda

/luːˈɡɑːndə/

Then it dawned on her. He did not know any Luganda. All along he had not understood a word she had said.

2020, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi, The First Woman, Oneworld Publications, page 48:

A Bantu language spoken mostly in Uganda.


Sepedi

a dialect of the Northern Sotho language.


Mohican

From their self-designation in Mahican [Term?] (literally “people of the estuary”).

bor

The Mohican are an Algonquian-speaking people.

An indigenous people of New England; the Mohicans.


Mohican

(British) A hairstyle where both sides are shaved, with the hair in the centre kept long and made to stand on end.


katakana

en-noun

katakana (countable and uncountable, plural katakana or katakanas)

/ˌkætəˈkænə/

/ˌkætəˈkɑːnə/

/ˌkɑtəˈkɑːnə/

(uncountable) A Japanese syllabary used when writing words borrowed from foreign languages other than Chinese, specific names of plants and animals and other jargon, onomatopoeia, or to emphasize a word or phrase. Also used to write the Ainu language.


katakana

katakana (nominative singular)
katakany (nominative plural)
katakany (genitive singular)
katakan (genitive plural)
katakaně (dative singular)
katakanám (dative plural)
katakanu (accusative singular)
katakany (accusative plural)
katakano (singular vocative)
katakany (plural vocative)
katakaně (locative singular)
katakanách (locative plural)
katakanou (instrumental singular)
katakanami (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Japanese 片(かた)仮(か)名(な) (katakana).


katakana

katakana (nominative singular)
katakany (genitive singular)
katakanie (dative singular)
katakanę (accusative singular)
katakaną (instrumental singular)
katakanie (locative singular)
katakano (singular vocative)

katakana (Japanese syllabary used when writing words borrowed from foreign languages other than Chinese, specific names of plants and animals and other jargon, onomatopoeia, or to emphasize a word or phrase; also used to write the Ainu language)


katakana

sh-noun

katakàna f (Cyrillic spelling катака̀на)

katakàna (canonical feminine)
катака̀на (Cyrillic)
katakàna (nominative singular)
katakane (genitive singular)
katakani (dative singular)
katakanu (accusative singular)
katakano (singular vocative)
katakani (locative singular)
katakanom (instrumental singular)


Romany

Alternative form of Romani (the Indo-Aryan language of this people).


Sranan

Sranan Tongo, the English-based creole of Suriname.


Belanda

> Indonesian: Belanda (inherited)

→ Iban: Belanda

→ Tausug: Balanda'

→ Thai: วิลันดา (wí-lan-daa)

From Javanese ꦮꦭꦤ꧀ꦢ (walanda), from Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”), from Old Dutch holt lant (“woodland”).


ryska

ryska (indefinite nominative singular)
ryskan (definite nominative singular)
ryskor (indefinite nominative plural)
ryskorna (definite nominative plural)
ryskas (genitive indefinite singular)
ryskans (definite genitive singular)
ryskors (genitive indefinite plural)
ryskornas (definite genitive plural)


Romansch

Borrowed from Romansch romansch, romontsch, rumantsch et al., from Medieval Latin rōmānicē, from Vulgar Latin rōmānicē (“in the Roman manner; in a Romance language”, adverb), from Latin rōmānicus. Perhaps influenced by the Germanic suffix seen in English as -ish (German -isch, -sch). Doublet of romance.

der

Romansch (Ger. Churwalsch, from the town of Chur), a name applied to the Romance dialect, or rather agglomeration of cognate dialects, spoken from the Grisons to Friuli on the Adriatic. ]

[ 1892, Chambers's Encyclopædia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge: New Edition: Vol. VIII.: Peasant to Roumelia, p. 779, s.v. Romansch

(strict sense) A Rhaeto-Romance language (or dialect continuum) spoken in the Graubünden/Grisons canton of Switzerland; it is one of the four official languages of Switzerland.


Sotho

From Sotho, from Sotho -sotho, from Sotho motho.

A group of closely related Bantu lects spoken in South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, and Zambia.

(specifically) Sesotho (“the language”) (Southern Sotho).


