ფისი

pisi (romanization)
ფისი (nominative singular)
ფისმა (ergative singular)
ფისს (dative singular)
ფისს (dative singular)
ფისსაs) (dative singular)
ფისსაsa) (dative singular)
ფისის (genitive singular)
ფისის (genitive singular)
ფისისაs) (genitive singular)
ფისისაsa) (genitive singular)
ფისით (instrumental singular)
ფისით (instrumental singular)
ფისითაt) (instrumental singular)
ფისითაta) (instrumental singular)
ფისად (adverbial singular)
ფისად (adverbial singular)
ფისადაd) (adverbial singular)
ფისადაda) (adverbial singular)
ფისო (singular vocative)
-ზე (postpositional with-dative)
ფისზე (singular)
-თან (postpositional with-dative)
ფისთან (singular)
-ში (postpositional with-dative)
ფისში (singular)
-ვით (postpositional with-dative)
ფისივით (singular)
-თვის (postpositional with-genitive)
ფისისთვის (singular)
-ებრ (postpositional with-genitive)
ფისისებრ (singular)
-კენ (postpositional with-genitive)
ფისისკენ (singular)
-გან (postpositional with-genitive)
ფისისგან (singular)
-დან (postpositional with-instrumental)
ფისიდან (singular)
-ურთ (postpositional with-instrumental)
ფისითურთ (singular)
-მდე (postpositional with-adverb)
ფისამდე (singular)

→ Armenian: փիս (pʻis), փիսի (pʻisi)

→ Bats: ფის (pis)

→ Ossetian: писи (pisi), песи (pesi)

From Old Georgian ფისი (pisi). See it for more.


ფისი

desctree

Georgian: ფისი (pisi)
→ Armenian: փիս (pʻis), փիսի (pʻisi)
→ Bats: ფის (pis)
→ Ossetian: писи (pisi), песи (pesi)

Uncertain. Akin to Mingrelian ფირსა (pirsa), Laz ფისა (pisa), Svan ფისე (pise). Perhaps borrowed from Ancient Greek πίσσα (píssa) or some other Indo-European word related to it.


adragant

From French, a corruption of tragacanth. Doublet of tragacanth.

From the second Sort Monsieur Tournefort says, the Gum Adragant or Dragon is produced in Crete; of which he gives the following Relation in his Voyage to the Levant :
“We had (says he) the Satisfaction
“of fully observing the Gum
“Adragant […]

1741, Philip Miller, The Gardener's Dictionary:

3. Gum adragant.—The gum adragant […] flows from the adragant of Crete, a small shrub […]

1800, Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal, translated by W. Nicholson, Elements of Chemistry ... Translated from the French. The third edition, page 39:

Make a color composed of brown red, and a little flat, or Venetian lake, previously grinded with gum adragant. Then, with a largish brush, take of that color and asperse your oiled marble with it, by striking the handle of the brush on your wrist, ...

1795, American Antiquarian Cookbook Collection, One Thousand Valuable Secrets, in the Elegant and Useful Arts: Collected from the Practice of the Best Artists and Containing an Account of the Various Methods, Andrews McMeel Publishing, →ISBN:


roisín

roisín (genitive singular)
nominative (indefinite)
roisín (indefinite singular)
vocative (indefinite)
a roisín (indefinite singular)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an roisín (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
dative (definite)
leis an roisín (definite singular)
don roisín (definite singular)

From Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


tacamahac

en-noun

tacamahac (countable and uncountable, plural tacamahacs)

From Spanish, from Nahuatl thecomahaca, to use the spelling of Hernandez 1614.
In European languages there was contamination between tacamahac and various Algonquian words containing the final Proto-Algonquian *-a·xkw- (“hardwood or deciduous tree”), including the sources of tamarack and hackmatack, as was already recognized by Chamberlain 1902.

der

A bitter balsamic resin or resinous exudation obtained from tropical American trees of the family Burseraceae (Bursera tomentosa and Icica tacamahaca), from East Indian trees of the genus Calophyllum, or from the balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera).

Any tree yielding tacamahac resin, especially, in North America, the balsam poplar or balm of Gilead (Populus balsamifera).


opobalsam

en-noun

opobalsam (countable and uncountable, plural opobalsams)

(medicine, obsolete) The aromatic resinous juice of Balsamodendron opobalsamum (balm of Gilead).


cinnabaris

la-noun

cinnabaris f (genitive cinnabaris); third declension

cinnabaris (genitive)
cinnabaris (nominative singular)
cinnabarēs (nominative plural)
cinnabaris (genitive singular)
cinnabarium (genitive plural)
cinnabarī (dative singular)
cinnabaribus (dative plural)
cinnabarem (accusative singular)
cinnabarim (accusative singular)
cinnabarēs (accusative plural)
cinnabarīs (accusative plural)
cinnabare (ablative singular)
cinnabarī (ablative singular)
cinnabaribus (ablative plural)
cinnabaris (singular vocative)
cinnabarēs (plural vocative)

Catalan: cinabri

Old French: cinabre, cinobre, cenobre

desc

French: cinabre, cinnabre, cinobre, cinnobre (obsolete)

q

apparently confused with the dye <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sinople</i>

→ Middle Dutch: cinoper, cinopel, cynoper, sinoper, zinopel, sinopel (apparently confused with the dye sinople)

→ English: cinnabar

→ Middle High German: zinober

German: Zinnober

→ Danish: cinnober

→ Finnish: sinooperi

→ Norwegian: sinober

→ Swedish: cinnober

→ Polish: cynober

Galician: cinabrio

Italian: cinabro

Portuguese: cinábrio

Spanish: cinabrio

From Ancient Greek κιννάβαρι (kinnábari).

dragon's blood (resin, the colour of cinnabar)


sarcocol

From Middle English sarcocol, from Latin sarcocolla, from Ancient Greek σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue, adhesive”).

Alternative form of sarcocolla as a resin.


kalafonia

kalafonia (nominative singular)
kalafonie (nominative plural)
kalafonii (genitive singular)
kalafonii (genitive plural)
kalafonij (archaic genitive plural)
kalafonii (dative singular)
kalafoniom (dative plural)
kalafonię (accusative singular)
kalafonie (accusative plural)
kalafonią (instrumental singular)
kalafoniami (instrumental plural)
kalafonii (locative singular)
kalafoniach (locative plural)
kalafonio (singular vocative)
kalafonie (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Italian colofonia, from Latin rēsīna Colophōnia.


ܥܘܕܐ

ʕuddā (romanization)
ܥܘܕܐ (plural)
ܥܘܕ (absolute singular)
ܥܘܕܝܢ (absolute plural)
ܥܘܕ (construct singular)
ܥܘܕܝ (construct plural)
ܥܘܕܐ (emphatic singular)
ܥܘܕܐ (emphatic plural)
ܥܘܕܝ (common-gender first-person possessive singular)
ܥܘܕܟ (masculine possessive second-person singular)
ܥܘܕܝܟ (masculine possessive second-person singular)
ܥܘܕܟܝ (feminine possessive second-person singular)
ܥܘܕܝܟܝ (feminine possessive second-person singular)
ܥܘܕܗ (masculine possessive singular third-person)
ܥܘܕܘܗܝ (masculine possessive singular third-person)
ܥܘܕܗ (feminine possessive singular third-person)
ܥܘܕܝܗ (feminine possessive singular third-person)
ܥܘܕܢ (common-gender first-person plural possessive)
ܥܘܕܝܢ (common-gender first-person plural possessive)
ܥܘܕܟܘܢ (masculine plural possessive second-person)
ܥܘܕܝܟܘܢ (masculine plural possessive second-person)
ܥܘܕܟܝܢ (feminine plural possessive second-person)
ܥܘܕܝܟܝܢ (feminine plural possessive second-person)
ܥܘܕܗܘܢ (masculine plural possessive third-person)
ܥܘܕܝܗܘܢ (masculine plural possessive third-person)
ܥܘܕܗܝܢ (feminine plural possessive third-person)
ܥܘܕܝܗܝܢ (feminine plural possessive third-person)

From the root ܥ-ܕ-ܕ (ʿ-d-d) related to pruning, originally *ܥܥܕ (ʿ-ʿ-d) (Arabic ع ض د (ʕ-ḍ-d)), from Proto-Semitic *ʿ-ṣ́-d.

ar-root

ع ض د (ʕ-ḍ-d)


cerot

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κηρωτός (kērōtós, “mixed with wax”).

bor+

cobbler's wax (mixture of wax and pitch traditionally used in shoemaking)


chihlimbar

chihlimbare (plural)
chihlimbar (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
chihlimbarul (accusative definite nominative singular)
chihlimbare (accusative indefinite nominative plural)
chihlimbarele (accusative definite nominative plural)
chihlimbar (indefinite singular)
chihlimbarului (definite singular)
chihlimbare (indefinite plural)
chihlimbarelor (definite plural)
chihlimbarule (singular vocative)
chihlimbarelor (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish كهلبار (kehlibar), popular variant of كهربا (kehrüba), from Persian کهربا (kahrobâ).


մաղթ

head

մաղթ • (maġtʻ)

Armenian: մախտ (maxt)

Usually considered a borrowing from Ancient Greek μάλθα (máltha, “mixture of wax and pitch used for caulking ships and on writing tablets”), even though the meanings do not match precisely. The Armenian is not a scholarly borrowing, but is alive in the Hamshen dialect as մախտ (maxt, “a certain tree resin”). Because of this and because the Greek is itself a loanword and has parallels in Eastern languages – Hebrew מֶלֶט (meleṭ), Classical Syriac ܡܠܴܛܳܐ (mlāṭā), Arabic مِلَاط (milāṭ, “mortar”) – we may be dealing with independent borrowings from an unidentified third source.

unk

unidentified

Խայտխան եւ ռետին· դեղ վիրի, կամ կատրան, կամ մաղթ։
Xaytxan ew ṙetin· deġ viri, kam katran, kam maġtʻ.

17th century, Eremia Mełrecʻi, Baṙgirkʻ hayocʻ [Armenian Dictionary] Խ.50

Մախթ· որ է խասնի․ հլթիս․ յիշած է։
Maxtʻ· or ē xasni; hltʻis; yišac ē.
Maxtʻ = Is the xasni; [and also] the hltʻis [= Arabic حِلْتِيث (ḥiltīṯ)]. It is recorded.

1478 – 1492, Amirdovlatʻ Amasiacʻi, Angitacʻ anpēt [Useless for Ignoramuses]

Մաղթ, որ է չարհոտն։

1614 – 1622, Asar Sebastacʻi, Girkʻ bžškakan arhesti [Book of Medical Art]

Ferula assa-foetida
Ferula assa-foetida#Translingual

the designation of various natural gums and resins, in particular the resin of Ferula galbaniflua (syn. gummosa, galbanum), Ferula assa-foetida (asafoetida), and the մարխ (marx) tree


copaíba

→ English: copaiba

copaiba (any tree of the genus Copaifera)


вар

ru-noun+

вар • (var) m inan (genitive ва́ра, uncountable)

var (romanization)
ва́ра (genitive)
ва́р (nominative singular)
ва́ра (genitive singular)
ва́ру (dative singular)
ва́р (accusative singular)
ва́ром (instrumental singular)
ва́ре (prepositional singular)

→ Finnish: vari

→ Ingrian: vari

From Old East Slavic варъ (varŭ, “boiled liquid”), from Proto-Slavic *varъ.


mastiche

la-noun

mastichē f (genitive mastichēs); first declension

mastichē (canonical feminine)
mastichēs (genitive)
mastichē (nominative singular)
mastichae (nominative plural)
mastichēs (genitive singular)
mastichārum (genitive plural)
mastichae (dative singular)
mastichīs (dative plural)
mastichēn (accusative singular)
mastichās (accusative plural)
mastichē (ablative singular)
mastichīs (ablative plural)
mastichē (singular vocative)
mastichae (plural vocative)

Old French: mastic

desctree

→ Middle English: mastik, mastyk, masstyk, mastykk, mastike, mastic, mastix
English: mastic

[ˈmäs̠t̪ɪkʰeː]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).


