Cathay

From Latin Cathaya, variant of Cataya, from Old Turkic 𐰶𐰃𐱃𐰪 (Qïtań), and ultimately from Khitan 𘱿𘲫 (*qid ún); the Khitan people who conquered northern China as the Liao dynasty in the 10th century and ruled the central Asian Qara Khitai Khanate in the 12th, just prior to the overland European missions to China occasioned by the Pax Mongolica. Most likely cognate with Mongolian хутга (xutga, “knife”) from Proto-Mongolic *kïtuga.
Doublet of Khitan. Cognate with Russian Кита́й (Kitáj, “China”). See Names of China.

Columbus listened to many of these sea-stories, and heard many wonderful things about a very rich land away to the East that folks called Cathay.
If you look in your geographies you will not find any such place on the map as Cathay, but you will find China, and that was what men in the time of Columbus called Cathay. They told very big stories about this far-off Eastern land. They said its kings lived in golden houses, that they were covered with pearls and diamonds, and that everybody there was so rich that money was as plentiful as the stones in the street.
This, of course, made the sailors and storekeepers, who were part pirate, very anxious to go to Cathay and get some of the gold and jewels and spices and splendor for themselves. But Cathay was miles and miles away from Italy and Spain and France and England. It was away across the deserts and mountains and seas and rivers, and they had to give it up because they could not sail there.

1892, Elbridge S. Brooks, “A BOY WITH AN IDEA.”, in The True Story of Christopher Columbus, Called the Great Admiral (Juvenile), Boston: D. Lothrop Company, →OCLC, pages 16–17:

For us that epic celebration somehow is confined to Thanksgiving Day when we celebrate the arrival of the Pilgrims who fled the tyranny of Charles I. But imagine, had the Genoese captain and his Spanish caravels not sailed eastward searching for Cipango and Cathay in 1492, then the Pilgrims might have been forced to turn to the known continents of Africa or Asia.

1982 October 11, “Our Columbus”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

For Marco Polo in the 13th century as for Ezra Pound in the 20th, China was "Cathay," a land of mythic wonders. For the American-born director and writer Ping Chong, to visit China and make theater in the West meant exploring myth and history, joining Asian and Western traditions.

2005 November 1, Margo Jefferson, “Puppets Help Evoke China's History of Love and War”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29, THEATER:

(archaic) China, specifically medieval northern China as reached by the overland Silk Road to Xi'an or Beijing, not known at the time to be related to southern China as reached by the maritime routes to Guangzhou.

بِلَاد الْخَطَا

Medieval northern China — see also China, Serica


Indus

Borrowed from Latin Indus, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (h-i-du-u-š /hiⁿduš/), from Proto-Iranian *hínduš (compare Avestan 𐬵𐬌𐬧𐬛𐬎 (hiṇdu)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš or borrowed from Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu) (whence Sindh).
Another explication relates the origin of Indus to Indra which itself derives from the root indu, i.e. " water place or water spirit".

The mighty Indus River that courses through Pakistan's second-most populous region is fed by dozens of mountain tributaries to the north, but many have burst their banks following record rains and glacier melt.

2022 August 28, “Pakistan's south braces for another deluge as northern rivers swell”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-08-28, Asia / Pacific:

Floods in the river Sutlej – which originates in Tibet and crosses India before merging into the Indus river – has completely cut off several villages and areas in Pakistan, submerging hundreds of hectares of farmland.

2023 August 29, “Pakistan raises flood alert in eastern region as over 128,000 evacuated”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2024-04-24:

A major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea.


Indus

Indus (nominative singular)
Indusu (genitive singular)
Indusowi (dative singular)
Indus (accusative singular)
Indusem (instrumental singular)
Indusie (locative singular)
Indusie (singular vocative)

Indus (a major river in China, India and Pakistan, rising in Tibet and flowing into the Arabian Sea)


Guilin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 桂林 (Guìlín, “Laurel Forest”), with particular reference to the area's Cinnamomum cassia.

Kuei-lin (alternative)
Kweilin (alternative)

In early May, advance elements of Li Zong-ren’s Seventh Army of the Northern Expeditionary Force advanced from Guilin, securing Tang’s flanks and boosting his soldiers’ morale.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Elites and the Mass Movement, 1926”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

In 1945, Tom was sent into remote Kueilin, Kwangsi Province where primitive conditions necessitated bathing in a small round bamboo tub just big enough to hold him.

[2001, Nancy Y.W. Tom, “World War II”, in Fred Tom, son of Hawaiʻi, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 36:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside. After Guilin, we made a stop in Hong Kong to see Tung Chee-hwa, the chief executive chosen by the Chinese after the British left.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

The West River was formed by the confluence of two rivers: the Hsun, which led further west to Kuanghsi’s new provincial capital of Nanning, and the Lichiang (or Kueichiang), which led north to the province’s old capital of Kueilin. Summer rains lifted the level of both rivers by as much as twenty meters, and summer was the only time of the year that Kueilin could be reached by boat.

[2015, Bill Porter, “Wuchou [梧州]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 9:

A city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China.


Sanya

zh-l

三亞／三亚 (Sānyà)

About forty bombers and fighters were based at the Hoihow Airport and at Sanya in the southern part of the island, both fields built by the Japanese and used in the war to strike at Allied positions in China and Southeast Asia.[...]CAT kept planes at its main base at Sanya on a standby basis for emergency evacuation in case of Communist invasion.

1972, Seymour Topping, “Departure”, in Journey Between Two Chinas, Harper & Row, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 102–103:

In mid-November, the commander of the Hainan Military Sub-district ordered troops stationed at Sanya Bay to join the demonstration.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

One sample question: How will Chinese ballistic-missile submarines (SSBNs) based at Sanya, on Hainan Island, reach patrol grounds in the western Pacific should Beijing choose to send them out? To maintain stealth, SSBNs would first have to evade any adversary picket submarines lying offshore. Once in deep water, they would cruise eastward toward the Philippines. In all likelihood Chinese boats would exit through the Luzon Strait, the narrow sea between Taiwan and the Philippine island of Luzon.

2014, James R. Holmes, “Strategic Features of the South China Sea”, in Naval War College Review, volume 67, number 2, page 45:

A resort city, a prefecture-level city on Hainan island, Hainan province, China.


Zhejiang

Translingual: Zhejiangosaurus

/d͡ʒəˈd͡ʒjɑŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 浙江 (literally “crooked river”), from a former name of the Qiantang River.

Zhe Jiang (alternative)
Chekiang (alternative)
Che-chiang (alternative)
Chê-chiang (alternative)
Che-keang (alternative)
Che-kyang (alternative)
Chequiam (alternative obsolete)
Jhejiang (alternative)

The kiln site actually responsible for such refinement has so far not been located. Shao-hsing, Chechiang Province, is commonly considered their point of origin since so many jars have been unearthed from tombs in that district.[...]It would take until the late third century for the potters of Chechiang to reduce the amount of oxygen in their kilns to the extent necessary for the formation of the glaze color which we call celadon green.

[1982, Jenifer Neils, editor, The World of Ceramics: Masterpieces from the Cleveland Museum of Art, Indiana University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 85:

In the eastern province of Zhejiang, drivers are tested at highway exits before they can enter.

2022 May 25, John Liu, “China pushes for regular mass testing in ‘zero-Covid’ pursuit.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-25, Daily Covid Briefing:

But Wang, who ran a bubble tea shop in an economic backwater in eastern China, says he has neither the money nor the skills to look for a school or job in the US.
After graduating from a vocational high school in 2008, Wang worked in graphic design for a few years in eastern Zhejiang province. Frustrated by low wages and stagnant career growth, he switched to online retail, riding a boom in China’s internet sector.