Xhosa

en-noun

Xhosa (countable and uncountable, plural Xhosas or Xhosa)

Borrowed from Xhosa (ísí)Xhosa (“Xhosa language”) and (úḿ)Xhosa (“Xhosa person”), where the sequence xh denotes a click (/ˈǁʰoːsa/):
*
 Audio: (file)

Xhosa - English & English - Xhosa Translator at Albion College

(uncountable) The language of these people, a Bantu language related to Zulu.


Lombard

en-proper noun

Lombard (countable and uncountable, plural Lombards)

From Middle English Lombard, Lumbard, borrowed from Old French Lombard, Lombart (“a Lombard”), from Late Latin langobardus, longobardus (“a Lombard”), from Germanic, derived from the Proto-Germanic elements *langaz + *bardaz; equivalent to long + beard. Some sources derive the second element instead from Proto-Germanic *bardǭ, *barduz (“axe”), related to German Barte (“axe”). Doublet of Langobard. Compare longbeard. Compare with Old English Langbeardas (“Lombards”).

A Romance language spoken in northern Italy and southern Switzerland.

Broadwater County
Broadwater County#English

A ghost town in Broadwater County, Montana, United States, named after A. G. Lombard.


Aymara

From Spanish aymara, possibly from Aymara or a Quechuan language. Attested in English since the mid 18th century.

In Potosi, Aymara is spoken in the Llica region, located north of the saltpan, and in the provinces comprising the region known as Norte de Potosi

1988, Xavier Albó, “Bilingualism in Bolivia”, in Christina Bratt Paulston, editor, International Handbook of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education, page 97:


Tswana

From Tswana Tswana, the stem of Motswana/Batswana/Setswana. See Botswana for more.

The Bantu language of these people; Setswana.


רוסית

he-proper noun

רוּסִית • (rusít) f

רוּסִית (canonical)
rusít (romanization)

(uncountable) Russian (the Russian language)


Kongo

A Bantu language (or family of languages) of Central Africa.


Kongo

de-proper noun

Kongo n (proper noun, strong, genitive Kongo or Kongos)


Maya

Borrowed from Spanish maya, from Yucatec Maya mayab (“flat”), a self-designation of the northern Maya for themselves, in the form maya’ found in compounds and phrases e.g. maya’ wíinik (“Maya man”).


Maya

From Maria, ultimately from Hebrew, and from Maia, from Latin.

When her little friends asked her what her name was, her father replied that it was Conchita - his diminutive for Maria de la Concepción. "Con-what?" they would ask again, aware, apparently, that con in French is a fool, an idiot. So her parents started calling her Maria, which from the little girl's lips soon began to sound like Maya. "Maya!" exclaimed her father. "It's perfect. It means the greatest illusion on earth." So Maya it was from then on - Maya Walter.

1988, Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington, Picasso, Creator and Destroyer, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, page 240:

A female given name from Hebrew of modern usage.


Maya

Transliteration of Sanskrit माया (māyā).

Eventually, Pran and Savita decided by correspondence on Maya. Its two simple syllables meant, among other things: the goddess Lakshmi, illusion, fascination, art, the goddess Durga, kindness, and the name of the mother of Buddha. It also meant: ignorance, delusion, fraud, guile, and hypocrisy; but no one who named their daughter Maya ever paid any attention to those pejorative possibilities.
- - - 'Why ever not, Ma?' said Meenakshi.'It's a very Bengali name, a very nice name.'

1993, Vikram Seth, A Suitable Boy, Phoenix House, →ISBN, page 891:

A female given name from Sanskrit used in India.


Manx

Altered from Maniske, from assumed Old Norse *manskr, an adjectival form of Mǫn (“Isle of Man”), from Old Irish Mana; compare with Norwegian Bokmål mansk.
Also influenced by Manx Manninagh, an adjectival form of Mannin (“Isle of Man”), Isle of Man; cf Scottish Gaelic Manainneach and Irish Manannach.

(uncountable) A Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man.

մեներեն

a Goidelic language spoken on the Isle of Man

the long-haired version of the Manx cat breed


Apache

From American Spanish apache, most likely from Zuni ˀa˙paču (“Navajos”), or possibly from the Yavapai word ʔpačə, meaning "people". The web server software was named to honor the Apache people, although much has been made of the fact that its design was "patchy" (constructed by assembling software patches). See Apache HTTP Server § Name.

The group of languages used by any of several Athabascan-speaking peoples of the American southwest excluding Navajo, i.e. Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains Apache, or Western Apache.

