synonym

From Middle English sinonyme, from Latin synōnymum, from Ancient Greek συνώνυμον (sunṓnumon), neuter singular form of συνώνυμος (sunṓnumos, “synonymous”), from σύν (sún, “with”) + ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). By surface analysis, syn- + -onym.

(taxonomy, botany) Any name for a taxon, usually a validly published, formally accepted one, but often also an unpublished name.


imperfect

en-adj

imperfect (comparative more imperfect, superlative most imperfect)

more imperfect (comparative)
most imperfect (superlative)

From Middle English imperfit, from Old French imparfit (modern French imparfait), from Latin imperfectus. Spelling modified 15c. to conform Latin etymology. See im- + perfect.

(taxonomy) known or expected to be polyphyletic, as of a form taxon.


sibling

1903, modern revival of Old English sibling (“relative, a relation, kinsman”), equivalent to sib + -ling. Compare Middle English siblynges pl, sib, sibbe (“relative; kinsman”), German Sippe. The term apparently meant merely kin or relative until the 20th century when it was applied in a way that aided the study of genetics, which led to its specialized use. For example, the OED has a 1903 citation in which "sibling" must be defined for those who don't know the intended meaning.

lbor

D. simulans, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia (which we will call “the siblings” when we do not need to distinguish among them) have homosequential polytene chromosome banding patterns differing from those of D. melanogaster by one long inversion on chromosome arm 3R and a few much smaller inversions.

1990 April 1, P. Hutter et al., “A genetic basis for the inviability of hybrids between sibling species of Drosophila”, in Genetics, volume 124, number 4, pages 909–920:

Bush suggested that this difference might represent a case of chromosomal polymorphism or, more likely, sibling species.

2015 November 26, Lucie Vaníčková et al., “Current knowledge of the species complex Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI, pages 211–237:

(taxonomy) The most closely related species, or one of several most closely related species when none can be determined to be more closely related.


homonym

en:word with same spelling or same sound or both

(broadly) A word that sounds or is spelled the same as another word (but not necessarily both).

(taxonomy) A name for a taxon that is identical in spelling to another name that belongs to a different taxon.


species

en-noun

species (countable and uncountable, plural species or (rare, nonstandard) specieses)

species (plural)
specieses (nonstandard plural rare)

From Latin speciēs (“appearance; quality”), from speciō (“see”) + -iēs suffix signifying abstract noun. Doublet of spice.

Hence, in determining whether a form should be ranked as a species or a variety, the opinion of naturalists having sound judgment and wide experience seems the only guide to follow.

1859 November 24, Charles Darwin, “Variation under Nature”, in On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 47:

Firstly, I continue to base most species treatments on personally collected material, rather than on herbarium plants.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page vii:

Plant breeding is always a numbers game.[…]The wild species we use are rich in genetic variation, and individual plants are highly heterozygous and do not breed true. In addition, we are looking for rare alleles, so the more plants we try, the better.

2013 May-June, David Van Tassel, Lee DeHaan, “Wild Plants to the Rescue”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below genus; a taxon at that rank.


stem

From Middle English stem, stemme, stempne, stevin, from Old English stemn, from Proto-West Germanic *stamni, from Proto-Germanic *stamniz, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand, stay”).

der

the apple does not fall far from the stem

(taxonomy) A branch, or group of branches, located outside a family or other cladistic group, but which is more closely related to that group than to any other taxon of the same rank.


kingdom

From Middle English kingdom, kyngdom, from Old English cyningdōm from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz, equivalent to king + -dom. Cognate with Scots kingdom, West Frisian keuningdom, Dutch koningdom, German Königtum, Danish kongedømme, Swedish kungadöme, and Icelandic konungdómur.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom
English kingdom

etymon

it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

(taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below domain and above phylum; a taxon at that rank (e.g. the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom).

koninkryk

taxonomic division, below Domain and above Phylum


black

en-adj

black (comparative blacker or more black, superlative blackest or most black)

blacker (comparative)
more black (comparative)
blackest (superlative)
most black (superlative)

Bislama: blak

Sranan Tongo: blaka

Aukan: baaka

→ Caribbean Hindustani: blaaka

Tok Pisin: blak

Torres Strait Creole: blaik

→ Dutch: black

→ French: black

→ Greek: μπλάκης (blákis)

From Middle English blak, black, blake, from Old English blæc (“black, dark", also "ink”), from Proto-West Germanic *blak, from Proto-Germanic *blakaz (“burnt”) (compare Dutch blaken (“to burn”), Low German blak, black (“blackness, black paint, (black) ink”), Old High German blah (“black”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰleg- (“to burn, shine”) (compare Latin flagrāre (“to burn”), Ancient Greek φλόξ (phlóx, “flame”), Sanskrit भर्ग (bharga, “radiance”)). More at bleak.
Sense 20 is a semantic loan from Cantonese 黑面 (hak1 min6, “to pull a long face, to scowl”).

sort

of coffee or tea, without milk or other whitener

black birch; black locust; black rhino

Having one or more features (hair, fur, armour, clothes, bark, etc.) that is dark (or black).

(taxonomy, especially) Dark in comparison to another species with the same base name.


familia

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below ordo and above genus.


familia

→ Cebuano: pamilya

→ Chamorro: familia

→ Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl: familia

→ Ilocano: pamilia

→ Tagalog: pamilya

→ Waray-Waray: pamilya

family (a grouping of things possessing common characteristics)


familia

Borrowed from Portuguese família, ultimately from Latin familia.


vernacular

en-adj

vernacular (comparative more vernacular, superlative most vernacular)

more vernacular (comparative)
most vernacular (superlative)

From Latin vernāculus (“domestic, indigenous, of or pertaining to home-born slaves”), from verna (“a native, a home-born slave (one born in his master's house)”).

uder

An English vernacular name for Rosa multiflora is multiflora rose.

(taxonomy) Not attempting to use the rules of a taxonomic code, especially, not using scientific Latin.


tribe

PIE word
 *tréyes
From Middle English tribe, tribu, from Old French tribu, from Latin tribus. Doublet of tribus.

(taxonomy) A hierarchical rank between family and genus.

nemzetség

taxonomy: hierarchical rank between family and genus


bid

bids (nominative plural)
bid (nominative singular)
bids (nominative plural)
bida (genitive singular)
bidas (genitive plural)
bide (dative singular)
bides (dative plural)
bidi (accusative singular)
bidis (accusative plural)
o bid! (singular vocative)
o bids! (plural vocative)
bidu (predicative singular)
bidus (plural predicative)


rod

rod (nominative singular)
rody (nominative plural)
rodu (genitive singular)
rodů (genitive plural)
rodu (dative singular)
rodům (dative plural)
rod (accusative singular)
rody (accusative plural)
rode (singular vocative)
rody (plural vocative)
rodu (locative singular)
rodě (locative singular)
rodech (locative plural)
rodem (instrumental singular)
rody (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech rod, from Proto-Slavic *rȏdъ. By surface analysis, deverbal from rodit.


complex

en-noun

complex (plural complexes or (nonstandard) complices)

complexes (plural)
complices (nonstandard plural)

From French complexe, from Latin complexus, past participle of complector (“I entwine, encircle, compass, infold”), from com- (“together”) and plectere (“to weave, braid”). May be analyzed as com- + -plex. See complect. Doublet of complexus.

համալիր

assemblage of related things, collection

coordination complex

coordinated complex, metal complex, Werner complex

Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.

2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:

An assemblage of related things; a collection.

(taxonomy) A group of closely related species, often distinguished only with difficulty by traditional morphological methods.


common

en-adj

common (comparative more common or commoner, superlative most common or commonest)

or commoner (common comparative)
most common (superlative)
commonest (superlative)

rare

antonym(s) of “occurring in large numbers or in a large quantity”

From Middle English comun, from Anglo-Norman comun, from Old French comun (rare in the Gallo-Romance languages, but reinforced as a Carolingian calque of Proto-West Germanic *gamainī (“common”) in Old French), from Latin commūnis (“common, public, general”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom-moy-ni-s (“held in common”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to exchange, change”). Displaced native Middle English imene, ȝemǣne (“common, general, universal”) (from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English mene, mǣne (“mean, common”) (also from Old English ġemǣne (“common, universal”)), Middle English samen, somen (“in common, together”) (from Old English samen (“together”)). Doublet of gmina and mean.

cog

gender of coalescence of masculine of feminine

the common daisy (Bellis perennis)

(taxonomy) As part of the vernacular name of a species, usually denoting that it is abundant or widely known.

common name vs. scientific name.

(taxonomy) Vernacular, referring to the name of a kind of plant or animal.


family

en-noun

family (countable and uncountable, plural families)

Jamaican Creole: faambli, fambili

Tok Pisin: famili

Sranan Tongo: famiri

→ Chuukese: famini

→ Malay: famili

→ Maori: whāmere

From Late Middle English famylye, from Latin familia (“a household”). Displaced native Old English hīred. Doublet of familia.

عَائِلَة

group of people related by blood, marriage, law, or custom

the family that lays together stays together

the family that prays together stays together

the family that sleeps together keeps together

Magnolias belong to the family Magnoliaceae.

The closest affinities of the Jubulaceae are with the Lejeuneaceae. The two families share in common: a elaters usually 1-spiral, trumpet-shaped and fixed to the capsule valves, distally[…].

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 4:

(countable, biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank.

familie

rank in a taxonomic classification, above both genus and species


split

→ Irish: spliota

Attested since about 1567, from Middle Dutch splitten (“to split”) and/or Middle Low German splitten (“to split”), both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *splittjan, an intensive form of Proto-West Germanic *splītan (“to split”), from Proto-Germanic *splītaną (whence Danish splitte, Low German splieten, German spleißen), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pley- (“to split, splice”).
Compare Middle English ysplett (“split”, past participle of splatten (“to split”)), Old English speld (“splinter”), Old High German spaltan (“to split”), Old Irish sliss (“splinter”), Lithuanian spaliai (“flax sheaves”), Czech půl (“half”), Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”).

cog

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">splatten</i> (“to split”)

let the door hit you where the good Lord split you

[I]t would be a rare split in that it would be unlikely to result in an armchair tick for any birders, living or dead.

2017 June 14, Australian Birdlife, Carlton, Victoria, page 76, column 1:

(systematics) The division of a single taxon into two or more taxa; as opposed to a lump.


界

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds).
Compare perhaps Burmese ခြား (hkra:, “to keep separated”).


