transitive

From Latin trānsitīvus, from trānsitus, from trāns (“across”) + itus, from eō (“to go”).

(graph theory, of a graph) Such that, for any two vertices there exists an automorphism which maps one to the other.


fa

head

fa (countable and uncountable, plural fák)

fák (plural)
fa (nominative singular)
fák (nominative plural)
fát (accusative singular)
fákat (accusative plural)
fának (dative singular)
fáknak (dative plural)
fával (instrumental singular)
fákkal (instrumental plural)
fáért (causal-final singular)
fákért (causal-final plural)
fává (singular translative)
fákká (plural translative)
fáig (singular terminative)
fákig (plural terminative)
faként (essive-formal singular)
fákként (essive-formal plural)
fában (inessive singular)
fákban (inessive plural)
fán (singular superessive)
fákon (plural superessive)
fánál (adessive singular)
fáknál (adessive plural)
fába (illative singular)
fákba (illative plural)
fára (singular sublative)
fákra (plural sublative)
fához (allative singular)
fákhoz (allative plural)
fából (elative singular)
fákból (elative plural)
fáról (delative singular)
fákról (delative plural)
fától (ablative singular)
fáktól (ablative plural)
fáé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
fáké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
fáéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
fákéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
fám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
fáim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
fád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
fáid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
fája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
fái (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
fánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
fáink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
fátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
fáitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
fájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
fáik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

From Proto-Uralic *puwe. Cognates include Finnish puu.

(graph theory) tree (connected graph with no cycles)


open

en-adj

open (comparative more open, superlative most open)

more open (comparative)
most open (superlative)

closed-source

antonym(s) of “with a free license and no proprietary components”

From Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”).
cognates
* Scots apen (“open”)
* Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)
* West Frisian iepen (“open”)
* Dutch open (“open”)
* Low German open, apen (“open”)
* German offen (“open”)
* Danish åben (“open”)
* Swedish öppen (“open”)
* Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)
* Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)
* Icelandic opinn (“open”)
 Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.

der

at church every time the doors swing open

(graph theory, of a walk) Whose first and last vertices are different.


map

Shortening or back-formation of Middle English mappemounde, mapemounde (“world map”), from Old French mapamonde, from Medieval Latin mappa mundī, compound of Latin mappa (“napkin, cloth”) and mundus (“world”). See mop for more on the first component. Doublet of mop, nape, and nappe.

a map of Australia, a map of Lilliput

Drawings and pictures are more than mere ornaments in scientific discourse. Blackboard sketches, geological maps, diagrams of molecular structure, astronomical photographs, MRI images, the many varieties of statistical charts and graphs: These pictorial devices are indispensable tools for presenting evidence, for explaining a theory, for telling a story.

2012 March–April, Brian Hayes, “Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2013-02-19, page 106:

Anna, it is a map.
Audio (US): (file)

2016, “Learning English (public domain)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name), via VOA, archived from the original on 2017-09-25

A visual representation of an area, whether real or imaginary, showing the relative positions of places and other features.

a map of the Earth's magnetic field

The 256 bytes of internal RAM are subdivided as shown in the memory map above.

2005, Craig Steiner, The 8051/8052 Microcontroller, page 9:

Creating a complete map of the human connectome would therefore be a monumental milestone but not the end of the journey to understanding how our brains work.

2012 March-April, Terrence J. Sejnowski, “Well-connected Brains”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2017-04-27, page 171:

A graphical or logical representation of any structure or system, showing the positions of or relationships between its components.

associative array
associative array#English

(computing) Synonym of associative array.

映射

(computing) associative array — see also associative array


map

en-verb

map (third-person singular simple present maps, present participle mapping, simple past and past participle mapped)

maps (present singular third-person)
mapping (participle present)
mapped (participle past)
mapped (past)

→ Swedish: mappa

картирам

to create a visual representation of a territory

(transitive, computing) To assign a drive letter to a shared folder.


cherry

→ Bengali: চেরি (ceri)

→ Burmese: ချယ်ရီ (hkyairi)

→ Cantonese: 車厘子／车厘子 (ce¹ lei⁴ zi²)

→ Hindi: चेरी (cerī)

→ Japanese: チェリー (cherī)

→ Kapampangan: tiéri

→ Korean: 체리 (cheri)

→ Malay: ceri

Indonesian: ceri

→ Maori: tiere

→ Punjabi: ਚੈਰੀ f (cairī)

→ Spanish: cherry

→ Swahili: cheri

→ Urdu: چیری (cerī)

→ Thai: เชอร์รี (chəə-rîi)

From Middle English chery, cherie, chirie, from Anglo-Norman cherise (mistaken as a plural) and Old English ċiris, ċirse (“cherry”), both ultimately from Vulgar Latin ceresia, derived from Late Latin ceresium, cerasium, from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly of Anatolian origin (the intervocalic σ suggests a pre-Greek origin for the word). Doublet of cerise and kirsch.

dwarf cherry

P. fruticosa, P. pumila; Exocarpus strictus

Non-isomorphism is detected whenever the algorithm finds a cherry v#x5F;1#x5C;inT#x5F;1…

2004, Suleyman Cenk Sahinalp, S Muthukrishnan, Ugur Dogrusoz, Combinatorial Pattern Matching:

Step 3: Output the tree T. The edge lengths of T are determined recursively: If (x,y) is a cherry connected to node z as in Step 2…

2005, Lior Pachter, Bernd Sturmfels, Algebraic Statistics for Computational Biology:

(graph theory) A subtree consisting of a node with exactly two leaves.

kahdesta lehtisolmusta koostuva alipuu

graph theory: subtree consisting of two nodes


king

Tok Pisin: king

desc

⇒ American Sign Language: K@Shoulder K@Abdomen

→ Burmese: ကင် (kang)

→ Isubu: kinge

→ Japanese: キング (kingu)

→ Korean: 킹 (king)

→ Maori: kingi

→ Marshallese: kiin̄

→ Thai: คิง (king)

From Middle English king, kyng, from Old English cyng, cyning (“king”), from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz, *kunungaz (“king”), equivalent to kin + -ing. Doublet of cyning and knez. Cognate with Scots keeng (“king”), North Frisian köning (“king”), West Frisian kening (“king”), Dutch koning (“king”), Low German Koning, Köning (“king”), German König (“king”), Danish konge (“king”), Norwegian konge, Swedish konung, kung (“king”), Icelandic konungur, kóngur (“king”), Polish ksiądz (“priest”), Russian князь (knjazʹ, “prince”), Old Church Slavonic кънѧѕь, Romanian chinez, Finnish kuningas (“king”), Estonian kuningas, Ingrian kunigas, Karelian kuninkas, Livvi kuńingas, Ludian kuńingas, Veps kuningaz, Võro kuning and Votic kunikaz. Eclipsed non-native Middle English roy (“king”) (Early Modern English roy), borrowed from Old French roi, rei, rai (“king”).

Audio (UK) — the king

акрал

a male of a royal family who is the supreme ruler of his nation

in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

(graph theory) A vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2.


color

en-verb

color (third-person singular simple present colors, present participle coloring, simple past and past participle colored)

colors (present singular third-person)
coloring (participle present)
colored (participle past)
colored (past)

From Middle English colour, color, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color.
Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants (English hue), which is less often used in this sense. Doublet of couleur.
The spelling color was popularized in modern American English by Noah Webster, to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon, and make all American spellings of the derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc).

Can this graph be 2-colored?

You can color any map with four colors.

(mathematics, graph theory) To assign colors to the vertices of a graph (or the regions of a map) so that no two vertices connected by an edge (regions sharing a border) have the same color.

färglägga

mathematics: assign distinct colors to the vertices or regions of


picture

Krio: pikchɔ

/ˈpɪt͡ʃə(ɹ)/

From Middle English pycture, from Old French picture, itself from Latin pictūra (“the art of painting, a painting”), from pingō (“I paint”). Doublet of pictura.

der

The COBOL restriction for the currency symbol in a picture string to be replaced by a single character currency symbol is a compromise solution.

1997, John Barnes, Ada 95 Rationale: The Language - The Standard Libraries, page 390:

To recapitulate, the pictures we have considered so far are: X – any character A — alphabetic characters and the space character […]

1997, Roger Hutty, Mary Spence, Mastering COBOL Programming, page 20:

programming language
programming language

(programming) A format string in the COBOL programming language.


hole

→ Japanese: ホール (hōru)

→ Korean: 홀 (hol)

Sranan Tongo: olo

Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol, from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow.

отвор

orifice (see anus etc. for specific body cavities)

know one's ass from a hole in the ground

know one's head from a hole in the ground

know the difference between one's ass and a hole in the ground

(graph theory) A chordless cycle in a graph.


drawing

en-noun

drawing (countable and uncountable, plural drawings)

From Middle English drauing, drawing, equivalent to draw + -ing.

2012 March 5, Brian Hayes, “Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2013-02-19, page 106:

While you see some of our exploration on camera, I also spent many happy hours between shoots with Chris Nix, digging out dozens of wonderful plans, maps and drawings of projects that I never knew existed, and some that never did exist.

2021 June 30, Tim Dunn, “How we made... Secrets of the London Underground”, in RAIL, number 934, page 50:

A picture, likeness, diagram or representation, usually drawn on paper.

vizatim

Such acts practiced as a graphic art form.

An act or event in which the outcome (e.g., designating a winner) is selected by chance in the form of a blind draw, notably of lots; especially such a contest in which a winning name or number is selected randomly by removing (or drawing) it from a container, popularly a hat.

short

action where the outcome is selected by chance using a draw


trail

→ German: Trail

→ Russian: трейл (trejl)

From Middle English trailen, from Old French trailler (“to tow; pick up the scent of a quarry”), from Vulgar Latin *tragulāre (“to drag”), from Latin tragula (“dragnet, javelin thrown by a strap”), probably related to Latin trahere (“to pull, drag along”).

der

(graph theory) A walk in which all the edges are distinct.


rose

en-noun

rose (countable and uncountable, plural roses)

→ Marshallese: rooj

→ Tokelauan: loha

From Middle English rose, roose, from Old English rōse, but with its vowel influenced by Old French rose, both from Latin rosa. The Latin is of uncertain origin, but likely via Oscan from Ancient Greek ῥόδον (rhódon, “rose”) (Aeolic ϝρόδον (wródon)), from Old Persian *vr̥dah (“flower”) (compare Avestan 𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀- (var^əδa-), Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr, late Middle Persian [Term?] (gwl /gul/), Persian گل (gol, “rose, flower”), and Middle Iranian borrowings including Old Armenian վարդ (vard, “rose”), Aramaic וַרְדָּא (wardā) / ܘܪܕܐ (wardā), Arabic وَرْدَة (warda), Hebrew וֶרֶד (wéreḏ)), from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥dʰos (“sweetbriar”) (compare Old English word (“thornbush”), Latin rubus (“bramble”), Albanian hurdhe (“ivy”)). Possibly ultimately a derivation from a verb for "to grow" only attested in Indo-Iranian (*Hwardʰ-, compare Sanskrit वर्धति (vardhati), with relatives in Avestan).