Apache, a town in Oklahoma, United States.


Apache

Away up at the sources of the Gila, where the pines and cedars stand and where creeks and valleys are found, is a part of the Apache land.

Any of several Athabascan-speaking peoples of the American southwest excluding Navajo, i.e., Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Plains Apache, or Western Apache.


Serbo-Croatian

/ˌsɜː(ɹ)bəʊkɹəʊˈeɪʃən/

The South Slavic language of which Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian are literary standards.


العبرية

ar-proper noun

الْعِبْرِيَّة

الْعِبْرِيَّة • (al-ʕibriyya) f

الْعِبْرِيَّة (canonical)
al-ʕibriyya (romanization)
الْعِبْرِيَّة (ar-infl-a definite informal singular triptote)
الْعِبْرِيَّةُ (ar-infl-a definite nominative singular triptote)
الْعِبْرِيَّةَ (accusative ar-infl-a definite singular triptote)
الْعِبْرِيَّةِ (ar-infl-a definite genitive singular triptote)

der

Hebrew עִבְרִית (ʿiḇrīṯ)


צרפתית

he-proper noun

צָרְפָתִית • (tsar'fatít) f

צָרְפָתִית (canonical)
tsar'fatít (romanization)

צָרְפַת (tsar'fát, “France”) + ־יִת (-it, “Forming proper nouns denoting languages”)

af

(chiefly uncountable) French (the language of France, shared by the neighboring countries Belgium, Monaco, and Switzerland and by former French colonies around the world)


bantu

head

bantu (countable and uncountable, plural bantuk)

bantuk (plural)
bantu (nominative singular)
bantuk (nominative plural)
bantut (accusative singular)
bantukat (accusative plural)
bantunak (dative singular)
bantuknak (dative plural)
bantuval (instrumental singular)
bantukkal (instrumental plural)
bantuért (causal-final singular)
bantukért (causal-final plural)
bantuvá (singular translative)
bantukká (plural translative)
bantuig (singular terminative)
bantukig (plural terminative)
bantuként (essive-formal singular)
bantukként (essive-formal plural)
bantuban (inessive singular)
bantukban (inessive plural)
bantun (singular superessive)
bantukon (plural superessive)
bantunál (adessive singular)
bantuknál (adessive plural)
bantuba (illative singular)
bantukba (illative plural)
bantura (singular sublative)
bantukra (plural sublative)
bantuhoz (allative singular)
bantukhoz (allative plural)
bantuból (elative singular)
bantukból (elative plural)
banturól (delative singular)
bantukról (delative plural)
bantutól (ablative singular)
bantuktól (ablative plural)
bantué (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
bantuké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
bantuéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
bantukéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
bantum (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
bantuim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
bantud (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
bantuid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
bantuja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
bantui (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
bantunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
bantuink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
bantutok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
bantuitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
bantujuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
bantuik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


bantu

bantuen (definite singular)
bantuer (indefinite plural)
bantuene (definite plural)


bantu

bantuen (definite singular)
bantuar (indefinite plural)
bantuane (definite plural)


טורקית

he-proper noun

טוּרְקִית • (turkít) f

טוּרְקִית (canonical)
turkít (romanization)

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Turkish (the official language of Turkey, Republic of Cyprus (alongside Greek) and Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus)


תאילנדית

תַּיְלַנְדִּית

תאילנדית / תַּיְלַנְדִּית • (ta'ilandit) f

תַּיְלַנְדִּית (canonical)
ta'ilandit (romanization)

(uncountable) Thai (the main language spoken in Thailand (closely related to Lao))


הונגרית

הוּנְגָּרִית

הוּנְגָּרִית • (hungarít) f

הוּנְגָּרִית (canonical)
hungarít (romanization)

(uncountable) Hungarian (the main language of Hungary)


Kroatisch

de-proper noun

Kroatisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Kroatisch or Kroatischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Kroatische, alternative genitive Kroatischen, no plural)

Kroatisch (genitive)
Kroatischs (genitive)
Kroatische (alternative nominative)
Kroatischen (alternative genitive)


Japans

Inherited from Dutch Japans, equivalent to Japan + -s.


