Dianbai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 電白／电白 (Diànbái).

zh-l

電白／电白 (Diànbái)

Credit cooperatives in Kwangtung have helped the rural areas save capital and develop production. In some counties they have been able to solve basically the problem of capital for the development of agricultural production and have made contributions to farmland capital construction and the development of agricultural mechanization. In Tienpai County, where many credit cooperatives have propagated the importance of shunning extravagance and going in for diligence and thrift, the savings of commune members have risen by 100 percent in three years.

[1972 September 29 [1972 September 16], “Kwangtung Credit Cooperatives”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 191, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Canton Kwangtung Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China: Central-South Region, page D 4:

After July 7, Dianbai become synonymous with another trend in China: widespread cheating on entrance examinations.[…]
In Dianbai, shops openly sold or rented pagers that could receive exam answers and display them on their screens.

2000 August 8, John Pomfret, “China Finds Rampant Cheating on College Test”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

There was paperwork to sign and a weekend to contend with before a day of travel from Beijing to Dianbai, the town the orphanage was in. When the bus arrived in Dianbai the orphanage director got on the bus and said we should go to our hotel in Maoming and the girls would be brought to us.

2003, Richard Mintzer, Yes, You Can Adopt!: A Comprehensive Guide to Adoption, Carroll & Graf Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 201:

A district and former county of Maoming, Guangdong, China.


ᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᡳ

head

ᠠᠨ
ᡥᡡᡳ • (an hūi)

Provinces – ᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᠠᠨᡥᡡᡳ · ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ · ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ · ᡤᠠᠨᠰᡠ · ᡤᡠᡳᠵᡝᠣ · ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ · ᡥᡡᠪᡝ · ᡥᠣᠪᡝ · ᡥᠠᡳᠨᠠᠨ · ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠ · ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ · ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᠯᡳᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠩ · ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨᠣᠣᡵ · ᠰᠶᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ · ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ · ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ · ᠶᡡᠨᠨᠠᠨ · ᠵᡝᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ

Autonomous regions – ᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ · ᠨᡳᠩᡥᡳᠠ · ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳᡩᡯᠠᠩ · ᡳᠴᡝᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

Municipalities – ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ · ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ · ᡧᠠᠩᡥᠠᡳ · ᠴᡠᠩᡴᡳᠩ


獅泉河

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹ hɔː²¹/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹ hɔː²¹/

Calque of Tibetan སེང་གེ་ཁ་འབབ (seng ge kha 'bab).

cal

སེང་གེ་ཁ་འབབ

Sênggê Zangbo (a river in Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; the upper course of the Indus River)

(～鎮) Shiquanhe (a town in Gar County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


象泉河

ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡sʰyːn²¹ hɔː²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² t͡sʰyːn²¹ hɔː²¹/

Calque of Tibetan གླང་ཆེན་གཙང་པོ (glang chen gtsang po).

གླང་ཆེན་གཙང་པོ

Langqên Zangbo (a river, the upper course of the Sutlej River in Ngari prefecture, Tibet autonomous region, China)


白朗

/paɪ̯³⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² lɔːŋ¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² lɔːŋ¹³/

(～縣) Bainang (a county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


年楚河

ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄔㄨˇ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄋㄧㄢˊ ㄔㄨˇ ㄏㄜˊ

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/niːn²¹ t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hɔː²¹/

/ni̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/niːn²¹ t͡sʰɔː³⁵ hɔː²¹/

From Tibetan མྱང་ཆུ (myang chu) + 河 (hé, “river”).

Nyang Qu (a tributary of the Yarlung Tsangpo in Shigatse, Tibet autonomous region, China)


唐汪

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ wɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ wɑŋ⁵⁵/

Dongxiang Autonomous County
Dongxiang Autonomous County#English

(～鎮) Tangwang (a town in Dongxiang Autonomous County, Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)


東鄉族自治縣

ㄉㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤ ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ ㄓˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ

ㄉㄨㄥ ㄒㄧㄤ ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ ㄓˋ ㄒㄧㄢˋ

Дунсянцзу Цзычжисянь

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡su³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚² t͡siː²² t͡siː²² jyːn²²/

Dongxiang Autonomous County
w:Dongxiang Autonomous County

Dongxiang Autonomous County (an autonomous county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)


新和

/ɕin⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

(～縣) Xinhe (a county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Guiyu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴嶼 /贵屿 (Guìyǔ).

In Guiyu Township, Chaoyang County, Guangdong, the average yield for potato is 9.75 t/ha and for winter sweetpotato yield is about 17.25 t/ha.

1996, Charles S. Gitomer, Potato and Sweetpotato in China: Systems, Constraints, and Potential, Lima, Peru: International Potato Center, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 56:

Following up news articles and e-mails from mainland China, BAN was directed to an e-waste processing area known as Guiyu on the Longdong River near the city of Shantou in the northeast [of] Guangdong Province, four hours by car from Hong Kong. In the course of three intensive days in and around Guiyu's four villages, the small investigative team witnessed firsthand what passes for recycling of e-waste in Asia.

2002, Jim Puckett, 5:35 from the start, in Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia, spoken by Mary Ryan, Basel Action Network, →OCLC:

On a recent morning in Guiyu, in Guangdong province, hundreds of men squatted in concrete-block sheds, sifting through computers and printers and breaking them into scrap with their bare hands.

2003 February 24, Peter S. Goodman, “China Serves As Dump Site For Computers”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-01:

The residents of Guiyu, including children, make their living sorting, dismantling and burning computer parts or bathing them in nitric and hydrochloric acids to recover precious metals.

2008 January 12, Jon Mooallem, “The risk-filled afterlife”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-14, International Business:

On seemingly every street, laborers sit on the pavement outside workshops ripping out the guts of household appliances with hammers and drills. The roads in Guiyu are lined with bundles of plastic, wires, cables and other garbage.

2013 May 30, Ivan Watson, “China: The electronic wastebasket of the world”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2013-05-31:

GUIYU, China (Reuters) - The dizzying stench of burning plastic still drifts through the alleys, workshops and warehouses of Guiyu, the southern Chinese town that has long symbolized China’s role as the main recycler of the world’s waste.[...]In the 2000s, Guiyu became a symbol of the environmental devastation caused by recycling hazardous waste with little regulation after being singled out by groups like Greenpeace and featuring in a string of international media reports. Trash is still the mainstay of Guiyu’s economy, but hundreds of recycling businesses have been consolidated or shut completely in recent years and authorities are now cracking down on smuggled waste, further starving small and polluting businesses of supplies. “Although the dismantling of old electronics is the leading industry in Guiyu, we should say it was more a profession than an industry,” said Zheng Jinxiong, vice chairman of a government commission tasked with running the recycling industry park, set up on the edge of town.

2018 January 23, David Stanway, “China trash town's cleanup bolstered by import ban”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-12-24:

For a long time, Guiyu in China was considered the world's biggest electronic trash dumping ground.

2018 February 14, Harald Franzen, “China cleans up electronic recycling”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-02-15, Environment:

Before writing his debut novel, The Waste Tide, a 2013 eco-thriller about a workers’ uprising in a futuristic dump called Silicon Isle, Chen spent time in the southeastern city of Guiyu, one of the world’s largest dumping grounds for electronic waste, observing migrant workers toil in the toxin-laden trash.

2021 March 9, Yi-Ling Liu, “Sci-Fi Writer or Prophet? The Hyperreal Life of Chen Qiufan”, in Wired.com, archived from the original on 2021-03-09:

A town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China.


ᠪᠠᡨᠠᠩ

Borrowed from Chinese 巴塘 (Bātáng), from Tibetan འབའ་ཐང ('ba' thang).

Batang (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


赤溪

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛːk̚³ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chixi (a town in Taishan, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Chixi (a town in Jiaocheng district, Ningde, Fujian, China)

(～街道) Chixi (a town in Lanxi, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


Hulunbuir

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ
ᠪᠤᠢᠷ (kölön buir), from Hulun Lake and Buir Lake.

Before it disappeared from the scene, the Tsarist government had effected two slight alterations in the previous agreements, one of which would more accurately define the territorial limits of Outer Mongolia, and the other determine the status of Hulunbuir (Mongolian Barga), which was adjacent to the Province of Tsitsihar (in Manchuria), as well as that of Tannu-Urianhai.

1949, Michel N. Pavlovsky, Chinese-Russian Relations, New York: Philosophical Library, →OCLC, page 65:

Hailar is the former capital of the Huna League and since 1954 administrative center of the Hulunbuir League.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 239:

In November 1911, when China was preoccupied with the republican revolution, the Outer Mongolian lamas and princes nevertheless declared independence, and enthroned the Jebtsun-damba as the Bogdo-gegen or king. They were joined by Inner Mongolian dissidents and those of Hulunbuir.

1976, Sow-Theng Leong, Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917-1926, Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 71:

A high school student in the city of Hulunbuir said students rushed out of their school on Tuesday and destroyed a fence before paramilitary police swarmed in and tried to return them to class.

2020 September 3, Huizhong Wu, “Students in Inner Mongolia protest Chinese language policy”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-02-03:

A prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.

Columbia University Press
Hulunbuir
Saul B. Cohen

呼倫貝爾 /呼伦贝尔

prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, China


ᡯᡠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠ

head

ᡯᡠᠨ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠ • (dzun hūwa)


ᡷᡳᠯᡳ

(historical) Zhili (a former province of China, covering present-day Hebei)


ᡥᡠᠨᠴᡠᠨ

desc

→ Chinese: 琿春 /珲春 (Húnchūn) (Mandarin transcription)

→ English: Huncun (transliteration)

Hunchun (a county-level city of Yanbian prefecture, Jilin, China)


ᡥᡠᠯᡠᠨ ᠪᡠᡳᡵ

→ Chinese: 呼倫貝爾 /呼伦贝尔 (Hūlúnbèi'ěr) (transliteration)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨ
ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ (kölün buyir).

bor+

Hulunbuir (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


ᡥᡠᡥᡠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ

Compound of ᡥᡠᡥᡠ (huhu, “blue”) + ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ (hoton, “city”), literally “blue city”. From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota).

com

Hohhot (the capital city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


察雅

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaːt̚³ ŋaː¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰaːt̚³ ŋaː¹³/

Borrowed from Tibetan བྲག་གཡབ (brag g.yab).

(～縣) Zhag'yab (a county of Chamdo, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


丹巴

/tän⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

(～縣) Danba (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


鄉城

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Xiangcheng (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


良渚

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lœːŋ²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Liangzhu (a subdistrict, a former town in Yuhang district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


ᡠ ᡥᡡ

head

ᡠ
ᡥᡡ • (u hū)


中甸

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tiːn²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ tiːn²²/

(historical) (～縣) Zhongdian (a former county of Diqing prefecture, Yunnan, China; now Shangri-La City)


富拉爾基

ㄈㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧ

ㄈㄨˋ ㄌㄚ ㄦˇ ㄐㄧ

/fu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³ kei̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Fularji (a district of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China)


昂昂溪

/ˀɑŋ³⁵ ˀɑŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːŋ²¹ ŋɔːŋ²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀɑŋ³⁵ ˀɑŋ³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːŋ²¹ ŋɔːŋ²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Ang'angxi (a district of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China)


毛烏素

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ u⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ u⁵⁵ su⁵¹/

From Mongolian Му Ус (Mu Us, literally “bad water”).