2022 August 17, Yong Xiong, Selina Wang, Nectar Gan, “‘I want freedom’: One man’s escape from zero-Covid China to seek his American dream”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2022-08-18:

A coastal province in eastern China, running from Hangzhou Bay to Fujian. Capital: Hangzhou.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Peking

Abraham Ortelius
Atlas Maior
Chinese Imperial Post
De Bello Tartarico Historia
Francis Xavier
Joan Blaeu
Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Martino Martini
Novus Atlas Sinensis
Peter Heylyn
Postal Romanization
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

c. 1655 romanization of the Nanking court dialect Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The early Portuguese and Jesuits such as Francis Xavier used the spelling Paquim; Abraham Ortelius used C. Paquin for his 1572 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas; Italian Jesuit Martino Martini used Peking in his 1654 Latin De Bello Tartarico Historia and 1655 Novus Atlas Sinensis, which were quickly translated into English and later used by Joan Blaeu for his 1665 Atlas Maior. Peter Heylyn's Cosmographie changed its spelling from Paquin in the 1652 edition to Peking in the 1658 edition, but both Pekin and Peking were used interchangeably in English until the Chinese Imperial Post adopted Peking as its official transcription in the 1890s.

Pachin (alternative)
Paquin (alternative)
Pekin (alternative)
Pequin (alternative)

The Emperour hearing of the ill ſucceſſe of this Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is ſituated, and to paſſe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was diſſwaded from this intended courſe as well by his loyal, as diſloyal ſubjec͡ts : by theſe, that they might give him up more ſpeedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was diſcovered; and by the others, leſt his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and diſcourage all his Subjec͡ts from giving their beſt aſſiſtance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with ſo ſtrong a Garriſon; nor did they doubt that the Kings preſence would draw the ſources of the whole Kingdom to him.

1655, The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, page 273:

This is not a time for a long speech but, I would not want this opportunity to pass without saying just a word with regard to the significance of this moment. Some of you may recall that it was two and a half years ago that right here in Guam, I announced a new direction for American foreign policy based on the principles of self-reliance, self-respect- equal dignity for all nations, large and small throughout the world. And tomorrow, I will take off from Guam for Shanghai and Peking, the first President of the United States ever to visit China. Guam, I know it is said, is where the American day begins. And I would hope that all of you today would join me in this prayer, that with this trip to China, a new day may begin for the whole world. Thank you very much.

1972 February 20, President Richard Nixon, 15:48 from the start, in Nixon in China (The Film), Agana, Guam: Richard Nixon Presidential Library:

The noise of gunfire rose from all over the center of Peking. It was unremitting.

1989 June 4, Kate Adie, 0:02 from the start, in Archive: Chinese troops fire on protesters in Tiananmen Square - BBC News, Peking: BBC News, published 2014:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

Dated form of Beijing: a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Peking

cs-proper noun

Peking m inan (relational adjective pekingský, demonym Pekiňan)

pekingský (adjective relational)
Pekiňan (demonym)
Peking (nominative singular)
Pekingu (genitive singular)
Pekingu (dative singular)
Peking (accusative singular)
Pekingu (singular vocative)
Pekingu (locative singular)
Pekingem (instrumental singular)

Beijing, Peking (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Peking

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, English Peking, French Pékin.

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
nl:Peking


Peking

Peking (nominative singular)
Peking (accusative nominative singular)
Pekingin (accusative genitive singular)
Pekingin (genitive singular)
Pekingiä (partitive singular)
Pekingissä (inessive singular)
Pekingistä (elative singular)
Pekingiin (illative singular)
Pekingillä (adessive singular)
Pekingiltä (ablative singular)
Pekingille (allative singular)
Pekinginä (essive singular)
Pekingiksi (singular translative)
Pekingittä (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Pekingini (nominative singular)
Pekingini (accusative nominative singular)
Pekingini (accusative genitive singular)
Pekingini (genitive singular)
Pekingiäni (partitive singular)
Pekingissäni (inessive singular)
Pekingistäni (elative singular)
Pekingiini (illative singular)
Pekingilläni (adessive singular)
Pekingiltäni (ablative singular)
Pekingilleni (allative singular)
Pekinginäni (essive singular)
Pekingikseni (singular translative)
Pekingittäni (abessive singular)
Pekingisi (nominative singular)
Pekingisi (accusative nominative singular)
Pekingisi (accusative genitive singular)
Pekingisi (genitive singular)
Pekingiäsi (partitive singular)
Pekingissäsi (inessive singular)
Pekingistäsi (elative singular)
Pekingiisi (illative singular)
Pekingilläsi (adessive singular)
Pekingiltäsi (ablative singular)
Pekingillesi (allative singular)
Pekinginäsi (essive singular)
Pekingiksesi (singular translative)
Pekingittäsi (abessive singular)
Pekingimme (nominative singular)
Pekingimme (accusative nominative singular)
Pekingimme (accusative genitive singular)
Pekingimme (genitive singular)
Pekingiämme (partitive singular)
Pekingissämme (inessive singular)
Pekingistämme (elative singular)
Pekingiimme (illative singular)
Pekingillämme (adessive singular)
Pekingiltämme (ablative singular)
Pekingillemme (allative singular)
Pekinginämme (essive singular)
Pekingiksemme (singular translative)
Pekingittämme (abessive singular)
Pekinginne (nominative singular)
Pekinginne (accusative nominative singular)
Pekinginne (accusative genitive singular)
Pekinginne (genitive singular)
Pekingiänne (partitive singular)
Pekingissänne (inessive singular)
Pekingistänne (elative singular)
Pekingiinne (illative singular)
Pekingillänne (adessive singular)
Pekingiltänne (ablative singular)
Pekingillenne (allative singular)
Pekinginänne (essive singular)
Pekingiksenne (singular translative)
Pekingittänne (abessive singular)
Pekinginsä (nominative singular)
Pekinginsä (accusative nominative singular)
Pekinginsä (accusative genitive singular)
Pekinginsä (genitive singular)
Pekingiään (partitive singular)
Pekingiänsä (partitive singular)
Pekingissään (inessive singular)
Pekingissänsä (inessive singular)
Pekingistään (elative singular)
Pekingistänsä (elative singular)
Pekingiinsä (illative singular)
Pekingillään (adessive singular)
Pekingillänsä (adessive singular)
Pekingiltään (ablative singular)
Pekingiltänsä (ablative singular)
Pekingilleen (allative singular)
Pekingillensä (allative singular)
Pekinginään (essive singular)
Pekinginänsä (essive singular)
Pekingikseen (singular translative)
Pekingiksensä (singular translative)
Pekingittään (abessive singular)
Pekingittänsä (abessive singular)
Beijing (alternative rare)

Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.


Peking

de-proper noun

Peking n (proper noun, genitive Pekings or (optionally with an article) Peking)

Pekings (genitive)
Peking (genitive with-article)

Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng) from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin.

Tatsächlich jedoch dürfte vor allem die Angst vor der chinesischen Regierung überwiegen: Ein Rückzug von VW aus Xinjiang würde für Peking schließlich einen tiefen Gesichtsverlust darstellen.