Italiaans

Afrikaans: Italiaanse

Italian (Romance language spoken in Italy)


Spaans

Inherited from Dutch Spaans, equivalent to Spanje + -s


Spaans

Inherited from Middle Dutch spaensch, equivalent to Spanje + -s.


Engels

Jersey Dutch: engels

Afrikaans: Engels

From Middle Dutch engelsch, engelsc, inhelsc; compare Old English Englisċ.


português

pt-noun

português m (usually uncountable, plural portugueses)

English: Portuguese

Spanish: portugués

From Old Galician-Portuguese portuguees, portugaes, from Late Latin portucalēnsis, also portucensis, from Latin Portucale < Portus Cale, former name of what is now the city of Oporto. See Portugal.


عربي

عَرَبِيّ (canonical)
ʕarabiyy (romanization)
عَرَب (plural)
عَرَبِيَّة (feminine)
عَرَبِي (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِي (definite informal singular triptote)
عَرَبِي (construct informal singular triptote)
عَرَبِيٌّ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيُّ (definite nominative singular triptote)
عَرَبِيُّ (construct nominative singular triptote)
عَرَبِيًّا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيَّ (accusative definite singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّ (accusative construct singular triptote)
عَرَبِيٍّ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيِّ (definite genitive singular triptote)
عَرَبِيِّ (construct genitive singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيَّيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيَّانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيَّيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْعَرَبِيَّيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
عَرَبِيَّيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
عَرَب (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
الْعَرَب (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
عَرَب (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
عَرَبٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
الْعَرَبُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
عَرَبُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
عَرَبًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
الْعَرَبَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
عَرَبَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
عَرَبٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
الْعَرَبِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
عَرَبِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)

Maltese: Għarbi

Moroccan Arabic: عربي (ʕarbi)

→ Classical Persian: عَرَبِی (arabī)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: अरबी (arabī)

Urdu: عَرَبِی ('arabī)

Relative adjective (nisba) composed of عَرَب (ʕarab, “Arabs”) + ـِيّ (-iyy).


عربي

ajp-adj

عربي • (ʕarabi) (feminine عربيّة (ʕarabiyye), common plural عرب (ʕarab))

ʕarabi (romanization)
عربيّة (feminine)
عرب (common plural)


عربي

ajp-noun

عربي • (ʕarabi) m (plural عرب (ʕarab), feminine عربيّة (ʕarabiyye))

ʕarabi (romanization)
عرب (plural)
عربيّة (feminine)


русский

ru-adj

ру́сский • (rússkij) (no comparative, abstract noun ру́сскость)

ру́сский (canonical)
rússkij (romanization)
ру́сскость (abstract-noun)
ру́сский (masculine nominative)
ру́сское (neuter nominative)
ру́сская (feminine nominative)
ру́сские (nominative plural)
ру́сского (genitive masculine neuter)
ру́сской (feminine genitive)
ру́сских (genitive plural)
ру́сскому (dative masculine neuter)
ру́сской (dative feminine)
ру́сским (dative plural)
ру́сского (accusative animate masculine)
ру́сское (accusative neuter)
ру́сскую (accusative feminine)
ру́сских (accusative animate plural)
ру́сский (accusative inanimate masculine)
ру́сские (accusative inanimate plural)
ру́сским (instrumental masculine neuter)
ру́сской (feminine instrumental)
ру́сскою (feminine instrumental)
ру́сскими (instrumental plural)
ру́сском (masculine neuter prepositional)
ру́сской (feminine prepositional)
ру́сских (plural prepositional)

Ru-русский.ogg

Inherited from Old East Slavic русьскъ (rusĭskŭ). By surface analysis, Русь (Rusʹ, “Rus”) + -ский (-skij, adjectival suffix).

surf

ру́сскій — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Руне́т

internet community of Russians and Russian-speaking users

русопя́т

a person who looks very Russian, a chauvinist

русоре́з

murder of ethnic Russians, one who murders Russians

русофи́л

Russophile, one who loves Russia or its culture

русофи́лия

Russophilia, love of Russia or its culture

русофи́льский

Russophilic, likes Russia or Russian culture

русофо́бия

Russophobia, hatred of Russia or Russian people

Ру́сская весна́

Russian Spring, the 2014 pro-Russian unrests and war in eastern Ukraine

ру́сский марш

Russian march, a Russian nationalist rally held in some cities

(historical) Rus', related to the Rus' people and Kievan Rus'


Malay

Borrowed from English Malay, from Malay Melayu. Doublet of Malayo.