(mathematics, graph theory) A graph with only one vertex.


tree

Jamaican Creole: chrii

[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]

From Middle English tre, tree, treo, treou, trew, trow, from Old English trēo, trēow (“tree, wood, timber, beam, log, stake, stick, grove, cross, rood”), from Proto-West Germanic *treu, from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréwom, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).
Cognates
From the same Proto-Indo-European: Scots tree (“wood, rod, stick”), North Frisian tre, trä (“tree”), Middle Dutch tree > Dutch teer (“tree”), Danish træ (“tree”), Swedish trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”), Norwegian tre (“tree”), Icelandic tré (“tree”), Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu, “tree, wood, piece of wood”), Sanskrit दारु (dāru, “tree, wood”), Albanian dru (“tree, wood”), Welsh dâr (“oaks”), Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóru, “wood, spear”), Russian де́рево (dérevo) or дре́во (drévo), Tocharian A or. Related to tar, true.

cog

fall out of the ugly tree and hit every branch

the apple does not fall far from the tree

the apple doesn't fall far from the tree

(graph theory) A connected graph with no cycles or, if the graph is finite, equivalently a connected graph with n vertices and n−1 edges.

ծառ

(graph theory) graph tree with no cycles


path

From Middle English path, peth, from Old English pæþ (“path, track”), from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz (“path”) (compare West Frisian paad, Dutch pad, German Pfad), Ancient Greek πατέω (patéō) / πάτος (pátos), from Iranian (compare Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬀 (panta, “way”), 𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬀 (paθa, genitive), Old Persian [script needed] (pathi-)), from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs (compare Sanskrit पन्था (panthā), पथ (patha)), from Proto-Indo-European *póntoh₁s, from *pent- (“path”) (compare English find). Doublet of panth.

(graph theory) A sequence of vertices from one vertex to another using the arcs (edges). A path does not visit the same vertex more than once (unless it is a closed path, where only the first and the last vertex are the same).

ruta

graph theory: a sequence of vertices from one vertex to another


cut

en-noun

cut (countable and uncountable, plural cuts)

From Middle English cutten, kitten, kytten, ketten (“to cut”) (compare Scots kut, kit (“to cut”)), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse *kytja, *kutta, from Proto-Germanic *kutjaną, *kuttaną (“to cut”), of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Proto-Germanic *kwetwą (“meat, flesh”) (compare Old Norse kvett (“meat”)). Akin to Middle Swedish kotta (“to cut or carve with a knife”) (compare dialectal Swedish kåta, kuta (“to cut or chip with a knife”), Swedish kuta, kytti (“a knife”)), Norwegian Bokmål kutte (“to cut”), Norwegian Nynorsk kutte (“to cut”), Icelandic kuta (“to cut with a knife”), Old Norse kuti (“small knife”), Norwegian kyttel, kytel, kjutul (“pointed slip of wood used to strip bark”). Displaced native Middle English snithen (from Old English snīþan; compare German schneiden), which still survives in some dialects as snithe or snead. See snide. Adjective sense of "drunk" (now rare and now usually used in the originally jocular derivative form of half-cut) dates from the 17th century, from cut in the leg, to have cut your leg, euphemism for being very drunk.

leikkaus

notch, passage, or channel made by cutting or digging

(graph theory) The partition of a graph’s vertices into two subgroups.


bridge

From Middle English brigge, from Old English brycġ (“bridge”), from Proto-Germanic *brugjō, *brugjǭ (“bridge”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrēw- (“wooden flooring, decking, bridge”).
Cognate with Scots brig, brigg, breeg (“bridge”), Saterland Frisian Brääch (“bridge”), West Frisian brêge (“bridge”), Dutch brug (“bridge”), German Brücke (“bridge”), Danish brygge (“wharf”), Icelandic brygga (“pier”), Gaulish briua (“bridge”).
The verb is from Middle English briggen, from Old English brycġian (“to bridge, make a causeway, pave”), derived from the noun. Cognate with Dutch bruggen (“to bridge”), Middle Low German bruggen (“to bridge”), Old High German bruccōn (“to bridge”) (whence Modern German brücken).
The musical connection sense is a semantic loan from German Steg, from Old High German steg.

ацҳа

construction or natural feature that spans a divide

if someone told you to jump off a bridge, would you do it

(graph theory) An edge which, if removed, changes a connected graph to one that is not connected.


團

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (團):
* → Vietnamese: đoàn (團)

→ Lü: ᦒᦸᧃᧉ (thoan²)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːn): semantic 囗 + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).


cycle

→ Japanese: サイクル (saikuru)

From Middle English cicle (“fixed length period of years”), from Late Latin cyclus, from Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”), from Proto-Hellenic *kúklos, *kʷókʷlos, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”).
Doublet of en, chakra, chakram, charkha, chukker, cyclus, and wheel (see there for more).

pyörä

bicycle, tricycle, motorcycle etc. — see also bicycle

(graph theory) A closed walk or path, with or without repeated vertices allowed.


度

Originally an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 石 (“rock”) + 又 (“hand”) — hand measuring a piece of rock. Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声), with 石 (OC *djaɡ) as a phonetic component. 石 is then corrupted into ⿸广廿.
Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːɡs, *daːɡ): phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 又.
Compare 庶 (OC *hljaɡs) and 席 (OC *ljaːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-twa (“handspan”). Cognate with Tibetan མཐོ (mtho, “span; span of thumb and middle finger”), Burmese ထွာ (htwa, “to measure by a handspan; a quarter yard”), အထွာ (a.htwa, “handspan; quarter yard”), တွက် (twak, “to consider, to reckon; to calculate; to refuse to do things because others would not”), အတွက် (a.twak, “calculation; because of; for the sake of”). It is unclear whether Proto-Mon-Khmer *cɗaʔ (“span; handspan”) (whence Mon ဍ (daˀ, “to measure by spans of thumb and middle finger”)) is related. Related to 圖 (OC *daː, “to plan; to consider; plan; map”).

och-l

入度

出度


枝

枝 (canonical)
eda (romanization)
えだ (hiragana historical)

Inherited from earlier yeda, from Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *yonta. Cognate with Kunigami 枝 (yudā), Miyako 枝 (yuda), Okinawan 枝 (yida), 枝 (yuda), Yaeyama 枝 (yuda), Yonaguni 枝 (duda). The vowel change is irregular.


樹

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

/t͡sʰiɛu²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djoʔ, *djos) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 尌 (OC *djos, “a hand planting a tree”).
Originally written 尌, see there for more.
Area word (Schuessler, 2007): Mizo tuh (“to plant, to sow”), Khmer ដុះ (doh, “to grow, to bud”). Starostin compares it with Tibetan གདོས (gdos), གདོས་པ (gdos pa, “mast”) and Burmese ထူ (htu, “to erect (a post), to raise (a flag)”).
Related to 豎 (OC *djoʔ, “to erect; to make vertical”).

och-l

树
𣗬
尌
𡬾
𣕒
𣗳
侸
𠊪
𣚤
𢒳

盤栽

chiefly to transplant, Zhangzhou Hokkien, chiefly to transplant

紅黑樹

红黑树

決策樹

决策树


tournament

→ Japanese: トーナメント (tōnamento)

Old French tornoiement (Modern French tournoiement) from the verb tornoier.

(graph theory) A digraph obtained by assigning a direction to each edge in an undirected complete graph.


size

en-noun

size (countable and uncountable, plural sizes)

→ Cantonese: size (saai1 si2)

→ Irish: saghas

→ Japanese: サイズ (saizu)

→ Korean: 사이즈 (saijeu)

→ Malay: saiz

→ Persian: سایز (sâyz)

→ Urdu: سائز (sāiz)

Attested since the 14th century, originally meant a “law or regulation that determines the amount to be paid”, from Middle English syse, sise (“regulation, control, limit”), from Old French cise, sise, aphetism of assise (“assize”), from the verb asseoir (“to sit down”), from Latin assidēre, composed of ad- (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit; settle down”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Displaced native Old English miċelnes (literally “bigness”).

ncog

(graph theory) A number of edges in a graph.

koko

graph theory: a number of edges in a graph


木

⟨ki₂⟩ → */kɨ/ → /ki/
From Old Japanese 木 (ki₂), from Proto-Japonic *kəy. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ke. For the vowel alternation, see Wiktionary:About Proto-Japonic § Standalone forms and combining forms.
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

猿も木から落ちる

even monkeys fall from trees → nobody's perfect

(graph theory, computer science) a tree (data structure)


image

German: Image

Slovak: imidž

Russian: и́мидж (ímidž)

Armenian: իմիջ (imiǰ)

From Middle English ymage, borrowed from Old French image, from Latin imāgō (“a copy, likeness, image”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym-; the same PIE root is the source of imitari (“to copy, imitate”); see imitate. Displaced native Old English biliþe (“an image, a representation, resemblance, likeness; pattern, example”). Doublet of imago.

cog

The Bible forbids the worship of graven images.

The Citizens in their rage, imagining that euery poſt in the Churche had bin one of yᵉ Souldyers, ſhot habbe or nabbe at randon^([sic – meaning random]) uppe to the Roode lofte, and to the Chancell, leauing ſome of theyr arrowes ſticking in the Images.

1577, Raphaell Holinshed, “[The Historie of Irelande […].] The Thirde Booke of the Historie of Ireland, Comprising the Raigne of Henry the Eyght: ….”, in The Firste Volume of the Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande […], volume I, London: […] [Henry Bynneman] for Iohn Hunne, →OCLC, pages 77–78, column 2:

2012 March, Brian Hayes, “Pixels or Perish”, in American Scientist, volume 100, number 2, archived from the original on 2013-02-19, page 106:

An optical or other representation of a real object; a graphic; a picture.

Most game console emulators do not come with any ROM images for copyright reasons.

(computing) A file that contains all information needed to produce a live working copy. (See disk image and image copy.)


image

en-verb

image (third-person singular simple present images, present participle imaging, simple past and past participle imaged)

images (present singular third-person)
imaging (participle present)
imaged (participle past)
imaged (past)

(transitive, computing) To create a complete backup copy of a file system or other entity.


