卞

(～縣) (historical) Bian County (a county in modern-day Shandong, China)


吉

→ English: Ji

Ideogram (指事) derived from a ritual axe 士 and an open mouth 口, perhaps with a reference to rituals to obtain the gratitude of the ancestors and deities.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Schuessler, 2007, Hill, 2019).
Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung¹), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung¹, “inauspicious”).
The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.

cog

(～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


唐

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡl'aːŋ): phonetic 庚 (OC *kraːŋ) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – to exaggerate, to boast. 唐 and 庚 were near-homophones in Old Chinese.
Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy khlù:aŋ (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(～縣) Tang county (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


宛

(～縣) (historical) Yuan (a county of ancient China, established in the Qin dynasty)


富

→ English: Fu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡs): semantic 宀 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ).
Bodman (1980) compares it to Tibetan ཕྱུག (phyug, “rich; wealthy”), ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “all beasts that can be domesticated or subjugated by man; cattle”), but the vowels do not match with Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
Sagart (1999) relates it to 寶 (OC *puːʔ), but see there for more. In later work, Sagart (2011b, 2017d) connects it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷak (“pig”), comparing the semantic development from “pig” to “rich” to Latin pecunia (“money”), which is derived from Latin pecu (“cattle; domestic animals”), and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C.pək (“pig”). However, the Tibeto-Burman word for “pig” is usually compared to 豝 (OC *praː, “sow”).
Cognate with 福 (OC *pɯɡ, “blessing”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(～縣) Fu County, Fuxian (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


應

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (應):
* → Japanese: 応(おう) (ō)
* → Vietnamese: ứng (應)

→ English: Ying

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs): phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Related to 膺 (OC *qɯŋ, “breastplate; to oppose”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

应
譍
噟
応
𢈀
𢇭
𠩍
𤻮
𧭭
𡄖

叫天天不應，叫地地不靈／叫天天不应，叫地地不灵

jiào tiān tiān bù yìng, jiào dì dì bù líng

(～縣) Ying County (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


房

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (房):
* → Japanese: 房(ぼう) (bō)
* → Korean: 방(房) (bang)
* → Vietnamese: phòng (房)

→ English: Fang

→ Vietnamese: buồng (房)

Burmese language
Sino-Tibetan languages
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ, *baŋ): semantic 戶 (“door”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
Also could be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 戶 (“door”) + 方 (homonym of 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”)), as it originally referred to one of the two rooms beside the central room (side room).
Etymology not certain. Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan བང་བ (bang ba, “storeroom; storehouse”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure”) (Bodman, 1980). Alternatively, compare Tibetan བྲང (brang, “house”) (as in ཕོ་བྲང (pho brang, “palace”) and བྲང་ཁང (brang khang, “dwelling house”)) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

(～縣) Fang County (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


榮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷreŋ): abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + semantic 木
Same word as 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

Han compound

(～縣) Rong County (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China)


歙

(～縣) She County (a county of Huangshan, Anhui, China)


洨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreːw): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Xiao (a county in modern Anhui, China)


澧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).


珙

(～縣) Gong County (a county of Yibin, Sichuan, China)


盂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷa): phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) + semantic 皿 (“dish; vessel”)

Han compound

(～縣) Yu County, Yuxian (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


祁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡril, *kljilʔ): phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils) + semantic 邑 (“place”).

Han compound

(～縣) Qi County (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


范

→ English: Fan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bomʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 氾 (OC *pʰoms, *bom).

Han compound

(～縣) Fan County, Fanxian (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


蕭

→ English: Hsiao, Xiao, Siu

(～縣) Xiao County (a county of Anhui, China)


蘄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 𰕣 ().

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Ji (a county located in modern-day Anhui, China)


虹

Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.
In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ): semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”).

Han compound

(historical) A county in modern Anhui, China


郫

(～縣) Pi (a former county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


郪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰiːl, *sʰil): phonetic 妻 (OC *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Qi (a county in modern-day Sichuan, China)


鄖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢun): phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Yun (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


鄜

Simplified from 𨞻 (麃 → 鹿), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰlo, *roːɡ): phonetic 麃 (OC *braːw, *pʰrawʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～州, ～縣) Fu (an ancient prefecture, which later was reorganized into a county, roughly corresponding to modern-day Fuxian, Shaanxi, China)


隰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯb): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㬎.

Han compound

(～縣) Xi County, Xixian (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


隴

→ English: Long, Lung

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roŋʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Han compound

(～縣) Long County (a county of Shaanxi, China)


隨

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljol): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + abbreviated phonetic 𡐦

Han compound

(～縣) Sui (a county of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(～縣) Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


Fan

In a report boasting of the rich supply of commodities in Fan County of Honan Province , the Peiping Ta Kung Pao of 1 December 1965 pointed out: “ Within 10 days before the autumn festival of this year, the commercial organs in Fan County[...]

1966, Tien-chien Hwang, Communist China's Setbacks and Internal Tensions in 1965, volume 2, →OCLC, →OL, page 34:

In a commune in Fanxian county, Henan province, a low-incidence area, two cases of pharyngoesophageal cancer were detected among 11,399 chickens over 6 months of age, showing an incidence rate of 17.55 per 100,000.

[1980, Li Mingxin (Li Min-Hsin), Li Ping, Li Baorong (Li Pao-Jung), “Recent Progress in Research on Esophageal Cancer in China”, in Advances in Cancer Research, volume 33, Academic Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 193:

In 341 B. C., King Wei of Qi chose Tian Ji and Tian Ying as general, Sun Bin as military counselor to lead the troops in fighting against Wei to rescue Han. Again, they gave Wei a severe blow at Maling (to the southwest of modern Fan County, Henan Province).

2003, Yingpin (张英聘) Zhang, “Chasing the Deer on the Central Plains Seeking Control of the Empire”, in 中国历史与文明 [The History and Civilization of China], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 38:

A young entrepreneur who stunned friends and family by quitting his job in Beijing to be a farmer in his hometown of Fan county has made himself a multimillionaire selling organic produce,[…]

2012 December 15, “China Digest, December 15, 2012”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-12-17, China:

They found that the concentration of iron, manganese, selenium and zinc in groundwater exceeded the standards in some of the study areas, including Wucheng County, Dong'e County, Guan County and Yucheng City in Shandong, as well as Fan County in Henan.

2015, Keisuke Ikehata, Yao Jin, Nima Maleky, Aijun Lin, “Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Resources in China—Occurrences and Public Health Implications”, in Sanjay K. Sharma, editor, Heavy Metals In Water: Presence, Removal and Safety, Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 160:

The average trip expense per time for each patient from Fan County People’s Hospital of Puyang City or Zhenping County People’s Hospital of Nanyang City to Henan Provincial People’s Hospital by common transportation vehicles was 100 RMB.

2019, Liu Luwen et al., “Initial Experience of the Synchronized, Real-Time, Interactive, Remote Transthoracic Echocardiogram Consultation System in Rural China: Longitudinal Observational Study”, in JMIR Medical Informatics, volume 7, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:


Fu

The battle of Chihlo, south-west of Fu county, was the last major engagement in which the Central Red Army took part after its arrival in October and in which one of the enemy divisions was completely annihilated.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume 1, Bombay: People's Publishing House, →OCLC, page 316:

Mao's early career also illustrates his ability to alternate upsurges of optimistic advance with calculated retreats and cold pragmatism. One reason why flexibility and pragmatism were so important was the tendency of Mao's comrades to implement orthodox Russian Marxism without making allowance for important differences between Russian and Chinese conditions. Mao complained of such colleagues that "what a man has learnt in Yenan [in theoretical classes] he doesn't know how to apply in Fu county."

1977, Dick Wilson, editor, Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History: a Preliminary Assessment, Cambridge University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 177:

He immediately went to Fengxian to care for his wife and children. Fearing for their safety, he moved them to Fuzhou (modern Fu county, Shaanxi).

1996, David R. Knechtges, “The Poetry of Du Fu (Tu Fu)”, in Ian P. McGreal, editor, Great Literature of the Eastern World, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80, column 1:

Smoked Painting in Fu County originated from dish rack – a type of ancient folk ornamental artifact in Fu County. Dish rack is a piece of furniture which different rural counties in the south of Yan’an use as a tiled jar to place rice, flour, and tableware. It is similar to today’s kitchen cabinet in function.