اردو

Derived from Proto-Turkic *ordu (“army, camp”) (see Azerbaijani ordu, Turkish ordu, Turkmen orda). Compare horde.


اردو

head

اُرْدو • (ordu)

fa-proper noun

اُرْدو • (ordu)


اردو

fa-adj

اُرْدو • (ordu)

Dari: اردو (urdū)

Iranian Persian: اردو (ordu)

Tajik: урду (urdu), Урду (Urdu)

→ Bengali: উর্দু (urdu)

→ Gujarati: ઉર્દૂ (urdū)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: उर्दू (urdū)

Urdu: اُرْدُو (urdū)

→ Kannada: ಉರ್ದೂ (urdū)

→ Marathi: उर्दू (urdū)

→ Nepali: उर्दु (urdu), उर्दू (urdū)

→ Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਉਰਦੂ (uradū)

Shahmukhi script: اُرْدُو (urdū)

→ Telugu: ఉర్దూ (urdū)


اردو

ur-proper noun

اُرْدُو • (urdū) f (Hindi spelling उर्दू)

اُرْدُو (canonical)
urdū (romanization)
उर्दू (Hindi)

Shortened from اردوئے معلی (urdū-e mu’allá), from Middle Hindi زبان اردوئے معلی (zubān-i urdū-e mu’allá), borrowed from Classical Persian زُبَانِ اُرْدُویِ مُعَلّیٰ (zubān-i urdū-yi mu'allā, “language of the royal camp”).

inh

زبان اردوئے معلی

bor+

زُبَانِ اُرْدُویِ مُعَلّیٰ


Flämisch

de-proper noun

Flämisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Flämisch or Flämischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Flämische, alternative genitive Flämischen, no plural)

Flämisch (genitive)
Flämischs (genitive)
Flämische (alternative nominative)
Flämischen (alternative genitive)
Flämisch (nominative singular usually-without-article)
Flämische (definite nominative singular)
Flämisch (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Flämischs (genitive singular usually-without-article)
Flämischen (definite genitive singular)
Flämisch (dative singular usually-without-article)
Flämischen (dative definite singular)
Flämisch (accusative singular usually-without-article)
Flämische (accusative definite singular)

belgisch Niederländisch

Belgian Standard Dutch (as used in Belgium)

1773, Carl Burney's der Musik Doctors Tagebuch seiner Musikalischen Reisen. Zweyter Band. Durch Flandern, die Niederlande und am Rhein bis Wien. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt, page 14 (section entitled "Courtray")

Die Verlegenheit ist nicht gering für einen Fremden auf einem Wege von ungefehr etlichen zwanzig Meilen, nicht weniger als vier sehr verschiedene Sprächen anzutreffen: Französisch, Flämisch, Wallonisch und Holländisch.

Allerdings sind das Flämische und Holländische einander so ähnlich, daß Eine Grammatik für beide Dialekte hinreicht[.]

1830, Das Ausland. Dritter Jahrgang. Monat Juli bis December. Num. 334. 30 November 1830, page 1342:

Mit dem Niederdeutschen (im eng. Sinn) zeigt sich das Niederländische sehr nahe verwandt. Dasselbe wird durch zwei lebende Sprachen repräsentirt, Holländisch und Flämisch. Obgleich das Flämische durch die französische Sprache bedeutend beeinträchtigt worden ist, so ist es dieser doch nicht ganz gelungen, dasselbe ganz zu verdrängen, ja in der neuern Zeit hat es sogar wieder einen Aufschwung genommen, der vielleicht durch Deutschlands Sieg über Frankreich noch an Kraft gewinnt.

1872. A. Braun, Die Ergebnisse der Sprachwissenschaft in populärer Darstellung, Cassel, p. 78 (https://books.google.com/books?id=nkhUAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA78)

Ihre beiden Zweige [i.e.: Die beiden Zweige der niederländischen Sprache], das Holländische und Belgische (Flämische), unterscheiden sich fast nur orthographisch; so z. B. werden holländisch die langen Vokale meist durch Verdoppelung, belgisch dagegen durch angehängtes e bezeichnet.

