Polish

Vinokur pulled the trigger a second and third time. "You're lying, you Polish cunt!" he screamed.

2007, Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, Kai Struve, Shared History, Divided Memory, page 287:

As we mentioned the only chemical used in Polish meats or sausages was potassium nitrate even though the list of food additives allowed in Europe was long and impressive.

2009, Stanley Marianski, Adam Marianski, Miroslaw Gebarowski, Polish Sausages: Authentic Recipes and Instructions, page 13:

Of, from or native to Poland, or relating to the Polish language.

pollanda

relating to inhabitants of Poland; citizens

პოლონური

relating to everything except the people


Poland

→ Japanese: ポーランド (Pōrando)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂-der.
Proto-Slavic *poľe
Proto-Slavic *-janinъ
Proto-Slavic *poľaninъder.
German Polebor.
English Pole
English land
English Poland
1560s. From Pole + land, a phono-semantic matching of German Polen (“Poland”), from Old Polish Polanie (“Poles”, literally “field dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”), from *poľe (“field”) + *-ěninъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”).

der

After leaving the Soviet Union, we made a brief visit to one of the captive nations — Poland.[...]A quarter of a million people turned out that Sunday. Despite the presence of Soviet troops, and the fact that they share a common border with the Soviet Union, on that Sunday the people of Poland demonstrated dramatically not only their friendship for the United States but also their detestation of their Communist rulers and Soviet neighbors.

1978, Richard Nixon, RN: the Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Grosset & Dunlap, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 213:

The next stop was Warsaw, to meet with President Lech Walesa and emphasize my commitment to bringing Poland into NATO. Walesa had become a hero, and free Poland's natural choice for president, by leading the Gdansk-shipyard workers' revolt against communism more than a decade earlier. He was deeply suspicious of Russia and wanted Poland in NATO as soon as possible. He also wanted more American investment in Poland, saying the country's future required more American generals, "starting with General Motors and General Electric."

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 185–186:

Republic of Poland
Republic of Poland#English

A country in Central Europe. Official name: Republic of Poland. Capital and largest city: Warsaw.


minister

pl-noun

minister m pers (female equivalent minister or ministerka, abbreviation min.)

minister (feminine)
ministerka (feminine)
min. (abbreviation)
minister (nominative singular)
ministrowie (nominative plural)
ministry (derogatory nominative plural)
ministra (genitive singular)
ministrów (genitive plural)
ministrowi (dative singular)
ministrom (dative plural)
ministra (accusative singular)
ministrów (accusative plural)
ministrem (instrumental singular)
ministrami (instrumental plural)
ministrze (locative singular)
ministrach (locative plural)
ministrze (singular vocative)
ministrowie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish minister. Sense 1 is a semantic loan from French ministre.

sl

(government) high-ranking official in the Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland


klub

pl-noun

klub m inan (diminutive klubik, related adjective klubowy)

klubik (diminutive)
klubowy (adjective)
klub (nominative singular)
kluby (nominative plural)
klubu (genitive singular)
klubów (genitive plural)
klubowi (dative singular)
klubom (dative plural)
klub (accusative singular)
kluby (accusative plural)
klubem (instrumental singular)
klubami (instrumental plural)
klubie (locative singular)
klubach (locative plural)
klubie (singular vocative)
kluby (plural vocative)

Internationalism; possibly borrowed from German Klub or French club, ultimately from English club.
First attested in the 18th century. Compare Silesian klub.

ref

Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “klub”, in Słownik języka polskiego

Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “klub”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego

(politics) club (fraction of parliamentarians of the Polish parliament)


NSA

w:Supreme Administrative Court of Poland

Initialism of Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny.


polski

pl-adj

polski (not generally comparable, comparative bardziej polski, superlative najbardziej polski, derived adverb polsko)

bardziej polski (comparative)
najbardziej polski (superlative)
polski (masculine nominative singular)
polska (feminine nominative singular)
polskie (neuter nominative singular)
polscy (nominative plural virile)
polskie (nominative plural)
polskiego (genitive masculine singular)
polskiej (feminine genitive singular)
polskiego (genitive neuter singular)
polskich (genitive plural)
polskich (genitive plural virile)
polskiemu (dative masculine singular)
polsku (archaic dative masculine singular)
polskiej (dative feminine singular)
polskiemu (dative neuter singular)
polsku (archaic dative neuter singular)
polskim (dative plural)
polskim (dative plural virile)
polskiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
polski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
polską (accusative feminine singular)
polskie (accusative neuter singular)
polskich (accusative plural virile)
polskie (accusative plural)
polskim (instrumental masculine singular)
polską (feminine instrumental singular)
polskim (instrumental neuter singular)
polskimi (instrumental plural)
polskimi (instrumental plural virile)
polskim (locative masculine singular)
polskiej (feminine locative singular)
polskim (locative neuter singular)
polskich (locative plural)
polskich (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish polski. By surface analysis, pole + -ski.

(relational) Polish (of, or from Poland)


polski

polski (masculine nominative singular)
polskie (neuter nominative singular)
polskŏ (feminine nominative singular)
polscy (nominative plural virile)
polskie (nominative nonvirile plural)
polskigo (genitive masculine neuter singular)
polskij (feminine genitive singular)
polskich (genitive plural)
polskimu (dative masculine neuter singular)
polskij (dative feminine singular)
polskim (dative plural)
polskigo (accusative animate masculine singular)
polskie (accusative animate neuter singular)
polskõ (accusative animate feminine singular)
polskich (accusative animate plural virile)
polskie (accusative animate nonvirile plural)
polski (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
polskie (accusative inanimate neuter singular)
polskõ (accusative feminine inanimate singular)
polskich (accusative inanimate plural virile)
polskie (accusative inanimate nonvirile plural)
polskim (instrumental masculine neuter singular)
polskōm (feminine instrumental singular)
polskimi (instrumental plural)
polskim (locative masculine neuter singular)
polskij (feminine locative singular)
polskich (locative plural)
polski (masculine singular vocative)
polskie (neuter singular vocative)
polskŏ (feminine singular vocative)
polscy (plural virile vocative)
polskie (nonvirile plural vocative)


premier

pl-noun

premier m pers (female equivalent premier or premierka, related adjective premierowski)

premier (feminine)
premierka (feminine)
premierowski (adjective)
premier (nominative singular)
premierzy (nominative plural)
premiery (derogatory nominative plural)
premiera (genitive singular)
premierów (genitive plural)
premierowi (dative singular)
premierom (dative plural)
premiera (accusative singular)
premierów (accusative plural)
premierem (instrumental singular)
premierami (instrumental plural)
premierze (locative singular)
premierach (locative plural)
premierze (singular vocative)
premierzy (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French premier/premier ministre. First attested in the 19th century. Compare Kashubian premiér／premiéra and Silesian prymier.

ref

A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1908), “premjer”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 4, Warsaw, page 993

Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “premier”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)

(government) prime minister (chief member of the cabinet and head of the government, especially in a parliamentary democracy; often the leader of the majority party)

(government) Prime Minister of Poland (head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland)


vodka

en-noun

vodka (countable and uncountable, plural vodkas)

→ Cebuano: bodka

→ Welsh: fodca

From Russian во́дка (vódka), from вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka, “-let: forming diminutives”). The archaic Russian name for vodka was хле́бное вино́ (xlébnoje vinó, “grain wine”); V. Pokhlyobkin's research suggests the present name derived from expressions concerning the dilution of the initial pure distilled spirit such as "vodka of grain wine".
Cognates include Sanskrit उदक (udaka), Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr) → English hydro-, English whisky and English water.

standards of identity
standard of identity

(US standards of identity) Neutral spirits distilled (or treated after distillation) so as to have no distinctive character, aroma, taste, or color.


vodka

Borrowed from Russian во́дка (vódka), diminutive of вода́ (vodá).

vodka (alcoholic drink, colorless and almost tasteless, obtained from cereals, originating in Eastern Europe)


Silesia

Uncertain. Two theories are prominent: a relation to the Germanic Silingi tribe, whose name is attested in Ancient Greek Σιλίγγαι (Silíngai). Or, from Old Polish ślęg, śląg meaning "dampness, humidity, moisture." More at Ślęża and Silesia.

A region in central Europe, now chiefly in Poland, with small portions in the Czech Republic and Germany, from early modernity until 1945 predominantly German-speaking with Slavic-speaking minorities (and local majorities).


Warsaw

en-proper noun

Warsaw (countable and uncountable, plural Warsaws)

Masovian Voivodeship
Masovian Voivodeship#English

The capital city of Poland; capital city of the Masovian Voivodeship.

Kosciusko County
Kosciusko County#English

A city, the county seat of Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States.

A home rule city, the county seat of Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States.

A city, the county seat of Benton County, Missouri, United States.


Polska

Polska (nominative singular)
Polski (genitive singular)
Polsce (dative singular)
Polskę (accusative singular)
Polską (instrumental singular)
Polsce (locative singular)
Polsko (singular vocative)

→ Czech: Polsko

→ Kashubian: Pòlskô

→ Lower Sorbian: Pólska

→ Carpathian Rusyn: По́льско (Pólʹsko)

→ Silesian: Polsko

→ Slovak: Poľsko

→ Upper Sorbian: Pólska

Inherited from Old Polish Polska, an ellipsis of ziemia Polska.

Rzeczpospolita Polska
Rzeczpospolita Polska#Polish

Poland (a country in Central Europe; official name: Rzeczpospolita Polska)

musi to na Rusi, a w Polsce jak kto chce


Gdansk

Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship#English

Alternative spelling of Gdańsk, the capital city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland


Gdansk

Gdańsk (the capital city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Gdansk

sk-proper noun

Gdansk m inan (genitive singular Gdanska, declension pattern of dub)

Gdanska (genitive singular)
dub (declension-pattern-of)
Gdansk (nominative singular-only)
Gdanska (genitive singular-only)
Gdansku (dative singular-only)
Gdansk (accusative singular-only)
Gdansku (locative singular-only)
Gdanskom (instrumental singular-only)


Kraków

pl-prop

Kraków m inan (related adjective krakowski)

krakowski (adjective)
Kraków (nominative singular)
Krakowa (genitive singular)
Krakowowi (dative singular)
Kraków (accusative singular)
Krakowem (instrumental singular)
Krakowie (locative singular)
Krakowie (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Кра́каў (Krákaŭ)

→ Czech: Krakov

desc

→ English: Cracov, Cracow, Krakau, Krakow, Kraków

→ Esperanto: Krakovo

→ Finnish: Krakova

desctree

→ German: Krakau
→ Dutch: Krakau
→ Icelandic: Kraká

→ Kashubian: Krakòwò

→ Latin: Cracōvia

→ Latvian: Krakova

→ Lithuanian: Krokuva

→ Russian: Кра́ков (Krákov)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Krakov

→ Slovak: Krakov

→ Slovene: Krakov

→ Ukrainian: Кра́ків (Krákiv)

Uncertain. Traditionally derived from Krak + -ów, from the city's legendary founder Krak.

Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Lesser Poland Voivodeship#English

Cracow (the capital and largest city of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland)


Gdańsk

Borrowed from Polish Gdańsk. Doublet of Danzig.


Gdańsk

pl-prop

Gdańsk m inan (related adjective gdański, demonym gdańszczanin, female demonym gdańszczanka)

gdański (adjective)
gdańszczanin (demonym)
gdańszczanka (demonym feminine)
Gdańsk (nominative singular)
Gdańska (genitive singular)
Gdańskowi (dative singular)
Gdańsk (accusative singular)
Gdańskiem (instrumental singular)
Gdańsku (locative singular)
Gdańsku (singular vocative)

→ Czech: Gdaňsk

→ English: Gdaňsk

→ Latin: Gedānum

→ Russian: Гданьск (Gdanʹsk)

→ Belarusian: Гданьск (Hdanʹsk)

→ Ukrainian: Гданськ (Hdansʹk)

→ Ukrainian: Ґданськ (Gdansʹk)

Disputed. Per Vasmer, derived from Gothic *𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽𐍃 (*gutans, “Goths”). Eckblom rejects this, and many various etymologists suggest a native Proto-Slavic stem of *gъd- (“wet, damp”) and point to place names such as Gdynia and Gdecz (modern Giecz) as further reflexes of that stem. Others still suggest a Proto-Baltic stem of *gud-, with Baltic reflexes including Old Prussian gudde (“forest”), gudas (“Belarusian: person speaking a foreign language”) or Lithuanian gudkarklis (“damp pasture”), gudobelė (“hawthorn”). Many etymologists support the Proto-Baltic origin, with an original stem of *Gud- + *-an + *-isk ("place of the forest people").

unc

Disputed

der+

Kazimierz Rymut
pl:Barbara Czopek-Kopciuch
pl:Nazwy miejscowe Polski


Polen

nl-proper noun

Polen n (adjective Pools, demonym Pool m or Poolse f)

Pools (adjective)
Pool (demonym masculine)
Poolse (demonym feminine)

Afrikaans: Pole

From Middle Dutch Polen, related to older Polanen.
The hamlet is first attested as Polen in 1899. It is named after the country.


Polen

de-proper noun

Polen n (proper noun, genitive Polens or (optionally with an article) Polen)

Polens (genitive)
Polen (genitive with-article)

Middle High German Polen, Polēnen, cp. Polen m pl (“Poles”). See Pole.


zloty

en-noun

zloty (plural zloty or zlotys or zlote or zlotych or zloties)

zloty (plural)
zlotys (plural)
zlote (plural)
zlotych (plural)
zloties (plural)

The currency unit of Poland, divided into 100 groszy.


zloty

head

zloty c (singular definite zlotyen, plural indefinite zloty)

zlotyen (definite singular)
zloty (indefinite plural)
zloty (indefinite nominative singular)
zlotyen (definite nominative singular)
zloty (indefinite nominative plural)
zlotyene (definite nominative plural)
zlotys (genitive indefinite singular)
zlotyens (definite genitive singular)
zlotys (genitive indefinite plural)
zlotyenes (definite genitive plural)


zloty

zloty (nominative singular)
zlotyt (nominative plural)
zloty (accusative nominative singular)
zlotyt (accusative nominative plural)
zlotyn (accusative genitive singular)
zlotyt (accusative genitive plural)
zlotyn (genitive singular)
zlotyjen (genitive plural)
zlotyä (partitive singular)
zlotyjä (partitive plural)
zlotyssä (inessive singular)
zlotyissä (inessive plural)
zlotystä (elative singular)
zlotyistä (elative plural)
zlotyyn (illative singular)
zlotyihin (illative plural)
zlotyllä (adessive singular)
zlotyillä (adessive plural)
zlotyltä (ablative singular)
zlotyiltä (ablative plural)
zlotylle (allative singular)
zlotyille (allative plural)
zlotynä (essive singular)
zlotyinä (essive plural)
zlotyksi (singular translative)
zlotyiksi (plural translative)
zlotyttä (abessive singular)
zlotyittä (abessive plural)
zlotyin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
zlotyni (nominative singular)
zlotyni (nominative plural)
zlotyni (accusative nominative singular)
zlotyni (accusative nominative plural)
zlotyni (accusative genitive singular)
zlotyni (accusative genitive plural)
zlotyni (genitive singular)
zlotyjeni (genitive plural)
zlotyäni (partitive singular)
zlotyjäni (partitive plural)
zlotyssäni (inessive singular)
zlotyissäni (inessive plural)
zlotystäni (elative singular)
zlotyistäni (elative plural)
zlotyyni (illative singular)
zlotyihini (illative plural)
zlotylläni (adessive singular)
zlotyilläni (adessive plural)
zlotyltäni (ablative singular)
zlotyiltäni (ablative plural)
zlotylleni (allative singular)
zlotyilleni (allative plural)
zlotynäni (essive singular)
zlotyinäni (essive plural)
zlotykseni (singular translative)
zlotyikseni (plural translative)
zlotyttäni (abessive singular)
zlotyittäni (abessive plural)
zlotyineni (comitative plural)
zlotysi (nominative singular)
zlotysi (nominative plural)
zlotysi (accusative nominative singular)
zlotysi (accusative nominative plural)
zlotysi (accusative genitive singular)
zlotysi (accusative genitive plural)
zlotysi (genitive singular)
zlotyjesi (genitive plural)
zlotyäsi (partitive singular)
zlotyjäsi (partitive plural)
zlotyssäsi (inessive singular)
zlotyissäsi (inessive plural)
zlotystäsi (elative singular)
zlotyistäsi (elative plural)
zlotyysi (illative singular)
zlotyihisi (illative plural)
zlotylläsi (adessive singular)
zlotyilläsi (adessive plural)
zlotyltäsi (ablative singular)
zlotyiltäsi (ablative plural)
zlotyllesi (allative singular)
zlotyillesi (allative plural)
zlotynäsi (essive singular)
zlotyinäsi (essive plural)
zlotyksesi (singular translative)
zlotyiksesi (plural translative)
zlotyttäsi (abessive singular)
zlotyittäsi (abessive plural)
zlotyinesi (comitative plural)
zlotymme (nominative singular)
zlotymme (nominative plural)
zlotymme (accusative nominative singular)
zlotymme (accusative nominative plural)
zlotymme (accusative genitive singular)
zlotymme (accusative genitive plural)
zlotymme (genitive singular)
zlotyjemme (genitive plural)
zlotyämme (partitive singular)
zlotyjämme (partitive plural)
zlotyssämme (inessive singular)
zlotyissämme (inessive plural)
zlotystämme (elative singular)
zlotyistämme (elative plural)
zlotyymme (illative singular)
zlotyihimme (illative plural)
zlotyllämme (adessive singular)
zlotyillämme (adessive plural)
zlotyltämme (ablative singular)
zlotyiltämme (ablative plural)
zlotyllemme (allative singular)
zlotyillemme (allative plural)
zlotynämme (essive singular)
zlotyinämme (essive plural)
zlotyksemme (singular translative)
zlotyiksemme (plural translative)
zlotyttämme (abessive singular)
zlotyittämme (abessive plural)
zlotyinemme (comitative plural)
zlotynne (nominative singular)
zlotynne (nominative plural)
zlotynne (accusative nominative singular)
zlotynne (accusative nominative plural)
zlotynne (accusative genitive singular)
zlotynne (accusative genitive plural)
zlotynne (genitive singular)
zlotyjenne (genitive plural)
zlotyänne (partitive singular)
zlotyjänne (partitive plural)
zlotyssänne (inessive singular)
zlotyissänne (inessive plural)
zlotystänne (elative singular)
zlotyistänne (elative plural)
zlotyynne (illative singular)
zlotyihinne (illative plural)
zlotyllänne (adessive singular)
zlotyillänne (adessive plural)
zlotyltänne (ablative singular)
zlotyiltänne (ablative plural)
zlotyllenne (allative singular)
zlotyillenne (allative plural)
zlotynänne (essive singular)
zlotyinänne (essive plural)
zlotyksenne (singular translative)
zlotyiksenne (plural translative)
zlotyttänne (abessive singular)
zlotyittänne (abessive plural)
zlotyinenne (comitative plural)
zlotynsä (nominative singular)
zlotynsä (nominative plural)
zlotynsä (accusative nominative singular)
zlotynsä (accusative nominative plural)
zlotynsä (accusative genitive singular)
zlotynsä (accusative genitive plural)
zlotynsä (genitive singular)
zlotyjensä (genitive plural)
zlotyään (partitive singular)
zlotyänsä (partitive singular)
zlotyjään (partitive plural)
zlotyjänsä (partitive plural)
zlotyssään (inessive singular)
zlotyssänsä (inessive singular)
zlotyissään (inessive plural)
zlotyissänsä (inessive plural)
zlotystään (elative singular)
zlotystänsä (elative singular)
zlotyistään (elative plural)
zlotyistänsä (elative plural)
zlotyynsä (illative singular)
zlotyihinsä (illative plural)
zlotyllään (adessive singular)
zlotyllänsä (adessive singular)
zlotyillään (adessive plural)
zlotyillänsä (adessive plural)
zlotyltään (ablative singular)
zlotyltänsä (ablative singular)
zlotyiltään (ablative plural)
zlotyiltänsä (ablative plural)
zlotylleen (allative singular)
zlotyllensä (allative singular)
zlotyilleen (allative plural)
zlotyillensä (allative plural)
zlotynään (essive singular)
zlotynänsä (essive singular)
zlotyinään (essive plural)
zlotyinänsä (essive plural)
zlotykseen (singular translative)
zlotyksensä (singular translative)
zlotyikseen (plural translative)
zlotyiksensä (plural translative)
zlotyttään (abessive singular)
zlotyttänsä (abessive singular)
zlotyittään (abessive plural)
zlotyittänsä (abessive plural)
zlotyineen (comitative plural)
zlotyinensä (comitative plural)


zloty

zlotyen (definite singular)
zloty (indefinite plural)
zlotyane (definite plural)


złoty

A special working fund administered by the State Agricultural Bank was established to meet all expenses connected with the measures necessary for improving the agrarian structure of the country. In the beginning it amounted to 900,000,000 złotys. After a cancellation of part of its obligations due on small farms, the balance by December 31, 1938, was more than 667,000,000 złotys.

1945, Bernadotte E[verly] Schmitt, editor, Poland, Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.: University of California Press, pages 228–229:

Accordingly, if the estate is worth 90,000 złotys and the deceased leaves a widow A, and two children B and C, and B has already received 60,000 złotys, the calculation is as follows:- the value of a notional estate equals 150,000 złotys (90,000 + 60,000) and each share amounts to 50,000 złotys.