2017 December 22, “Top ten artifacts in Shaanxi”, in The Government Website of Shaanxi Province, archived from the original on 2023-03-18:

The Bailong Temple in Yan’an-administered Fu county fell victim to the government’s persecution.
The Buddhist Guanyin Temple, the folk religion Zushi Temple, and three other folk religion temples in the district were also demolished one after another in the second half of 2019. In Yan’an-administered Fu county, Bailong Temple was destroyed, while numerous folk religion temples were shut down.

2020 August 24, Xiaolu Zhou, “Numerous Temples Shuttered in Two Shaanxi Province’s Cities”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2020-08-25:

Clad in a safety helmet and work overalls, 54-year-old Tang Keqi goes each morning to the construction site of Fuxian County power plant in Yan’an City. Surrounded by dump trucks amid the hum of electric powered engines, he oversees the 2,000 or more workers on the site.

[2021 September 1, MA LI, “New Drivers of Yan'an's Development”, in China Today, archived from the original on 2021-11-02:


Fang

The county sense is from Mandarin 房 (Fáng). The surname sense could be from Mandarin 方 (Fāng), 房 (Fáng), 芳 (Fāng), 仿 (Fǎng) or 放 (Fǎng).

Many valuable medicines are produced in Hupei, particularly in the Shih-nan Prefecture and in the Fang and Hsing-shan districts.

1907, Report for the Year 1907 on the Chemical, Metal and Mining Industries of the Consular District of Lyons, →OCLC, page 23:

FANG COUNTY HYDROELECTRICITY--This year the people in Fang County have developed 135 small hydroelectric power stations with a total installed[...]

1978, Translations on People's Republic of China, numbers 471-479, →OCLC:

After parting with his brothers, Wang Yü-yang journeyed on the southwest road and came to a small town nestled in the rural region of Fang County.

1990, Eva Wong, transl., Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China, Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 110:

“Its speed was very fast, but it was walking, not running,” Yuan said. As the creature ranged across a mountain in Fang county, bordering the Shennongjia Forestry District, “it walked faster than a human ran”.

2018 August 26, Laurie Chen, “Dreamers, crackpots or realists? The diehards on the trail of China’s ‘Bigfoot’”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-25:

Hubei Sanxin Biotechnology Co., LTD, located in Fang County, Shiyan City, has developed a series of traditional Chinese medicine [from] Polygonum Cuspidatum, including "yellow bud stem" vegetables, resveratrol extract, emodin extract, and crude Polygonum cuspidatum extract and so on.

2019, Na Li, Ni Yan, “Present Situation and Development Suggestions of Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry in Hubei Province”, in 2019 4th International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2019), →DOI, →ISBN, page 147:

Now, the Fang County government is trying “incentives,” according to a statement posted Saturday on its website. People who report their own fevers will receive 1,000 renminbi, the equivalent of $143 — a few days’ salary for the average Hubei resident.

2020 March 12, “Deaths in China Surpass Toll From SARS”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-21, Asia Pacific:


Long

en-proper noun

Long (countable and uncountable, plural Longs)

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 隴／陇 (Lǒng).

“Long” is an ancient name for the area around what is now Long County in Shaanxi Province. The land south of Long is the Sichuan Basin.

1997, Stephen R. Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 346:

Each animal is cast with a hollow, open body that fits over the yoke of a cart (cat. nos. 31, 3c, 37), as do similarly designed animal figures excavated from a Qin tomb at Bianjiazhuang, Long county, southwestern Shaanxi Province.

2002, Emma C. Bunker, Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24:

In May, plaques in Arabic on the lintels above doors of some Hui residents in Shangcha village in Long county under the jurisdiction of Baoji city in the northwestern province of Shaanxi, were replaced with phrases in Chinese, like “Harmony in the family leads to prosperity in all undertakings” and “Diligence and harmony make the family prosper.”

2019 September 6, Xiaolu Zhou, “Purge of Religious Symbols Invades Residents’ Privacy”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2019-12-30:


Pu

He also announced: the former Pu County CCP Committee must be affirmed as a party organization. The decision to reorganize the Pu County CCP Committee was wrong. There was no one and no incidents in Pu County which were related to the conspiratorial activities of the "gang of four" to usurp party power and there was no bourgeois faction connected with the "gang of four."

1980 December 3 [1980 November 29], “Verdict in frameup case of 'armed rebellion' in Pu County, Shanxi reversed under the direction of the Central Discipline Inspection Commission--the frameup case was pure fabrication concocted with the support of the former principal responsible person of the Shanxi provincial party committee”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 234, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing RENMIN RIBAO, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page R 6:

She wanted to find out where the artist lived and learn from him or her. She discovered the artist lived in Pu county, Shanxi province.

2003 January 3, Xiaoli Hu, “New Life in Old Art”, in Beijing Today, number 95, →OCLC, Face, page 9, column 3:


Li

The West Hanshui River flows through the flatland of Qishan Township east of Lixian County, Gansu Province.[…]
Zhuge launched his first northern expedition. He arrived at Qishan Mountain in Lixian County, where he set up his headquarters on the shore of the West Hanshui River.

[1995 October, “Qishan Fort: Zhuge's Commanding Camp”, in China Tourism, number 183, H.K. China Tourism Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 56, column 1:


Saga

We saw many other striking manifestations of hydrothermal activity in the Himalayan geothermal belt. The boiling spouters of Namling County, for example, emit endless jets of water and steam; the Rugyog fumarole of Saga County sends up vapors and gases as scorching as the breath of a furnace;[…]

1982, Zhang Mingtao, The Roof of the World, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 73:

Previously, they had met a man from Saga county, not far from the Nepali border, who had given an interesting piece of information: from his place, he had seen people escaping over a mountain into Nepal.

2003, Michele Martin, Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teachings of the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje, Snow Lion Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

More likely than capture is death at the hands of Chinese border police. Killings like that of fifteen-year-old Yeshe Dundrub, shot at night in Saga County (Ch: Saga Xian) in November 1999, while fleeing with forty others to Nepal, are covered up when possible. (Dundrub, whose dream was to be a monk, died in a military hospital bed nine hours after he was shot.)

2010, Jonathan Green, Murder in the High Himalaya: Loyalty, Tragedy, and Escape from Tibet, 1st edition (Politics), PublicAffairs, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China


Tang

A biography of Hu claims that Hu's attitudes changed in 1961, after he was sent to supervise agricultural policy changes in Tang county, Hebei province.

1996, Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 328:

Any of a number of places in China.
A county of Baoding, Hebei, China.


Si

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 泗 (Sì) and Mandarin 肆 (Sì).

Dong Xuefeng, head of the Huangwei Township Central School in Sixian County, Anhui province, told a school gathering on Monday that Christmas was a disgrace to the Chinese people because of past humiliations inflicted on the nation by mostly Christian invaders.

[2018 December 26, Mandy Zuo, “Christmas linked to China’s past humiliation by foreign invaders in speech to primary schoolchildren”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-10-20, China/People & Culture:

Si county in Anhui province locked down its 760,000 residents and suspended public traffic as it reported 288 cases on Saturday.

2022 July 4, Sophie Yu, Stella Qiu, Ryan Woo, “Eastern China cities tighten COVID curbs as new clusters emerge”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

Most of Anhui’s cases were identified in Suzhou’s Si County, where on Wednesday the authorities ordered its 760,000 residents to refrain from going out unless it was necessary.

2022 July 5, Zixu Wang, “Covid Outbreak Emerges in China’s Anhui Province”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, The Coronavirus Pandemic:


Xi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 隰 (Xī).

Daning County is located in the south of Luliang Mountain and west of Linfen City in Shanxi Province. Pu County and Xi County are to the east of Daning County,[...]

2016, Yanyun Wei, Aiguo Zhang, “The Study on Migration and Poverty Alleviation Planning of Daning County”, in Open Journal of Social Sciences, volume 4, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The 203rd Brigade was blocked by the Red 25th Army, a battalion was wiped out in Xi County, and the battalion commander and more than 200 soldiers were captured.

2017, Mao Min, The Revival of China, →ISBN, page 158:

To help the sales of agricultural products is an effective means of poverty alleviation. In 2017, the Company purchased pears from Xi County of Linfen, Shanxi Province twice at a total cost of 1,329,400 yuan; in August 2017, the Company spent RMB260,000 on melon bought from Maigaiti County of Xinjiang;[...]

2017, “2017 Annual Report”, in CITIC Securities, archived from the original on 2021-06-10:

In April,2004, 36 people died in Shanxi’s Xi County coal-mining accident. The provincial governor, Zhang Baoshun (Governor Zhang), having been promoted to his position only two months prior to the accident, was shocked by the chaotic conditions of property rights and the consequential predatory mining activities when he arrived at the scene.