界

From Middle Chinese 界 (MC keajH, “boundary”).
In Buddhist contexts, derived from the Middle Chinese term used as a translation of Sanskrit धातु (dhātu, “layer, stratum”).


domain

range

antonym(s) of “domain of definition of a function”

From Middle English demayne, demain (“rule”), from Old French demeine, demaine, demeigne, domaine (“power”), (French domaine), from Latin dominium (“property, right of ownership”), from dominus (“master, proprietor, owner”). See dame, and compare demain, danger, dungeon. Doublet of demesne, domino.

definisieversameling

(mathematics) the set on which a function is defined

(taxonomy) The highest rank in the classification of organisms, above kingdom; in the three-domain system, one of the taxa Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukaryota.

domein

(taxonomy) highest-level grouping of organisms


key

en-verb

key (third-person singular simple present keys, present participle keying, simple past and past participle keyed)

keys (present singular third-person)
keying (participle present)
keyed (participle past)
keyed (past)

From Middle English keye, kaye, keiȝe, from Old English cǣġ (“key, solution, experiment”) (whence also Scots key and kay (“key”)), of uncertain origin. The only sure cognates are Saterland Frisian Koai (“key”), West Frisian kaai (“key”), and North Frisian kay (“key”). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *kēgaz, *kēguz (“stake, post, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-, *ǵegʰ-, *ǵegʰn- (“branch, stake, bush”), which would make it cognate with Middle Low German kāk (“whipping post, pillory”), and perhaps to Middle Dutch keige (“javelin, spear”) and Middle Low German keie, keige (“spear”). For the semantic development, note that medieval keys were simply long poles (ending in a hook) with which a crossbar obstructing a door from the inside could be removed from the outside, by lifting it through a hole in the door. Liberman has noted, however, "The original meaning of *kaig-jo- was presumably '*pin with a twisted end.' Words with the root *kai- followed by a consonant meaning 'crooked, bent; twisted' are common only in the North Germanic languages."

cog

(intransitive, biology, chiefly taxonomy) To be identified as a certain taxon when using a key.


下

⟨simo₁⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *simo.

下一段活用

下一段活用 しもいちだんかつよう

下二段活用

下二段活用 しもにだんかつよう

(euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement


域

Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷrɯɡ): semantic 土 + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ).
國 (OC *kʷɯːɡ, “state”) is the k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “territory”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 國 for more.


上

上 (canonical)
ue (romanization)
ufe (romanization)
うへ (hiragana historical)

⟨upe₂⟩ → /*upai̯/ → /upe/ → /ufe/ → /uwe/ → /ue/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *upay.
Unbound apophonic form of uwa, ancient upa (see below).

『上を向いて歩こう』


屬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoɡ, *djoɡ): semantic 㞑 (“tail”) + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(y)u-k (“to belong, trust, depend, accept, take”). Cognate with Burmese ယူ (yu, “to take”) (STEDT).


科

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (科):
* → Japanese: 科(か) (ka)
* → Korean: 과(科) (gwa)
* → Vietnamese: khoa (科)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).
Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).


科

科 (canonical)
-ka (romanization)
-kwa (romanization)
くわ (hiragana historical)


組

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːʔ): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).


ordinal

Borrowed from Latin ōrdinālis, adjective formed from noun ōrdō (“order”), + adjective suffix -ālis.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to a taxon at the rank of order.


目

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (目):
* → Japanese: 目(もく) (moku)
* → Korean: 목(目) (mok)
* → Vietnamese: mục (目)

Pictogram (象形) – human eye, now rotated 90 degrees. Compare the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.
See also 直, 真, 見, 頁, 夏, 面, 臣 and the earlier versions of 要. The eye is not rotated in the character 𢛳, 曼, 睪, and 眔 (used in 褱).
Sometimes it depicts a web (网) through its variant 罒, e.g., 買, 罵, 罪, 詈 (used in 罰) and 羅 (> 罗). Unrelated to 鼎 and 貝.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjak ~ s-mik. Cognate with Tibetan མིག (mig, “eye”), Burmese မျက် (myak, “eye, face”).


目

目迎

turning one's gaze towards the direction from which someone is coming

目算

eyeball something, making a visual estimate or calculation of something

目笑

smiling with one's eyes; smiling at one another, catching another's eye and smiling or laughing

目食耳視

eating with one's eyes, looking with one's ears→ choosing foods based on what they look like instead of their taste, and choosing fashions based on what people say instead of how comfortable they are → all style and no substance

目銭: a kind of tax levied in the Kamakura and Muromachi period

a property tax based on the area of agricultural land

目前

right before one's eye, right away, imminent, immediate

目送

follow something or someone with one's eyes

executor of a lord starting from the late Heian period

deputy starting from the Kamakura period

目礼

greet or acknowledging someone with one's eyes

目割れ

plot, conspiracy, or other hidden plan being expose or found out

岡目八目

lookers-on see most of the game; Observers can read eight moves ahead while watching a game of Go from the side

真面目

real appearance or worth of something; serious

面目

one's honor, one's metaphorical face; external appearance

(taxonomy) an order in biology: smaller than a class, bigger than a family


綱

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 岡 (OC *klaːŋ).


綱

綱 (canonical)
kō (romanization)
kau (romanization)
かう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 綱 (MC kang). Compare Korean 강 (gang).


種

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).
Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).
Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).

cog

种
穜
𥡰
𥢖
𥻝
𦔉
𥠭


種

Fourth grade kyōiku kanji (romanization)


種

/t͡ɕɨu/ → /ɕʲu/ → /ɕu/
From Middle Chinese 種 (MC tsyowngX).


division

en-noun

division (countable and uncountable, plural divisions)

PIE word
 *dwóh₁
From Middle English divisioun, from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiō, dīvīsiōnem, noun of process form from perfect passive participle dīvīsus (“divided”), from dīvidō (“divide”). Doublet of divisio.

remainder left over if divisor does not divide dividend

Magnolias belong to the division Magnoliophyta.

(taxonomy) A rank below kingdom and above class, particularly used of plants or fungi, also (particularly of animals) called a phylum; a taxon at that rank.

門

biology: taxonomic classification of plants


phylum

From Latin phylum, from Ancient Greek φῦλον (phûlon, “tribe, race”).

der

Mammals belong to the phylum Chordata.

While biologists are perpetually finding new species, they can almost always fit the organism into one of the existing taxonomic pigeonholes by which scientists classify life forms. The discovery of an organism so unusual that it needs its own phylum is an extremely rare event.

1995 December 14, Natalie Angier, “Flyspeck on a Lobster Lip Turns Biology on Its Ear”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

(taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below kingdom and above class; also called a divisio or a division, especially in describing plants; a taxon at that rank

filum

(biology, taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below kingdom and above class


taxonomy

en-noun

taxonomy (countable and uncountable, plural taxonomies)

Borrowed from French taxonomie. By surface analysis, taxo- + -nomy.

(taxonomy, uncountable) The science of finding, describing, classifying and naming organisms.


order

order (countable and uncountable, plural orders)

→ Swahili: oda

From Middle English ordre, from Old French ordre, ordne, ordene (“order, rank”), from Latin ōrdinem, accusative of ōrdō (“row, rank, regular arrangement”, literally “row of threads in a loom”), from Proto-Italic *ordō (“to arrange”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂or-d-, from *h₂er-.
Related to Latin ōrdior (“begin”, literally “begin to weave”). In sense “request for purchase”, compare bespoke. Doublet of ordo.

cog

Bats host many high-profile viruses that can infect humans, including severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola. A recent study explored the ecological variables that may contribute to bats’ propensity to harbor such zoonotic diseases by comparing them with another order of common reservoir hosts: rodents.

2013 May-June, Katie L. Burke, “In the News”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, page 193:

The magnolia and nutmeg families belong to the order Magnoliales.

(countable, biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below class and above family; a taxon at that rank.


genus

en-noun

genus (plural genera or (all nonstandard) genuses or genusses or genii)

genera (plural)
genuses (nonstandard plural)
genusses (nonstandard plural)
genii (nonstandard plural)

→ Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)

→ Swahili: jenasi

→ Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os
Latin genusbor.
English genus
Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender, genre, and kin.

genus

rank in a taxonomic classification between family and species

All magnolias belong to the genus Magnolia.

Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.

There are only two genera and species of seadragons.

Müller […] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he cited Jubula as an annectant genus.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:

Other maloid genera with hard nutlets are Cotoneaster, Hesperomeles, Osteomeles, and Pyracantba, but each of these is quite different from Mespilus and Crataegus.

2003, James B. Phipps, Robert J. O'Kennon, Ronald W. Lance, Hawthorns and Medlars, Portland, O.R.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 57:

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species.


genus

head

genus n (plural indefinite genus or genera)

genus (indefinite plural)
genera (indefinite plural)


genus

genus m or n (definite singular genusen or genuset, indefinite plural genera or genus, definite plural genera or generaa or genusa or genusane)

genusen (definite singular)
genuset (definite singular)
genera (indefinite plural)
genus (indefinite plural)
genera (definite plural)
generaa (definite plural)
genusa (definite plural)
genusane (definite plural)


class

en-noun

class (countable and uncountable, plural classes)

→ Assamese: ক্লাছ (klas)

desc

→ Bengali: ক্লাস (klaś), কেলাস (kelaś) — nonstandard

q

or from French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">classe</i>

→ Gulf Arabic: كلاس (klās) (or from French classe)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: क्लास (klās)

Urdu: کلاس

→ Japanese: クラス (kurasu)

→ Korean: 클래스 (keullaeseu)

→ Nepali: क्लास (klās)

→ Scottish Gaelic: clas

→ Thai: คลาส (kláas)

→ Yoruba: kíláàsì

From Middle French classe, from Latin classis (“a class or division of the people, assembly of people, the whole body of citizens called to arms, the army, the fleet, later a class or division in general”), from Proto-Indo-European *kelh₁- (“to call, shout”). Doublet of clas and classis.

class action

class-action, class action lawsuit, class suit

Magnolias belong to the class Magnoliopsida.

(taxonomy, countable) A rank in the classification of organisms, below phylum and above order; a taxon of that rank.

klas

taxonomy: classification below Phylum and above Order


類

(taxonomy) a conventional grouping that corresponds to a class or an order


門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (門):
* → Japanese: 門(もん) (mon)
* → Korean: 문(門) (mun)
* → Vietnamese: môn (門)

Wutunhua: men

Characters in the same phonetic series (門) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形): a gate. Compare 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “(one) door”), which is half of this character (𠁣).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-muːr (“mouth; lip; to hold in mouth; to chew; face; gills”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan མུར་བ (mur ba, “to masticate”), Tibetan མུར་འགྲམ (mur 'gram, “jawbone; cheek”), Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”) and 吻 (OC *mɯnʔ, “lips; corner of the lips”).
; “-gate”


generic

en-adj

generic (comparative more generic, superlative most generic)

more generic (comparative)
most generic (superlative)

gendered

antonym(s) of “neither masculine nor feminine”

From Middle French générique, from Latin genus (“genus, kind”) + -ic; thus morphologically parallel with, and a doublet of, general.

There are scores of generic names within the order Decapoda, which includes many sea creatures that are called shrimp.

Holonym: familial

Meronyms: infrasubspecific, < infraspecific, subspecific, < specific

en:of whole classes, including genera
en:of whole genera of life

Very comprehensive; pertaining or appropriate to large classes or groups (genera) as opposed to specific instances.