1973, D. Lasok, editor, Polish Civil Law, volume I, Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff, →ISBN, page 270:

Once in the field, the Sonderdienstmann received 90 złotys per month with a supplement of 11 złotys per month when on active duty outside the normal duty station. By the summer of 1941, Sonderdienst men were receiving benefits, including free housing and uniforms as well as an untaxed food allowance of 2.70 złotys per day.

2005, Peter Black, “The Sonderdienst”, in Pieter M. Judson, Marsha L. Rozenblit, editors, Constructing Nationalities in East Central Europe (Austrian and Habsburg Studies; volume 6), New York, N.Y., Oxford: Berghahn Books, →ISBN, page 250:

At one extreme, Symeon Szydłowski, the castellan of Żarnów, suggested exempting parish priests with less than 3,000 złotys from the new tax. At the other, Suchodolski protested that poor nobles with families on 500 złotys a year would also find defenders.

2012, Richard Butterwick, The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792: A Political History, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 92:


złoty

zł (abbreviation)
złoty (nominative singular)
złote (nominative plural)
złotego (genitive singular)
złotych (genitive plural)
złotemu (dative singular)
złotym (dative plural)
złotego (accusative singular)
złote (accusative plural)
złotym (instrumental singular)
złotymi (instrumental plural)
złotym (locative singular)
złotych (locative plural)
złoty (singular vocative)
złote (plural vocative)

desc

→ Arabic: زْلوتِي, زْووتِي

→ Arabic: زْلوتِي, زْووتِي

→ Armenian: զլոտի (zloti)

→ Belarusian: зло́ты (zlóty)

→ Bulgarian: зло́ти (zlóti)

→ Catalan: esloti

→ Chinese: 茲羅提／兹罗提 (zīluótí)

→ Czech: zlotý

→ Danish: zloty

→ English: zloty, złoty

→ Esperanto: zloto

→ Finnish: zloty

→ French: zloty, złoty

→ Georgian: ზლოტი (zloṭi)

→ German: Zloty, Złoty

→ Greek: ζλότι (zlóti)

→ Hebrew: זלוטי

→ Hungarian: zloty, złoty

→ Japanese: ズロティ, ズウォティ

→ Japanese: ズロティ, ズウォティ

→ Korean: 즐로티 (jeulloti)

→ Macedonian: злоти (zloti)

→ Navajo: zwótii

→ Norwegian: zloty

→ Portuguese: zloty, zloti

→ Romanian: zlot

desctree

→ Russian: зло́тый (zlótyj)
→ Kazakh: злотый (zlotyi)

→ Serbo-Croatian: zlot, злот

→ Slovak: zlotý

→ Slovene: zlot

→ Spanish: esloti, zloty

→ Swedish: zloty, złoty

desc

→ Thai: ซวอตือ

→ Thai: ซวอตือ

→ Ukrainian: зло́тий (zlótyj)

→ Yiddish: זלאָטע (zlote)

Inherited from Old Polish złoty. Compare Silesian złoty. Doublet of chlor, zielony, and żółty. In currency sense, compare Dutch gulden.

(nominalized) zloty (currency of Poland)


polaco

pt-adj

polaco (feminine polaca, masculine plural polacos, feminine plural polacas)

polaca (feminine)
polacos (masculine plural)
polacas (feminine plural)

(chiefly Portugal) Polish (of or relating to Poland)


polaco

pt-noun

polaco m (plural polacos, feminine polaca, feminine plural polacas)

polacos (plural)
polaca (feminine)
polacas (feminine plural)

(chiefly Portugal) Pole (person from Poland)


polaco

(chiefly Portugal) Polish (West Slavic language spoken in Poland)


polaco

Borrowed from Polish Polak.
For the etymology of the Catalan sense, see the Wikipedia article Polaco (slur).


Πολωνία

head

Πολωνία • (Polonía) f

Polonía (romanization)
Πολωνία (nominative singular)
Πολωνίας (genitive singular)
Πολωνία (accusative singular)
Πολωνία (singular vocative)


Polsko

cs-proper noun

Polsko n (related adjective polský, demonym Polák, female demonym Polka)

polský (adjective)
Polák (demonym)
Polka (demonym feminine)
Polsko (nominative singular)
Polska (genitive singular)
Polsku (dative singular)
Polsko (accusative singular)
Polsko (singular vocative)
Polsku (locative singular)
Polskem (instrumental singular)

Borrowed from Polish Polska, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *pȍľe (“field”). By surface analysis, Pol(ák) (“Pole”) + -sko.


Polsko

Borrowed from Polish Polska.
*IPA⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /ˈpɔl.skɔ/
* Rhymes: -ɔlskɔ
* Syllabification: Pol‧sko

szl-pr

Polsko Republika
Polsko Republika#Silesian

Poland (a country in Central Europe; official name: Polsko Republika)


Polônia

Brazilian Portuguese standard spelling of Polónia.: Poland (a country in Central Europe)


Kashubian

/kəˈʃuːbɪən/

A Slavic language spoken in the Pomeranian region of Poland.


polo

eo-head

polo (accusative singular polon, plural poloj, accusative plural polojn)

polon (accusative singular)
poloj (plural)
polojn (accusative plural)

From German Pole, ultimately from Proto-Slavic *pȍľe (“field”). Doublet of poljo.


Babel

Learned borrowing from Latin Babel. Doublet of Babilon and Babilonia.

(heraldry, historical) Polish coat of arms of the nobility granted in the Austrian Partition


hetman

From Polish hetman, probably from Middle High German houbetman, heuptman (“commander”), from Old High German houbitman, from Proto-West Germanic *haubidamann. Compare modern German Hauptmann (“captain”), Haupt, Mann. The Polish e in hetman attests to a borrowing from an East Central German dialect, in which Middle High German -öu- gives -ē-. Doublet of head man.


baton

pl-noun

baton m animal or m inan (diminutive batonik)

baton m animal or (canonical inanimate masculine)
batonik (diminutive)
baton (nominative singular)
batony (nominative plural)
batona (genitive singular)
batonu (genitive singular)
batonów (genitive plural)
batonowi (dative singular)
batonom (dative plural)
baton (accusative singular)
batona (accusative singular)
batony (accusative plural)
batonem (instrumental singular)
batonami (instrumental plural)
batonie (locative singular)
batonach (locative plural)
batonie (singular vocative)
batony (plural vocative)

(regional) veka (type of pastry made of wheat flour, produced in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland, similar to a French baguette but wider, bigger, and fluffier, and with a smoother surface)


flak

flak m inan (diminutive flaczek, related adjective flakowy)

flaczek (diminutive)
flakowy (adjective)
flak (nominative singular)
flaki (nominative plural)
flaka (genitive singular)
flaków (genitive plural)
flakowi (dative singular)
flakom (dative plural)
flak (accusative singular)
flaki (accusative plural)
flakiem (instrumental singular)
flakami (instrumental plural)
flaku (locative singular)
flakach (locative plural)
flaku (singular vocative)
flaki (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Middle High German vlëcke.

(colloquial or dialectal, Żywiec, chiefly in the plural, of human anatomy) entrails, guts, innards, intestines, viscera (internal organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities)


Польща

uk-proper noun

По́льща • (Pólʹšča) f inan (genitive По́льщі, uncountable)

По́льща (canonical)
Pólʹšča (romanization)
По́льщі (genitive)
По́льща (nominative singular)
По́льщі (genitive singular)
По́льщі (dative singular)
По́льщу (accusative singular)
По́льщею (instrumental singular)
По́льщі (locative singular)
По́льще (singular vocative)

[ˈpɔlʲʃt͡ʃɐ]

By surface analysis, поля́к (polják) + -ща (-šča).


Sejm

de-prop

Sejm m (proper noun, strong, genitive Sejms)

Sejms (genitive)
Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejms (genitive singular)
Sejm (dative singular)
Sejm (accusative singular)

Im polnischen Parlament, dem Sejm, hat ein rechtsextremer Abgeordneter am Dienstagnachmittag eine Chanukka-Feier angegriffen.

2023 December 12, Nadia Pantel, “Antisemitischer Eklat in Warschau: Rechtsextremer Abgeordneter attackiert Chanukka-Feier im Parlament mit Feuerlöscher”, in Der Spiegel, →ISSN:

A far-right member of the Polish parliament, the Sejm, attacked a Hanukkah celebration on Tuesday afternoon.

(government) Sejm (the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland)


Sejm

sejmowy (adjective)
Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmie (singular vocative)

Sejm (total number of people who sit in the Sejm)

Coordinate term: Senat


Sejm

Sejm (nominative singular)
Sejmy (nominative plural)
Sejmu (genitive singular)
Sejmów (genitive plural)
Sejmowi (dative singular)
Sejmom (dative plural)
Sejm (accusative singular)
Sejmy (accusative plural)
Sejmem (instrumental singular)
Sejmami (instrumental plural)
Sejmie (locative singular)
Sejmach (locative plural)
Sejmie (singular vocative)
Sejmy (plural vocative)

→ English: Sejm

→ German: Sejm

→ Latvian: Saeima

→ Lithuanian: Seĩmas

→ Romanian: Seim

→ Russian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Ukrainian: Сейм (Sejm)

→ Yiddish: סיים (seym)

(government, historical) any specific gathering of the Sejm


babka

babeczka (diminutive)
babka (nominative singular)
babki (nominative plural)
babki (genitive singular)
babek (genitive plural)
babce (dative singular)
babkom (dative plural)
babkę (accusative singular)
babki (accusative plural)
babką (instrumental singular)
babkami (instrumental plural)
babce (locative singular)
babkach (locative plural)
babko (singular vocative)
babki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish babka. By surface analysis, baba + -ka.

(obsolete) type of old, small Polish currency


lengyel

lengyel (nominative singular)
lengyelek (nominative plural)
lengyelt (accusative singular)
lengyeleket (accusative plural)
lengyelnek (dative singular)
lengyeleknek (dative plural)
lengyellel (instrumental singular)
lengyelekkel (instrumental plural)
lengyelért (causal-final singular)
lengyelekért (causal-final plural)
lengyellé (singular translative)
lengyelekké (plural translative)
lengyelig (singular terminative)
lengyelekig (plural terminative)
lengyelként (essive-formal singular)
lengyelekként (essive-formal plural)
lengyelül (essive-modal singular)
lengyelben (inessive singular)
lengyelekben (inessive plural)
lengyelen (singular superessive)
lengyeleken (plural superessive)
lengyelnél (adessive singular)
lengyeleknél (adessive plural)
lengyelbe (illative singular)
lengyelekbe (illative plural)
lengyelre (singular sublative)
lengyelekre (plural sublative)
lengyelhez (allative singular)
lengyelekhez (allative plural)
lengyelből (elative singular)
lengyelekből (elative plural)
lengyelről (delative singular)
lengyelekről (delative plural)
lengyeltől (ablative singular)
lengyelektől (ablative plural)
lengyelé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
lengyeleké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
lengyeléi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
lengyelekéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)

From Old Hungarian lengyen, from Proto-Slavic *lęděninъ, from *lędo + *-ěninъ, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-. Compare Lithuanian lenkas.