2023 December 15, Fabian Kretschmer, “Zwangsarbeitsvorwürfe gegen Volkswagen: Zweifel an VW-Bericht zu Uiguren”, in Die Tageszeitung: taz, →ISSN:


Peking

Peking (nominative singular)
Pekinget (accusative singular)
Pekingnek (dative singular)
Pekinggel (instrumental singular)
Pekingért (causal-final singular)
Pekinggé (singular translative)
Pekingig (singular terminative)
Pekingként (essive-formal singular)
Pekingben (inessive singular)
Pekingen (singular superessive)
Pekingnél (adessive singular)
Pekingbe (illative singular)
Pekingre (singular sublative)
Pekinghez (allative singular)
Pekingből (elative singular)
Pekingről (delative singular)
Pekingtől (ablative singular)
Pekingé (singular)
Pekingéi (singular)
Pekingem (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Pekinged (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Pekingje (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Pekingünk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Pekingetek (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Pekingjük (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)


Peking

Peking (the former name of Beijing, a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Peking

Pèking (canonical masculine)
Пѐкинг (Cyrillic)
Peking (nominative singular)
Pekinga (genitive singular)
Pekingu (dative singular)
Peking (accusative singular)
Pekinže (singular vocative)
Pekingu (locative singular)
Pekingom (instrumental singular)


Peking

sk-proper noun

Peking m inan (genitive singular Pekingu)


Peking

Pêking (canonical inanimate masculine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
Péking (nominative singular)
Pékinga (genitive singular)
Pékingu (dative singular)
Péking (accusative singular)
Pékingu (locative singular)
Pékingom (instrumental singular)


Peking

Pekings (genitive)
Beijing (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)


Peking

Borrowed from English Peking, from an old romanization of Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Spanish Pekín, Portuguese Pequim.


Canton

Borrowed from Portuguese Cantão, from Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng).

Quangtung (alternative)
Quanton (alternative)

synonym of Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


Canton

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


Dai

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 傣 (Dǎi), borrowed from a Tai language. Doublet of Tai and Thai. Compare Thai ไท (tai).

An ethnic group of China, one of the 55 officially-recognized minorities.


Dai

Dai (Spring & Autumn)
Dai County
Dai Prefecture

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 代 (Dài), likely from a presinitic name for the area or its people.

(historical) A small northern state of ancient China.

(historical) Various other kingdoms and princely appenages of imperial China named for the ancient state.

(historical) A prefecture of Shanxi under imperial China.

Tian Yongsheng from Shanxi province is desperate to find a way to relieve the chest pain which has haunted him for years.[…]
He is well aware what will happen if he is not treated. Many of his neighbours in Dai county - all coal miners - have died of the disease after suffering great pain.
'In the five villages [in Dai county] that I knew, all men from 18 to 50 suffer pneumoconiosis,' said Mr Tian. 'Among 100 coal miners, 100 have pneumoconiosis.

2004 July 30, Josephine Ma, “Coal miners face long, painful death”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-11-06:

One of the most remarkable features of the redemptive societies was their continuing ability to draw members of the CCP and the Youth League into their ranks. In 1950 in Shanxi, 18 percent of the 3,000 Communists in Dai County were members of the Yiguandao, which had affiliates in 74 percent of rural Party branches.

2015, S. A. Smith, “Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s”, in Jeremy Brown, Matthew D. Johnson, editors, Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 350:

A northern section of the Great Wall of China collapsed after a period of heavy rain last month, with many blaming poor-quality renovations for the deterioration of the iconic landmark.
The damaged section of the historical wall is located near Yanmen Pass, in Dai County, in the Shanxi province.

2018 August 2, Christina Zhao, “Great Wall of China Collapse: Poor Renovation Works And Heavy Rainfall Blamed”, in Newsweek, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-02:

A county of Xinzhou Prefecture in Shanxi, China.


Dan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 丹 (Dān, literally “cinnabar, red”).

der

Third, intensifying supervision over water sources for the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, of which approximately 70% of the water comes from the Han River and the Dan River. We have launched specialized campaigns in the two rivers and improved comprehensive management of the basin. A ten-year fishing ban on the Yangtze River has been enforced, which effectively ensured the water quality of the Han River and the Dan River. We will further step up efforts to ensure clear water for the North.

2021 June 23, “Press conference on 'Shaanxi: Carrying forward Yan'an spirit, endeavoring to write new chapter of accelerated growth in new era'”, in State Council Information Office, archived from the original on 2022-06-10:


Fan

In a report boasting of the rich supply of commodities in Fan County of Honan Province , the Peiping Ta Kung Pao of 1 December 1965 pointed out: “ Within 10 days before the autumn festival of this year, the commercial organs in Fan County[...]

1966, Tien-chien Hwang, Communist China's Setbacks and Internal Tensions in 1965, volume 2, →OCLC, →OL, page 34:

In a commune in Fanxian county, Henan province, a low-incidence area, two cases of pharyngoesophageal cancer were detected among 11,399 chickens over 6 months of age, showing an incidence rate of 17.55 per 100,000.

[1980, Li Mingxin (Li Min-Hsin), Li Ping, Li Baorong (Li Pao-Jung), “Recent Progress in Research on Esophageal Cancer in China”, in Advances in Cancer Research, volume 33, Academic Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 193:

In 341 B. C., King Wei of Qi chose Tian Ji and Tian Ying as general, Sun Bin as military counselor to lead the troops in fighting against Wei to rescue Han. Again, they gave Wei a severe blow at Maling (to the southwest of modern Fan County, Henan Province).

2003, Yingpin (张英聘) Zhang, “Chasing the Deer on the Central Plains Seeking Control of the Empire”, in 中国历史与文明 [The History and Civilization of China], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 38:

A young entrepreneur who stunned friends and family by quitting his job in Beijing to be a farmer in his hometown of Fan county has made himself a multimillionaire selling organic produce,[…]

2012 December 15, “China Digest, December 15, 2012”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-12-17, China:

They found that the concentration of iron, manganese, selenium and zinc in groundwater exceeded the standards in some of the study areas, including Wucheng County, Dong'e County, Guan County and Yucheng City in Shandong, as well as Fan County in Henan.

2015, Keisuke Ikehata, Yao Jin, Nima Maleky, Aijun Lin, “Heavy Metal Pollution in Water Resources in China—Occurrences and Public Health Implications”, in Sanjay K. Sharma, editor, Heavy Metals In Water: Presence, Removal and Safety, Royal Society of Chemistry, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 160:

The average trip expense per time for each patient from Fan County People’s Hospital of Puyang City or Zhenping County People’s Hospital of Nanyang City to Henan Provincial People’s Hospital by common transportation vehicles was 100 RMB.

2019, Liu Luwen et al., “Initial Experience of the Synchronized, Real-Time, Interactive, Remote Transthoracic Echocardiogram Consultation System in Rural China: Longitudinal Observational Study”, in JMIR Medical Informatics, volume 7, number 3, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:


Fang

The county sense is from Mandarin 房 (Fáng). The surname sense could be from Mandarin 方 (Fāng), 房 (Fáng), 芳 (Fāng), 仿 (Fǎng) or 放 (Fǎng).

Many valuable medicines are produced in Hupei, particularly in the Shih-nan Prefecture and in the Fang and Hsing-shan districts.

1907, Report for the Year 1907 on the Chemical, Metal and Mining Industries of the Consular District of Lyons, →OCLC, page 23:

FANG COUNTY HYDROELECTRICITY--This year the people in Fang County have developed 135 small hydroelectric power stations with a total installed[...]

1978, Translations on People's Republic of China, numbers 471-479, →OCLC:

After parting with his brothers, Wang Yü-yang journeyed on the southwest road and came to a small town nestled in the rural region of Fang County.

1990, Eva Wong, transl., Seven Taoist Masters: A Folk Novel of China, Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 110:

“Its speed was very fast, but it was walking, not running,” Yuan said. As the creature ranged across a mountain in Fang county, bordering the Shennongjia Forestry District, “it walked faster than a human ran”.

2018 August 26, Laurie Chen, “Dreamers, crackpots or realists? The diehards on the trail of China’s ‘Bigfoot’”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-08-25:

Hubei Sanxin Biotechnology Co., LTD, located in Fang County, Shiyan City, has developed a series of traditional Chinese medicine [from] Polygonum Cuspidatum, including "yellow bud stem" vegetables, resveratrol extract, emodin extract, and crude Polygonum cuspidatum extract and so on.

2019, Na Li, Ni Yan, “Present Situation and Development Suggestions of Traditional Chinese Medicine Industry in Hubei Province”, in 2019 4th International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2019), →DOI, →ISBN, page 147:

Now, the Fang County government is trying “incentives,” according to a statement posted Saturday on its website. People who report their own fevers will receive 1,000 renminbi, the equivalent of $143 — a few days’ salary for the average Hubei resident.