2018 October 17, Lan Xue, Jing Zhao, “Truncated Decision Making and Deliberative Implementation: A Time-Based Policy Process Model for Transitional China”, in Policy Studies Journal, volume 48, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19:

As the new round of the fight against poverty began, he was assigned to take up the provisional post of deputy chief of Yangtousheng Township, Xi County, Linfen City.

2020, Lu Shunmin, Yang Yao, Chen Kehai, Pathway to Prosperity: China's Poverty Alleviation with a Case Study of Shanxi Province Editorial Board, →ISBN:

The systematic dust avoidance effect of Small Xitian building complex in Xi county is rare in the history of science and technology at home and abroad, which confirms the scientific nature of the dust avoidance effect of ancient temple buildings in China and plays a reference role in the research on dust avoidance protection of other ancient buildings in China.

2020, Dongdong Yang, Wenqing Wu, “An Analysis on Dust Avoidance Effect of the Building Complex of Small Xitian in Xi County”, in Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, volume 5, number 3, →DOI, page 59:


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


山陰

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shanyin (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


清流

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

(～縣) Qingliu (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


和平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)


平和

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

(～縣) Pinghe (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


Xinjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 新絳／新绛 (Xīnjiàng).

Drumming in Shanxi Province can be dated back centuries earlier to Xinjiang County, the ancient name of Jiangzhou, in present-day Shanxi Province.

2010 September 3, He Jianwei, “Beats of the land: Artist's persistence saves ethnic heritage”, in Beijing Today, number 482, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 12–13, columns 3-1:

In September 2009, Xinjiang County in Yuncheng Municipality, Shanxi Province started to put village administrative information online for farmers to access.

2015, Guoguang Wu, Helen Lansdowne, China's Transition from Communism - New Perspectives, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC:


Lin

Together with his friend Tang Min, chief economist of the Asian Development Bank, Mao established a micro-credit scheme in Lin County of north China’s Shanxi province eight years ago.

2002 April 19, Xiao Rong, “'Grandpa Mao' Trains Peasants”, in Beijing Today, number 49, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 1:

Seven miners were initially believed to be trapped underground a bauxite mine in Shanxi Province Sunday, local authorities said.
The accident occurred at the Duoshi Mining Company in Lin county of Lüliang, the Lin county information office said in a press release.

2010 September 20, “Miners trapped”, in Global Times, archived from the original on 2019-10-01:

As mines increasingly became privatized, the profits no longer necessarily came to the villages and a major dispute was triggered in Lin County (Shanxi) in 2008 partly because the population felt they had received no benefits from the local mines (Nanfang dushi bao 22 October 2009).

2012, Tim Wright, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry: Black Gold and Blood-stained Coal, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 107:

Li Caidong, 68, who has lived in a cave his entire life in Lin county, stands outside his cave, at sunset in Lin county, Shanxi province, China March 14, 2018.[…]
The relocations are voluntary, say residents of Lin county, but Guo sees no reason to abandon her cave house.[…]
“Our work has been proceeding smoothly,” Liu Yongfu, an official handling poverty alleviation and development efforts, told a news conference in Beijing in March. “The common folk are very supportive.” But authorities in Lin county declined to comment on their relocation plans when contacted by Reuters.

2018 May 11, Joseph Campbell, Elias Glenn, “Better off in a cave: Chinese count costs of apartments in anti-poverty campaign”, in Darren Schuettler, Clarence Fernandez, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-11-24, World News:


Kamba

Under the plan released last week, the highway known as G695 will run through southern Tibet’s Cona (Tibetan: Tsona) county – which lies immediately north of the disputed India-Tibet border demarcated by the Line of Actual Control (LAC) – Kamba county, host of a noted military camp, and Gyirong county near the border with Nepal.

2022 July 21, “China to build second highway through Aksai Chin, claimed by India as part of Ladakh”, in Tibetan Review, archived from the original on 2022-07-21:


大名

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～縣) Daming (a county of Handan, Hebei, China)


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny¹³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)


Cili

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 慈利 (Cílì).


木蘭

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

(～縣) Mulan (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


Yuli

For example, during the reign of Han Cho Ti (86-74 B.C.) there were more than 500,000 mows of irrigated farmlands around Luntai (Lun-dai) and Yuli (Werli) cities in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.[...]Thus, the ancient extensive farmlands around Luntai and Yuli have now been all turned into shifting sands, and the famous ancient Loulan Kingdom, located at the western side of Lop Nur, has been utterly devastated into a wild landscape of yardang and barchan dunes.

1984, Farouk El-Baz, editor, Deserts and Arid Lands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 109:

A 1987 study listed 25,000 speakers of the Lop Nur Uygur language in the eastern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.¹ They live near Lop Nur Lake, in a widespread area which includes Yuli County and Miran Township of Ruogiang County.

2000, Paul Hattaway, Operation China: Introducing all the Pooples of China, Piquant, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 529:

In the current wave of relocations, more than 700 families on land reclaimed from the Tarim River are being moved to farmland near Yuli county, about an hour south of Korla, the official Xinhua news agency reported.

2006 April 3, Guljekre, Luisetta Mudie, “China Moves Farmers as Tarim River Waters Dwindle”, in Sarah Jackson-Han, editor, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2008-12-02:

During the 24 years from 1959 to 1983, the desert area increased from 66.23% to 81.23%, especially in the lower reach of the Tarim River. Stormy weather increases over time. For example, in the Yuli County (located in the lower reach of the Tarim River) the days of sandstorms were 108 days in the 1970s, which was about two times of that in the 1960s. At present, the number of days of sandstorms are 130 days and the days of dust are 180 days.

2007, Chen Yaning et al., “Ecological impacts of water resources utilization in the Tarim River Basin of China”, in Changes in Water Resources Systems: Methodologies to Maintain Water Security and Ensure Integrated Management, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 242:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


崇信

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

(～縣) Chongxin (a county of Pingliang, Gansu, China)


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

(～縣) Jianning (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


鉅鹿

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

(～縣) Julu (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China; formerly Nanyi prior to the Sui dynasty)


同心

→ English: Tongxin

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

(～縣) Tongxin (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia, China)


廣宗

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Guangzong (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


汝南

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

(～縣) Runan (a county of Zhumadian, Henan, China)


臨洮

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

(～縣) Lintao (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


隴西

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) Longxi (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


曲陽

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Quyang (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


錢塘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Qian Liu
Tang dynasty
Wuyue

Named for the dyke constructed on the river by Qian Liu (錢鏐), ruler of Wuyue, one of the Ten Kingdoms that succeeded the Tang dynasty.

(～縣) (historical) Qiantang (a county in ancient China; modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang)


盱眙

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

Possibly from a historical Kra-Dai language spoken in what was once the Kingdom of Wu, literally "good road", based on textual, grammatical, and phonetic evidences (Zhengzhang, 1990):
* 眙 (OC *lɯ) – "good": cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/ʔi˦˨/), Southern Kam [Term?] (/lai˥˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥/); Thai ดี (dii), etc.;
* 盱 (OC *qʰʷa) – "road; path", < alternative transcription 緩 (OC *ɢʷaːnʔ): cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/kʰwən˦˨/) Southern Kam [Term?] (/kʰwən˧˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/xɒn˥˥/); Thai หน (hǒn), Zhuang roen (/ɣon˨˦/), etc.

cog

(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥

(～縣) Xuyi (a county of Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)


長沙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～縣) Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)


平原

Sino-Xenic (平原):
* → Japanese: 平原(へいげん) (heigen)
* → Korean: 평원(平原) (pyeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: bình nguyên (平原)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

Pingyuan County
w:Pingyuan County, Shandong

(～縣) Pingyuan County (a county of Shandong, China)


舞陽

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Wuyang (a county of Luohe, Henan, China)


澠池

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

(～縣) Mianchi (a county of Sanmenxia, Henan, China)


石棉

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

Dating back to the early 20th century – see below for citations.
Previous names include: 石絨 [since 13th century], 石麻, 不灰木, 不盡木, 不燼木, 火浣布.