(taxonomy) Pertaining to genera of life instead of particular species thereof.


binomial

Binominal nomenclature
Gerard of Cremona

Formed from Late Latin binōmium + -al. The derivation of binōmium is unclear. It was used by Gerard of Cremona in the 12th century. Suggested sources are the Latin nōmen (“name”), the Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “distribution, pasture”), or the Old French nom (“name”). Compare binomy and binominal, as well as the French binôme. By surface analysis, bi- + -nomial.

der

Common name followed by Latin binomial in parentheses.

1991, Daniel W. Gade, “Weeds in Vermont as Tokens of Socioeconomic Change”, in Geographical Review, volume 81, number 2, →JSTOR, page 169:

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

From poly- + -nomial, from νομός (nomós, “portion, part”), by analogy with binomial.

(taxonomy) A taxonomic designation (such as of a subspecies) consisting of more than two terms.


polynomial

/ˌpɒlɪˈnəʊmɪəl/

(taxonomy) Of a polynomial name or entity.


cohort

From Latin cohors (stem cohort-); borrowed into Old English as coorta, but reintroduced into Middle English as cōhort and chōors via Old French cohorte. Doublet of court.

(taxonomy) A natural group of orders of organisms, less comprehensive than a class.


nem

nemek (plural)
nem (nominative singular)
nemek (nominative plural)
nemet (accusative singular)
nemeket (accusative plural)
nemnek (dative singular)
nemeknek (dative plural)
nemmel (instrumental singular)
nemekkel (instrumental plural)
nemért (causal-final singular)
nemekért (causal-final plural)
nemmé (singular translative)
nemekké (plural translative)
nemig (singular terminative)
nemekig (plural terminative)
nemként (essive-formal singular)
nemekként (essive-formal plural)
nemben (inessive singular)
nemekben (inessive plural)
nemen (singular superessive)
nemeken (plural superessive)
nemnél (adessive singular)
nemeknél (adessive plural)
nembe (illative singular)
nemekbe (illative plural)
nemre (singular sublative)
nemekre (plural sublative)
nemhez (allative singular)
nemekhez (allative plural)
nemből (elative singular)
nemekből (elative plural)
nemről (delative singular)
nemekről (delative plural)
nemtől (ablative singular)
nemektől (ablative plural)
nemé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
nemeké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
neméi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
nemekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
nemem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
nemeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
nemed (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
nemeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
neme (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
nemei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
nemünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
nemeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
nemetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
nemeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
nemük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
nemeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

→ Romanian: neam

unk

Of unknown origin.

Coordinate term: nemzetség (the same rank for plants and fungi, which denotes “tribe” among animals)

(zoology, taxonomy) genus (rank in the taxonomic classification of animals, between family and species)


chi

Sino-Vietnamese word from 支 (“branch; to spend”).


poo

eo-head

poo (accusative singular poon, plural pooj, accusative plural poojn)

poon (accusative singular)
pooj (plural)
poojn (accusative plural)

Derived from translingual Poa, from Ancient Greek πόα (póa, “fodder”).


type

→ Japanese: タイプ

→ Korean: 타입 (taip)

From Middle English type (“symbol, figure, emblem”), from Latin typus, from Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), from τύπτω (túptō, “I strike, beat”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewp-. Related to stupid, stupefy and stop.

tyyppiyksilö

biology: individual representative of its taxonomic group

...thus Stearn has designated Linnaeus as the type specimen of Homo sapiens

2009 March 20, Greg Mayer, “Who is the type specimen of Homo sapiens?”, in Why Evolution Is True:

Musca domestica is the type-species of Musca, a genus originally created by Linnaeus for a variety of higher Diptera, many of which are now known to be in other families.

2015 December 16, “What's in a fly?”, in Natural History Museum:

(taxonomy) Something, often a specimen, selected as an objective anchor to connect a scientific name to a taxon; this need not be representative or typical.


form

en-noun

form (countable and uncountable, plural forms)

→ Korean: 폼 (pom)

→ Norwegian Bokmål: form

From Middle English forme (“shape, figure, manner, bench, frame, seat, condition, agreement, etc.”), borrowed from Old French forme, from Latin fōrma (“shape, figure, image, outline, plan, mold, frame, case, etc., manner, sort, kind, etc.”).
In sense "division grouping school students" (now dated), derived from public school nomenclature later adopted by state schools. It is sometimes said to be from the sense of "bench", where students of certain ages would sit together, though this is disputed, or alternatively from the sense of "established method of expression or practice".

der

imitation is the sincerest form of flattery


diagnosis

en-noun

diagnosis (countable and uncountable, plural diagnoses)

/daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/

From Latin diagnōsis, from Ancient Greek διάγνωσις (diágnōsis), from διαγιγνώσκω (diagignṓskō, “to discern”), from διά (diá, “through”) + γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “to know”).

diagnozë

identification of the nature and cause of an illness

Diagnose

identification of the nature and cause of something

The repeated exposure, over decades, to most taxa here treated has resulted in repeated modifications of both diagnoses and discussions, as initial ideas of the various taxa underwent—often repeated—conceptual modification.

1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page viii:

(taxonomy) A written description of a species or other taxon serving to distinguish that species from all others; especially a description written and published in Latin.


spice

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A distinct kind of creature; a species.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(philosophy) The perception of something using any sense or innate ability.

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.

(rare) An appearance or image (either mental or real)


clade

From Ancient Greek κλάδος (kládos, “shoot, branch”). Coined by British evolutionary biologist, philosopher, author Julian Huxley in 1957 in a paper titled "The three types of evolutionary process" in Nature. Doublet of cladus.

coin

All three clades containing Prunum and “Volvarina” species contain morphological features that do not collectively appear in any other living or fossil marginellid species (see above).

2001, Ross H. Nehm, “6: Linking Evolutionary Pattern and Development Process in Marginellid Gastropods”, in Alan H. Cheetham, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Scott Lidgard, Frank K. McKinney, editors, Evolutionary Patterns: Growth, Form, and Tempo in the Fossil Record, page 166:

No one has ever tabulated the number or percentage of non-trending clades within larger monophyletic groups. The concept of a non-trending clade — the higher level analog of a species in stasis — has never been explicitly formulated at all. If only one percent of clades exhibited sustained trends, we would still focus our attention upon this tiny minority in telling our favored version of the story of life's history.

2002, Stephen Jay Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, page 1092:

A clade is made up of an ancestral species and all its descendants; think of it as that part of an evolutionary tree that would fall off with a single saw cut.

2004 September 11, Bob Holmes, Linnean naming system faces challengers, New Scientist, page 13:

(systematics) A group of animals or other organisms derived from a common ancestor species.


clade

en-verb

clade (third-person singular simple present clades, present participle clading, simple past and past participle claded)

clades (present singular third-person)
clading (participle present)
claded (participle past)
claded (past)

The phylogenetic tree for CiCBR shows it clades with the human cannabinoid receptors rather than with those other human GPCRs which most closely resemble the cannabinoid receptors.

2009, Andrew J. Brown and C. Robin Hiley, "Is GPR55 an Anandamide Receptor?" in Anandamide An Endogenous Cannabinoid (Vitamins And Hormones, Vol. 81), p. 117


genotype

/ˈdʒɛnəʊˌtaɪp/

/ˈd͡ʒɛnəˌtaɪp/

(taxonomy, obsolete) The type species of a genus; generitype.


ally

From Middle English allie, alie [and other forms], probably partly:
* from allien (verb): see etymology 1; and
* from Anglo-Norman allié, alié, alyé, allyé, Middle French allié, alié, allyé (“associate, supporter; friend; relative; person, state, etc., associated or united with another by alliance or treaty”), and Old French alliiet (“military or political ally”) (modern French allié), a noun use of the past participle of Anglo-Norman alier, allier, Middle French alier, allier, and Old French alier (verb): see etymology 1.

der

The order of Gruiformes includes cranes and their allies.

Procyonids (raccoons and their allies), a group of North American origin, are first recorded in South America in a level immediately below a unit dated at 6.0 million years.

1979, Larry G. Marshall et al., “Calibration of the Great American Interchange: A radioisotope chronology for Late Tertiary interchange of terrestrial faunas between the Americas.”, in Science, volume 204, number 4390, →DOI, pages 272–279:

Something regarded as connected with or related to another thing by similarity in features or nature.

(taxonomy) An organism which is related to another organism through common evolutionary origin; specifically, a species which is closely related to another species, usually within the same family.


description

en-noun

description (countable and uncountable, plural descriptions)

From Middle English descripcioun, from Old French description and its etymon, Latin dēscrīptiō, noun of action of dēscrībō (“I describe”).

The type description of the fungus was written by a botanist.

(taxonomy) A scientific documentation of a taxon for the purpose of introducing it to science.

kuvaus

taxonomy: scientific documentation of a taxon


describe

en-verb

describe (third-person singular simple present describes, present participle describing, simple past and past participle described)

describes (present singular third-person)
describing (participle present)
described (participle past)
described (past)

From Middle English descriven, from Old French descrivre, from Latin dēscrībō (“I copy off, transcribe, sketch off, describe in painting or writing”), from dē (“off”) + scrībō (“write”); see scribe and shrive. Displaced native Old English āmearcian.

der

The fungus was first described by a botanist.

(transitive, taxonomy) To introduce a new taxon to science by explaining its characteristics and particularly how it differs from other taxa.


keluarga

ms-noun

keluarga (Jawi spelling کلوارݢ, plural keluarga-keluarga, informal 1st possessive keluargaku, 2nd possessive keluargamu, 3rd possessive keluarganya)

کلوارݢ (Jawi)
keluarga-keluarga (plural)
keluargaku (first-person informal possessive)
keluargamu (possessive second-person)
keluarganya (possessive third-person)

> Indonesian: keluarga (inherited)

Compound of Sanskrit कुल (kula, “family; clan; lineage”) + वर्ग (varga, “class; clan; family”), probably via Javanese ꦏꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kulawarga). Compare to ꦏꦮꦸꦭꦮꦂꦒ (kawulawarga).

der

Keluarga saya bercuti ke Jepun.

(biology, taxonomy) family, organism class category ranking below order and above genus


clavis

From Latin clāvis (“a key”). Doublet of clave and clef.

There are many disadvantages in using a clavis intended for another country, which necessarily includes plants that are absent from our islands while it omits some that are present and neglects the peculiarities of our island flora.

1921, Alexander Irvine, “Short Notes: Rosa spinosissima×rubiginosa×f. cantiana, forma nova”, in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, volume 59, number 702, page 180:

(taxonomy) A key; an identification guide; a series of logically organized groups of discriminating information which aims to allow the user to correctly identify a taxon.