王

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (王):
* → Japanese: 王(おう) (ō)
* → Okinawan: 王(をー) (wō)
* → Korean: 왕(王) (wang)
* → Vietnamese: vương (王)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang)

Cyrillic script: ван (van)

→ Buryat: ван (van)

→ English: Wang (via Mandarin), Wong (via Cantonese), Ong (via Hokkien), Heng (via Teochew)

→ Iu Mien: hungh

→ Manchu: ᠸᠠᠩ (wang) (via Mandarin)

→ Middle Mongol: (via Early Mandarin)

Uigurjin script: ᠣᠩ (ʾwnk /oŋ/)

→ Old Uyghur: [Term?] (/oŋ/) (via Early Mandarin), [Term?] (/waŋ/) (via Early Mandarin)

→ Tagalog: Ong (via Hokkien), Wong (via Cantonese), Wang (via Mandarin)

→ Thai: อ๋อง (ɔ̌ng) (via Hokkien)

→ Zhuang: vuengz

Chinese bronze inscriptions
Konyak languages
Zhou dynasty

Characters in the same phonetic series (王) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
The traditional interpretation is that the three horizontal strokes represent Heaven, Man and Earth. The vertical stroke is the king, the one who connects them together. Older representation of the character shows a man like 大 or 天 (tiān) above a horizontal stroke.
The modern interpretation is that the character is a pictogram (象形) of either an axe or a crown, one of two symbols of the king's power. A ceremonial axe was kept near the throne, and was used for performing rituals in ancient China.
Compare the unrelated 玉 (yù, “jade”) and 主 (“master”).
Uncertain. There are many proposed etymologies:
* Sagart and Baxter (2009) compare it to Tibetan གོང་མ (gong ma, “superior one”).
* Schuessler (2007) compares it to Tibetan དབང (dbang, “strength, power”) and Burmese အန် (an, “strength, power”), which derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-baŋ (“strength, power”). However, reconstructing the Old Chinese as *waŋ, he notes the mismatch between Old Chinese *w- vs. Tibetan *b- (unless *dw- can become db-; for possible *b- ~ * w- variation, see 花). He also compares it to Proto-Northern Naga *waŋ (“chief”).
* Schuessler (2007) alternatively proposes a connection to Old Khmer vāṅ, vaṅ (modern Khmer វាំង (veăng), “royal palace”), which he considers to be cognate with Khmer ហ្លួង (luŏng, “king”). This is perhaps supported by a bronze inscription where 王 refers to a place, not the Zhou king (Shaughnessy, 1991). The semantic shift from "palace" to "king" parallels Egyptian pr-ꜥꜣ (“pharaoh”, literally “palace”), from pr (“house”) + ꜥꜣ (“great, big”). The connection to the Old Khmer word would thus relate it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *waŋ ~ *waaŋ (“enclosure; to go round”), which is part of a larger Austroasiatic word family, including 營 (OC *ɢʷeŋ) and 環 (OC *ɡʷraːn). Bodman (1980) connects 王 with 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “sovereign”), which Schuessler (2007) connects to this word family.
* Speculations exist about its connection to 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “lame, crippled”) and 狂 (OC *ɡʷaŋ, “mad”), based on theories about the connection between ancient Chinese kingship and shamanism (Keightley, 1995).

cog

In every tournament there exists a king.

任意競賽圖都有一個王。

任意竞赛图都有一个王。

(graph theory) king (a vertex in a directed graph which can reach every other vertex via a path with a length of at most 2)


árvore

Guinea-Bissau Creole: arvuri

Kabuverdianu: arvi, arvori

Macanese: árve

From Old Galician-Portuguese arvor, from Latin arborem. Compare Galician árbore, Spanish árbol.


order

en-noun

order (countable and uncountable, plural orders)

→ Swahili: oda

From Middle English ordre, from Old French ordre, ordne, ordene (“order, rank”), from Latin ōrdinem, accusative of ōrdō (“row, rank, regular arrangement”, literally “row of threads in a loom”), from Proto-Italic *ordō (“to arrange”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-d-, from *h₂er-.
Related to Latin ōrdior (“begin”, literally “begin to weave”). In sense “request for purchase”, compare bespoke. Doublet of ordo.

cog

(graph theory, of a graph) The number of vertices in the graph (i.e. the set-theoretic order of the set of vertices of the graph).

řád

graph theory: number of vertices in a graph


graph

Clipping of graphic formula. From 1878; verb from 1889.

1973, Edward Minieka (translator), Claude Berge, Graphs and Hypergraphs, Elsevier (North-Holland), [1970, Claude Berge, Graphes et Hypergraphes], page vii,
Problems involving graphs first appeared in the mathematical folklore as puzzles (e.g. Königsberg bridge problem). Later, graphs appeared in electrical engineering (Kirchhof's Law), chemistry, psychology and economics before becoming a unified field of study.

Spectral graph theory has a long history. In the early days, matrix theory and linear algebra were used to analyze adjacency matrices of graphs. Algebraic methods are especially effective in treating graphs which are regular and symmetric.

1997, Fan R. K. Chung, Spectral Graph Theory, American Mathematical Society, page 1:

Graph (discrete mathematics)
w:Graph (discrete mathematics)

(graph theory) A set of vertices (or nodes) connected together by edges; (formally) an ordered pair of sets (V,E), where the elements of V are called vertices or nodes and E is a set of pairs (called edges) of elements of V. See also Graph (discrete mathematics) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

(category theory, of a morphism f) A morphism Γ_f from the domain of f to the product of the domain and codomain of f, such that the first projection applied to Γ_f equals the identity of the domain, and the second projection applied to Γ_f is equal to f.


邊

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (邊):
* → Japanese: 辺(へん) (hen)
* → Korean: 변(邊) (byeon)
* → Vietnamese: biên (邊)

desc

→ Vietnamese: bên (“side; edge; face; beside”)

→ Vietnamese: ven (“shore; bank; side”)

Originally 臱. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpeːn): phonetic 臱 (OC *men) + semantic 辶 (“walking;movement”). The semantic component 辵 (now 辶) was added during bronze inscriptions.
Perhaps cognate with 偏 (OC *pʰen, *pʰens, “side; oblique”), 片 (OC *pʰeːns, “partial; one-sided”), 諞 (OC *ben, *brenʔ, *benʔ, “glib-tongued; insincere”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Based on Old Vietnamese data, Gong (2019) proposes the additional preinitial *tə- to the Baxter-Sagart reconstruction.
; “to have hot pot”


genus

en-noun

genus (plural genera or (both nonstandard) genuses or genusses)

genera (plural)
genuses (nonstandard plural)
genusses (nonstandard plural)

→ Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)

→ Swahili: jenasi

→ Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os
Latin genusbor.
English genus
Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender, genre, and kin.

genus

rank in a taxonomic classification between family and species

(topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) A natural number representing any of several related measures of the complexity of a given manifold or graph.


辺

/pen/ → /fen/ → /hen/
From Middle Chinese 邊 (MC pen, “edge; margin, border; nearby, vicinity”).

ltc-l

(graph theory) any of the connected pairs of the vertices in a graph; edge


階

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (階):
* → Japanese: 階(かい) (kai)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kriːl): semantic 阝 + phonetic 皆 (OC *kriːl).

Han compound

Evidently, every n-vertex graph is an n-partite graph.

2012, Xiong Bin and Zheng Zhongyi, Graph Theory, page 18

Xiǎnrán rènhé n jiē tú shì yīge n bù tú.

顯然任何n階圖是一個n部圖。

显然任何n阶图是一个n部图。

(mathematics) order; degree (quantity signifying various concepts in mathematics, chiefly integer-valued)

(graph theory) the number of vertices in a graph


dag

Abbreviations
* Initialism of directed acyclic graph.
* Clipping of dagwood.

partial ordering relation
partial ordering relation

(graph theory) A directed acyclic graph; an ordered pair (V,E) such that E is a subset of some partial ordering relation on V.


line

→ Scottish Gaelic: loidhne

From Middle English line, lyne, from Old English līne (“line, cable, rope, hawser, series, row, rule, direction”), from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”), from Proto-Germanic *līną (“flax, linen”), from Proto-Indo-European *līno- (“flax”).
Influenced in Middle English by Middle French ligne (“line”), from Latin linea. More at linen.
The oldest sense of the word is “rope, cord, thread”; from this the senses “path”, “continuous mark” were derived.

lyn

path through two or more points, threadlike mark

lyn

single horizontal row of text on a screen, printed paper, etc.

linja

measure of length, the main division of an inch or its local equivalent

A path through two or more points (compare ‘segment’); a continuous mark, including as made by a pen; any path, curved or straight.


circuit

From Middle English circuit, from Old French circuit, from Latin circuitus (“a going round”), from circuire (“go round”), from circum (“around”) + ire. As a Chinese administrative division, a calque of Chinese 道 (dào) or 路 (lù).

piiri

Methodist Church: district in which an itinerant preacher labors

dao

Imperial Chinese administrative divisions

(graph theory) A closed path, without repeated vertices allowed.


degree

From Middle English degre, borrowed from Old French degré (French: degré), itself from Latin gradus, with the prefix de-.

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 26. Degree

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 31. Greatness

Appendix:Roget MICRA thesaurus/Class I § 32. Smallness

(graph theory) The number of edges that a vertex takes part in; a valency.

次數

graph theory: the number of edges that a vertex takes part in


closed

open

antonym(s) of “also phonetics (of vowels, syllables)”

(graph theory, of a walk) Whose first and last vertices are the same, forming a closed loop.


crossing

en-noun

crossing (countable and uncountable, plural crossings)

(graph theory) A pair of intersecting edges.


arrow

From Middle English arwe, from Old English earh (oblique form ēarw-), from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂érkʷo- (“bow, arrow”). Cognate with Faroese ørv (“arrow”), Icelandic ör (“arrow”), örvar (“arrows”), Gothic 𐌰𐍂𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌽𐌰 (arƕazna, “dart”), Latin arcus (“bow”).


forest

􂀿ˈfɔɹ.ɛ̈stʰ􂁀

From Middle English forest, from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis, likely from Frankish or Proto-West Germanic *furhisti (“forest, fir-grove, wooded land”); related to Old English fyrhþe (“forested land”), Old High German forst, forsti (“forest”), Old Norse fýri (“pine forest”). Doublet of frith.
In this sense, mostly displaced the native Middle English wode, from Old English wudu (modern English wood) and Middle English wold, wald, wæld, from Old English weald (modern English wold, weald).

Let H be a traversal of an undirected graph G = (X, U). For given H, the set U can be split into set of tree edges from the forest G_H and the set of inverse edges that do not belong to this forest.

2000, Victor N. Kasyanov, Vladimir A. Evstigneev, Graph Theory for Programmers: Algorithms for Processing Trees, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 16:

(graph theory) A graph with no cycles; i.e., a graph made up of trees.


tie

From Middle English teye (“cord, chain”), from Old English tēag, tēah (“cord, chain”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dewk-. Compare Danish tov, Icelandic taug.

(graph theory) A connection between two vertices.


arc

Inherited from Middle English ark, from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷos (“bow, arrow”). Doublet of arch, arco, and arrow.


source

non-rhotic, without the horse–hoarse merger

From Middle English sours, from Old French sorse (“rise, beginning, spring, source”), from sors, past participle of sordre, sourdre, from Latin surgō (“to rise”), which is composed of sub- (“up from below”) + regō (“lead, rule”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (“to straighten; right”), from the root *h₃reǵ-. See surge.

der

(graph theory) A node in a directed graph whose edges all go out from it; one with no entering edges.


breadth

en-noun

breadth (countable and uncountable, plural breadths)

From Middle English bredthe, alteration (due to nouns ending in -th: length, strength, wrength, etc.) of brede ("breadth"; see bread). Equivalent to broad + -th. Cognate with Scots bredth (“breadth”), Saterland Frisian Bratte (“breadth”), West Frisian breedte (“breadth”), Dutch breedte (“breadth”), German Low German Breddte, Breddt (“breadth”), German Breite (“breadth”), Danish bredde (“breadth”), Norwegian Bokmål bredde (“breadth”), Swedish bredd (“breadth”).