2020 March 12, “Deaths in China Surpass Toll From SARS”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-21, Asia Pacific:


Fu

The battle of Chihlo, south-west of Fu county, was the last major engagement in which the Central Red Army took part after its arrival in October and in which one of the enemy divisions was completely annihilated.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume 1, Bombay: People's Publishing House, →OCLC, page 316:

Mao's early career also illustrates his ability to alternate upsurges of optimistic advance with calculated retreats and cold pragmatism. One reason why flexibility and pragmatism were so important was the tendency of Mao's comrades to implement orthodox Russian Marxism without making allowance for important differences between Russian and Chinese conditions. Mao complained of such colleagues that "what a man has learnt in Yenan [in theoretical classes] he doesn't know how to apply in Fu county."

1977, Dick Wilson, editor, Mao Tse-tung in the Scales of History: a Preliminary Assessment, Cambridge University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 177:

He immediately went to Fengxian to care for his wife and children. Fearing for their safety, he moved them to Fuzhou (modern Fu county, Shaanxi).

1996, David R. Knechtges, “The Poetry of Du Fu (Tu Fu)”, in Ian P. McGreal, editor, Great Literature of the Eastern World, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80, column 1:

Smoked Painting in Fu County originated from dish rack – a type of ancient folk ornamental artifact in Fu County. Dish rack is a piece of furniture which different rural counties in the south of Yan’an use as a tiled jar to place rice, flour, and tableware. It is similar to today’s kitchen cabinet in function.

2017 December 22, “Top ten artifacts in Shaanxi”, in The Government Website of Shaanxi Province, archived from the original on 2023-03-18:

The Bailong Temple in Yan’an-administered Fu county fell victim to the government’s persecution.
The Buddhist Guanyin Temple, the folk religion Zushi Temple, and three other folk religion temples in the district were also demolished one after another in the second half of 2019. In Yan’an-administered Fu county, Bailong Temple was destroyed, while numerous folk religion temples were shut down.

2020 August 24, Xiaolu Zhou, “Numerous Temples Shuttered in Two Shaanxi Province’s Cities”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2020-08-25:

Clad in a safety helmet and work overalls, 54-year-old Tang Keqi goes each morning to the construction site of Fuxian County power plant in Yan’an City. Surrounded by dump trucks amid the hum of electric powered engines, he oversees the 2,000 or more workers on the site.

[2021 September 1, MA LI, “New Drivers of Yan'an's Development”, in China Today, archived from the original on 2021-11-02:


Guangzhou

/ˈɡwɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

Mid 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣州 /广州 (Guǎngzhōu, “expansive district [capital]”).

GUZ (alternative initialism)
Kuang-chou (alternative)
Kwang-chow (alternative)
Kwangchow (alternative)

The Chinese side of the border, Shumchun, is a long building—a combination reception house, customs office, and dining facility. We were guided down corridors, past dining rooms crowded with businessmen noisily enjoying lunch before the train for Guangzhou pulled out.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Of Chivas Regal and Mao Tse-tung”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

As a result, decisions to clean up the environment are routinely—and inaccurately—described as hurtful to prosperity. For example, in Guangzhou, China, the vice director of the city’s planning agency felt forced to defend a decision to limit automobile traffic as a means of reducing dangerous levels of air pollution by saying, “Of course from the government’s point of view, we give up some growth, but to achieve better health for all citizens, it’s worth it.”

2013, Al Gore, “Outgrowth”, in The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change, New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 163–164:

In a post on Chinese social media site Weibo, the woman, who remains unnamed, recounted how subway security in the southern city of Guangzhou had stopped her from travelling because of her heavy eye make-up and dark lipstick.

2019 March 19, Hannah Ellis-Petersen, “China's goths protest after woman told to remove 'distressing' make-up on subway”, in The Guardian:

Ten officials from Guangzhou have been disciplined after thousands of banyan trees, a mainstay of the southern Chinese city’s landscape, were cut down. The decision, announced over the weekend, was likely to have been approved by President Xi Jinping, who made an unusual intervention to signal his displeasure, experts said.
Li Xi, the Communist Party chief in Guangdong, the province in which Guangzhou is located, told state media Sunday that the tree removal “gravely damaged the city’s natural ecological environment” and “hurt the public’s fond memories and feelings.” Li added that local officials should realize that Xi paid significant attention to Guangzhou and recognize the severity of the problem.

2021 December 15, Amy Cheng, “Chinese officials axed for cutting down thousands of trees after Xi Jinping signals disapproval”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-15, Asia:

A major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China.


Guangzhou

/ɡwɑ̃ɡ.dʒɔw/

Guangzhou (a major prefecture-level city and port, the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Han

An early romanization of the Mandarin 漢 /汉 (Hàn), later reinforced by Wade-Giles and pinyin. Originally a river within present-day Shaanxi and Hubei. As a Chinese dynasty, from the founder Liu Bang's short-lived realm in Sichuan and Shaanxi among China's Eighteen Kingdoms, named for the Qin Empire's Hanzhong Commandery, headquartered in a city which also became known as Hanzhong, named for its placement along the middle reaches of the river.
The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history.

Hankow, China, is located 600 miles from the coast, on the north bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang River, at its junction with the Han River.

1902 January 5, L. S. Wilcox, “Conditions in Hankow.; American Trade on the Pacific and the far East”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-18, ANNUAL, page 23:

“By transferring such a significant volume of water away from the Han River Basin, the project is depriving the area of the most basic input it will need to develop in the years and decades to come,” said Britt Crow-Miller, a research assistant professor at Portland State University.[…]
The Danjiangkou reservoir gets its water from the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze River which feeds several major cities in central China such as Wuhan, an economic power house in Hubei province sporting a $144 billion GDP.

2014 September 9, Stian Reklev, Kathy Chen, “Quenching Beijing's thirst may stunt regional growth”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-27, Industry, Materials and Utilities:


Han

Atonal form of the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 邗 (Hán).

(history) A former city in Huai'an, Jiangsu, China.

(history) A former state in Jiangsu, China under the Zhou dynasty

(history) A canal in Jiangsu, China, connecting Hancheng (now Yangzhou) on the Yangtze with Mokou (now Huai'an) on the Huai.

邗溝 /邗沟

canal in Jiangsu, now mostly part of the Grand Canal


Li

The West Hanshui River flows through the flatland of Qishan Township east of Lixian County, Gansu Province.[…]
Zhuge launched his first northern expedition. He arrived at Qishan Mountain in Lixian County, where he set up his headquarters on the shore of the West Hanshui River.

[1995 October, “Qishan Fort: Zhuge's Commanding Camp”, in China Tourism, number 183, H.K. China Tourism Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 56, column 1:


Li

After breakfast the next day, Ho Li-chih came to invite Yang Shu-tien and me to the Li River for a boat trip to another county, Yang-shuo.

1977, Yee Chiang, “Kuei-lin and Yang-shuo”, in China Revisited, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 153:

Cormorant fishing on the Li River near Kweilin. With increasingly serious water pollution, fishing with cormorants is becoming a rare sight in China.

1985, Steven W. Mosher, Journey To The Forbidden China, Collier Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 54f:

Before going home, we flew to Guilin for a meeting with environmentalists concerned about the destruction of forests and the loss of unique wildlife, and a leisurely boat trip down the Li River, which flows through a stunning landscape marked by large limestone formations that looked as if they had burst up through the landscape of the gentle countryside.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 436–437:

Days 3-5: Guilin and Yangshuo.
Marvel at the extraordinary scenery lining the banks of the serene Li River.