検索表

groups of information used for identifying a taxon


-ulus

(taxonomy) used to form genus names, especially from other genus names, indicating smaller size


vulgar

en-adj

vulgar (comparative more vulgar or vulgarer, superlative most vulgar or vulgarest)

more vulgar (comparative)
vulgarer (comparative)
most vulgar (superlative)
vulgarest (superlative)

From Middle English vulgare, from Latin vulgāris, from volgus, vulgus (“mob; common folk”), from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥k-. Compare Welsh gwala (“plenty, sufficiency”), Ancient Greek ἁλία (halía, “assembly”), εἰλέω (eiléō, “to compress”), Old Church Slavonic великъ (velikŭ, “great”).

cog

vulgar bush brown (Bicyclus vulgaris)

A vulture (V. aura), probably the Acabiry first described by Azara, is here called […] the hunter. It resembles in form the vulgar bird, but it flies high. The head is red, and the wings are black with silver lining, like the noble Bateleur of Africa.

1869, Richard Francis Burton, The Highlands of the Brazil, page 85:

(especially taxonomy) Common, usual; of the typical kind.


gent

nl-noun

gent m (plural genten, diminutive gentje n)

genten (plural)
gentje (diminutive neuter)

De genten vormen een familie in de orde der Suliformes.

The Sulidae constitute a family in the Suliformes order.


chaser

Inherited from Middle English chaser, chacer, chasour, borrowed from Old French chaceür, chaceor, from chacier (“to chase, hunt”); later senses from or influenced by chase (“pursue”) + -er. Doublet of chasseur.

преследва́ч

person or thing (ship, plane, car, etc.) who chases

(taxonomy) Any dragonfly of family Libellulidae.


svet

svẹ̑t (canonical inanimate masculine)
svẹ̑t (nominative singular)
svetȏva (dual nominative)
svetȏvi (nominative plural)
svetȃ (genitive singular)
svetóv (dual genitive)
svetóv (genitive plural)
svẹ̑tu (dative singular)
svẹ̑ti (dative singular)
svetȏvoma (dative dual)
svetȏvama (dative dual)
svetȏvom (dative plural)
svẹ̑tȏvam (dative plural)
svẹ̑t (accusative singular)
svetȏva (accusative dual)
svetȏve (accusative plural)
svẹ̑tu (locative singular)
svẹ̑ti (locative singular)
svetȏvih (dual locative)
svetȏvih (locative plural)
svẹ̑tom (instrumental singular)
svetȏvoma (dual instrumental)
svetȏvama (dual instrumental)
svetȏvi (instrumental plural)
svẹ̑t (singular vocative)
svetȏva (dual vocative)
svetȏvi (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *světъ (“light; world”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *śwaitas, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt- (“to shine”).

inh

naj človek pol sveta obteče, najboljši kruh doma se peče

rastlinski svet


Use as a multiplication sign is usually attributed to English mathematician William Oughtred.

Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora; Ursus maritimus × Ursus arctos

(taxonomy) Used in various ways to indicate hybridization between two or more different taxa.


affinity

en-noun

affinity (countable and uncountable, plural affinities)

From Middle English affinite, from Old French affinité. Ostensibly equivalent to affine + -ity.

(taxonomy) Resemblances between biological populations, suggesting that they have a common origin, type or stock.


realm

From Middle English rewme, realme, reaume, from Old French reaume, realme (“kingdom”), of unclear origins. A postulated *rēgālimen (“domain, kingdom”), Late Latin or Vulgar Latin cross of regimen with rēgālis is usually cited.

(virology, taxonomy) A taxonomic rank in the phylogeny of viruses, higher than kingdoms.


rank

rank (countable and uncountable, plural ranks)

From Middle English rank (“line, row”), from Old French ranc, rang, reng (“line, row, rank”) (Modern French rang), from Frankish *hring (“ring”), from Proto-Germanic *hringaz (“something bent or curved”).
Akin to Old High German (h)ring, Old Frisian hring, Old English hring, hrincg (“ring”), Old Norse hringr (“ring, circle, queue, sword; ship”). Doublet of ring and rink.

cog

Phylum is the taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.

(taxonomy) A level in a scientific taxonomy system.


infracohort

taxonomists have been inventing a confusing raft of ranks, such as phalanxes, infracohorts and supertribes

2004 September 11, New Scientist, page 13:

(taxonomy) One of the ranks used in classifying animal life forms; an infracohort is more specific than a subcohort and more general than a subtercohort.


PhyloCode

They want to replace it with a more rational scheme they call the PhyloCode […] Given the hostile reception PhyloCode has received so far, they have a lot of convincing to do […]

2004 September 11, New Scientist, pages 12–13:

A draft Code of formal nomenclature intended to allow naming phylogenetic groups, of all living things, rather than taxonomic groups (taxa). Officially, such names are intended to supplement scientific names rather than replace them.


supertribe

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-supertribe.wav

(taxonomy) one of the ranks used in classifying animal life forms; a supertribe is more specific than a subfamily and more general than a tribe


superior

/sʉːˈpɪə.ɹiː.ə/

From Middle English, borrowed from Old French superiour, from Latin superior (“higher, upper”).

A genus is superior to a species.


basal

en-adj

basal (comparative more basal, superlative most basal)

more basal (comparative)
most basal (superlative)

Hittite is a basal Indo-European language.

A magnolia is a basal angiosperm.

(chiefly systematics) In a phylogenetic tree, being a group, or member of a group, which diverged earlier. The earliest clade to branch in a larger clade.


emendation

en-noun

emendation (countable and uncountable, plural emendations)

/ˌɛmənˈdeɪʃən/

/ɪˌmɛnˈdeɪʃən/

From Middle English emendatioun, from Latin ēmendātiō; equivalent to emend + -ation.

The genus name Uramyia is an unjustified emendation of Uramya even though it uses a better transliteration of the Greek word μυῖα.

(zoology, taxonomy) An intentional change in the spelling of a scientific name, which is usually not allowed.


dichotomy

dichotomy (countable and uncountable, plural dichotomies)

Audio (GA)

Audio (AU)

From Ancient Greek διχοτομία (dikhotomía, “dichotomy”).

der

(biology, taxonomy) The division of a genus into two species; a division into two subordinate parts.

dikotomi

taxonomy: division into two subordinate parts


priority

en-noun

priority (countable and uncountable, plural priorities)

/pɹaɪˈɒɹɪti/

/pɹaɪˈɔɹɪti/

From Old French priorite, from Latin priōritās.
Surface analysis: prior + -ity.

Neither [Jones][…] nor I (in 1966) could conceive of reducing our "science" to the ultimate absurdity of reading Finnish newspapers almost a century and a half old in order to establish "priority."

(taxonomy, of a name) A superior claim to use by virtue of being validly published at an earlier date.


secondary

en-adj

secondary (not generally comparable, comparative more secondary, superlative most secondary)

more secondary (comparative)
most secondary (superlative)

From Middle English secundarie, from Latin secundārius (“of the second class or quality”), from secundus (whence the English second) + -ārius (whence the English suffix -ary), equivalent to second + -ary; compare the French secondaire, the Italian secondario, the Occitan secundari, the Portuguese secundario, and the Spanish secundario.

der

English numerals#Ordinal numbers
secondary

With the exception of a secondary loss in Dimecoenia, larvae of Ephydrini have prominent, ventral prolegs that bear crochets.

2016 May 27, Wayne M. Matthis, Luciane Marinoni, “Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States”, in Zootaxa, volume 4116, number 1, →DOI:

(taxonomy, not comparable) Representing a reversion to an ancestral state.


rend

head

rend (countable and uncountable, plural rendek)

rendek (plural)
rend (nominative singular)
rendek (nominative plural)
rendet (accusative singular)
rendeket (accusative plural)
rendnek (dative singular)
rendeknek (dative plural)
renddel (instrumental singular)
rendekkel (instrumental plural)
rendért (causal-final singular)
rendekért (causal-final plural)
renddé (singular translative)
rendekké (plural translative)
rendig (singular terminative)
rendekig (plural terminative)
rendként (essive-formal singular)
rendekként (essive-formal plural)
rendben (inessive singular)
rendekben (inessive plural)
renden (singular superessive)
rendeken (plural superessive)
rendnél (adessive singular)
rendeknél (adessive plural)
rendbe (illative singular)
rendekbe (illative plural)
rendre (singular sublative)
rendekre (plural sublative)
rendhez (allative singular)
rendekhez (allative plural)
rendből (elative singular)
rendekből (elative plural)
rendről (delative singular)
rendekről (delative plural)
rendtől (ablative singular)
rendektől (ablative plural)
rendé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
rendeké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
rendéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
rendekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
rendem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
rendjeim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
rended (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
rendjeid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
rendje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
rendjei (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
rendünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
rendjeink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
rendetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
rendjeitek (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
rendjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
rendjeik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

Borrowed from a Slavic language. Ultimately from Proto-Slavic *rędъ. Compare Serbo-Croatian rȇd.

(biology, taxonomy) order (a category in the classification of organisms, ranking below class and above family; a taxon at that rank)


slag

fo-noun

slag n (genitive singular slags, plural sløg)

slags (genitive singular)
sløg (plural)
slag (indefinite nominative singular)
slagið (definite nominative singular)
sløg (indefinite nominative plural)
sløgini (definite nominative plural)
slag (accusative indefinite singular)
slagið (accusative definite singular)
sløg (accusative indefinite plural)
sløgini (accusative definite plural)
slag (dative indefinite singular)
slagi (dative indefinite singular)
slagnum (dative definite singular)
slaginum (dative definite singular)
sløgum (dative indefinite plural)
sløgunum (dative definite plural)
slags (genitive indefinite singular)
slagsins (definite genitive singular)
slaga (genitive indefinite plural)
slaganna (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse slag, from Proto-Germanic *slagiz (“hit, blow”).


basionym

Arundinaria distans is the basionym of Colanthelia distans.

(botany, taxonomy) An earlier valid scientific name of a species that has since been renamed and from which the new name is partially derived.

basiònim

an earlier name of a species that has since been given a derived name


άγγελος

ángelos (romanization)
άγγελοι (plural)
άγγελος (nominative singular)
άγγελοι (nominative plural)
αγγέλου (genitive singular)
αγγέλων (genitive plural)
άγγελο (accusative singular)
αγγέλους (accusative plural)
άγγελε (singular vocative)
άγγελοι (plural vocative)

Aromanian: anghilu, anghil

Sense "angel", inherited from Hellenistic Koine Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos, “messenger”), a semantic loan from Hebrew מַלְאָךְ (mal'ach, “angel” or “messenger of God”).
Sense "messenger", learnedly, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).