khlpʾd

Persian: کهربا (kahrobâ), کهربای (kahrobây), کهرباء (kahrobâ'), کاهربا (kâhrobâ)
Tajik: каҳрабо (kahrabo)
→ Uzbek: qahrabo
→ Adyghe: кӏэхьрэбэ (kʼɛḥrɛbɛ)
→ Arabic: كَهْرَبَاء (kahrabāʔ), كَهْرَمَان (kahramān)
→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܟܲܗܪܵܒ݂ܵܐ (kahrāḇā)
→ Azerbaijani: kəhrəba
→ Bashkir: гәрәбә (gərəbə)
→ Georgian: ქარვა (karva)
→ Bats: ქარვ (karv)
→ Gujarati: કેરબો (kerbo)
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: कहरुवा (kahruvā)
Urdu: کہربا (kahrubā)
→ Malay: kahrab
Indonesian: kahrab
→ Middle Armenian: քահրիպար (kʻahripar), քարուպայ (kʻarupay), քարուպա (kʻarupa), քարուպար (kʻarupar), քահրիպայ (kʻahripay), քահրապա (kʻahrapa), քահրուբար (kʻahrubar), քահրուպայ (kʻahrupay), քահրուպար (kʻahrupar)
Armenian: քահրիբար (kʻahribar), քահրուբար (kʻahrubar), քեհրիբար (kʻehribar), ք^յա̈րբա̈ր (kʻʸärbär), քա̈հրըբար (kʻährəbar), քահրիպար (kʻahripar) — Western Armenian
→ Ottoman Turkish: كهربا (kehrüba), كهربار (kehrübar, kehribar, keherbar), كهلبار (kehlübar, kehlibar) — Vulgar Turkish
Turkish: kehribar
→ Albanian: qelibar
→ Aromanian: chihlibáre, chehribár
→ Bulgarian: кехлибар (kehlibar)
→ Greek: κεχριμπάρι (kechrimpári)
→ Macedonian: килибар (kilibar)
→ Romanian: chihlimbar
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ћилѝба̄р, ћирѝба̄р, ћелѝба̄р
Latin script: ćilìbār, ćirìbār, ćelìbār
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਕਹਰੁਵਾ (kahruvā)
Shahmukhi script: کہربا (kahrubā)
→ Swahili: kaharabu
→ Tatar: гәрәбә (gäräbä)
→ Uyghur: قەھرىۋا (qehriwa)

q

→ Chinese: 琥珀 (OC *qʰˁraʔ pʰˁrak > MC huoX pʰɣæk > Mandarin hǔpò) (taking Middle Persian as representative for all Middle Iranian languages)

→ Japanese: 琥珀 (kohaku)

→ Korean: 호박(琥珀) (hobak)

→ Vietnamese: hổ phách (琥珀)

desc

→ Classical Syriac: ܩܗܪܒܝ (qahrḇāy), ܩܗܪܐܒܝ (qhrʾby)

From [script needed] (TBNA, kh /kah/, “chaff, straw”) + [script needed] (lpʾd- /rubāy-/), present stem of [script needed] (lpwtn' /rubūdan/, “to snatch, to rob”). Ačaṙean typologically compares Old Armenian սռնակալ (sṙnakal, “amber”, literally “chaff-keeper”). For more on the constituent components, see کاه (kâh) and ربودن (robudan).


balsam of Peru

It was long supposed to be a product of Peru.

A sweet-smelling balsam derived from a tree of the genus Myroxylon, used as a flavoring, as a fragrance, and in pharmaceuticals.


gum butea

A gum yielded by Indian plants in the genus Butea, used in tanning and in precipitating indigo.


gum cistus

The plain where he was riding was one immense thicket of the gum cistus, whose frail white leaves, just veined with the faintest pink, fell in showers at the least movement of the passer-by. What a prodigality of blossom!—for the gum cistus, born and withered in an hour, is the most ephemeral of flowers.

1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter XXII, in Romance and Reality. […], volume II, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 339:

Any of those flowering plants in the genus Cistus that yield resin, especially Cistus ladanifer.


gutapercha

gutta-percha; an inelastic natural latex, produced from the sap of several tropical trees of the genera Palaquium and Payena


كفر

كُفْر (canonical)
kufr (romanization)
كُفْر (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْكُفْر (definite informal singular triptote)
كُفْر (construct informal singular triptote)
كُفْرٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْكُفْرُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
كُفْرُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
كُفْرًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْكُفْرَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
كُفْرَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
كُفْرٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْكُفْرِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
كُفْرِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

→ Azerbaijani: küfr

→ English: kufr

→ Indonesian: kufur

desc

→ Northern Kurdish: kufir, kifir, kifr, kufr

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: كفر (küfr)
Turkish: küfür
→ Armenian: քֆուր (kʻfur), քյուֆյուր (kʻyufyur), քիֆիր (kʻifir)

→ Swahili: kufuru

Root
 ك ف ر (k f r)
 0 terms
Compare Classical Syriac ܟܦܲܪ (kəp̄ar).

كَفَرَ كفر#Arabic

verbal noun of كَفَرَ (kafara) (form I)
disbelief; disacknowledgment


لبان

ar-noun

لُبَان • (lubān) m

لُبَان (canonical)
lubān (romanization)
لُبَان (indefinite informal singular triptote)
اللُّبَان (definite informal singular triptote)
لُبَان (construct informal singular triptote)
لُبَانٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
اللُّبَانُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
لُبَانُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
لُبَانًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
اللُّبَانَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
لُبَانَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
لُبَانٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
اللُّبَانِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
لُبَانِ (construct genitive singular triptote)


لبان

libān (romanization)
لبانة (feminine singulative)


حمر

حُمَر (canonical)
حُمُر (canonical)
ḥumar (romanization)
ḥumur (romanization)
حُمَرَة (feminine singulative)
حُمُرَة (singulative)
حُمَر (collective indefinite informal triptote)
حُمُر (collective indefinite informal triptote)
الْحُمَر (collective definite informal triptote)
الْحُمُر (collective definite informal triptote)
حُمَر (collective construct informal triptote)
حُمُر (collective construct informal triptote)
حُمَرٌ (collective indefinite nominative triptote)
حُمُرٌ (collective indefinite nominative triptote)
الْحُمَرُ (collective definite nominative triptote)
الْحُمُرُ (collective definite nominative triptote)
حُمَرُ (collective construct nominative triptote)
حُمُرُ (collective construct nominative triptote)
حُمَرًا (accusative collective indefinite triptote)
حُمُرًا (accusative collective indefinite triptote)
الْحُمَرَ (accusative collective definite triptote)
الْحُمُرَ (accusative collective definite triptote)
حُمَرَ (accusative collective construct triptote)
حُمُرَ (accusative collective construct triptote)
حُمَرٍ (collective genitive indefinite triptote)
حُمُرٍ (collective genitive indefinite triptote)
الْحُمَرِ (collective definite genitive triptote)
الْحُمُرِ (collective definite genitive triptote)
حُمَرِ (collective construct genitive triptote)
حُمُرِ (collective construct genitive triptote)
حُمَرَة (ar-infl-a collective indefinite informal singulative triptote)
حُمُرَة (ar-infl-a collective indefinite informal singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَة (ar-infl-a collective definite informal singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَة (ar-infl-a collective definite informal singulative triptote)
حُمَرَة (ar-infl-a collective construct informal singulative triptote)
حُمُرَة (ar-infl-a collective construct informal singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةٌ (ar-infl-a collective indefinite nominative singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةٌ (ar-infl-a collective indefinite nominative singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَةُ (ar-infl-a collective definite nominative singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَةُ (ar-infl-a collective definite nominative singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةُ (ar-infl-a collective construct nominative singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةُ (ar-infl-a collective construct nominative singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةً (accusative ar-infl-a collective indefinite singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةً (accusative ar-infl-a collective indefinite singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَةَ (accusative ar-infl-a collective definite singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَةَ (accusative ar-infl-a collective definite singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةَ (accusative ar-infl-a collective construct singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةَ (accusative ar-infl-a collective construct singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةٍ (ar-infl-a collective genitive indefinite singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةٍ (ar-infl-a collective genitive indefinite singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَةِ (ar-infl-a collective definite genitive singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَةِ (ar-infl-a collective definite genitive singulative triptote)
حُمَرَةِ (ar-infl-a collective construct genitive singulative triptote)
حُمُرَةِ (ar-infl-a collective construct genitive singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْن (ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite informal singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْن (ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite informal singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَتَيْن (ar-infl-a collective definite dual informal singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَتَيْن (ar-infl-a collective definite dual informal singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْ (ar-infl-a collective construct dual informal singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْ (ar-infl-a collective construct dual informal singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَانِ (ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite nominative singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَانِ (ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite nominative singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَتَانِ (ar-infl-a collective definite dual nominative singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَتَانِ (ar-infl-a collective definite dual nominative singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَا (ar-infl-a collective construct dual nominative singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَا (ar-infl-a collective construct dual nominative singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a collective dual indefinite singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a collective definite dual singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَتَيْنِ (accusative ar-infl-a collective definite dual singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْ (accusative ar-infl-a collective construct dual singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْ (accusative ar-infl-a collective construct dual singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a collective dual genitive indefinite singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a collective dual genitive indefinite singulative triptote)
الْحُمَرَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a collective definite dual genitive singulative triptote)
الْحُمُرَتَيْنِ (ar-infl-a collective definite dual genitive singulative triptote)
حُمَرَتَيْ (ar-infl-a collective construct dual genitive singulative triptote)
حُمُرَتَيْ (ar-infl-a collective construct dual genitive singulative triptote)
حُمَرَات (feminine indefinite informal paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَات (feminine indefinite informal paucal sound-form)
الْحُمَرَات (definite feminine informal paucal sound-form)
الْحُمُرَات (definite feminine informal paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَات (construct feminine informal paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَات (construct feminine informal paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتٌ (feminine indefinite nominative paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتٌ (feminine indefinite nominative paucal sound-form)
الْحُمَرَاتُ (definite feminine nominative paucal sound-form)
الْحُمُرَاتُ (definite feminine nominative paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتُ (construct feminine nominative paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتُ (construct feminine nominative paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتٍ (accusative feminine indefinite paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتٍ (accusative feminine indefinite paucal sound-form)
الْحُمَرَاتِ (accusative definite feminine paucal sound-form)
الْحُمُرَاتِ (accusative definite feminine paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتِ (accusative construct feminine paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتِ (accusative construct feminine paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتٍ (feminine genitive indefinite paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتٍ (feminine genitive indefinite paucal sound-form)
الْحُمَرَاتِ (definite feminine genitive paucal sound-form)
الْحُمُرَاتِ (definite feminine genitive paucal sound-form)
حُمَرَاتِ (construct feminine genitive paucal sound-form)
حُمُرَاتِ (construct feminine genitive paucal sound-form)

→ Amharic: ሃሞር (hamor)

desc

→ Ge'ez: ሖመር (ḥomär), ሐሞር (ḥämor), ሐመር (ḥämär), ኆመር (ḫomär)

→ Saho: homar

→ Somali: homar, hamar

→ Tigre: ሖመር (ḥomär), ኆመር (ḫomär)

→ Tigrinya: ሖመር (ḥomär), ሕሞር (ḥəmor), ሑሞር (ḥumor), ሕምር (ḥəmər), ሃመር (hamär), ሆመር (homär), ህሞር (həmor)

Root
 ح م ر (ḥ m r)
 0 terms
From أَحْمَر (ʔaḥmar, “red”) for the red colour of the fruits.

Tamarindus indica
Tamarindus indica#Translingual

tamarind-tree (Tamarindus indica), the only species in Tamarindus


каучук

ru-noun+

каучу́к • (kaučúk) m inan (genitive каучу́ка, uncountable, relational adjective каучу́ковый)

каучу́к (canonical)
kaučúk (romanization)
каучу́ка (genitive)
каучу́ковый (adjective relational)
каучу́к (nominative singular)
каучу́ка (genitive singular)
каучу́ку (dative singular)
каучу́к (accusative singular)
каучу́ком (instrumental singular)
каучу́ке (prepositional singular)

→ Mongolian: каучук (kaučuk)

→ Uyghur: كاۋچۇك (kawchuk)


蘇合香

ja-noun

蘇(そ)合(ごう)香(こう) or 蘇合香(ソゴウコウ) • (sogōkō) ^(←そがふかう (sogafukau)?)

蘇合香 (canonical)
蘇合香 (canonical)
sogōkō (romanization)
sogafukau (romanization)
そがふかう (hiragana historical)

Liquidambar orientalis
Liquidambar orientalis#Translingual

oriental sweetgum, Liquidambar orientalis

storax; the resinous exudate of the oriental sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis)

an incense made from storax and agarwood (沈香)


نفط

ar-noun

نِفْط or نَفْط • (nifṭ or nafṭ) m (plural نُفُوط (nufūṭ) or أَنْفَاط (ʔanfāṭ))

نِفْط (canonical)
نَفْط (canonical)
nifṭ (romanization)
nafṭ (romanization)
نُفُوط (plural)
أَنْفَاط (plural)
نِفْط (indefinite informal singular triptote)
نَفْط (indefinite informal singular triptote)
النِّفْط (definite informal singular triptote)
النَّفْط (definite informal singular triptote)
نِفْط (construct informal singular triptote)
نَفْط (construct informal singular triptote)
نِفْطٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
نَفْطٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
النِّفْطُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
النَّفْطُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
نِفْطُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
نَفْطُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
نِفْطًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
نَفْطًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
النِّفْطَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
النَّفْطَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
نِفْطَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
نَفْطَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
نِفْطٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
نَفْطٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
النِّفْطِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
النَّفْطِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
نِفْطِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
نَفْطِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
النِّفْطَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
النَّفْطَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
نِفْطَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
نَفْطَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
النِّفْطَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
النَّفْطَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
نِفْطَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
نَفْطَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
النِّفْطَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
النَّفْطَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
النِّفْطَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
النَّفْطَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
نِفْطَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
نَفْطَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
نُفُوط (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
أَنْفَاط (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
النُّفُوط (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
الْأَنْفَاط (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
نُفُوط (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
أَنْفَاط (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
نُفُوطٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
النُّفُوطُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
الْأَنْفَاطُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
نُفُوطُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
نُفُوطًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
النُّفُوطَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
الْأَنْفَاطَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
نُفُوطَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
نُفُوطٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
النُّفُوطِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
الْأَنْفَاطِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
نُفُوطِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)
أَنْفَاطِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)

From Aramaic נִיפְטָא (nip̄ṭā) / נַפְטָא (nap̄ṭā) / ܢܷܦܛܳܐ (nep̄ṭā) / ܢܱܦܛܳܐ (nap̄ṭā), from Akkadian 𒉌𒆳𒊏 (/napṭu/, “petroleum”).


أشق

أُشَّق • (ʔuššaq) m

أُشَّق (canonical)
ʔuššaq (romanization)
أُشَّق (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْأُشَّق (definite informal singular triptote)
أُشَّق (construct informal singular triptote)
أُشَّقٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْأُشَّقُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
أُشَّقُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
أُشَّقًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْأُشَّقَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
أُشَّقَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
أُشَّقٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْأُشَّقِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
أُشَّقِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

Book Pahlavi
es:Revista de Filología Española

qual

→ Middle Armenian: աւշակ (awšak), օշակ (ōšak), օշախ (ōšax), աւշախ (awšax), օշաղ (ōšaġ), օշ (ōš), աւշ (awš), վաշակ (vašak), վաշախ (vašax), վաշաղ (vašaġ) (some of the forms probably from Iranian)

→ Medieval Latin: alaſach (Spain, emended from aſaſach)

desc

→ Old Spanish: alguaxaque, aluaxaque, aluahasaque, aluasaque, alguaxac, arguaxaque

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܘܫܩ (ʾawšāq)

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (wšʾk /wašak/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (wšk /wašak/), attested at least thrice in Book Pahlavi and once in Classical Syriac ܘܣܩܐ (wasqā), once in Classical Mandaic ࡀࡅࡎࡒࡀ (wasqā), denoting in each case a kind of ceremonial drink employed by Zoroastrians in place of wine, which matches gum ammoniac as this was employed in antiquity for its emollient, swelling-atoning and limb-pain-relieving effect, and apparently the drink was called after ammoniacum it was composed of, as the later Classical Persian وشه (wuša) and اشه (oša) and the Arabic are known to mean gum ammoniac, and one finds a Byzantine Greek οὐσάκ (ousák) glossed as ammoniacum.
The measure of the Arabic word is also KaLaM, not only KuLLaM.

bor

gum ammoniac, ammoniacum, obtained from the said plants


Caxtillan copalli

From Caxtīllān (“Spain, something Spanish”) + copalli (“copal”).

compound

Eſtoraque olor. castillã copalli.

1555, Alonso de Molina, Aqui comienca vn vocabulario en la lengua castellana y mexicana, f. 119v:

A fragrant resin or incense of European origin; storax.


kadzidło

pl-noun

kadzidło n (diminutive kadzidełko, related adjective kadzidłowy or kadzidlany)

kadzidełko (diminutive)
kadzidłowy (adjective)
kadzidlany (adjective)
kadzidło (nominative singular)
kadzidła (nominative plural)
kadzidła (genitive singular)
kadzideł (genitive plural)
kadzidłu (dative singular)
kadzidłom (dative plural)
kadzidło (accusative singular)
kadzidła (accusative plural)
kadzidłem (instrumental singular)
kadzidłami (instrumental plural)
kadzidle (locative singular)
kadzidłach (locative plural)
kadzidło (singular vocative)
kadzidła (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kadidlo. By surface analysis, kadzić + -dło.

incense (biotic material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt, often used in religious rites or for aesthetic reasons)


μύρρα

grc-noun

μύρρᾱ • (múrrhā) f (genitive μύρρᾱς); first declension

μύρρᾱ (canonical)
múrrhā (romanization)
μύρρᾱς (genitive)
ἡ μύρρᾱ (nominative singular)
τὼ μύρρᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ μύρραι (nominative plural)
τῆς μύρρᾱς (genitive singular)
τοῖν μύρραιν (dual genitive)
τῶν μυρρῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ μύρρᾳ (dative singular)
τοῖν μύρραιν (dative dual)
ταῖς μύρραις (dative plural)
τὴν μύρρᾱν (accusative singular)
τὼ μύρρᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς μύρρᾱς (accusative plural)
μύρρᾱ (singular vocative)
μύρρᾱ (dual vocative)
μύρραι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: myrrha

From a Semitic source akin to Arabic مُرّ (murr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”), Hebrew מור / מֹר (mōr, “myrrh”, literally “bitterness”).


assafétida

asafoetida (resinous gum from wild fennel)


松脂

Compound of 松 (matsu, “pine”) + 脂 (yani, “resin”).

松脂石鹸

松脂石鹸 まつやにせっけん

松脂蝋燭

松脂蝋燭 まつやにろうそく


松脂

From Middle Chinese compound 松脂 (zjowng tsyij, literally “pine + resin”).


מור

Root
 מ־ר־ר (m-r-r)
Compare Aramaic מוּרָא (mūrā), Arabic مُرّ (murr), Akkadian 𒄑𒋆𒋀 (/murru/).


glaesum

la-noun

glaesum n (genitive glaesī); second declension

glaesī (genitive)
glaesum (nominative singular)
glaesa (nominative plural)
glaesī (genitive singular)
glaesōrum (genitive plural)
glaesō (dative singular)
glaesīs (dative plural)
glaesum (accusative singular)
glaesa (accusative plural)
glaesō (ablative singular)
glaesīs (ablative plural)
glaesum (singular vocative)
glaesa (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Proto-Germanic *glasą, possibly related root *glōaną (“to shine”) (compare glow), and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰel- (“to shine, shimmer, glow”).
An ancient theory by Tacitus claims this word to be a Latinization of what the Aestii, likely a Baltic people, call amber; compare Lithuanian giñtaras (“amber”).


maldacon

maldacon n (genitive maldacī); second declension

maldacī (genitive)
maldacon (nominative singular)
maldaca (nominative plural)
maldacī (genitive singular)
maldacōrum (genitive plural)
maldacō (dative singular)
maldacīs (dative plural)
maldacon (accusative singular)
maldaca (accusative plural)
maldacō (ablative singular)
maldacīs (ablative plural)
maldacon (singular vocative)
maldaca (plural vocative)

[ˈmäɫ̪d̪äkɔn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μάλδακον (máldakon).


brochon

brochon n (genitive brochī); second declension

brochī (genitive)
brochon (nominative singular)
brocha (nominative plural)
brochī (genitive singular)
brochōrum (genitive plural)
brochō (dative singular)
brochīs (dative plural)
brochon (accusative singular)
brocha (accusative plural)
brochō (ablative singular)
brochīs (ablative plural)
brochon (singular vocative)
brocha (plural vocative)


thrauston

thrauston n (genitive thraustī); second declension

thraustī (genitive)
thrauston (nominative singular)
thrausta (nominative plural)
thraustī (genitive singular)
thraustōrum (genitive plural)
thraustō (dative singular)
thraustīs (dative plural)
thrauston (accusative singular)
thrausta (accusative plural)
thraustō (ablative singular)
thraustīs (ablative plural)
thrauston (singular vocative)
thrausta (plural vocative)

[ˈt̪ʰräu̯s̠t̪ɔn]

Borrowed from Ancient Greek θραυστόν (thraustón).


килибар

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish كهلبار (kehlibar), popular variant of كهربا (kehrüba), from Persian کهربا (kahrobâ).


صمغ

ar-noun

صَمْغ • (ṣamḡ) m (plural صُمُوغ (ṣumūḡ) or أَصْمَاغ (ʔaṣmāḡ))

صَمْغ (canonical)
ṣamḡ (romanization)
صُمُوغ (plural)
أَصْمَاغ (plural)
صَمْغ (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الصَّمْغ (definite informal singular triptote)
صَمْغ (construct informal singular triptote)
صَمْغٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الصَّمْغُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
صَمْغُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
صَمْغًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الصَّمْغَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
صَمْغَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
صَمْغٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الصَّمْغِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
صَمْغِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
الصَّمْغَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
صَمْغَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الصَّمْغَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
صَمْغَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
الصَّمْغَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الصَّمْغَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
صَمْغَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
صُمُوغ (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغ (broken-form indefinite informal plural triptote)
الصُّمُوغ (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
الْأَصْمَاغ (broken-form definite informal plural triptote)
صُمُوغ (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغ (broken-form construct informal plural triptote)
صُمُوغٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغٌ (broken-form indefinite nominative plural triptote)
الصُّمُوغُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
الْأَصْمَاغُ (broken-form definite nominative plural triptote)
صُمُوغُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغُ (broken-form construct nominative plural triptote)
صُمُوغًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغًا (accusative broken-form indefinite plural triptote)
الصُّمُوغَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
الْأَصْمَاغَ (accusative broken-form definite plural triptote)
صُمُوغَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغَ (accusative broken-form construct plural triptote)
صُمُوغٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغٍ (broken-form genitive indefinite plural triptote)
الصُّمُوغِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
الْأَصْمَاغِ (broken-form definite genitive plural triptote)
صُمُوغِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)
أَصْمَاغِ (broken-form construct genitive plural triptote)

→ Persian: صمغ (samğ)

→ Ottoman Turkish: صمغ (samğ, zamk)

→ Turkish: zamk

Root
 ص م غ (ṣ m ḡ)
 0 terms
Uncertain. Maybe a variant of سَمْع (samʕ, “ear”), compare شَمْع (šamʕ, “wax”), otherwise سَمُر (samur, “acacia”). A chain of comparisons also allows to assume Iranian borrowing: سَمْعَج (samʕaj, “thick sweet milk”), زَمَج (zamaj, “gum arabic; raisins”), زَاج (zāj, “vitriol”), Classical Persian زمه (zama, “vitriol, alum”), زنج (zunj, zanj, zinj, “resin; chin”), زنخ (zanax, “chin”), زاگ (zāg, “vitriol, alum”).

cog

قال ديسقوريدوس في كتابه ان الحلتيث صمغ الانجدان و ذكر بان يشرط اصله وساقه ثم بعد الشرط يسيل منه الحلتيث […]

1025, ابن سينا (Avicenna), القانون في الطب [Canon Medicinae], Rome: Stamperia Orientale Medicea, published 1593, Liber 2, page 174:

Dioscurides said in his book that hing is the resin of the Ferula assa-foetida and he notified that its stem and its foot is slit and then, after the slitting, the hing flows from it. […]


caitsiú

caitsiú (genitive singular)
nominative (indefinite)
caitsiú (indefinite singular)
vocative (indefinite)
a chaitsiú (indefinite singular)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an caitsiú (definite singular)
genitive (definite)
an chaitsiú (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an gcaitsiú (definite singular)
don chaitsiú (definite singular)
caitsiú
chaitsiú
gcaitsiú


guma arabach

head

guma arabach m (genitive singular guma arabaigh, nominative plural gumaí arabacha)

guma arabaigh (genitive singular)
gumaí arabacha (nominative plural)
guma arabach
ghuma arabach
nguma arabach


سقز

From Turkic, Proto-Turkic *sakïŕ (“gum, resin”).