Polish (of or relating to Poland, its people or language)


Vistula

/ˈvɪst͡ʃʊlə/

The longest river in Poland, which flows into the Baltic Sea.


Gduńsk

Disputed. For more information, see Polish Gdańsk.


polis

lv-noun

polis m (2nd declension, feminine form: poliete)

poliete (feminine)
polis (nominative singular)
poļi (nominative plural)
poli (accusative singular)
poļus (accusative plural)
poļa (genitive singular)
poļu (genitive plural)
polim (dative singular)
poļiem (dative plural)
poli (instrumental singular)
poļiem (instrumental plural)
polī (locative singular)
poļos (locative plural)
poli (singular vocative)
poļi (plural vocative)

Ultimately from Polish polak, Russian поля́к (polják) (under the influence of Old High German pōl — cf. German, English Pole — and perhaps also of Latvian dialectal bolis, polis (“ox without horns”)), itself derived from Polish pole (“field”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“light (color), gray”).

cog

pēc Livonijas kara poļi ieguva Vidzemi un Latgali

after the Livonian War the Poles obtained Vidzeme and Latgale

a Pole, a Polish man, a man born in Poland

poļu valoda

poļu māksla

(genitive plural) Polish; pertaining to Poland and its people


Puola

Puola (nominative singular)
Puola (accusative nominative singular)
Puolan (accusative genitive singular)
Puolan (genitive singular)
Puolaa (partitive singular)
Puolassa (inessive singular)
Puolasta (elative singular)
Puolaan (illative singular)
Puolalla (adessive singular)
Puolalta (ablative singular)
Puolalle (allative singular)
Puolana (essive singular)
Puolaksi (singular translative)
Puolatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Puolani (nominative singular)
Puolani (accusative nominative singular)
Puolani (accusative genitive singular)
Puolani (genitive singular)
Puolaani (partitive singular)
Puolassani (inessive singular)
Puolastani (elative singular)
Puolaani (illative singular)
Puolallani (adessive singular)
Puolaltani (ablative singular)
Puolalleni (allative singular)
Puolanani (essive singular)
Puolakseni (singular translative)
Puolattani (abessive singular)
Puolasi (nominative singular)
Puolasi (accusative nominative singular)
Puolasi (accusative genitive singular)
Puolasi (genitive singular)
Puolaasi (partitive singular)
Puolassasi (inessive singular)
Puolastasi (elative singular)
Puolaasi (illative singular)
Puolallasi (adessive singular)
Puolaltasi (ablative singular)
Puolallesi (allative singular)
Puolanasi (essive singular)
Puolaksesi (singular translative)
Puolattasi (abessive singular)
Puolamme (nominative singular)
Puolamme (accusative nominative singular)
Puolamme (accusative genitive singular)
Puolamme (genitive singular)
Puolaamme (partitive singular)
Puolassamme (inessive singular)
Puolastamme (elative singular)
Puolaamme (illative singular)
Puolallamme (adessive singular)
Puolaltamme (ablative singular)
Puolallemme (allative singular)
Puolanamme (essive singular)
Puolaksemme (singular translative)
Puolattamme (abessive singular)
Puolanne (nominative singular)
Puolanne (accusative nominative singular)
Puolanne (accusative genitive singular)
Puolanne (genitive singular)
Puolaanne (partitive singular)
Puolassanne (inessive singular)
Puolastanne (elative singular)
Puolaanne (illative singular)
Puolallanne (adessive singular)
Puolaltanne (ablative singular)
Puolallenne (allative singular)
Puolananne (essive singular)
Puolaksenne (singular translative)
Puolattanne (abessive singular)
Puolansa (nominative singular)
Puolansa (accusative nominative singular)
Puolansa (accusative genitive singular)
Puolansa (genitive singular)
Puolaansa (partitive singular)
Puolassaan (inessive singular)
Puolassansa (inessive singular)
Puolastaan (elative singular)
Puolastansa (elative singular)
Puolaansa (illative singular)
Puolallaan (adessive singular)
Puolallansa (adessive singular)
Puolaltaan (ablative singular)
Puolaltansa (ablative singular)
Puolalleen (allative singular)
Puolallensa (allative singular)
Puolanaan (essive singular)
Puolanansa (essive singular)
Puolakseen (singular translative)
Puolaksensa (singular translative)
Puolattaan (abessive singular)
Puolattansa (abessive singular)

Swedish Polen < German Polen < Polish Polanie.


Polonia

Polonia (absolutive indefinite)
Poloniak (ergative indefinite)
Poloniari (dative indefinite)
Poloniaren (genitive indefinite)
Poloniarekin (comitative indefinite)
Poloniarengatik (causative indefinite)
Poloniarentzat (benefactive indefinite)
Poloniaz (indefinite instrumental)
Polonian (indefinite inessive)
Poloniako (indefinite locative)
Poloniara (allative indefinite)
Poloniaraino (indefinite terminative)
Poloniarantz (directive indefinite)
Poloniarako (destinative indefinite)
Poloniatik (ablative indefinite)
Poloniarik (indefinite partitive)
Poloniatzat (indefinite prolative)


Polonia

la-proper noun

Polonia f sg (genitive Poloniae); first declension

Poloniae (genitive)
Polonia (nominative singular)
Poloniae (genitive singular)
Poloniae (dative singular)
Poloniam (accusative singular)
Poloniā (ablative singular)
Polonia (singular vocative)

Aromanian: Pulunia

Asturian: Polonia

Catalan: Polònia

Franco-Provençal: Pologne

French: Pologne

Friulian: Polonie

Galician: Polonia

Italian: Polonia

Ligurian: Polònia

Norman: Polongne

Occitan: Polonha

Portuguese: Polônia, Polónia

Romanian: Polonia

Romansch: Pologna

Sardinian: Polonia

Spanish: Polonia

Venetan: Połonia

Walloon: Pologne

→ Chinese: 波羅泥亞／波罗泥亚 (Bōluóníyà)

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠨᡳᠶᠠ (boloniya)

⇒ English: Polono-

⇒ Georgian: პოლონეთი (ṗoloneti)

→ Polish: Polonia

From Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”).

(Medieval Latin, New Latin) Poland (a country in Central Europe)


Polonia

polonijny (adjective)
Polonia (nominative singular)
Polonii (genitive singular)
Polonii (dative singular)
Polonię (accusative singular)
Polonią (instrumental singular)
Polonii (locative singular)
Polonio (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin Polonia.

lbor

Polish diaspora (name for Polish people or people of Polish descent living outside the borders of Poland)


Polonia

Polonie (accusative indefinite nominative)
Polonia (accusative definite nominative)
Polonii (indefinite)
Poloniei (definite)
Polonie (vocative)
Polonio (vocative)

From Medieval Latin Polonia. By surface analysis, polon + -ia.


Polonia

Meronym: Varsovia


Polka

pl-noun

Polka f (male equivalent Polak, diminutive Poleczka)

Polak (masculine)
Poleczka (diminutive)
Polka (nominative singular)
Polki (nominative plural)
Polki (genitive singular)
Polek (genitive plural)
Polce (dative singular)
Polkom (dative plural)
Polkę (accusative singular)
Polki (accusative plural)
Polką (instrumental singular)
Polkami (instrumental plural)
Polce (locative singular)
Polkach (locative plural)
Polko (singular vocative)
Polki (plural vocative)


Pools

af-adj

Pools (attributive Poolse, not comparable)

Inherited from Dutch Pools, equivalent to Pool + -s.

Polish (of, from, or pertaining to Poland, the Polish people or the Polish language)


Pool

Pole (person from Poland or of Polish descent)


Pool

nl-noun

Pool m (plural Polen, diminutive Pooltje n, feminine Poolse)

Polen (plural)
Pooltje (diminutive neuter)
Poolse (feminine)


Pole

A person from Poland or of Polish descent.

лях

now sometimes slightly derogatory or ironic


Pole

de-noun

Pole m (weak, genitive Polen, plural Polen, feminine Polin)

Polen (genitive)
Polen (plural)
Polin (feminine)
Pole (nominative singular)
Polen (definite nominative plural)
Polen (genitive singular)
Polen (definite genitive plural)
Polen (dative singular)
Polen (dative definite plural)
Polen (accusative singular)
Polen (accusative definite plural)

→ English: Pole

From Middle High German *Pole or *Polen (attested as Polen m pl), from Old Polish polanín, from Proto-Slavic *poľaninъ (literally “field-dweller”), derived from *pȍľe (“field”). The Middle High German form may have been a strong noun in -en in light of polnisch; the weak form is then a backformation (cf. Heide, Rabe etc.).


San

San (nominative singular)
Sanu (genitive singular)
Sanowi (dative singular)
San (accusative singular)
Sanem (instrumental singular)
Sanie (locative singular)
Sanie (singular vocative)

San (a right tributary of the Vistula in Poland and Ukraine)


mach

mach (nominative singular)
machy (nominative plural)
machu (genitive singular)
machów (genitive plural)
machowi (dative singular)
machom (dative plural)
mach (accusative singular)
machy (accusative plural)
machem (instrumental singular)
machami (instrumental plural)
machu (locative singular)
machach (locative plural)
machu (singular vocative)
machy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *maxъ. Deverbal from machać.


mach

mach (nominative singular)
machy (nominative plural)
macha (genitive singular)
machów (genitive plural)
machowi (dative singular)
machom (dative plural)
mach (accusative singular)
machy (accusative plural)
machem (instrumental singular)
machami (instrumental plural)
machu (locative singular)
machach (locative plural)
machu (singular vocative)
machy (plural vocative)

Named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.

named-after

(physics) Mach number (ratio of the speed of a body to that of sound in the surrounding medium)


pierogi

en-noun

pierogi (plural pierogi or pierogies or pierogis)

pierogi (plural)
pierogies (plural)
pierogis (plural)

Borrowed from Polish pierogi, the plural of pieróg (“dumpling”), which ultimately is derived from Proto-Slavic *pirъ (“party”). Unrelated to Turkish börek. Doublet of pirogi (from Russian), pirohy (from Czech and Slovak), and pyrohy/pedaheh (from Ukrainian).

(Canada, US) A square- or crescent-shaped dumpling of unleavened dough, stuffed with sauerkraut, cheese, mashed potatoes, cabbage, onion, meat, or any combination of these, or with a fruit filling.