(graph theory) The length of the longest path between two vertices in a graph.


chord

Variant of cord, with spelling alteration due to Latin chorda (“cord”), ultimately from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ, “string of gut, the string of a lyre”)

der

(graph theory) An edge that is not part of a cycle but connects two vertices of the cycle.


walk

From Middle English walk, walke, walc, from Old English *wealc (as in Old English wealcspinl) and ġewealc (“a rolling motion, attack”), from Proto-Germanic *walką. Cognate with Icelandic válk (“a rolling around, a tossing to and fro, trouble, distress”).

cog

(graph theory) A sequence of alternating vertices and edges, where each edge's endpoints are the preceding and following vertices in the sequence. Compare path, trail.

kulku

graph theory: a sequence of alternating vertices and edges


vertex

Late Middle English, borrowed from Latin vertex (“whirl, eddy; top, crown, peak, summit”). Doublet of vortex.

der

Mathworld article on vertices of polyhedra

Mathworld article on vertices of polygons

Coordinate term: plot

(graph theory) One of the elements of a graph joined or not by edges to other vertices.


candlestick

Sranan Tongo: kandratiki

From Middle English candelstik, candelstikke, from Old English candelsticca (“candlestick”), equivalent to candle + stick. Cognate with Scots candilsteke, candilstik (“candlestick”). Compare Old Norse kertastika, kertistika (“candlestick”).

inh

Neither doe men light a candle, and put it vnder a bushell: but on a candlesticke, and it giueth light vnto all that are in the house.

1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Matthew 5:15:

Sorcerers and other practitioners of witchcraft used to make a variety of candlestick called the Hand of Glory, chiefly from the flesh of criminals[.]

1936, Rollo Ahmed, The Black Art, London: Long, page 114:

A holder with a socket or spike for a candle.

shandan

a holder with a socket or spike for a candle

(gymnastics) A gymnastics move in which the legs are pointed vertically upward.

(finance) A color-coded bar showing the open and closing prices of a stock on a candlestick chart.

Inside the shrapnel shell was an iron bar with a flattened, broad nose. When the shell burst in the air this iron object fell to the ground and, since it came often from a great height, its fall was dangerous. The men called these candlesticks, which they much resembled.

1930, Ford Madox Ford, No More Parades, Grosset & Dunlap, page 20:

(British, military slang, historical) The central ignition tube connecting the fuse and charge of a WWI shrapnel shell, shaped like a candle stick.


candlestick

en-verb

candlestick (third-person singular simple present candlesticks, present participle candlesticking, simple past and past participle candlesticked)

candlesticks (present singular third-person)
candlesticking (participle present)
candlesticked (participle past)
candlesticked (past)

Planes fell in flames, planes fell not in flames. Men fell in flames, men fell safely in their parachutes, some candlesticked.

1998, Sandler Stanley, Segregated Skies, page 104:

Archie Jack had a second lucky escape in a later attempt when his pilot, nervous of flying over the high mountain ranges, made him jump out at a much greater altitude than was usual. What initially seemed inconsiderate saved Jack's life as his parachute 'candlesticked', ...

2003, Heather Williams, Parachutes, Patriots and Partisans:

Others with chutes aflame candlesticked into the sea.

(of a parachute) To catch on fire, so that the chute resembles a tapered candle with a flame on top.

The other book I would recommend is on a technical evaluation method called “candlesticking.”

2003, Cynthia Pirl, Intentional Investing:

“You wouldn't happen to be the B. J. Devine who wrote the Devine candlestick formula?” I blurted, not thinking it could be true. Candlesticking is one of the trickier methods of charting stock.

(investing) To analyze stock behavior using Japanese candlestick charts.

If cut on the individual stems at three-leaf clusters, the cane will "candlestick."

1957, The American Rose Annual - Volume 42, page 50:

Initially, the end of the shaft is ragged, but then begins to taper smoothly, exhibiting the "candlesticking" or "pencilling" referred to in the literature (Fig. 13).

1976, Journal of the American Podiatry Association:

Caught there on a candlesticked overhang of ice, Quaid turned to peer down at his buddy.

1991, Renee Roszel, Valentine's Knight, page 192:

To form a tall, thin, tapering shape similar to a candle.


graphic

From Latin graphicus (“belonging to painting or drawing”), from Ancient Greek γραφικός (graphikós, “belonging to painting or drawing, picturesque, of or for writing; of style, lively”), from γραφή (graphḗ, “drawing, painting, writing, a writing, description, etc.”), from γράφω (gráphō, “scratch, carve”) (cognate with English carve).


root

en-noun

root (countable and uncountable, plural roots)

From Middle English rote, root, roote (“the underground part of a plant”), from late Old English rōt, from Old Norse rót (Icelandic rót), from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”); Doublet of wort, radish, and radix.

the love of money is the root of all evil

(graph theory, computing) The single node of a tree that has no parent.

rod

graph theory: node in a tree that has no parent


rooted

en-adj

rooted (comparative more rooted, superlative most rooted)

more rooted (comparative)
most rooted (superlative)

(mathematics, graph theory, of a tree or graph) Having a root.


edge

From Middle English egge, from Old English eċġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aggju, from Proto-Germanic *agjō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”).
See also Dutch egge, German Ecke, Swedish egg, Norwegian egg; also Welsh hogi (“to sharpen, hone”), Latin aciēs (“sharp”), acus (“needle”), Latvian ašs, ass (“sharp”), Ancient Greek ἀκίς (akís, “needle”), ἀκμή (akmḗ, “point”), and Persian آس (âs, “grinding stone”)).

(graph theory) A connected pair of vertices in a graph.

aresta

in graph theory: any of the pairs of vertices in a graph


bar chart

A graph in the form of boxes of different heights, with each box representing a different value or category of data, and the heights representing frequencies.


puu

puu (nominative singular)
puut (nominative plural)
puu (accusative nominative singular)
puut (accusative nominative plural)
puun (accusative genitive singular)
puut (accusative genitive plural)
puun (genitive singular)
puiden (genitive plural)
puitten (genitive plural)
puuta (partitive singular)
puita (partitive plural)
puussa (inessive singular)
puissa (inessive plural)
puusta (elative singular)
puista (elative plural)
puuhun (illative singular)
puihin (illative plural)
puulla (adessive singular)
puilla (adessive plural)
puulta (ablative singular)
puilta (ablative plural)
puulle (allative singular)
puille (allative plural)
puuna (essive singular)
puina (essive plural)
puuksi (singular translative)
puiksi (plural translative)
puutta (abessive singular)
puitta (abessive plural)
puin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
puuni (nominative singular)
puuni (nominative plural)
puuni (accusative nominative singular)
puuni (accusative nominative plural)
puuni (accusative genitive singular)
puuni (accusative genitive plural)
puuni (genitive singular)
puideni (genitive plural)
puitteni (genitive plural)
puutani (partitive singular)
puitani (partitive plural)
puussani (inessive singular)
puissani (inessive plural)
puustani (elative singular)
puistani (elative plural)
puuhuni (illative singular)
puihini (illative plural)
puullani (adessive singular)
puillani (adessive plural)
puultani (ablative singular)
puiltani (ablative plural)
puulleni (allative singular)
puilleni (allative plural)
puunani (essive singular)
puinani (essive plural)
puukseni (singular translative)
puikseni (plural translative)
puuttani (abessive singular)
puittani (abessive plural)
puineni (comitative plural)
puusi (nominative singular)
puusi (nominative plural)
puusi (accusative nominative singular)
puusi (accusative nominative plural)
puusi (accusative genitive singular)
puusi (accusative genitive plural)
puusi (genitive singular)
puidesi (genitive plural)
puittesi (genitive plural)
puutasi (partitive singular)
puitasi (partitive plural)
puussasi (inessive singular)
puissasi (inessive plural)
puustasi (elative singular)
puistasi (elative plural)
puuhusi (illative singular)
puihisi (illative plural)
puullasi (adessive singular)
puillasi (adessive plural)
puultasi (ablative singular)
puiltasi (ablative plural)
puullesi (allative singular)
puillesi (allative plural)
puunasi (essive singular)
puinasi (essive plural)
puuksesi (singular translative)
puiksesi (plural translative)
puuttasi (abessive singular)
puittasi (abessive plural)
puinesi (comitative plural)
puumme (nominative singular)
puumme (nominative plural)
puumme (accusative nominative singular)
puumme (accusative nominative plural)
puumme (accusative genitive singular)
puumme (accusative genitive plural)
puumme (genitive singular)
puidemme (genitive plural)
puittemme (genitive plural)
puutamme (partitive singular)
puitamme (partitive plural)
puussamme (inessive singular)
puissamme (inessive plural)
puustamme (elative singular)
puistamme (elative plural)
puuhumme (illative singular)
puihimme (illative plural)
puullamme (adessive singular)
puillamme (adessive plural)
puultamme (ablative singular)
puiltamme (ablative plural)
puullemme (allative singular)
puillemme (allative plural)
puunamme (essive singular)
puinamme (essive plural)
puuksemme (singular translative)
puiksemme (plural translative)
puuttamme (abessive singular)
puittamme (abessive plural)
puinemme (comitative plural)
puunne (nominative singular)
puunne (nominative plural)
puunne (accusative nominative singular)
puunne (accusative nominative plural)
puunne (accusative genitive singular)
puunne (accusative genitive plural)
puunne (genitive singular)
puidenne (genitive plural)
puittenne (genitive plural)
puutanne (partitive singular)
puitanne (partitive plural)
puussanne (inessive singular)
puissanne (inessive plural)
puustanne (elative singular)
puistanne (elative plural)
puuhunne (illative singular)
puihinne (illative plural)
puullanne (adessive singular)
puillanne (adessive plural)
puultanne (ablative singular)
puiltanne (ablative plural)
puullenne (allative singular)
puillenne (allative plural)
puunanne (essive singular)
puinanne (essive plural)
puuksenne (singular translative)
puiksenne (plural translative)
puuttanne (abessive singular)
puittanne (abessive plural)
puinenne (comitative plural)
puunsa (nominative singular)
puunsa (nominative plural)
puunsa (accusative nominative singular)
puunsa (accusative nominative plural)
puunsa (accusative genitive singular)
puunsa (accusative genitive plural)
puunsa (genitive singular)
puidensa (genitive plural)
puittensa (genitive plural)
puutaan (partitive singular)
puutansa (partitive singular)
puitaan (partitive plural)
puitansa (partitive plural)
puussaan (inessive singular)
puussansa (inessive singular)
puissaan (inessive plural)
puissansa (inessive plural)
puustaan (elative singular)
puustansa (elative singular)
puistaan (elative plural)
puistansa (elative plural)
puuhunsa (illative singular)
puihinsa (illative plural)
puullaan (adessive singular)
puullansa (adessive singular)
puillaan (adessive plural)
puillansa (adessive plural)
puultaan (ablative singular)
puultansa (ablative singular)
puiltaan (ablative plural)
puiltansa (ablative plural)
puulleen (allative singular)
puullensa (allative singular)
puilleen (allative plural)
puillensa (allative plural)
puunaan (essive singular)
puunansa (essive singular)
puinaan (essive plural)
puinansa (essive plural)
puukseen (singular translative)
puuksensa (singular translative)
puikseen (plural translative)
puiksensa (plural translative)
puuttaan (abessive singular)
puuttansa (abessive singular)
puittaan (abessive plural)
puittansa (abessive plural)
puineen (comitative plural)
puinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *puu, from Proto-Uralic *puwe / *pawe. Cognates include Estonian puu, Karelian puu, Eastern Mari пу (pu), Udmurt пу (pu) and Hungarian fa.