查干湖

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ kän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ kän⁵⁵ xu³⁵/

From Mongolian ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (čaɣan naɣur, “white lake”).


ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ

zh-l

阿勒楚喀 (Ālèchǔkā)

→ Chinese: 阿勒楚喀 (Ālèchǔkā)

(historical) Alcuka (a city in Heilongjiang, China; modern Acheng)


閩寧

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

(～鎮) Minning (a town in Yongning, Yinchuan, Ningxia autonomous region, China)


Huludao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 葫蘆島 /葫芦岛 (Húlúdǎo).

Hu-lu-tao (alternative)
Hulutao (alternative)

In the city of Huludao in Liaoning province, 17 miners died following a fire in the pit caused by sparks thrown off by welders, the State Administration of Work Safety reported on its website.

2015 December 17, “Chinese mine accidents leave as many as 36 dead”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-10-05:

With ages ranging from 4 to 69 years old, 3,090 girls and women participated in a world record-breaking largest bikini photo shoot on a beach in Huludao, Liaoning Province, China, in August 2011.

2019 October 11, “25 of the strangest Guinness World Records ever”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-10:

The city of Huludao in the province has asked residents to not use high-energy electronics like water heaters and microwaves during the peak power use periods from 10:00-12:00 am (0200-0400 GMT), 3:00-4:00 p.m. and 07:00-08:00 p.m.

2021 September 27, Shivani Singh, Min Zhang, Beijing newsroom, “China's power crunch begins to weigh on economic outlook”, in Ana Nicolaci da Costa, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-09-27, China:

Huludao’s Xingcheng county and two districts have ordered entertainment venues such as theatres and cinemas to close, while restaurants are not to offer banqueting services or cater for large gatherings.

2022 February 10, Zhuang Pinghui, “Omicron cases crash in ‘vital window’ for China city Baise’s outbreak battle”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-02-10, Science:

Lei said the smell of exhaust gas from chemical plants in Huludao’s Longgang district is noticeable almost every day. “Sometimes there isn’t a noticeable odor but it just chokes you and makes you want to cough,” he said.

2022 July 26, Christian Shepherd, Vic Chiang, “A Chinese artist fights pollution with rock music”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-26, Asia:

A prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China, formerly known as Jinxi.


烏蘭烏蘇

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ u⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ u⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡇᠯᠠᠨ
ᡇᠰᡇ (ulan usu, literally “red river”), possibly via Manchu ᡠᠯᠠᠨ
ᡠᠰᡠ (ulan usu).

bor

(～鎮) Wulanwusu (a town in Shawan, Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠮ

Yarkant (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


托里

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːk̚³ lei̯¹³/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰɔːk̚³ lei̯¹³/

(～縣) Toli (a county of Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


古爾圖

/ku²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu³⁵/

(～鎮) Gu'ertu (a town in Wusu, Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang, China)


Gulangyu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鼓浪嶼 /鼓浪屿 (Gǔlàngyǔ).

Ku-lang-yu (alternative)
Kulangsu (alternative)

ON approaching Amoy, (Hiámun ching, 夏門城,) from the southward, Chapel island, called by the Chinese Tungting 東椗 and situated in lat. 24° 10.'3 N., and long. 118° 13.'5 E., or 9.44 E. of the S.W. point of Kúláng seu 鼓浪嶼, may been seen from four to five leagues : it has an even surface, is about 200 feet high, and its circumference three cables. It is perforated at its southeast extreme, which shows when it bears E.N.E. or W.S.W.

[1843 August, “Sailing directions to accompany seven charts of the coast of China, between Amoy bay, and the Yángtsz’ kiáng.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume XII, number 8, Canton, →OCLC, page 401:

A large sign on Xiamen's Gulangyu Island, favored address for residents here, says "military zone, entry forbidden," closing off the portion of the island closest to the Nationalist islands.[…]
Gulangyu island has a spectacular crows-nest lookout reached by winding stone staircases. From so high, the Nationalist islands look like lumps of cookie batter dropped onto the smooth harbor, with picturesque sailing junks not far away.

1980 April 9 [1980 April 8], Jay Mathews, “Nationalist Islands Sound Siren Call to Mainland Chinese”, in The Washington Post, sourced from XIAMEN (Amoy), China, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28, Politics:

If Unesco accepts two new applications under consideration, China could become the country with the most heritage sites, surpassing Italy, which has 51. That landmark has been touted by Chinese state media as a major accomplishment. China’s second application under review this year covers Gulangyu, the pedestrian-only island near the city of Xiamen, in Fujian Province.

2017 July 6, Steven Lee Myers, “China Is Challenged on Bid for Unesco Heritage Status in Tibetan Area”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-07-06, Asia Pacific:


連縣

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(historical) Lian County, Lianxian (a former county of Guangdong, China; now Lianzhou)


Chongming

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 崇明 (Chóngmíng, literally “Lofty & Bright”), initially given as the name of a town on the island in 705.

Chungming (alternative)
Ch'ung-ming (alternative)
Tsungming (alternative)

(historical) A former town in Jiangsu, China.

Empty inside
Hu, who has worked in marketing and supply chains for French companies like personal-care giant L'Oreal and sports retailer Decathlon, said that in her career she "appeared happy on the outside, but felt empty inside."
She now sows organic, pesticide- and fertiliser-free sweet potatoes, long beans and other crops on rented plots of land with like-minded friends on Chongming, a large, primarily agricultural island on Shanghai's outskirts.[…]
Liang, who moved to Chongming three years ago, has had to rapidly learn horticulture -- his farmer neighbours and internet websites help -- while dabbling in side work online for extra income.

2021 November 17, “China's millennial 'new farmers' opt to live off the land”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-11-17:

An island at the mouth of the Yangtze River in eastern China.

At a regular press conference, an official from the Chongming district, an outlying island area, said most curbs would be kept in place, although it has reported zero cases outside quarantined areas and 90% of its 640,000-or-so residents were now in theory allowed to leave their homes.

2022 April 21, Brenda Goh, Ella Cao, Marius Zaharia, “Shanghai people 'not free to fly' out of homes as COVID cases tick back up”, in Simon Cameron-Moore, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-01:

A district of Shanghai, China, consisting of Chongming Island as well as Changxing, Hengsha, and other smaller islands in the Yangtze.


Tsining

zh-l

濟寧／济宁 (Jǐníng)

At Tsinan, the capital of Shantung, it fell to a depth of five inches on these two days, commencing on the evening of the 8th, and continuing the whole of the next day. Tsining, also in Shantung, reports three inches of snow on the 8th, and at Taiyuan, the capital of Shansi, there were two inches, on the 9th, the snow still falling at the time of despatching the telegram.

1893 February 16, “News of the Day”, in The Bombay Gazette, page 5:

This move compelled Sun Chuan-fang to relinquish his hold on Fenghsien and withdraw to Tsining, which he defended stubbornly against heavy and continuous attacks, but other points along the line rapidly fell before the Nationalist advance and Tsining, becoming isolated, eventually fell. The troops hurried on, mopping up the territory south of the Wen River, capturing Taian and occupying Tsinan.

1937, Hollington K. Tong, Chiang Kai Shek: Soldier And Statesman, volume 1, Shanghai: The Chinese Publishing Company, page 211:

The Grand Canal, which crosses the western part of the province from north to south, appears to have been silted up and is used only north of Lintsing, where it joins the Wei Ho, and south of Tsining, where the water level of the canal is maintained by a series of lakes called Nanyang, Tushan, Chaoyang and Weishan.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, page 115:

During the Christmas vacation of 1915 I visited Tsining, the largest city in western Shantung, the most thickly populated and poorest section of the province. In the whole city there were only one-story adobe or brick houses.

1973, Marjorie Rankin Steurt, Broken Bits of Old China, New York: Thomas Nelson Incorporated, page 94:

Dated form of Jining: a city in Shandong, China.


Tsining

集寧／集宁 (Jíníng)

The southwestern part of the region is served by the line from Peking to Paotow via Tsining and Huhehot and, since 1955, by the Tsining-Ulan-Bator railroad. A continuation of the Peking-Paotow railroad is under construction to Lanchow via Yinchwan.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, page 235:

Late at night we reached Tsining. At this point the Trans-Mongolian Railway branches off to the north. Although it runs for another 220 miles or so on Chinese soil as far as the frontier station of Erhlien, the track changes to the Russian gauge at Tsining.

1963, Klaus Mehnert, Peking and Moscow, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, page 259:

Dated form of Jining: a district and former county-level city of Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.


ᡨᡠᠩᠵᡝᠣ

[tʰuŋ.t͡ʃəɔ]

Tongzhou District
w:Tongzhou District, Beijing

(historical) Tong Prefecture (a city in Beijing, China; modern Tongzhou District)


Tengchong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 騰衝 /腾冲 (Téngchōng).

The Chinese didn’t relent, however, and despite huge losses to both forces, the Y Force eventually took the city on June 10. Now they had to turn their attention to the Japanese garrison city of Tengchung, forty miles to Lungling’s north, and to the long, impregnable, and still-Japanese-controlled ridge of Sungshan, which still imperiled the Burma Road and its Salween River crossing.

[2003, Donovan Webster, chapter 14, in The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 222–223:

Yet something is happening: On Sept. 14, in a ceremony at a war memorial in Tengchong, Yunnan, the remains of 19 soldiers of the Nationalist Chinese Expeditionary Force who died in Burma during World War II were reburied in China, a first since the Communists seized power in 1949.

2011 October 19, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “China Honors Its War Dead, but Quietly”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-01-28, ASIA PACIFIC:

Wang and Javid Zarif also reaffirmed their commitment to Iran's 2015 nuclear deal with world powers, according to the Chinese foreign ministry, an implicit rebuke of the United States for abandoning the accord during their Saturday meeting in China's southwestern Tengchong city.

2020 October 11, “China backs Iran nuclear deal, calls for new MidEast forum”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-10-11, Live news:

A county-level city of Baoshan, Yunnan, China.


샤먼

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


金州

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Jinzhou (a district of Dalian, Liaoning, China)


陽澄湖

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Yangcheng Lake (a lake in Jiangsu, China)


羊卓雍錯

ㄧㄤˊ ㄓㄨㄛˊ ㄩㄥ ㄘㄨㄛˋ

ㄧㄤˊ ㄓㄨㄛˊ ㄩㄥ ㄘㄨㄛˋ

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཡར་འབྲོག་གཡུ་མཚོ། (yar 'brog g.yu mtsho).

bor

ཡར་འབྲོག་གཡུ་མཚོ།

Yamdrok Lake (a lake in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


瑪旁雍錯

ㄇㄚˇ ㄆㄤˊ ㄩㄥ ㄘㄨㄛˋ

ㄇㄚˇ ㄆㄤˊ ㄩㄥ ㄘㄨㄛˋ

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰɑŋ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰɑŋ³⁵ jʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ (ma pham g.yu mtsho).