波兰饺子 (Bōlán jiǎozi, literally “Polish dumpling(s)”)


Łódź

Łódź (nominative singular)
Łódźot (accusative singular)
Łódźnak (dative singular)
Łódźdzsal (instrumental singular)
Łódźért (causal-final singular)
Łódźdzsá (singular translative)
Łódźig (singular terminative)
Łódźként (essive-formal singular)
Łódźban (inessive singular)
Łódźon (singular superessive)
Łódźnál (adessive singular)
Łódźba (illative singular)
Łódźra (singular sublative)
Łódźhoz (allative singular)
Łódźból (elative singular)
Łódźról (delative singular)
Łódźtól (ablative singular)
Łódźé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
Łódźéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
Łódźom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Łódźod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Łódźa (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Łódźunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Łódźotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Łódźuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)


Łódź

pl-proper noun

Łódź f (related adjective łódzki, demonym łodzianin, female demonym łodzianka)

łódzki (adjective)
łodzianin (demonym)
łodzianka (demonym feminine)
Łódź (nominative singular)
Łodzi (genitive singular)
Łodzi (dative singular)
Łódź (accusative singular)
Łodzią (instrumental singular)
Łodzi (locative singular)
Łodzi (singular vocative)

Unknown. Possible etymologies include:
* From the surname Łodzic.
* From the given name Włodzisław.
* From Old Polish łoza (“willow tree”).
Popular incorrect etymologies include:
* From łódź (“boat”). This is incorrect, since the city does not lie near any navigable body of water.
* From Łódka, a small river in the city. This is also incorrect, since the river was named after the city, not the other way around.

Łódź Voivodeship
Łódź Voivodeship#English

Lodz (the capital city of the Łódź Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland)


Польша

head

Польша • (Polʹşa)

ba-proper noun

Польша • (Polʹşa)


Польша

head

Польша • (Polşa)

kk-proper noun

Польша • (Polşa)


Польша

head

Польша • (Poľša)


Польша

Польша • (Polşa) (Arabic spelling پولشا)

Polşa (romanization)
پولشا (Arabic)
Польша (nominative singular)
Польшанын (genitive singular)
Польшага (dative singular)
Польшаны (accusative singular)
Польшада (locative singular)
Польшадан (ablative singular)
Польшам (first-person nominative singular)
Польшамдын (first-person genitive singular)
Польшама (dative first-person singular)
Польшамды (accusative first-person singular)
Польшамда (first-person locative singular)
Польшамдан (ablative first-person singular)
Польшаң (informal nominative second-person singular)
Польшаңдын (genitive informal second-person singular)
Польшаңа (dative informal second-person singular)
Польшаңды (accusative informal second-person singular)
Польшаңда (informal locative second-person singular)
Польшаңдан (ablative informal second-person singular)
Польшаңыз (formal nominative second-person singular)
Польшаңыздын (formal genitive second-person singular)
Польшаңызга (dative formal second-person singular)
Польшаңызды (accusative formal second-person singular)
Польшаңызда (formal locative second-person singular)
Польшаңыздан (ablative formal second-person singular)


Польша

ru-proper noun+

По́льша • (Pólʹša) f inan (genitive По́льши, relational adjective по́льский)

По́льша (canonical)
Pólʹša (romanization)
По́льши (genitive)
по́льский (adjective relational)
По́льша (nominative singular)
По́льши (genitive singular)
По́льше (dative singular)
По́льшу (accusative singular)
По́льшей (instrumental singular)
По́льшею (instrumental singular)
По́льше (prepositional singular)
По́льша (dated nominative singular)
По́льши (dated genitive singular)
По́льшѣ (dated dative singular)
По́льшу (accusative dated singular)
По́льшей (dated instrumental singular)
По́льшею (dated instrumental singular)
По́льшѣ (dated prepositional singular)

→ Azerbaijani: Polşa

→ Ingrian: Poljša

→ Kazakh: Польша (Polşa)

→ Kyrgyz: Польша (Polşa)

→ Mongolian:

Cyrillic script: Польш (Polʹš)

Mongolian script: ᠫᠤᠯᠱᠠ (pulša)

→ Tajik: Полша (Polša)

→ Tatar: Польша (Pol’şa)

→ Turkmen: Polşa

→ Uyghur: پولشا (polsha)

→ Uzbek: Polsha

Inherited from Middle Russian Польша (Polʹša) (att. 1560s), likely through Old Ruthenian (cf. Ukrainian По́льща (Pólʹšča) and Belarusian По́льшча (Pólʹšča) but Carpathian Rusyn По́льско (Pólʹsko)) from Middle Polish w Polszcze (“in Poland”), from Polska, from Old Polish Polska, from Proto-Slavic *poľьska.

inh+

Респу́блика По́льша
Республика Польша#Russian

Poland (a country in Central Europe; official name: Респу́блика По́льша (Respúblika Pólʹša))


ucho

pl-noun

ucho n (diminutive uszko, augmentative uszysko)

uszko (diminutive)
uszysko (augmentative)
ucho (nominative singular)
ucha (nominative plural)
ucha (genitive singular)
uch (genitive plural)
uchu (dative singular)
uchom (dative plural)
ucho (accusative singular)
ucha (accusative plural)
uchem (instrumental singular)
uchami (instrumental plural)
uchu (locative singular)
uchach (locative plural)
ucho (singular vocative)
ucha (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish ucho. The irregular plural forms are the result of fossilization of the old dual forms.


Varsova

Varsova (nominative singular)
Varsova (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovan (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovan (genitive singular)
Varsovaa (partitive singular)
Varsovassa (inessive singular)
Varsovasta (elative singular)
Varsovaan (illative singular)
Varsovalla (adessive singular)
Varsovalta (ablative singular)
Varsovalle (allative singular)
Varsovana (essive singular)
Varsovaksi (singular translative)
Varsovatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Varsovani (nominative singular)
Varsovani (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovani (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovani (genitive singular)
Varsovaani (partitive singular)
Varsovassani (inessive singular)
Varsovastani (elative singular)
Varsovaani (illative singular)
Varsovallani (adessive singular)
Varsovaltani (ablative singular)
Varsovalleni (allative singular)
Varsovanani (essive singular)
Varsovakseni (singular translative)
Varsovattani (abessive singular)
Varsovasi (nominative singular)
Varsovasi (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovasi (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovasi (genitive singular)
Varsovaasi (partitive singular)
Varsovassasi (inessive singular)
Varsovastasi (elative singular)
Varsovaasi (illative singular)
Varsovallasi (adessive singular)
Varsovaltasi (ablative singular)
Varsovallesi (allative singular)
Varsovanasi (essive singular)
Varsovaksesi (singular translative)
Varsovattasi (abessive singular)
Varsovamme (nominative singular)
Varsovamme (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovamme (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovamme (genitive singular)
Varsovaamme (partitive singular)
Varsovassamme (inessive singular)
Varsovastamme (elative singular)
Varsovaamme (illative singular)
Varsovallamme (adessive singular)
Varsovaltamme (ablative singular)
Varsovallemme (allative singular)
Varsovanamme (essive singular)
Varsovaksemme (singular translative)
Varsovattamme (abessive singular)
Varsovanne (nominative singular)
Varsovanne (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovanne (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovanne (genitive singular)
Varsovaanne (partitive singular)
Varsovassanne (inessive singular)
Varsovastanne (elative singular)
Varsovaanne (illative singular)
Varsovallanne (adessive singular)
Varsovaltanne (ablative singular)
Varsovallenne (allative singular)
Varsovananne (essive singular)
Varsovaksenne (singular translative)
Varsovattanne (abessive singular)
Varsovansa (nominative singular)
Varsovansa (accusative nominative singular)
Varsovansa (accusative genitive singular)
Varsovansa (genitive singular)
Varsovaansa (partitive singular)
Varsovassaan (inessive singular)
Varsovassansa (inessive singular)
Varsovastaan (elative singular)
Varsovastansa (elative singular)
Varsovaansa (illative singular)
Varsovallaan (adessive singular)
Varsovallansa (adessive singular)
Varsovaltaan (ablative singular)
Varsovaltansa (ablative singular)
Varsovalleen (allative singular)
Varsovallensa (allative singular)
Varsovanaan (essive singular)
Varsovanansa (essive singular)
Varsovakseen (singular translative)
Varsovaksensa (singular translative)
Varsovattaan (abessive singular)
Varsovattansa (abessive singular)

[ˈʋɑ̝rs̠o̞ʋɑ̝]


Warszawa

Unadapted borrowing from Polish Warszawa, from Old Polish. See there for more.

unadapted borrowing

Warszawa er hovedstaden i Polen.


Warszawa

[vɑˈʂ(ː)ɑ̀ːvɑ̌]


Warszawa

pl-prop

Warszawa f (related adjective warszawski, demonym warszawiak, female demonym warszawianka)

warszawski (adjective)
warszawiak (demonym)
warszawianka (demonym feminine)
Warszawa (nominative singular)
Warszawy (genitive singular)
Warszawie (dative singular)
Warszawę (accusative singular)
Warszawą (instrumental singular)
Warszawie (locative singular)
Warszawo (singular vocative)

→ Belarusian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Bulgarian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

→ Czech: Varšava

→ Danish: Warszawa

→ English: Warsaw

desctree

→ German: Warschau
→ Dutch: Warschau
→ Afrikaans: Warschau
→ Icelandic: Varsjá
→ Luxembourgish: Warschau

→ Hungarian: Varsó

→ Japanese: ワルシャワ

desc

→ Korean: 바르샤바 (bareusyaba), 와르샤와 (wareusyawa)

desctree

→ Latin: Varsovia
Catalan: Varsòvia
French: Varsovie
Galician: Varsovia
Italian: Varsavia
Portuguese: Varsóvia
Romanian: Varșovia
Spanish: Varsovia

→ Latvian: Varšava

→ Lithuanian: Varšuva

→ Norwegian Bokmål: Warszawa

→ Norwegian Nynorsk: Warszawa

→ Russian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)
→ Kyrgyz: Варшава (Varşava)
→ Mongolian: Варшав (Varšav)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Varšava, Варшава

→ Slovak: Varšava

→ Slovene: Varšava

→ Swedish: Warszawa

→ Ukrainian: Варша́ва (Varšáva)

Inherited from Old Polish Warszewa with -e- replaced by -a- due to hypercorrection or assimilation.

Warszawa lat wojny i okupacji

Arcybiskupowi przeznaczono rocznéj pensyi 140,000 franków, prócz pieniędzy na reprezentacyą; gdyż cesarz w udzielonych mu instrukcyach chciał, aby w Warszawie wielki dom prowadził.

1854, Leon Potocki, Święcone, czyli Pałac Potockich w Warszawie:

The archbishop was allowed a yearly pension of 140,000 franks, in addition to the money for representation; where as the emperor, as in his conferred instructions, wanted him to lead a great house in Warsaw.

Od daty 18 maja 1815 roku, kiedy traktat wiedeński powołał do życia Królestwo Polskie, rozpoczęła się dla Warszawy nowa epoka.

1964, Adam Szczypiorski, Ćwierć wieku Warszawy, 1806–1830:

From May 18, 1815, when the Treaty of Vienna brought the Polish Kingdom back to life, a new epoch for Warsaw begun.