αγγελοκρούω

reveive the knock, view the angel of death, frighten


lahko

lahko (nominative singular)
lahkot (nominative plural)
lahko (accusative nominative singular)
lahkot (accusative nominative plural)
lahkon (accusative genitive singular)
lahkot (accusative genitive plural)
lahkon (genitive singular)
lahkojen (genitive plural)
lahkoa (partitive singular)
lahkoja (partitive plural)
lahkossa (inessive singular)
lahkoissa (inessive plural)
lahkosta (elative singular)
lahkoista (elative plural)
lahkoon (illative singular)
lahkoihin (illative plural)
lahkolla (adessive singular)
lahkoilla (adessive plural)
lahkolta (ablative singular)
lahkoilta (ablative plural)
lahkolle (allative singular)
lahkoille (allative plural)
lahkona (essive singular)
lahkoina (essive plural)
lahkoksi (singular translative)
lahkoiksi (plural translative)
lahkotta (abessive singular)
lahkoitta (abessive plural)
lahkoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lahkoni (nominative singular)
lahkoni (nominative plural)
lahkoni (accusative nominative singular)
lahkoni (accusative nominative plural)
lahkoni (accusative genitive singular)
lahkoni (accusative genitive plural)
lahkoni (genitive singular)
lahkojeni (genitive plural)
lahkoani (partitive singular)
lahkojani (partitive plural)
lahkossani (inessive singular)
lahkoissani (inessive plural)
lahkostani (elative singular)
lahkoistani (elative plural)
lahkooni (illative singular)
lahkoihini (illative plural)
lahkollani (adessive singular)
lahkoillani (adessive plural)
lahkoltani (ablative singular)
lahkoiltani (ablative plural)
lahkolleni (allative singular)
lahkoilleni (allative plural)
lahkonani (essive singular)
lahkoinani (essive plural)
lahkokseni (singular translative)
lahkoikseni (plural translative)
lahkottani (abessive singular)
lahkoittani (abessive plural)
lahkoineni (comitative plural)
lahkosi (nominative singular)
lahkosi (nominative plural)
lahkosi (accusative nominative singular)
lahkosi (accusative nominative plural)
lahkosi (accusative genitive singular)
lahkosi (accusative genitive plural)
lahkosi (genitive singular)
lahkojesi (genitive plural)
lahkoasi (partitive singular)
lahkojasi (partitive plural)
lahkossasi (inessive singular)
lahkoissasi (inessive plural)
lahkostasi (elative singular)
lahkoistasi (elative plural)
lahkoosi (illative singular)
lahkoihisi (illative plural)
lahkollasi (adessive singular)
lahkoillasi (adessive plural)
lahkoltasi (ablative singular)
lahkoiltasi (ablative plural)
lahkollesi (allative singular)
lahkoillesi (allative plural)
lahkonasi (essive singular)
lahkoinasi (essive plural)
lahkoksesi (singular translative)
lahkoiksesi (plural translative)
lahkottasi (abessive singular)
lahkoittasi (abessive plural)
lahkoinesi (comitative plural)
lahkomme (nominative singular)
lahkomme (nominative plural)
lahkomme (accusative nominative singular)
lahkomme (accusative nominative plural)
lahkomme (accusative genitive singular)
lahkomme (accusative genitive plural)
lahkomme (genitive singular)
lahkojemme (genitive plural)
lahkoamme (partitive singular)
lahkojamme (partitive plural)
lahkossamme (inessive singular)
lahkoissamme (inessive plural)
lahkostamme (elative singular)
lahkoistamme (elative plural)
lahkoomme (illative singular)
lahkoihimme (illative plural)
lahkollamme (adessive singular)
lahkoillamme (adessive plural)
lahkoltamme (ablative singular)
lahkoiltamme (ablative plural)
lahkollemme (allative singular)
lahkoillemme (allative plural)
lahkonamme (essive singular)
lahkoinamme (essive plural)
lahkoksemme (singular translative)
lahkoiksemme (plural translative)
lahkottamme (abessive singular)
lahkoittamme (abessive plural)
lahkoinemme (comitative plural)
lahkonne (nominative singular)
lahkonne (nominative plural)
lahkonne (accusative nominative singular)
lahkonne (accusative nominative plural)
lahkonne (accusative genitive singular)
lahkonne (accusative genitive plural)
lahkonne (genitive singular)
lahkojenne (genitive plural)
lahkoanne (partitive singular)
lahkojanne (partitive plural)
lahkossanne (inessive singular)
lahkoissanne (inessive plural)
lahkostanne (elative singular)
lahkoistanne (elative plural)
lahkoonne (illative singular)
lahkoihinne (illative plural)
lahkollanne (adessive singular)
lahkoillanne (adessive plural)
lahkoltanne (ablative singular)
lahkoiltanne (ablative plural)
lahkollenne (allative singular)
lahkoillenne (allative plural)
lahkonanne (essive singular)
lahkoinanne (essive plural)
lahkoksenne (singular translative)
lahkoiksenne (plural translative)
lahkottanne (abessive singular)
lahkoittanne (abessive plural)
lahkoinenne (comitative plural)
lahkonsa (nominative singular)
lahkonsa (nominative plural)
lahkonsa (accusative nominative singular)
lahkonsa (accusative nominative plural)
lahkonsa (accusative genitive singular)
lahkonsa (accusative genitive plural)
lahkonsa (genitive singular)
lahkojensa (genitive plural)
lahkoaan (partitive singular)
lahkoansa (partitive singular)
lahkojaan (partitive plural)
lahkojansa (partitive plural)
lahkossaan (inessive singular)
lahkossansa (inessive singular)
lahkoissaan (inessive plural)
lahkoissansa (inessive plural)
lahkostaan (elative singular)
lahkostansa (elative singular)
lahkoistaan (elative plural)
lahkoistansa (elative plural)
lahkoonsa (illative singular)
lahkoihinsa (illative plural)
lahkollaan (adessive singular)
lahkollansa (adessive singular)
lahkoillaan (adessive plural)
lahkoillansa (adessive plural)
lahkoltaan (ablative singular)
lahkoltansa (ablative singular)
lahkoiltaan (ablative plural)
lahkoiltansa (ablative plural)
lahkolleen (allative singular)
lahkollensa (allative singular)
lahkoilleen (allative plural)
lahkoillensa (allative plural)
lahkonaan (essive singular)
lahkonansa (essive singular)
lahkoinaan (essive plural)
lahkoinansa (essive plural)
lahkokseen (singular translative)
lahkoksensa (singular translative)
lahkoikseen (plural translative)
lahkoiksensa (plural translative)
lahkottaan (abessive singular)
lahkottansa (abessive singular)
lahkoittaan (abessive plural)
lahkoittansa (abessive plural)
lahkoineen (comitative plural)
lahkoinensa (comitative plural)

From an obsolete sense of the word, which means a combine of peasants who jointly own a resource, such as a pasture, workhorse or mill. Now similar combines are organized as osuuskunta (“cooperative”).
The ultimate origin is disputed; it could be a loan from Old Swedish lagh (compare Swedish lag (“a workgroup, a team”)) or alternatively related to Estonian lahk, Livonian lō’gõ, Veps lahk, Votic lahk, suggesting Proto-Finnic *lahko, probably borrowed either from Proto-Germanic *slagiz or Proto-Germanic *slahō.


legion

Attested (in Middle English, as legioun) around 1200, from Old French legion, from Latin legiō, legionem, from legō (“to gather, collect”); akin to legend, lecture. Doublet of León, which was borrowed from Spanish.
Generalized sense of “a large number” is due to an allusive phrase in Mark 5:9, "my name is Legion: for we are many" (KJV).

(dated, taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class; in scientific classification, a term occasionally used to express an assemblage of objects intermediate between an order and a class.


specie

Borrowed from Latin speciēs. Doublet of spezie.


Familie

de-noun

Familie f (genitive Familie, plural Familien)

Familie (genitive)
Familien (plural)
Familie (nominative singular)
Familien (definite nominative plural)
Familie (genitive singular)
Familien (definite genitive plural)
Familie (dative singular)
Familien (dative definite plural)
Familie (accusative singular)
Familien (accusative definite plural)

→ Danish: familie

→ Kashubian: familëjô

→ Latvian: famīlija

→ Lower Sorbian: familija

→ Norwegian Bokmål: familie

→ Russian: фами́лия (famílija)


variety

en-noun

variety (countable and uncountable, plural varieties)

From Middle French varieté (“variety”) (modern French variété (“variety; genre, type”)) or directly from its etymon Latin varietās (“difference; diversity, variety”) + English -ty (suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives). Varietās is derived from varius (“different, diverse, various; variegated”) (possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to abandon; to give out; to leave”)) + -tās (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns indicating a state of being). The English word displaced the native Old English mislīcnes.
Sense 1.3.2 (“total number of distinct states of a system; logarithm to the base 2 of the total number of distinct states of a system”) was coined by the English psychiatrist William Ross Ashby (1903–1972) in his work An Introduction to Cybernetics (1956).
cognates
* Galician variedade (“variety”)
* Italian varietà (“difference; variety”)
* Portuguese variedade (“variety”)
* Spanish variedad (“breed; variety”)

der

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum is a variety of Capsicum annuum commonly known as chiltepin or Indian pepper.

(biology, loosely) An animal or plant (or a group of such animals or plants) with characteristics causing it to differ from other animals or plants of the same species; a strain or cultivar.

(botany, taxonomy) A rank in a taxonomic classification below species and (if present) subspecies, and above form; hence, an organism of that rank.


oda

(biology, taxonomy) order (category in the classification of organisms)


grade

→ Japanese: グレード (gurēdo)

→ Swahili: gredi

Borrowed from Middle French grade (“a grade, degree”), from Latin gradus (“a step, pace, degree”), from Proto-Italic *graðus, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰradʰ-, *gʰredʰ- (“to walk, go”). Doublet of gradus.
Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌹𐌸𐍃 (griþs, “step, grade”), Bavarian Gritt (“step, stride”), Lithuanian grìdiju (“to go, wander”).

(systematics) A taxon united by a level of morphological or physiological complexity that is not a clade.


specific

en-adj

specific (comparative more specific, superlative most specific)

more specific (comparative)
most specific (superlative)

From Old French specifique, from Late Latin specificus (“specific, particular”), from Latin speciēs (“kind”) + faciō (“make”).

der

Holonyms: generic, familial

Meronyms: infrasubspecific, < infraspecific, subspecific

Science and literature, then, are the two achievements of Homo sapiens that most convincingly justify the specific name.