(graph theory, computing theory) tree (data structure, connected acyclic graph)


arco

From Latin arcus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erkʷo- (“bow, arrow”).

der

suonare con arco

(music) bow (used to play string instruments)


polku

polku (nominative singular)
polut (nominative plural)
polku (accusative nominative singular)
polut (accusative nominative plural)
polun (accusative genitive singular)
polut (accusative genitive plural)
polun (genitive singular)
polkujen (genitive plural)
polkua (partitive singular)
polkuja (partitive plural)
polussa (inessive singular)
poluissa (inessive plural)
polusta (elative singular)
poluista (elative plural)
polkuun (illative singular)
polkuihin (illative plural)
polulla (adessive singular)
poluilla (adessive plural)
polulta (ablative singular)
poluilta (ablative plural)
polulle (allative singular)
poluille (allative plural)
polkuna (essive singular)
polkuina (essive plural)
poluksi (singular translative)
poluiksi (plural translative)
polutta (abessive singular)
poluitta (abessive plural)
poluin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
polkuni (nominative singular)
polkuni (nominative plural)
polkuni (accusative nominative singular)
polkuni (accusative nominative plural)
polkuni (accusative genitive singular)
polkuni (accusative genitive plural)
polkuni (genitive singular)
polkujeni (genitive plural)
polkuani (partitive singular)
polkujani (partitive plural)
polussani (inessive singular)
poluissani (inessive plural)
polustani (elative singular)
poluistani (elative plural)
polkuuni (illative singular)
polkuihini (illative plural)
polullani (adessive singular)
poluillani (adessive plural)
polultani (ablative singular)
poluiltani (ablative plural)
polulleni (allative singular)
poluilleni (allative plural)
polkunani (essive singular)
polkuinani (essive plural)
polukseni (singular translative)
poluikseni (plural translative)
poluttani (abessive singular)
poluittani (abessive plural)
polkuineni (comitative plural)
polkusi (nominative singular)
polkusi (nominative plural)
polkusi (accusative nominative singular)
polkusi (accusative nominative plural)
polkusi (accusative genitive singular)
polkusi (accusative genitive plural)
polkusi (genitive singular)
polkujesi (genitive plural)
polkuasi (partitive singular)
polkujasi (partitive plural)
polussasi (inessive singular)
poluissasi (inessive plural)
polustasi (elative singular)
poluistasi (elative plural)
polkuusi (illative singular)
polkuihisi (illative plural)
polullasi (adessive singular)
poluillasi (adessive plural)
polultasi (ablative singular)
poluiltasi (ablative plural)
polullesi (allative singular)
poluillesi (allative plural)
polkunasi (essive singular)
polkuinasi (essive plural)
poluksesi (singular translative)
poluiksesi (plural translative)
poluttasi (abessive singular)
poluittasi (abessive plural)
polkuinesi (comitative plural)
polkumme (nominative singular)
polkumme (nominative plural)
polkumme (accusative nominative singular)
polkumme (accusative nominative plural)
polkumme (accusative genitive singular)
polkumme (accusative genitive plural)
polkumme (genitive singular)
polkujemme (genitive plural)
polkuamme (partitive singular)
polkujamme (partitive plural)
polussamme (inessive singular)
poluissamme (inessive plural)
polustamme (elative singular)
poluistamme (elative plural)
polkuumme (illative singular)
polkuihimme (illative plural)
polullamme (adessive singular)
poluillamme (adessive plural)
polultamme (ablative singular)
poluiltamme (ablative plural)
polullemme (allative singular)
poluillemme (allative plural)
polkunamme (essive singular)
polkuinamme (essive plural)
poluksemme (singular translative)
poluiksemme (plural translative)
poluttamme (abessive singular)
poluittamme (abessive plural)
polkuinemme (comitative plural)
polkunne (nominative singular)
polkunne (nominative plural)
polkunne (accusative nominative singular)
polkunne (accusative nominative plural)
polkunne (accusative genitive singular)
polkunne (accusative genitive plural)
polkunne (genitive singular)
polkujenne (genitive plural)
polkuanne (partitive singular)
polkujanne (partitive plural)
polussanne (inessive singular)
poluissanne (inessive plural)
polustanne (elative singular)
poluistanne (elative plural)
polkuunne (illative singular)
polkuihinne (illative plural)
polullanne (adessive singular)
poluillanne (adessive plural)
polultanne (ablative singular)
poluiltanne (ablative plural)
polullenne (allative singular)
poluillenne (allative plural)
polkunanne (essive singular)
polkuinanne (essive plural)
poluksenne (singular translative)
poluiksenne (plural translative)
poluttanne (abessive singular)
poluittanne (abessive plural)
polkuinenne (comitative plural)
polkunsa (nominative singular)
polkunsa (nominative plural)
polkunsa (accusative nominative singular)
polkunsa (accusative nominative plural)
polkunsa (accusative genitive singular)
polkunsa (accusative genitive plural)
polkunsa (genitive singular)
polkujensa (genitive plural)
polkuaan (partitive singular)
polkuansa (partitive singular)
polkujaan (partitive plural)
polkujansa (partitive plural)
polussaan (inessive singular)
polussansa (inessive singular)
poluissaan (inessive plural)
poluissansa (inessive plural)
polustaan (elative singular)
polustansa (elative singular)
poluistaan (elative plural)
poluistansa (elative plural)
polkuunsa (illative singular)
polkuihinsa (illative plural)
polullaan (adessive singular)
polullansa (adessive singular)
poluillaan (adessive plural)
poluillansa (adessive plural)
polultaan (ablative singular)
polultansa (ablative singular)
poluiltaan (ablative plural)
poluiltansa (ablative plural)
polulleen (allative singular)
polullensa (allative singular)
poluilleen (allative plural)
poluillensa (allative plural)
polkunaan (essive singular)
polkunansa (essive singular)
polkuinaan (essive plural)
polkuinansa (essive plural)
polukseen (singular translative)
poluksensa (singular translative)
poluikseen (plural translative)
poluiksensa (plural translative)
poluttaan (abessive singular)
poluttansa (abessive singular)
poluittaan (abessive plural)
poluittansa (abessive plural)
polkuineen (comitative plural)
polkuinensa (comitative plural)


pebble

en-verb

pebble (third-person singular simple present pebbles, present participle pebbling, simple past and past participle pebbled)

pebbles (present singular third-person)
pebbling (participle present)
pebbled (participle past)
pebbled (past)

From Middle English pibel (also in pibleston), from Old English papolstān (“pebble-stone”), from Old English *papol, *pyppel, *pæbbel of unknown origin + Old English stān. Compare Albanian popël.

unk

unknown

(transitive, graph theory) To place a pebble at (a vertex of a graph) according to certain rules; see pebble game.


cage

→ Zulu: ikheji

From Middle English cage, from Old French cage, from Latin cavea. Doublet of cadge and cavea and related to jail.

(graph theory) A regular graph that has as few vertices as possible for its girth.


tour

From Old French tour, tourn, from the verb torner, tourner.

tor (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger)

taw (pour–poor merger, horse–hoarse merger, non-rhotic)


girth

en-noun

girth (countable and uncountable, plural girths)

From Middle English girth, gerth, gyrth, from Old Norse gjǫrð, from Proto-Germanic *gerdō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰerdʰ- (“to encircle, enclose; belt”). Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌳𐌰 (gairda), Icelandic gjörð. Also related to German Gurt, English gird, Albanian ngërthej (“to tie, bind, fasten”).

cog

(graph theory) The length of the shortest cycle in a graph.


circumference

From Latin circumferentia, from circum (“around”) + ferō (“I carry”). Displaced native Old English ymbgang.

(graph theory) The length of the longest cycle of a graph.


diameter

From Old French diametre (French diamètre), from Latin diametrus, from Ancient Greek διάμετρος (diámetros) (γραμμή (grammḗ)) (diametros grammē, “line measuring across”), from διά (diá, “across”) + μέτρον (métron, “measure”).

(graph theory) The maximum eccentricity over all vertices in a graph.


neighborhood

en-noun

neighborhood (countable and uncountable, plural neighborhoods)

From an alteration of earlier neighborred (“neighborhood”), from Middle English neȝeburredde, neheborreden, equivalent to neighbor + -red; the term being interpreted as neighbor + -hood. For change in suffix (-red to -hood), compare brotherhood.
Cognates
Dutch nabijheid (common in modern language), Dutch naburigheid (uncommon in modern language).

veïnat

topology: set containing an open set which contains some specified point

vizinhança

topology: set containing an open ball which contains a specified point

(graph theory) The set of all the vertices adjacent to a given vertex.

In fact, it looks at the number of states and the neighborhood of the rule (determined by the filename), and decides whether to make it a lookup-table, or a "computed-function" rule.

1990 July 9, David Hiebeler, “Languages for programming cellular automata”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

Universal: Is able to simulate other CA, the neighborhood size may be limited but the number of cell value should be unlimited (big neighborhoods can be transformed into multivalued cells).

2005 September 7, IzI, “reversible universal 1D CA?”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

I've seen this space colloqually referred to as MAP (presumably since it maps a 3x3 neighborhood into a future cell state), or more precisely and if you want to be pedantic, since there are a lot of variants of cellular automata: 2D Range-1 Moore neighborhood 2-state (non-totalistic) cellular automata (regular euclidean grid implied, although some people explore toroidal configurations, nonstandard tilings, or arbitrary graphs).

2022 February 11, Mateon1, “Game of Life with real 8 neighbors”, in comp.theory.cell-automata (Usenet):

(cellular automata) The set of all cells near a given cell used to determine that cell's state in the next generation.


plot

From Middle English plot, plotte, from Old English plot (“a plot of ground”), from Proto-Germanic *plataz, *platjaz (“a patch”), of uncertain origin. Cognate with Middle Low German plet (“patch, strip of cloth, rags”), German Bletz (“rags, bits, strip of land”), Gothic 𐍀𐌻𐌰𐍄𐍃 (plats, “a patch, rags”). See also plat. See also complot for an influence on or source of sense 5.
Sense 9 is a back-formation from for the plot.

cog

I was told to fly out on a vector of 100 degrees to meet a strong plot of aircraft 30 miles from the coast.

2017, Mark Chambers, Tony Holmes, Nakajima B5N ‘Kate’ and B6N ‘Jill’ Units, page 32:

A graph or diagram drawn by hand or produced by a mechanical or electronic device.

The plot would have enabled them to get a majority on the board.

The assassination of Lincoln was part of a larger plot.

I have o'erheard a plot of death.

c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene vi]:

O, think what anxious moments pass between / The birth of plots and their last fatal periods!

1712 (date written), [Joseph] Addison, Cato, a Tragedy. […], London: […] J[acob] Tonson, […], published 1713, →OCLC, Act I, scene i, page 1:

A secret plan to achieve an end, the end or means usually being illegal or otherwise questionable.


plot

en-verb

plot (third-person singular simple present plots, present participle plotting, simple past and past participle plotted)

plots (present singular third-person)
plotting (participle present)
plotted (participle past)
plotted (past)

They had plotted a robbery.

They were plotting against the king.

(transitive, intransitive) To conceive (a crime, misdeed etc).

كَادَ

intransitive: to conceive a crime or misdeed

They plotted the number of edits per day.

(transitive) To trace out (a graph or diagram).


森林

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (森林):
* → Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
* → Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

/sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siam³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siɯm³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siom³³⁻²³ nim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/

/sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/

/sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/

/sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siam³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siɯm³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

/ siom³³⁻²³ nim⁵⁵⁻¹¹ /

(graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)


clique

Borrowed from French clique, ultimately of imitative origin. Influenced by "claque", though this may have happened in French rather than in English.

claque

another type of ingroup of people with biased interests

The problem of finding the largest clique in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete.