(～縣) Shimian County (a county of Ya'an, Sichuan, China)


Quanzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 泉州 (Quánzhōu, literally “spring prefecture”).

der

Between 1946 and 1948 in the ruins of the foundations of Quanzhou’s South Gate Tower and southern wall we excavated more that twenty large white gravestones, inscribed in Arabic on both sides. They obviously had been taken from a demolished Islamic mosque. The area overlooked in the Jin River and was known as South Quanzhou, or the “Foreign District.” It was here that merchants from overseas and their families had lived during Song and Yuan.

1984, Zhuang Weiji, quotee, Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 147:

Located on the Jin River, Quanzhou was China’s principal port during the Song and Yuan dynasties.

2016, “Fujian”, in China, DK, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 297, column 1:

He said that four years ago, the island began receiving water from the Jin River, in Quanzhou, China, and now 70-80% of Kinmen's water comes from China.

2023 February 8, Kelvin Chen, “Swiss parliamentarian delegation visits Taiwan's Kinmen”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2023-03-08, Politics:

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China.


清水

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

(～縣) Qingshui (a county of Tianshui, Gansu, China)


共和

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

(～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)


大悟

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

(～縣) Dawu (a county of Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


巫山

→ English: Wushan, Wu-shan

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Wushan (a county of Chongqing, China)


東山

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dongshan (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


友誼

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

(～縣) Youyi (a county of Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)


Pi

In addition to my own residential complex, I also engaged in ethnographic observation and conducted interviews with Party cadres and local residents in four similar apartment complexes in Dujiangyan and two in neighboring Pi County.

2017, Christian P. Sorace, “The Utopia of Urban Planning”, in Shaken Authority: China's Communist Party and the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

(historical) A county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China.


鳳凰

ja-r

鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳凰):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 봉황(鳳凰) (bonghwang)
* → Vietnamese: phượng hoàng (鳳凰)

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

Miyake (2015) reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciation *N-prəm-s ɢʷˁɑŋ and proposed, though with uncertainty, that the mythical bird's name is the affixed form of 風皇 (“wind sovereign”).

(～縣) Fenghuang (a county of Xiangxi prefecture, Hunan, China)


中牟

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhongmu (a county of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


巨野

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

(～縣) Juye County (a county of Heze, Shandong, China)


山陽

→ English: Shanyang

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shanyang (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)


天台

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

Tiantai (a county of Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)


金平

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

苗族瑤族傣族自治縣 苗族瑤族傣族自治縣#Chinese

(～苗族瑤族傣族自治縣, ～縣) Jinping (an autonomous county of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


涿鹿

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhuolu (a county of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


延長

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

(～縣) Yanchang (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


丹鳳

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

(～縣) Danfeng (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)


銅鼓

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

(～縣) Tonggu (a county of Yichun, Jiangxi, China)


安多

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Amdo (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


紫金

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

(～縣) Zijin (a county of Heyuan, Guangdong, China)


開化

Sino-Xenic (開化):
* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)
* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)


威信

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

(～縣) Weixin (a county of Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)


比如

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan འབྲི་རུ ('bri ru).

(～縣) Biru (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


會同

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

(～縣) Huitong (a county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)


新興

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Xinxing (a county of Yunfu, Guangdong, China)


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Yongchang (a county of Jinchang, Gansu, China)


宜陽

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Yiyang (a county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


常山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Changshan (a county of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


Sinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 思南.

Commune members of Ssunan County in Kweichow Province have strengthened the management of rape fields, defeated natural disasters and increased rapeseed output by more than 70 percent compared with 1971.

[1972 June 26 [1972 June 23], “Rapeseed Production Increases 20 Percent Over 1971”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 124, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page B 3:


Mei

The Paochi Special District Revolutionary Committee held an on-the-spot symposium on implementation of policies in Mei County and exemplary models were set up later in the various countries and communes.

1969 May 23 [1969 May 19], “Activities in Shensi”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 100, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page H 3:

The striking news on the appearance of a Bigfoot on Taibai Mountain in Xi'an, Shaanxi Provnice^([sic – meaning Province]) recently spread among local residents of Mei County located near the foot of Taibai Mountain. Is Taibai Mountain really home to a Bigfoot?
Who encountered the Bigfoot on Taibai Mountain?
Reporters interviewed many residents of Mei County, and their accounts varied.

2010 October 15, “Bigfoot sighted on Taibai Mountain”, in 叶欣, editor, People's Daily, archived from the original on 2015-05-23:


長子

→ English: Ch'ang-tzu, Zhangzi

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～縣) Zhangzi (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


江陵

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Jiangling (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


萬年

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

/wän⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ban⁴¹⁻²² nĩ²⁴/

/ban²²⁻²¹ nĩ²⁴/

(～縣) Wannian (a county of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China)


平陽

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/pĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/pẽ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/pɛ̃¹³⁻²² iɔ̃¹³/

(～縣) Pingyang County (a county of Zhejiang, China)


周至

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si¹¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ t͡siː³³/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si²¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si¹¹/

/t͡siu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡si²¹/

In 1964, the characters for the county were changed from 盩厔 (Zhōuzhì) to 周至 (Zhōuzhì).

(～縣) Zhouzhi (a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


東阿

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀɤ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Dong'e County (a county of Liaocheng, Shandong, China)


Ürümqi

Defense Mapping Agency
SASM/GNC romanization
Ürümqi

Borrowed from Uyghur ئۈرۈمچى (ürümchi) via its official SASM/GNC/SRC romanization. See there for more.

Another officer from the police station in Benfangguo Bazar in Urumqi county confirmed that the station was currently detaining Zhanargul’s mother, elder sister, and two elder brothers, but could not confirm or deny that their detainment had anything to do with Zhanargul’s.

[2023 February 21, Shohret Hoshur, “China arrests family of Kazakh singer supposedly contacted by foreign reporter”, in RFA Uyghur, transl., edited by Eugene Whong and Malcolm Foster, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2023-02-22:

A county of Ürümqi city, Xinjiang, China.


范縣

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Fan County (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


Wuxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 巫溪 (Wūxī).

The landslide on Tuesday demolished a five-story apartment building and two private hotels in Wuxi County in Sichuan Province.

1987 September 7, “Landslide Toll in China Is 65”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, World, page 3:


濮陽

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/pʊk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/puʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/pʰok̚²⁻⁴ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Puyang (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


東海

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

(～縣) Donghai (a county of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China)


Changsha

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃɑ/


大方

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dafang County (a county of Guizhou, China)


溫泉

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

(～縣) Wenquan County (a county of Xinjiang, China)


劍閣

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

Jiange County is famous for the long and windy foot paths going through Jianmen Pass. Jianmen means "gateway to Mount Jian", so called because its jagged peaks resemble a "jian" (a straight sword).

the pavilions (of the pass at Mount) Jian

(～縣) Jiange (a county of Guangyun, Sichuan, China)


河口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

～瑤族自治縣 河口瑤族自治縣#Chinese

Hekou Yao Autonomous County
w:Hekou Yao Autonomous County

(～瑤族自治縣, ～縣) Hekou Yao Autonomous County (a county of Yunnan, China)


南部

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

(～縣) Nanbu County (a county of Nanchong, Sichuan, China)


Yunan

zh-l

鬱南／郁南 (Yùnán)

A typical example of the lightning growth of the cooperatives since land reform comes from Kwangtung Province. Early in April the Yunan County Cooperative in Kwangtung sent a team of workers to a nearby village where land reform had[…]

1951 May, Hsinhua News Agency Release, →OCLC, page 81, column 3:

Many leading cadres go to forestry centres where they worked alongside the masses. The examplery deeds of the cadres deepen the mass movement.
Yunan County in mountainous region of Kwangtung Province has set a good example.

1971 July, Hsinhua Selected News Items, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24, column 2:

It then included the Wentoushan Formation at its top. The type locality is Lientan, Yunan County, Guangdong Province.

1986, Mu En-zhi, A. J. Boucot, Chen Xu, Rong Jia-yu, Correlation of the Silurian Rocks of China, Geological Society of America, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 49, column 2:

Newspaper readers have donated about 620,000 yuan to help pay for her medical care, adding to a 50,000 yuan fund established by the Yunan county government.

2011 August 27, Mimi Lau, “Little girl's horrific abuse shames the nation”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-25:

On the local level, a good example is the credit rating system in Yunan County in Guangdong Province.[…]Yunan County engaged all relevant functional departments in the county, and using the People's Bank of China's credit rating system, created the Yunan County Enterprise Non-Bank Credit Information Enquiry System in 2009.