W takiej atmosferze rewolucyjnego września opuszczał na zawsze Warszawę i Ojczyznę Fryderyk Chopin.

2008, Artur III Nadolski, Pani Chłodna (opowieść o warszawskiej ulicy):

In this revolutionist atmosphere of September, Frederyk Chopin left Warsaw and his fatherland forever.

Warsaw (the capital and largest city of Poland)

Warsaw (the capital and largest city of the Masovian Voivodeship, Poland)


Warszawa

[va̠ɹˈʂɑ̂ːvâ̠]


Varšava

varšavský (adjective)
Varšava (nominative singular)
Varšavy (genitive singular)
Varšavě (dative singular)
Varšavu (accusative singular)
Varšavo (singular vocative)
Varšavě (locative singular)
Varšavou (instrumental singular)


Varšava

Varšava (nominative singular)
Varšavu (accusative singular)
Varšavas (genitive singular)
Varšavai (dative singular)
Varšavu (instrumental singular)
Varšavā (locative singular)
Varšava (singular vocative)


Varšava

Vàršava (canonical feminine)
Ва̀ршава (Cyrillic)
Varšava (nominative singular)
Varšave (genitive singular)
Varšavi (dative singular)
Varšavu (accusative singular)
Varšavo (singular vocative)
Varšavi (locative singular)
Varšavom (instrumental singular)


Varšava

sk-proper noun

Varšava f (genitive singular Varšavy, declension pattern of žena)

Varšavy (genitive singular)
žena (declension-pattern-of)
Varšava (nominative singular-only)
Varšavy (genitive singular-only)
Varšave (dative singular-only)
Varšavu (accusative singular-only)
Varšave (locative singular-only)
Varšavou (instrumental singular-only)


Varšava

Varšȃva (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
Varšáva (nominative singular)
Varšáve (genitive singular)
Varšávi (dative singular)
Varšávo (accusative singular)
Varšávi (locative singular)
Varšávo (instrumental singular)


Варшава

be-proper noun

Варша́ва<sg>

Варша́ва • (Varšáva) f inan (genitive Варша́вы, uncountable, relational adjective варша́ўскі)

Варша́ва (canonical)
Varšáva (romanization)
Варша́вы (genitive)
варша́ўскі (adjective relational)
Варша́ва (nominative singular)
Варша́вы (genitive singular)
Варша́ве (dative singular)
Варша́ву (accusative singular)
Варша́вай (instrumental singular)
Варша́ваю (instrumental singular)
Варша́ве (locative singular)

be-ndecl

Варша́ва<sg>

у/ў Варша́ве

у/ў Варша́ву

з Варша́вы


Варшава

bg-proper noun

Варша́ва • (Varšáva) f (relational adjective варша́вски)

Варша́ва (canonical)
Varšáva (romanization)
варша́вски (adjective relational)
Варша́ва (indefinite singular)
Варша́во (singular vocative)


Варшава

head

Варшава • (Varşava)


Варшава

Варшава • (Varşava)

kk-prop

Варшава • (Varşava)


Варшава

head

Варшава • (Varşava) (Arabic spelling ۋارشاۋا)

Varşava (romanization)
ۋارشاۋا (Arabic)
Варшава (nominative singular)
Варшаванын (genitive singular)
Варшавага (dative singular)
Варшаваны (accusative singular)
Варшавада (locative singular)
Варшавадан (ablative singular)
Варшавам (first-person nominative singular)
Варшавамдын (first-person genitive singular)
Варшавама (dative first-person singular)
Варшавамды (accusative first-person singular)
Варшавамда (first-person locative singular)
Варшавамдан (ablative first-person singular)
Варшаваң (informal nominative second-person singular)
Варшаваңдын (genitive informal second-person singular)
Варшаваңа (dative informal second-person singular)
Варшаваңды (accusative informal second-person singular)
Варшаваңда (informal locative second-person singular)
Варшаваңдан (ablative informal second-person singular)
Варшаваңыз (formal nominative second-person singular)
Варшаваңыздын (formal genitive second-person singular)
Варшаваңызга (dative formal second-person singular)
Варшаваңызды (accusative formal second-person singular)
Варшаваңызда (formal locative second-person singular)
Варшаваңыздан (ablative formal second-person singular)

Borrowed from Russian Варша́ва (Varšáva), from Polish Warszawa.


Варшава

mk-proper noun

Варшава • (Varšava) f (relational adjective варшавски)

Varšava (romanization)
варшавски (adjective relational)


Варшава

ru-proper noun+

Варша́ва • (Varšáva) f inan (genitive Варша́вы, relational adjective варша́вский)

Варша́ва (canonical)
Varšáva (romanization)
Варша́вы (genitive)
варша́вский (adjective relational)
Варша́ва (nominative singular)
Варша́вы (genitive singular)
Варша́ве (dative singular)
Варша́ву (accusative singular)
Варша́вой (instrumental singular)
Варша́вою (instrumental singular)
Варша́ве (prepositional singular)
Варша́ва (dated nominative singular)
Варша́вы (dated genitive singular)
Варша́вѣ (dated dative singular)
Варша́ву (accusative dated singular)
Варша́вой (dated instrumental singular)
Варша́вою (dated instrumental singular)
Варша́вѣ (dated prepositional singular)

→ Kyrgyz: Варшава (Varşava)

→ Mongolian: Варшав (Varšav)

в Варша́ве

в Варша́ву

из Варша́вы


Варшава

Ва̀ршава (canonical feminine)
Vàršava (romanization)
Варшава (nominative singular)
Варшаве (genitive singular)
Варшави (dative singular)
Варшаву (accusative singular)
Варшаво (singular vocative)
Варшави (locative singular)
Варшавом (instrumental singular)


Варшава

head

Варшава • (Warşawa) (Latin spelling Varşava)

Warşawa (romanization)
Varşava (romanization)


Варшава

uk-proper noun

Варша́ва<sg>

варша́вський

Варша́ва • (Varšáva) f inan (genitive Варша́ви, uncountable, relational adjective варша́вський)

Варша́ва (canonical)
Varšáva (romanization)
Варша́ви (genitive)
варша́вський (adjective relational)
Варша́ва (nominative singular)
Варша́ви (genitive singular)
Варша́ві (dative singular)
Варша́ву (accusative singular)
Варша́вою (instrumental singular)
Варша́ві (locative singular)
Варша́во (singular vocative)

uk-ndecl

Варша́ва<sg>

у/в Варша́ві

у/в Варша́ву

з Варша́ви


Polónia

Borrowed from Polish Polanie (“Poles”, literally “field dwellers”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane, plural of *poľaninъ (“field dweller”), from *poľe (“field”) + *-ěninъ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂- (“flat, wide”).

der

República da Polónia
República da Polónia#Portuguese

Poland (a country in Central Europe; official name: República da Polónia)


Пољска

По̏љска̄ (canonical feminine)
Pȍljskā (romanization)
Пољска (nominative singular)
Пољске (genitive singular)
Пољској (dative singular)
Пољску (accusative singular)
Пољска (singular vocative)
Пољској (locative singular)
Пољском (instrumental singular)


Poljska

Pȍljskā (canonical feminine)
По̏љска̄ (Cyrillic)
Poljska (nominative singular)
Poljske (genitive singular)
Poljskoj (dative singular)
Poljsku (accusative singular)
Poljska (singular vocative)
Poljskoj (locative singular)
Poljskom (instrumental singular)


Poljska

Pọ̑ljska (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
Póljska (nominative singular)
Póljske (genitive singular)
Póljski (dative singular)
Póljsko (accusative singular)
Póljski (locative singular)
Póljsko (instrumental singular)


Baltic Sea

A sea in northern Europe, connected to the Atlantic.


palma

palemka (diminutive)
palma (nominative singular)
palmy (nominative plural)
palmy (genitive singular)
palm (genitive plural)
palmie (dative singular)
palmom (dative plural)
palmę (accusative singular)
palmy (accusative plural)
palmą (instrumental singular)
palmami (instrumental plural)
palmie (locative singular)
palmach (locative plural)
palmo (singular vocative)
palmy (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin palma, from Proto-Italic *pəlmā, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₂meh₂, from *pleh₂-.


Silesian

(uncountable) Lower Silesian, a Germanic language or dialect spoken in southwestern parts of what is now Poland (Lower Silesia).

Slezská němčina

Germanic language or dialect — see also Lower Silesian

(uncountable) Upper Silesian, a West Slavic language spoken in southwestern parts of Poland and the Czech Republic.


Pomeranian

A breed of small, fluffy, energetic toy dogs in the canine family of spitzes.

шпиц

breed of small, fluffy, energetic spitz dogs


Pomeranian

Among their dialects the Rhine Franconian and Moselle-Franconian varieties prevailed, but other dialects were present as well, such as Upper German Swabian, Low German Westphalian, Pomeranian, and the Mennonite varieties, and even Volga German.

P. Rosenberg, Dialect convergence in the German language islands (Sprachinseln), in: 2005, Peter Auer, Frans Hinskens, Paul Kerswill (eds.), Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge University Press, p. 221ff., here p. 228

… the language of everyday use is characterized by a wide panorama of local dialectal variation, ranging from Low German dialects in the north (e.g. Low Saxon, Westphalian, Pomeranian), through Central German dialects (e.g. Hessian, Thuringian, Silesian) to the High German dialects of the south (e.g. Bavarian, High Alemannic, Alsatian and Franconian) …

2011, George L. Campbell, Gareth King, The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages, 2nd ed. (1st ed. 1995), p. 238, inside the section German

A second important isogloss that separates Pomeranian from the other Low German variants, … These strong morphemes are absent in the North Sea Germanic area, as well as in Pomeranian.

2019, Gertjan Postma, A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian (Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 248), p. 6


hala

hala (nominative singular)
hale (nominative plural)
hali (genitive singular)
hali (genitive plural)
hal (genitive plural)
hali (dative singular)
halom (dative plural)
halę (accusative singular)
hale (accusative plural)
halą (instrumental singular)
halami (instrumental plural)
hali (locative singular)
halach (locative plural)
halo (singular vocative)
hale (plural vocative)

mountain meadow in the Alpine tundra, above the tree line


Established in the United Kingdom as the first emergency service number in the world, initially chosen because of its suitability at a time of rotary-dial telephones.

The telephone number for ambulance services in Poland.


Լեհաստան

Lehastan (romanization)
Լեհաստան (nominative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանի (dative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանից (ablative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանում (locative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանը (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Լեհաստանումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Լեհաստանը/Լեհաստանն

Լեհաստանները/Լեհաստաններն

Լեհաստանների

Լեհաստաններին

Լեհաստաններից

Լեհաստաններով

Լեհաստաններում

Լեհաստաններս

Լեհաստաններիս

Լեհաստաններիցս

Լեհաստաններովս

Լեհաստանումս

Լեհաստաններումս

Լեհաստաններդ

Լեհաստաններիդ

Լեհաստաններիցդ

Լեհաստաններովդ

Լեհաստանումդ

Լեհաստաններումդ

Hy-Լեհաստան.ogg

Either formed in Armenian as լեհ (leh) + -աստան (-astan), or adapted from Persian لهستان (lahestân), Ottoman Turkish لهستان (lehistan).