(graph theory) A subgraph isomorphic to a complete graph.


schema

Unadapted borrowing from Latin schēma, from Ancient Greek σχῆμα (skhêma, “form, shape”). Doublet of scheme.

der

(databases) A formal description of the structure of a database: the names of the tables, the names of the columns of each table, and the data type and other attributes of each column.

skeema

Formal description of the structure of a database


node

→ Irish: nód

From Middle English node, borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knot, knout, and nodus.

(graph theory) A vertex or a leaf in a graph of a network, or other element in a data structure.


representation

en-noun

representation (countable and uncountable, plural representations)

From Late Middle English representacioun, from Old French representacion, from Latin repraesentātiō. By surface analysis, represent + -ation.

The lack of representation in the British parliament was one of the main factors behind the American Revolution.

(politics) The ability to elect a representative to speak on one's behalf in government; the role of this representative in government.

представителство

politics: ability to elect a representative

(mathematics) An action of some algebraic structure (typically a group or algebra, particularly a Lie algebra) on a vector space, such that each element acts by a linear endomorphism.

kuvaus

mathematics: object that describes an abstract group in terms of linear transformations of vector spaces

A statement; a presentation of opinion or position, or an utterance made to influence the opinions or actions of others


representation

rates of representation to the emergency department

(medicine) An act of representing, i.e. presenting again.


diagram

From French diagramme, from Italian diagramma, from Ancient Greek διάγραμμα (diágramma).

(category theory) A functor from an index category to another category. The objects and morphisms of the index category need not have any internal substance, but rather merely outline the connective structure of at least some part of the diagram's codomain. If the index category is J and the codomain is C, then the diagram is said to be "of type J in C".


映像

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ³⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/

/iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

/jɪŋ³⁵ t͡sœːŋ²²/


映像

ライブ映像

image; video (visual media, either still or moving)


nod

cy-noun

nod m (plural nodau or nodion, not mutable)

Borrowed from English node, from Latin nōdus.


sink

a bathroom sink sink (canonical)
sinks (plural)

From Middle English synken, from Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *sengʷ- (“to fall, sink”).
Compare West Frisian sinke, Low German sinken, Dutch zinken, German sinken, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål synke, Swedish sjunka. In the causative sense, it replaced Old English senċan (“make sink”) from Proto-Germanic *sankwijaną.

der

transportation network
transportation network

(graph theory) A destination vertex in a transportation network.

(graph theory) A node in directed graph for which all of its edges go into it; one with no outgoing edges.


alignment diagram

en-noun

alignment diagram (plural alignment diagrams)


nomogram

/ˈnɒ.məˌɡɹæm/

/ˈnəʊ.mə.ɡɹæm/

/ˈnɑ.məˌɡɹæm/

/ˈnoʊ.məˌɡɹæm/

Formed as nom- + -o- + -gram, by analogy with French nomogramme.

Cravalho et al. compared the agreement in obstruction measurements by the AG nomogram, passive urethral resistance relation (PURR), and the micturitional urethral pressure profile (MUPP) [20 ].

2015 October 28, “Simple Modification of the Bladder Outlet Obstruction Index for Better Prediction of Endoscopically-Proven Prostatic Obstruction: A Preliminary Study”, in PLOS ONE, →DOI:

(mathematics) A diagram in which the relationship between three variables is represented by a straight line or curve for each variable; the value of the third variable corresponding to particular values of the first two is obtained by drawing a straight line through the points on the first two curves that represent particular values of the first two variables and noting the point at which the line intersects the third line or curve.


isthmus

Borrowing from Latin isthmus (“a strip of land between two seas”), from Ancient Greek ῐ̓σθμός (isthmós, “neck, narrow passage”), possibly from εἶμῐ (eîmi, “to go”). Cognate to Old Norse eið (“isthmus”).

bor

(graph theory) An edge in a graph whose deletion increases the number of connected components of the graph.


coloring

en-noun

coloring (countable and uncountable, plural colorings)

(graph theory) An assignment of a color to each vertex of a graph such that no two vertices connected by an edge are given the same color.


pie chart

From its circular shape, resembling a circular pie, of which portions are typically divided by radial cuts.

A pictorial graph in the shape of a circle, with segments representing related proportions


visual

From Middle English vysual, from Old French, from Late Latin visualis (“of sight”), from Latin visus (“sight”), from videre (“to see”), past participle visus; see visage.


hrana

hrana (nominative singular)
hrany (nominative plural)
hrany (genitive singular)
hran (genitive plural)
hraně (dative singular)
hranám (dative plural)
hranu (accusative singular)
hrany (accusative plural)
hrano (singular vocative)
hrany (plural vocative)
hraně (locative singular)
hranách (locative plural)
hranou (instrumental singular)
hranami (instrumental plural)


cartoon

Punch (magazine)
Russian Bear
The Great Game
cartoon

→ Portuguese: cartune, cartum

→ Swahili: katuni

In British English first, from French carton (“sketch, cardboard, card”), from Italian cartone (“cardboard, carton, box”), augmentative of carta (“paper”), from Latin carta (“papyrus, paper”), from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs) (see there for further etymology). Doublet of carton and card.

der

(comics) A humorous drawing, often with a caption, or a strip of such drawings.

(comics) A drawing satirising current public figures.

(art) A full-sized drawing that serves as the template for a fresco, a tapestry, etc.


cartoon

en-verb

cartoon (third-person singular simple present cartoons, present participle cartooning, simple past and past participle cartooned)

cartoons (present singular third-person)
cartooning (participle present)
cartooned (participle past)
cartooned (past)

(art, comics, animation) To draw a cartoon, a humorous drawing.


dominate

dominate (third-person singular simple present dominates, present participle dominating, simple past and past participle dominated)

dominates (present singular third-person)
dominating (participle present)
dominated (participle past)
dominated (past)

From Latin dominātus, perfect active participle of dominor (“rule, have dominion”), from dominus (“lord, master”); see dominus.

(computing, graph theory, linguistics) To precede another node of a directed graph in all paths from the start of the graph to the other node.


træ

head

træ n (singular definite træet, plural indefinite træer)

træet (definite singular)
træer (indefinite plural)
træ (indefinite nominative singular)
træet (definite nominative singular)
træer (indefinite nominative plural)
træerne (definite nominative plural)
træs (genitive indefinite singular)
træets (definite genitive singular)
træers (genitive indefinite plural)
træernes (definite genitive plural)

[ˈtsʰʁ̥ɛ̝jˀ]

From Old Norse tré (“tree”), from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréu̯om, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”).
cognates
From the same Proto-Germanic root: Swedish trä (“wood”), träd (“tree”), Norwegian tre (“tree”), Icelandic tré (“tree”), English tree, Scots tree (“wood, rod, stick”), North Frisian tre, trä (“tree”), Middle Dutch tree (“tree”), Gothic 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu, “tree, wood, piece of wood”);
From the same Proto-Indo-European root: Albanian dru (“tree, wood”), Welsh dâr (“oaks”), Ancient Greek δόρυ (dóru, “wood, spear”), Tocharian A or.


loop

From Middle English loupe (“noose, loop”), earlier lowp-knot (“loop-knot”), of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse hlaup (“a run”), used in the sense of a "running knot", from hlaupa (“to leap”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hlaupaną (“to leap, run”). Compare Swedish löp-knut (“loop-knot”), Danish løb-knude (“a running knot”), Danish løb (“a course”). More at leap. The verb is derived from the noun.

der

(graph theory) An edge that begins and ends on the same vertex.

silmukka

edge that begins and ends on the same vertex of a graph


planar

en-adj

planar (comparative more planar, superlative most planar)

more planar (comparative)
most planar (superlative)

From Late Latin plānārius (“relating to a plane”), derived from Latin plānus (“flat”, “level”), equivalent to plane + -ar, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat”).

bor

A complete graph with more than four nodes is never planar.

(graph theory, of a graph) Able to be embedded in the plane with no edges intersecting.


flow chart

A schematic representation of how the different stages in a process are interconnected.


BST

en-noun

BST (countable and uncountable, plural BSTs)

(computing, graph theory) Initialism of binary search tree.


graf

Derived from Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō).

der+

(graph theory) graph (nodes and edges connecting the nodes)


graf

graf (indefinite nominative singular)
grafen (definite nominative singular)
grafer (indefinite nominative plural)
graferne (definite nominative plural)
grafs (genitive indefinite singular)
grafens (definite genitive singular)
grafers (genitive indefinite plural)
grafernes (definite genitive plural)


graf

grȁf (canonical masculine)
гра̏ф (Cyrillic)
grȁf (nominative singular)
gràfovi (nominative plural)
grafa (genitive singular)
grafova (genitive plural)
grafu (dative singular)
grafovima (dative plural)
graf (accusative singular)
grafove (accusative plural)
grafe (singular vocative)
grafovi (plural vocative)
grafu (locative singular)
grafovima (locative plural)
grafom (instrumental singular)
grafovima (instrumental plural)


graf

graf (indefinite nominative singular)
grafen (definite nominative singular)
grafer (indefinite nominative plural)
graferna (definite nominative plural)
grafs (genitive indefinite singular)
grafens (definite genitive singular)
grafers (genitive indefinite plural)
grafernas (definite genitive plural)

From English graph, shortened from graphic formula.

(graph theory) graph; an ordered set (V,E) of edges which joins to the vertices such that each of the edge's ends is located at a vertex


Ecke

de-noun

Ecke f (genitive Ecke, plural Ecken, diminutive Eckchen n)

Ecke (genitive)
Ecken (plural)
Eckchen (diminutive neuter)
Ecke (nominative singular)
Ecken (definite nominative plural)
Ecke (genitive singular)
Ecken (definite genitive plural)
Ecke (dative singular)
Ecken (dative definite plural)
Ecke (accusative singular)
Ecken (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German ecke, from Old High German ecka, from Proto-West Germanic *aggju, from Proto-Germanic *agjō. Compare English edge.


Venn diagram

Named after John Venn (1834–1923), British mathematician and philosopher.

(set theory) A diagram representing some sets by contours of closed shapes, such as circles or ellipses (and sometimes also the universal set as a rectangle enclosing all of these shapes), and indicating the relationships between the sets: by overlapping the shapes to show that the corresponding sets have a non-empty intersection, and by possibly (but not necessarily) enclosing all of the sets (which are proper subsets of the universal set) within a universal set (represented typically by a rectangle); such that the total number of simply connected regions is 2ⁿ, where n is the number of depicted sets which are proper subsets of the universal set.


undirected graph

en-noun

undirected graph (plural undirected graphs)

(graph theory) A graph in which the edges are not ordered, so the edge (a, b) is identical to the edge (b, a).


directed edge

(graph theory) An edge of a directed graph.


directed graph

Coordinate term: oriented graph

A directed graph (A, R) is a set of vertices A together with an incidence relation R: if aRb then there is an edge going from A to B.

(graph theory) A graph in which the edges are ordered pairs, so that, if the edge (a, b) is in the graph, the edge (b, a) need not be in the graph and is distinct from (a, b) if it is.


graph theory

graph theory (countable and uncountable, plural graph theories)

The type of graph studied in graph theory is formally described as an ordered pair G#x3D;(V,E) comprising a set V of vertices, or nodes, and a set E of pairs (either ordered or unordered) of vertices, each representing an (directed or undirected) edge; if desired, the vertices and/or edges can be labelled.