2015, Xingyuan Feng, Christer Ljungwall, Guangwen He, “Regulations and Policies on Growth of Non-State Enterprises”, in The Ecology Of Chinese Private Enterprises, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 118:


黑山

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Heishan County (a county of Liaoning, China)


公安

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ an³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ an³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

(～縣) Gong'an (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


九龍

ja-r

九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (九龍):
* → Japanese: 九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)
* → Korean: 구룡(九龍) (Guryong)
* → Vietnamese: Cửu Long (九龍)

English: Kowloon

Japanese: 九龍(クーロン) (Kūron), 九龍(カウロン) (Kauron)

Korean: 주룽 (jurung)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Jiulong (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan)


資源

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～縣) Ziyuan County (a county of Guilin, Guangxi, China)


凌雲

/lɪŋ²¹ wɐn²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hun²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hun²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² in¹³/

/lɪŋ²¹ wɐn²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hun²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ hun²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hun²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² in¹³/

(～縣) Lingyun (a county of Baise, Guangxi, China)


三門

Sino-Xenic (三門):
* → Japanese: 三門(さんもん) (sanmon)
* → Korean: 삼문(三門) (sammun)

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

(～縣) Sanmen (a county of Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)


烏魯木齊

desc

→ English: Wulumuchi, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i, Wulumuqi

ㄨ ㄌㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

ou¹ lou³ borh⁷ ze² [Phonetic:ou⁵ lou⁵ borh⁶ ze²]

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

/u⁵⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lou̯¹³ mʊk̚² t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu⁴⁵³⁻²¹ pɒʔ⁴⁻¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔu⁵³³⁻²¹ lɔu³³²⁻²¹ pɒʔ²⁴⁻² t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡se¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ bɔk̚⁴⁻³² t͡se²⁴/

/ɔ³³ lɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴⁻² t͡se²⁴/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ (urumci), from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

乌鲁木齐
烏嚕木齊
乌鲁木齐
烏漉木製
烏櫓莫濟
烏鹵沐齊
烏鹵沐債
烏魯沐債
烏漉沐漬

(～縣) Ürümqi (a county of Ürümqi city, Xinjiang, China)


大同

→ English: Datong, Tatung

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ tʰuŋ¹¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

The philosophical sense is from the Book of Rites, Book 9 (《禮記·禮運》)

… In this way (selfish) schemings were repressed and found no development. Robbers, filchers, and rebellious traitors did not show themselves, and hence the outer doors remained open, and were not shut. This was (the period of) what we call the Grand Union.

The Book of Rites, c. 4ᵗʰ – 2ⁿᵈ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

...... Shìgù móu bì ér bù xīng, dàoqiè luànzéi ér bù zuò, gù wàihù ér bù bì, shì wèi dàtóng.

……是故謀閉而不興，盜竊亂賊而不作，故外戶而不閉，是謂大同。

……是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。

Yunzhou District
Yunzhou District#English

(～縣) (historical) Datong (a former county of Datong, Shanxi, China; modern Yunzhou District)


方正

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

/fɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/fɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Fangzheng (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


新豐

/ɕin⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ hɔŋ³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ hɔŋ³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Xinfeng (a county of Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)


Zanda

Here at Manam Gonpa, there is an enormous complex of ruins which even now holds untold precious works of art, buried beneath the rubble. A further trek of 21 km will bring you to Toling, capital of Tsamda county, on the left bank of the Sutlej.

[1996 January, “Far-west Tibet”, in Gyurme Dorje, editor, Tibet Handbook: with Bhutan, Passport Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 425, column 1:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


太白

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ paːk̚²/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪk̚²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚¹²¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪk̚⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪk̚⁴/

(～縣) Taibai (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


民權

/min³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ kʰyːn²¹/

/min³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ kʰyːn²¹/

(～縣) Minquan (a county of Shangqiu, Henan, China)


Mian

In 1978 the Administrative Office for Cultural Relics of Mian County, Shaanxi, conducted excavations of four tombs found in the course of agricultural improvements.

1987, The Quest for Eternity: Chinese Ceramic Sculptures from the People's Republic of China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 116:

The unearthed cultural relics of Mian County not only indicate that rice-fish culture in China dates further back in the historical record, but also fills an important gap in kind in the history of rice-fish culture in China. Mian County is located in the Hanzhong basin south of Qinlin mountain, near the border of Sichuan and Shanxi Provinces.

1992, Li Kangmin, “Rice-Fish Farming Systems in China: Past, Present and Future”, in Rice-Fish Research and Development in Asia, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 18, column 1:


東平

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Dongping (a county of Tai'an, Shandong, China)


和政

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

(～縣) Hezheng (a county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)


政和

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ³³ wɔː²¹/

/t͡siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ ho²⁴/

(～縣) Zhenghe (a county of Nanping, Fujian, China)


江口

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ³³ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰau⁴¹/

(～縣) Jiangkou (a county of Tongren prefecture, Guizhou, China)


大城

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ saŋ¹¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/tua¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² sɪŋ²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ siã¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ siã²³/

(～縣) Daicheng (a county of Langfang, Hebei, China)


大田

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

/tä⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/taːi̯²² tʰiːn²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² tiɛn²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ t͡sʰan¹³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ tiɛn¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ tiɛn²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰan²³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ tiɛn²³/

(～縣) Datian (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


平山

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Pingshan (a county of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)


新田

/ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Xintian (a county of Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


永吉

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ kɐt̚⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ kɐt̚⁵/

(～縣) Yongji (a county of Jilin City, Jilin, China)


古田

→ English: Gutian, Kucheng

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/kuː³⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/kɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰan²⁴/

(～縣) Gutian (a county of Ningde, Fujian, China)


古田

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 古田 (Gǔtián).


三原

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sän⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～縣) Sanyuan (a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)


會澤

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

(～縣) Huize (a county of Qujing, Yunnan, China)


青田

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Qingtian (a county of Lishui, Zhejiang, China)


和田

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɔː²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

Homophonous replacement for 和闐／和阗 (Hétián) from 1959; Uyghur خوتەن (xoten).

zh-l

和闐／和阗 (Hétián)

(～縣) Hotan (a county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


安西

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) (historical) Anxi (a former county of Gansu, China; modern Guazhou)


順平

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Shunping (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


Huocheng

Two farmers in Xinjiang's Huocheng county were swept away by flood water triggered by heavy rain that started on Tuesday, Xinhua said.

2007 July 26, “China gives out meat from reserves amid severe flooding”, in The New York Times, sourced from The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-04-26, Asia Pacific:


廬江

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Lujiang (a county of Hefei, Anhui, China)


涇縣

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

Jing County (a county of Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


舒城

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shucheng (a county of Lu'an, Anhui, China)


平定

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Pingding (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


松滋

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

(～縣) (historical) Songzi (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)


ཉི་མ

ཉི (nyi) is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəj (“sun, day”).

Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Taoyuan

The important mining center Paoking is connected with Siangtan by a road through Hsiang Hsiang. It is also connected with Yuanchow by way of Wukang and with Changteh by way of Hsin Hua, An Hua, and Taoyuan.

1915 September 24, Nelson T. Johnson, “Hunan Province”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52i, page 27:

By December 4 the advance upon Changsha had come to a standstill. After several days' indecisive fighting around Changteh and the town of Taoyuan, 15 miles to the west, which had been taken by the enemy after a heavy air raid supported by parachutists on November 21, the Japanese retreated northwards.

1944, Philip Graves, The Seventeenth Quarter, Hutchinson & Co., pages 157–158:

At 1600 on 21 November 1943 Japanese paratroopers attacked Taoyuan, Hunan, as a phase of their Tungting Lake campaign.

1945 July 1, Japanese Parachute Troops, Washington, D.C.: Military Intelligence Service, page 29:

Sung Chiao-jen was born into a lower gentry household in T’ao-yüan County, Hunan. At the local Chang-chiang Academy, he is reported to have shown interest in statecraft, textual criticism, and neo-Confucian self-cultivation.

[1992, “SUNG CHIAO-JEN”, in Edwin Pak-wah Leung, editor, Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839-1976, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 396:

The frequent ceremonies, which are meant to release the souls of the dead from purgatory, come as China’s worst outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic spreads further into its rural, more vulnerable areas.
“It has never been this many all at once,” said a 24-year-old visiting her home village in Taoyuan County, in the southern province of Hunan, for the Lunar New Year, China’s biggest holiday.

2023 January 17, Jennifer Jett, Livia Liu, “China's first Lunar New Year without Covid restrictions fuels fears of a rural crisis”, in NBC News, archived from the original on 2023-01-17, World:

A county of Changde, in northern Hunan, China.