1874, H. B. Rumpelt, Grundzüge der Deutschen Literaturgeschichte. Ein Leitfaden für Schulen. Zweite Auflage, Breslau, page 5:


hiragana

en-noun

hiragana (countable and uncountable, plural hiraganas or hiragana)

/ˌhɪ.ɹəˈɡæ.nə/

/ˌhɪ.ɹəˈɡɑː.nə/

(uncountable) The main syllabary for the Japanese language, used to represent native Japanese words, including particles, and when kanji is used, to represent verb and adjective endings.


hiragana

hiragana (nominative singular)
hiragany (nominative plural)
hiragany (genitive singular)
hiragan (genitive plural)
hiraganě (dative singular)
hiraganám (dative plural)
hiraganu (accusative singular)
hiragany (accusative plural)
hiragano (singular vocative)
hiragany (plural vocative)
hiraganě (locative singular)
hiraganách (locative plural)
hiraganou (instrumental singular)
hiraganami (instrumental plural)

Borrowed from Japanese 平(ひら)仮(が)名(な) (hiragana).


hiragana

hiragana (nominative singular)
hiragany (genitive singular)
hiraganie (dative singular)
hiraganę (accusative singular)
hiraganą (instrumental singular)
hiraganie (locative singular)
hiragano (singular vocative)

hiragana (main syllabary for the Japanese language, used to represent native Japanese words, including particles, and when kanji is used, to represent verb and adjective endings)


hiragana

/i.ɾɐˈɡɐ.nɐ/

[i.ɾɐˈɣɐ.nɐ]

/i.ɾɐˈɡɐ.nɐ/

[i.ɾɐˈɣɐ.nɐ]


hiragana

sh-noun

hiragàna f (Cyrillic spelling хирага̀на)

hiragàna (canonical feminine)
хирага̀на (Cyrillic)
hiragàna (nominative singular)
hiragane (genitive singular)
hiragani (dative singular)
hiraganu (accusative singular)
hiragano (singular vocative)
hiragani (locative singular)
hiraganom (instrumental singular)


Piemontese

Language spoken in Piedmont, region in the Northwest of Italy.


polaco

(chiefly Portugal) Polish (West Slavic language spoken in Poland)


polaco

Borrowed from Polish Polak.
For the etymology of the Catalan sense, see the Wikipedia article Polaco (slur).


Ecclesiastical Latin

The Latin language as spoken, written, and used in the Christian church and in church services.


Vulgar Latin

(linguistics, historical) The Latin language as spoken by the Roman people, as opposed to Classical Latin as written in formal literature. Developed into Proto-Romance and descendant languages in the Early Middle Ages.


ír

head

ír (countable and uncountable, plural írek)

írek (plural)
ír (nominative singular)
írek (nominative plural)
írt (accusative singular)
íreket (accusative plural)
írnek (dative singular)
íreknek (dative plural)
írrel (instrumental singular)
írekkel (instrumental plural)
írért (causal-final singular)
írekért (causal-final plural)
írré (singular translative)
írekké (plural translative)
írig (singular terminative)
írekig (plural terminative)
írként (essive-formal singular)
írekként (essive-formal plural)
írben (inessive singular)
írekben (inessive plural)
íren (singular superessive)
íreken (plural superessive)
írnél (adessive singular)
íreknél (adessive plural)
írbe (illative singular)
írekbe (illative plural)
írre (singular sublative)
írekre (plural sublative)
írhez (allative singular)
írekhez (allative plural)
írből (elative singular)
írekből (elative plural)
írről (delative singular)
írekről (delative plural)
írtől (ablative singular)
írektől (ablative plural)
íré (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
íreké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
íréi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
írekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
írem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
írjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
íred (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
írjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
írje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
írjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
írünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
írjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
íretek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
írjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
írjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
írjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From the German Ire (“Irishman”), from English Irish, from Old Irish Ériu (“Ireland”).


Lingua Franca Nova

Coined by Dr. C. George Boeree, the inventor of the language.

A constructed language created by C. George Boeree based on French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan using either Latin or Cyrillic alphabets with grammar based on that of Romance Creoles.


suec

ca-adj

suec (feminine sueca, masculine plural suecs, feminine plural sueques)

sueca (feminine)
suecs (masculine plural)
sueques (feminine plural)


Scottish Gaelic

The Gaelic language of Scotland, spoken primarily in the northern and western parts of the country, with important communities in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Scottish Gaelic had its widest influence between 800 and 1200 C.E., as place names throughout Scotland attest.


Galego

A language spoken in the region of Galicia in the Northwestern corner of the Spanish peninsula and which is related to Portuguese. It is believed to be the parent language of Portuguese and shares many similarities with it, but typically uses Spanish orthography.


ᏣᎳᎩ

→ English: Tsalagi, Cherokee

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from Choctaw chulaki (“people from the cave country”).


Brithenig

/bɾɪθɛˈniːɡ/

Compare with Breton brezhoneg and Welsh Brythoneg.

An invented language created by Andrew Smith in 1996, based on the premise of Latin being influenced by Old Celtic.


中国語

中国語 (canonical)
Chūgokugo (romanization)

[t͡ɕɨːɡo̞kɯ̟ɡo̞]

中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (chūgoku, “China”) + 語(ご) (-go, “language”)


Zazaki

From Zazaki Zazakî, from Zaza, the name of the people who speak the language.

Zazaki has three sub-dialects: Northern, Central, and Southern Zazaki.

The language spoken by the Zaza people of eastern Turkey.


húngaro

pt-noun

húngaro m (plural húngaros, feminine húngara, feminine plural húngaras)

húngaros (plural)
húngara (feminine)
húngaras (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Medieval Latin hungarus, from German Ungar.

(uncountable) Hungarian (language spoken by the Hungarian people)


catalán

head

catalán m sg (feminine singular catalana, masculine plural catalanes, feminine plural catalanes)

catalana (feminine singular)
catalanes (masculine plural)
catalanes (feminine plural)

From Catalan català (adjective), Catalunya (noun).

El catalán ye una de les ḷḷingües falaes en Cataluña y polo xeneral na fastiera este la península ibérica, aseméyase abondo col occitanu, y xébrenla d'aquesti dellos rasgos estremaos

Catalan is one of the languages spoken in Catalonia and in the eastern side of the Iberian peninsula in general, it is closely-related to Occitan, and is distinguished from this language by various unique traits


漢語

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/hø³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/hɤə⁴⁴ n̠ʲy²¹/

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xän⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn³³ jyː¹³/

/hᵘɔn³³ ᵑɡui²¹/

/haŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ŋy³³/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡi⁵³/

/han²¹⁻⁴¹ ɡi⁴¹/

/han⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ ɡɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/han²¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/han¹¹⁻⁵³ ɡu⁵³/

/hø³³ n̠ʲy⁴⁴/

/hɤə⁴⁴ n̠ʲy²¹/

說蹩腳漢語

说蹩脚汉语

沉浸式漢語教學

沉浸式汉语教学

the role of tone in Chinese syllable perception

shēngdiào zài hànyǔ yīnjié gǎnzhī zhōng de zuòyòng

聲調在漢語音節感知中的作用

声调在汉语音节感知中的作用

你會說漢語嗎？

你会说汉语吗？

Tā jì huì shuō yīngyǔ yòu huì shuō hànyǔ.

她既會說英語又會說漢語。

她既会说英语又会说汉语。

It is essential to distinguish different tones when studying Chinese.

Xuéxí hànyǔ fāyīn yīdìng yào fēn qīngchǔ diàolèi.

學習漢語發音一定要分清楚調類。

学习汉语发音一定要分清楚调类。

the Chinese language (usually spoken Chinese)


فارسی

fa-adj

فارْسی • (fârsi)

From Arabic فَارِسِيّ (fārisiyy), from Early New Persian پَارْسِی (pārsī, “Persian, Persic”).

تویِ شیراز یِه فَرْشِ فارْسی خَریدَم.


فارسی

head

فارْسی • (fârsi)

fa-noun

فارْسی • (fârsi)

→ Catalan: farsi

→ Czech: (uncommon) fársí

→ English: Farsi

→ Finnish: farsi

→ Punjabi: ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ (fārsī)

→ Turkish: Fars

بَرادَرِ شُوْهَرِش فارْسی بَلَدِه.

Persian (the language of modern Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and widely spoken in Uzbekistan).

Persian (the language of Ancient Persia).

فارْسی هَسْتیم.