ῥητίνη

grc-noun

ῥητῑ́νη • (rhētī́nē) f (genitive ῥητῑ́νης); first declension

ῥητῑ́νη (canonical)
rhētī́nē (romanization)
ῥητῑ́νης (genitive)
ἡ ῥητῑ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ ῥητῑ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ ῥητῖναι (nominative plural)
τῆς ῥητῑ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν ῥητῑ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ῥητῑνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ ῥητῑ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν ῥητῑ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς ῥητῑ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν ῥητῑ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ ῥητῑ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς ῥητῑ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
ῥητῑ́νη (singular vocative)
ῥητῑ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
ῥητῖναι (plural vocative)

desctree

→ Arabic: رَاتِينَج (rātīnaj)
→ Medieval Latin: ratinegi
→ Middle Armenian: ռատինէճ (ṙatinēč)
→ Ottoman Turkish: راتینج (ratinec), راتنج (ratenc)
Turkish: ratinec

⇒ English: retinalite, retinasphalt

→ Greek: ρητίνη (ritíni)

→ Latin: rēsīna, rētīna (Medieval Latin)
→ Albanian: rrëshirë
→ Arabic: رَجِينَة (rajīna)
→ Ottoman Turkish: رچینه (reçine)
Turkish: reçine
→ Greek: ρετσίνι (retsíni)
Aromanian: arushinã, ritsinã
Franco-Provençal: rèsina
Friulian: rèsine
→ Irish: roisín
Italian: resina
→ Byzantine Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)
Greek: ρετσίνα (retsína)
Old French: reysin
French: résine
→ Middle English: resyn
English: resin
Old Occitan: resina
Catalan: resina, reïna
Occitan: rosina
Old Galician-Portuguese: resina
Galician: resina, recina
Portuguese: resina
Piedmontese: resna
Romanian: rășină
→ Russian: рези́на (rezína)
Sicilian: rìsina
Old Spanish: resina
Spanish: resina

/r̥ɛː.tǐː.nɛː/

/r̥ɛː.tǐː.nɛː/

The suffix -ῑνος and -ῑνη are found both with inherited and with Pre-Greek words. Since there are no good cognates, however, the word is probably Pre-Greek. The comparison with Latin rasis (“kind of raw pitch pulverized to dust”) is uncertain. Latin rēsīna gives proof of a dialectal Greek by-form *ῥησίνα (*rhēsína); the variation attested by this form shows that this is a Pre-Greek word.

cog

460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 63

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 617a.19

371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 9.2.1

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Alexipharmaca 300

200 BCE – 100 BCE, Nicander, Alexipharmaca 554

40 CE – 90 CE, Dioscorides, Materia medica 1.71


cancamum

la-noun

cancamum n (genitive cancamī); second declension

cancamī (genitive)
cancamum (nominative singular)
cancama (nominative plural)
cancamī (genitive singular)
cancamōrum (genitive plural)
cancamō (dative singular)
cancamīs (dative plural)
cancamum (accusative singular)
cancama (accusative plural)
cancamō (ablative singular)
cancamīs (ablative plural)
cancamum (singular vocative)
cancama (plural vocative)

[ˈkäŋkämʊ̃ˑ]


阿魏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (阿魏):
* → Japanese: 阿魏(あぎ) (agi)
* → Korean: 아위(阿魏) (awi)

/ˀɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɔː⁵⁵ ŋɐi̯²²/

/a³³⁻²³ ɡui¹¹/

/ˀɤ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/ɔː⁵⁵ ŋɐi̯²²/

/a³³⁻²³ ɡui¹¹/

Borrowed from some unspecified language in the Western Regions.
Attested first in Medieval Chinese, and was reported to have come from the Jia-she-na (< ga-ʑa-na?) (伽闍那) country in Northern India―possibly referring to modern Ghazni in Afghanistan.
Compare Persian انگدان (angodân), انگژد (angožad), Tocharian B aṅkwaṣ, Khotanese aṃgūṣḍa-, Arabic أَنْجُدَان (ʔanjudān), Sanskrit हिङ्गु (hiṅgu), all meaning “asafoetida” and all possibly derived, ultimately, from Proto-Iranian *Hanguǰatu (“asafoetida”), where *ǰátu is “gum” (cf. Modern Persian ژد (žad)) and the first part *Hangwr̥ (“resin”).
This term was discussed in detail in Sino-Iranica. Zhengzhang (2006) points out that the sibilant final in Tocharian B ("Kuchean") aṅkwaṣ matches the tonogenesis of Middle Chinese 去聲／去声 (qùshēng, “departing tone”) from Old Chinese in 魏 (MC ngjw+jH) < 魏 (OC *ŋɡuls).


हिङ्गु

hiṅgú (romanization)
हिङ्गुः (nominative singular)
हिङ्गू (dual nominative)
हिङ्गवः (nominative plural)
हिङ्गो (singular vocative)
हिङ्गू (dual vocative)
हिङ्गवः (plural vocative)
हिङ्गुम् (accusative singular)
हिङ्गू (accusative dual)
हिङ्गून् (accusative plural)
हिङ्गुना (instrumental singular)
हिङ्ग्वा1 (instrumental singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
हिङ्गुभिः (instrumental plural)
हिङ्गवे (dative singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (dative dual)
हिङ्गुभ्यः (dative plural)
हिङ्गोः (ablative singular)
हिङ्गुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
हिङ्गुभ्यः (ablative plural)
हिङ्गोः (genitive singular)
हिङ्ग्वोः (dual genitive)
हिङ्गूनाम् (genitive plural)
हिङ्गौ (locative singular)
हिङ्ग्वोः (dual locative)
हिङ्गुषु (locative plural)

→ Balinese: ᬳᬶᬂᬕᬸ

Dardic:

Kashmiri: یَنٛگہٕ (yangụ)

→ Middle Chinese: 形虞 (MC heng ngju)

Mandarin: 形虞 (xíngyú)

→ Middle Chinese: 興蕖 (MC xing gjo)

Mandarin: 興蕖／兴蕖 (xīngqú)

Pali: hiṅgu

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀳𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀼 (hiṃgu)

Gujarati: હિંગ (hiṅg)

Hindi: हींग (hīṅg)

Nepali: हिङ (hiṅ)

Marathi: हिंग (hiṅga)

→ Burmese: ရှိန်းခို (hrin:hkui)

→ Jingpho: hkying hku

desc

→ Shan: သိင်းၶူဝ်ႇ (síng khò)

→ Shan: သိင်းၶူဝ်ႇ (síng khò)

Lepcha: ᰝᰬᰵ (heng)

Odia: ହଂଗ୍ (haṅg), ହିଙ୍ଗୁ (hiṅgu)

→ Kannada: ಇಂಗು (iṅgu)

→ Tamil: இங்கு (iṅku)

Borrowed from Proto-Iranian *Hángwr̥ (“extract, resin”), with an unexpected shift from *a to i, from the derivation *Hanguǰatu of which Iranian terms for asafoetida derive.

bor

a kind of liquid made from the roots of asafoetida


galagala

tl-noun

galagala or galagalá (Baybayin spelling ᜄᜎᜄᜎ)

galagala (canonical)
galagalá (canonical)
ᜄᜎᜄᜎ (Baybayin)

[ɡɐ.lɐˈɣaː.lɐ]

Borrowed from Malay gala-gala (“tar oil”), plural of gala (“resin”), ultimately from Sanskrit गल (gala, “resin”).

bor+

almaciga (Agathis dammara, syn. Agathis philippensis)


กำยาน

Semi-learned borrowing from Malay kemenyan (possibly via Classical Malay kamiñan). Cognate with Khmer កំញាន (kɑmñaan), Western Cham [script needed] (kamơñan), Burmese ကက္ကုကမျဉ်း (kakku.ka.myany:).
It was believed that it borrowed from Mon [komyaan] which did not exist.


անգուժատ

head

անգուժատ • (angužat) (genitive singular անգժատի)

angužat (romanization)
անգժատի (genitive singular)

→ Armenian: անգուժատ (angužat)

From Classical Persian انگژد (angužad) or from Parthian, from Proto-Iranian *Hanguǰatu.
Attested in Ašxarhacʿoycʿ in the compound անգուժատ-ա-բեր (angužat-a-ber), անգժատ-ա-բեր (angžat-a-ber, “bearing silphium”).

Այլ դեղ որ օգտէ այդ ջերմանտ՝ երբ եփած լինի նիւթն․ ա՛ռ նանխուայ տասն դրամ․ անիսոն, եւ քարաւէ եօթն եօթն դրամ․ դարապղպեղ երեք դրամ․ զանճապիլ չորս դրամ․ անգուժատ հինգ դրամ․ սումպուլ տասն դրամ․ զայս զամէնս աղա եւ մաղէ․ եւ յիստկած մեղրով շաղւէ․ եւ տուր երկու դրամ եւ կէս ռազիանի եւ կարօսի ջրով. բայց ՚ի նոպայի օրն մի՛ տաս։

1184, Mxitʻar Heracʻi, J̌ermancʻ mxitʻarutʻiwn [Relief of Fevers]

Ayl deġ or ōgtē ayd ǰermant, erb epʻac lini niwtʻn; áṙ nanxuay tasn dram; anison, ew kʻarawē eōtʻn eōtʻn dram; darapġpeġ erekʻ dram; zančapil čʻors dram; angužat hing dram; sumpul tasn dram; zays zamēns aġa ew maġē; ew yistkac meġrov šaġwē; ew tur erku dram ew kēs ṙaziani ew karōsi ǰrov. baycʻ ’i nopayi ōrn mí tas.

Ապա թէ յերկար քաշէ այս ջերմս, եւ ձմեռն ՚ի վերայ հասանի, եւ եփելոյ նշանն երեւնայ, ապա պատեհ է ՚ի բան տանիս մէկ մի ՚ի տաք մաճուննոյն, զերդ անգժատի մաճունն, կամ անգժատի հապն, յամէն երեք օր տուր կէս դրամ․ օգտէ թէ ած կամի։

Apa tʻē yerkar kʻašē ays ǰerms, ew jmeṙn ’i veray hasani, ew epʻeloy nšann erewnay, apa pateh ē ’i ban tanis mēk mi ’i takʻ mačunnoyn, zerd angžati mačunn, kam angžati hapn, yamēn erekʻ ōr tur kēs dram; ōgtē tʻē ac kami.

Եւ առ խոզտի նուկի մէկ եւ անգուժատ՝ դրամ տասն, ծեծէ զանգուժատն ու խառնէ ի հետ քիչ մի ալոյր […]
Ew aṙ xozti nuki mēk ew angužat, dram tasn, cecē zangužatn u xaṙnē i het kʻičʻ mi aloyr[…]

13th century, Faraj the Syrian, Bžškaran jioy ew aṙhasarak grastnoy [Medical Book on Horses and Other Beasts of Burden] 51

Անգուժատ· որ է անճուտան, որ է հլթիսն․ յիշած է։
Angužat· or ē ančutan, or ē hltʻisn; yišac ē.


มดยอบ

th-noun

มดยอบ • (mót-yɔ̂ɔp)

/mot̚˦˥.jɔːp̚˥˩/

From a dialect of Chinese 沒藥／没药 (mòyào).

zh-l

沒藥／没药 (mòyào)


λίβανος

grc-noun

λίβανος • (líbanos) m or f (genitive λίβανου); second declension

líbanos (romanization)
λίβανου (genitive)
ὁ (nominative singular)
ἡ λίβανος (nominative singular)
τὼ λιβάνω (dual nominative)
οἱ (nominative plural)
αἱ λίβανοι (nominative plural)
τοῦ (genitive singular)
τῆς λιβάνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λιβάνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λιβάνων (genitive plural)
τῷ (dative singular)
τῇ λιβάνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λιβάνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς (dative plural)
ταῖς λιβάνοις (dative plural)
τὸν (accusative singular)
τὴν λίβανον (accusative singular)
τὼ λιβάνω (accusative dual)
τοὺς (accusative plural)
τᾱ̀ς λιβάνους (accusative plural)
λίβανε (singular vocative)
λιβάνω (dual vocative)
λίβανοι (plural vocative)

Borrowed from a Semitic language, probably from a Canaanite word cognate to Hebrew לְבוֹנָה (ləḇōnā, “frankincense”) and Arabic لُبَان (lubān, “frankincense”), from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”).


կնդրուկ

head

կնդրուկ • (kndruk)

hy-noun

կնդրուկ • (kndruk)

kndruk (romanization)
կնդրուկ (nominative singular)
կնդրուկներ (nominative plural)
կնդրուկի (dative singular)
կնդրուկների (dative plural)
կնդրուկից (ablative singular)
կնդրուկներից (ablative plural)
կնդրուկով (instrumental singular)
կնդրուկներով (instrumental plural)
կնդրուկում (locative singular)
կնդրուկներում (locative plural)
կնդրուկը (definite nominative singular)
կնդրուկն (definite nominative singular)
կնդրուկները (definite nominative plural)
կնդրուկներն (definite nominative plural)
կնդրուկին (dative definite singular)
կնդրուկներին (dative definite plural)
կնդրուկս (first-person nominative possessive singular)
կնդրուկներս (first-person nominative plural possessive)
կնդրուկիս (dative first-person possessive singular)
կնդրուկներիս (dative first-person plural possessive)
կնդրուկիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular)
կնդրուկներիցս (ablative first-person plural possessive)
կնդրուկովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular)
կնդրուկներովս (first-person instrumental plural possessive)
կնդրուկումս (first-person locative possessive singular)
կնդրուկներումս (first-person locative plural possessive)
կնդրուկդ (nominative possessive second-person singular)
կնդրուկներդ (nominative plural possessive second-person)
կնդրուկիդ (dative possessive second-person singular)
կնդրուկներիդ (dative plural possessive second-person)
կնդրուկիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular)
կնդրուկներիցդ (ablative plural possessive second-person)
կնդրուկովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular)
կնդրուկներովդ (instrumental plural possessive second-person)
կնդրուկումդ (locative possessive second-person singular)
կնդրուկներումդ (locative plural possessive second-person)

hy-decl-noun

կնդրուկը/կնդրուկն

կնդրուկները/կնդրուկներն

կնդրուկներին

կնդրուկներից

կնդրուկներով

կնդրուկներում

կնդրուկներիս

կնդրուկներիցս

կնդրուկներովս

կնդրուկներումս

կնդրուկներիդ

կնդրուկներիցդ

կնդրուկներովդ

կնդրուկներումդ


կնդրուկ

head

կնդրուկ • (kndruk)

xcl-noun

կնդրուկ • (kndruk)

kndruk (romanization)
կնդրուկ (nominative singular)
կնդրուկք (nominative plural)
կնդրկի (genitive singular)
կնդրկաց (genitive plural)
կնդրկի (dative singular)
կնդրկաց (dative plural)
կնդրուկ (accusative singular)
կնդրուկս (accusative plural)
կնդրկէ (ablative singular)
կնդրկաց (ablative plural)
կնդրկաւ (instrumental singular)
կնդրկի (locative singular)
կնդրուկս (locative plural)

xcl-decl-noun

կնդրկաւք = կնդրկօք

Armenian: կնդրուկ (kndruk)

Middle Armenian: կնտրուկ (kntruk)

An Iranian borrowing: compare Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (kwndl /kundur/, “frankincense”), Persian کندر (kondor) and see the latter for more.

cog

կնդրուկ երեւելի

Ղիբոն (vars. ղոբոն, մազգի)՝ կնդրուկ։
Łibon (vars. łobon, mazgi), kndruk.
λιβανωτός (libanōtós) = frankincense

6th–12th? centuries, Baṙkʻ Gałianosi [The Greek–Armenian Dictionary to Galen]

Լուկուան՝ սպիտակ կնդրուկ (var. կնտրուկ)։
Lukuan, spitak kndruk (var. kntruk).
لُبَان (lubān) (?) = white frankincense

9th or 10th century, with changes and additions in later centuries, Tʻargmanutʻiwn dełocʻ zor əntrel en imastasērkʻn ew kargeal yayl lezuacʻ [A Medieval Arabic–Armenian Botanical Dictionary]


խունկ

head

խունկ • (xunk)

hy-noun

խունկ • (xunk)

xunk (romanization)
խունկ (nominative singular)
խնկեր (nominative plural)
խնկի (dative singular)
խնկերի (dative plural)
խնկից (ablative singular)
խնկերից (ablative plural)
խնկով (instrumental singular)
խնկերով (instrumental plural)
խնկում (locative singular)
խնկերում (locative plural)
խունկը (definite nominative singular)
խունկն (definite nominative singular)
խնկերը (definite nominative plural)
խնկերն (definite nominative plural)
խնկին (dative definite singular)
խնկերին (dative definite plural)
խունկս (first-person nominative possessive singular)
խնկերս (first-person nominative plural possessive)
խնկիս (dative first-person possessive singular)
խնկերիս (dative first-person plural possessive)
խնկիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular)
խնկերիցս (ablative first-person plural possessive)
խնկովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular)
խնկերովս (first-person instrumental plural possessive)
խնկումս (first-person locative possessive singular)
խնկերումս (first-person locative plural possessive)
խունկդ (nominative possessive second-person singular)
խնկերդ (nominative plural possessive second-person)
խնկիդ (dative possessive second-person singular)
խնկերիդ (dative plural possessive second-person)
խնկիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular)
խնկերիցդ (ablative plural possessive second-person)
խնկովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular)
խնկերովդ (instrumental plural possessive second-person)
խնկումդ (locative possessive second-person singular)
խնկերումդ (locative plural possessive second-person)
խունկ (nominative singular)
խունկեր (nominative plural)
խունկի (dative singular)
խունկերի (dative plural)
խունկից (ablative singular)
խունկերից (ablative plural)
խունկով (instrumental singular)
խունկերով (instrumental plural)
խունկում (locative singular)
խունկերում (locative plural)
խունկը (definite nominative singular)
խունկն (definite nominative singular)
խունկերը (definite nominative plural)
խունկերն (definite nominative plural)
խունկին (dative definite singular)
խունկերին (dative definite plural)
խունկս (first-person nominative possessive singular)
խունկերս (first-person nominative plural possessive)
խունկիս (dative first-person possessive singular)
խունկերիս (dative first-person plural possessive)
խունկիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular)
խունկերիցս (ablative first-person plural possessive)
խունկովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular)
խունկերովս (first-person instrumental plural possessive)
խունկումս (first-person locative possessive singular)
խունկերումս (first-person locative plural possessive)
խունկդ (nominative possessive second-person singular)
խունկերդ (nominative plural possessive second-person)
խունկիդ (dative possessive second-person singular)
խունկերիդ (dative plural possessive second-person)
խունկիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular)
խունկերիցդ (ablative plural possessive second-person)
խունկովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular)
խունկերովդ (instrumental plural possessive second-person)
խունկումդ (locative possessive second-person singular)
խունկերումդ (locative plural possessive second-person)

hy-decl-noun

խունկը/խունկն

խնկերը/խնկերն

խունկը/խունկն

խունկերը/խունկերն


խունկ

head

խունկ • (xunk)

xcl-noun

խունկ • (xunk)

xunk (romanization)
խունկ (nominative singular)
խունկք (nominative plural)
խնկոյ (genitive singular)
խնկոց (genitive plural)
խնկոյ (dative singular)
խնկոց (dative plural)
խունկ (accusative singular)
խունկս (accusative plural)
խնկոյ (ablative singular)
խնկոց (ablative plural)
խնկով (instrumental singular)
խնկովք (instrumental plural)
խունկ (locative singular)
խունկս (locative plural)

xcl-decl-noun

an i-a-type instrumental plural խնկօք (xnkōkʻ) = խնկաւք (xnkawkʻ) is also attested

Armenian: խունկ (xunk)

→ Turkish: ḫunk, hunk

→ Northern Kurdish: xûng

→ Romani: xung

An Iranian borrowing. Compare Persian خنگ (xong, “incense”).

Է թռչուն ինչ ի հնդիկս, որ կոչի փիւնիքս։ Ըստ հինգհարիւր ամին գայ ի ծառսն Լիբանանու եւ լնու զերկոսին թեւսն իւր խնկաւք. եւ երթայ ազդ առնէ քրմին Արեգ քաղաքի ի յամսեան պայեմոդի կամ ի փարմոդի, այսինքն արեգ կամ ի կանխոց։
Ē tʻṙčʻun inčʻ i hndiks, or kočʻi pʻiwnikʻs. Əst hinghariwr amin gay i caṙsn Libananu ew lnu zerkosin tʻewsn iwr xnkawkʻ. ew ertʻay azd aṙnē kʻrmin Areg kʻałakʻi i yamsean payemodi kam i pʻarmodi, aysinkʻn areg kam i kanxocʻ.

5th century, with changes and additions in later centuries, Baroyaxōs [Physiologus] Earliest recension (TR).10.2–3

There is a bird in India called phoenix. Every five hundred years it comes to the trees of Lebanon and fills both its wings with incense, and goes to inform the priest of Heliopolis, in the month Phamenoth or Pharmuthi, that is Areg or the preceding months [i.e. Meheki].

Եւ քուրմ իբրեւ իմանայ, մտանէ լնու զբագինն որթափայտիւ․ մտանէ հաւն յարեգ քաղաք լի խնգովք եւ ելանէ ի բագինն, իւրովի լուցանէ զկրակն եւ անձամբ զանձն այրէ։
Ew kʻurm ibrew imanay, mtanē lnu zbaginn ortʻapʻaytiw; mtanē hawn yareg kʻałakʻ li xngovkʻ ew elanē i baginn, iwrovi lucʻanē zkrakn ew anjamb zanjn ayrē.

5th century, with changes and additions in later centuries, Baroyaxōs [Physiologus] Earliest recension (TR).10.4–5

And the priest being informed goes in and fills the altar with vine wood. The bird enters Heliopolis, filled with incense, mounts the altar, kindles the fire with itself and burns itself.


resyn

English: resin

Borrowed from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


myrre

myrre (nominative singular)
myrran (accusative singular)
myrran (genitive singular)
myrran (dative singular)

desctree

Middle English: mirre, myrre, mirra, myrra, mirr, mir, murre, myre, mirrhe
Middle English: mirre
English: myrrh
Scots: myrrh

Borrowed from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha).


peĉo

eo-head

peĉo (accusative singular peĉon, plural peĉoj, accusative plural peĉojn)

peĉon (accusative singular)
peĉoj (plural)
peĉojn (accusative plural)

Borrowed from Italian pece, from Latin pix (“tar, pitch”). Compare German Pech, Yiddish פּעך (pekh), French poix, Russian пек (pek). Not to be confused with pitĉo, piĉo.

pitch (extremely viscous polymer derived from petroleum, coal tar or plants)


بلسم

ar-noun

بَلْسَم • (balsam) m (plural بَلَاسِم (balāsim))

بَلْسَم (canonical)
balsam (romanization)
بَلَاسِم (plural)
بَلْسَم (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَم (definite informal singular triptote)
بَلْسَم (construct informal singular triptote)
بَلْسَمٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
بَلْسَمُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
بَلْسَمًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
بَلْسَمٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
بَلْسَمِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْن (dual indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمَيْن (definite dual informal singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْ (construct dual informal singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَانِ (dual indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمَانِ (definite dual nominative singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَا (construct dual nominative singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْنِ (accusative dual indefinite singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمَيْنِ (accusative definite dual singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْ (accusative construct dual singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْنِ (dual genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْبَلْسَمَيْنِ (definite dual genitive singular triptote)
بَلْسَمَيْ (construct dual genitive singular triptote)
بَلَاسِم (broken-form diptote indefinite informal plural)
الْبَلَاسِم (broken-form definite diptote informal plural)
بَلَاسِم (broken-form construct diptote informal plural)
بَلَاسِمُ (broken-form diptote indefinite nominative plural)
الْبَلَاسِمُ (broken-form definite diptote nominative plural)
بَلَاسِمُ (broken-form construct diptote nominative plural)
بَلَاسِمَ (accusative broken-form diptote indefinite plural)
الْبَلَاسِمَ (accusative broken-form definite diptote plural)
بَلَاسِمَ (accusative broken-form construct diptote plural)
بَلَاسِمَ (broken-form diptote genitive indefinite plural)
الْبَلَاسِمِ (broken-form definite diptote genitive plural)
بَلَاسِمِ (broken-form construct diptote genitive plural)

the resin obtained of such a plant, balsam, balm


sarcocolla

/sɑːkəˈkɒlə/

From Latin sarcocolla, from Ancient Greek σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla), from σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) + κόλλα (kólla, “glue, adhesive”).

traditional medicine
traditional medicine

The gum resin obtained from them, (historical) particularly A. sarcolla resin as used in traditional medicine and paint manufacture.

عَنْزَرُوت

A. sarcocolla resin; closely similar resins


زفت

زِفْت (canonical)
zift (romanization)
زِفْت (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الزِّفْت (definite informal singular triptote)
زِفْت (construct informal singular triptote)
زِفْتٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الزِّفْتُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
زِفْتُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
زِفْتًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الزِّفْتَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
زِفْتَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
زِفْتٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الزِّفْتِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
زِفْتِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

→ Northern Kurdish: zift

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: زفت (zift), زیفت (zift)
Turkish: zift
→ Armenian: զիֆթ (ziftʻ)
→ Bulgarian: зифт (zift)
→ Georgian: ზივთი (zivti), ზიფთი (zipti)
→ Greek: ζίφτι (zífti)
→ Laz: ზიჶთი (zifti), ზიჶტი (zifťi)
→ Macedonian: зифт (zift)
→ Serbo-Croatian: зи̏фт／zȉft

→ Persian: زفت (zeft)

Journal of the American Oriental Society

Of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish Literary Aramaic, Jewish Babylonian Aramaic זִפתָּא (zip̄tā) / זִיפתָּא (zip̄tā), Classical Syriac ܙܦܬܐ (zep̄tā), ܙܒܬܐ (zeḇtā), Hebrew זֶפֶת (zéfeṯ), possibly Arabic-borrowed Ge'ez ዝፍት (zəft) and Semitic-borrowed Old Armenian ձիւթ (jiwtʻ) and Old Georgian ძივთი (ʒivti). Neo-Babylonian 𒍣𒅁𒌈 (zi-ib-tum /ziptu, zibtu/), once glossed “pitch” and rare enough to be West Semitic borrowing, is more correctly glossed “a stone”.