Qin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 沁 (Qìn).


Ji

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉 (Jí).

At a brigade in Ji county in south-eastern Shanxi, not really in mountain country, yields per mou were raised from 56 jin to 194 jin during the 1970s.

1985, Frank Leeming, Rural China Today, Longman, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 126:

Subject of poetry, art and legend, Hukou Waterfall is the second largest falls in China, located on the Yellow River, between Ji County, Shanxi Province and Yichuan County, Shaanixi^([sic – meaning Shaanxi]) Provine^([sic – meaning Province]).

2010, Dong Huai, “Hukou Waterfall”, in Discovering China: 50 Amazing Places in China, Better Link Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

Apple orchards in the city of Linfen, north China's Shanxi province, have been making steady progress toward a model of sustainable farming, helping create important economic opportunities for local farmers.
The orchards are situated in Jixian county, an area well-known for its history of agriculture.

[2020 September 23, Bochen Zhu, “Apple farming in N China embraces long-term sustainability”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2020-09-23:

The 34.2 kilometre (21.3 mile) pipeline, which will be built by Qinjin Natural Gas Co, is designed to have annual gas transmission capacity of 3.3 billion cubic metres and connect Ji county in Shanxi and Yichuan county in Shaanxi.

2021 July 5, Muyu Xu, Shivani Singh, “China approves a $55 mln gas pipeline in northern China”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-05, Energy:


Yang

From various atonal romanizations of various Chinese characters, including 楊／杨 (yáng, “Willow”) and 洋 (a river name).

Liang and Yang were the names of two commanderies to the southwest of Ch'ang-an; Yang is the modern Yang county, Shensi, and Liang, the administrative center of Shan-nan West circuit, also known as Hsing-yuan, on the borders of Shensi and Szechuan.

1988, Robin D. S. Yates, Washing Silk: The Life and Selected Poetry of Wei Chuang (834?-910), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 123:

The well-known Hanzhong Basin, extending from Yangxian to Mianxian, about 80 kilometres from east to west and 10 to 15 kilometres from north to south, is a major farming area.

[1992, Shunwu Zhou, “Shaanxi Province”, in China Provincial Geography [中国分省地理], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 417:

A male vegetable seller killed a female hawker in a fight over space at a farmer's market in Yang county, near Hanzhong , Huashang Daily reports.

2014 October 11, WU NAN, “Breastfed baby gets drunk; Grandpa kills child smuggler”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2014-10-12:


白水

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

(～縣) Baishui (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


白玉

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དཔལ་ཡུལ (dpal yul).

psm

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

(～縣) Baiyu County (a county of Sichuan, China)


興業

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

(～縣) Xingye (a county of Yulin, Guangxi, China)


白河

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～縣) Baihe (a county of Ankang, Shaanxi, China)


金沙

desc

→ English: Chinsha, Chin-sha, Chin Sha, Jinsha, Kinsha

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Jinsha County (a county of Bijie, Guizhou, China)


黑水

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～縣) Heshui (a county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China)


Jinsha

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 金沙 (Jīnshā, literally “golden sand”).

Under the unifying arrangements of the Party committee the people’s procuracy of Chin-sha county took seven days’ time and handed over to the masses for debate the cases in which it had approved applications for arrest.

[1968, Jerome Alan Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1963: An Introduction, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 476:

In handling the graft case involving Chen Guiliang [7115 6311 5328], director of the county hydroelectric power bureau, and other major graft cases, the procuratorate of Jinsha County showed no fear of powerful forces and difficulties, and swept aside all resistance, breaking through layer after layer of personal relationships to bare the facts relating to Chen Chiliang's graft and embezzlement of more than 100,000 yuan of drought relief funds,[…]

1986 September 23 [1986 April 21], Ziyong Zhang, “Procuratorates in Our Province at All Levels Make Remarkable Achievements in Crackdown on Economic Crime; Nearly 20 Million Yuan in Economic Losses Retrieved for the State Last Year”, in China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 55–56:

In the region of Zunyi, in northern Guizhou, the site of a famous Party meeting during the Long March, only one in eight survived. In other places, such as Jinsha county, a quarter of the population died.

1996, Jasper Becker, “The Other Provinces”, in Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

At least one million of Guizhou’s then 16 million people are believed to have died during the early 1960s. Many of the deaths occurred in Zunyi and neighbouring Jinsha county, the result of violent appropriation of grain by officials.

2000, Graham Hutchings, “Guizhou Province”, in Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 176, column 2:


太湖

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wuː²¹/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ wuː²¹/

(～縣) Taihu (a county of Anqing, Anhui, China)


Qi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 祁 (Qí).


Qi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 淇 (Qí).

Opposition to Yüeh’s regime was not limited to Ying-yang. In Ch’i County, located about 120 kilometers to the east, Red Spear resistance was even more pronounced.[…]The richest county in Honan, Ch'i had a long history of tax resistance.

[1980, Elizabeth J. Perry, “The Red Spears”, in Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 164:

Three communes in Qi county, also in the heart of the plain in north-eastern Henan, have a total of 334 joint-household enterprises involving 1771 households, 6.6% of all households (Ma Renping 1981a).

1985, Frank Leeming, Rural China Today, Longman, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 95:


禮縣

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ jyːn²²/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lɐi̯¹³ jyːn²²/

Li County (a county of Longnan, Gansu, China)


Longxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 隴西／陇西 (Lǒngxī).

In early 1971 we received a box of fossils and a letter from a worker at an alcohol plant in Lunghsi county, Kansu province.

[1973 November, Chen Chang, “Fossils Sent from Across the Land”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXII, number 11, Peking, →OCLC, page 43, column 3:

Middle and primary schools in Lunghsi County, Fukien, have vigorously popularized part-time work and part-time study activities. Before liberation, Lunghsi County was very backward in education, but after liberation, particularly since the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Lunghsi has made rapid progress in education.

[1975 October 7 [1975 September 4], “Fukien County Schools Combine Study, Work Activity”, in Translations on People's Republic of China, number 320, United States Joint Publications Research Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, →OCLC, page 9:

I come from Longxi County in Gansu Province.

1997, Dongdong Dai, “Shepherd Girl”, in Howard Giskin, editor, Chinese Folktales, Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 54:

The launch marks Luoyang the first city to be featured in the iQIYI Chinese Historic City Universe (iCHCU), which, encompassing a variety of content drawing inspiration from Beijing, Guangzhou, Longxi county of Dingxi, Dunhuang, Nanjing, and other Chinese cities, aims to bridge between China’s local culture and iQIYI’s global audience.

2021 November 29, “iQIYI Debuts Original Series Luoyang Globally, As Part of Its IP Universe”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2021-11-29:


Longshan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 龍山／龙山 (Lóngshān) (Lóngshān, lit. "Dragon Mountain")

Various placenames in China and Taiwan
A county of Xiangxi, Hunan, China.


龍山

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Longshan (a county of Xiangxi prefecture, Hunan, China)


富裕

Adapted from the name of the Wuyu'er River (乌裕尔河) in its territory. The name―alternatively written as Wu-yu(-er), Hu-yu(-er), Fu-yu(-er), Pu-yu throughout history―came from the Jurchen language, meaning “a low-lying area”.

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jyː²²/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ lu³³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lu⁴¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ lu²²/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zu²²/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ zu³³/

/pu²¹⁻⁵³ lu²²/

/pu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lu⁴¹/

/fu⁵¹⁻⁵³ y⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jyː²²/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ lu³³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lu⁴¹/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ lu²²/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ d͡zu²²/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ zu³³/

/pu²¹⁻⁵³ lu²²/

/pu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ lu⁴¹/

(～縣) Fuyu County (a county of Heilongjiang, China)


汶川

/wən⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/wən⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Wenchuan (a county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China)


雲霄

/yn³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn²¹ siːu̯⁵⁵/

/huŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieu⁵⁵/

/yn³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn²¹ siːu̯⁵⁵/

/huŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieu⁵⁵/

/un²⁴⁻¹¹ sio⁴⁴/

/un¹³⁻²² sio⁴⁴/

/un²⁴⁻²² sio⁴⁴/

/un²³⁻³³ siɤ⁴⁴/

/yn³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn²¹ siːu̯⁵⁵/

/huŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nieu⁵⁵/

/un²⁴⁻¹¹ sio⁴⁴/

/un¹³⁻²² sio⁴⁴/

/un²⁴⁻²² sio⁴⁴/

/un²³⁻³³ siɤ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Yunxiao (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


安吉

→ English: Anji, Anchi

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

(～縣) Anji (a county of Huzhou, Zhejiang, China)


詔安

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡siːu̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/t͡siou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ³³/

/t͡siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ³³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡siːu̯²² ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sieu²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ an³³/

/t͡siou²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ³³/

/t͡siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ aŋ³³/

(～縣) Zhao'an (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


南澳

→ English: Nan'ao, Namoa

/nän³⁵ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² o²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² o⁴¹/

/lam¹³⁻²² o²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ o¹¹/

/lam²³⁻³³ ɤ²¹/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ o²¹³/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ o²¹³/

/nän³⁵ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² o²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² o⁴¹/

/lam¹³⁻²² o²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ o¹¹/

/lam²³⁻³³ ɤ²¹/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ o²¹³/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ o²¹³/

(～縣) Nan'ao (a county of Shantou, Guangdong, China)


紅河

/xʊŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ hɔː²¹/

Calqued from a Western language; compare French fleuve Rouge, English Red River.