PAN

pl-prop

PAN m inan (indeclinable, related adjective PAN-owski or panowski)

PAN-owski (adjective)
panowski (adjective)
PAN (nominative singular)
PAN-u (genitive singular)
PAN-owi (dative singular)
PAN (accusative singular)
PAN-em (instrumental singular)
PAN-ie (locative singular)
PAN-ie (singular vocative)


Galicia

From Medieval Latin Gallicia or Gallitia, from Old East Slavic Галичь (Galičĭ, “Halych, a city in present-day Ukraine”), ultimate origin uncertain.

der

The czar had declared the "liberation" of the Ukrainian minorities inhabiting the eastern portion of the Austrian imperial province of Galicia, the Austrian portion of partitioned Poland, to be one of Russia's objectives.

1996, Lonnie R. Johnson, chapter 9, in Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, page 175:

A historical kingdom in Central Europe, now divided between Poland and Ukraine.


comber

comber (nominative singular)
combry (nominative plural)
combra (genitive singular)
combrów (genitive plural)
combrowi (dative singular)
combrom (dative plural)
comber (accusative singular)
combry (accusative plural)
combrem (instrumental singular)
combrami (instrumental plural)
combrze (locative singular)
combrach (locative plural)
combrze (singular vocative)
combry (plural vocative)

Perhaps borrowed from German Zampern, Zempern, Zemper.

(historical) medieval folk carnival game formerly held in various regions of Poland, usually on Fat Thursday


polonais

fr-adj

polonais (feminine polonaise, masculine plural polonais, feminine plural polonaises)

polonaise (feminine)
polonais (masculine plural)
polonaises (feminine plural)

→ Romanian: polonez

→ Turkish: Polonez


Lenkija

lt-proper noun

Lénkija f (uncountable, related adjective lénkiškas, demonym lénkas, female demonym lénkė) stress pattern 1

Lénkija (canonical feminine stress-pattern-1)
lénkiškas (adjective)
lénkas (demonym)
lénkė (demonym feminine)
Lénkija (nominative)
Lénkijos (genitive)
Lénkijai (dative)
Lénkiją (accusative)
Lénkija (instrumental)
Lénkijoje (locative)
Lénkija (vocative)

[ˈlʲæˑŋʲkʲɪjɛ]

Lénkijos Respùblika
Lenkijos Respublika#Lithuanian

Poland (a country in Central Europe; official name: Lénkijos Respùblika)


Վարշավա

head

Վարշավա • (Varšava)

hy-proper noun

Վարշավա • (Varšava)

Varšava (romanization)
Վարշավա (nominative singular singular-only)
Վարշավայի (dative singular singular-only)
Վարշավայից (ablative singular singular-only)
Վարշավայով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Վարշավայում (locative singular singular-only)
Վարշավան (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Վարշավային (dative definite singular singular-only)
Վարշավաս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Վարշավայիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Վարշավայիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Վարշավայովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Վարշավայումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Վարշավադ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Վարշավայիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Վարշավայիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Վարշավայովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Վարշավայումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Վարշավաները/Վարշավաներն

Վարշավաներին

Վարշավաներից

Վարշավաներով

Վարշավաներում

Վարշավաներիս

Վարշավաներիցս

Վարշավաներովս

Վարշավայումս

Վարշավաներումս

Վարշավաներիդ

Վարշավաներիցդ

Վարշավաներովդ

Վարշավայումդ

Վարշավաներումդ


гетьман

uk-noun

ге́тьман<pr>

гетьма́нський

ге́тьман • (hétʹman) m pers (genitive ге́тьмана, nominative plural ге́тьмани, genitive plural ге́тьманів, relational adjective гетьма́нський)

ге́тьман (canonical)
hétʹman (romanization)
ге́тьмана (genitive)
ге́тьмани (nominative plural)
ге́тьманів (genitive plural)
гетьма́нський (adjective relational)
ге́тьман (nominative singular)
ге́тьмани (nominative plural)
ге́тьмана (genitive singular)
ге́тьманів (genitive plural)
ге́тьманові (dative singular)
ге́тьману (dative singular)
ге́тьманам (dative plural)
ге́тьмана (accusative singular)
ге́тьманів (accusative plural)
ге́тьманом (instrumental singular)
ге́тьманами (instrumental plural)
ге́тьманові (locative singular)
ге́тьмані (locative singular)
ге́тьманах (locative plural)
ге́тьмане (singular vocative)
ге́тьмани (plural vocative)

uk-ndecl

ге́тьман<pr>

Inherited from Old Ukrainian гетьманъ m (hetʹman), гетманъ m (hetman), from Old Polish hethman m, probably from Middle High German houbetman, heuptman (“commander”), from houbet, heupt (“head”), related to Latin caput (“head”), + Middle High German man (“man”). Compare Modern Polish hetman m and Modern German Hauptmann m (“captain”, Haupt n + Mann m). The Polish -e- attests to a borrowing from an East Central German dialect, in which Middle High German -öu- gives -ē-.


կաշուբերեն

head

կաշուբերեն • (kašuberen) (traditional orthography spelling կաշուբերէն)

kašuberen (romanization)
orthography spelling կաշուբերէն (traditional)

[ɡɑʃupʰeɾén]


լեհերեն

լեհերեն • (leheren) (traditional orthography spelling լեհերէն)

leheren (romanization)
orthography spelling լեհերէն (traditional)


piska

(Far Masovian) Synonym of pisanka (“pysanka”) (dyed Easter egg with intricate designs)


naleśnik

pl-noun

naleśnik m inan (related adjective naleśnikowy)

naleśnikowy (adjective)
naleśnik (nominative singular)
naleśniki (nominative plural)
naleśnika (genitive singular)
naleśników (genitive plural)
naleśnikowi (dative singular)
naleśnikom (dative plural)
naleśnik (accusative singular)
naleśniki (accusative plural)
naleśnikiem (instrumental singular)
naleśnikami (instrumental plural)
naleśniku (locative singular)
naleśnikach (locative plural)
naleśniku (singular vocative)
naleśniki (plural vocative)

Uncertain. Possibly either from Proto-Slavic *na lěsě or *na listě + -nik.

pancake (thin batter cake fried in a pan or on a griddle in oil or butter)

pancake, crepe (flat round pancake-like pastry from Lower Brittany, made with wheat)

naleśnik (type of Polish crepe, often eaten cold with jam or cheese)


żubr

żubr (nominative singular)
żubrowie (nominative plural)
żubry (derogatory nominative plural)
żubra (genitive singular)
żubrów (genitive plural)
żubrowi (dative singular)
żubrom (dative plural)
żubra (accusative singular)
żubrów (accusative plural)
żubrem (instrumental singular)
żubrami (instrumental plural)
żubrze (locative singular)
żubrach (locative plural)
żubrze (singular vocative)
żubrowie (plural vocative)
żubry (derogatory plural vocative)

→ English: zubr

desctree

→ Old Ruthenian: жубръ (žubr), żubr — alternative spelling
⇒ Ukrainian: жуброви́й (žubrovýj)

→ Vilamovian: żubr

(historical, politics) żubr kresowy (representative of a group of conservative Polish landowners who lived in the early 20th century in the eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, now part of Lithuania or Belarus)


Selected by the European Union as the 3-digit number fastest to dial on cellular and rotary phones without the likelihood of accidental dialing caused by hanging up a landline telephone, sometimes interpreted by phone networks as a 1.

When you call 112 in the United Kingdom, the call is automatically rerouted to 999 operators.

The telephone number for emergency services on all GSM cell phones and in the EU, Russia, United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Indonesia, Turkey, Ukraine, Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome, the Seychelles, Uganda, East Timor, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, North Macedonia, Vatican City, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Saint Vincent.


kaczyzm

kaczyzm (nominative singular)
kaczyzmu (genitive singular)
kaczyzmowi (dative singular)
kaczyzm (accusative singular)
kaczyzmem (instrumental singular)
kaczyzmie (locative singular)
kaczyzmie (singular vocative)

From Kaczyński + -yzm, after Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński.

(derogatory, politics) political slogan for the period corresponding to the fifth term of the Sejm, which lasted from 19 October 2005 to 7 September 2007, during which the Kaczyński brothers had the largest influence in Poland


Varssavi

head

Varssavi (genitive Varssavi, partitive Varssavit)

Varssavi (genitive)
Varssavit (partitive)
Varssavi (nominative singular)
Varssavi (accusative nominative singular)
Varssavi (accusative genitive singular)
Varssavi (genitive singular)
Varssavit (partitive singular)
Varssavisse (illative singular)
Varssavis (inessive singular)
Varssavist (elative singular)
Varssavile (allative singular)
Varssavil (adessive singular)
Varssavilt (ablative singular)
Varssaviks (singular translative)
Varssavini (singular terminative)
Varssavina (essive singular)
Varssavita (abessive singular)
Varssaviga (comitative singular)

Varssavi pakt

Warsaw (the capital and largest city of Poland)


Pólland

Pólland (indefinite nominative)
Pólland (accusative indefinite)
Póllandi (dative indefinite)
Póllands (genitive indefinite)


Pólland

is-proper noun

Pólland n (proper noun, genitive singular Póllands)

Póllands (genitive singular)
Pólland (indefinite nominative singular)
Pólland (accusative indefinite singular)
Póllandi (dative indefinite singular)
Póllands (genitive indefinite singular)


Pollando

From polo (“a Polish person”) + lando (“land”), calque of English Poland.
Its popularity over the synonyms Polujo and Polio are likely an influence of the English language, and to a lesser extent non-European languages with English-derived names for the country, such as Chinese 波蘭／波兰 (Bōlán), Japanese ポーランド (Pōrando), Korean 폴란드 (Pollandeu), Indonesian Polandia, Hindi पोलैंड (polaiṇḍ), etc.

af

Meronyms: Bjalistoko, Varsovio


Pūoļmō

Pūoļmō (nominative singular)
Pūoļmō (genitive singular)
Pūoļmōdõ (partitive singular)
Pūoļmōn (dative singular)
Pūoļmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Pūoļmōzõ (illative singular)
Pūoļmōs (inessive singular)
Pūoļmōsõ (inessive singular)
Pūoļmōst (elative singular)
Pūoļmōstõ (elative singular)
Pūoļmōlõ (allative singular)
Pūoļmōl (adessive singular)
Pūoļmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pūoļmō – Poola – Polija
Poland – Poland – Poland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Polija – Pūoļmō – Poland
Poland – Poland – Poland


kompot

pl-noun

kompot m inan (diminutive kompocik, related adjective kompotowy)

kompocik (diminutive)
kompotowy (adjective)
kompot (nominative singular)
kompoty (nominative plural)
kompotu (genitive singular)
kompotów (genitive plural)
kompotowi (dative singular)
kompotom (dative plural)
kompot (accusative singular)
kompoty (accusative plural)
kompotem (instrumental singular)
kompotami (instrumental plural)
kompocie (locative singular)
kompotach (locative plural)
kompocie (singular vocative)
kompoty (plural vocative)

Borrowed from French compote. Doublet of kompost.