زفت

ar-verb

زَفَّتَ • (zaffata) II (non-past يُزَفِّتُ (yuzaffitu), verbal noun تَزْفِيت (tazfīt))

زَفَّتَ (canonical)
zaffata (romanization)
يُزَفِّتُ (non-past)
تَزْفِيت (noun-from-verb)
تَزْفِيت (noun-from-verb)
مُزَفِّت (active participle)
مُزَفَّت (participle passive)
زَفَّتُّ (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective singular)
زَفَّتَّ (active indicative masculine past perfective second-person singular)
زَفَّتَ (active indicative masculine past perfective singular third-person)
زَفَّتُّمَا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective second-person)
زَفَّتَا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective third-person)
زَفَّتْنَا (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective plural)
زَفَّتُّمْ (active indicative masculine past perfective plural second-person)
زَفَّتُوا (active indicative masculine past perfective plural third-person)
زَفَّتُّ (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective singular)
زَفَّتِّ (active feminine indicative past perfective second-person singular)
زَفَّتَتْ (active feminine indicative past perfective singular third-person)
زَفَّتُّمَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective second-person)
زَفَّتَتَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective third-person)
زَفَّتْنَا (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective plural)
زَفَّتُّنَّ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural second-person)
زَفَّتْنَ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural third-person)
أُزَفِّتُ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular)
تُزَفِّتُ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person singular)
يُزَفِّتُ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular third-person)
تُزَفِّتَانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person)
يُزَفِّتَانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past third-person)
نُزَفِّتُ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural)
تُزَفِّتُونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural second-person)
يُزَفِّتُونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural third-person)
أُزَفِّتُ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past singular)
تُزَفِّتِينَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person singular)
تُزَفِّتُ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past singular third-person)
تُزَفِّتَانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person)
تُزَفِّتَانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past third-person)
نُزَفِّتُ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past plural)
تُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural second-person)
يُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural third-person)
أُزَفِّتَ (active first-person masculine singular subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتَ (active masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
يُزَفِّتَ (active masculine singular subjunctive third-person)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual masculine second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفِّتَا (active dual masculine subjunctive third-person)
نُزَفِّتَ (active first-person masculine plural subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتُوا (active masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفِّتُوا (active masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
أُزَفِّتَ (active feminine first-person singular subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتِي (active feminine second-person singular subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتَ (active feminine singular subjunctive third-person)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual feminine second-person subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual feminine subjunctive third-person)
نُزَفِّتَ (active feminine first-person plural subjunctive)
تُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine plural second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine plural subjunctive third-person)
أُزَفِّتْ (active first-person jussive masculine singular)
تُزَفِّتْ (active jussive masculine second-person singular)
يُزَفِّتْ (active jussive masculine singular third-person)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual jussive masculine second-person)
يُزَفِّتَا (active dual jussive masculine third-person)
نُزَفِّتْ (active first-person jussive masculine plural)
تُزَفِّتُوا (active jussive masculine plural second-person)
يُزَفِّتُوا (active jussive masculine plural third-person)
أُزَفِّتْ (active feminine first-person jussive singular)
تُزَفِّتِي (active feminine jussive second-person singular)
تُزَفِّتْ (active feminine jussive singular third-person)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual feminine jussive second-person)
تُزَفِّتَا (active dual feminine jussive third-person)
نُزَفِّتْ (active feminine first-person jussive plural)
تُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine jussive plural second-person)
يُزَفِّتْنَ (active feminine jussive plural third-person)
زَفِّتْ (active imperative masculine second-person singular)
زَفِّتَا (active dual imperative masculine second-person)
زَفِّتُوا (active imperative masculine plural second-person)
زَفِّتِي (active feminine imperative second-person singular)
زَفِّتَا (active dual feminine imperative second-person)
زَفِّتْنَ (active feminine imperative plural second-person)
زُفِّتُّ (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective singular)
زُفِّتَّ (indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person singular)
زُفِّتَ (indicative masculine passive past perfective singular third-person)
زُفِّتُّمَا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person)
زُفِّتَا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective third-person)
زُفِّتْنَا (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective plural)
زُفِّتُّمْ (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural second-person)
زُفِّتُوا (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural third-person)
زُفِّتُّ (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective singular)
زُفِّتِّ (feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person singular)
زُفِّتَتْ (feminine indicative passive past perfective singular third-person)
زُفِّتُّمَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person)
زُفِّتَتَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective third-person)
زُفِّتْنَا (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective plural)
زُفِّتُّنَّ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural second-person)
زُفِّتْنَ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural third-person)
أُزَفَّتُ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular)
تُزَفَّتُ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person singular)
يُزَفَّتُ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular third-person)
تُزَفَّتَانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person)
يُزَفَّتَانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive third-person)
نُزَفَّتُ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural)
تُزَفَّتُونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural second-person)
يُزَفَّتُونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural third-person)
أُزَفَّتُ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive singular)
تُزَفَّتِينَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person singular)
تُزَفَّتُ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive singular third-person)
تُزَفَّتَانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person)
تُزَفَّتَانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive third-person)
نُزَفَّتُ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive plural)
تُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural second-person)
يُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural third-person)
أُزَفَّتَ (first-person masculine passive singular subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتَ (masculine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
يُزَفَّتَ (masculine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual masculine passive second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفَّتَا (dual masculine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُزَفَّتَ (first-person masculine passive plural subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتُوا (masculine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفَّتُوا (masculine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُزَفَّتَ (feminine first-person passive singular subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتِي (feminine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتَ (feminine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual feminine passive second-person subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual feminine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُزَفَّتَ (feminine first-person passive plural subjunctive)
تُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُزَفَّتْ (first-person jussive masculine passive singular)
تُزَفَّتْ (jussive masculine passive second-person singular)
يُزَفَّتْ (jussive masculine passive singular third-person)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual jussive masculine passive second-person)
يُزَفَّتَا (dual jussive masculine passive third-person)
نُزَفَّتْ (first-person jussive masculine passive plural)
تُزَفَّتُوا (jussive masculine passive plural second-person)
يُزَفَّتُوا (jussive masculine passive plural third-person)
أُزَفَّتْ (feminine first-person jussive passive singular)
تُزَفَّتِي (feminine jussive passive second-person singular)
تُزَفَّتْ (feminine jussive passive singular third-person)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual feminine jussive passive second-person)
تُزَفَّتَا (dual feminine jussive passive third-person)
نُزَفَّتْ (feminine first-person jussive passive plural)
تُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural second-person)
يُزَفَّتْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural third-person)


زفت

head

زفت • (zift) (definite accusative زفتی (zifti), plural زفتلر (ziftler))

zift (romanization)
زفتی (accusative definite)
زفتلر (plural)

Turkish: zift

→ Armenian: զիֆթ (ziftʻ)

→ Bulgarian: зифт (zift)

desc

→ Georgian: ზივთი (zivti), ზიფთი (zipti)

→ Greek: ζίφτι (zífti)

→ Laz: ზიჶთი (zifti), ზიჶტი (zifťi)

→ Macedonian: зифт (zift)

→ Serbo-Croatian: зи̏фт／zȉft

Borrowed from Arabic زِفْت (zift, “pitch, tar”).

bor+

pitch, tar, a black, oily, viscous substance derived from organic materials such as wood, peat, or coal


سندروس

ar-noun

سَنْدَرُوس or سِنْدَرُوس • (sandarūs or sindarūs) m

سَنْدَرُوس (canonical)
سِنْدَرُوس (canonical)
sandarūs (romanization)
sindarūs (romanization)
سَنْدَرُوس (indefinite informal singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوس (indefinite informal singular triptote)
السَّنْدَرُوس (definite informal singular triptote)
السِّنْدَرُوس (definite informal singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوس (construct informal singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوس (construct informal singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
السَّنْدَرُوسُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
السِّنْدَرُوسُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
السَّنْدَرُوسَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
السِّنْدَرُوسَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
السَّنْدَرُوسِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
السِّنْدَرُوسِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
سَنْدَرُوسِ (construct genitive singular triptote)
سِنْدَرُوسِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

desc

→ Middle Armenian: սանդարօս (sandarōs), սանդարաս (sandaras), սանտարօս (santarōs)

→ Persian: سندروس (sandrus)

→ Swahili: sandarusi

Bar Bahlul
Book of Assaf
Halachot Gedolot

From Ancient Greek σανδαράκινος (sandarákinos, “orange-coloured, sandarac-like”) or another masculine formation from σανδᾰράκη (sandarákē, “sandarac, realgar”), compare خَنْدَرُوس (ḵandarūs) from χόνδρος (khóndros, “spelt; groats; lump, grumous mass”) and دَنْدَرُوس (dandarūs) from δενδροειδής (dendroeidḗs, “tree-like”).
The Classical Syriac form ܣܢܕܪܘܣ is found in Bar Bahlul and Bar Ali, while Jewish Babylonian Aramaic סַנְדּרוֹס (sandarōs) is found in the Ḥalaḵōt Gedōlōṯ and Mishnaic Hebrew סַנְדּרוֹס (sandarōs) in the Book of Assaf; the Arabic term can well be considered an Aramaic loan hence, considering also that these lects thereof liked to add a reflex of -ος (-os) even when it was never there, e.g. the descendants of σίγνον (sígnon).

bor

σανδαράκινος

cog

Tetraclinis articulata
Tetraclinis articulata#Translingual

sandarac
the tree Tetraclinis articulata

the resin obtained from Tetraclinis articulata


سندروس

Borrowed from Arabic سَنْدَرُوس (sandarūs).


mastik

English: mastic

Borrowed from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

(rare) The mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)


gummen

gummen (infinitive)
to gummen (infinitive)
gumme (infinitive)
gumme (first-person present singular)
gummed (first-person past singular)
gummest (present second-person singular)
gummedest (past second-person singular)
gummeth (present singular third-person)
gummed (past singular third-person)
gumme (present singular subjunctive)
gummed (past singular subjunctive)
gumme (imperative present singular)
gummen (plural present)
gumme (plural present)
gummeden (past plural)
gummede (past plural)
gummeth (imperative plural present)
gumme (imperative plural present)
gummynge (participle present)
gummende (participle present)
gummed (participle past)
ygummed (participle past)

English: gum


gumme

English: gum

Scots: gum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gume, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, cummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy, qmyt.

A gum or resin; a sticky syrup from a plant, used as scent and in pharmaceuticals.


terebentyne

English: turpentine

Scots: torpity (obsolete)

From Old French terbentine, turbentine, from Latin terebinthina; equivalent to therebynte + -ine.

Turpentine or a pharmaceutical made from it.


χαλβάνη

grc-noun

χᾰλβᾰ́νη • (khalbánē) f (genitive χᾰλβᾰ́νης); first declension

χᾰλβᾰ́νη (canonical)
khalbánē (romanization)
χᾰλβᾰ́νης (genitive)
ἡ χᾰλβᾰ́νη (nominative singular)
τὼ χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ χᾰλβᾰ́ναι (nominative plural)
τῆς χᾰλβᾰ́νης (genitive singular)
τοῖν χᾰλβᾰ́ναιν (dual genitive)
τῶν χᾰλβᾰνῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ χᾰλβᾰ́νῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν χᾰλβᾰ́ναιν (dative dual)
ταῖς χᾰλβᾰ́ναις (dative plural)
τὴν χᾰλβᾰ́νην (accusative singular)
τὼ χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱς (accusative plural)
χᾰλβᾰ́νη (singular vocative)
χᾰλβᾰ́νᾱ (dual vocative)
χᾰλβᾰ́ναι (plural vocative)

→ Latin: galbanum

→ Old Armenian: քաղբան (kʻałban)

desc

→ Old Georgian: ქალბანაჲ (kalbanay), ქალბანჱ (kalbanē)

From Hebrew חֶלְבְּנָה (ḥelbənāh), from the root ח־ל־ב (ḥ-l-b) related to milk, from Proto-Semitic *ḥalīb- (“milk; fat”).

bor

Hebrew חֶלְבְּנָה (ḥelbənāh)

galbanum, the resinous juice produced by plants of the genus Ferula


قير

ar-noun

قِير • (qīr) m

قِير (canonical)
qīr (romanization)
قِير (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْقِير (definite informal singular triptote)
قِير (construct informal singular triptote)
قِيرٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْقِيرُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
قِيرُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
قِيرًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْقِيرَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
قِيرَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
قِيرٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْقِيرِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
قِيرِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

Borrowed from Aramaic קִירָא / ܩܝܪܐ (qīrā, “bitumen; wax”) (also ܩܐܪܐ (qārā)), from Akkadian 𒀀𒇒𒉈 (/qīru/, “bitumen”); uncertain relation to Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós, “wax”), Latin cēra (“wax”) which stem from an unknown substrate. Likely ultimately related to Akkadian 𒌋𒀜 (/kīru/, “kiln”) from Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 (gir, “kiln”), which also gave rise to Aramaic גִירָא,ܓܝܪܐ (gīrā, “lime”), and Arabic جِير (jīr, “lime”), Northern Luri قیل (qil).