མ་ཕམ་གཡུ་མཚོ

Lake Manasarovar (a lake in Burang, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


岡仁波齊

ㄍㄤ ㄖㄣˊ ㄅㄛ ㄑㄧˊ

ㄍㄤ ㄖㄣˊ ㄅㄛ ㄑㄧˊ

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʐən³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐn²¹ pɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐi̯²¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ (gangs rin po che).

གངས་རིན་པོ་ཆེ

(～峰) Mount Kailash (a mountain in Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


賀縣

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔː²² jyːn²²/

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔː²² jyːn²²/

(historical) Hexian, He County (a former county of the Guangxi autonomous region, China; modern Hezhou)


孟定

/mɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

/mɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ tiŋ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Mengding (a town in Gengma, Lincang, Yunnan, China)


湯陰

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

1345 CE, Toqto'a (lead editor), History of Song

Yuè Fēi, zì Péngjǔ, Xiàngzhōu Tāngyīn rén.

岳飛，字鵬舉，相州湯陰人。

岳飞，字鹏举，相州汤阴人。

(～縣) Tangyin (a county of Anyang, Henan, China)


Barkol

Barköl (alternative)
Barkul (alternative)

When Chinese come in contact with Mongols in such small numbers that they do not bring with them the disastrous economic and social forms of landlordism and economic subjection to the land, they do not have to underlive and drag down the Mongols, but are able to raise themselves to the Mongol level. A modern example of this type of social-tribal-“racial” transformation is to be found in the Barkol region of Chinese Turkistan, where in the mountains near the great caravan route from Kueihua to Kuch'engtzu the so-called Erh-hun-tzu or Bastards are a prosperous quasi-tribal group founded by the Chinese who have left the caravans and taken Mongol wives.

1935, Owen Lattimore, The Mongols Of Manchuria, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., →OCLC, page 231:

In October, 1931, when the Tung-kan rebel Ma Chung-ying had successfully captured Barkol (Chen-hsi) and Ha-mi, Chin signed a new agreement with the Soviets.

1944, Martin R. Norins, Gateway to Asia: Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West, New York: The John Day Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 16:

But it had just rained in Barkol and the dirt road outside the city was muddy. When people heard that we wanted to go to Mori across the grassland, they kindheartedly tried to dissuade us, saying there was no village and would be very few travellers on the way. If the jeep sank into mire, how could we pull it out?

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 122:

Although the area has been used by Kazaks off and on since the nineteenth century, the number of Kazaks in Barkol county was never very large. The pre-1949 population of Han Chinese at Barkol was already over 10,000, while Kazaks numbered less than 5,000. Nonetheless, after 1949, Barkol was designated a Kazak autonomous county, a status that continued despite an overwhelmingly Han Chinese population (see table 5.10).

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 158:

Uighur farmers hoe their farmlands to prepare for growing potatoes in Barkol Kazahk Autonomous county, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region May 4, 2014.

2014 July 28, Stian Reklev, “Drought hits China food production: Xinhua”, in Tom Hogue, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-23, Business News:

A Kazakh autonomous county in Hami prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A lake in Barkol, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


木樨地

/mu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ tei̯²²/

/mu⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵ ti⁵¹/

/mʊk̚² sɐi̯⁵⁵ tei̯²²/

Muxidi (an area of Xicheng district, Beijing, China)


愛輝

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀaɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/ɔːi̯³³ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

Homophonous replacement for 璦琿／瑷珲 (Àihuī) from 1956.

zh-l

璦琿／瑷珲 (Àihuī)

(～區) Aihui (a district of Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)


ᡴᡠᡳᡨᡠᠨ

From Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡕᡅᡐᡇᠨ (küyitun, “cold”).

Kuytun (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ • (aihūn)

(historical) (1685-1900) Aigun (a town in Aihui district, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)


ຊູໂຈ

lo-proper noun

ຊູໂຈ • (sū chō)

[suː˩˨.t͡ɕoː˩˨]

zh-l

蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu)

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China)


承化寺

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ sz̩⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ sz̩⁵¹/

(historical) Old name for 阿勒泰 (Ālètài, “Altay (a county-level city of Altay prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)”).


巴音布魯克

ㄅㄚ ㄧㄣ ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨˇ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄅㄚ ㄧㄣ ㄅㄨˋ ㄌㄨˇ ㄎㄜˋ

/pä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ in⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ
ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ (bayan bulag), from ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ (bayan, “luxuriant”) + ᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ (bulag, “spring”) / булаг (bulag).

bor+

(～草原) Bayanbulak (a large grassland in Hejing, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


丹霞山

/tän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Mount Danxia (a mountain in Renhua, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)


烏蘭

(～縣) Ulan (a county of Haixi prefecture, Qinghai, China)


劉公島

ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄉㄠˇ

ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄍㄨㄥ ㄉㄠˇ

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐu̯²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

Liugong Island (an island of Weihai, Shandong, China)


Yanping

From Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 延平 (Yánpíng).

The Chinese String Puppet Show is a folk art with unique Chinese characteristics. The string puppets in Taqian Town, in Yanping District of Nanping City, Fujian Province, enjoy a long and rich history.

2002 October, Wang Shiliang, “Daqiang Puppets”, in China Tourism, number 267, H.K. China Tourism Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 80, column 2:

It must be pointed out that due to the intervention of the government in 1998; the snake god contest had new contents in its ceremony activities. For example, there is a placard with eye-catching slogan of "to revitalize Zhanghu by developing economy" at the forefront of the parade and a rostrum at the centre of the town for the authorities of the government in Yanping district, Nanping and those of the town. All of the parades were expected to pass by here and put on a show.

2012, Ma Guoqing, “Globalization: Production of Culture and Cultural Identity — Ethnic Group, Local Society and Transnational Cultural Circle”, in Deng Zhenglai, editor, Globalization and Localization: The Chinese Perspective, volume 3, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 214:


Turkestan oriental

East Turkestan
East Turkestan#English:_Q840601

East Turkestan (a geographic region in northwestern China; in modern usage, a synonym of Xinjiang used by the East Turkestan independence movement)


Shaoshan

Mao Tse-tung, for example, leader of Communist China, was born in Shaoshan, province of Hunan, the son of a well-to-do farmer.

1954 April 14, Carolyn Wells, “Internationally Speaking...”, in The Agnes Scott News, volume XXXIX, number 15, Decatur, GA: Agnes Scott College, page 1:

During the days honouring Chairman Mao's memory on the first anniversary of his passing away, people of Shaoshan, his home village, recalled his revolutionary activities in leading them in the peasant movement and his concern about their struggle and livelihood.
Shaoshan people talked about how Chairman Mao set up the first Communist Party branch in Shaoshan, kindling the sparks of revolution.

1977 September 19 [1977 September 17], “Mao's Home Village Recalls His Revolutionary Activities”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 181, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA, →ISSN, →OCLC, page H 1:

Trade in Mao memorabilia is big business in the Chinese city of Shaoshan, birthplace of the Great Helmsman.

2010 June 25, “A Mao Trinket Must Look Like Mao, Not Elvis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2010-06-30, Week in Review:

Prosperity has certainly come to Shaoshan, located in the south-central Hunan province. The town has a massive “red tourism” industry, with a museum, a library, a cultural centre and soon a theatre, all dedicated to Mao.

2013 December 27, “120th anniversary sees tourists flood birthplace of father of modern China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2013-12-28:

A county-level city of Xiangtan, Hunan, China.


奇臺

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture#English

(～縣) Qitai (a county of Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


협서

Sino-Korean word from 陜西, from a misreading of the hanja 陝 (seom) for the visually nearly identical 陜 (hyeop).

(proscribed) nonstandard form of 섬서(陝西) (Seomseo, “Shaanxi (a province of China)”)


ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᡥᠣᠯᠣ ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

Compound of ᠰᠠᡳᠨ (sain, “excellent”) + ᡥᠣᠯᠣ (holo, “valley”) + ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ (furdan, “pass”), calque of Chinese 嘉峪關 /嘉峪关 (Jiāyùguān).


ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 富爾丹／富尔丹

ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ#Manchu

(⁓ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ) (historical) Furdan (a former settlement in Jilin, China)


ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ

(historical) Fengtian (a former province of China, covering present-day Liaoning)


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

Zhaka Pass (a pass in Xinbin, Fushun, Liaoning, China)


瑪曲

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kʰʊk̚⁵/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ kʰʊk̚⁵/

(～縣) Maqu (a county of Gannan prefecture, Gansu, China)


Medog

Their trek took them across the snowbound Gawalung pass from the Lhasa-Sichuan road and then south along the Tsangpo to Medog, a garrison town near the Indian border.

2002, Michael McRae, The Siege of Shangri-La, New York: Broadway Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 124:

At present, there are only three routes to Medog on foot.

2005, 成卫东 [Cheng Weidong], 雪域寻梦 [Dreams of Snow Land], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 135:

China announced Thursday that it had connected a Tibetan county, Medog, to the nation’s highway system, ending the relative isolation of the area. Until Wednesday, Medog, in the eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, was the last county in China with no highway linking it to the outside world, officials said.

2010 December 16, Edward Wong, “Isolated County in Tibet Is Linked to Highway System”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-07-25, Asia Pacific:

The Lhoba people are a small, ancient, tribal ethnic group from the Himalayas and are located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Medog County is rich in biocultural diversity. For a long time, Medog has been almost isolated from the outside world. The Lhoba people, who live in Medog, have maintained a relatively unique lifestyle and have accumulated rich traditional knowledge (TK), especially about medicinal and edible plants.

2020 March 1, Yang, J. et al., “Medicinal and edible plants used by the Lhoba people in Medog County, Tibet, China”, in Journal of Ethnopharmacology, volume 249, →DOI, article 112430:

A county of Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

墨脫 /墨脱

county in Tibet Autonomous Region, China


帕里

/pʰä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鎮) Phari (a town in Yadong, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


塞北

/saɪ̯⁵¹ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pɐk̚⁵/

/saɪ̯⁵¹ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ pɐk̚⁵/

(～管理區) Saibei (a management area in Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


普蘭

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ län³⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan སྤུ་ཧྲེང (spu hreng).

(～縣) Burang (a county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)

(～鎮) Burang (a town in Burang County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


橫琴

/xɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

/xɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰin³⁵/

/waːŋ²¹ kʰɐm²¹/

(～島) Hengqin Island (an island of Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Hengqin (a town in Xiangzhou district, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)


朗縣

/lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lɔːŋ¹³ jyːn²²/

/lɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lɔːŋ¹³ jyːn²²/

From Tibetan སྣང (snang) + 縣／县 (xiàn, “county”).

Nang County (a county of Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


榮縣

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/wɪŋ²¹ jyːn²²/

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/wɪŋ²¹ jyːn²²/

Rong County, Rongxian (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China)


得榮

/tɤ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ wɪŋ²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ wɪŋ²¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan སྡེ་རོང (sde rong).

(～縣) Dêrong (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


米林

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ lɐm²¹/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ lɐm²¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan སྨན་གླིང (sman gling).

(～縣) Mainling (a county of Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


下司馬

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཤར་གསིང་མ (shar gsing ma).

(～鎮) Shashima, Xarsingma (a town in Yadong, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Boao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of 博鰲／博鳌 (Bó'áo), without syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)).

zh-l

博鰲／博鳌 (Bó'áo)

隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)

The city of Boao (博鳌) entered the limelight during the recent Boao Forum for Asia.
Situated on the east coast of China’s Hainan Island, Boao is where the East Asian and Southeast Asian economic zones meet in the heart of the Asia Pacific Rim.