(～縣) Honghe (a county of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


互助

/xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/wuː²² t͡sɔː²²/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sɔ²²/

/hɔ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɔ⁴¹/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sɔ²²/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔ³³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sɔ³³/

/hu³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so³⁵/

/xu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/wuː²² t͡sɔː²²/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sɔ²²/

/hɔ⁴¹⁻²² t͡sɔ⁴¹/

/hɔ²²⁻²¹ t͡sɔ²²/

/hɔ³³⁻¹¹ t͡sɔ³³/

/hɔ³³⁻²¹ t͡sɔ³³/

/hu³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡so³⁵/

～土族自治縣 互助土族自治縣#Chinese

(～土族自治縣, ～縣) Huzhu Tu Autonomous County (county in Haidong, Qinghai province, China)


安陽

→ English: Anyang, An-yang

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/on²⁴ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/an³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Anyang (a county of Anyang City, Henan, China)


民樂

(～縣) Minle (a county of Zhangye, Gansu, China)


通道

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/tʰɔŋ³³ to⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to²²/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ to³³/

/tʰɔŋ³³ tɔ⁴¹/

/tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ tau³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯²²/

/tʰɔŋ³³ to⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² to²²/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tɤ³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ to³³/

/tʰɔŋ³³ tɔ⁴¹/

/tʰoŋ³³⁻²³ tau³⁵/

侗族自治縣 侗族自治縣#Chinese

(～侗族自治縣, ～縣) Tongdao County (an autonomous county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)


Lushan

In the village of Tunghua in Lushan county of Honan Province a child bride, Li Hsiu-yuan, demanded a divorce, but the local officials were against it, and for three months, the case hung fire.

1959, C. K. Yang, The Chinese Family in the Communist Revolution, M.I.T. Press, published 1972, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 82:


上高

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kou̯⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kou̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shanggao (a county of Yichun, Jiangxi, China)


大竹

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊk̚⁵/

/tä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² t͡sʊk̚⁵/

(～縣) Dazhu (a county of Dazhou, Sichuan, China)


龍門

/lʊŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/noŋ²¹ mən²¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ bun²³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bun²⁴/

/loŋ²² mən⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/noŋ²¹ mən²¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ muːn²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ bun²³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ bun²⁴/

/loŋ²² mən⁴⁴/

(～縣) Longmen (a county of Huizhou, Guangdong, China)


黃梅

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ muːi̯²¹/

(～縣) Huangmei (a county of Huanggang, Hubei, China)


南昌

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/nam¹¹ t͡sʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyɒŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ¹³⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵³³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/lam²³⁻³³ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² t͡sʰiaŋ⁴⁴/

/nam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰiaŋ³³/

/nø²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

Attested in the Book of Han as the name of a county and the seat of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡, a commandery in present-day Jiangxi) since no later than 2 CE.

(～縣) Nanchang (a county of Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)


赤城

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Chicheng (a county of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


海門

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ muːn²¹/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ muːn²¹/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～縣) Haimen (a district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Nantong, Jiangsu, China)


衡陽

/xɤŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/xɤŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/hɐŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

Yang (south) of Mount Heng; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which south is associated with yang. Hengyang is situated to the south of Mount Heng.

(～縣) Hengyang (a county of Hengyang, Hunan, China)


邵陽

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siːu̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/siou³⁵⁻¹¹ iaŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shaoyang (a county of Shaoyang, Hunan, China)


新鄉

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiaŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiã²¹/

(～縣) Xinxiang (a county of Xinxiang City, Henan, China)


莆田

→ English: Putian, Putien, P'u-t'ien

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰiɛn¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰan²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰou̯²¹ tʰiːn²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ tʰiɛn¹¹/

/puo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieŋ⁵³/

/pʰɔu¹³⁻²¹ ^((t͡sʰ-))lɛŋ¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰɔ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰan²³/

/pʰɔ¹³⁻²² t͡sʰan¹³/

/pʰɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰan²⁴/

/pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) (historical) Putian (a former county of Fujian, China)


敦煌

→ English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang

/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/

/tu̯ən⁵⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tɵn⁵⁵ wɔːŋ²¹/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²⁴/

/tun⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/tuŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/tən⁵⁵ uɑ̃²¹/

Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /*θurwān, θruwān/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

cog

(～縣) (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


龍州

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～縣) A county of Chongzuo, Guangxi, China

Longzhou
A county of Chongzuo, Guangxi, China


羅城

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

仡佬族自治縣 仡佬族自治縣#Chinese

(～仡佬族自治縣, ～縣) Longsheng (an autonomous county of Hechi, Guangxi, China)


綏寧

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Suining (a county of Shaoyang, Hunan, China)


興隆

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/heŋ³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/heŋ³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

(～縣) Xinglong (a county of Chengde, Hebei, China)


Lan

Drivers can take the exit and head north to Kelan, south to Jingle, or west onto a hill road that leads to Lan County in Lüliang City.

2020, Shunmin (鲁顺民) Lu, Yang Yao (杨遥), Chen Kehai (陈克海), 掷地有声：从山西看中国脱贫攻坚 [Pathway to Prosperity: China's Poverty Alleviation with a Case Study of Shanxi Province], →ISBN, page https://books.google.com/books?id=qKIwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT414:


玉田

/y⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jʊk̚² tʰiːn²¹/

/y⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jʊk̚² tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Yutian (a county of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


贊皇

/t͡sän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Zanhuang (a county of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)


Chaoyang

Translingual: chaoyangensis

/(ˈ)t͡ʃaʊˈjæŋ/

Any of several towns, cities and districts in China:


Ju

From various romanizations of various Chinese characters. As a prefecture, from Chinese 矩州 (Jǔzhōu, “Carpenter's-Square Prefecture”).


水城

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Shuicheng County (a county of Guizhou, China)


青龍

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

～滿族自治縣 青龍滿族自治縣#Chinese

(～滿族自治縣) Qinglong (a Manchu autonomous county of Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China)


和順

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɵn²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/ho¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɵn²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/ho¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

(～縣) Heshun (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


尼瑪

/ni³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཉི་མ (nyi ma, “sun”).

(～縣) Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


石柱

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

～土家族自治縣 石柱土家族自治縣#Chinese

(～土家族自治縣) Shizhu (a Tujia autonomous county of Chongqing, China)


富源

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～縣) Fuyuan (a county of Qujing, Yunnan, China)


博愛

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/

(～縣) Bo'ai (a county of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)


疏勒

/sɔː⁵⁵ lɐk̚²/

/sɔː⁵⁵ lɐk̚²/

(～縣) Shule, Yengixahar (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


金塔

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

(～縣) Jinta (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


Sui

At P’inglin (north-east of the present Sui county, Hupeh), more than one thousand people rose under Ch’en Mu, calling themselves the “P’inglin Army”.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume 3, Bombay: People's Publishing House, →OCLC, page 248:

Shen-nung’s geographical origin has been controversial. According to a peasant tradition he was born in a village at the northern border of the county of Sui in Hupei and has been worshipped there (Ching-chou-chi in T’P’YL 189, 6b).

1968, Wolfram Eberhard, translated by Alide Eberhard, The Local Cultures of South and East China, Leiden: E. J. Brill, →OCLC, →OL, page 220:

In the past, Mao Pao was ferried across the river [in time of danger] because earlier he had set free a tortoise,⁵ and the marquis of Sui received a pearl because he had saved a snake.⁶
[...]⁶ Sui was a principality (in Sui County in modern Hupeh Province) in the Warring States period. The marquis of Sui once saved a wounded snake. In return, the snake searched for a large pearl in the river and gave it to the marquis.