قَيَّار

having tar or asphalt; who works with tar


قير

ar-verb

قَيَّرَ • (qayyara) II (non-past يُقَيِّرُ (yuqayyiru), verbal noun تَقْيِير (taqyīr))

قَيَّرَ (canonical)
qayyara (romanization)
يُقَيِّرُ (non-past)
تَقْيِير (noun-from-verb)
تَقْيِير (noun-from-verb)
مُقَيِّر (active participle)
مُقَيَّر (participle passive)
قَيَّرْتُ (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective singular)
قَيَّرْتَ (active indicative masculine past perfective second-person singular)
قَيَّرَ (active indicative masculine past perfective singular third-person)
قَيَّرْتُمَا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective second-person)
قَيَّرَا (active dual indicative masculine past perfective third-person)
قَيَّرْنَا (active first-person indicative masculine past perfective plural)
قَيَّرْتُمْ (active indicative masculine past perfective plural second-person)
قَيَّرُوا (active indicative masculine past perfective plural third-person)
قَيَّرْتُ (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective singular)
قَيَّرْتِ (active feminine indicative past perfective second-person singular)
قَيَّرَتْ (active feminine indicative past perfective singular third-person)
قَيَّرْتُمَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective second-person)
قَيَّرَتَا (active dual feminine indicative past perfective third-person)
قَيَّرْنَا (active feminine first-person indicative past perfective plural)
قَيَّرْتُنَّ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural second-person)
قَيَّرْنَ (active feminine indicative past perfective plural third-person)
أُقَيِّرُ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular)
تُقَيِّرُ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person singular)
يُقَيِّرُ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past singular third-person)
تُقَيِّرَانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past second-person)
يُقَيِّرَانِ (active dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past third-person)
نُقَيِّرُ (active first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural)
تُقَيِّرُونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural second-person)
يُقَيِّرُونَ (active imperfective indicative masculine non-past plural third-person)
أُقَيِّرُ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past singular)
تُقَيِّرِينَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person singular)
تُقَيِّرُ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past singular third-person)
تُقَيِّرَانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past second-person)
تُقَيِّرَانِ (active dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past third-person)
نُقَيِّرُ (active feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past plural)
تُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural second-person)
يُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine imperfective indicative non-past plural third-person)
أُقَيِّرَ (active first-person masculine singular subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرَ (active masculine second-person singular subjunctive)
يُقَيِّرَ (active masculine singular subjunctive third-person)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual masculine second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيِّرَا (active dual masculine subjunctive third-person)
نُقَيِّرَ (active first-person masculine plural subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرُوا (active masculine plural second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيِّرُوا (active masculine plural subjunctive third-person)
أُقَيِّرَ (active feminine first-person singular subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرِي (active feminine second-person singular subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرَ (active feminine singular subjunctive third-person)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual feminine second-person subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual feminine subjunctive third-person)
نُقَيِّرَ (active feminine first-person plural subjunctive)
تُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine plural second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine plural subjunctive third-person)
أُقَيِّرْ (active first-person jussive masculine singular)
تُقَيِّرْ (active jussive masculine second-person singular)
يُقَيِّرْ (active jussive masculine singular third-person)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual jussive masculine second-person)
يُقَيِّرَا (active dual jussive masculine third-person)
نُقَيِّرْ (active first-person jussive masculine plural)
تُقَيِّرُوا (active jussive masculine plural second-person)
يُقَيِّرُوا (active jussive masculine plural third-person)
أُقَيِّرْ (active feminine first-person jussive singular)
تُقَيِّرِي (active feminine jussive second-person singular)
تُقَيِّرْ (active feminine jussive singular third-person)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual feminine jussive second-person)
تُقَيِّرَا (active dual feminine jussive third-person)
نُقَيِّرْ (active feminine first-person jussive plural)
تُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine jussive plural second-person)
يُقَيِّرْنَ (active feminine jussive plural third-person)
قَيِّرْ (active imperative masculine second-person singular)
قَيِّرَا (active dual imperative masculine second-person)
قَيِّرُوا (active imperative masculine plural second-person)
قَيِّرِي (active feminine imperative second-person singular)
قَيِّرَا (active dual feminine imperative second-person)
قَيِّرْنَ (active feminine imperative plural second-person)
قُيِّرْتُ (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective singular)
قُيِّرْتَ (indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person singular)
قُيِّرَ (indicative masculine passive past perfective singular third-person)
قُيِّرْتُمَا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective second-person)
قُيِّرَا (dual indicative masculine passive past perfective third-person)
قُيِّرْنَا (first-person indicative masculine passive past perfective plural)
قُيِّرْتُمْ (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural second-person)
قُيِّرُوا (indicative masculine passive past perfective plural third-person)
قُيِّرْتُ (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective singular)
قُيِّرْتِ (feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person singular)
قُيِّرَتْ (feminine indicative passive past perfective singular third-person)
قُيِّرْتُمَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective second-person)
قُيِّرَتَا (dual feminine indicative passive past perfective third-person)
قُيِّرْنَا (feminine first-person indicative passive past perfective plural)
قُيِّرْتُنَّ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural second-person)
قُيِّرْنَ (feminine indicative passive past perfective plural third-person)
أُقَيَّرُ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular)
تُقَيَّرُ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person singular)
يُقَيَّرُ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive singular third-person)
تُقَيَّرَانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive second-person)
يُقَيَّرَانِ (dual imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive third-person)
نُقَيَّرُ (first-person imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural)
تُقَيَّرُونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural second-person)
يُقَيَّرُونَ (imperfective indicative masculine non-past passive plural third-person)
أُقَيَّرُ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive singular)
تُقَيَّرِينَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person singular)
تُقَيَّرُ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive singular third-person)
تُقَيَّرَانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive second-person)
تُقَيَّرَانِ (dual feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive third-person)
نُقَيَّرُ (feminine first-person imperfective indicative non-past passive plural)
تُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural second-person)
يُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine imperfective indicative non-past passive plural third-person)
أُقَيَّرَ (first-person masculine passive singular subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرَ (masculine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
يُقَيَّرَ (masculine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual masculine passive second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيَّرَا (dual masculine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُقَيَّرَ (first-person masculine passive plural subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرُوا (masculine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيَّرُوا (masculine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُقَيَّرَ (feminine first-person passive singular subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرِي (feminine passive second-person singular subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرَ (feminine passive singular subjunctive third-person)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual feminine passive second-person subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual feminine passive subjunctive third-person)
نُقَيَّرَ (feminine first-person passive plural subjunctive)
تُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine passive plural second-person subjunctive)
يُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine passive plural subjunctive third-person)
أُقَيَّرْ (first-person jussive masculine passive singular)
تُقَيَّرْ (jussive masculine passive second-person singular)
يُقَيَّرْ (jussive masculine passive singular third-person)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual jussive masculine passive second-person)
يُقَيَّرَا (dual jussive masculine passive third-person)
نُقَيَّرْ (first-person jussive masculine passive plural)
تُقَيَّرُوا (jussive masculine passive plural second-person)
يُقَيَّرُوا (jussive masculine passive plural third-person)
أُقَيَّرْ (feminine first-person jussive passive singular)
تُقَيَّرِي (feminine jussive passive second-person singular)
تُقَيَّرْ (feminine jussive passive singular third-person)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual feminine jussive passive second-person)
تُقَيَّرَا (dual feminine jussive passive third-person)
نُقَيَّرْ (feminine first-person jussive passive plural)
تُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural second-person)
يُقَيَّرْنَ (feminine jussive passive plural third-person)


στύραξ

grc-noun

στύραξ • (stúrax) m (genitive στύρᾰκος); third declension

stúrax (romanization)
στύρᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ στύρᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ στύρᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ στύρᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ στύρᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν στυρᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν στυρᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ στύρᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν στυρᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς στύρᾰξῐ (dative plural)
στύρᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs stúraxi (dative plural)
toîs stúraxin (dative plural)
τὸν στύρᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ στύρᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς στύρᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
στύρᾰξ (singular vocative)
στύρᾰκε (dual vocative)
στύρᾰκες (plural vocative)

→ Latin: styrax

desc

ܐܣܛܘܪܩܐ, ܐܣܛܘܪܟܐ, ܣܛܘܪܟܐ

→ Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܘܪܩܐ, ܐܣܛܘܪܟܐ, ܣܛܘܪܟܐ (sṭurkā, ʾesṭurkā, ʾesṭurqā)

→ Old Georgian: სტჳრაკი (sṭwiraḳi)

Probably of Semitic origin, because this resin was introduced by the Phoenicians.


كماشير

ar-noun

كَمَاشِير • (kamāšīr) m

كَمَاشِير (canonical)
kamāšīr (romanization)
كَمَاشِير (diptote indefinite informal singular)
الْكَمَاشِير (definite diptote informal singular)
كَمَاشِير (construct diptote informal singular)
كَمَاشِيرُ (diptote indefinite nominative singular)
الْكَمَاشِيرُ (definite diptote nominative singular)
كَمَاشِيرُ (construct diptote nominative singular)
كَمَاشِيرَ (accusative diptote indefinite singular)
الْكَمَاشِيرَ (accusative definite diptote singular)
كَمَاشِيرَ (accusative construct diptote singular)
كَمَاشِيرَ (diptote genitive indefinite singular)
الْكَمَاشِيرِ (definite diptote genitive singular)
كَمَاشِيرِ (construct diptote genitive singular)

From Persian کماشیر (kamâšir), from کما (kamâ, komâ) + شیر (šir).

الخوز: الكماشير دواء هندي في الرابع من الحرارة أخذ من الفربيون لا مثل له في ذلك في إسقاط الولد

c. 900, أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا الرازي (Rhazes), edited by Oliver Kahl, The Sanskrit, Syriac and Persian Sources in the Comprehensive Book of Rhazes (كتاب الحاوي) (Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies; 93), Leiden: Brill, published 2015, →ISBN, RḤ 9/144,20–145,1, page 227:

The Ḵūz: Kamāšīr is an Indian drug of the fourth hotness grade, applied like spurge and in this unrivalled in its capability to induce child loss.

(كماشير)
(الماهية) هو في أحوال الجاوشير لكنه أقوى بكثير
(الطبع) حار يابس في الثانية بقوة
(الخواص) مذيب محلل ملطف
(أعضاء النفض) يدر البول والطمث ويسقط الجنين بقوة قوية لا نظير له فيه ولا نظير له في اسهال المائية

1025, ابن سينا [Avicenna], القانون في الطب [Canon Medicinae]:

an opopanax-like gum from a certain umbelliferous plant used to induce abortions


جاوشير

جَاوَشِير • (jāwašīr) m

جَاوَشِير (canonical)
jāwašīr (romanization)
جَاوَشِير (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الْجَاوَشِير (definite informal singular triptote)
جَاوَشِير (construct informal singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الْجَاوَشِيرُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الْجَاوَشِيرَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الْجَاوَشِيرِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
جَاوَشِيرِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

→ Middle Armenian: ճօշիր (čōšir)

desc

Armenian: ճավշիր (čavšir), ջոշիր (ǰošir)

From Classical Persian گاوشیر (gāwšīr), from گاو (gâw, “cow”) + شیر (šir, “milk”).