2011, Andrew Forbes, China, APA Publications, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 16:

In Guilin, the second-largest city in Guangxi, Xi took a boat to inspect the ecological condition of the Li River, a popular tourist destination. The river stretches more than 400km (250 miles) through karst hills and attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

2021 April 27, Echo Xie, “Xi Jinping laments stone quarrying as he mines green theme in Guangxi”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2021-04-27, China / Politics:


Long

en-proper noun

Long (countable and uncountable, plural Longs)

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 隴／陇 (Lǒng).

“Long” is an ancient name for the area around what is now Long County in Shaanxi Province. The land south of Long is the Sichuan Basin.

1997, Stephen R. Bokenkamp, Early Daoist Scriptures, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 346:

Each animal is cast with a hollow, open body that fits over the yoke of a cart (cat. nos. 31, 3c, 37), as do similarly designed animal figures excavated from a Qin tomb at Bianjiazhuang, Long county, southwestern Shaanxi Province.

2002, Emma C. Bunker, Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 24:

In May, plaques in Arabic on the lintels above doors of some Hui residents in Shangcha village in Long county under the jurisdiction of Baoji city in the northwestern province of Shaanxi, were replaced with phrases in Chinese, like “Harmony in the family leads to prosperity in all undertakings” and “Diligence and harmony make the family prosper.”

2019 September 6, Xiaolu Zhou, “Purge of Religious Symbols Invades Residents’ Privacy”, in Bitter Winter, archived from the original on 2019-12-30:


Macao

A city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong

It would be however a very acceptable thing if ſome curious Navigators would inform us, what tides or Currents are found at Macao, Quemoy, and other places on the Coast of China and on Formoſa ; it being moſt probable that this flood cometh out of the North Eaſt, alongſt the Coaſt of China, for that the Northerly Moonsoon is found to occaſion the higheſt ſpring-tides.

1684, Edm. Halley, “A Theory of the Tides at the Bar of Tunking”, in Philosophical Transactions, volume XIV, Oxford, →OCLC, page 687:

Macao is a ſmall Iſland in the Bay of Quantung, a Province of China, at a little diſtance from it ; in which is a Town bearing the ſame Name, heretofore the moſt famous and wealthy Mart of the Portugueſes, and granted to them by the Chineſes ; but its Reputation is now a great deal leſs :[...]

1701, Joan Luyts, Herman Moll, A System of Geography, Part the Second, London, →OCLC, page 52:

Captain King began now to entertain apprehenſions, leſt, in the proſecution of our ſearch for thoſe iſlands, we ſhould get ſo far to the ſouth as to be under the neceſſity of paſſing to leeward of the Pratas ; in which caſe, it might have proved extremely difficult for ſuch bad ſailing veſſels as our to fetch Macao, eſpecially if the wind ſhould continue to blow (as it now did) from the north-north-eaſt and north.

1784, James Cook, James King, Cook's Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, volume IV, London: John Stockdale, pages 211–213:

The Portuguese Colony of Macao is situated on a rocky peninsula in the Heung Shan (Fragrant Hills) District in the Kwong Chau Prefecture of the Kwong Tung, or Canton Province, in the south eastern part of the Empire of China.

1905, J. Dyer Ball, Macao: The Holy City; The Gem of the Orient Earth, China Baptist Publication Society, page 1:

The First Lady charged that the Maoists are making use of the Portuguese, through their small enclave of Macao, to carry out trade in drugs that are aimed in enslaving and demoralizing the people of the free world. She said the narcotics trade also is providing Chinese Communist leaders with a major source of revenue for use in carrying out their subversive, revolutionary tactics in other countries.

1975 March 9, “Mme. Chiang warns against detente”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 9, Taipei, page 1:

The territory of Macao is made up of a small peninsula on the Chinese coast and two neighboring islands. Located at the mouth of the Pearl River, about 70 miles (113 kilometers) from the Chinese city of Canton, Macao was once a safe harbor for Chinese fishermen.

1988, T. Jeff Williams, Macao, Chelsea House, page 15:

Prostrate from opium wars and divided into spheres of European influence, China was unable to protect her citizens from Occidentals who seduced them to immigrate. Poor, illiterate Chinese peasants—especially at Macao after the British Passenger Act (1855) drove the "coolie trade" from Hong Kong—were easily duped by foreigners who promised them better lives, often in the gold fields of California, once indentures of four to five years had been satisfied.

1994, Jimmy M. Skaggs, “Shoveling It: Life and Labor on Guano Islands”, in The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

(historical) a former Portuguese colony in modern southern China between 1557 and 1999


Macao

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Macao

Unadapted borrowing from Portuguese Macao, from Hokkien. See Portuguese Macau for more info.

ubor

alternative form of Makau: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Macao

From Portuguese Macau, from Hokkien. See Portuguese Macau for more info.

Macau (alternative)
Macan (alternative)
Macán (alternative)
Machan (alternative)
Machao (alternative)
Machaun (alternative)
Amacao (alternative obsolete)
Amachan (alternative obsolete)


Macao

alternative spelling of Makaw: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Pearl

en-proper noun

Pearl (countable and uncountable, plural Pearls)

From pearl.
* (river in China): From Chinese 珠江 (Zhūjiāng, Zyu1 Gong1, “Pearl River”); calque of Chinese 珠 (zhū, zyu1, “pearl”).
* (haven in Hawaii): From Hawaiian Wai Momi (“pearl water”); calque of Hawaiian momi (“pearl”).

calque

During these ten years the northern province of Chihli, with a population of over 32,000,000, has been inundated thrice; the Huai River running through three central provinces, with people more in number than half those of the United States, overflowed twice; the two provinces of Hunan and Kiangsi, south of the Yangtsze River, likewise densely populated, have also been inundated twice, and Shantung Province, with its teeming millions, has had its territory flooded from the outbreak of the Yellow River; while the southern rivers, the Pearl in Kwangtung Province, the Min in Fukien Province, and other streams have, during the period, more than once contributed their toll of destruction.

1928 April, M. T. Liang, “Combatting the Famine Dragon”, in News Bulletin, Institute of Pacific Relations, page 9:

The Pearl is a river system in southern China.

2021, John Reibetanz, Earth Words: Coversing with Three Sages, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=LPcrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT174:

A major river in Guangdong, China; in full, the Pearl River.


Pu

He also announced: the former Pu County CCP Committee must be affirmed as a party organization. The decision to reorganize the Pu County CCP Committee was wrong. There was no one and no incidents in Pu County which were related to the conspiratorial activities of the "gang of four" to usurp party power and there was no bourgeois faction connected with the "gang of four."

1980 December 3 [1980 November 29], “Verdict in frameup case of 'armed rebellion' in Pu County, Shanxi reversed under the direction of the Central Discipline Inspection Commission--the frameup case was pure fabrication concocted with the support of the former principal responsible person of the Shanxi provincial party committee”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 234, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing RENMIN RIBAO, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page R 6:

She wanted to find out where the artist lived and learn from him or her. She discovered the artist lived in Pu county, Shanxi province.

2003 January 3, Xiaoli Hu, “New Life in Old Art”, in Beijing Today, number 95, →OCLC, Face, page 9, column 3:


Saga

We saw many other striking manifestations of hydrothermal activity in the Himalayan geothermal belt. The boiling spouters of Namling County, for example, emit endless jets of water and steam; the Rugyog fumarole of Saga County sends up vapors and gases as scorching as the breath of a furnace;[…]

1982, Zhang Mingtao, The Roof of the World, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 73:

Previously, they had met a man from Saga county, not far from the Nepali border, who had given an interesting piece of information: from his place, he had seen people escaping over a mountain into Nepal.

2003, Michele Martin, Music in the Sky: The Life, Art, and Teachings of the 17th Gyalwa Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje, Snow Lion Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

More likely than capture is death at the hands of Chinese border police. Killings like that of fifteen-year-old Yeshe Dundrub, shot at night in Saga County (Ch: Saga Xian) in November 1999, while fleeing with forty others to Nepal, are covered up when possible. (Dundrub, whose dream was to be a monk, died in a military hospital bed nine hours after he was shot.)

2010, Jonathan Green, Murder in the High Himalaya: Loyalty, Tragedy, and Escape from Tibet, 1st edition (Politics), PublicAffairs, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:

A county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Shanghai

Shanghai
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press

c. 1840, likely from an English-derived romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of Chinese 上海 (Shànghǎi), reinforced by Wade–Giles, Postal Romanization, and Hanyu Pinyin.

Shang-hai (alternative obsolete)
Shanghae (alternative obsolete)
Shang-hae (alternative obsolete)
Shanhae (alternative obsolete)
Chang-hai (alternative obsolete)

SHANGHAI (the emporium of Nanking) is the first town of any importance on the coast of Kiangnan province.[…]If, however, these difficulties were surmounted, and suitable precautions taken against existing dangers, the embouchure of this river would be one of the most eligible points for the establishment of British commerce in the whole empire. Be this as it may, however, certain it is that even now Shanghai carries on the greatest native trade of any port on the coast.[…]
The city of Shanghai is built on the left bank, some distance from the mouth. It is laid out with sufficient elegance, and numerous temples.

1840 September 12, “IX.—From Shanghai to Pekin.”, in The Penny Magazine, number 542, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, →OCLC, page 358, column 2:

In January 1901, we reached Japan where Mrs. Hoover remained for the winter while I went to Shanghai in search of a method of reaching North China. The Port of Taku being frozen and there being then no railway connection between Shanghai and the north, all communication had been suspended for the winter.

1951, Herbert Hoover, “Engineering in China—1899–1902”, in The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, Years of Adventure 1874-1920, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 55:

By the year 2000, Shanghai is scheduled to become an international center of commerce and finance; economic strategists predict that by 2010 the city will have become the world's largest trading center. This "secret capital" of China has set some ambitious goals for itself. The population is proudly celebrating their collective "coming out," and business is booming.

1999, “Shanghai”, in The Book of the World, 2nd United States edition (Atlas), Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 411, column 1:

Victor Li is determined to get married soon, but like many other young Chinese grappling with an uncertain economic outlook, the well-heeled Shanghai entrepreneur isn't sure he can afford to.
"It's very expensive for us to get married, especially in a big city like Shanghai," the 32-year-old said, as he took a break from a ticketed networking event for wealthier, top university-educated singles at an upmarket Shanghai jazz bar.

2024 January 17, Nicoco Chan, “Some Shanghai singles struggle to get married as economy slows”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-01-21, China:

A major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China.


Shanghai

From Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi, literally “Upon-the-Sea”).

bor

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Shanghai

Borrowed from Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi, literally “Upon-the-Sea”).


Shanghai

alternative spelling of Xangai; Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Si

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 泗 (Sì) and Mandarin 肆 (Sì).

Dong Xuefeng, head of the Huangwei Township Central School in Sixian County, Anhui province, told a school gathering on Monday that Christmas was a disgrace to the Chinese people because of past humiliations inflicted on the nation by mostly Christian invaders.

[2018 December 26, Mandy Zuo, “Christmas linked to China’s past humiliation by foreign invaders in speech to primary schoolchildren”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-10-20, China/People & Culture:

Si county in Anhui province locked down its 760,000 residents and suspended public traffic as it reported 288 cases on Saturday.

2022 July 4, Sophie Yu, Stella Qiu, Ryan Woo, “Eastern China cities tighten COVID curbs as new clusters emerge”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals:

Most of Anhui’s cases were identified in Suzhou’s Si County, where on Wednesday the authorities ordered its 760,000 residents to refrain from going out unless it was necessary.

2022 July 5, Zixu Wang, “Covid Outbreak Emerges in China’s Anhui Province”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-05, The Coronavirus Pandemic:


Tai

The first ancestor of Zhou tribe was Hou Ji who originally lived in Tai (today's Wugong of Shaanxi), and duke of Liu , his successor, moved to Bin (today's Bin county of Shaanxi), and then passed down to the lord of Dan.[…]
Qi later settled down in Tai (southwest of Wugong county of today's Shaanxi), which was located the center of the fertile land of Weibei Plain.[…]
The poem Duke Liu, which only has 6 sections and 234 Chinese characters in total, vividly narrates duke Liu's moving from Tai (today's Wugong county , Shaanxi province) to Bin (today's Binxian county, Shaanxi province) and big events regarding him in a very organized structure.

2016, M Yong et al., “Originating Period of Tourism Culture”, in The General History of Chinese Tourism Culture, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-21, pages 11, 26, 27:

A former settlement in Wugong, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China.


Tang

A kingdom in China which existed between 937 and 975.

A biography of Hu claims that Hu's attitudes changed in 1961, after he was sent to supervise agricultural policy changes in Tang county, Hebei province.

1996, Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 328:

Any of a number of places in China.
A county of Baoding, Hebei, China.


Xi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 西 (xī).

The most important inland water transport takes place along three great rivers, the Xi-jiang (West River) by Guangzhou (Canton); the Yangzi Jiang, which links Shanghai, Wuhan and Chongqing (Chungking); and the Songhua Jiang (Sungari) which passes through Ha’erbin (Harbin) in the north-east.

[1979, Ronald Francis Price, Education in Modern China, Routledge & Kegan Paul, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 93:

A sand barge struck a bridge over the Xi River between Heshan and the town of Jiujiang in Guangdong yesterday morning, bringing down a section of the structure at least 200 metres long.

2007 June 16, Ivan Zhai, “Sand barge brings down Xi River bridge”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-09-19:

A river in China, the western tributary of the Pearl.

西江

a river in China, the western tributary of the Pearl


Xi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 隰 (Xī).

Daning County is located in the south of Luliang Mountain and west of Linfen City in Shanxi Province. Pu County and Xi County are to the east of Daning County,[...]

2016, Yanyun Wei, Aiguo Zhang, “The Study on Migration and Poverty Alleviation Planning of Daning County”, in Open Journal of Social Sciences, volume 4, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The 203rd Brigade was blocked by the Red 25th Army, a battalion was wiped out in Xi County, and the battalion commander and more than 200 soldiers were captured.

2017, Mao Min, The Revival of China, →ISBN, page 158:

To help the sales of agricultural products is an effective means of poverty alleviation. In 2017, the Company purchased pears from Xi County of Linfen, Shanxi Province twice at a total cost of 1,329,400 yuan; in August 2017, the Company spent RMB260,000 on melon bought from Maigaiti County of Xinjiang;[...]

2017, “2017 Annual Report”, in CITIC Securities, archived from the original on 2021-06-10:

In April,2004, 36 people died in Shanxi’s Xi County coal-mining accident. The provincial governor, Zhang Baoshun (Governor Zhang), having been promoted to his position only two months prior to the accident, was shocked by the chaotic conditions of property rights and the consequential predatory mining activities when he arrived at the scene.

2018 October 17, Lan Xue, Jing Zhao, “Truncated Decision Making and Deliberative Implementation: A Time-Based Policy Process Model for Transitional China”, in Policy Studies Journal, volume 48, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19:

As the new round of the fight against poverty began, he was assigned to take up the provisional post of deputy chief of Yangtousheng Township, Xi County, Linfen City.

2020, Lu Shunmin, Yang Yao, Chen Kehai, Pathway to Prosperity: China's Poverty Alleviation with a Case Study of Shanxi Province Editorial Board, →ISBN:

The systematic dust avoidance effect of Small Xitian building complex in Xi county is rare in the history of science and technology at home and abroad, which confirms the scientific nature of the dust avoidance effect of ancient temple buildings in China and plays a reference role in the research on dust avoidance protection of other ancient buildings in China.

2020, Dongdong Yang, Wenqing Wu, “An Analysis on Dust Avoidance Effect of the Building Complex of Small Xitian in Xi County”, in Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, volume 5, number 3, →DOI, page 59:


Хонгконг

Hongkong (romanization)
Хонг Конг (alternative)

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Хонг Конг

sh-proper noun

Хо̏нг Ко̏нг m (Latin spelling Hȍng Kȍng)

Хо̏нг Ко̏нг (canonical masculine)
Hȍng Kȍng (romanization)
Хонгконг (alternative)


Hongkong

At 4 a.m. we found ourselves close under the light on the eastern end of the island of Hongkong. We were surrounded by islands, and the morning was dark and thick; so we waited till 5.30, and then steamed on through the Kowloon passage up to the city of Victoria, as it is really named, though it is generally called Hongkong.

1879 [1877 February 26], Anna Brassey, “The Inland Sea”, in A Voyage in the 'Sunbeam': Our Home on the Ocean for Eleven Months, 6th edition, Toronto: Rose-Belford Publishing, →OCLC, page 370:

In the spring of 1857, I, with several friends, left Hongkong for Shanghai, viâ Foochow, in the small coasting steamer Antelope.

1890 February 28, W. S. Wetmore, “RECOLLECTIONS OF LIFE IN CHINA IN THE FIFTIES.”, in North-China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette, volume XLIV, number 1178, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 256, column 1; republished as Recollections of Life in the Far East, 1894, →OCLC, page 32:

Hongkong, and the opposite portion of the mainland of China, known as the Peninsula of Kowloon, together with the few tiny islets situated close inshore (Kellett Island, Stonecutter's Island, Green Island, Tree Island, Aberdeen Middle Island, and Round Island), all of which are at the present day comprised, within the boundaries of the Colony, formed, since time immemorial, a portion of the Kwangtung (Canton) Province. The Island of Hongkong (covering an area of about 29 square miles) is situated, 76 miles of Canton, near the mouth of the Pearl River, the eastern banks of which are lined by the Tungkoon District (24 miles S.E. of Canton city) and the Sanon District (52 miles S.E. of Canton city), of which the Kowloon Peninsula and Kowloon City Promontory from^([sic – meaning form]) the south-eastern extremities, whilst Hongkong is separated from Kowloon Peninsula by a channel of one nautical mile in width.

1895, E. J. Eitel, Europe in China: The History of Hongkong from the Beginning to the Year 1882, London: Luzac & Company, pages 127–128:

Thus they went further afield in their depredations, and only last Summer, it will be remembered, a party of Japanese bird-hunters was rescued by a Brazilian training-ship as far south as Wake’s Island, just as their provisions and water had petered out, and were brought on to Hongkong.

1909 August 21, “THE TRUTH ABOUT PRATAS ISLAND”, in The Japan Weekly Mail, volume LII, number 8, Yokohama, page 241:

Reports were common of a Sino-British agreement for British co-operation in the economic development of South China, including British financing of a railway in Hainan, the establishment of an airdrome on Tungsha Island southeast of Hongkong, an oil depot in the Sesha Islands southwest of Hainan, and the development of mines in South China.

1940, Irving S. Friedman, British Relations With China: 1931-1939, Institute of Pacific Relations, →OCLC, page 81:

Human rights advocate Wei Ching-sheng was arrested in Peiping's recent crackdown on dissidents according to a report from Hongkong.

1979 April 29, “'Fifth modernization'”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 16, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

The ROCs set policy stipulates that ROC agencies will not be withdrawn from Hong Kong after 1997 and will continue helping our compatriots in Hongkong to maintain a free and democratic lifestyle.

1993 [1992 October 1], Pei-tsun Hau, “Stability, Democracy, the Rule of Law, Development, and Reunification”, in Straight Talk, Taipei: Government Information Office, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 17:

Dated spelling of Hong Kong: a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China.


Hongkong

cs-proper noun

Hongkong m inan (relational adjective hongkongský)


Hongkong

Hongkong (nominative singular)
Hongkong (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkongin (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkongin (genitive singular)
Hongkongia (partitive singular)
Hongkongissa (inessive singular)
Hongkongista (elative singular)
Hongkongiin (illative singular)
Hongkongilla (adessive singular)
Hongkongilta (ablative singular)
Hongkongille (allative singular)
Hongkongina (essive singular)
Hongkongiksi (singular translative)
Hongkongitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Hongkongini (nominative singular)
Hongkongini (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkongini (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkongini (genitive singular)
Hongkongiani (partitive singular)
Hongkongissani (inessive singular)
Hongkongistani (elative singular)
Hongkongiini (illative singular)
Hongkongillani (adessive singular)
Hongkongiltani (ablative singular)
Hongkongilleni (allative singular)
Hongkonginani (essive singular)
Hongkongikseni (singular translative)
Hongkongittani (abessive singular)
Hongkongisi (nominative singular)
Hongkongisi (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkongisi (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkongisi (genitive singular)
Hongkongiasi (partitive singular)
Hongkongissasi (inessive singular)
Hongkongistasi (elative singular)
Hongkongiisi (illative singular)
Hongkongillasi (adessive singular)
Hongkongiltasi (ablative singular)
Hongkongillesi (allative singular)
Hongkonginasi (essive singular)
Hongkongiksesi (singular translative)
Hongkongittasi (abessive singular)
Hongkongimme (nominative singular)
Hongkongimme (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkongimme (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkongimme (genitive singular)
Hongkongiamme (partitive singular)
Hongkongissamme (inessive singular)
Hongkongistamme (elative singular)
Hongkongiimme (illative singular)
Hongkongillamme (adessive singular)
Hongkongiltamme (ablative singular)
Hongkongillemme (allative singular)
Hongkonginamme (essive singular)
Hongkongiksemme (singular translative)
Hongkongittamme (abessive singular)
Hongkonginne (nominative singular)
Hongkonginne (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkonginne (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkonginne (genitive singular)
Hongkongianne (partitive singular)
Hongkongissanne (inessive singular)
Hongkongistanne (elative singular)
Hongkongiinne (illative singular)
Hongkongillanne (adessive singular)
Hongkongiltanne (ablative singular)
Hongkongillenne (allative singular)
Hongkonginanne (essive singular)
Hongkongiksenne (singular translative)
Hongkongittanne (abessive singular)
Hongkonginsa (nominative singular)
Hongkonginsa (accusative nominative singular)
Hongkonginsa (accusative genitive singular)
Hongkonginsa (genitive singular)
Hongkongiaan (partitive singular)
Hongkongiansa (partitive singular)
Hongkongissaan (inessive singular)
Hongkongissansa (inessive singular)
Hongkongistaan (elative singular)
Hongkongistansa (elative singular)
Hongkongiinsa (illative singular)
Hongkongillaan (adessive singular)
Hongkongillansa (adessive singular)
Hongkongiltaan (ablative singular)
Hongkongiltansa (ablative singular)
Hongkongilleen (allative singular)
Hongkongillensa (allative singular)
Hongkonginaan (essive singular)
Hongkonginansa (essive singular)
Hongkongikseen (singular translative)
Hongkongiksensa (singular translative)
Hongkongittaan (abessive singular)
Hongkongittansa (abessive singular)
Hong Kong (alternative)

Borrowed from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).


Hongkong

de-proper noun

Hongkong n (proper noun, genitive Hongkongs or (optionally with an article) Hongkong)

Hongkongs (genitive)
Hongkong (genitive with-article)


Hongkong

Hongkong (nominative singular)
Hongkongot (accusative singular)
Hongkongnak (dative singular)
Hongkonggal (instrumental singular)
Hongkongért (causal-final singular)
Hongkonggá (singular translative)
Hongkongig (singular terminative)
Hongkongként (essive-formal singular)
Hongkongban (inessive singular)
Hongkongon (singular superessive)
Hongkongnál (adessive singular)
Hongkongba (illative singular)
Hongkongra (singular sublative)
Hongkonghoz (allative singular)
Hongkongból (elative singular)
Hongkongról (delative singular)
Hongkongtól (ablative singular)
Hongkongé (singular)
Hongkongéi (singular)
Hongkongom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Hongkongod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Hongkongja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Hongkongunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Hongkongotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Hongkongjuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)


Hongkong

Hongkong (nominative singular)
Hongkongu (genitive singular)
Hongkongowi (dative singular)
Hongkong (accusative singular)
Hongkongiem (instrumental singular)
Hongkongu (locative singular)
Hongkongu (singular vocative)

Borrowed from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng1 gong2).