2002 April 19, Jiang Zhong, “Beautiful Boao Bids for Attention”, in Beijing Today, →OCLC, page 16:

Jade Belt Beach, at the mouth of the river, is unusual; it has seawater on one side and freshwater on the other. The old town of Boao, about 5 km (3 mi) away, is quiet but useful for basic shopping. The nearest city, Qionghai, is 16 km (10 mi) away.

2005, David Allan, editor, China, 4th edition, Fodor's, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, →OL, page 415:

“No one should be allowed to throw a region and even the whole world into chaos for selfish gain,” Mr. Xi said in a speech at an annual regional business forum in Boao, China.

2013 April 7, Jane Perlez, Choe Sang-Hun, “China Hints at Limits to North Korea Actions”, in New York Times, archived from the original on 2013-04-07, Asia Pacific:

The Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) is a non-governmental and non-profit international organization with a fixed conference date and a fixed address. It was founded in Boao, Hainan Province, China, on February 27, 2001.

2014, Xi Jinping, The Governance of China, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://archive.org/details/xijinpingthegovernanceofchinavolume1/page/n132/:

Villagers on an electric bike herd their cattle along a road in the town of Boao in Qionghai, Hainan province, China August 11, 2018.

2021 March 19, Twinnie Siu, “China to crack down on use of leanness enhancers in cattle and sheep”, in Kirsten Donovan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-03-21, Currencies:

Alternative spelling of Bo'ao: A town in Qionghai, Hainan, China.


Boao

2021, Frédéric Lemaître, Au Forum économique de Boao, Xi Jinping promeut une mondialisation aux caractéristiques chinoises, Lemonde.fr (20 April 2021);
Quarante-huit heures avant le sommet sur le climat organisé par Joe Biden, le président chinois, Xi Jinping, n’a pas eu un mot ni pour cet événement ni pour son homologue américain, mardi 20 avril, en inaugurant – par vidéo – le 20e Forum de Boao, ce « Davos chinois » organisé, depuis 2001, sur l’île de Hainan, dans le sud du pays.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

alternative spelling of Bo'ao: Bo'ao (a town in Qionghai, Hainan, China)


Bo'ao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 博鰲 /博鳌 (Bó'áo).

On April 16th, a Japanese landing party, covered by warships and aeroplanes, effected a landing at Poao on the eastern coast of Hainan Island in face of the Chinese force and occupied the port.

[1938, Tokyo Gazette, volume 2, →OCLC, page 35:

Beimen beach is just north of Bo'ao port, seaward of the village.

1988, Susana Salas Frazier, John G. Frazier, et al., “Sea Turtles in Fujian and Guangdong Provinces”, in 两栖爬行行动学报 [Acta Herpetologica Sinica], volume 1, Science Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 37:

And a spectacular international conference center in a resort town called Bo'ao is being promoted as China's answer to Davos, Switzerland, where each January the annual World Economic Forum of business leaders, government officials, activists and intellectuals is held.[…]
Investors have taken notice. Li Ka-shing, the Hong Kong billionaire, is scouting development projects here. And Citic Pacific, a huge Hong Kong conglomerate, plans to spend hundreds of millions of dollars over the next few years to develop residential and commercial property in Bo'ao.

2005 January 18, David Barboza, “China's Latest Capitalist Beachhead”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, Business:

In this photo released by China's Xinhua News Agency, Chinese president Xi Jinping delivers a speech via video link to the opening ceremony of the Bo'ao Forum For Asia in Bo'ao in southern China's Hainan Province, April 21, 2022.

2022 April 21, “China's Xi says international disputes should be resolved via dialogue, not sanctions”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2022-04-21:


Bo'ao

Bo'ao (a town in Qionghai, Hainan, China)


沛縣

/pʰeɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/pʰuːi̯³³ jyːn²²/

/pʰeɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/pʰuːi̯³³ jyːn²²/

Pei County, Peixian (a county of Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China)


喀拉庫勒湖

ㄎㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄨˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄎㄚ ㄌㄚ ㄎㄨˋ ㄌㄜˋ ㄏㄨˊ

/kʰä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ xu³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹ xu³⁵/

Karakul (a lake in Akto, Kizilsu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


壺口瀑布

ㄏㄨˊ ㄎㄡˇ ㄆㄨˋ ㄅㄨˋ

ㄏㄨˊ ㄎㄡˇ ㄆㄨˋ ㄅㄨˋ

/xu³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵ pʊk̚² pou̯³³/

/xu³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/wuː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵ pʊk̚² pou̯³³/

Hukou Waterfall (a large waterfall on the Yellow River located at the intersection of the provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi in China)


乃堆拉

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ tɵy̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ tɵy̯⁵⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan རྣ་ཐོས་ལ (rna thos la).

(～山口) Nathu La (a mountain pass in the Himalayas on the India-China border, connecting the Indian state of Sikkim and China's Tibet Autonomous Region)


春丕

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵/

(～河谷) Chumbi Valley (a valley in Yadong, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


米泉

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

(～市, ～縣) (historical) Miquan (a former county-level city and county of Changji prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China; merged with Dongshan District of Ürümqi to form Midong District of Ürümqi in 2007)


滑縣

/xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/xu̯ä³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Hua County, Huaxian (a county of Anyang, Henan, China)


理縣

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Renamed from 理番縣 (Lǐfān Xiàn) in 1946 as 理番 (literally “to manage the barbarians”) was deemed pejorative towards ethnic minorities.

Li County, Lixian (a county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China)


Port Arthur

(city): Ultimately from English Port Arthur.
(street): Called after the city.


澤庫

/t͡sɤ³⁵ kʰu⁵¹/

/t͡sɤ³⁵ kʰu⁵¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan རྩེ་ཁོག (rtse khog).

(～縣) Zêkog (a county of Huangnan, Qinghai, China)


烏爾禾

/u⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ wɔː²¹/

/u⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ wɔː²¹/

(～區) Orku (a district of Karamay, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Dushanzi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 獨山子 /独山子 (Dúshānzǐ).

By mid-1960 track had been laid to within 200 miles of Urumchi; but by mid-1961 it remained uncompleted, possibly because of a lack of steel for rails. From Urumchi, it was planned to extend the line westward past the oilfields at Tushantzu, into the Dzhungarian Gate.

[1962, W. A. Douglas Jackson, “Sino-Soviet Relations and the Communist Revolution”, in The Russo-Chinese Borderlands: Zone of Peaceful Contact or Potential Conflict?, 2nd edition, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., published 1968, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 91:

An oil field was discovered at Karamai in 1955, the first of a number to be found in Dzungaria. This oil find has greatly helped China’s industrial development, and the oil fields are now linked to Lanchow by pipeline and by rail. Large refineries have been built at Lanchow and at Tushantzu in Dzungaria.

[1971, Robert Clayton, “Sinkiang”, in China (Finding Out About GEOGRAPHY), New York: John Day Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

Petroleum is by far the most important fuel resource in Xinjiang. Initial commercial petroleum production dates from about 1940, when the relatively small Dushanzi field was developed, largely by the Soviets, some fifteen miles southeast of Wusu, a highway junction west of Urumqi.

1979, Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949-1977, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7:

On February 16, 1944, China and Russia signed the Resource Sale Agreement, by which the USSR sold all its buildings and facilities at the Tu-shan-tzu oil fields to China for $1.7 million (U.S. dollars).

[1987, Arthur C. Hasiotis, Jr., Soviet Political, Economic, and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949, Garland Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 127:

“It is hugely difficult to build a new refinery out of the Gobi Desert. We have pushed it back by about a year,” a company source told Reuters by telephone from Dushanzi city in Xinjiang region, near the Kazakhstan border.

2008 January 3, Aizhu Chen, “RPT-UPDATE 2-PetroChina delays refinery, petchem unit to end '08”, in Ramthan Hussain, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-21, Oil and Gas:

A district of Karamay, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Wenchuan

Borrowed from the Mandarin 汶川 (Wènchuān).

On the evening of March 6, Wenchuan was reached, and a fairly comfortable inn was found in which they made their headquarters for some time.

1911, W. N. Ferguson, Adventure, Sport and Travel on the Tibetan Steppes, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →OCLC, page 87:

At 2:28 p. m. on Monday, exactly a week after an 8.0-magnitude earthquake jolted Wenchuan, the 1.3-billion Chinese people stopped to observe three minutes in silence for the victims.

2011, “Wenchuan And Yushu Quakes”, in 听听中国怎么说 [China Invites The World To Listen], Beijing, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 271:

After Wenchuan County officials announced the day of thanksgiving to mark the anniversary on Saturday, the state news media described “beautiful, tidy buildings” that now populate the most ravaged disaster zone.

2018 May 10, Tiffany May, “10 Years After Tragic Quake, China Calls for ‘Thanksgiving’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-05-10, ASIA PACIFIC:

Though An An’s exact birthday isn’t clear, records show he was born in 1986 in Sichuan, China.
He originally lived at the Wolong National Nature Reserve in Sichuan’s Wenchuan County until his transfer to Ocean Park.

2022 July 21, Cortney Moore, “World's oldest male panda, An An, dies at age 35 in Hong Kong”, in Fox News, archived from the original on 2022-07-21, Asia:

A county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China.


雲縣

/yn³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/yn³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Yun County, Yunxian (a county of Lincang, Yunnan, China)


豐縣

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China)


祿步

/lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

/lu⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹/

The first syllable 祿／禄 (lù) is possibly a Kra-Dai substrate; compare Zhuang lueg (“mountain valley”). The substate word is more often written as 六 (liù) in toponyms of Guangdong and Guangxi.
The second syllable 步 (bù) may be the same word as the homophonous 埗 (bù, “pier”).

(～鎮) Lubu (a town in Gaoyao district, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


那務

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

Possibly derived from a Kra-Dai substrate. Compare the first syllable with Zhuang na (“field”) and the second syllable with Zhuang mou (“pig”).

(～鎮) Nawu (a town in Huazhou, Maoming, Guangdong, China)


那麗

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

那 (nà) is from Zhuang naz (“paddy field”).

(～鎮) Nali (a town in Qinnan district, Qinzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


那大

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹/

/nä⁵¹⁻⁵³ tä⁵¹/

(～鎮) Nada (a town in Danzhou, Hainan, China)


梧桐山

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/u³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

Wutong Mountain (a mountain in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)


亞龍灣

/jä⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ lʊŋ²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

/jä⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ lʊŋ²¹ waːn⁵⁵/

Yalong Bay (a bay of Sanya, Hainan, China)


榆林港

/y³⁵ lin³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː²¹ lɐm²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/y³⁵ lin³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jyː²¹ lɐm²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

Yulin Harbour (a harbour in Sanya, Hainan, China)


東方紅

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵ hʊŋ²¹/

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Dongfanghong (a subdistrict and former town in Yuelu district, Changsha, Hunan, China)

(～鄉) Dongfanghong (a township in Dongshan district, Hegang, Heilongjiang, China)


嶽麓

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² lʊk̚⁵/

/ŋak̚⁴⁻² lok̚⁴/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/ŋɔːk̚² lʊk̚⁵/

/ŋak̚⁴⁻² lok̚⁴/

(～區) Yuelu (a district of Changsha, Hunan, China)


饒河

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ hɔː²¹/

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ hɔː²¹/

From 撓力河／挠力河 (“Naoli River”) in the north of the county.