2008, Richard Dawkins, The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, Oxford, published 2009, page 3:

(bioscience, taxonomy) pertaining to a species, as a taxon or taxa at the rank of species.

específic

pertaining to a taxon at the rank of species


aile

head

aile (definite accusative aileyi, plural aileler)

aileyi (accusative definite)
aileler (plural)
aile (nominative singular)
aileler (nominative plural)
aileyi (accusative definite singular)
aileleri (accusative definite plural)
aileye (dative singular)
ailelere (dative plural)
ailede (locative singular)
ailelerde (locative plural)
aileden (ablative singular)
ailelerden (ablative plural)
ailenin (genitive singular)
ailelerin (genitive plural)
ailem (first-person nominative singular)
ailelerim (first-person nominative singular)
ailen (nominative second-person singular)
ailelerin (nominative second-person singular)
ailesi (nominative singular third-person)
aileleri (nominative singular third-person)
ailemiz (first-person nominative plural)
ailelerimiz (first-person nominative plural)
aileniz (nominative plural second-person)
aileleriniz (nominative plural second-person)
aileleri (nominative plural third-person)
ailemi (accusative definite first-person singular)
ailelerimi (accusative definite first-person singular)
aileni (accusative definite second-person singular)
ailelerini (accusative definite second-person singular)
ailesini (accusative definite singular third-person)
ailelerini (accusative definite singular third-person)
ailemizi (accusative definite first-person plural)
ailelerimizi (accusative definite first-person plural)
ailenizi (accusative definite plural second-person)
ailelerinizi (accusative definite plural second-person)
ailelerini (accusative definite plural third-person)
aileme (dative first-person singular)
ailelerime (dative first-person singular)
ailene (dative second-person singular)
ailelerine (dative second-person singular)
ailesine (dative singular third-person)
ailelerine (dative singular third-person)
ailemize (dative first-person plural)
ailelerimize (dative first-person plural)
ailenize (dative plural second-person)
ailelerinize (dative plural second-person)
ailelerine (dative plural third-person)
ailemde (first-person locative singular)
ailelerimde (first-person locative singular)
ailende (locative second-person singular)
ailelerinde (locative second-person singular)
ailesinde (locative singular third-person)
ailelerinde (locative singular third-person)
ailemizde (first-person locative plural)
ailelerimizde (first-person locative plural)
ailenizde (locative plural second-person)
ailelerinizde (locative plural second-person)
ailelerinde (locative plural third-person)
ailemden (ablative first-person singular)
ailelerimden (ablative first-person singular)
ailenden (ablative second-person singular)
ailelerinden (ablative second-person singular)
ailesinden (ablative singular third-person)
ailelerinden (ablative singular third-person)
ailemizden (ablative first-person plural)
ailelerimizden (ablative first-person plural)
ailenizden (ablative plural second-person)
ailelerinizden (ablative plural second-person)
ailelerinden (ablative plural third-person)
ailemin (first-person genitive singular)
ailelerimin (first-person genitive singular)
ailenin (genitive second-person singular)
ailelerinin (genitive second-person singular)
ailesinin (genitive singular third-person)
ailelerinin (genitive singular third-person)
ailemizin (first-person genitive plural)
ailelerimizin (first-person genitive plural)
ailenizin (genitive plural second-person)
ailelerinizin (genitive plural second-person)
ailelerinin (genitive plural third-person)

From Ottoman Turkish عائله ('aile), from Arabic عائِلَة (ʕāʔila).


derived

(systematics) Of, or pertaining to, conditions unique to the descendant species of a clade, and not found in earlier ancestral species.

(comparable, archaic, taxonomy) Possessing features believed to be more advanced or improved than those other organisms.


nominal

→ Afrikaans: nominaal

From the Middle English nominalle (“of nouns”), borrowed from Latin nōminālis (“of names”), from nōmen (“name”).

Since then, a good deal of research has documented and concluded that the nominal species A. fraterculus actually comprises an unresolved complex of cryptic species.

2015 November 26, Mosè Manni et al., “Relevant genetic differentiation among Brazilian populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera, Tephritidae)”, in ZooKeys, volume 540, →DOI:

(taxonomy) Of a species, the species name without consideration of whether it is a junior synonym or in reality consists of more than one biological species.


epithet

From Middle French épithète, from Latin epithetum, epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton, “epithet, adjective”), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “additional”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi, “to add on”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “in addition”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”) (suf. possibly related to title in the sense of "ascribed appellation") (from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, to do”)).

der

(taxonomy) A word in the scientific name of a taxon following the name of the genus or species. This applies only to formal names of plants, fungi and bacteria. In formal names of animals the corresponding term is the specific name.


typical

en-adj

typical (comparative more typical, superlative most typical)

more typical (comparative)
most typical (superlative)

From Late Latin typicalis, from Latin typicus (“typical”), from Ancient Greek τυπικός (tupikós, “of or pertaining to a type, conformable, typical”), from τύπος (túpos, “mark, impression, type”), equivalent to typic + -al and type + -ical.

der

Celticecis species are definitely known only from the typical subgenus of Celtis, distributed through much of the Holarctic Region.

2013 September 9, Raymond G. Gagné, John C. Moser, “The North American gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of hackberries (Cannabaceae: Celtis spp.)”, in Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, volume 49:

(taxonomy) Of a lower taxon, containing the type of the higher taxon.


-us

(taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.


binomial name

(taxonomy) A scientific name at the rank of species, with two terms: a generic name and a specific name.

kaksiosainen nimi

a scientific name at the rank of species


binomial nomenclature

(taxonomy) The scientific system of naming each species of organism with a Latinized name in two parts; the first is the genus, and is written with an initial capital letter; the second is some specific epithet that distinguishes the species within the genus. By convention, the whole name is typeset in italics. The genus part is often abbreviated to its initial letter e.g. H. sapiens for Homo sapiens

ระบบการเรียกชื่อสิ่งมีชีวิตแบบทวินาม

rábòp gaan rîak chêu sìng mee cheewít bàep táwí naam


subfamily

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-subfamily.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category ranking between a family and a genus; formerly called a tribe.


subphylum

en-noun

subphylum (plural subphylums or subphyla)

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below phylum and above class


subkingdom

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below kingdom and above superphylum.


superphylum

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superphylum.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category above phylum and below subkingdom


superfamily

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superfamily.wav

There is no reason to deny a natural sequence or to split off genera only to have to attempt later to re-insert them into the whole by means of subordos and superfamilies.

1967, Zoologische Verhandelingen, page 32:

The genus Saipanetta has been suggested to be a surviving relict of the metacopidan superfamily Healdiacea because of its muscle scar pattern and narrow duplicature; nevertheless, it differs from the Metacopida in its more complex hingement, lack of a distinct contact groove, exaggerated domiciliar asymmetry, and lack of posterior ridges or angulations.

1978, Philip D. Gingerich, New Condylarthra (Mammalia) from the Paleocene and Early Eocene of North America, page 289:

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category above family and below order (and its subdivisions).


taxon

taxon (plural taxa or (proscribed) taxons)

taxa (plural)
taxons (plural proscribed)

(taxonomy) A group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.


taxon

An internationalism, representing a back-formation from taxonomie.


taxon

taxoni (plural)
taxon (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
taxonul (accusative definite nominative singular)
taxoni (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
taxonii (accusative definite nominative plural)
taxon (indefinite singular)
taxonului (definite singular)
taxoni (indefinite plural)
taxonilor (definite plural)
taxonule (singular vocative)
taxonilor (plural vocative)


subspecies

I believe it [the trilobite Calymene blumenbachii] has been divided into several forms, which cannot claim more than the rank of subspecies, as they pass by slight gradations into forms which no author has yet thought it right to separate from the type species.

1866, A[ndrew] C[rombie] Ramsay, “Trilobita”, in The Geology of North Wales (Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and of the Museum of Practical Geology; [III]), London: Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office; published by Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, →OCLC, page 325:

(taxonomy) A rank in the classification of organisms, below species.

көрүҥ үөдүҥэ

körüñ üödüñe

But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true chiquera; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species.

1851, [Johann Jakob] Kaup, “Descriptions of Some New Birds in the Museum of the Earl of Derby”, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, part XIX, London: Printed for the Society; sold at their house in Hanover Square, and by Messrs. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster Row, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 42:

(taxonomy) A taxon at that rank, often indicated with trinomial nomenclature (such as Felis silvestris silvestris in zoology and Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii in botany).


suborder

→ Dutch: suborde

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below order and above infraorder.


superorder

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-superorder.wav

(taxonomy) A taxonomic category below subclass and above order.


infraclass

(taxonomy) A zoological classification sometimes inserted below subclass and above subterclass (rarely used) and superorder.


forma

id-noun

forma (first-person possessive formaku, second-person possessive formamu, third-person possessive formanya)

formaku (first-person possessive)
formamu (possessive second-person)
formanya (possessive third-person)

Learned borrowing from Latin fōrma (“form”).

lbor

(biology, taxonomy) form: an infraspecific rank.


trivial

en-adj

trivial (comparative more trivial, superlative most trivial)

more trivial (comparative)
most trivial (superlative)

PIE word
 *tréyes
* From Latin triviālis (“appropriate to the street-corner, commonplace, vulgar”), from trivium (“place where three roads meet”). Compare trivium, trivia.
* From the distinction between trivium (“the lower division of the liberal arts; grammar, logic and rhetoric”) and quadrivium (“the higher division of the seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages, composed of geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, and music”).

трывія́льны

(mathematics) of being the simplest possible case

(taxonomy) Relating to or designating the name of a species; specific as opposed to generic.

druhový

(biology) relating to, or designating a species


PCV

porcine circovirus
porcine circovirus#English

(virology, taxonomy) porcine circovirus: A taxonomic species within the genus Circovirus.


regno

eo-head

regno (accusative singular regnon, plural regnoj, accusative plural regnojn)

regnon (accusative singular)
regnoj (plural)
regnojn (accusative plural)

Derived from Latin rēgnum, related to rēx (“king”).

La animala regno estas dividita en vertebrulojn kaj senvertebrulojn.

The animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.


heterospecific

en-adj

heterospecific (comparative more heterospecific, superlative most heterospecific)

more heterospecific (comparative)
most heterospecific (superlative)

(systematics) Of or belonging to a different species.


famiglia

it-noun

famiglia f (plural famiglie, diminutive famigliòla or (literary) famigliuòla or (rare) famiglìna, augmentative famiglióna, pejorative famigliàccia, endearing-derogatory famigliùccia)

famiglie (plural)
famigliòla (diminutive)
famigliuòla (diminutive literary)
famiglìna (diminutive rare)
famiglióna (augmentative)
famigliàccia (pejorative)

→ Cimbrian: famildja

→ Maltese: familja

→ Mòcheno: familia

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: فاملیا
Turkish: familya
→ Armenian: ֆամիլյա (familya)

Inherited from Latin familia (“servants, domestic staff, household”).

inh

vino da famiglia

wine of inferior quality (literally, “wine for the servants”)


espèce

Borrowed from Latin speciēs. Doublet of épice, an older borrowing.


Gattung

de-noun

Gattung f (genitive Gattung, plural Gattungen)

Gattung (genitive)
Gattungen (plural)
Gattung (nominative singular)
Gattungen (definite nominative plural)
Gattung (genitive singular)
Gattungen (definite genitive plural)
Gattung (dative singular)
Gattungen (dative definite plural)
Gattung (accusative singular)
Gattungen (accusative definite plural)

desctree

→ Polish: gatunek
→ Belarusian: гату́нак (hatúnak)
→ Kashubian: gatënk
→ Ukrainian: ґату́нок (gatúnok)

→ Silesian: gatōnek

From Middle High German gatunge, from gaten (“to come together, to fit”), from Old High German (bi)gaton, from Proto-West Germanic *gadōn. Cognate with Dutch gading (“satisfaction”).


ordo

Borrowed from Latin ōrdō. Doublet of order.

(biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below classis and above familia.


rike

rike (indefinite nominative singular)
rikes (genitive indefinite singular)
riket (definite nominative singular)
rikets (definite genitive singular)
riken (indefinite nominative plural)
rikens (genitive indefinite plural)
rikena (definite nominative plural)
rikenas (definite genitive plural)

From Old Norse ríki, from Proto-Germanic *rīkiją, from Proto-Germanic *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs. Cognate with Dutch rijk and German Reich.

(taxonomy) a kingdom (animal, plant) of biological classification


genealogical

en-adj

genealogical (comparative more genealogical, superlative most genealogical)

more genealogical (comparative)
most genealogical (superlative)

Borrowed from French généalogique + -al.
*
 Audio (Southern England): (file)

(systematics) Of the relationships among individuals within a species.


ordre

→ Danish: ordre

→ Norwegian Bokmål: ordre

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: ordre

Inherited from Old French ordre, ordene, borrowed from Latin ōrdinem (accusative of ōrdo). Doublet of the inherited orne, now a regional term with a specialized agricultural sense.

c’est de l’ordre des siréniens


Ah

Aetokthonos hydrillicola
Aetokthonos hydrillicola#Translingual

(taxonomy) Abbreviation of Aetokthonos hydrillicola.


Art

Art (genitive)
Arten (plural)
Art (nominative singular)
Arten (definite nominative plural)
Art (genitive singular)
Arten (definite genitive plural)
Art (dative singular)
Arten (dative definite plural)
Art (accusative singular)
Arten (accusative definite plural)

→ Kashubian: ôrt

→ Slovincian: ort

From Middle High German art, from Old High German *art, from Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz.


familie

head

familie c (singular definite familien, plural indefinite familier)

familien (definite singular)
familier (indefinite plural)
familie (indefinite nominative singular)
familien (definite nominative singular)
familier (indefinite nominative plural)
familierne (definite nominative plural)
families (genitive indefinite singular)
familiens (definite genitive singular)
familiers (genitive indefinite plural)
familiernes (definite genitive plural)

→ Faroese: familja

Borrowed via German Familie from Latin familia (“family, household”), derived from famulus (“servant, slave”).

(taxonomy) family (rank in a taxonomic classification, above both genus and species; taxon at this rank)


familie

Afrikaans: familie

Berbice Creole Dutch: famili

Negerhollands: familie, famili

Petjo: fermilie

→ Indonesian: famili

→ Sranan Tongo: famiri

desc

→ Caribbean Javanese: famiri, pamili, pamiri

→ Saramaccan: famíí


sensu lato

From Latin sēnsū lātō (“in the broad sense”).

The circumscription of the family Malvaceae in the APG II system is much broader than previously accepted. The family in its wider circumscription can be indicated as Malvaceae sensu lato.


orden

head

orden c (singular definite ordenen or (unofficial) ordnen, plural indefinite ordener or ordner)

ordenen (definite singular)
ordnen (colloquial definite singular)
ordener (indefinite plural)
ordner (indefinite plural)
orden (indefinite nominative singular)
ordenen (definite nominative singular)
ordnen (colloquial definite nominative singular)
ordener (indefinite nominative plural)
ordner (indefinite nominative plural)
ordenerne (definite nominative plural)
ordnerne (definite nominative plural)
ordens (genitive indefinite singular)
ordenens (definite genitive singular)
ordnens (colloquial definite genitive singular)
ordeners (genitive indefinite plural)
ordners (genitive indefinite plural)
ordenernes (definite genitive plural)
ordnernes (definite genitive plural)

From Middle Low German orden, from Latin ōrdō (“order, rank”). Doublet of ordre.

(taxonomy) order (taxonomical classification)


orden

Semi-learned term derived from Latin ōrdinem. Cognate with English order.


systematic

en-adj

systematic (comparative more systematic, superlative most systematic)

more systematic (comparative)
most systematic (superlative)

Borrowed from Late Latin systēmaticus, from Koine Greek συστηματικός (sustēmatikós), from σύστημᾰ (sústēma, “a composite; system”) + -ῐκός (-ikós, adjective suffix). Cognate with French systématique and Italian sistematico. By surface analysis, system + -atic.

der

συστηματικός

suffix

(taxonomy) Of or relating to taxonomic classification.

sistemàtic

of, or relating to taxonomic classification


पर

para (romanization)
परम् (nominative singular)
परे (dual nominative)
पराणि (nominative plural)
परा1 (nominative plural)
पर (singular vocative)
परे (dual vocative)
पराणि (plural vocative)
परा1 (plural vocative)
परम् (accusative singular)
परे (accusative dual)
पराणि (accusative plural)
परा1 (accusative plural)
परेण (instrumental singular)
पराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
परैः (instrumental plural)
परेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
पराय (dative singular)
पराभ्याम् (dative dual)
परेभ्यः (dative plural)
परात् (ablative singular)
पराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
परेभ्यः (ablative plural)
परस्य (genitive singular)
परयोः (dual genitive)
पराणाम् (genitive plural)
परे (locative singular)
परयोः (dual locative)
परेषु (locative plural)

Pali: para

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀭𑀁 (paraṃ) (< páram)

Hindustani:

Hindi: पर (par)

Urdu: پَر (par)

From Proto-Indo-European *péro-. Compare Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), Ancient Greek πέρᾱ (pérā).


phylogenetics

Thereupon he went to Leipzig, and during the winter of 1880–81 and the following summer semester studied comparative anatomy with Leuckart, geology with Credner, and phylogenetics with Carus.

c. 1899, William Morton Wheeler, “George Baur’s Life and Writings”, in The American Naturalist, volume 33, page 16:

An especially concise introduction to molecular phylogenetics is provided by Hillis et al. (1993).
The danger of generating incorrect results is inherently greater in computational phylogenetics than in many other fields of science.

2005, Stephen Bryant, Gerard Bouffard, Bioinformatics, Wiley, page 366:

A difficult task was to review the development of the many new packages contributing to phylogenetics and evolutionary biology.

2011, Emmanuel Paradis, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, Springer, page vii:

(biology, systematics) The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms, through computational methods that focus on observed heritable traits.


phylogeny

en-noun

phylogeny (countable and uncountable, plural phylogenies)

Borrowed from German Phylogenie, coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866, a neologism created as if borrowed from a Classic Greek word φυλογένεια (phulogéneia), composed from Ancient Greek φῦλον (phûlon, “tribe, genus, species”) + Ancient Greek -γένεια (-géneia, “-geny (generation, production)”).

der

It was a bestiary more than a hundred years old, its entries organised by a quaintly outdated phylogeny and illustrated with hand-tinted plates.

2022, Paul McAuley, Beyond the Burn Line, Gollancz, page 43:

(systematics) The evolutionary history of groups of organisms, such as species or clades.

(systematics, informal) A phylogenetic diagram.


род

be-noun

род • (rod) m inan (genitive ро́ду, nominative plural ро́ды, genitive plural ро́даў)

rod (romanization)
ро́ду (genitive)
ро́ды (nominative plural)
ро́даў (genitive plural)
род (nominative singular)
ро́ды (nominative plural)
ро́ду (genitive singular)
ро́даў (genitive plural)
ро́ду (dative singular)
ро́дам (dative plural)
род (accusative singular)
ро́ды (accusative plural)
ро́дам (instrumental singular)
ро́дамі (instrumental plural)
ро́дзе (locative singular)
ро́дах (locative plural)
ро́ды (count-form plural)

From Old Ruthenian родъ (rod), from Old East Slavic родъ (rodŭ), from Proto-Slavic *rodъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás.


род

rod (romanization)
род (indefinite singular)
ро́дове (indefinite plural)
родове́ (indefinite plural)
родъ́т (definite singular subjective)
ро́довете (definite plural subjective)
родове́те (definite plural subjective)
рода́ (definite objective singular)
ро́довете (definite objective plural)
родове́те (definite objective plural)
ро́да (count-form plural)
ро́де (singular vocative)
ро́дове (plural vocative)
родове́ (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *rodъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás.


род

ru-noun+

род • (rod) m inan (genitive ро́да, nominative plural рода́, genitive plural родо́в)

rod (romanization)
ро́да (genitive)
рода́ (nominative plural)
родо́в (genitive plural)
ро́д (nominative singular)
рода́ (irregular nominative plural)
ро́да (genitive singular)
родо́в (genitive plural)
ро́ду (dative singular)
рода́м (dative plural)
ро́д (accusative singular)
рода́ (accusative irregular plural)
ро́дом (instrumental singular)
рода́ми (instrumental plural)
ро́де (prepositional singular)
рода́х (plural prepositional)

from Old East Slavic родъ (rodŭ), from Proto-Slavic *rodъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *radás. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root”), whence English root. Cognates include Latvian rads, Ukrainian рід (rid) and Polish ród amongst others.


suku

suku (nominative singular)
suvut (nominative plural)
suku (accusative nominative singular)
suvut (accusative nominative plural)
suvun (accusative genitive singular)
suvut (accusative genitive plural)
suvun (genitive singular)
sukujen (genitive plural)
sukua (partitive singular)
sukuja (partitive plural)
suvussa (inessive singular)
suvuissa (inessive plural)
suvusta (elative singular)
suvuista (elative plural)
sukuun (illative singular)
sukuihin (illative plural)
suvulla (adessive singular)
suvuilla (adessive plural)
suvulta (ablative singular)
suvuilta (ablative plural)
suvulle (allative singular)
suvuille (allative plural)
sukuna (essive singular)
sukuina (essive plural)
suvuksi (singular translative)
suvuiksi (plural translative)
suvutta (abessive singular)
suvuitta (abessive plural)
suvuin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
sukuni (nominative singular)
sukuni (nominative plural)
sukuni (accusative nominative singular)
sukuni (accusative nominative plural)
sukuni (accusative genitive singular)
sukuni (accusative genitive plural)
sukuni (genitive singular)
sukujeni (genitive plural)
sukuani (partitive singular)
sukujani (partitive plural)
suvussani (inessive singular)
suvuissani (inessive plural)
suvustani (elative singular)
suvuistani (elative plural)
sukuuni (illative singular)
sukuihini (illative plural)
suvullani (adessive singular)
suvuillani (adessive plural)
suvultani (ablative singular)
suvuiltani (ablative plural)
suvulleni (allative singular)
suvuilleni (allative plural)
sukunani (essive singular)
sukuinani (essive plural)
suvukseni (singular translative)
suvuikseni (plural translative)
suvuttani (abessive singular)
suvuittani (abessive plural)
sukuineni (comitative plural)
sukusi (nominative singular)
sukusi (nominative plural)
sukusi (accusative nominative singular)
sukusi (accusative nominative plural)
sukusi (accusative genitive singular)
sukusi (accusative genitive plural)
sukusi (genitive singular)
sukujesi (genitive plural)
sukuasi (partitive singular)
sukujasi (partitive plural)
suvussasi (inessive singular)
suvuissasi (inessive plural)
suvustasi (elative singular)
suvuistasi (elative plural)
sukuusi (illative singular)
sukuihisi (illative plural)
suvullasi (adessive singular)
suvuillasi (adessive plural)
suvultasi (ablative singular)
suvuiltasi (ablative plural)
suvullesi (allative singular)
suvuillesi (allative plural)
sukunasi (essive singular)
sukuinasi (essive plural)
suvuksesi (singular translative)
suvuiksesi (plural translative)
suvuttasi (abessive singular)
suvuittasi (abessive plural)
sukuinesi (comitative plural)
sukumme (nominative singular)
sukumme (nominative plural)
sukumme (accusative nominative singular)
sukumme (accusative nominative plural)
sukumme (accusative genitive singular)
sukumme (accusative genitive plural)
sukumme (genitive singular)
sukujemme (genitive plural)
sukuamme (partitive singular)
sukujamme (partitive plural)
suvussamme (inessive singular)
suvuissamme (inessive plural)
suvustamme (elative singular)
suvuistamme (elative plural)
sukuumme (illative singular)
sukuihimme (illative plural)
suvullamme (adessive singular)
suvuillamme (adessive plural)
suvultamme (ablative singular)
suvuiltamme (ablative plural)
suvullemme (allative singular)
suvuillemme (allative plural)
sukunamme (essive singular)
sukuinamme (essive plural)
suvuksemme (singular translative)
suvuiksemme (plural translative)
suvuttamme (abessive singular)
suvuittamme (abessive plural)
sukuinemme (comitative plural)
sukunne (nominative singular)
sukunne (nominative plural)
sukunne (accusative nominative singular)
sukunne (accusative nominative plural)
sukunne (accusative genitive singular)
sukunne (accusative genitive plural)
sukunne (genitive singular)
sukujenne (genitive plural)
sukuanne (partitive singular)
sukujanne (partitive plural)
suvussanne (inessive singular)
suvuissanne (inessive plural)
suvustanne (elative singular)
suvuistanne (elative plural)
sukuunne (illative singular)
sukuihinne (illative plural)
suvullanne (adessive singular)
suvuillanne (adessive plural)
suvultanne (ablative singular)
suvuiltanne (ablative plural)
suvullenne (allative singular)
suvuillenne (allative plural)
sukunanne (essive singular)
sukuinanne (essive plural)
suvuksenne (singular translative)
suvuiksenne (plural translative)
suvuttanne (abessive singular)
suvuittanne (abessive plural)
sukuinenne (comitative plural)
sukunsa (nominative singular)
sukunsa (nominative plural)
sukunsa (accusative nominative singular)
sukunsa (accusative nominative plural)
sukunsa (accusative genitive singular)
sukunsa (accusative genitive plural)
sukunsa (genitive singular)
sukujensa (genitive plural)
sukuaan (partitive singular)
sukuansa (partitive singular)
sukujaan (partitive plural)
sukujansa (partitive plural)
suvussaan (inessive singular)
suvussansa (inessive singular)
suvuissaan (inessive plural)
suvuissansa (inessive plural)
suvustaan (elative singular)
suvustansa (elative singular)
suvuistaan (elative plural)
suvuistansa (elative plural)
sukuunsa (illative singular)
sukuihinsa (illative plural)
suvullaan (adessive singular)
suvullansa (adessive singular)
suvuillaan (adessive plural)
suvuillansa (adessive plural)
suvultaan (ablative singular)
suvultansa (ablative singular)
suvuiltaan (ablative plural)
suvuiltansa (ablative plural)
suvulleen (allative singular)
suvullensa (allative singular)
suvuilleen (allative plural)
suvuillensa (allative plural)
sukunaan (essive singular)
sukunansa (essive singular)
sukuinaan (essive plural)
sukuinansa (essive plural)
suvukseen (singular translative)
suvuksensa (singular translative)
suvuikseen (plural translative)
suvuiksensa (plural translative)
suvuttaan (abessive singular)
suvuttansa (abessive singular)
suvuittaan (abessive plural)
suvuittansa (abessive plural)
sukuineen (comitative plural)
sukuinensa (comitative plural)


suku

id-noun

suku (plural suku-suku, first-person possessive sukuku, second-person possessive sukumu, third-person possessive sukunya)

suku-suku (plural)
sukuku (first-person possessive)
sukumu (possessive second-person)
sukunya (possessive third-person)

From Malay suku, ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *suku (“one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage”).
* The sense “clan” is a semantic loan from Minangkabau suku.
* The sense “footer” is a semantic loan from English footer.
* Displaced Dutch term (“term”) by Komisi Bahasa Indonesia as published on Kanpō/Berita Pemerintah No.38 Year III Month 3 (2604) in 1944.

inh

(biology, taxonomy) family: a category in the classification of organisms, ranking below order and above genus; a taxon at that rank.


lokki

lokki (nominative singular)
lokit (nominative plural)
lokki (accusative nominative singular)
lokit (accusative nominative plural)
lokin (accusative genitive singular)
lokit (accusative genitive plural)
lokin (genitive singular)
lokkien (genitive plural)
lokkia (partitive singular)
lokkeja (partitive plural)
lokissa (inessive singular)
lokeissa (inessive plural)
lokista (elative singular)
lokeista (elative plural)
lokkiin (illative singular)
lokkeihin (illative plural)
lokilla (adessive singular)
lokeilla (adessive plural)
lokilta (ablative singular)
lokeilta (ablative plural)
lokille (allative singular)
lokeille (allative plural)
lokkina (essive singular)
lokkeina (essive plural)
lokiksi (singular translative)
lokeiksi (plural translative)
lokitta (abessive singular)
lokeitta (abessive plural)
lokein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
lokkini (nominative singular)
lokkini (nominative plural)
lokkini (accusative nominative singular)
lokkini (accusative nominative plural)
lokkini (accusative genitive singular)
lokkini (accusative genitive plural)
lokkini (genitive singular)
lokkieni (genitive plural)
lokkiani (partitive singular)
lokkejani (partitive plural)
lokissani (inessive singular)
lokeissani (inessive plural)
lokistani (elative singular)
lokeistani (elative plural)
lokkiini (illative singular)
lokkeihini (illative plural)
lokillani (adessive singular)
lokeillani (adessive plural)
lokiltani (ablative singular)
lokeiltani (ablative plural)
lokilleni (allative singular)
lokeilleni (allative plural)
lokkinani (essive singular)
lokkeinani (essive plural)
lokikseni (singular translative)
lokeikseni (plural translative)
lokittani (abessive singular)
lokeittani (abessive plural)
lokkeineni (comitative plural)
lokkisi (nominative singular)
lokkisi (nominative plural)
lokkisi (accusative nominative singular)
lokkisi (accusative nominative plural)
lokkisi (accusative genitive singular)
lokkisi (accusative genitive plural)
lokkisi (genitive singular)
lokkiesi (genitive plural)
lokkiasi (partitive singular)
lokkejasi (partitive plural)
lokissasi (inessive singular)
lokeissasi (inessive plural)
lokistasi (elative singular)
lokeistasi (elative plural)
lokkiisi (illative singular)
lokkeihisi (illative plural)
lokillasi (adessive singular)
lokeillasi (adessive plural)
lokiltasi (ablative singular)
lokeiltasi (ablative plural)
lokillesi (allative singular)
lokeillesi (allative plural)
lokkinasi (essive singular)
lokkeinasi (essive plural)
lokiksesi (singular translative)
lokeiksesi (plural translative)
lokittasi (abessive singular)
lokeittasi (abessive plural)
lokkeinesi (comitative plural)
lokkimme (nominative singular)
lokkimme (nominative plural)
lokkimme (accusative nominative singular)
lokkimme (accusative nominative plural)
lokkimme (accusative genitive singular)
lokkimme (accusative genitive plural)
lokkimme (genitive singular)
lokkiemme (genitive plural)
lokkiamme (partitive singular)
lokkejamme (partitive plural)
lokissamme (inessive singular)
lokeissamme (inessive plural)
lokistamme (elative singular)
lokeistamme (elative plural)
lokkiimme (illative singular)
lokkeihimme (illative plural)
lokillamme (adessive singular)
lokeillamme (adessive plural)
lokiltamme (ablative singular)
lokeiltamme (ablative plural)
lokillemme (allative singular)
lokeillemme (allative plural)
lokkinamme (essive singular)
lokkeinamme (essive plural)
lokiksemme (singular translative)
lokeiksemme (plural translative)
lokittamme (abessive singular)
lokeittamme (abessive plural)
lokkeinemme (comitative plural)
lokkinne (nominative singular)
lokkinne (nominative plural)
lokkinne (accusative nominative singular)
lokkinne (accusative nominative plural)
lokkinne (accusative genitive singular)
lokkinne (accusative genitive plural)
lokkinne (genitive singular)
lokkienne (genitive plural)
lokkianne (partitive singular)
lokkejanne (partitive plural)
lokissanne (inessive singular)
lokeissanne (inessive plural)
lokistanne (elative singular)
lokeistanne (elative plural)
lokkiinne (illative singular)
lokkeihinne (illative plural)
lokillanne (adessive singular)
lokeillanne (adessive plural)
lokiltanne (ablative singular)
lokeiltanne (ablative plural)
lokillenne (allative singular)
lokeillenne (allative plural)
lokkinanne (essive singular)
lokkeinanne (essive plural)
lokiksenne (singular translative)
lokeiksenne (plural translative)
lokittanne (abessive singular)
lokeittanne (abessive plural)
lokkeinenne (comitative plural)
lokkinsa (nominative singular)
lokkinsa (nominative plural)
lokkinsa (accusative nominative singular)
lokkinsa (accusative nominative plural)
lokkinsa (accusative genitive singular)
lokkinsa (accusative genitive plural)
lokkinsa (genitive singular)
lokkiensa (genitive plural)
lokkiaan (partitive singular)
lokkiansa (partitive singular)
lokkejaan (partitive plural)
lokkejansa (partitive plural)
lokissaan (inessive singular)
lokissansa (inessive singular)
lokeissaan (inessive plural)
lokeissansa (inessive plural)
lokistaan (elative singular)
lokistansa (elative singular)
lokeistaan (elative plural)
lokeistansa (elative plural)
lokkiinsa (illative singular)
lokkeihinsa (illative plural)
lokillaan (adessive singular)
lokillansa (adessive singular)
lokeillaan (adessive plural)
lokeillansa (adessive plural)
lokiltaan (ablative singular)
lokiltansa (ablative singular)
lokeiltaan (ablative plural)
lokeiltansa (ablative plural)
lokilleen (allative singular)
lokillensa (allative singular)
lokeilleen (allative plural)
lokeillensa (allative plural)
lokkinaan (essive singular)
lokkinansa (essive singular)
lokkeinaan (essive plural)
lokkeinansa (essive plural)
lokikseen (singular translative)
lokiksensa (singular translative)
lokeikseen (plural translative)
lokeiksensa (plural translative)
lokittaan (abessive singular)
lokittansa (abessive singular)
lokeittaan (abessive plural)
lokeittansa (abessive plural)
lokkeineen (comitative plural)
lokkeinensa (comitative plural)

Cognate to Karelian lokka. Compare Estonian lõugas (“gull”). Probably onomatopoeic.

(taxonomy) gull, seagull (any bird of the family Laridae)