جاوشير: الماهية: ورق شجرة لا يبعد عن الأرض ويشبه ورق التين شديد الخضرة مخمس مقطع الأجزاء مستديرة وساقه كالقثاة طويلة عليها زغب شبيه بالغبار وورقه صغار جدا على طرفه إكليل شبيه بإكليل الشبث وزهره أصفر ونوره طيب الرائحة وعروقه كثيرة تتشعب عن أصل واحد غليظ القشر مر الطعم وفي رائحته ثفل.
ويستخرج صمغه بتشقيق أصله في أول ظهور الساق ولون الصمغة أبيض وإذا جفت كان ظاهرها على لون الزعفران.
ومما يشبه هذا الصنف ويعد من أصناف الجاوشير مافليس استقيليقيون وساقه أدق يصعد ذراعاً ثم يتشعب على مثل أوراق الرازيانج وهو أضعف وأيضاً فيلوس خيربيون فإنه الذي ورقه كورق البابونج الأبيض وفقاحه ذهبي.
الاختيار: أجود أصله الأبيض الحاذي للسان ولا سبخ فيه عطر الرائحة وأجود ثمره ما على الساق والحد الأوسط وأجود صمغه المرّ جداً الأبيض الباطن الزعفراني الظاهر الهش الذي ينحلّ في الماء والأسود اللين منه مغشوش بالأشّق والموم.
الطبع: حار يابس في آخر الثالثة.
الأورام والبثور: يلين الصلابات وفقاحه ملين للبثور.
الجراح والقروح: أصله صالح لمداواة العظام العارية ومع العسل للقروح المرمنة والنار الفارسي وفقاحه أيضاً للجراحات والبثور وبالجملة جميع أجزائه نافع من القروح الخبيثة.
آلات المفاصل: يشرب بماء القراطن أو بالشراب لوهن العضل من الضرب.
قال بعضهم: إنه رديء للعصب ويشبه أن يكون للعصب الصحيح دون المرطوب وهو نافع من عرق النسا ويشرب له عصيره أيضاً ويذهب الإعياء وينفع من أوجاع المفاصل كلها والنقرس ضماداً.
أعضاء الرأس: نافع لأكال الأسنان إذا حشي به ويسكن وجعها وينفع من الصداع و من الصرع وأم الصبيان.
أعضاء العين: يحد البصر اكتحالاً به.
أعضاء الصدر: يضمد بورقه على أوجاع الجنب والجاوشير أيضاً ينفع من وجع الجنبين والسعال إذا كانا باردين.
أعضاء الغذاء: عصيره نافع من صلابة الطحال ضماداً وشرباً مع الخل يطرح منه عشر درخميات في جزئي عصير ويصفى بعد شهرين فينفع الطحال جداً وهذا العصير ينفع الاستسقاء.
أعضاء النفض: يلين صلابة الرحم وينفع تقطير البول ويشرب بندقة منه بماء حار لإدرار البول والحيض والرحم البارد.
وثمرته أيضاً تدر الطمث خصوصاً مع الأفسنتين و يقتل الجنين وخصوصاً أصله يسقطه حمولاً وشرباً.
وهو نافع من اختناق الرحم ويفشّ نفخته وصلابته وينفع من القولنج ويسهل الخام وينفع من الحكة في المثانة.
الحميات: يسقى بماء القراطن للنافض والحميات الدائرة.
السموم: يتخذ بالزفت منه مرهم ولصوق جيّد لعضة الكَلْبِ الكَلِبِ ومع الزراوند للسوع شرباً وكذلك عصيره.
الأبدال: بدله القنّة وأظن أن الأشق قريب منه.

1025, ابن سينا (Avicenna), القانون في الطب [Canon Medicinae], Rome: Stamperia Orientale Medicea, published 1593, Liber 2, page 151:

وَإِذَا عَرَضَ لِلدَّابَّةِ الْقَلَقُ بِسَبَبِ الْوَجَعِ الَّذِي فِيهَا وَكَانَ يُكْثَرُ التَمَرُّغُ فَيُؤْخَذُ بَزْرُ قَطُونَا أُوقِيَّةً وَجَوَاشِيرٌ نِصْفَ أُوقِيَّةٍ وَيَسَارَةُ قَرْنِ الأيَّلِ يُخْلَطُ ذٰلِكَ مَعَ عَسَلٍ وَماءٍ قَدْ طُبِخَ فِيهِ النَعْنَعُ وَأَطْرَافُ شَجَرَةِ الْغَارِ وَيُوجَرُ الدَابَّةُ بِهٰذِهِ.

c. 1200, يحيى بن محمد بن أحمد بن العوام [yaḥyā ibn muḥammad ibn ʔaḥmad ibn al-ʕawwām], edited by José Antonio Banqueri, كتاب الفلاحة [Book on Agriculture], volume 2, Madrid: Imprenta Real, published 1802ᴵᴬ, Cap. 33, page 619:

If the beast shows signs of unrest because of pain in it and it wallows much one takes an ounce of ispaghula, half an ounce of opopanax, and a bit of deer horn and mixes it with honey and water in which one has sodden mint and laurel leaves and puts the beast to ingest it orally.

opopanax, a gum from Opopanax chironium (syn. Ferula opopanax)

the plant Opopanax chironium (syn. Ferula opopanax)


gutaperko

eo-noun

gutaperko (uncountable, accusative gutaperkon)


كاوتش

kawetš (romanization)
كاوتشة (feminine singulative)
كاوتشات (paucal)

Borrowed from Italian caucciù (“caoutchouc”).

(countable) a piece of rubber; a rubber covering, a tire


reçine

head

reçine (definite accusative reçineyi, plural reçineler)

reçineyi (accusative definite)
reçineler (plural)
reçine (nominative singular)
reçineler (nominative plural)
reçineyi (accusative definite singular)
reçineleri (accusative definite plural)
reçineye (dative singular)
reçinelere (dative plural)
reçinede (locative singular)
reçinelerde (locative plural)
reçineden (ablative singular)
reçinelerden (ablative plural)
reçinenin (genitive singular)
reçinelerin (genitive plural)

From Ottoman Turkish رچینه (reçine), from African dialectal Arabic رَجِينَة (rajīna), from Latin rēsīna, from Ancient Greek ῥητίνη (rhētínē).


رچینه

رچینه • (reçine) (definite accusative رچینهیی (reçineyi), plural رچینهلر (reçineler))

reçine (romanization)
رچینهیی (accusative definite)
رچینهلر (plural)

Turkish: reçine

→ Greek: ρετσίνι (retsíni)

From African dialectal Arabic رَجِينَة (rajīna, “resin”), from Latin rēsīna (“resin”), ultimately from Ancient Greek ῥητίνη (rhētínē, “resin”). Doublet of راتینج (ratinec, “turpentine; resin”).

doublet

resin, gum, a highly viscous secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees

rosin, colophony, a solid form of resin, obtained by vaporizing its volatile components


راتينج

ar-noun

رَاتِينَج • (rātīnaj) m

رَاتِينَج (canonical)
rātīnaj (romanization)
رَاتِينَج (indefinite informal singular triptote)
الرَّاتِينَج (definite informal singular triptote)
رَاتِينَج (construct informal singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجٌ (indefinite nominative singular triptote)
الرَّاتِينَجُ (definite nominative singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجُ (construct nominative singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجًا (accusative indefinite singular triptote)
الرَّاتِينَجَ (accusative definite singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجَ (accusative construct singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجٍ (genitive indefinite singular triptote)
الرَّاتِينَجِ (definite genitive singular triptote)
رَاتِينَجِ (construct genitive singular triptote)

→ Medieval Latin: ratinegi

→ Middle Armenian: ռատինէճ (ṙatinēč)

desctree

→ Ottoman Turkish: راتینج (ratinec), راتنج (ratenc)
Turkish: ratinec

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥητίνη (rhētínē) in the science translation environment.


ὀποπάναξ

grc-noun

ὀποπάναξ • (opopánax) m (genitive ὀποπάνᾰκος); third declension

opopánax (romanization)
ὀποπάνᾰκος (genitive)
ὁ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξ (nominative singular)
τὼ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (dual nominative)
οἱ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκες (nominative plural)
τοῦ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκος (genitive singular)
τοῖν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κων (genitive plural)
τῷ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκῐ (dative singular)
τοῖν ὀποπᾰνᾰ́κοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξῐ (dative plural)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξῐν (dative plural)
toîs opopánaxi (dative plural)
toîs opopánaxin (dative plural)
τὸν ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκᾰ (accusative singular)
τὼ ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (accusative dual)
τοὺς ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκᾰς (accusative plural)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰξ (singular vocative)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκε (dual vocative)
ὀποπᾰ́νᾰκες (plural vocative)

Latin: opopanax

→ English: opopanax

→? Middle Armenian: ուպան (upan)

→ Translingual: Opopanax

From ὀπός (opós, “juice”) + πάναξ (pánax, “name of various healing plants”).


λάσαρον

λάσαρον • (lásaron) n (genitive λασάρου); second declension

lásaron (romanization)
λασάρου (genitive)
τὸ λάσαρον (nominative singular)
τὼ λασάρω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ λάσαρᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ λασάρου (genitive singular)
τοῖν λασάροιν (dual genitive)
τῶν λασάρων (genitive plural)
τῷ λασάρῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν λασάροιν (dative dual)
τοῖς λασάροις (dative plural)
τὸ λάσαρον (accusative singular)
τὼ λασάρω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ λάσαρᾰ (accusative plural)
λάσαρον (singular vocative)
λασάρω (dual vocative)
λάσαρᾰ (plural vocative)

Latin: lasar

Unexplained foreign word. According to Beekes, probably from Pre-Greek.

unk

Unexplained

laser, juice of the asafoetida or silphium


كهربا

Turkish: kehribar

→ Albanian: qelibar

→ Aromanian: chihlibáre, chehribár

→ Bulgarian: кехлибар (kehlibar)

→ Greek: κεχριμπάρι (kechrimpári)

→ Macedonian: килибар (kilibar)

→ Romanian: chihlimbar

→ Serbo-Croatian:

desc

Cyrillic script: ћилѝба̄р, ћирѝба̄р, ћелѝба̄р

Latin script: ćilìbār, ćirìbār, ćelìbār


κάγκαμον

grc-noun

κᾰ́γκᾰμον • (kánkamon) n (genitive κᾰγκᾰ́μου); second declension

κᾰ́γκᾰμον (canonical)
kánkamon (romanization)
κᾰγκᾰ́μου (genitive)
τὸ κᾰ́γκᾰμον (nominative singular)
τὼ κᾰγκᾰ́μω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ κᾰγκᾰ́μου (genitive singular)
τοῖν κᾰγκᾰ́μοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν κᾰγκᾰ́μων (genitive plural)
τῷ κᾰγκᾰ́μῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν κᾰγκᾰ́μοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς κᾰγκᾰ́μοις (dative plural)
τὸ κᾰ́γκᾰμον (accusative singular)
τὼ κᾰγκᾰ́μω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (accusative plural)
κᾰ́γκᾰμον (singular vocative)
κᾰγκᾰ́μω (dual vocative)
κᾰ́γκᾰμᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: cancamum

bisabol, a gum produced by the plant Commiphora kataf


τραγάκανθα

τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ • (tragákantha) f (genitive τρᾰγᾰκάνθης); first declension

τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (canonical)
tragákantha (romanization)
τρᾰγᾰκάνθης (genitive)
ἡ τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (nominative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (dual nominative)
αἱ τρᾰγᾰ́κανθαι (nominative plural)
τῆς τρᾰγᾰκάνθης (genitive singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγᾰκάνθαιν (dual genitive)
τῶν τρᾰγᾰκανθῶν (genitive plural)
τῇ τρᾰγᾰκάνθῃ (dative singular)
τοῖν τρᾰγᾰκάνθαιν (dative dual)
ταῖς τρᾰγᾰκάνθαις (dative plural)
τὴν τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰν (accusative singular)
τὼ τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (accusative dual)
τᾱ̀ς τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱς (accusative plural)
τρᾰγᾰ́κανθᾰ (singular vocative)
τρᾰγᾰκάνθᾱ (dual vocative)
τρᾰγᾰ́κανθαι (plural vocative)

→ English: tragacanth

From τράγος (trágos, “goat”) + ἄκανθα (ákantha, “thorn”).


σαγάπηνον

grc-noun

σᾰγάπηνον • (sagápēnon) n (genitive σᾰγαπήνου); second declension

σᾰγάπηνον (canonical)
sagápēnon (romanization)
σᾰγαπήνου (genitive)
τὸ σᾰγάπηνον (nominative singular)
τὼ σᾰγαπήνω (dual nominative)
τᾰ̀ σᾰγάπηνᾰ (nominative plural)
τοῦ σᾰγαπήνου (genitive singular)
τοῖν σᾰγαπήνοιν (dual genitive)
τῶν σᾰγαπήνων (genitive plural)
τῷ σᾰγαπήνῳ (dative singular)
τοῖν σᾰγαπήνοιν (dative dual)
τοῖς σᾰγαπήνοις (dative plural)
τὸ σᾰγάπηνον (accusative singular)
τὼ σᾰγαπήνω (accusative dual)
τᾰ̀ σᾰγάπηνᾰ (accusative plural)
σᾰγάπηνον (singular vocative)
σᾰγαπήνω (dual vocative)
σᾰγάπηνᾰ (plural vocative)

→ Latin: sagapēnum

From Arabic سَكْبِينَج (sakbīnaj), from Middle Persian [Term?], whence سکبینه (sakbine).

sagapenum, the gum produced by this plant