(～縣) Raohe (a county of Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)


Péking

English: Peking

Peking (obsolete spelling of Pékin, former name of Beijing: the capital of China)


Qinhuangdao

From the Hanyu Pinyin Qínhuángdǎo romanization of the Mandarin 秦皇島 /秦皇岛 (Qínhuángdǎo).

A 221‐mile oil pipeline has been completed from the North China port of Chinhuangtao to Peking, the official Hsinhua news agency reported today.

[1975 July 9 [1975 July 8], “China Completes Pipeline”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-02-07, page 64:

In Funing county of Hopei province, in the opposite direction to Chinhuangtao, if you go from Peitaiho, we saw then a reservoir built in 1959 to tame the Yangho River which had been a menace in the past.

[1978 December, Ruth Weiss, “Peitaiho—Vistas from a Seaside Resort”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVII, number 12, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 37, column 1:

In addition, on the basis of making full use of Dalian and Qinhuangdao ports for exports, we should fully use Qingjin and Luojin ports in the DPRK to expand our province's export commodity capacity.

1984 December 26 [1984 September 20], Chen Lei, “Further Emancipate the Mind and Penetratingly Carry Out Reform and Open-Door Policy”, in China Report: Economic Affairs, number 84-107, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →OCLC, page 18:

The suspect, a 27-year-old hospital employee who had no known motive, was arrested after the attacks, the Qinhuangdao City Public Security Bureau said in a statement online. The stabbings took place Thursday morning in Beidaihe, a resort area in the Hebei Province city of Qinhuangdao, about 180 miles east of Beijing.

2014 November 20, Austin Ramzy, “Man Stabs 7 Hospital Workers to Death in China, Police Say”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-11-20, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Hebei, China.


Xisha

Columbia University Press
Frederick A. Praeger
Saul B. Cohen
Xisha (disambiguation)

c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 西沙 (Xīshā, literally “western sand”).

bor

Hsisha (alternative)
Hsi-sha (alternative)
Sisha (alternative)

Only last month, China established Xisha District (西沙) on Woody Island (Yongxing Island, 永興島) and Nansha District (南沙) on the reef, both of which fall under Sansha, a prefecture-level city established in 2012.

2020 May 27, Li-shih Lu, “China’s expanding military reach”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-06-03, Editorials, page 8:

Holotype. ♂, China, Hainan Province, Yongxing Island, Xisha District, Sansha City, 23-III-2017, coll. Bo CAI, yellow pan traps (NJFU).[…]
Etymology. The specific epithet is named after Xisha District, Hainan Province, where the species was first discovered.

2021 [2020], Yu Zhou [周玉], Bo Cai [蔡波], Cuiqing Gao [高翠青], “A new species of Geocoris Fallén (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Geocoridae) from Hainan Province, China [中国海南大眼长蝽属一新种（半翅目：异翅亚目：大眼长蝽科）]”, in Entomotaxonomia [昆虫分类学报], volume 43, number 1, published 2021, →DOI, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, archived from the original on 2024-03-06, pages 4-5:

Sansha City has two districts, both created in April 2020.²¹² The Xisha District (西沙区) People’s Government is based on Woody Island and has jurisdiction over the Paracel Islands and Zhongsha Islands.²¹³ The Nansha District (南沙区) People’s Government is based on Fiery Cross Reef and has jurisdiction over the Spratly Islands.²¹⁴ Each district assumably has a district party committee as well.²¹⁵ Though publicly available information on these new districts is scarce, the establishment of Xisha District and Nansha District will likely improve Sansha’s administrative capacity and expand localized policymaking.²¹⁶

2021 January, Zoe Haver, “China Maritime Report No. 12: Sansha City in China's South China Sea Strategy: Building a System of Administrative Control”, in CMSI China Maritime Reports, number 12, China Maritime Studies Institute [中国海事研究所], →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-05, page 29:

On 18 April 2020, Chinese media reported on the State Council’s decision to set up two administrative units on islands in the South China Sea.⁷ This „major administrative move” meant that the Xisha district would be used for controlling Paracel Islands and surrounding waters and the Nansha district for governing the Spratly Islands and surrounding waters in the heart of the area contested by six regional countries.

2022, Dragana Mitrovic [Драгана Д. Митровић], “Pandemic's effects on China's foreign policy and its global power role”, in Srpska politička misao [Српска политичка мисао], volume 29, number 75, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-14, pages 150-151:

Српска политичка мисао

A district of Sansha, Hainan, China, which includes Zhongsha (claimed areas encompass areas administered or claimed by China (PRC), the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC), and Vietnam).


Nansha

en-proper noun

Nansha (usually uncountable, plural Nanshas)

From the Mandarin Chinese 南沙 (Nánshā) Wade–Giles romanization: Nan²-sha¹, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

On April 28, 2005, the State Council approved a new scheme of district administration in Guangzhou.[...]The southern part of Panyu was upgraded into an independent urban district, Nansha district.

2010, Martin King Whyte, editor, One Country, Two Societies: Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 408:

Nansha District is the former Guangzhou Nansha Economic and Technological Development Zone that was established in 1993³ and was separated from Panyu District in 2005, representing the spatial and strategic importance of the region in Guangzhou's future development.

2017, Development and Planning in Seven Major Coastal Cities in Southern and Eastern China, Springer, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 39:

The world’s most indebted property developer on Jan. 26 transferred its control over a theme park called Evergrande Fairyland in the Nansha district of Guangzhou to Minmetals International Trust Co, according to the records.

2022 February 25, Clare Jim, “Two more Evergrande property assets taken over by state-owned firms”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-07, 公司新闻(英文):

A district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.

The Nansha District (南沙区) People’s Government is based on Fiery Cross Reef and has jurisdiction over the Spratly Islands.²¹⁴ Each district assumably has a district party committee as well.²¹⁵ Though publicly available information on these new districts is scarce, the establishment of Xisha District and Nansha District will likely improve Sansha’s administrative capacity and expand localized policymaking.²¹⁶

Српска политичка мисао

A district of Sansha, Hainan, China (claimed areas encompass areas administered or claimed by Brunei, China (PRC), Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC), and Vietnam).


巴縣

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

Ba County, Baxian (a former county of Sichuan, China; now part of Chongqing)


North China Plain

It is probable that, as the campaign progresses, the Manchurian Communists will be able to secure a foothold on the North China Plain.

1948 June 12, Lewis Clark, “The Minister-Counselor of Embassy in China (Clark) to the Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs (Butterworth)”, in Foreign Relations of the United States 1948, volume VII, Nanking: Government Printing Office, published 1973, →OCLC, page 296:

The predominantly calcareous alluvium of the North China plain and the summer rainfall have made the region one of the most important agricultural areas of China.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 99:

The North China Plain undoubtedly needs any water it can get. An economic powerhouse with more than 200 million people, it has limited rainfall and depends on groundwater for 60 percent of its supply. Other countries, like Yemen, India, Mexico and the United States, have aquifers that are being drained to dangerously low levels. But scientists say those below the North China Plain may be drained within 30 years.

2007 September 28, Jim Yardley, “Beneath Booming Cities, China’s Future Is Drying Up”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2008-12-09, Asia Pacific:

The North China Plain, extending across 14 million hectares (35 million acres), was a hotspot for extreme heat and ozone pollution in China, wrote the Chinese and US researchers behind the study.

2022 April 20, Echo Xie, “Dead heat by 2050: massive North China area to be hotspot for killer mix of heatwaves and surface ozone, study finds”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2022-04-20:

A large alluvial plain of northern China, bordered to the north by the Yanshan Mountains, to the west by the Taihang Mountains and Funiu Mountains, to the southwest by the Dabie Mountains and Tongbai Mountains, and to the east by the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and merging with the Jianghuai Plains to the south.


灰寨

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/

(～鎮) Huizhai (a town in Jiexi, Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


Jiuzhaigou

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 九寨溝／九寨沟 (Jiǔzhàigōu).

zh-l

九寨溝／九寨沟 (Jiǔzhàigōu)

Taxi - Taking a taxi from Jiuzhaigou County to the scenic area is about RMB 10.

2004, Intercontinental's Best of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 420:

From January 2013 to October 2013, Songpan County, which includes the Huanglong preserve, had 3.22 million visitors,[…]Jiuzhaigou County had 4.76 million visitors last year.

2014 June 13, Edward Wong, “In China, Negotiating Peaks and Police”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-06-14, Travel:

Fallen trees are seen blocking a road after an earthquake in Jiuzhaigou county, Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan province, China August 8, 2017.

2017 August 8, Ben Blanchard, Nick Macfie, “Four dead as quake strikes in remote part of China's Sichuan province”, in Andrew Bolton, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-08-11, Environment:

A county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China.


Lop Nur

From Uyghur لوپنۇر (lopnur), from Written Oirat ᠯᠣ᠊ᠫ
ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (Lob nuur), from ᠯᠣ᠊ᠫ (Lob) + ᠨᡇᡇᠷ (nuur, “lake”), where the former is itself of unknown origin from older times, possibly Old Uyghur. Compare Mandarin 羅布淖爾 /罗布淖尔 (Luóbùnào'ěr), 羅布泊 /罗布泊 (Luóbù pō, “Lop Lake”).

Kennedy at the time was greatly concerned over reports that the Chinese Communists were secretly conducting nuclear explosions at Lop Nor in Northwest China—a sure indication they were working on atomic weapons. This was the period when Moscow and Peking were still close to each other, otherwise it might have been possible for the United States to devise a way to neutralize Peking's nuclear potential at an early stage. At their meeting Kennedy asked Chen many questions about Lop Nor. Could he have been thinking of a preventive surgical strike?

[1983, James C. H. Shen, “Rejoining the Government”, in Robert Myers, editor, The U.S. & Free China: How the U.S. Sold Out Its Ally, Washington, D.C.: Acropolis Books Ltd., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 39:

I've taken camels over the forbidding Kum Tagh sand dunes and crossed the 200-kilometre-long dried-up lake-bed of Lop Nur.

1998, John Hare, The Lost Camels of Tartary: A Quest Into Forbidden China, Abacus, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 4:

It also seems apparent that he fought with the Red tribes against Germany. His symbol was found by Sven Hedin even as far away as in Lop Nur in China (see Figs. 45-48).

2016 [1924], Hermann Wieland, translated by Gregory Klanderud, Atlantis, Edda & Bible, Hermitage Helm, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 203:

Many visitors to Xīnjiāng will experience this huge expanse during their travels or can arrange camel-trekking tours and expeditions through its vast sand dunes. China’s biggest shifting salt lake, Lop Nur (the site of China’s nuclear bomb tests) is also here.

2015 May, Damian Harper et al., China (Lonely Planet), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 982:

U.S. concerns about Beijing’s possible breaches of a “zero yield” standard for test blasts have been prompted by activities at China’s Lop Nur nuclear test site throughout 2019, the State Department report said.
Zero yield refers to a nuclear test in which there is no explosive chain reaction of the type ignited by the detonation of a nuclear warhead.
“China’s possible preparation to operate its Lop Nur test site year-round, its use of explosive containment chambers, extensive excavation activities at Lop Nur and a lack of transparency on its nuclear testing activities ... raise concerns regarding its adherence to the zero yield standard,” the report said without providing evidence of a low-yield test.

2020 April 15, Jonathan Landay, “China may have conducted low-level nuclear test blasts, U.S. says”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-04-16, World News:

A largely dried up salt lake, known for being used as a nuclear testing site, located in southeastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.


Yangzi Jiang

Yang-Tsze-Kiang (alternative obsolete)
Yang Tse Kiang (alternative dated)

synonym of Yangtsé: Yangtze (a major river in China)


Huangpu

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 黃埔 /黄埔 (Huángpǔ).

Whangpoo (alternative dated)
Whampoa (alternative)

An explosion hit an oil refinery in Guangzhou, in the Guangdong province in South China early on Thursday, triggering a fire, the Hong Kong Free Press reported.
According to the report, the blast occurred in an industrial zone in Huangpu district and no casualties have been reported.

2015 December 23, Apeksha Nair, “Explosion hits Guangzhou oil refinery - media”, in Sandra Maler, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, World News:


Yangjingbang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 洋涇浜 /洋泾浜 (Yángjīngbāng).

Some of the famous inns like the Taian Inn and the Qianyi Inn located in the Jiaji Long (lane) to the north of Yangjingbang (the present Yanan Road, East) started their business in a lane.

1985, Jia You, “GENERAL ASPECTS OF STREET-LANES IN SHANGHAI”, in Min Dayong, transl., Anecdotes of Old Shanghai, 1st edition, Shanghai Cultural Publishing House, →OCLC, page 137:

The French Concession lay between the walled Chinese city and Yang-ching-pang Creek, later filled in and called Edward VII Avenue. The British Settlement stretched from Yang-ching-pang to Soochow Creek while the American settlement consisted of a piece of land fronting the river to the north-east of Soochow Creek.

[1990, Harriet Sergeant, “A Simple Equation – The Rise of a Great City”, in Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures, 1918-1939, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 18:

Rows of simply constructed, single-story wooden houses appeared literally overnight along the Bund, in the northwest part of the British Settlement, as well as on the banks of Yangjingbang, the creek that separated the British and French settlements.

1999, Hanchao Lu, “Going to Shanghai”, in Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century, University of California Press, published 2004, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:

By 1848 this boundary had been pushed westwards to today’s Central Tibet Road (formerly known as Defence Creek) and bounded by Suzhou Creek to the north and by the Yangkingpang Creek (today’s East Yan’an Road) to the south. The British were adamant about keeping their +70-acre area free of Chinese residents.

[2013, Paul Mooney, Peter Hibbard, “Getting Around Shanghai”, in Beijing & Shanghai: China's Hottest Cities, Odyssey Books & Maps, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 338:

(historical) A former tributary of the Huangpu, Shanghai, China.


拙政園

Чжочжэнъюань

Čžočžɛnʺjuanʹ

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡syːt̚³ t͡sɪŋ³³ jyːn²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡syːt̚³ t͡sɪŋ³³ jyːn²¹/

Humble Administrator's Garden
w:Humble Administrator's Garden

Humble Administrator's Garden (a Chinese garden in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)


勃利

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ li⁵¹/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠪᠣᡥᠣᡵᡳ (bohori). Doublet of 伯力 (Bólì, “Khabarovsk”), which is an alternative transliteration of the same place name. The city was moved from present-day Khabarovsk to present-day Boli county after signing of Treaty of Aigun to continue its function as a military fort.

(～縣) Boli (a county of Qitaihe, Heilongjiang, China)


Leizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 雷州 (Léizhōu).

Total China, a subsidiary of France's Compagnie Fran,caise des Petroles, said today that it had discovered significant hydrocarbon shows at the site of its first well off the China coast.
The well is 12 miles west of China's Leizhou peninsula.

1981 February 19 [1981 February 18], “China Offshore Oil Hint”, in The New York Times, sourced from AP, Paris, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Section D, page 8:

A peninsula in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.

APRIL 28, GUANGDONG PROVINCE
Chen Kangbing, 33, broke into a primary school in Leizhou, Guangdong province, and stabbed 16 students and one teacher with a knife. He had been laid off as a teacher at a nearby school district.

2010 May 12, Lucy Hornby, Huang Yan, “Factbox: Attacks on Chinese schools this year”, in Jeremy Laurence, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-15, World News:

A county-level city of Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China.


哈爾浜

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 哈爾濱 /哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn, “Harbin”).

obor

1957, 広島大学水畜産学部紀要 [Journal of the Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University], volumes 1-2, Fukuyama, Japan: Faculty of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry, Hiroshima University, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 182:

The central plains of Manchuria are […] divided into two parts, north and south, the northern plains being centered on a line between Harbin and Qiqihar.

満洲中央平原は[…]南北に二分せられ、北方平原は哈爾浜・斉々哈爾の線を中心とする平原であるが

Manshū chūō heigen wa […] nanboku ni ni-bu serare, hoppō heigen wa Harubin Chichiharu no sen o chūshin to suru heigen dearuga

alternative spelling of ハルビン (“Harbin (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)”)


Shanyang

Translingual: Shanyangosaurus

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 山陽／山阳 (Shānyáng).

The guerrilla base in southern Shensi was founded by a part of the main force of the Central Plains Liberation Army and included Lushih and Hsichuan in western Honan and Lonan and Shanyang in southern Shensi.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume I, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 118:

My presumption is that this same mechanism was at work in two counties in Shaanxi Province, as recorded in county gazetteers. In Qianyang County, during the Cleansing of Class Ranks campaign of 1968-69 that put to an end the Cultural Revolution fighting, 152 households were newly labeled as landlord and 130 as rich peasant, while in Shanyang County over a thousand households were re-labeled as landlords or rich peasants.

2002, Jonathan Unger, “The Cultural Revolution in the Villages”, in The Transformation of Rural China, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 65:

Sludge spewed into the Shuanghe River and Donghe River in Shaanxi province’s Shanyang county when the spillway collapsed early on Tuesday, Xinhua said.[…]
In April, ore tailings from another vanadium mine in Shanyang county polluted and literally blackened three rivers, state media reported at the time.

2008 July 23, Beijing Newsroom, “Vanadium mine leak taints rivers in northwest China”, in Guo Shipeng, Nick Macfie, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-26, Environment:


貓兒山

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maːu̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹⁻⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/mɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maːu̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹⁻⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

Kitten Mountain (a mountain in Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


大明湖

ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄉㄚˋ ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Daming Lake (a lake in Jinan, Shandong, China)


香洲

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Xiangzhou (a district of Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)


拱北

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ³⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/kʊŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʊŋ³⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

(～街道) Gongbei (a subdistrict of Xiangzhou district, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)


桂山島

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʷɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵ tou̯³⁵/

Guishan Island (an island of Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)


Nanhui

Ellipsis of Nanhui New City: a town and planned city in Pudong district, Shanghai, China.

Nanhui New City

-- China’s State Council has approved the merger of the Shanghai Pudong New District with the neighbouring Nanhui district, the Shanghai municipal government said.[...]
-- The Pudong district of Shanghai, the country’s financial and commercial hub, is about to more than double in size as it will merge with neighbouring Nanhui district.

2009 May 6, “UPDATE 1-PRESS DIGEST - China - May 7”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-07, Banks:

The city’s anti-corruption watchdog announced that Wu Zhongquan, former director of the Construction and Transportation Commission in Shanghai’s Minhang district, and Tang Guiming, former party secretary of Xuanqiao county in the now defunct Nanhui district were being investigated for “serious disciplinary violations”, a phrase routinely used as a euphemism for corruption.
Also being investigated were Zhu Jinhua, former deputy director of the urban planning and land management department in Nanhui, and Zhang Wenjun, former bureau chief of Nanhui’s housing and land administration bureau.

2014 September 24, “Shanghai graft probe ensnares 11 officials”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-10-13, China:

(historical) A district of Shanghai, China.


Nanhui New City

c. 2012, partial calque from Mandarin 南匯新城／南汇新城 (Nánhuì Xīnchéng).

zh-l

南匯新城／南汇新城 (Nánhuì Xīnchéng)

The 20.2 mile (32.5 km) long box girder structure with a central cable-stayed section connects Luchao Port in Nanhui New City in the Pudong New Area of Shanghai with the deep-sea port of Yangshan in Zhejiang Province.

2013, Wolfgang Kunth, editor, Terra Maxima: the Records of Humankind, Firefly Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 366:

While in Shanghai we also visited the city's future economic engine, its new Free Trade Zone called Nanhui New City, and we gained diverse perspectives of Shanghai’s emerging issues from conversations with leaders in media, education, and the non-profit sector.

2014, Samuel Kim, John Lim, “Mutual Sharing: Learning and Service”, in Experiencing Asia: Essays from the Asia Leadership Trek, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 34–35:

A decent portion of Nanhui New City, on the far outskirts of Shanghai's Pudong district, has already been built.

2015, Wade Shepard, Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World's Most Populated Country, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=5uhiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT56:

A town and planned city in Pudong district, Shanghai, China.


拉昂錯

/lä⁵⁵ ˀɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/lä⁵⁵ ˀɑŋ³⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Tibetan ལག་ངར་མཚོ (lag ngar mtsho).

Lake Rakshastal (a lake in Burang, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


天祝

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

～藏族自治縣 天祝藏族自治縣#Chinese

(～藏族自治縣) Bairi (a Tibetan autonomous county of Wuwei, Gansu, China)


工布江達

ㄍㄨㄥ ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄤ ㄉㄚˊ

ㄍㄨㄥ ㄅㄨˋ ㄐㄧㄤ ㄉㄚˊ

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tä³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ pou̯³³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵ taːt̚²/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཀོང་པོ་རྒྱ་མདའ (kong po rgya mda').

bor

ཀོང་པོ་རྒྱ་མདའ

(～縣) Gongbo'gyamda (a county of Nyingchi, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


巴彥

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹/

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹/

From earlier 巴彥蘇蘇 /巴彦苏苏, from Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ
ᠰᡠᠰᡠ (bayan susu, “prosperous ancestral land”).

der

(～縣) Bayan (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


裕民

/jyː²² mɐn²¹/

/jyː²² mɐn²¹/

(～縣) Yumin (a county of Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Chuguchak

My four months on the desert road to Turkestan were the first part of a journey overland from Peking to India. The Mongolian journey I made alone in 1926, but early in the following year my wife joined me at Chuguchak, on the Siberian border, and together we traveled on through Chinese Central Asia and over the Karakoram route to Leh, Kashmir, and India.

1929, Owen Lattimore, “Preface”, in The Desert Road To Turkestan, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, →OCLC, page vii:

Such an adventure as this, involving a midwinter sledge trip of her from Semipalatinsk on the Transsiberian Railway to Chuguchak on the borders of Turkestan. a meeting at Chuguchak with Mr. Lattimore, who had come across Inner Mongolia by caravan, and a leisurely exploration of an isolated region where life is still medieval, furnishes a subject which Mrs. Lattimore could hardly have made uninteresting if she had tried.

1934 September 2, R.L. Duffus, “A Woman's Trek to Turkestan; Eleanor Lattimore, the First Woman to Travel Overland From Peking to India, Writes Buoyantly of Her Adventures”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2025-06-28, Section BR, page 4:

THE decision having been reached to send me to Sinkiang, the question arose as to how I was to get there. Urumchi can be reached from three directions ; from Kashmir in India across the Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir to Kashgar, and thence a further journey of near a thousand miles through Eastern Turkistan to Urumchi ; from China across the Gobi desert to Hami and thence on across the T'ien Shan range to Urumchi ; and via the Trans-Siberian and Turkistan-Siberian railways through Russian Central Asia to the Chinese frontier town of Chuguchak (Ta-ch'eng) and thence by cart or motor truck across the Dzungarian steppe to Urumchi.

1937, Sir Eric Teichman, Journey to Turkistan, Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 27:

Tatar commercial penetration into new regions of Central and Eastern Asia very often preceded Russian political expansion. Tatars appeared in Manchuria, the Far East, and Tuva (called the Urjankhai region before the revolution of 1917) even before the appearance of Russian administration there. Tatar merchants were involved in trade with China, especially Sinkiang, and gained a foothold in the border market of Chuguchak as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century.

1960, Serge A. Zenkovsky, Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 21:

By chance—ill chance, as it had turned out—Georg Vasel, the young German airfield engineer, found himself at the remote town of Chuguchak on the Sinkiang-Soviet border at the time. It was an unhealthy place for a European just then, and it was from a prison yard that Vasel watched ‘regiment after regiment’ marching through the snow towards Urumchi, followed by ‘greyish-green monsters - armoured cars with machine-guns mounted on their steel turrets’.

1985, Peter Hopkirk, Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin's Dream of an Empire in Asia, W. W. Norton and Co., →ISBN, →OCLC, page 226:

Eleanor chronicled both her solo journey from Beijing via the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Novosibirsk and Semipalatinsk and then via sled in the dead of winter to Chuguchak and the couple's subsequent travels in Turkestan Reunion. Their odyssey together across Xinjiang provided the framework for Lattimore's much broader cultural and historical observations in High Tartary.

1995 April 16, Orville Schell, “THE STRANGE ORDEAL OF OWEN LATTIMORE”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-12-08:

(dated) Tacheng (a county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China).


寬甸

→ English: Kuandian

/kʰu̯än⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kʰu̯än⁵⁵ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

滿族自治縣 滿族自治縣#Chinese

(～滿族自治縣, ～縣) Kuandian (an autonomous county of Dandong, Liaoning, China)


Songhua

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of 松花 (sōnghuā) in 松花江 (Sōnghuā Jiāng).

The water quality of the Songhua River (Northeast China) was of concern, especially in the 1980s and early 1990s, and there were many studies carried out on this aspect. However, only one or several independent water quality indices were used to consider the effects of pollutants on the water quality, for instance, heavy metal and toxic organic pollutants. The combined effects of multiple indices were seldom studied. In this article, based on the environmental monitoring data, the water quality of the Songhua River was analyzed using factor analysis, which comprehensively considered six indices of water quality of each monitoring section.

2003 April, Yu, S. et al., “Factor Analysis and Dynamics of Water Quality of the Songhua River, Northeast China”, in Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, volume 144, number 1, archived from the original on 2024-10-17, pages 159–169:

The reports, including some from the official Xinhua news agency, suggested that officials here and in Jilin Province, where the disaster occurred 380 kilometers, or 235 miles, up the Songhua River, lied or told only part of the story until they had no choice but to admit the truth.[…]
"They were trying to lie and get by," said Qi Guangzhong, 64, as he walked along the Songhua River on Friday. "The government wanted to hide this."

2005 November 25, Jim Yardley, “China tried to keep benzene spill secret”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-08-29, Asia Pacific:

The study site of the Songhua River is located in the Heilongjiang Province on the territory of Northern China. The Songhua flows from south west to northeast near the center of Harbin, having a length of about 50 km within the city. The Songhua is a plains river with a sandy bottom and meandering bed. The fairway width ranges from 400 to 800 m, depth from 2 to 12 m. Bottom sediments of the Songhua nearby Harbin, as compared to other rivers and lakes of Northern China, contain particularly high concentrations of Pb, Zn and Ni, as well as appreciable levels of Cd and As [6, 12].

May 2020, Zarykhta, V.V. et al., “Differential Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soft Tissues of Three Bivalvian Species from the Songhua River near Harbin (China)”, in Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology, volume 56, number 2, pages 125–132:

A river in Northeast China which is the longest tributary of the Amur.


Hengyang

Borrowed from Mandarin 衡陽 /衡阳 (Héngyáng).

A publication circulated recently in the Hengyang area of Hunan Province called on the mainland people to rise against Communism to uphold freedom and democracy, an intelligence report from the mainland said.

1979 July 15, “Publication for freedom”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 27, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

This is not the first time a city in China has clamped down on Christmas merriment. Last December, Hengyang, a city in Hunan province, issued a stern notice asking Communist Party officials and their relatives to “resist the rampant Western festival.”

2018 December 19, Tiffany May, “Chinese City Bans Christmas Displays Amid Religious Crackdown”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-12-19, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Hunan, China.

衡陽 /衡阳

prefecture-level city or county of Hunan, China


湯原

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²¹/

(～縣) Tangyuan (a county of Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China)


大連灣

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

/tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ wän⁵⁵/

Dalian Bay (a bay of Dalian, Liaoning, China)


西鄉塘

/ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hœːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

(～區) Xixiangtang (a district of Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


南溪山

/nän³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

a mountain in Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China


連灘

/li̯ɛn³⁵ tʰän⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ tʰän⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Liantan (a town in Yunnan, Yunfu, Guangdong, China)


灌縣

/ku̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ku̯än⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(historical) Guan County, Guanxian (a former county of Sichuan, China; present-day Dujiangyan City)


Zurong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 足榮 /足荣 (Zúróng).

The medium-risk zones are mainly located in the western region of DeBao County, which mainly includes JingDe and DongLing. The lower risk zones exist mainly in ZuRong, and the lowest risk zones are in RongHua.

[2017 August 21, Jiajun Zeng, Guoru Huang, “Set pair analysis for karst waterlogging risk assessment based on AHP and entropy weight”, in Hydrology Research, volume 49, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1153:

Officials working in Zurong town’s Bainong village have recently assumed new duties. For example, they deliver fresh vegetables and pork to the Bainong Oil Pressing Plant in the village every day in order to ensure that everyone working there can have a good meal each day.

2020 June 16, Wang Jinli, “Poverty alleviation factories resume operations in Guangxi”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2021-04-29:

The content of soil organic matter is between 12.1 and 49.3 g/kg, with an average value of 27.5 g/kg, which is moderate, while the average content of organic matter in Najia Town, Zurong Town and Du’an Town is 38.0, 33.5 and 32.5 g/kg, respectively, which is within the high range.

2022 December, Zhipeng Liang et al., “Evaluation of Soil NutrientStatus Based on LightGBM Model:An Example of Tobacco Planting Soilin Debao County, Guangxi”, in Applied Sciences, volume 12, number 23, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-09:


晴隆

/t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

(～縣) Qinglong (a county of Qianxinan prefecture, Guizhou, China)


田莊臺

ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄓㄨㄤ ㄊㄞˊ

ㄊㄧㄢˊ ㄓㄨㄤ ㄊㄞˊ

Тяньчжуантай

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

(～鎮) Tianzhuangtai (a town in Dawa district, Panjin, Liaoning, China)


新都橋

/ɕin⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ tu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ tou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～鎮) Xinduqiao (a town in Kangding, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


大庸

/tä⁵¹ jʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jʊŋ²¹/

/tä⁵¹ jʊŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² jʊŋ²¹/

(～市, ～縣) (historical) Dayong (a former county-level city and county of Hunan, China; present-day Zhangjiajie)


Dabancheng

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 達坂城 /达坂城 (Dábǎnchéng).

On arrival of the news at Urumtsi, a panic occurred amongst the officials and Chinese population, and So and Yang seized the opportunity to incite the Mahomedan population in the country round to attack the town of Ta-pan Ch’êng, not far distant from Urumtsi.

[1882 [1881 April 21], Translation of the Peking Gazette for 1881, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 49:

Work on the Tien Shan tunnel project at Tapancheng will also be advanced in the beginning of May.

[1958, Survey of China Mainland Press, numbers 1762-1781, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29:

Beyond a large salt lake is the town of Dabancheng, where buses sometimes stop at the lively Peasant-Farmers Market. The ladies of old Dabancheng were made famous by an Uygur folksong praising their beautiful long plaits. Beyond the town are the ruins of a fort built in 1870 by Yakub Beg of Kashgar and destroyed soon after by the Qing- dynasty army that was sent to put down the rebellion.
From Dabancheng the road begins its descent into the Turpan Depression, leaving the railway and weaving through the rocky White Poplar Gully.

1993, Judy Bonavia, The Silk Road From Xi'an to Kashgar, Passport Books, NTC Publishing Group, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 212:

At Dabancheng, in Xinjiang province in the northwest, China is building a wind farm that could one day be the largest in the world. Chinese wind engineers are calling it the “Three Gorges of the sky” after the dam.

2010, Neil Morris, The Energy Mix, Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

In 2009, the Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone signed a strategic cooperation framework agreement with Dabancheng District to jointly build the “China Wind Valley”, and started building the largest experimental wind farm and a demonstration wind farm of 50,000 kilowatts; In December, the maximum power wind generating set of 3 MW was successfully set and debugged to operate at the Dabancheng experimental wind farm.

2014, 李欣凭 [Li Xinping], 活力新疆 [Modern Xinjiang], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 115–116:

Some prison-style facilities like the one outside Kashgar are new. Other existing sites have been expanded with higher-security areas. New buildings added to Xinjiang's largest camp, in Dabancheng, near Urumqi, last year stretched to almost a mile in length, Ruser said.

2020 September 23, Anna Fifield, “China is building vast new detention centers for Muslims in Xinjiang”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-09-24, Asia & Pacific:

A detention facility in Dabancheng, Xinjiang, last year. Former detainees have described physical abuse, mistreatment and hours of indoctrination in official Communist Party ideology.

2022 August 25, Nick Cumming-Bruce, Austin Ramzy, “U.N. Report on Rights Abuses in Xinjiang May Be Delayed Again”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-25, Asia Pacific:

A district of Ürümqi, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


蘿北

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

(～縣) Luobei (a county of Hegang, Heilongjiang, China)


九真

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ t͡sɐn⁵⁵/

Ferlus (2012b) and Pain (2020) propose that 九真 (OC kuˀ-cin) transcribed *k.cin, a local autonym which is reflected in Puoc [Term?] (ksiːŋ muːl) & Thavung [script needed] (ktiːŋ²) meaning "human being, people", the latter from Proto-Vietic *kciːŋ, which consists of prefix *k- and *ciɲ (“leg, foot”); thus, "human beings" are "(those who are) on foot, those who stand on their feet."
Pain further suggests that "Cửu Chân might therefore have been inhabited by some ancestors of the Southern Vietic Thavung - Aheu."

(～郡) Jiuzhen (an ancient commandery of China; located in modern-day Vietnam)

(～鎮) Jiuzhen (a town in Tianmen, Hubei, China)


新野

/ɕin⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ jɛː¹³/

(～縣) Xinye (a county of Nanyang, Henan, China)


Yangshuo

Borrowed from Mandarin 陽朔／阳朔 (Yángshuò).

On December 10, 1851 the court issued a seemingly self-confident and boastful edict,¹¹ in which it stated that Yung-an was being surrounded by imperial troops under Saishanga, who had been stationed at Yangshuo 陽朔 ; it announced, with reference to the Taiping movement, that "this wriggling little band of wretches has now become as a wandering ghost at the bottom of a caldron; whenever the day is selected it can immediately be crushed with a single blow"; and it promised that ample funds for suppressing the Taipings would be forthcoming as long as they were needed.

1958, Edwin George Beal, Jr., 釐金制度之起源 [The Origin of Likin, 1853-1864], Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

To sail downstream from Kweilin between the green hills that line the banks of the Likiang around Yangshuo is a never-to-be-forgotten experience. As another popular saying has it: “Even more beautiful than the scenery of Kweilin is that of Yangshuo.”

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 201:

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.[...]This was the county of Yang-shuo that we had come to see. The respective beauties of Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo have been debated by visitors over the centuries, some extolling one and some the other.

[1977, Yee Chiang, “Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo”, in China Revisited, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 153, 155:

Though Yangshuo County agencies did not respond to requests for interviews, the park proposal suggests a sense of rivalry with Guilin and the Li River. In it, officials note that while Guilin and the Li River were designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations last year, Yangshuo County was named as having the single best karst landscape by Chinese National Geographic magazine.

2015 September 14, Edward Wong, “Bucolic River in Southern China Seeks a Place Among Busier Rivals”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-16, Asia Pacific:

A county of Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China.


岡底斯

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan གངས་ཏི་སེ (gangs ti se).

(～山, ～山脈) Gangdise Shan, Kailash Range (a mountain range in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


仲巴

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ²² paː⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ²² paː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan འབྲོང་པ ('brong pa).

(～縣) Zhongba (a county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


倫教

/lu̯ən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɵn²¹ kaːu̯³³/

/lu̯ən³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/lɵn²¹ kaːu̯³³/

From homophonous 倫滘／伦滘, the earlier name.

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Lunjiao (a subdistrict, a former town in Shunde district, Foshan, Guangdong, China)


足榮

/t͡su³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡su³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

(～鎮) Zurong (a town in Debao, Baise, Guangxi, China)


ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ

head

ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ • (yar klungs gtsang po)

→ Chinese: 雅魯藏布 /雅鲁藏布 (Yǎlǔzàngbù)

desc

→ English: Yarlung Tsangpo, Yarlung Zangbo

/jəː˩˨ luŋ˥˨ t͡saŋ˥˥ po˥˥/

bo:ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་


稻壩

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pä⁵¹/

/tɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ pä⁵¹/

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan འདབ་པ ('dab pa).

psm

(historical) Daocheng (an area of Sichuan, China)


漾濞

/jɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²² pɐi̯³³/

/jɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/jœːŋ²² pɐi̯³³/

彝族自治縣 彝族自治縣#Chinese

(～彝族自治縣, ～縣) Yangbi (an autonomous county of Dali prefecture, Yunnan, China)


Lüshunkou

zh-l

旅順口／旅顺口 (Lǚshùnkǒu)

Lü-shun-k'ou (alternative)
Lushunkou (alternative)
Lvshunkou (alternative)
Lyushunkou (alternative)

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, the Japanese imperialists forced the Qing government to conclude the Treaty of the Sino-Japanese Meeting on the Affairs of the Three Northeastern Provinces and a supplementary treaty, thus replacing tasarist^([sic – meaning tsarist]) Russia as the colonial power in northeast China. Japan then began to station troops in southern Manchuria and established its Kwantung Army headquarters in Lüshunkou.

1999 [1995], Chen Yun, Selected Works of Chen Yun, volume III, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 399:

After the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, Japan occupied China's territory Lüshunkou and Dalian.[...]
The Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) Massacre
On November 21, 1894, the Japanese army seized Lüshunkou.

2005 July 28, Jin Xide, translated by Yuan Fang and Wind Gu, Japanese Wartime Aggressors 'Savage and Cruel' – Why and How, China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2016-08-24:

In the Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895), China abandoned its claims to Korea, as well as ceding Taiwan and Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) to Japan.

2006, Alan Armstrong, Preemptive Strike: the secret plan that would have prevented the attack on Pearl Harbor, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 70:

As Davies and Koo had discussed on the Queen Elizabeth, for the Russians, war against Japan offered an opportunity to regain some of the lands lost by the czar in the 1904-1905 Russo- Japanese War, including the southern half of Sakhalin Island, the Kurile Islands, and the ports of Dairen and Port Arthur (today called Lüshunkou)—exactly those territories the Japanese held out as a lure to Soviet cooperation.

2015, Michael S. Neiberg, Potsdam: The End of World War II and the Remaking of Europe, Basic Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 235:


色達

Borrowed from Tibetan གསེར་ཐར (gser thar).

(～縣) Sêrtar, Serthar, Sertar (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


德格

Borrowed from Tibetan སྡེ་དགེ (sde dge).

(～縣) Dêgê (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


པེ་ཅིང་གྲོང་ཁྱེར

head

པེ་ཅིང་གྲོང་ཁྱེར • (pe cing grong khyer)


小長安

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Xiaochang'an (a town in Luocheng, Hechi, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


德欽

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ jɐm⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan བདེ་ཆེན (bde chen). Doublet of 迪慶／迪庆 (Díqìng).

zh-l

迪慶／迪庆 (Díqìng)

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～縣) Dêqên (an autonomous prefecture, a Diqing in Yunnan, China)


柳中

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

(historical) Liuzhong (an ancient city located in modern-day Lukeqin Town, Shanshan, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


三姓

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sän⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

Calque of Manchu ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡥᠠᠯᠠ (ilan hala, literally “three surnames”).

cal

(historical) Yilan (a city in Northeast China)


旅大

→ English: Lüda

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ taːi̯²²/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹/

/lɵy̯¹³ taːi̯²²/

From 旅順／旅顺 (Lǚshùn, “Lüshun”) + 大連／大连 (Dàlián).

zh-l

大連／大连 (Dàlián)

(～市) (historical) Lüda (a former directly-administered municipality in China, from 1950 to 1954; a former prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China, from 1954 to 1981; modern Dalian)


亞布力

/jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jä⁵¹⁻⁵³ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ pu⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

From a station built by Russians in 1899 named 亞布洛尼／亚布洛尼, from Russian я́блони (jábloni, “apple trees”).

der

(～鎮) Yabuli (a town in Shangzhi, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


剛察

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

/kɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰaːt̚³/

Borrowed from Tibetan རྐང་ཚ (rkang tsha), from Tibetan རྐང (rkang, “foot”) + ཚ (tsha, “salt”).

(～縣) Gangca (a county of Haibei prefecture, Qinghai, China)


江漢平原

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄏㄢˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄩㄢˊ

ㄐㄧㄤ ㄏㄢˋ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄩㄢˊ

Цзянхань Пинъюань

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xän⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

Jianghan Plain (an alluvial plain located in central and southern Hubei, China, named for the confluence of the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) and Han rivers)


富平

/fu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/fuː³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/fu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/fuː³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Fuping (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


백두

→ English: Baekdu, Paektu

백두혈통

백두령장

백두의 넋을 이어 빛나는 내 조국 두렴 몰라라.

1961, “세상에 부럼없어라 (Sesang'e bureomeopseora) [We have nothing to envy in this world]”, 집체(集體) (jipche, “collective work”) (lyrics):

My glorious fatherland, inheriting the Paektu spirit, fears nothing.

Baekdu-ui neoks-eul ieo binnaneun nae joguk duryeom mollara.

백두산(白頭山) 백두산#Korean

short for 백두산(白頭山) (Baekdusan, “Paektu Mountain (on the China-North Korea border)”)


康馬

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ maː¹³/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཁང་དམར (khang dmar).

(～縣) Kangmar (a county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


寧蒗

/niŋ³⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ lɔːŋ²²/

/niŋ³⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ lɔːŋ²²/

From combining the second character of 永寧／永宁 (Yǒngníng) with the first character of 蒗蕖.

彝族自治縣 彝族自治縣#Chinese

(～彝族自治縣, ～縣) Ninglang (an autonomous county of Lijiang, Yunnan, China)


臨淄

/lɐm²¹ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/lɐm²¹ t͡siː⁵⁵/

(～區) Linzi District (a district of Zibo, Shandong, China)


劍川

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

(～縣) Jianchuan (a county of Dali prefecture, Yunnan, China)


居延

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵/

Possibly from the Xiongnu language according to Han-era historiography, especially Yan Shigu's annotation to the Book of Han.

Driving a solitary carriage, I am going to visit the frontier. I passed through the vassal state Juyan.

單車欲問邊，屬國過居延。

单车欲问边，属国过居延。

(historical) Juyan (a former settlement located in present-day Alxa League, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

Book of Han
Han dynasty
Xiongnu
Yan Shigu


居延海

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕy⁵⁵ jɛn³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Juyan Lake (a lake in Ejin Banner, Alxa League, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


Gele Rivier

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


隴縣

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lʊŋ¹³ jyːn²²/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/lʊŋ¹³ jyːn²²/

Long County, Longxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


磨憨

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵⁵/

/mu̯ɔ³⁵ xän⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Mohan (a town in Mengla, Xishuangbanna prefecture, Yunnan, China)


班洪

/pän⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

/pän⁵⁵ xʊŋ³⁵/

(～鄉) Banhong (a township in Cangyuan, Lincang, Yunann, China)


滄源

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

佤族自治縣 佤族自治縣#Chinese

(～佤族自治縣, ～縣) Cangyuan (an autonomous county of Lincang, Yunnan, China)


班老

/pän⁵⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pän⁵⁵ lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Banlao (a township in Cangyuan, Lincang, Yunann, China)


宣武

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～區) (historical) Xuanwu (a former district of Beijing, China, now part of Xicheng district)


弱水

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Ruo Shui (a river in Gansu and Inner Mongolia, China)


霍爾果斯河

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨㄛˇ ㄙ ㄏㄜˊ

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨㄛˇ ㄙ ㄏㄜˊ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ sz̩⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

Khorgas River (a river in China and Kazakhstan)


烏倫古湖

ㄨ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄍㄨˇ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄨ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄍㄨˇ ㄏㄨˊ

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ kuː³⁵ wuː²¹/

/u⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ kuː³⁵ wuː²¹/

Ulungur Lake (a lake in Fuhai, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


米脂

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡siː⁵⁵/

/mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/mɐi̯¹³ t͡siː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Mizhi (a county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)


資江

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/


安縣

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

(historical) An County, Anxian (a former county of Sichuan, China)


貴德

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ tɐk̚⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ tɐk̚⁵/

(～縣) Guide (a county of Hainan prefecture, Qinghai, China)