لهستان

Turkish: Lehistan

From له (Leh, “Pole; Poland”) + ـستان (-istan, “-land”), from Old Ruthenian лѧхъ (ljax, “Pole”), from Old East Slavic лѧхъ (lęxŭ, “Pole”), from Proto-Slavic *lęxъ (“heath-dweller”).


لهستان

head

لَهِسْتان or لِهِسْتان • (lahestân or lehestân)

لَهِسْتان (canonical)
لِهِسْتان (canonical)
lahestân (romanization)
lehestân (romanization)

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

[lä.ɦɪs.t̪ʰɑ́ːn]

From له (lah, “Lech”) + ـستان (-estân, “place of”).


Lengyelország

Lengyelország (nominative singular)
Lengyelországok (nominative plural)
Lengyelországot (accusative singular)
Lengyelországokat (accusative plural)
Lengyelországnak (dative singular)
Lengyelországoknak (dative plural)
Lengyelországgal (instrumental singular)
Lengyelországokkal (instrumental plural)
Lengyelországért (causal-final singular)
Lengyelországokért (causal-final plural)
Lengyelországgá (singular translative)
Lengyelországokká (plural translative)
Lengyelországig (singular terminative)
Lengyelországokig (plural terminative)
Lengyelországként (essive-formal singular)
Lengyelországokként (essive-formal plural)
Lengyelországban (inessive singular)
Lengyelországokban (inessive plural)
Lengyelországon (singular superessive)
Lengyelországokon (plural superessive)
Lengyelországnál (adessive singular)
Lengyelországoknál (adessive plural)
Lengyelországba (illative singular)
Lengyelországokba (illative plural)
Lengyelországra (singular sublative)
Lengyelországokra (plural sublative)
Lengyelországhoz (allative singular)
Lengyelországokhoz (allative plural)
Lengyelországból (elative singular)
Lengyelországokból (elative plural)
Lengyelországról (delative singular)
Lengyelországokról (delative plural)
Lengyelországtól (ablative singular)
Lengyelországoktól (ablative plural)
Lengyelországé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
Lengyelországoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
Lengyelországéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
Lengyelországokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
Lengyelországom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Lengyelországaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
Lengyelországod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Lengyelországaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
Lengyelországa (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Lengyelországai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
Lengyelországunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Lengyelországaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
Lengyelországotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Lengyelországaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
Lengyelországuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
Lengyelországaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)


Krakau

de-proper noun

Krakau n (proper noun, genitive Krakaus or (optionally with an article) Krakau)

Krakaus (genitive)
Krakau (genitive with-article)

→ Dutch: Krakau

→ Icelandic: Kraká

Cracow, Krakow (the capital city of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland and former capital of Poland)


Warschau

→ Afrikaans: Warschau


Warschau

Warschau n (proper noun, genitive Warschaus or (optionally with an article) Warschau)

Warschaus (genitive)
Warschau (genitive with-article)

→ Dutch: Warschau
→ Afrikaans: Warschau

→ Icelandic: Varsjá

→ Luxembourgish: Warschau


polština

polština (nominative singular)
polštiny (nominative plural)
polštiny (genitive singular)
polštin (genitive plural)
polštině (dative singular)
polštinám (dative plural)
polštinu (accusative singular)
polštiny (accusative plural)
polštino (singular vocative)
polštiny (plural vocative)
polštině (locative singular)
polštinách (locative plural)
polštinou (instrumental singular)
polštinami (instrumental plural)

Polština je západoslovanský jazyk.


pola

eo-head

pola (accusative singular polan, plural polaj, accusative plural polajn)

polan (accusative singular)
polaj (plural)
polajn (accusative plural)

LL-Q143 (epo)-Robin van der Vliet-pola.wav

Polish (of or pertaining to Poland, the Polish people, or the Polish language)


grosz

Borrowed from Polish grosz. Doublet of kurus.

A subdivision of currency, equal to one hundredth of a Polish zloty.


grosz

pl-noun

grosz m animal (diminutive grosik, abbreviation gr)

grosik (diminutive)
gr (abbreviation)
grosz (nominative singular)
grosze (nominative plural)
grosza (genitive singular)
groszy (genitive plural)
groszowi (dative singular)
groszom (dative plural)
grosza (accusative singular)
grosze (accusative plural)
groszem (instrumental singular)
groszami (instrumental plural)
groszu (locative singular)
groszach (locative plural)
groszu (singular vocative)
grosze (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Old Czech groš, from Medieval Latin denarius grossus.


Ba Lan

[ʔɓaː˧˧ laːn˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓaː˧˧ laːŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Ba Lan.wav


Danzig

de-proper noun

Danzig n (proper noun, genitive Danzigs or (optionally with an article) Danzig)

Danzigs (genitive)
Danzig (genitive with-article)

Cp. Danzke (at least 15th century), Dantzke (at least 16th century). Ultimately of Slavic origin. Cognate to Polish Gdańsk. For the -zig suffix, compare Leipzig (< Lipsk).

Gdańsk, Danzig (the capital city of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland)


Polonais

fr-noun

Polonais m (plural Polonais, feminine Polonaise)


babcia

These cakes are from family recipes, from great-grandmothers and babcias, from kitchens as far apart as Knoxville, Tennessee, and Warsaw, Poland.

2001, Whispers from Heaven for the Christmas Spirit, Publications International, Ltd., →ISBN, page 273:

I visited my babcia Lottie Korosz in Hunlock Gardens and all the relatives on my mother’s side of the family. My babcia Jadwiga Gobolewski died while I was still in Washington, but my grandfather Wiktor greeted me warmly in Glen Lyon.

2008, Gene Gomolka, Coal Cracker’s Son, Xlibris, page 191:

My babcia would only stare morosely at photographs of my father’s father, showing me the black and white albums, their youth in Poland, the countryside, the funny dress, the world outside a world outside a world of memories and lost hopes.

2010, Jaap Stijl, Pacing the Bird, Greenwinter Press, →ISBN, page 9:

But there’s no question she’s brought Polish food back to the neighborhood—the menu features potato pierogi, golabki, borscht, kielbasa, and a few items you probably wouldn’t recognize if you didn’t grow up with a babcia cooking for you.

2010 January 14, Mike Sula, “Not Your Babcia’s Pierogi”, in Chicago Reader:

However, with the increased geographic mobility in Poland after 1989, and the greater push to look for jobs in other cities, fewer relatives are on hand to provide child care. Women who had babcias considered themselves lucky.

2015, Joanna Mishtal, The Politics of Morality: The Church, the State, and Reproductive Rights in Postsocialist Poland (Polish and Polish-American Studies Series), Ohio University Press, →ISBN:

The Germans were “kind” to some families in Poland, too. Just not us. What difference did it make if you were kind to some, if you were beating and stealing others’ mothers and babcias? I suddenly understood more than my father did.

2019, Rachel DeWoskin, Someday We Will Fly, Viking, →ISBN, page 49:

My babcia was hired to attend funerals and weep for those who had few friends or family members.

2021, Creating Inclusive Writing Environments in the K-12 Classroom: Reluctance, Resistance, and Strategies that Make a Difference, Routledge:

There are many women in these processions, many of them old babcias with cheeks pink as a young girl’s under their flowered headscarves.

THE AGED IN POLAND: GOD AND WORN-OUT BABCIAS

1971, Letters to the Alicia Patterson Fund on the Status of the Elderly in Various Societies Around the World, page 1:

The tram was packed, and I stood squeezed among three cabbage- and apple-breathed babcias heaving their bosoms and bristling out to the curly white hairs on their furious chins because a man, also among us and smelling of gin, was weeping.[…]All the way across the river and to the zoo, while the three babcias took turns saying how bad he was, the man examined his bits of metal and paper, and wiped the quiet tears rolling out to the end of his nose.

1988, The Georgia Review, pages 605–606:

Babyboomers now are starting to “get it” regarding wisdom dispensed by Babcias.

1995, The Polish Studies Newsletter, page 4:

[…]babcias, adolescents and students, children and parents, the elderly, and they are generally well-dressed.

“That’s the first time you’ve mentioned your mother,” Cindy stammered. “Is she in good health?” “Oh, yeah,” Jerry said with a startled chuckle. “She’s one of those tough old Polish Babcias. She’s gonna like you, for sure.”

2017, Joanne Bunyak, On Hunter’s Point, Xlibris, →ISBN:

Gaggles of babcias were standing by the side of the road, with baskets of products.[…]The babcias informally kept order when formal grass enforcement personnel weren’t around.[…]I’d watched him [Donald Tusk] many times on TV, as the babcias of Poland laid complaint after complaint at his feet – their living conditions, the failures of his and every other government, probably the fact that their children never visited them.[…]Summer was technically in full swing but Central Europe hadn’t got the memo – it couldn’t have been more than eight degrees. A solid stage-two coat night. It wasn’t stopping the young couples huddling on the benches, nor the babcias walking rugged-up babies in prams.

2018, Jay Martin, Vodka and Apple Juice: Travels of an Undiplomatic Wife in Poland, Fremantle Press, →ISBN:

In the old days, Polish people went to great lengths to let the world know they had a suitable daughter. They would decorate the house with wreaths and special colors of paint. In Krakow, for example, they would paint the whole house light blue. When a suitable boy saw this, he would have to go to the town’s intermediary, a babcia or wise woman, to intervene with the girl’s family.

2019, Bob Dombrowski, Paczki Day: Stories About Growing Up Polish in Detroit, Page Publishing, Inc., →ISBN:

She’d chat with the babcias who ran the bakery and called her the Angel of the Market, or with Eva, who sold ropes of hair extensions and gave Fahima a leopard print shawl that Fahima’s mother wouldn’t let her wear as a hijab.[…]It was the busiest weekend of the year, when all the babcias in the city descended on the market to buy butter lambs and crown roasts.

2019, Bob Proehl, The Nobody People, Del Rey, →ISBN:


Polonya

Borrowed from Spanish Polonia (“Poland”), from Medieval Latin Polonia.


Polonya

Polonya (nominative)
Polonya'nın (genitive)
Polonya'ya (dative)
Polonya'yı (accusative)
Polonya'da (locative)
Polonya'dan (ablative)


Polnisch

de-proper noun

Polnisch n (proper noun, language name, genitive Polnisch or Polnischs, alternative nominative (used with the definite article) Polnische, alternative genitive Polnischen, no plural)

Polnisch (genitive)
Polnischs (genitive)
Polnische (alternative nominative)
Polnischen (alternative genitive)