confirmation bias

en-noun

confirmation bias (usually uncountable, plural confirmation biases)

Days after this interview, on 12 February this year, fighting broke out between US troops and pro-Assad forces just outside Qamishli. Confirmation bias is rarely so fast, or so unnervingly accurate.

2020 February 26, Will Dunn, “William Gibson on the apocalypse: “it’s been happening for at least 100 years””, in New Statesman:

(psychology) A cognitive bias towards confirmation of the hypothesis under study; a psychological tendency to look for and accept information which supports one's values and worldview and reject that which conflicts with it.


availability bias

availability bias (countable and uncountable, plural availability biases)

A tendency of decision-makers to give preference, usually unconsciously, to thoughts with higher availability to (that is, those readily retrievable by) the cognitive activity of the moment, such as recent information, vivid images that evoke emotions, and specific events personally experienced (more than abstractions or other people's reported experiences).


gender bias

gender bias (countable and uncountable, plural gender biases)

A prejudicial stance towards males or females because of their gender.


file-drawer problem

file-drawer problem (plural file-drawer problems)

From the notion of statistical studies that show no significant effect tending to remain unpublished in file drawers.

The bias to meta-analysis resulting from statistical studies with low statistical power tending to remain unpublished and inaccessible to the analyst.


publication bias

publication bias (plural publication biases)

Studies with negative results tend not to be published in scientific journals, a phenomenon known as "publication bias".

2011, Jacques Pepin, “Out of Africa”, in The Origins of AIDS, 1st edition, →ISBN, page 10:


Hawthorne effect

Hawthorne effect (plural Hawthorne effects)

Coined by American social psychologist John R. P. French in 1953 after a 1924–1932 study conducted by Elton Mayo at the Hawthorne Works, a large factory complex in Cicero, Illinois (formerly Hawthorne).

coined

In modern organizations, a Hawthorne effect might occur when a relatively trivial change is made in a person's job, and that person initially responds to this change very positively but the effect does not last long.

2002, Steve M. Jex, Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 13:

Even if methodological shortcomings were waived, there is no proof of a Hawthorne effect in the original data.

2006 October, Michiel AJ Kompier, “The “Hawthorne effect” is a myth, but what keeps the story going?”, in Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, volume 32, number 5, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 402–412:

A phenomenon whereby a change in the behavior of a subject being studied is an effect of the change itself or the fact of being observed rather than the nature of the change in question.

Elton Mayo
Hawthorne Works
Hawthorne effect


Dunning-Kruger effect

en-noun

Dunning-Kruger effect (plural Dunning-Kruger effects)

Coined on everything2 in 2002 by user uucp, who in 2005 copied the same entry to Wikipedia under the title Dunning-Kruger syndrome, named for David Dunning and Justin Kruger of Cornell University, who studied the phenomenon.

Though it grants them the advantage of higher levels of optimism, the Dunning-Kruger effect also hamstrings low performers with an even greater disadvantage: being less aware of their failings, they remain less likely to see the need, and thus make the effort, to improve themselves.

2012, Alex Lickerman, The Undefeated Mind, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN:

(psychology) A cognitive bias by which an unskilled individual suffers from illusory superiority, mistakenly rating their ability as much higher than it actually is.


survivorship bias

survivorship bias (countable and uncountable, plural survivorship biases)

A form of selection bias in which only the people or things that "survived" some process are considered, while those that did not are inadvertently overlooked because of their lack of visibility.


framing effect

The tendency of people to modify their choices depending on how the choices are presented.


hard-easy effect

hard-easy effect (plural hard-easy effects)

A cognitive bias comprising a tendency to overestimate the likelihood of one's success at a task perceived as difficult, and to underestimate that likelihood at a task perceived as easy.


selection bias

selection bias (countable and uncountable, plural selection biases)

The bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.


metabias

An algorithm needs some method of altering its base bias as it is presented with sets of instances. The major claim of this paper is that, as the vast majority of algorithms are intended for use on a collection of problem instances, that meta bias is therefore necessary. Evidence for the fact that algorithms are intended to be reused is that the proponents of newly proposed algorithm test them on a number of problem instances which are reported in their papers. Meta bias is any mechanism which can adjust the base bias (see figure 2 i.e. it is a probability distribution over a set of base biases).

2010, John R. Woodward, Nottingham, “The Necessity of Meta Bias in Search Algorithms”, in International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering (CiSE), number Dec., IEEE, →DOI, page 2b:

One of the most important metabiases is reporting bias. Only about 50% of randomised trials ultimately reach publication in a journal indexed in a major electronic database

2012, AJ Nordmann, B Kasenda, M Briel, “Meta-analyses: what they can and cannot do”, in Swiss medical weekly^([smw.ch]):

Given the topic of this review, formal assessment of metabiases such as publication bias or selective reporting within studies was not feasible.

2017, FR Schroeck, BL Jacobs, SB Bhayani, PL Nguyen, D Penson, J Hu, “Cost of New Technologies in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Systematic Review of Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy, Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy, and Proton Beam Therapy”, in European urology, Elsevier:

Heterogeneity across the studies was tested with the Cochran Q and I2 statistics. We considered an I2 statistic of >25% as a low degree of heterogeneity, >50% as moderate heterogeneity, and >75% as high heterogeneity. To ascertain potential meta-bias, a funnel plot was qualitatively assessed for asymmetry.

2020 March 19, Derek S. Chew, Eric Black-Maier, Zak Loring, Peter A. Noseworthy, Douglas L. Packer, Derek V. Exner, Daniel B. Mark, Jonathan P. Piccini, “Diagnosis-to-Ablation Time and Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation Following Catheter Ablation. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies”, in Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, number 13:e008128, →DOI:

Metabiases / We will plot study sample size against effect size to evaluate whether these are skewed and asymmetrical in the presence of publication bias and other biases. In addition, the risk of bias assessment tools will identify whether studies indicate selective reporting of outcomes, which we will summarise across studies if possible.

2021, Desai S, Mehta KM, Singh RJ, et al., “Effects of integrated economic and health interventions with women’s groups on health-related knowledge, behaviours and outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol.”, in BMJ Open:

A biasing factor, such as publication bias, that results in the available data becoming artificially skewed.


Malmquist bias

Named after Swedish astronomer Gunnar Malmquist, who first described the effect in 1922.

A type of selection bias, where brighter objects appear to be more common at further distances; caused by a larger actual sample gathering region per square degree at further distances, and that dimmer sources drop out of sight due to distance.


healthy user bias

healthy user bias (countable and uncountable, plural healthy user biases)

A potential bias in epidemiologic studies, involving the fact that subjects who voluntarily enroll in a clinical trial and actually follow the experimental regimen are likely to be healthier than the general population.


recency bias

recency bias (usually uncountable, plural recency biases)

Recency bias once saw Robbie Williams come sixth in a poll of 600,000 to decide the most influential musicians of the last millennium – one place above Mozart – so we should be wary of getting carried away in the moment.

2019 August 26, Ali Martin, “The big question: was Stokes’s hundred the greatest Test innings you’ve seen?”, in The Guardian:

A cognitive bias that favors recent events over historic ones.


automation bias

automation bias (usually uncountable, plural automation biases)

Coordinate term: automation complacency

The briefing paper also highlights the risk of “automation bias”, whereby police officers become overreliant on the use of analytical tools, undermining their discretion and causing them to disregard other relevant factors.

2019 September 15, Jamie Grierson, “Predictive policing poses discrimination risk, thinktank warns”, in The Guardian:

The propensity for humans to favor suggestions from automated decision-making systems.


negativity bias

negativity bias (countable and uncountable, plural negativity biases)

Just as there’s evidence for a positivity effect though, so too is there research suggesting the existence of a negativity bias.

2015 January 16, Pete Etchells, “Declinism: is the world actually getting worse?”, in The Guardian:

The notion that things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state than neutral or positive things.


attrition bias

attrition bias (countable and uncountable, plural attrition biases or attrition biasses)

attrition biases (plural)
attrition biasses (plural)

statistical analysis
statistical analysis

A type of selection bias in statistical analysis, caused by loss of participants (attrition) in the course of a study; the subjects that do not run into completion of the study may differ systematically of those who do.


hiertymisharha

hiertymisharha (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhat (nominative plural)
hiertymisharha (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhat (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhan (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhat (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhan (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojen (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhain (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaa (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhoja (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassa (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissa (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhasta (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoista (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaan (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihin (illative plural)
hiertymisharhalla (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoilla (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhalta (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoilta (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhalle (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoille (allative plural)
hiertymisharhana (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoina (essive plural)
hiertymisharhaksi (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoiksi (plural translative)
hiertymisharhatta (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoitta (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
hiertymisharhani (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhani (nominative plural)
hiertymisharhani (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhani (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhani (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhani (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhani (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojeni (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhaini (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaani (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhojani (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassani (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissani (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhastani (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoistani (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaani (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihini (illative plural)
hiertymisharhallani (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoillani (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhaltani (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoiltani (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhalleni (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoilleni (allative plural)
hiertymisharhanani (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoinani (essive plural)
hiertymisharhakseni (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoikseni (plural translative)
hiertymisharhattani (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoittani (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoineni (comitative plural)
hiertymisharhasi (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhasi (nominative plural)
hiertymisharhasi (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhasi (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhasi (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhasi (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhasi (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojesi (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhaisi (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaasi (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhojasi (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassasi (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissasi (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhastasi (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoistasi (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaasi (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihisi (illative plural)
hiertymisharhallasi (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoillasi (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhaltasi (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoiltasi (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhallesi (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoillesi (allative plural)
hiertymisharhanasi (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoinasi (essive plural)
hiertymisharhaksesi (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoiksesi (plural translative)
hiertymisharhattasi (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoittasi (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoinesi (comitative plural)
hiertymisharhamme (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhamme (nominative plural)
hiertymisharhamme (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhamme (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhamme (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhamme (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhamme (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojemme (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhaimme (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaamme (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhojamme (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassamme (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissamme (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhastamme (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoistamme (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaamme (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihimme (illative plural)
hiertymisharhallamme (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoillamme (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhaltamme (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoiltamme (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhallemme (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoillemme (allative plural)
hiertymisharhanamme (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoinamme (essive plural)
hiertymisharhaksemme (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoiksemme (plural translative)
hiertymisharhattamme (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoittamme (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoinemme (comitative plural)
hiertymisharhanne (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhanne (nominative plural)
hiertymisharhanne (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhanne (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhanne (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhanne (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhanne (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojenne (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhainne (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaanne (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhojanne (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassanne (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissanne (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhastanne (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoistanne (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaanne (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihinne (illative plural)
hiertymisharhallanne (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoillanne (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhaltanne (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoiltanne (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhallenne (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoillenne (allative plural)
hiertymisharhananne (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoinanne (essive plural)
hiertymisharhaksenne (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoiksenne (plural translative)
hiertymisharhattanne (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoittanne (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoinenne (comitative plural)
hiertymisharhansa (nominative singular)
hiertymisharhansa (nominative plural)
hiertymisharhansa (accusative nominative singular)
hiertymisharhansa (accusative nominative plural)
hiertymisharhansa (accusative genitive singular)
hiertymisharhansa (accusative genitive plural)
hiertymisharhansa (genitive singular)
hiertymisharhojensa (genitive plural)
hiertymisharhainsa (genitive plural rare)
hiertymisharhaansa (partitive singular)
hiertymisharhojaan (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhojansa (partitive plural)
hiertymisharhassaan (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhassansa (inessive singular)
hiertymisharhoissaan (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhoissansa (inessive plural)
hiertymisharhastaan (elative singular)
hiertymisharhastansa (elative singular)
hiertymisharhoistaan (elative plural)
hiertymisharhoistansa (elative plural)
hiertymisharhaansa (illative singular)
hiertymisharhoihinsa (illative plural)
hiertymisharhallaan (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhallansa (adessive singular)
hiertymisharhoillaan (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhoillansa (adessive plural)
hiertymisharhaltaan (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhaltansa (ablative singular)
hiertymisharhoiltaan (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhoiltansa (ablative plural)
hiertymisharhalleen (allative singular)
hiertymisharhallensa (allative singular)
hiertymisharhoilleen (allative plural)
hiertymisharhoillensa (allative plural)
hiertymisharhanaan (essive singular)
hiertymisharhanansa (essive singular)
hiertymisharhoinaan (essive plural)
hiertymisharhoinansa (essive plural)
hiertymisharhakseen (singular translative)
hiertymisharhaksensa (singular translative)
hiertymisharhoikseen (plural translative)
hiertymisharhoiksensa (plural translative)
hiertymisharhattaan (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhattansa (abessive singular)
hiertymisharhoittaan (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoittansa (abessive plural)
hiertymisharhoineen (comitative plural)
hiertymisharhoinensa (comitative plural)


Negativitätsverzerrung

de-noun

Negativitätsverzerrung f (genitive Negativitätsverzerrung, plural Negativitätsverzerrungen)

Negativitätsverzerrung (genitive)
Negativitätsverzerrungen (plural)
Negativitätsverzerrung (nominative singular)
Negativitätsverzerrungen (definite nominative plural)
Negativitätsverzerrung (genitive singular)
Negativitätsverzerrungen (definite genitive plural)
Negativitätsverzerrung (dative singular)
Negativitätsverzerrungen (dative definite plural)
Negativitätsverzerrung (accusative singular)
Negativitätsverzerrungen (accusative definite plural)


anchoring effect

en-noun

anchoring effect (plural anchoring effects)

A psychological phenomenon wherein a previous appraisal has its range determined by communication of a previous reference point.


Ben Franklin effect

Ben Franklin effect (plural Ben Franklin effects)

The tendency of people to like someone more after doing a favor for them.


denomination effect

denomination effect (plural denomination effects)

A cognitive bias in which people may be less likely to spend larger currency denominations than their equivalent value in smaller denominations.


disposition effect

disposition effect (plural disposition effects)

(finance) The tendency of investors to sell assets that have increased in value, while keeping assets that have dropped in value.


Downing effect

Named after C. L. Downing, who first obseved the effect.

(uncommon) The tendency of people with a below average IQ to overestimate their IQ, and of people with an above average IQ to underestimate their IQ.


generation effect

generation effect (plural generation effects)

(psychology) The tendency to better remember information if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read.


name-letter effect

name-letter effect (plural name-letter effects)

(psychology) The tendency of people to prefer the letters in their name over other letters in the alphabet.


pratfall effect

pratfall effect (plural pratfall effects)

(psychology) The tendency for interpersonal appeal to change after an individual makes a mistake, depending on the individual's perceived competence.


serial position effect

serial position effect (plural serial position effects)

Meronyms: primacy effect, recency effect

(psychology) The tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.