1978, “The Chun-shan Wolf”, in Conrad Lung, transl., edited by Y. W. Ma and Joseph S. M. Lau, Traditional Chinese Stories, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

By 1985, a volume of the famous scholar Jao Tsung-I/Rao Zongyi (together with Tseng Hsien-tung/Zeng Xiantong) appeared under the title “Studies on the Inscriptions of the Bells and Chimes From the Tomb of Marquis Yi of the Tseng State at Sui-Hsien” (Province of Ho-pei/Hebei, county of Sui).

1989, Fritz A. Kuttner, “Bronze Bells”, in The Archaeology of Music in Ancient China, 1st edition, New York: Paragon House, published 1990, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 31:

Mr Zeng returned to Sui county, about 200km north of Wuhan, on January 21 to celebrate the Chinese new year with his parents.[...]“If the disease drags on for two months, the start-up I work for will go under and I’ll lose my job,” he said. “There is nothing I can do about this except hope the epidemic will end soon. I am ready to spend a few months in Sui County.”

2020 February 7, Don Weinland, Sun Yu, Xinning Liu, “Chinese villages build barricades to keep coronavirus at bay”, in Financial Times, archived from the original on 2020-02-08:


伊寧

→ English: I-ning, Yining

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

Renamed from 寧遠／宁远 (Níngyuǎn) in 1914 due to avoid homonymy with the county in Hunan.

(～縣) Yining, Kuldja (a county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


策勒

→ English: Cele, Ts'e-le, Ts'e-lo

/t͡sʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/t͡sʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

(～縣) Qira, Cele (a county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


中方

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃²¹/

(～縣) Zhongfang County (a county of Hunan, China)


Haimen

Borrowed from Mandarin 海門／海门 (Hǎimén, literally “sea gate”).

At the mouth of the Yangtze, population-density on the island of Tsungming and the peninsula Haimen reaches an exaggerated figure, the one of 1475, the other of 700 inhabitants per square kilometre.

1926, Paul Vidal de La Blache, translated by Millicent Todd Bingham, Principles of Human Geography, London: Constable Publishers, published 1959, →OCLC, page 76:

Japanese authorities served notice today that they intended to land troops at Haimen, 200 miles down the coast from Shanghai, later tomorrow in a new move to tighten the China coast blockade.

1939 February 17, “JAPANESE TO SEIZE NEW COASTAL AREA; Foreign Shipping Is Warned of Move to Tighten Blockade South of Shanghai FRENCH IN HANKOW CLASH Gunboat to Aid Americans at Kuling--Invaders Shifting North in Guerrilla Fight”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-20, page 13:

The Holy See was informed "a few days ago" of the decision by China to transfer Bishop Shen Bin from Haimen, in the Jiangsu province, to the diocese of Shanghai, the Vatican said.

2023 April 4, Crispian Balmer, “Vatican says China has unilaterally appointed bishop to Shanghai”, in Raissa Kasolowsky, Jonathan Oatis, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-05, World:

A district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Nantong, Jiangsu, China.

海門

district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Jiangsu, China


興化

→ English: Xinghua, Hinghwa, Henghua

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～縣) (historical) Xinghua (a county in modern-day Putian, Fujian, China)


Gar

No crops had ever grown before at the high altitude of Menshih Township of Gar County at the foot of Kangtiszu Peak.

1972, Kao Yuan-ching, “Changes on the Ari Plateau”, in Great Changes in Tibet [西藏巨变], 1st edition, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 28:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


屯留

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/sɵn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/sɵn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

(～縣) Tunliu (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


山丹

/ʂän⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tan⁴⁴/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tan⁴⁴/

(～縣) Shandan (a county of Zhangye, Gansu, China)


惠來

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

(～縣) Huilai (a county of Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


饒平

→ English: Raoping, Jaoping

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ŋi̯eu̯¹¹ pʰin¹¹/

/d͡ziau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ziou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ŋi̯eu̯¹¹ pʰin¹¹/

/d͡ziau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ziou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Raoping (a county of Chaozhou, Guangdong, China)


澄海

(〜県) (historical) Chenghai (a county of Guangdong, China)


平潭

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːm²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰam¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰam²³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːm²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰam¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰam²³/

(～縣) Pingtan (a county of Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


朝陽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

(～縣) Chaoyang (a county of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China)


建昌

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/


Jianchang

Translingual: Jianchangosaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 建昌 (Jiànchāng).

The driver was taken into custody after the crash around noon in the coastal city of Huludao in Liaoning province, said the spokesman for Jianchang county in the city’s suburbs, who declined to give his name as is standard with Chinese bureaucrats.

2018 November 22, “Car strikes crowd at China school, killing 5 and hurting 18”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2018-11-23:


資中

→ English: Zizhong

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

A variant of its imperial Chinese name 資州／资州 (“Zi Prefecture”).

(～縣) Zizhong (a county of Neijiang, Sichuan, China)


潼關

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Tongguan (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


化州

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

(～縣) (historical) Huazhou (a county of Gaozhou, Guangdong, China)


新寧

/ɕin⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Xinning County (a county of Hunan, China)


扶綏

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

From 扶南 (Fúnán) + 綏淥／绥渌, the names of two of the three counties that merged to form Fusui county in 1952.


封開

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯⁵⁵/

A compound of the names of Fengchuan (封川 (Fēngchuān), "Sealed River") and Kaijian (開建／开建 (kāijiàn), "Opening Establishment"), the two counties whose 1961 merger created the present county.

(～縣) Fengkai County (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


廣寧

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Guangning (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


德慶

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Deqing (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


清遠

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

(～縣) (historical) Qingyuan (a former county of Guangdong, China)


交口

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

(～縣) Jiaokou (a county of Lüliang, Shanxi, China)


龍江

→ English: Longjiang

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

As a Zhejiang village and port, in reference to its position on the south bank of the lower Ao, locally known as the Qinglong River (青龍江／青龙江 (qīnglóng jiāng)).

(～縣) Longjiang (a county of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China)


鹽池

→ English: Yanchi

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

(～市) Yanchi (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia, China)


武功

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

(～縣) Wugong (a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)


Yining

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 伊寧／伊宁 (Yīníng).

A county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


Hotan

Recent excavations at the Mälikä Awat site in Hotan County revealed a forty-five-kilogram cache of Western Han "five-zhu" coins buried in the sand in a large ochre-red pottery crock, standing over half a meter tall and measuring fifty-six centimeters in circumference.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, page 145:

The authorities’ attempt to enforce absolute secrecy is confirmed by another document dated November 2018, this one from a local government file in Hotan County.

2019, Adrian Zenz, “China Didn’t Want Us to Know. Now Its Own Files Are Doing the Talking.”, in New York Times:

A county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang, China.


平順

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵn²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵn²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

(～縣) Pingshun (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


故城

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Gucheng (a county of Hengshui, Hebei, China)


康樂

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰoŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰoŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

(～縣) Kangle (a county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)


Gutian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 古田 (Gǔtián).

Kucheng

from Fuzhou dialect via Foochow Romanization

At Shuikou, on the border between Minqing and Gutian, on the mainstream of the Min Jiang, Fujian Province will build the largest hydroelectric power station in the East China region.

1983 August 30 [1983 June 29], “Conditions Said Ripe to Begin Construction of Shuikou Hydropower Project”, in China Report, Economic Affairs, number 377, →OCLC, page 25:

Red ferment is one in which red mould grows on polished round rice, and is a specialty of the area round Gutian and Pingnan in Fujian province.

2010, Zhengping (李争平) Li, translated by 译谷 [Shanghai Ego], 中国酒: 英文 [Chinese Wine: Universe in a Bottle], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 29:

[Bian Baoquan] denounces Wang Yuchang, district magistrate of Gutian, Fujian, for incompetency, cowardice and avarice, and possessing a decidedly bad reputation amongst his colleagues. On account of his memorialist has already deposed the said magistrate from his post at Gutian, but he thinks that this man deserves further punishment for failing at the beginning to report a rioting of the "Vegetarians" in his district, preferring to buy peace by asking certain persons to promise concessions to the demands of the secret society men in order to keep them quiet.

2018 [1895 December 14], Lane J. Harris, The Peking Gazette: A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Chinese History, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 264: