Thomas Montgomerie designated the mountain K2 in 1856 for being the second peak of the Karakoram range.

Here we have K², the highest mountain at present open to Europeans to attempt, only 750 feet lower than Mount Everest.²

[1912, Filippo De Filippi, Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 12:

On the morning of July 31, the mountain rose spangled in the summer sun 2,300 feet above Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli. Strapping on three oxygen tanks, the two men faced toward K2's last fastness.

1954 October 11, “Assault on the Summit: The Conquerors' Account”, in Life, volume 37, number 15, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 33:

What is there on the summit of K2, that would entice a climber to risk everything?

2001, Heidi Howkins, K2: One Woman's Quest for the Summit, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page v:

Meyer’s team was one of eight international expeditions that were setting off on the final day of their ascent of K2, at 28,251 feet the second-tallest mountain on earth. K2 was nearly 800 feet shorter than Everest, the world’s highest peak, but it was considered much more difficult, and more deadly.

2010, Graham Bowley, No Way Down: Life and Death on K2, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xx:

I'm super excited to be on the summit of K2! No Ox! (coughs) It was hard.

2020, Carla Perez, 42:40 from the start, in Breathtaking: K2 - The World's Most Dangerous Mountain | Eddie Bauer, YouTube, Eddie Bauer, archived from the original on 2020-05-22:

Even a successful spring or summer climb of K2 is rare. Fewer than 400 climbers have been to its apex. More people have been to outer space than have stood its summit.

2021 January 19, Adam Skolnick, Bhadra Sharma, “How Climbers Reached the Summit of K2 in Winter for the First Time”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-19, Sports:

A 19-year-old Pakistani has become the youngest person to summit K2, the world's second highest mountain, the Alpine Club of Pakistan said on Tuesday. Shehroze Kashif reached the 8,611 metre (28,251 foot) summit at 8:10 a.m. on Tuesday.

2021 July 27, Umar Farooq, “Pakistani, 19, becomes youngest person to summit K2”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-27:

Climbers have warned of overcrowding on K2 — the world’s second highest mountain and one of its deadliest — after a sherpa took video of queues snaking towards the summit.

2022 August 1, Emma Yeomans, Fiona Kingston, “Overcrowding on K2 as climbers queue to reach peak”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-01, UK News:

A mountain on the border between Pakistan and Taxkorgan, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang, China, the world’s second highest mountain, located in the Ladakh Karakorams.


永和

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ xɤ³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ wɔː²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho¹³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ho²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɤ²³/

(～縣) Yonghe (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


山陰

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵⁵ in⁵⁵/

(～縣) Shanyin (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


清流

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liu¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liu²³/

(～縣) Qingliu (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


Qingdao

/ˈt͡ʃɪŋˈdaʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 青島 /靑島 /青岛 (Qīngdǎo).

Tsingtao (alternative)
Tsing-tau (alternative)
Ch'ing-tao (alternative)
Chingtao (alternative)

Tsing-tau was no longer defensible when surrendered to the Japanese, according to a correspondent of The Associated Press who was in Tsing-tau throughout the siege and arrived here tonight. His delay in reaching Peking was due to the Japanese holding him in Tsing-tau after its fall as a method of censorship.

[1914 November 19 [1914 November 18], “TSING-TAU CAPTURED BY BAYONET CHARGE; Japanese at the Brink of German Trenches Before White Flag Was Hoisted.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-11-27, page 2:

True to its name, Qingdao, the green island as its name literally suggests, is covered by abundant trees - black pines, chinars, gingkos amid the azure sky and sea.
With green and blue as the natural backdrop, red color stands out as the human creation enhancing the charm of Qingdao, as seen from the red-roofed architecture of various European styles erected during the early 20th Century.
With its soaring architectural triumphs, from the glorious Catholic Church to the magnificent Former German Governor's Residence and the avant-garde spectacle of the 2008 Olympic stadium for the sailing regatta, Qingdao is unique.

2007, Susan Hong (梁红) Liang, 邹卫宁 [William Zou], “Overview of Qingdao”, in 青岛旅游指南 [Qingdao] (Travel), Qingdao Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 1:

Qingdao, a city of more than nine million, is home to China’s North Sea fleet, a marine research academy and China’s main submariners school, which specializes in submarine hunting.

2023 May 10, Christopher F. Schuetze, “Stalled Sister City Plan Reveals New German Wariness of China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-10, Europe:

A major prefecture-level city and subprovincial city in eastern Shandong, in eastern China, on the Yellow Sea.


Hure

Situated to the east of the Inner Mongolian region, the Jirem League was the birthplace of the Qidan people in the 4th century AD, and was also a central region of the Liao Dynasty during the 10th-12th centuries. The people of the area enjoyed not only a high standard of living but a rich culture as well. The tomb mural paintings from the Qianwulibuge village in Hure Banner, Jirem League, are a typical example.

1987 June 29, “Mural Paintings On Display in Beijing”, in Beijing Review, volume 30, number 26, →ISSN, →OCLC, Culture/Science, page 29, columns 2–3:

The first Inner Mongolian modern prose work was “Struggling in a Sea of Suffering” (Gashigun-u dotorakhi telchilegchi khemekhü üliger, 1940) by Rinchinkhorlo (1904-63) of Khüriye (Hure) banner, who also translated an American detective story from Japanese into Mongolian.

2004, Christopher P. Atwood, “literature”, in Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts on File, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 337, column 2:

A banner (a type of administrative division) in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.


和平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (和平):
* → Japanese: 和(わ)平(へい) (wahei)
* → Korean: 화평(和平) (hwapyeong)
* → Vietnamese: hoà bình (和平)

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/xə²⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/wɔː²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/vᵘɔ²² pʰen²²/

/huo⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ piɪŋ²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² piɪŋ¹³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ piɪŋ²³/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²² piɪŋ²⁴/

/hua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Heping (a district of Tianjin, China)

Heping District
w:Heping District, Shenyang

(～區) Heping District (a district of Shenyang, Liaoning, China)

(～街道) Heping (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～縣) Heping County (a county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Heping Town (several towns in China)

(～鎮) Heping (a town in Chaoyang district, Shantou, Guangdong, China), originally named 蚝坪 (o5 pian5)


Mongolië

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


吉林

Sino-Xenic (吉林):
* → Japanese: 吉林(きつりん) (Kitsurin)
* → Korean: 길림(吉林) (Gillim)
* → Vietnamese: Cát Lâm (吉林)

→ English: Chi-lin, Jilin, Ji Lin

→ Georgian: ძილინი (ʒilini)

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

/kɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

/kiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/kiʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ liŋ¹³/

/kiʔ²⁻⁴ liŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²³/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ lim²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ lim²⁴/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ lin⁴⁴/

Shortened from 吉林烏拉／吉林乌拉, which was borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (girin ula).

(～市) Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


吉林

hanja form of 길림 :
Jilin (a province of China)


平和

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ wɔː²¹/

/pʰi̯aŋ¹¹ fo¹¹/

/piŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ho¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hua⁵⁵/

(～县) Pinghe (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


Annam

English: Annam

Vietnamese: An Nam

Borrowed from Vietnamese An Nam, from Chinese 安南 (Ānnán).

(history) Annam (a former colonial province of China, now part of Vietnam's present-day Tonkin)


平安

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/pʰin¹¹ ɔn⁴⁴/

/piŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵³³/

/piŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ^((Ø-))ŋaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ aŋ³³/

(～區) Ping'an District (a district of Qinghai, China)

(～鄉) Ping'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Ping'an (a residential community in Dongsheng, Shishou, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


Karakoram Highway

In mid-1978 the 800-km. Karakoram highway was opened, linking Xinjiang province in the People’s Republic of China with Havelian, north of Islamabad, after being under construction for 20 years.

1981, “Pakistan”, in The Far East and Australasia 1981-82, 13th edition, Europa Publications, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 986, column 1:

The Karakoram Highway linking Pakistan and China remains a strategic route.

1998, “Pakistan”, in Saul B. Cohen, editor, The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, volume 3, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 2340–2341:

The Karakoram Highway (KKH) connects the Silk Road oasis of Kashgar with Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan's capital, via the 4730m Khunjerab Pass, the semi-mythical Hunza Valley and the trading post of Gilgit.

1998, John S. King, Bradley Mayhew, Karakoram Highway (Lonely Planet), 3rd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:

In September of 2008, a woman with piercing green eyes named Nasreen Baig embarked on an arduous journey from her home in the tiny Pakistani village of Zuudkhan south along the Indus River and down the precipitous Karakoram Highway to the bustling city of Rawalpindi.

2009, Greg Mortenson, “Introduction”, in Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace through Education in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 3:

This border outpost on the Karakoram Highway, slashed through the glacier-strewn Karakoram mountains to join China and Pakistan by road, boasts a new world record: It has the world’s highest automated bank teller machine.

2017 November 3, Rina Saeed Khan, “Pakistan’s glaciers face new threat: Highway’s black carbon”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-17, APAC:

The highest paved international road in the world, which connects Xinjiang, China, to Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet).


Xinjiang

/ˈʃɪnˈd͡ʒ(j)ɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 新疆 (Xīnjiāng, “new territory, new frontier”), from 新 (xīn, “new”) + 疆 (jiāng, “territory, border, frontier”).

zh-l

Hsin-chiang (alternative)
Hsinchiang (alternative)
Hsin-kiang (alternative)
Sinkiang (alternative)
Xingjiang (alternative misspelling)
Singkiang (alternative misspelling)

In the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, only local languages are used as a medium of instruction in the elementary and middle schools. In the same region, the law provides that both Chinese and Uighur must be used in all public documents.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 114:

Since early 2017, the Chinese government has reportedly detained some 1 million Uygurs and other largely Muslim ethnic minorities in mass internment camps in Xinjiang, where inmates are subjected to political indoctrination. Beijing claims the facilities are “vocational training centres” and says they are a legitimate response to the threat of religious extremism.

2020, Laura Zhou, “Marco Rubio urges US Congress to pass Uygur bill to counter China’s crackdown in Xinjiang”, in South China Morning Post:

G7 explicitly agreed to call out human rights abuses in Xinjiang and in Hong Kong- explicitly. Two, to coordinate a common strategy to deal with China non-market policies that undermine competition- we've agreed and that's underway now how to do that. Three, to take serious actions against forced labor in solar, agriculture and the garment industries, because that's where it's happening- and they've agreed we will do that.

2021 June 13, President Joe Biden, 0:00 from the start, in Biden says G7 leaders agreed to call out China over human rights abuses in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, South China Morning Post:

Xinjiang was the dark China. The western frontier region, which is twice the size of Texas, is home to more than 10 million Muslim ethnic minorities who have been subject to mass detentions, religious repression and intrusive digital and physical surveillance.

2022 May 6, Li Yuan, “Has Shanghai Been Xinjianged?”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:

Eighteen people remain trapped in a gold mine after it caved in China's northwestern province of Xinjiang.

2022 December 25, “China: 18 miners trapped after gold mine collapse”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2022-12-25, Nature and Environment:

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
w:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

A Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest. Official name: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Capital: Ürümqi.

Chinese Turkestan

can variously refer to Xinjiang as a whole or to portions of Xinjiang

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Xinjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 新絳／新绛 (Xīnjiàng).

Drumming in Shanxi Province can be dated back centuries earlier to Xinjiang County, the ancient name of Jiangzhou, in present-day Shanxi Province.

2010 September 3, He Jianwei, “Beats of the land: Artist's persistence saves ethnic heritage”, in Beijing Today, number 482, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 12–13, columns 3-1:

In September 2009, Xinjiang County in Yuncheng Municipality, Shanxi Province started to put village administrative information online for farmers to access.

2015, Guoguang Wu, Helen Lansdowne, China's Transition from Communism - New Perspectives, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC:


Xinjiang

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


Xinjiang

alternative form of Sinkiang: Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


Karakoram

/ˌkɑː.ɹəˈkɔː.ɹəm/

/ˌkæɹ.əˈkɔː.ɹəm/

/ˌkɑɹ.əˈkɔɹ.əm/

/ˌkæɹ.əˈkɔɹ.əm/

Ultimately from a Turkic language, literally meaning "black gravel". See Ottoman Turkish قره (qara, “black”) and possibly قوروم (kurum, “soot”) (kurum) and compare Urdu قراقرم (qarāquram) / قرہ قرم (qara quram).

The Labiate genus Perovskia, to which the plant here figured belongs, is a somewhat anomalous one, comprising four species, two of which are natives of Turkestan with a third confined to Beluchistan, and a fourth, the one now depicted, which extends from the mountains of Afghanistan through the Western Himalaya to Western Tibet. In the Karakoram Range it is met with at elevations up to 10,000 feet above sea level.

1912, Curtis's Botanical Magazine, volume 8, page 8441:

To reach the Karakoram the expedition had to cross the vast mountainous region which lies between Kashmir and Chinese Turkestan, taking a different route each way.

1912, Filippo De Filippi, “Introduction”, in Karakoram and Western Himalaya, 1909, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page xvii:

The two sides also appeared to have dismantled recent construction along the river valley high in the Karakoram mountains, satellite images showed.

2020 July 7, AIJAZ HUSSAIN, EMILY SCHMALL, SAM MCNEIL, “Indian, Chinese soldiers move away from site of deadly clash”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-18:

A mountain range located in Gilgit, Ladakh and Baltistan, containing more than sixty peaks above 7,000 m (22,960 ft), including K2, the second highest peak in the world.


Khunjerab Pass

Khunjerab Pass (canonical)
the Khunjerab Pass (canonical)

Partial calque of Wakhi درہ خنجراب (literally “waterfall house valley”), from دره (“valley; crack; fissure”) + خون (“house”) + جراب (“creek coming from a spring or a waterfall”), or, 'Valley of Blood'.

partial calque

In 1971, a motor road was inaugurated between Sinkiang and Pakistan across Khunjerab Pass of the Karakorum Mountains.

1972, Theodore Shabad, “Sinkiang”, in China's Changing Map National and Regional Development, 1949-71, Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 313:

The rolling uplands at 5000 m near Khunjerab Pass on the Hunza-Sinkiang border are a favored habitat of Marco Polo sheep.

1977, George B[eals] Schaller, Mountain Monarchs: Wild Sheep and Goats of the Himalaya (Wildlife Behavior and Ecology), Chicago, Ill.; London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, plate 15:

In addition, several thousand P.L.A. troops are said to be stationed in the Khunjerab Pass on the Xinjiang border to protect Karakoram Highway construction crews, with ready access to Gilgit-Baltistan.

2010 September 8, Selig S. Harrison, “China's Presence in Pakistan”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-23, Opinion:

The Karakoram Highway, which links China and Pakistan over the 15,400-foot Khunjerab Pass, winds through some spectacular gorges along the route of the old Silk Road. The international "Friendship Highway," which isn't even paved on the Pakistani side, is so unstable and prone to flash floods that almost 900 workers died during its construction, mostly crushed by landslides.

2013 October 15, “World's most dangerous roads”, in USA Today, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-11-10:

On the Chinese side we drove up the 4,700-meter-high Khunjerab Pass from Kashgar - which was like driving through the Black Forest to Lake Titisee. At the border station the road ended abruptly, cut off like a piece of cake, before continuing a good meter lower down. The comfortable, tarred road suddenly became a dangerous, rough, rubble-strewn one.

2015 April 24, Frank Sieren, “Sieren's China: Beijing's 'Marshall Plan' for Pakistan”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2015-08-29, China:

The Khunjerab Pass, a major land trade route between Pakistan and China, will be converted to an all-weather border, Pakistani caretaker prime minister Anwaar-ul-Haq Kakar said at an event at the Belt and Road Forum in Beijing on Friday.

2023 October 20, Ariba Shahid, “Khunjerab Pass linking Pakistan, China to stay open all year round”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2025-02-21:

A mountain pass connecting Xinjiang in China with Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan; it is the highest point on Karakoram Highway, at an altitude of 4,693 metres (15,397 feet), making it the highest paved international border crossing in the world.


Lin

Inspired by the communique of the Second Plenary Session of the Ninth CCP Central Committee and in order to greet the convening of the first provincial congress of activists in the creative study and application of Mao Tsetung Thought, the Chinchung Special District Revolutionary Committee recently held a discussion meeting on the study of Mao Tsetung Thought for leading cadres at and above standing committee level of the revolutionary committees of the special district and of the counties and all big factories and mines in the special district.[…]
Study courses in the Thought of Mao Tsetung have been conducted by many leading cadres in the special district, including (Liu Kuo-yao), chairman of the Fenyang County Revolutionary Committee and a PLA representative; (Chao Hsiao-yuan), chairman of the Lin County Revolutionary Committee and a PLA representative; and (Kuo Li-chen), chairman of the Pingting County Revolutionary Committee and a PLA representative.

1970 October 6 [1970 October 5], “Shansi Special District Holds Activists Congress”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 194, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Taiyuan Shansi Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →OCLC, Communist China: North Region, page F 1:

Together with his friend Tang Min, chief economist of the Asian Development Bank, Mao established a micro-credit scheme in Lin County of north China’s Shanxi province eight years ago.

2002 April 19, Xiao Rong, “'Grandpa Mao' Trains Peasants”, in Beijing Today, number 49, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1, column 1:

As mines increasingly became privatized, the profits no longer necessarily came to the villages and a major dispute was triggered in Lin County (Shanxi) in 2008 partly because the population felt they had received no benefits from the local mines (Nanfang dushi bao 22 October 2009).

2012, Tim Wright, The Political Economy of the Chinese Coal Industry: Black Gold and Blood-stained Coal, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 107:

Li Caidong, 68, who has lived in a cave his entire life in Lin county, stands outside his cave, at sunset in Lin county, Shanxi province, China March 14, 2018.[…]
The relocations are voluntary, say residents of Lin county, but Guo sees no reason to abandon her cave house.[…]
“Our work has been proceeding smoothly,” Liu Yongfu, an official handling poverty alleviation and development efforts, told a news conference in Beijing in March. “The common folk are very supportive.” But authorities in Lin county declined to comment on their relocation plans when contacted by Reuters.

2018 May 11, Joseph Campbell, Elias Glenn, “Better off in a cave: Chinese count costs of apartments in anti-poverty campaign”, in Darren Schuettler, Clarence Fernandez, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-11-24, World News:


成功

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (成功):
* → Japanese: 成功(せいこう) (seikō)
* → Korean: 성공(成功) (seonggong)
* → Vietnamese: thành công (成功)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴ kuŋ²⁴/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɨn¹¹ kuŋ²⁴/

/ʃin⁵⁵ kuŋ⁵³/

/siŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋuŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/zən²² koŋ⁴⁴/

(～村) Chenggong (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


Pechino

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Ningbo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 寧波／宁波 (Níngbō), literally "Peaceful Waves".

zh-l

寧波／宁波 (Níngbō)

Ningpo (alternative)
Ning-po (alternative)
Ning-Po (alternative)

The containers were shipped from the eastern Chinese port of Ningbo to Piraeus by sea, and were then transported to Budapest in two trains that reached on Jan. 29 and Feb. 5, according to China's official People's Daily newspaper.

2017 February 8, “New land-sea route opens between China and central Europe”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2017-02-08:

Congestion off China's top two container ports Shanghai and Ningbo is worsening following the shutdown of a container terminal in Ningbo where a COVID-19 case was detected this week.

2021 August 12, Muyu Xu, Gavin Maguire, “Major container ports in eastern China see worsening congestion after COVID-19 cases”, in Kim Coghill, David Evans, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-08-12, China:

A port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China.


Ningbo

Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


Kamba

Under the plan released last week, the highway known as G695 is expected to run through southern Tibet’s Cona county – which lies immediately north of the disputed India-Tibet border demarcated by the Line of Actual Control (LAC) – Kamba county, host of a noted military camp, and Gyirong county near the border with Nepal.

2022 July 20, Laura Zhou, “China-India border: Beijing’s new highway plans near disputed territory expected to spark concern in Delhi”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-20, China / Diplomacy:

Under the plan released last week, the highway known as G695 will run through southern Tibet’s Cona (Tibetan: Tsona) county – which lies immediately north of the disputed India-Tibet border demarcated by the Line of Actual Control (LAC) – Kamba county, host of a noted military camp, and Gyirong county near the border with Nepal.

2022 July 21, “China to build second highway through Aksai Chin, claimed by India as part of Ladakh”, in Tibetan Review, archived from the original on 2022-07-21:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


大名

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tä⁵¹ miŋ³⁵/

/tä⁵¹ miɤ̯̃ɻ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² mɪŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² mɛːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² miã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ miã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ miã²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ miã²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ biɪŋ²³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ biɪŋ²⁴/

(～縣) Daming (a county of Handan, Hebei, China)


Shan

From Burmese ရှမ်း (hram:), from Thai สยาม (sà-yǎam). Doublet of Siam.

The Thai proper are related to the Shans of Burma, the Siamese of Thailand and the Lao of Indochina. The Chinese segment of the Thai ethnic group is settled in Yünnan Province, where it numbers 580,000. It constitutes the Hsi-shuang-pan-na Autonomous Chou in the southern part of the province and shares the Tehung Autonomous Chou in the west with the Chingpo (Kachin). The Thai of the Hsi-shuang-pan-na Chou speak the Lü dialect, those of the Tehung Chou are more closely related to the Shans of northern Burma.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 42:

Although holding mainly high upland territory in Burma, the Shan themselves live only in the valleys and in stretches of plain. The surrounding hill country is occupied by relatively primitive hill peoples living in economic symbiosis with the Shan, but there is no clear genetic distinction between the Shan and their neighbours. With minor exceptions modern Shan communities are Buddhist. Most Shan are cultivators of rice; they have a characteristic species of feudal political structure. Shan culture probably diffused southward and westward from west-central China from Han times (c. 200 B.C.) onward.

1968, “SHAN”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 20, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 344, column 2:

A member of a people living primarily in the Shan State of Myanmar (also known as Burma), and in adjacent areas of China, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, with about 6 million people.


Keltainenjoki

Keltainenjoki (nominative singular)
Keltainenjoki (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjoen (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjoen (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokea (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessa (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoesta (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeen (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoella (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoelta (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoelle (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokena (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoeksi (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoetta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Keltainenjokeni (nominative singular)
Keltainenjokeni (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjokeni (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjokeni (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokeani (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessani (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoestani (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeeni (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoellani (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltani (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoelleni (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokenani (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoekseni (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoettani (abessive singular)
Keltainenjokesi (nominative singular)
Keltainenjokesi (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjokesi (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjokesi (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokeasi (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessasi (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoestasi (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeesi (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoellasi (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltasi (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoellesi (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokenasi (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoeksesi (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoettasi (abessive singular)
Keltainenjokemme (nominative singular)
Keltainenjokemme (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjokemme (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjokemme (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokeamme (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessamme (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoestamme (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeemme (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoellamme (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltamme (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoellemme (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokenamme (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoeksemme (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoettamme (abessive singular)
Keltainenjokenne (nominative singular)
Keltainenjokenne (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjokenne (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjokenne (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokeanne (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessanne (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoestanne (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeenne (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoellanne (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltanne (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoellenne (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokenanne (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoeksenne (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoettanne (abessive singular)
Keltainenjokensa (nominative singular)
Keltainenjokensa (accusative nominative singular)
Keltaisenjokensa (accusative genitive singular)
Keltaisenjokensa (genitive singular)
Keltaistajokeaan (partitive singular)
Keltaistajokeansa (partitive singular)
Keltaisessajoessaan (inessive singular)
Keltaisessajoessansa (inessive singular)
Keltaisestajoestaan (elative singular)
Keltaisestajoestansa (elative singular)
Keltaiseenjokeensa (illative singular)
Keltaisellajoellaan (adessive singular)
Keltaisellajoellansa (adessive singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltaan (ablative singular)
Keltaiseltajoeltansa (ablative singular)
Keltaisellejoelleen (allative singular)
Keltaisellejoellensa (allative singular)
Keltaisenajokenaan (essive singular)
Keltaisenajokenansa (essive singular)
Keltaiseksijoekseen (singular translative)
Keltaiseksijoeksensa (singular translative)
Keltaisettajoettaan (abessive singular)
Keltaisettajoettansa (abessive singular)

keltainen + joki, calque of Chinese 黃河 /黄河 (Huáng Hé).

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


Nathu La

"The opening of the border pass at Nathu La after 44 years marks the beginning of a new era in Sino-Indian relations," Phuntsok said. "I hope the border people of these two great nations will benefit from this."

2006 July 6, Champa Phuntsok, quotee, “India and China reopen historic pass - Asia - Pacific - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-31, Asia Pacific:

Nathu La connects India to Hindu and Buddhist sites in the region and was the site of a fierce border clash between Chinese and Indian troops in 1967.

2017 June 26, Ben Blanchard, David Stanway, Tommy Wilkes, “China accuses Indian border guards of crossing into its territory”, in Paul Tait, Michael Perry, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-06-27:

India’s Border Roads Organization said the tourists were hit by the avalanche near the Nathu La mountain pass in Sikkim state. A video released by the Indian army showed rescuers digging through the snow to find an undetermined number of missing people swept away by the avalanche down a mountain slope.
Nathu La mountain pass is along the border with China and is a major tourist destination.

2023 April 4, “Avalanche sweeps away tourists in northeast India; 7 killed”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-04-04:

A mountain pass on the border between Yadong, Shigatse, Tibet autonomous region, China and Sikkim, India.


Մոնղոլիա

head

Մոնղոլիա • (Monġolia)

hy-proper noun

Մոնղոլիա • (Monġolia)

Monġolia (romanization)
Մոնղոլիա (nominative singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայի (dative singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայից (ablative singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայում (locative singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիան (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիային (dative definite singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիաս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիադ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մոնղոլիայումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Մոնղոլիաները / Մոնղոլիաներն

Մոնղոլիաների

Մոնղոլիաներին

Մոնղոլիաներից

Մոնղոլիաներով

Մոնղոլիայում

Մոնղոլիաներում

Մոնղոլիաներս

Մոնղոլիաներիս

Մոնղոլիայիցս

Մոնղոլիաներիցս

Մոնղոլիայովս

Մոնղոլիաներովս

Մոնղոլիայումս

Մոնղոլիաներումս

Մոնղոլիաներդ

Մոնղոլիաներիդ

Մոնղոլիայիցդ

Մոնղոլիաներիցդ

Մոնղոլիայովդ

Մոնղոլիաներովդ

Մոնղոլիայումդ

Մոնղոլիաներումդ

Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


尺八

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chiba (a town in Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


大麻

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² muã²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ muã¹³/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ muã²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ muã²³/

/taːi̯²² maː²¹/

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Dabu, Meizhou, Guangdong)

(～鎮) Dama (a town in Tongxiang, Jiaxing, Zhejiang)


Tianjin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 天津 (Tiānjīn, literally “heavenly ford; heavenly crossing”).

bor

Tien-tsin (alternative)
Tientsin (alternative)
T'ien-chin (alternative)
Tienchin (alternative)

The vast majority of factories are state owned. We visited state-owned factories ranging in size from the one thousand six hundred-worker Dong Feng (“East Wind”) Watch Factory in Tianjin to the huge one hundred fifty thousand-worker Anshan Iron and Steel Company in the Northeast.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 38:

Watch or run in the fourth annual 42-kilometer Tianjin race on a 15-day tour starting October 23 in Beijing.

1985 July, “For travel planners, a July 1985 check list”, in Sunset, volume 175, number 1, page 8:

As of March this year, pipelines accommodating 17 MW were already installed between Donghai and a pilot wind project in Bohai Bay near Tianjin.

2010 September 7, Manuela Zoninsein, “Chinese Offshore Development Blows Past U.S.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-17, ClimateWire:

Fears that the death toll from the explosion disaster in Tianjin, northeast China, could top 200 were stoked today as state media declared that 112 people had died as a result of Wednesday’s accident, with 95 more missing.

2015 August 16, Jamie Fullerton, “Tianjin disaster death toll may top 200”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-03:

Germany's Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock arrived in the Chinese port city of Tianjin on Thursday to begin her three-day tour of the country.[…]
On Thursday, Baerbock is set to visit a school in Tianjin that teaches German as part of the German Foreign Office's PASCH initiative.

2023 April 13, “Germany: EU 'cannot be indifferent' to China-Taiwan tensions”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2023-04-14, Politics:

A direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China, between Beijing and the Bohai Bay.


Tianjin

From the atonal pinyin romanization of Chinese 天津 (Tiānjīn, “heavenly ford; heavenly crossing”).

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


寧波

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ pu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ pɔː⁵⁵/

/ⁿden²² pᵘɔ³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² pʰo³³/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰo⁴⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ pʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Ningbo (a port city, prefecture-level city, and subprovincial city in eastern Zhejiang, China)


寧波

ja-pos

寧(ねい)波(は) or 寧波(ニンポー) • (Neiha or Ninpō)

寧波 (canonical)
寧波 (canonical)
Neiha (romanization)
Ninpō (romanization)


Պեկին

Pekin (romanization)
Պեկին (nominative singular singular-only)
Պեկինի (dative singular singular-only)
Պեկինից (ablative singular singular-only)
Պեկինով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Պեկինում (locative singular singular-only)
Պեկինը (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Պեկինն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Պեկինին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Պեկինս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Պեկինիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Պեկինիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Պեկինովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Պեկինումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Պեկինդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Պեկինիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Պեկինիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Պեկինովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Պեկինումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Պեկինը / Պեկինն

Պեկինները / Պեկիններն

Պեկիններումս

Պեկիններումդ


Hong-Kong

Hong Kong (a city, island, and special administrative region in southeastern China)


盧溝橋

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/lu³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

1989, Cui Jian, “讓我睡個好覺 [Let Me Sleep Tight]”, in 新長征路上的搖滾 [Rock 'n' Roll on the New Long March], performed by Cui Jian:

Don't say whether I look bad or good / Don't say whether I'm old or young / Don't care why I'm named Lugou Bridge / Don't blame me for telling you I know nothing

Bié shuō wǒ de yàngzi shì huài háishì hǎo / Bié shuō wǒ de niánlíng shì dà háishì xiǎo / Bié guǎn wǒ wèishénme míngjiào Lúgōu Qiáo / Bié guài wǒ duì nǐ shuō wǒ shénme dōu bù zhīdào

別說我的樣子是壞還是好/別說我的年齡是大還是小/別管我為什麼名叫盧溝橋/別怪我對你說我什麼都不知道

别说我的样子是坏还是好/别说我的年龄是大还是小/别管我为什么名叫卢沟桥/别怪我对你说我什么都不知道

Marco Polo Bridge, Lugou Bridge (a bridge in Fengtai district, Beijing, China)


広東

Borrowed from English Canton (“Guangzhou; Guangdong”). The kanji is from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)

synonym of 広州 (Kōshū): Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


広東

ja-pos

広(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)


広東

Kwantun (romanization)
くゎんとぅん (hiragana)

Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


勝利

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/ʂəŋ²⁴ li⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ lei̯²²/

/sən⁵³⁻⁵⁵ li⁵³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ li⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ li²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ li³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ li³³/

/seŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ li³⁵/

(～鄉) Shengli (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Shengli (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


車站

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵ t͡san²¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤ²¹ t͡sã⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵ t͡saːm²²/

/t͡ʃʰɛ³³ t͡ʃam⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰa²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sam⁵⁵/

/t͡ʃʰa⁵³ t͡ʃam¹¹/

/t͡sʰa⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sam⁵³/

/t͡sʰɤ¹¹ t͡sæ̃⁴⁵/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑŋ²⁴²/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹³ t͡saŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰia⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ t͡saŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sam³³/

/t͡sʰia⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sam²²/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²¹ t͡sam²¹/

/t͡sʰia³³⁻²³ t͡sam³⁵/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san²¹⁻¹¹/

/t͡sʰɤ̞³³ t͡san⁴⁵/

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chezhan (a subdistrict of Xiaonan district, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


水源

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/sɵy̯³⁵ jyːn²¹/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ ŋien⁵⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan¹³/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²³/

/sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡuan²⁴/

/t͡sui⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Shuiyuan (a town in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) (historical) Shuiyuan (a former township in Yongchang, Jinchang, Gansu, China)


高潮

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau⁴⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ tiau²³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² tio¹³/

(～村) Gaochao (a village in Xinshi, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


學院

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ ɥɛn⁵¹/

/ɕyə²⁴ yæ̃⁴⁴/

/hɔːk̚² jyːn²²⁻³⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻⁴² iŋ¹¹/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ²²/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² ĩ⁴¹/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ĩ²²/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² ĩ³³/

/hak̚⁴⁻² ĩ¹¹/

(～街道) Xueyuan (a subdistrict of Xiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


蓮花

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/nø¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ny²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²¹ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/nuĩ²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/nõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

(～縣) Lianhua (a county of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China)

(～村) Lianhua (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


太子

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːi̯³³ t͡siː³⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ t͡sɨ³¹/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡su⁴¹/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sɯ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sɯ⁵²⁻²¹/

/tʰa³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Taizi (a town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China)


東北

→ Korean: 둥베이 (dungbei)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ pak̚²/

(～地區) Northeast China (a region of China; consisting of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, and sometimes the northeast part of Inner Mongolia)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northeast China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Liaodong, Liaoxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Songjiang, Rehe and Suiyuan, Shenyang, Lüda, Fushun, Anshan and Benxi)


北海

→ English: Beihai, Pakhoi

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ hai⁵⁵⁴/

(～市) Beihai (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


文化

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

/wən³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/vəŋ²⁴ xua⁵¹/

/mɐn²¹ faː³³/

/uŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/mɔŋ¹³⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/muoŋ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ hua⁴²/

/buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

The modern Chinese term is an Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 文化(ぶんか) (bunka, “culture”), which is a direct translation of the German word Kultur.
In its classical form, the term can be interpreted as 文教 (wénjiào, “humanistic education”) + 化育 (huàyù, “transformational development”). Often cited are the following examples:
先秦, 《周易·賁卦彖傳》:
觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下
We observe the patterns of the skies in order to inspect seasonal changes. We observe the patterns of human behavior in order to transform and actualize all under Heaven.
南朝劉宋, 范曄, 《後漢書·荀淑傳》:
宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。
Spread humanistic education in order to manifest its transformative potential. Establish military capabilities in order to have a grasp on (its) power.
Humanistic education, based on the tradition of rites and propriety 禮教 /礼教 (lǐjiào) have the transformative potential to actualize all under Heaven 人文化成. This is often juxtaposed or contrasted with the use of punishment 刑 (xíng) or military might 武 (wǔ) to establish power and control over a populace, as can be seen in the quote below:
南北朝, 齊王融, 〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉, quoted in 《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐:
早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣
Having reached an ideal state of (governance by the means of) transformative education at an early stage, we can now focus on the establishment of military power (in the region).
文化 over here is synonymous with 文治 (wénzhì, “governance by means of culture, education, rites and music”). This is not the same as culture in the modern sense of the term.
It is within this classical context that the Japanese first coined the term 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) to name an era during the Edo period.
When used to translate Kultur during the Meiji restoration, 文化(ぶんか) (bunka) is possibly a contraction of 文明開化(ぶんめいかいか) (bunmeikaika, “to open up and transform through civilization”), which takes the meaning of a civilizing agent i.e. Culture.

quote-book

《周易·賁卦彖傳》

觀於天文、以察時變、觀乎人文、以化成天下

《後漢書·荀淑傳》

宣文教以章其化、立武備以秉其威。

〈從武帝琅邪城講武應詔詩〉

早逢文化洽，復屬武功宣

《藝文類聚》卷五十九 ，武部，戰伐

ja-r

(～社區) Wenhua (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Sina

la-proper noun

Sīna f sg (genitive Sīnae); first declension

Sīna (canonical feminine singular)
Sīnae (genitive)
Sīna (nominative singular)
Sīnae (genitive singular)
Sīnae (dative singular)
Sīnam (accusative singular)
Sīnā (ablative singular)
Sīna (singular vocative)

English: Sino-

French: sino-

Italian: sino-

Portuguese: sino-

Sicilian: sinu-

Spanish: sino-

From Ancient Greek Σῖναι (Sînai) of uncertain etymology, but possibly via Arabic صِين (Ṣīn, “China”) + -αι (-ai), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (Cīna, “China”), and usually held to derive from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin, “Qin”). See "Names of China" at Wikipedia. Doublet of Sinae and Chinae.

(uncommon) synonym of Changanum, former name of Siganum (= Xi'an): the former capital of China


Cili

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 慈利 (Cílì).


モンゴル

[mõ̞ŋɡo̞ɾɯ̟]

From Mongolian ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ (mongɣol), Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


新港

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

(～街道) Xingang (a subdistrict of Haizhu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～村) Xingang (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


安定

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/on²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰin⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an³³ tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ tĩã¹¹/

(～區) Anding (a district of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


青年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青年):
* → Japanese: 青年(せいねん) (seinen)
* → Korean: 청년(靑年) (cheongnyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thanh niên (青年)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ niːn²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯en¹¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ ŋi̯an¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ nˡieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɛn²³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɛn²⁴/

/t͡sʰẽ³³⁻²³ ni⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ n̠ʲi²¹/

(～村) Qingnian (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


大洋

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/tä⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹/

/taːi̯²² jœːŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/tai²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ yoŋ⁵³/

/tua²¹ ĩũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tua⁴¹⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tua³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tua²²⁻²¹ iɔ̃¹³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ iũ²³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jiande, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Jinyun, Lishui, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Yongtai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Dayang (a town in Guiping, Guigang, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Tang, Baoding, Hebei, China)

(～鄉) Dayang (a township in Hanjiang district, Putian, Fujian, China)


蛇口

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

/ʂɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡sua⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰau⁵²/

(～街道) Shekou (a subdistrict of Nanshan district, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)


Indo

Indus (a large river in south-central Asia, rising in China (Tibet) and flowing through India and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea)


Indo

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿduš), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sindʰus or Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu).


建設

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɤ⁵¹/

/kyoŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niɛʔ²⁴/

/kœŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²¹/

/kyøŋ⁴² ɬɛʔ²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɛt̚⁵/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ siɛt̚³²/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ siɛt̚³²/

/t͡ɕi³³ səʔ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕɪ⁵² səʔ³³/

Jianshe
w:Jianshe Subdistrict, Guangzhou

(～街道) Jianshe (a subdistrict of Yuexiu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jianshe (a town in Baiyü, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～村) Jianshe (a village in Liuji, Dawu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


Guangdong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng). 廣／广 (guǎng) itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 C.E.. "Guangdong" and neighbouring Guangxi literally mean "Guang East" and "Guang West". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Guangs" (兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng) Liangguang). Doublet of Canton, which went through Portuguese.

Kwangtung (alternative)
Kwang-Tung (alternative)
Canton (alternative historical)
Kuang-tung (alternative)
Kuangtung (alternative)
Quantung (alternative obsolete)
Quang-tong (alternative obsolete)
Guandong (alternative misspelling)
Kwong Tung (alternative)

After the break-up of the 1924-1927 United Front, the Chinese Communist Party set up Soviets—liberated districts— in several parts of South China. One of the earliest liberated areas, organized in 1927-1928, was in the Hailufeng District of Guangdong Province.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Women: Half of Heaven”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 135:

If the United States revoked MFN status, tariffs would skyrocket on the goods such as textiles, shoes, and toys that are primarily produced by private enterprises. Coastal provinces, such as Guangdong near Hong Kong and Fukien near Taiwan, that have served as the beachhead for free-market economics would suffer the worst blow.

1992, Richard Nixon, “The Pacific Triangle”, in Seize the Moment, Simon & Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 175:

The authorities in Guangdong Province on Tuesday raised alerts to the highest level after days of rainfall and floods, closing schools, businesses and public transport in affected areas.

2022 June 23, Tiffany May, “Extreme Weather Hits China With Massive Floods and Scorching Heat”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-23, Asia Pacific:

Chinese media reported on Tuesday that more than 70 crocodiles had escaped after deluges in Guangdong province caused a lake at a crocodile farm to overflow.

2023 September 12, “Chinese city hunts for dozens of crocodiles”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-09-13:

A populous province of China, located on the southern coast. Capital: Guangzhou.


Guangdong

le Guangdong (canonical masculine)
Canton (alternative)
Kouang-Tong (alternative)
Quang-tung (alternative)
Quan-ton (alternative)
Quanton (alternative)

/ɡwɑ̃ɡ.dɔ̃ɡ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Meronym: Canton

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


Harbin

From Manchu ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (harbin)- in the late 19th century, the area was a fishing village.

The headquarters of the Chinese-Eastern road is at Harbin, a town situated at about the centre of northern China, and there located for the purpose of administering the affairs of the railway.

1899 July 29, H. E. Rood, “American Locomotives in Siberia”, in Harper's Weekly, volume XLIII, number 2223, page 749:

Manchuria is crossed by the Chinese Eastern Railway (the Russian Trans-Siberian Railway), which enters the Hei-lung-chiang Province from the north-west and divides at Harbin (哈爾賓^([sic – meaning 哈爾濱])) in the Chi-lin Province, one branch going to Vladivostock (海参威) and the other to Dalny and Port Arthur.

1904, Charles Daniel Tenney, Geography of Asia, Macmillan and Co., →OCLC, page 23:

The Russians of Manchuria, who had built Harbin forty-five years ago, were now invited to clear the stage and to do it quickly. Restrictions on all possible jobs and professions soon narrowed their means of earning to almost nothing.

1942, Nina Fedorova, The Children, Little, Brown and Company, page 79:

English spoken.
Can you tell me what is happening?
We arrive to the village Yurga. You must disbark^([sic – meaning disembark]).
No, I have a ticket to Harbin.
Harbin across border of China. There is argument.
Well I'll go as far as I can. Thank you just the same.

1958, 20:02 from the start, in The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, →OCLC:

Harbin is the capital of the Heilongjiang Province (Heilungkiang Province). Situated in the middle reaches of the Songhua Jiang (Sunghua River), it is a busy river port. As railways and highways converge at Harbin, it is also an important hub of communication.
Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.

1982, The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, →ISBN, pages 185–186:

Temperatures in Yakeshi in Inner Mongolia (內蒙古) dropped to minus 28 degrees Celsius yesterday, while Harbin (哈爾濱) in Heilongjiang (黑龍江) province experienced minus 19 degrees.

2016 January 21, Alice Yan, Lai Ying Kit, Mimi Lau, “Incredible scenes as mainland shoppers strip supermarket shelves ahead of big chill”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-22, China:

A cohort of male swimmers, bare torsos shining, lined up to recite from Mao's Little Red Book before plunging into the Songhua river, in Harbin, to commemorate the Great Leader's swim in the Yangzi. A crowd gathered with banners in Harbin's main square for a speech about "Learning and Applying Mao Zedong Thought", a crowd so vast that the had taken several shots and would splice them together with backing tape.[…]
He wavered only when he saw the monks at Harbin's ransacked Buddhist temple holding a banner which read: "To hell with the Buddhist scriptures. They are full of dog farts."

2020 July 4, “Obituary Li Zhensheng”, in The Economist, volume 436, number 9201, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 82:

prefecture-level city
prefecture-level city

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China.

هَارْبِين

a sub-provincial city in northeastern China


Changchun

/t͡ʃæŋˈt͡ʃʊn/

It costs but from $0.86 to $1.14 per ton to load Japanese coal into the cars at the mines, and as these are under the control of the South Manchuria Railway it is said that coal is freighted to Changchun free.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “China-Manchuria”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, Harbin, page 3:

A “big-character” wall appearing in Changchun, Kirin Province, on Feb. 2, denounced the Chinese Communist regime’s crackdown on dissidents clamoring for human rights, an intelligence report from the Chinese mainland said April 3.
The wall poster accused the Peiping regime [of] "practicing Fascist totalitarianism," the report said, adding that some 40 people in Changchun had been arrested for putting up wall posters.

1979 April 8, “Wallposter in Kirin”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 13, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

At least one person was killed and another was injured in a series of explosions Friday afternoon in the northeastern Chinese city of Changchun, the local authorities said.
The police are tentatively treating the explosions as “a criminal case,” the propaganda office of the Changchun Municipal Communist Party Committee said in a statement posted online.

2019 January 25, Austin Ramzy, “Explosions Shake Shopping District in Changchun, China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-01-26, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China.


Changchun

Changchun (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jilin, in northeastern China)


Chongqing

/t͡ʃɒŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

/t͡ʃɑŋˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

Chong-qing (alternative also)
Chong Qing (alternative also)
Chungking (alternative)
Chungching (alternative)
Ch'ung-ch'ing (alternative)
Tchang-king (alternative obsolete romanization)

Nanking attempted to maintain a nominal sovereignty by appointing Liu Xiang commissioner for the suppression of banditry (that is, communism) in 1933, but the province really eluded its control, and continued to do so until 1938, when the central government was driven back to Chongqing.

1977, Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère, “China Under the Guomindang from 1927 to 1934”, in Paul Auster, Lydia Davis, transl., China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation, Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 202:

The latest proposed relocation would affect residents along hundreds of miles of twisting lakeshore from Jiangjin, in the Chongqing municipality, to the dam’s location at Yichang, in Hubei Province.

2012 April 18, Michael Wines, “Landslide Risk At Reservoir Cited in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-04-19, Asia Pacific:

Her young parents, who worked in a pottery factory in Rongchang in present-day Chongqing municipality, conceived her while unmarried.

2014 January 20, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “‘She. Herself. Naked.': The Art of He Chengyao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-16, Sinosphere:

For nearly four years, he worked in one of the three cavernous Ford Motor assembly plants in Chongqing, a sprawling metropolis in southwestern China with almost 20 million people. Every day, he spent long hours putting brake fluid into the Ford Focus compact cars that glided past on the assembly line.

2019 April 11, Keith Bradsher, “For Chinese Raised in Prosperity, Shrugs in the Face of Layoffs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-12, China Dispatch:

A canteen in China's southwest municipality of Chongqing collapsed on Friday following an explosion suspected to be caused by a gas leak, leaving many trapped, according to reports from state media.

2022 January 7, Gabriel Crossley, “Multiple people trapped after explosion in China's Chongqing - state media”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-07, China:

A direct-administered municipality and city in western China.


Chongqing

Borrowed from Mandarin 重慶 /重庆 (Chóngqìng).

bor+

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


Hefei

Ho-fei (alternative)
Hofei (alternative)

Some 10,000 people took the streets in the eastern city of Hefei this week in what appears to have been the largest student demonstration since the Tiananmen Square human rights protests of 1989.

2003 January 9, Joseph Kahn, “Huge Demonstration in China, but Subject Is Traffic Safety”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-02-14, World:

The other case, surnamed Zhang, was in close contact with Li during a training class Li led in the city of Luan, near Anhui's provincial capital Hefei, Xinhua reported.[…]
Two areas in Luan city and one part of Feixi county were declared "medium-risk" regions by local authorities in response to the cases. State media reported mass testing being carried out in main urban area in Luan and some areas in Hefei.

2021 May 13, “Mainland China reports first local COVID-19 cases in more than 3 weeks”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-14, Asia Pacific:

The vaccination campaign in the Luyang district of Hefei city is currently operating in an orderly and efficient manner, with all vaccination points running smoothly, thanks in large part to the effective utilization of A.I. technology.

2021 July 13, “A.I. is Ensuring an Orderly Vaccination in Hefei”, in AP News, PR Newswire, archived from the original on 2021-07-13:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Anhui, in central China.

خِفِي

a prefecture-level city in central China


Wuhan

From Mandarin 武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn), from 武昌 (Wǔchāng) + 漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu), two of the three towns that were merged to form Wuhan.

zh-l

武漢／武汉 (Wǔhàn)

漢口／汉口 (Hànkǒu)

Wu-han (alternative)
Wu-Han (alternative)
WuHan (alternative colloquial)
Wu Han (alternative colloquial)
Wu-han (alternative colloquial)

The Committee reports that in consequence of the combined effects of the war and famine added to flood an amount of destitution exists among the population in the Wuhan region which is without parallel in the memory of foreign residents. Now that the refugees are returning to Hankow there is a demand for building materials, clothing and food stuffs.

1912 February, “Famine Notes”, in The Chinese Recorder, volume XLIII, number 2, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, page 95:

Yet charges that Wuhan was run like an independent kingdom contained an element of truth. Firmly entrenched in Wuhan for more than ten years, the PLA had become accustomed to acting independently.

1971, Deborah S. Davis, “The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan”, in The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 169:

More than 30 persons, most of them farmers on the verge of starving to death, were convicted of "counter-revolutionary" charges at kangaroo court in Wuhan and given sentences ranging from two to 12 years, it was reported from Hongkong February 25.
. . .
Wuhan is the collective name of Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers in Hupei province, central China.
Some of the farmers were arrested in Wuhan parks where they allegedly spoke against Maoism and the Communist dictatorship, the report said.
Others were charged with breaking into a Communist granary in Wuhan, it said.

1973 March 4, “Starving farmers given jail terms”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 8, Taipei, page 3:

Chinese health authorities on Tuesday said they are investigating 27 cases of viral pneumonia in central Hubei province, amid online speculation that it could be linked to the SARS flu-like virus that killed hundreds of people a decade ago.
A team of senior health experts were dispatched to the city of Wuhan and were reported by state broadcaster CCTV to be "conducting relevant inspection and verification work."

2019 December 31, “China investigates SARS-like virus as dozens struck by pneumonia”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-12-31, News:

Intelligence agencies do not believe the case of three workers from a laboratory in Wuhan, China, who became ill in 2019 can help shed light on whether the Covid-19 pandemic originated from an accidental lab leak, according to a report made public Friday.

2023 June 23, Julian E. Barnes, “U.S. Intelligence Agencies Remain Divided Over Lab Leak Theory”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-24, Politics:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Wuhan.

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China.


Wuhan

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


Wuhan

En el distrito de Qiaokou de Wuhan, en la comunidad de apartamentos de Zirun Mingyuan donde viven unas 10.000 personas, hombres, mujeres y niños estaban parados bajo los paraguas mientras esperaban hacerse la prueba en cuatro puntos ubicados en el centro del complejo.

2020 May 14, Brenda Goh, Roxanne Liu, Ryan Woo, “Residentes de Wuhan participan en campaña de pruebas masivas de COVID-19”, in Daniela Desantis, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-08-20, NOTICIAS GLOBALES:

In Wuhan’s Qiaokou district, at the Zirun Mingyuan apartment community where about 10,000 people live, men, women and children stood under umbrellas while elderly residents perched on stools as they waited to get tested at four sites set up in the middle of the compound.


Wuhan

Borrowed from English Wuhan from Mandarin 武漢 /武汉 (Wǔhàn).


Chengdu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 成都 (Chéngdū), supposedly bestowed upon it during its first founding by the ninth king of the Shu Kingdom's Kaiming dynasty when he removed his court there from nearby Pi County.

Ch'eng-tu (alternative)
Ch'êng-tu (alternative)
Chengtu (alternative)

As the United States lashed out against the “new tyranny” of China, Beijing on Friday ordered the closure of the American consulate in Chengdu, a retaliatory move that threatens to drive the two powers into an even deeper divide.
Beijing blamed the Trump administration for the deterioration in relations, calling its own action justified after Washington told China this week to shutter its consulate in Houston and accused its diplomats of acting illegally. A Chinese official, in turn, denounced American diplomats in Chengdu, a southwestern city, for interfering in China’s affairs.

2020 July 24, Keith Bradsher, Steven Lee Myers, “China Orders U.S. to Shut Consulate in Chengdu, Retaliating for Houston”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-24, Asia Pacific:

Millions were stuck at home in China's Chengdu on Friday after a handful of Covid-19 cases brought the megacity to a standstill.

2022 September 2, “Millions locked down in China's Chengdu over Covid outbreak”, in France 24, sourced from Beijing (AFP), archived from the original on 2022-09-02, Live News:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China.


Chengdu

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


Dalian

Translingual: Daliansaurus

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大連 /大连 (Dàlián), ultimately from Russian Да́льний (Dálʹnij, literally “distant”). Related to the name of the bay called after a village located on the opposite side of the bay.

der

Ta-lien (alternative)
Talien (alternative)

In a rare interview, Ms. Sun spoke with pride about her blue collar past. “I come from a worker’s background, and I have a very deep and special feeling for organized labor,” she told the Dalian Daily.
As party secretary of Dalian, a city in northeastern China, Ms. Sun honed her political acumen.

2022 October 19, Alexandra Stevenson, “For Women in China’s Communist Party, It’s Lonely at the Top”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-19:

A major subprovincial city of Liaoning, in northeastern China.

دَالْيَان

subprovincial city in northeastern China


Dalian

Dalian (a major subprovincial city of Liaoning, in northeastern China)


Shenyang

Shen-yang (alternative)
Shênyang (alternative)

The northeastern city of Shenyang has become one of the country's chief machine building centers and plants there include one for making pneumatic mining tools and three for various types of machine tools. Also in Shenyang is a new plant that builds blast furnaces and openhearths, with the destination of Anshan.

1958 August 7, Robert Westgate, “China's Industrial Target: To Overtake Britain in 15 Years”, in The Iron Age, volume 182, number 6, page 43:

We are reasonably sure that Li is still alive in Shenyang, but there is no denying that he is now a very questionable figure.

1975 January 5, L. Chen, “Bomb planted by Wang Hung-wen?”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

I know of no industrial unit outside Lushun and Talien that was able to conclude a contract of such comprehensiveness as the glass factory and even in Shenyang where production was rapidly restored and where there were many advanced industrial enterprises, it was felt that the Lushun-Talien model was too comprehensive and of too high a standard to serve as a model for its own collective contracts.

1976, William Brugger, Democracy & organisation in the Chinese industrial enterprise (1948-1953), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

Shenyang is a sprawling industrial and financial center, the largest city in northeastern China, with a reputation as the region’s crime capital. The city was overrun with violent gangs and controlled by corrupt public officials who were regularly purged by the government in Beijing, only to be replaced by new ones. The developers Hongwei knew in Shenyang were all gangsters, and when they weren't making shady deals, they were spending their nights in private gambling parlors.

2015, Yeonmi Park, Maryanne Vollers, “Kidnapped”, in In Order to Live: A North Korean Girl's Journey to Freedom (Non-fiction), Penguin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 169:

China’s continuing strict coronavirus controls have battered local economies across the country. But Shenyang has endured a double blow. Just 150 miles from the North Korean border, it is suffering not only from the restrictions in China, but also from those imposed by the even more isolated country next door.

2022 August 30, Vivian Wang, “Lockdowns in China, and North Korea, Deal Double Blow to Bridge City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-30, Business:

A subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China.


Shenyang

Shenyang (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, in northeastern China)


Xiamen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廈門 /厦門 /厦门 (Xiàmén).

Hsiamen (alternative)
Hsia-men (alternative)
Siamen (alternative)

The BRICS -- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa -- had gathered in the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen hoping to counter accusations that the group of big emerging economies was drifting apart and becoming irrelevant.

2017 September 4, “BRICS meets in shadow of North Korea bombshell”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2017-09-04, Live news:

For the past month Beijing has routinely sent drones over the Kinmen islands, which are about six miles from the coastal Chinese city of Xiamen. Recently China started to release high-resolution, close-range drone video of military facilities on Kinmen.

2022 September 1, Didi Tang, “Taiwan shoots down Chinese drone”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-01, World:

After the incident, Taiwan said five Chinese surveillance ships on Monday had entered prohibited or restricted waters of the Kinmen Islands, located a few kilometers from the southeastern Chinese city of Xiamen, home to more than 100,000 Taiwanese.

2024 February 28, “China tells Taiwan to explain death of 2 fishermen near Kinmen Islands”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-02-29:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China.

:zh:周婉窈
Cambridge University Press
Xiamen

شْيَامِن

a sub-provincial city in southeastern China


Xiamen

[ʃɪ.aˈmẽɪ̯̃]

Xiamen (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


Jinan

/ˈd͡ʒiːˌnɑːn/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濟南 /济南 (Jǐnán).

Ji'nan (alternative misspelling)
Tsinan (alternative dated)
Chinan (alternative)
Chi-nan (alternative)

On the outskirts of Jinan, capital of eastern Shandong province, a billion cockroaches are being fed with 50 tonnes of kitchen waste a day - the equivalent in weight to seven adult elephants.

2018 December 10, Thomas Suen, Ryan Woo, “Bug business - Cockroaches corralled by the millions in China to crunch waste”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2025-03-29:

- Woolly hat and sun cream -
Shandong Luneng Taishan, as their full name goes, are based in Jinan, a fast-growing city of about 7.5 million people in China's east. Jinan is the capital of Shandong province.
Fellaini will need a wardrobe for all four seasons. Jinan is currently about as chilly as Manchester, but it can easily drop well below freezing. Summers will be much hotter than northern England, nudging above 30 degrees Celsius (86F).
- Pollution, traffic -
Many Chinese cities are plagued by traffic congestion and pollution, but those problems are acute in Jinan.
The Asian Development Bank in 2017 said rapid economic growth and urbanisation had made Jinan the most congested city in China. It is also in the top 10 most polluted.

2019 February 4, “Choking smog and 'spring heaven': Fellaini's new home in China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-21:

A prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, in eastern China.


Jinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 紀南 /纪南 (Jìnán).

A town in Jingzhou district, Jingzhou, Hubei, in central China.

The ancient capital of the former State of Chu in modern Hubei, China.

紀南 /纪南

capital of former State of Chu; town in eastern China


Anshan

South Manchuria Railway Co., Peking, China, perfecting plans for early construction new steel mill Anshan, Manchuria, for manufacture steel bars black sheets, railway sleepers, steel poles, and other iron and steel products used railroad construction and operation.

1928 August 23, “Foreign”, in The Iron Age, volume 122, number 8, New York, page 508, column 3:

It appears a foregone conclusion that the National Government will take Harbin as soon as the Generalissimo gives the nod. Also, as the new 6th Army, one of the corps d'élite of Chinese forces, is now stationed in and around Anshan, a move on Antung appears likely and may have already begun.

1946 September 27, John Leighton Stuart, The Ambassador in China (Stuart) to the Secretary of State (Foreign Relations of the United States 1946), Government Printing Office, page 235:

In old China industry was concentrated in the eastern part of the country. Nearly all the iron and steel enterprises were set up in the cities of Anshan, Penki, Talien, Tientsin and Shanghai, within 100 kilometres of the sea.

1964, 任育地 [Jen Yu-ti], 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

A dissident detained seven weeks ago in northeastern China has been charged with subversion, a human rights group reported Wednesday.
Police in the town of Anshan in Liaoning province notified Wang Zechen’s family of the charges on Wednesday, according to the Information Center of Human Rights and Democracy in China.

1999 July 14, “Report: Chinese Dissident Charged”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-23:

Women’s jails in China are filled with women who have injured or killed abusive husbands, according to the Anti-Domestic Violence Network, citing research by local women’s federations and scholars. Studies found such women represented 60 percent of inmates in one prison in Anshan, Liaoning Province, and 80 percent of women serving heavy sentences in a prison in Fuzhou, Fujian Province.

2014 June 24, Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “Death Penalty Overturned for Wife Who Killed Abuser”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-08, Sinosphere:

A prefecture-level city of Liaoning, in northeastern China.

آنْشَان

a prefecture-level city in northeastern China


Anshan

Anshan (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


Baotou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 包頭 /包头 (Bāotóu), from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu, “haunt of deer”), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “with…”) / -т (-t, “ornative case suffix”).

Pao-t'ou (alternative)
Paotow (alternative)

Moving west from Paotowchen there is only one highway, which many camel trains from Kansu follow in winter, but which is almost deserted in summer when the Yellow River is ice free. This road leads through Santaoho, a Roman Catholic Mission village near the elbow of the river, through Shihtsuishan, where there is a carefully guarded pass and a large garrison, and on into the populous Ninghsia district of Kansu, altogether an eighteen day journey of about 1,300 11 through thinly settled country in which a pestilence would travel with difficulty and in which it could have been most effectually checked at any of half a dozen points.

[1918 April, Rodney Gilbert, “Pneumonic Plague in China”, in Asia, volume XVIII, number 4, American Asiatic Association, page 344, columns 2, 3:

Alley and I were not going to Turkestan. We were on a four-hundred-and-fifty-mile trip to Paotou (pronounced Bao Toe), which used to be the frontier end of the line and is now autonomous Inner Mongolia’s largest city.

[1962, Edgar Snow, “Paotou Retrospect”, in Red China Today: The Other Side of the River, Penguin Books, published 1970, →OCLC, page 72:

Dirty, toxic, radioactive: Working in the mining sector
One of the most extreme examples is Baotou, a Chinese city in Inner Mongolia, where rare earth mining poisoned surrounding farms and nearby villages, causing thousands of people to leave the area.

2021 April 13, Michel Penke, “Toxic and radioactive: The damage from mining rare elements”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2021-04-13, CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS:

A prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China.

بَاوْتُو

a prefecture-level city in northern China


Baotou

Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 福州 (Fúzhōu).

Foochow (alternative dated)
Fuchow (alternative dated)
Fuh-Chau (alternative dated)
Fuh-chau (alternative dated)
Fujhou (alternative)
Fu-chou (alternative)
Fuchou (alternative)

ᡶᡠ ᠵᡝᠣ

a prefecture-level city in southeastern China

At the end of August Eaton anchored at a group of three small islands off the coast of Fujian to take on fresh water, as the casks had not been refilled since leaving the Cape in April. Cuninghame calls these islands the Crocodile Islands, but he says the Chinese call them the ‘Pek-kin Islands’. These are the Matsu Islands, north east of Fuzhou, one of which is called Peikantang or Peikan Island.

2007, Jane Kilpatrick, “The first collector”, in Gifts from the Gardens of China: The Introduction of Traditional Chinese Garden Plants to Britain 1698-1862, Frances Lincoln Limited, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

In a past life in Fuzhou, it represented some reality other than the one of daily congee and pickled turnips, cabbage and boiled rip soup.

2022, Ling Ma, “Peking Duck”, in Bliss Montage, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, →ISBN:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China.


Fuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 撫州 /抚州 (Fǔzhōu).

Fu-chou (alternative)
Fuchou (alternative)

The blasts occurred in the city of Fuzhou in Jiangxi Province between 9 and 9:45 a.m., according to the government posting, which appeared on the province’s propaganda bureau Web site. The first one was at the Fuzhou Procurator’s Office, the second at the Linzhuan District government building and the third in a car park at the Linzhuan Food and Drug Administration office.

2011 May 26, Edward Wong, “Series of Blasts Leaves at Least 2 Dead in Southern Chinese City”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-05-26, Asia Pacific:

Our family was originally from Nancheng county, Fuzhou district, Jiangxi province. Nancheng dates back to ancient times, to the days when Liu Bang ruled as the first Han dynasty emperor, and Nancheng belonged to Yuzhang district.

2018 [2013], Rao Pingru, translated by Nicky Harman, Our Story: A Memoir of Love and Life in China, Square Peg, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 26:

A prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangxi, China.


Guiyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴陽 /贵阳 (Guìyáng).

Kuei-yang (alternative)
Kweiyang (alternative)

In 1965 the NCNA reported the setting up of three ‘institutions of higher learning’ in Guiyang, Guizhou (Kweichow) Province.

1970, R. F. Price, “Part-time schools and classes”, in Brian Holmes, editor, Education in Communist China (World education series), New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 218:

By early afternoon, I was in Kueiyang. Since this was the provincial capital of Kueichou, I decided to splurge and checked into the Plaza Hotel.

[2015, Bill Porter, “The Miao [苗族]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 72:

A court in the city of Guiyang ruled that Mr. C's employment rights were indeed violated. "The defendant terminated the contract with the plaintiff without a legitimate reason" and "infringed on the plaintiff’s equal employment rights," the ruling said.[…]
Mr. C, a transgender Chinese man who says he was fired for wearing men's clothes, stands outside a court in Guiyang, China, July 27, 2017, holding the court’s ruling that his dismissal violated his employment rights.

2017 July 27, Emily Rauhala, “Transgender Chinese man wins first-of-its-kind labor discrimination case”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-11-11, WorldViews:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Guizhou, in southwestern China.

جُوي يَانْغ

a prefecture-level city in southwestern China


Guiyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 桂陽 /桂阳 (Guìyáng).

(historical) A former commandery of late imperial China.


Kunming

The Minister of Commerce and Industry is pushing forward proposals for the development of mining, and has placed before the Cabinet a scheme for the division of the country into eight mining districts to be controlled by the Mining Supervision Bureau.[…]The fifth division will be Shensi, Kansu, and Singkiang^([sic – meaning Sinkiang]), with headquarters at Changan; the sixth will be Kwangtung, Kwangsi, and Fukien, with headquarters at Canton; the seventh will be Yunnan and Kweichow, with headquarters at Kunming, in Yunnan; and the eighth will be Szechuan alone, with headquarters at Chengtu.

1914 January, “China's Mining Districts”, in The Far Eastern Review [遠東時報], volume X, number 8, Shanghai, Manila, →OCLC, page 311, column 2:

Military movements are reported to be proceeding in the region of Kunming.

1930 December 31 [1930 December 30], “Rebel Army Enters Yunnan.”, in Hongkong Daily Press, number 2260, page 9, column 4:

Best known abroad are Free China’s two "back doors," the Burma Road and the Northwest Highway. The 960-mile road from Kunming to Lashio was a vast engineering feat and, after the outbreak of the Pacific war, China’s main hope for obtaining offensive armaments. In the last month before its closing it carried over 30,000 tons.

1943, Hubert Freyn, Free China's New Deal, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 63:

Last week's focus of the war in the Far East centered squarely upon this little railroad. Because it brings supplies to the Assam Valley airfields, whence they can be flown over the "Hump" to Kunming, it is a vital part of our only link with China.

1944 April 24, “Trouble in Burma”, in Life, volume 16, number 17, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 25, column 1:

Hsiao-hua, who studied at a primary school at Kunming before he fled the mainland with his father, said he was often criticized by his classmates for his association with "bad elements." All school children on the Chinese mainland, he added, must do forced manual work and read "Quotations from Mao Tse-tung."

1975 March 23, “Freedom at last for Wu & son”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

In some cases, over a hundred thousand men, women, and children could be seen building five-thousand-foot solid runways for huge bombers of a type not yet built in America. These fields were being built in places east of Kunming, places with strange-sounding names like Liuchow, Kweilin, Lingling, and Hengyang, names which would all too soon become quite familiar to hundred of American airmen.

1980, Wanda Cornelius, Thayne Short, Ding Hao: America's Air War in China, 1937-1945, Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, →ISBN, pages 94-95:

The schedule of the second phase of the COP15 global biodiversity talks in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming in April is "likely to be affected" by new COVID-19 risks, environment ministry spokesman Liu Youbin said on Monday.
The second phase was supposed to see the completion of a new post-2020 global deal on biodiversity protection, following on the first round of talks in Kunming last October.

2022 January 23, Muyu Xu, David Stanway, “Biodiversity talks in China's Kunming in April may be affected by COVID”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-24, Environment:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China.


Kunming

Kunming (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in southwestern China)


Lanzhou

Translingual: Lanzhousaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of 蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu).

zh-l

蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu)

Lanchow (alternative historical obsolete)
Lan-chou (alternative)

Construction of this expressway, linking Lanzhou with Wulumuchi, has continued further west as part of the central government’s attempt to equalize the balance of economic development between the prosperous east and the less developed western interior.

2008, William Lindesay, The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 112:

In northwestern Gansu province, where nine local confirmed cases have been reported in the past week, primary and high schools in the provincial capital of Lanzhou, as well as in one county in Jiuquan city, have suspended offline classes.

2021 October 21, Ryan Woo, Roxanne Liu, Liangping Gao, “Parts of northern China brace for more COVID-19 lockdowns and curbs”, in Christian Schmollinger, Gerry Doyle, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-10-21, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Gansu, in northwestern China.


Maoming

From Mandarin 茂名 (Màomíng), named after Pan Maoming during the Sui dynasty.

On the Glorious Fourth Fr. Gauthier said good-bye to Tungchan and the two of us set off to visit the part of the mission that is in Maoming. The first village, lying up in the mountains about twenty miles from Tungchan, was Naamshaantung, where there are about thirty baptized Christians.

1919 November [1919 July 5], “Tungchan Chronicle”, in The Field Afar, Catholic Foreign Mission Bureau of Boston, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 239, column 2:

With the arrival of Maryknoll's second group, Bishop de Guebriant enlarged their territory. He gave them the prefecture of Maoming, a large slice of country to the west of Kwangtung, including the important city of Kochow, which had no resident priest.

1962, Raymond Kerrison, Bishop Walsh of Maryknoll, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 107:

Under Maoming’s expansion proposals, the plant, in Maoming city in western Guangdong, also plans to add a 48,000-bpd hydrocracker, a 36,000-bpd hydrotreating unit and a 400,000 tonne-per-year aromatics facility, the refinery said.

2008 July 23, Aizhu Chen, “Sinopec Maoming's expansion likely after 2010”, in Jonathan Hopfner, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-10, Oil Report:

A prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China.


Nanchang

c. 1600s, from the Mandarin 南昌 (Nánchāng, “Southern Prosperity”).

bor

Nan-ch'ang (alternative)
Nanch'ang (alternative)

But whilſt he was beſieging this City, there came, unfortunately, a new Army of Tartars from the Imperiall City of Peking , which had order to recover this Province of Kiangſi; and therefore Kinus was forced to raiſe his Siege to oppoſe their entrance by the Northern parts of the Country; And at firſt having a vaſt Army, and uſed to the Tartarian warfare, he fought both valiantly and happily; but not being able to ſuſtain any longer their redoubled violent aſſaults, he was forced to retire for his ſecurity to Nanchang, the chief City of that County; which City the Tartars durſt not venture to take by force, but reſolved to reduce it by a long Siege; for which end they gathered together a Company of Country Clowns to make a large and ſpacious Trench round about the City to the River, and there they placed Ships ſo as no Proviſion could poſſibly enter. This City of Nanchang is great and extremely full of inhabitants, beſides the multitude of Souldiers which defended it at that time; ſo as although Kinus had made great Proviſion for a Siege, yet after ſome moneths he came to great want and pennury; and yet he held it out though many dyed, expecting ſtil some ſuccours from the Emperor Fungley, which could not be sent;

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Bellum Tartaricum”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, page 290:

The next day, being the 23. of April, we came in ſight of the firſt chief City of Nanchang, which is alſo called by ſome according to the name of the Province Kiangſi, where this is ſituated.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 67:

Kiangſi is divided into thirteen Countries, containing 67 Cities ; the chief whereof is Nanchang , once the Metropolis of the Empire : Iaocheu, Quansin, Kicukiang, Kienchang, Linkiang, Kiegan, Kancheu, are other chief Cities.

1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 440:

From Cancheu to Nanchang the Country is exceedingly beautiful, fruitful, and populous.

1703 February 10, Father De Chavagnac, “Father De Chavagnac, to Father Le Gobien”, in Tavels of the Jesuits, Footcheoo-foo, page 302:

On the 31st of July he arrived at Kiukiang, and in August, in company with the Rev. C. V. Hart, Superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Mission, visited Nanchang, the capital of Kiangsi, which had been entered by Protestant missionaries but twice before, and in two days he sold 300 Portions.

1881, Sixty-Fifth Annual Report of the American Bible Society, New York, page 122:

The rows of towering buildings crowding the banks of the Gan River are a testament to the real estate boom that transformed Nanchang in eastern China from a gritty manufacturing hub to a modern urban center.[…]
As China’s economy prospered the last two decades, Nanchang, the capital of Jiangxi Province, erected sweeping apartment complexes and gleaming office towers to meet the increasing demand for homes and workplaces.

2023 May 25, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “Once a Symbol of China’s Growth, Now a Sign of a Housing Crisis”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-25:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Jiangxi, China.

A village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China.


Zhengzhou

/d͡ʒʌŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鄭州 /郑州 (Zhèngzhōu).

Cheng-chou (alternative)
Chêng-chou (alternative)
Chengchow (alternative)

Now outside in Zhengzhou, the city worst hit at the moment, which has had record rains hitting the highest level of rainfall since records were kept six decades ago, the streets have turned into brown rivers which have swallowed up traffic, and in an even more alarming development the military is saying that at a nearby city a major dam could actually burst and that soldiers have been mobilized there to blast around the dam in an attempt to divert flood waters, take the pressure off the dam, in the hope that, what they're talking about is already is a sort of twenty meter fissure in the dam, it can avoid having that dam being burst, which would obviously also be a really terrible development.

July 21, 2021, Steven McDonald, 3:13 from the start, in Twelve die as rain floods train tunnel in China, BBC News, archived from the original on 2021-07-24:

The testing will begin in Henan's provincial capital of Zhengzhou before the end of May, authorities said, according to the report, to help with "identifying potential risks" quickly.

2022 May 23, “Chinese province of nearly 100 million to Covid test every two days”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-23:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Henan, in central China.


Taiyuan

T'ai-yüan (alternative)
T'ai-yuan (alternative)

"On Wednesday 7th August 1901 a party from T'ai Yüan Fu, consisting of Mr. Duncan, Dr. Creasy Smith, Major Pereira, and Dr. Edwards, arrived to take part in the memorial service ; Mr. Hoste and Mr. Ernest Taylor of the China Inland Mission having arrived a day or two earlier.

[1903 [1901 August 9], “Appendix”, in Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians, Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, →OCLC, page 318:

Shansi (population 12,000,000): On the surface Taiyuan, the capital of Shansi, appears as calm as Sian, only more down at heel. Grass is sprouting in the cracks of the Jap runways on the airfield but smoke rises from the chimneys of foundries and textile plants.[…]
One discovers with shock how deeply the Japanese burrowed into North China. In backwoods Taiyuan there are 25,000 Japanese civilians, most of whom were put down here to mine Shansi’s coal.

1945 November 12, Charles J. V. Murphy, “China Reborn”, in Life, volume 19, number 20, Chicago: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 113, column 1:

The commitment was made at a meeting held in commemoration of Tomb-Sweeping Day and the third anniversary of President Chiang’s passing on April 5, at Yuanshan in front of the Shrine of the 500 Heroes (dedicated to those who fought to the end at Taiyuan, Shansi province, against the Communists in April 1949).

1978 April 9, “Freedom-seekers vow to defeat Reds”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIX, number 14, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Taiyuan, the capital of the province, lies on the upper reaches of the Fen surrounded by irrigated ricelands, orchards and vineyards on the mountain slopes, with enormous seams of coal underground. In Shansi all roads lead to Taiyuan, but the roads that radiate out of Taiyuan in every direction lead nowhere.

1983, William Hinton, “Introduction: Shansi, Land of the Oxhide Lanterns”, in Shenfan, New York: Vintage Books, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxxiv:

A group of Maoists commemorating the 35th anniversary of Mao Zedong’s death in the northern Chinese city of Taiyuan was violently broken up by police. Chinese authorities have no patience for these Mao-lovers, who seem to have forgotten the former communist leader’s authoritarian streak and retained only the idyllic vision of a fairer society.

2011 September 23, Ségolène Malterre, “Modern-day Maoists worry Chinese authorities”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2015-12-28:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China.