In graph theory there are two concepts of "sameness" whereby graphs are judged to be "the same", namely equality and isomorphism.[…]An indication of the pervasive role isomorphism has in graph theory is the fact that isomorphism has virtually captured the word "is".

1993, Richard J. Trudeau, Introduction to Graph Theory, Dover, page 47:

Extremal problems are at the very heart of graph theory. Interpreting it broadly, extremal graph theory encompasses most of graph theory, in its narrow sense, it contains many of the deepest and most beautiful results in graph theory.

1998, Béla Bollobás, Modern Graph Theory, Springer, page 103:

We aim to highlight the role of graph theory in modern timetabling research and provide some pointers to the relevant literature for the interested reader.

2004, Edmund Burke, Dominique de Werra, Jeffrey Kingston, “5.6: Applications to Timetabling”, in Jonathan L. Gross, Jay Yellen, editors, Handbook of Graph Theory, CRC Press, page 445:

(uncountable, mathematics) The branch of mathematics dealing with the properties of graphs (networks of vertices and edges).

գրաֆների տեսություն

study of graphs (networks of nodes and edges)


phase diagram

(physics, chemistry) A graph, with axes representing temperature and pressure, showing the equilibrium conditions for a given substance to be a solid, liquid or gas.


thickness

thickness (countable and uncountable, plural thicknesses)

mental acuity

antonym(s) of “property of being stupid”

From Middle English thikkenesse, thiknesse, from Old English þicnes (“thickness, viscosity, density, hardness; obscurity, cloud, darkness; thicket; depth, a thick body, anything thick or heavy”), from Proto-West Germanic *þikkwīnassī (“thickness”), equivalent to thick + -ness. Cognate with West Frisian tsjokkens (“thickness”), Old High German dickinessī, dikkinissi, diknissi (“thickness, density”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English crassitude (“thickness”) from Latin crassitūdō (“thickness”).

inh

(graph theory, countable) The minimum number of planar subgraphs which a given graph can decompose into.


leggur

head

leggur m (genitive singular leggjar or leggs, nominative plural leggir)

leggjar (genitive singular)
leggs (genitive singular)
leggir (nominative plural)
leggur (indefinite nominative singular)
leggurinn (definite nominative singular)
leggir (indefinite nominative plural)
leggirnir (definite nominative plural)
legg (accusative indefinite singular)
legginn (accusative definite singular)
leggi (accusative indefinite plural)
leggina (accusative definite plural)
legg (dative indefinite singular)
leggnum (dative definite singular)
leggjum (dative indefinite plural)
leggjunum (dative definite plural)
leggs (genitive indefinite singular)
leggjar (genitive indefinite singular)
leggsins (definite genitive singular)
leggjarins (definite genitive singular)
leggja (genitive indefinite plural)
leggjanna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse leggr, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)lak-. Cognates include the Swedish lägg and English leg.


bipartite

From Latin bipartītus (“bisected”), perfect passive participle of bipartiō (“I divide into two parts, bisect”).

(graph theory, of a graph) Having vertices that can be divided into two independent sets (see bigraph)


地図

地図 (canonical)
chizu (romanization)
tidu (romanization)
ちづ (hiragana historical)

地図を見る

1998 November 30 [1990 November 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, のび太(た)とアニマル惑星(プラネット) [Nobita and the Animal Planet] (大長編ドラえもん; 10), 22nd edition, volume 10 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 27:

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

ニッポン？きいたことない。

a map (visual representation of an area)


hörn

hörn (indefinite nominative singular)
hörnet (definite nominative singular)
hörn (indefinite nominative plural)
hörnen (definite nominative plural)
hörns (genitive indefinite singular)
hörnets (definite genitive singular)
hörns (genitive indefinite plural)
hörnens (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse hyrna, from Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ.


fate map

(biology) a diagram of an embryo of some organism showing the structures that will develop from each part


Feynman diagram

en-noun

Feynman diagram (plural Feynman diagrams)

Named after its inventor, American theoretical physicist Richard Feynman (1918–1988).

Feynman diagrams for the fourth-order radiative corrections to the scattering of an electron by an electromagnetic field.

1950 February 15, Robert Karplus, Norman M[yles] Kroll, “Fourth-order Corrections in Quantum Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron”, in Physical Review, volume 77, number 4, Lancaster, Pa.: Published for the American Physical Society by the American Institute of Physics, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 536:

The symbolic representation of Maxwell's equations is introduced to make it easier to survey the whole subject and to formulate the equations. The Feynman diagram method is applied to the computation of the correlation of the fields at different points in space to any order of approximation.

1967 April 3, Betty L. Oberholtzer, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards: Published by NBS July 1960 through June 1966; Published by Others 1960 through 1965 (with Subject and Authors Indexes) (National Bureau of Standards Supplement to Miscellaneous Publication; 240), [Washington, D.C.]: National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, →OCLC, page 145:

Among physicists, Feynman is probably best known for Feynman diagrams, the work that brought him his Nobel Prize in 1964. The diagrams constitute a computational tool kit that enables physicists to make sense of not only Quantum Electrodynamics, the theory that underpins electricity and magnetism, but also of the relativistic quantum field theories believed to describe the weak and strong interactions of elementary particles.

2015, Tony Hey, Gyuri Pápay, “Preface”, in The Computing University: A Journey through a Revolution, New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page vii:

(physics) A pictorial representation of the interactions of subatomic particles, showing their paths in space and time as lines, and their interactions as points where lines meet.


directed

en-adj

directed (comparative more directed, superlative most directed)

more directed (comparative)
most directed (superlative)

(graph theory) Having the properties of a directed graph.


connected

connected (comparative more connected, superlative most connected)

more connected (comparative)
most connected (superlative)

In a connected graph, there is no section (proper subset that includes all edges from each vertex in said subset) of the graph that is isolated from the rest.

(mathematics, graph theory, of a graph) Having a path, either directed or undirected, connecting every pair of vertices.

sammenhængende

graph theory: having a path connecting every pair of vertices


marking

en-noun

marking (countable and uncountable, plural markings)

From Middle English marking, merking, merkunge, from Old English mearcung, from Proto-West Germanic *markungu, equivalent to mark + -ing.

(graph theory) Any configuration of a Petri net with a number of marks or tokens distributed across it.


incidence matrix

incidence matrix (plural incidence matrices or incidence matrixes)

incidence matrices (plural)
incidence matrixes (plural)

(graph theory) A matrix showing the relationship between two classes of objects.


indegree

/ˈɪndəˌɡɹiː/

(graph theory) The number of edges directed into a vertex in a directed graph

入度

the number of edges directed into a vertex in a directed graph


outdegree

/ˈaʊtdəˌɡɹiː/

(graph theory) The number of edges directed out of a vertex in a directed graph.


chromatic number

chromatic number (plural chromatic numbers)

The chromatic number of a complete graph K#x5F;n is n; the chromatic number of a bipartite graph K#x5F;#x7B;n,m#x7D; is 2.

The chromatic number of a graph G is the minimum value of k for which G is k-colourable, and is denoted by #x5C;chi(G).[…]A more essential use of the chromatic number was made by Gallai (1968a) and Roy (1967), who discovered a simple relationship between the chromatic number of a digraph and the length of a longest directed path in the digraph, where the chromatic number #x5C;chi(D) of a digraph D is defined to be the chromatic number of its underlying graph G(D).

1995, J. A. Bondy, “1: Basic Graph Theory: Paths and Circuits”, in Ronald L. Graham, Martin Grötschel, László Lovász, editors, Handbook of Combinatorics, Volume 1, Elsevier (North-Holland), page 48:

2004, Monia Discepoli, Ivan Gerace, Riccardo Mariani, Andrea Remigi, A Spectral Technique to Solve the Chromatic Number Problem in Circulant Graphs, Antonio Laganà, et al. (editors), Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2004: International Conference, Proceedings, Part 3, Springer, LNCS 3045, page 745,
The CHROMATIC NUMBER is the minimum number of colors by means of which it is possible to color a graph in such a way that each vertex has a different color with respect to the adjacent vertices. Such a problem is an NP-hard problem [14] and [it] is even hard to obtain a good approximation of the solution in a polynomial time [17]. Although in a lot of computational problems the cost decreases when these problems are restricted to circulant graphs [6, 9], the CHROMATIC NUMBER problem is NP-hard even restrecting to circulant graphs [9]. Moreover the problem of finding a good approximation of the CHROMATIC NUMBER problem on circulant graphs is also NP-hard.

2009, Gary Chartrand, Ping Zhang, Chromatic Graph Theory, Taylor & Francis Group (CRC Press / Chapman & Hall), page 149,
There is no general formula for the chromatic number of a graph. Consequently, we will often be concerned and must be content with (1) determining the chromatic number of some classes of interest and (2) determining upper and/or lower bounds for the chromatic number of a graph.

(graph theory) The smallest number of colours needed to colour a given graph (i.e., to assign a colour to each vertex such that no two vertices connected by an edge have the same colour).

kromatikus szám

smallest number of colours needed to colour a graph

vertex chromatic number

smallest number of colours needed to colour the vertices of a graph

used to differentiate from edge chromatic number


pseudograph

(graph theory) A graph that may contain loops as well as multiple edges between vertices

מולטיגרף

Graph that may contain loops as well as multiple edges between vertices


頂点

[t͡ɕo̞ːtẽ̞ɴ]

2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第(だい)60話(わ) 少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東(とう)京(きょう)アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 30–31:

This is the flame that helped put me, Seki, at the top of the Supei!!! Garyū Sōrenshō

これがこの赤を師兵の頂点たらしめる炎だッ!!!我龍双煉掌

Kore ga kono Seki o Sūpei no chōten tarashimeru honō da'!!! Garyū Sōrenshō


valency

valency (countable and uncountable, plural valencies)

From Late Latin valentia and Latin valentia (“bodily strength; health; vigour”) + English -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state). Valentia is derived from valēns (“healthy, strong, vigorous”) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns); while valēns is the present active participle of valeō (“to be healthy, sound, or well; to be strong; to have influence or power, etc.”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; powerful, strong”).
Sense 1 (“combining capacity of an atom”) and sense 3 (“number of arguments a verb can have”) are possibly from valence + -y.

der

(countable, graph theory) The number of edges connected to a vertex in a graph.


Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

en-noun

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (plural Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams)

After astronomers Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell.

(astronomy) A graphic representation of the absolute magnitude of stars against their color (or surface temperature), which shows the main sequence of stars plus the white dwarfs and red giants.

диагра́мма Ге́рцшпрунга — Ра́ссела f (diagrámma Gércšprunga — Rássela)


träd

träd (indefinite nominative singular)
trädet (definite nominative singular)
träd (indefinite nominative plural)
träden (definite nominative plural)
träds (genitive indefinite singular)
trädets (definite genitive singular)
träds (genitive indefinite plural)
trädens (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish trǣet, trǣt, later trǣdh, originally the definite form of trǣ (“tree, wood”), from Old Norse tré, from Proto-Germanic *trewą (“tree, wood”), from pre-Germanic *dréwom, thematic e-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”). Doublet of trä. The form trædh, trädh was used still as the definite form in Old Swedish and in the Gustav Vasa Bible (1541), but by the early 18th century, it had split into the indefinite form meaning ”tree”, separate from trä (“wood”). Hence, the modern definite form is trädet, with the definite ending -et on top of the now fossilized remnant of definite form -d.


löv

löv (indefinite nominative singular)
lövet (definite nominative singular)
löv (indefinite nominative plural)
löven (definite nominative plural)
lövs (genitive indefinite singular)
lövets (definite genitive singular)
lövs (genitive indefinite plural)
lövens (definite genitive plural)

From Old Swedish løf, from Old Norse lauf, from Proto-Germanic *laubą, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *lewp- (“peel, break off”).


schematic

en-adj

schematic (comparative more schematic, superlative most schematic)

more schematic (comparative)
most schematic (superlative)

Represented too simply or in an overly formulaic way, reflecting a shallow or incomplete understanding of complex subject matter.

Dr. Starbuck gives an interesting, and it seems to me a true, account—so far as conceptions so schematic can claim truth at all[…]

1902, William James, “Lecture IX. Conversion.”, in The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature […] , New York, N.Y.; London: Longmans, Green, and Co. […], →OCLC:

Given the terminology we have introduced here, we can say that all of the bracketed phrases in (3) above are of the schematic form (4) below:
(4) Specifier + Head + Complement
Now, we have already argued in the case of Noun Phrases that a Head Noun together with its Complement form an N-bar; and that this N-bar together with its Specifier ( = Determiner) forms an N-double-bar.

1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, page 228:


schematic

I'll have to study the schematics for the new integrated circuit before I can create a good layout.

In contrast to other media players and similar devices, the Chumby’s internal schematics and source code — the programs that make it work — are completely open and available on www.chumby.com.

2007 November 15, John Biggs, “Tinkering at Home, Selling on the Web”, in The New York Times:

A simplified line drawing used by scientists, engineers, technologists and others to illustrate a system at an abstract level. Schematic drawings often use standard symbols for clarity.

schéma

A drawing or sketch showing how a system works at an abstract level


obraz

pl-noun

obraz m inan (diminutive obrazek, related adjective obrazowy)

obrazek (diminutive)
obrazowy (adjective)
obraz (nominative singular)
obrazy (nominative plural)
obrazu (genitive singular)
obrazów (genitive plural)
obrazowi (dative singular)
obrazom (dative plural)
obraz (accusative singular)
obrazy (accusative plural)
obrazem (instrumental singular)
obrazami (instrumental plural)
obrazie (locative singular)
obrazach (locative plural)
obrazie (singular vocative)
obrazy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish obraz. By surface analysis, deverbal from obrazić.

surf

Gadał dziad do obrazu, a obraz do niego ani razu

image (representation of reality on the screen of an electronic device)

(Middle Polish) representation (creation meant to represent something i.e. on an image)


weighted

en-adj

weighted (comparative more weighted, superlative most weighted)

more weighted (comparative)
most weighted (superlative)

(graph theory, of a graph) having values assigned to its edges


acyclic

acyclic (comparative more acyclic, superlative most acyclic)

more acyclic (comparative)
most acyclic (superlative)

(graph theory, of a graph) Containing no cycles.


MST

minimum spanning tree
w:minimum spanning tree

(graph theory) Initialism of minimum spanning tree.


arête

Inherited from Old French areste, from Latin arista.


tur

head

tur c (singular definite turen, plural indefinite ture)

turen (definite singular)
ture (indefinite plural)
tur (indefinite nominative singular)
turen (definite nominative singular)
ture (indefinite nominative plural)
turene (definite nominative plural)
turs (genitive indefinite singular)
turens (definite genitive singular)
tures (genitive indefinite plural)
turenes (definite genitive plural)


dendrimer

(graph theory) A graph formed of branches from a central core.


visualization

en-noun

visualization (countable and uncountable, plural visualizations)

/ˌvɪʒʊəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌvɪʒəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌvɪʒuələˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌvɪʒwələˈzeɪʃən/

(computing) A visual representation of data.

visualització

computing: a visual representation of data


vrh

vȑh (canonical masculine)
вр̏х (Cyrillic)
vȑh (nominative singular)
vr̀hovi (nominative plural)
vr̀ha (genitive singular)
vrhova (genitive plural)
vrhu (dative singular)
vrhovima (dative plural)
vrh (accusative singular)
vrhove (accusative plural)
vrše (singular vocative)
vrhu (singular vocative)
vrhovi (plural vocative)
vrhu (locative singular)
vrhovima (locative plural)
vrhom (instrumental singular)
vrhovima (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *vьrxъ, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥su-.


subgraph

(graph theory) A graph or network that makes up part of a larger graph or network.


aste

aste (nominative singular)
asteet (nominative plural)
aste (accusative nominative singular)
asteet (accusative nominative plural)
asteen (accusative genitive singular)
asteet (accusative genitive plural)
asteen (genitive singular)
asteiden (genitive plural)
asteitten (genitive plural)
astetta (partitive singular)
asteita (partitive plural)
asteessa (inessive singular)
asteissa (inessive plural)
asteesta (elative singular)
asteista (elative plural)
asteeseen (illative singular)
asteisiin (illative plural)
asteihin (illative plural)
asteella (adessive singular)
asteilla (adessive plural)
asteelta (ablative singular)
asteilta (ablative plural)
asteelle (allative singular)
asteille (allative plural)
asteena (essive singular)
asteina (essive plural)
asteeksi (singular translative)
asteiksi (plural translative)
asteetta (abessive singular)
asteitta (abessive plural)
astein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
asteeni (nominative singular)
asteeni (nominative plural)
asteeni (accusative nominative singular)
asteeni (accusative nominative plural)
asteeni (accusative genitive singular)
asteeni (accusative genitive plural)
asteeni (genitive singular)
asteideni (genitive plural)
asteitteni (genitive plural)
astettani (partitive singular)
asteitani (partitive plural)
asteessani (inessive singular)
asteissani (inessive plural)
asteestani (elative singular)
asteistani (elative plural)
asteeseeni (illative singular)
asteisiini (illative plural)
asteihini (illative plural)
asteellani (adessive singular)
asteillani (adessive plural)
asteeltani (ablative singular)
asteiltani (ablative plural)
asteelleni (allative singular)
asteilleni (allative plural)
asteenani (essive singular)
asteinani (essive plural)
asteekseni (singular translative)
asteikseni (plural translative)
asteettani (abessive singular)
asteittani (abessive plural)
asteineni (comitative plural)
asteesi (nominative singular)
asteesi (nominative plural)
asteesi (accusative nominative singular)
asteesi (accusative nominative plural)
asteesi (accusative genitive singular)
asteesi (accusative genitive plural)
asteesi (genitive singular)
asteidesi (genitive plural)
asteittesi (genitive plural)
astettasi (partitive singular)
asteitasi (partitive plural)
asteessasi (inessive singular)
asteissasi (inessive plural)
asteestasi (elative singular)
asteistasi (elative plural)
asteeseesi (illative singular)
asteisiisi (illative plural)
asteihisi (illative plural)
asteellasi (adessive singular)
asteillasi (adessive plural)
asteeltasi (ablative singular)
asteiltasi (ablative plural)
asteellesi (allative singular)
asteillesi (allative plural)
asteenasi (essive singular)
asteinasi (essive plural)
asteeksesi (singular translative)
asteiksesi (plural translative)
asteettasi (abessive singular)
asteittasi (abessive plural)
asteinesi (comitative plural)
asteemme (nominative singular)
asteemme (nominative plural)
asteemme (accusative nominative singular)
asteemme (accusative nominative plural)
asteemme (accusative genitive singular)
asteemme (accusative genitive plural)
asteemme (genitive singular)
asteidemme (genitive plural)
asteittemme (genitive plural)
astettamme (partitive singular)
asteitamme (partitive plural)
asteessamme (inessive singular)
asteissamme (inessive plural)
asteestamme (elative singular)
asteistamme (elative plural)
asteeseemme (illative singular)
asteisiimme (illative plural)
asteihimme (illative plural)
asteellamme (adessive singular)
asteillamme (adessive plural)
asteeltamme (ablative singular)
asteiltamme (ablative plural)
asteellemme (allative singular)
asteillemme (allative plural)
asteenamme (essive singular)
asteinamme (essive plural)
asteeksemme (singular translative)
asteiksemme (plural translative)
asteettamme (abessive singular)
asteittamme (abessive plural)
asteinemme (comitative plural)
asteenne (nominative singular)
asteenne (nominative plural)
asteenne (accusative nominative singular)
asteenne (accusative nominative plural)
asteenne (accusative genitive singular)
asteenne (accusative genitive plural)
asteenne (genitive singular)
asteidenne (genitive plural)
asteittenne (genitive plural)
astettanne (partitive singular)
asteitanne (partitive plural)
asteessanne (inessive singular)
asteissanne (inessive plural)
asteestanne (elative singular)
asteistanne (elative plural)
asteeseenne (illative singular)
asteisiinne (illative plural)
asteihinne (illative plural)
asteellanne (adessive singular)
asteillanne (adessive plural)
asteeltanne (ablative singular)
asteiltanne (ablative plural)
asteellenne (allative singular)
asteillenne (allative plural)
asteenanne (essive singular)
asteinanne (essive plural)
asteeksenne (singular translative)
asteiksenne (plural translative)
asteettanne (abessive singular)
asteittanne (abessive plural)
asteinenne (comitative plural)
asteensa (nominative singular)
asteensa (nominative plural)
asteensa (accusative nominative singular)
asteensa (accusative nominative plural)
asteensa (accusative genitive singular)
asteensa (accusative genitive plural)
asteensa (genitive singular)
asteidensa (genitive plural)
asteittensa (genitive plural)
astettaan (partitive singular)
astettansa (partitive singular)
asteitaan (partitive plural)
asteitansa (partitive plural)
asteessaan (inessive singular)
asteessansa (inessive singular)
asteissaan (inessive plural)
asteissansa (inessive plural)
asteestaan (elative singular)
asteestansa (elative singular)
asteistaan (elative plural)
asteistansa (elative plural)
asteeseensa (illative singular)
asteisiinsa (illative plural)
asteihinsa (illative plural)
asteellaan (adessive singular)
asteellansa (adessive singular)
asteillaan (adessive plural)
asteillansa (adessive plural)
asteeltaan (ablative singular)
asteeltansa (ablative singular)
asteiltaan (ablative plural)
asteiltansa (ablative plural)
asteelleen (allative singular)
asteellensa (allative singular)
asteilleen (allative plural)
asteillensa (allative plural)
asteenaan (essive singular)
asteenansa (essive singular)
asteinaan (essive plural)
asteinansa (essive plural)
asteekseen (singular translative)
asteeksensa (singular translative)
asteikseen (plural translative)
asteiksensa (plural translative)
asteettaan (abessive singular)
asteettansa (abessive singular)
asteittaan (abessive plural)
asteittansa (abessive plural)
asteineen (comitative plural)
asteinensa (comitative plural)

astua (“to step”) + -e. Coined by Finnish physician and translator Wolmar Schildt in 1846, based on dialectal "step (in stairs)", cases of which was also used as adverbs with more figurative meanings like those currently used.

coin

(graph theory) degree (the number of edges that a vertex takes part in)

(graph theory) order (number of vertices in a graph)