Hongkong

dated spelling of Hong Kong: Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Hongkong

Хонгконг (Cyrillic)
Hong Kong (alternative)


Oma

Reach Wuma (Öma) in 3-4 hr (90 km) from Gerze.

[1994, Victor Chan, Tibet Handbook, Moon Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 948:

About 33 genus 47 species corals were discovered in the so-called "Xiala Formation(Ft)" in north of Oma Village, Gêrzê County, Tibet.

2011 March, Zhansheng Ji, J.-X. Yao, Guichun Wu, “Discovery of the Late Jurassic coral fauna in the Tukari Formation at northern Oma Village, Gêrzê County, Tibet, China and its geological significances”, in Research Gate, archived from the original on 2021-02-12:

Around Oma-chu, a small village huddled beneath a small rocky splinter, 54km from Gertse, keep your eyes open for the round, tomblike buildings that are actually tsampa (roasted-barley flour) storage bins.

[2019, Tibet (Lonely Planet), →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=K0qVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT308:

A township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Гонконг

head

Гонконг • (Gonkoñ)

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script
kk:Гонконг


Гонконг

ru-proper noun+

гонко́нгский

Гонко́нг • (Gonkóng) m inan (genitive Гонко́нга, relational adjective гонко́нгский)

Гонко́нг (canonical)
Gonkóng (romanization)
Гонко́нга (genitive)
гонко́нгский (adjective relational)
Гонко́нг (nominative singular)
Гонко́нга (genitive singular)
Гонко́нгу (dative singular)
Гонко́нг (accusative singular)
Гонко́нгом (instrumental singular)
Гонко́нге (prepositional singular)
Гонко́нгъ (alternative)

Ru-Гонконг.ogg


Гонконг

uk-proper noun

гонко́нгський

Гонко́нг • (Honkónh) m inan (genitive Гонко́нгу, uncountable, relational adjective гонко́нгський)

Гонко́нг (canonical)
Honkónh (romanization)
Гонко́нгу (genitive)
гонко́нгський (adjective relational)
Гонко́нг (nominative singular)
Гонко́нгу (genitive singular)
Гонко́нгові (dative singular)
Гонко́нгу (dative singular)
Гонко́нг (accusative singular)
Гонко́нгом (instrumental singular)
Гонко́нзі (locative singular)
Гонко́нгу (singular vocative)
Гонко́нґ (alternative)


Хоангуо

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


Huang Ho

From Mandarin 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé, literally “Yellow River”) Wade–Giles romanization: Huang² Ho².

zh-l

All the hill country between the Valley of the Huang Ho and its tributaries, the Lo, the Yi, etc., as far as the Huai Mountains, was likewise peopled by the Jung—the Jung of the Lo, of the Yi, of Yang-chiu, of Man or Mao, etc.

1928, Henri Maspero, “The Origins of the Chinese Civilizations”, in C. W. Bishop, transl., Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, 1927, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, page 438:

A tumultuous waterway, the Yangtze ranks second after the Amazon in terms of discharge. Fed by copious amounts of melting snow and also heavy rains, the river's flow is 10 times greater than China's Huang Ho (Hwang River, Huanghe; also known in English as the Yellow River).

2007, Laurie Burnham, Rivers, Chelsea House, →ISBN, page 43:

Known popularly as the Yellow River, the Huang Ho is considered the deadliest river in the world.

2015, Jeff Probst, Amazing Places, Puffin Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 40:

Alternative form of Huang He (Yellow River): a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions.

Huang He

Defense Mapping Agency
Encyclopædia Britannica


Хуанхэ

ru-proper noun

Хуанхэ́ • (Xuanxɛ́) f inan (indeclinable)

Хуанхэ́ (canonical)
Xuanxɛ́ (romanization)


Жёлтая река

ru-proper noun+

Жёлтая река́ • (Žóltaja reká) f inan (genitive Жёлтой реки́)

Жёлтая река ́ (canonical)
Žóltaja reká (romanization)
Жёлтой реки́ (genitive)
Жёлтая река́ (nominative singular)
Жёлтой реки́ (genitive singular)
Жёлтой реке́ (dative singular)
Жёлтую ре́ку (accusative singular)
Жёлтой реко́й (instrumental singular)
Жёлтою реко́ю (instrumental singular)
Жёлтой реке́ (prepositional singular)

[ˈʐoɫtəjə rʲɪˈka]


Монголия

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Монголия

bg-proper noun

Монго́лия • (Mongólija) f (relational adjective монго́лски)

Монго́лия (canonical)
Mongólija (romanization)
монго́лски (adjective relational)
Монго́лия (indefinite singular)
Монго́лийо (singular vocative)


Монголия

ru-proper noun+

монго́льский

Монго́лия • (Mongólija) f inan (genitive Монго́лии, relational adjective монго́льский, demonym монго́л, female demonym монго́лка)

Монго́лия (canonical)
Mongólija (romanization)
Монго́лии (genitive)
монго́льский (adjective relational)
монго́л (demonym)
монго́лка (demonym feminine)
Монго́лия (nominative singular)
Монго́лии (genitive singular)
Монго́лии (dative singular)
Монго́лию (accusative singular)
Монго́лией (instrumental singular)
Монго́лиею (instrumental singular)
Монго́лии (prepositional singular)
Монго́лія (alternative)

Ru-Монголия.ogg


Тибет

Tibet (romanization)
Тибет (absolute singular-only)
Тибеттың (definite genitive singular-only)
Тибетҡа (dative singular-only)
Тибетты (accusative definite singular-only)
Тибетта (locative singular-only)
Тибеттан (ablative singular-only)

Һөргөндәге Тибет хөкүмәте.


Тибет

mk-proper noun

Тибет • (Tibet) m (relational adjective тибетски)

Tibet (romanization)
тибетски (adjective relational)


Тибет

ru-proper noun+

Тибе́т • (Tibét) m inan (genitive Тибе́та)

Тибе́т (canonical)
Tibét (romanization)
Тибе́та (genitive)
Тибе́т (nominative singular)
Тибе́та (genitive singular)
Тибе́ту (dative singular)
Тибе́т (accusative singular)
Тибе́том (instrumental singular)
Тибе́те (prepositional singular)
Тибе́тъ (alternative)

→ Bashkir: Тибет (Tibet)


Тибет

Тѝбет (canonical masculine)
Tìbet (romanization)
Тибет (nominative singular)
Тибета (genitive singular)
Тибету (dative singular)
Тибет (accusative singular)
Тибету (singular vocative)
Тибету (locative singular)
Тибетем (instrumental singular)


Лхаса

Лха́са • (Lxása) f inan (genitive Лха́сы)

Лха́са (canonical)
Lxása (romanization)
Лха́сы (genitive)
Лха́са (nominative singular)
Лха́сы (genitive singular)
Лха́се (dative singular)
Лха́су (accusative singular)
Лха́сой (instrumental singular)
Лха́сою (instrumental singular)
Лха́се (prepositional singular)
Ла́са (alternative)

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Mekong

c. 19th c., from Thai แม่โขง (mɛ̂ɛ-kǒong, literally “Mother river”), contracted form of แม่น้ำโขง (mɛ̂ɛ-náam-kǒong).

uder

The Mekong River’s lower basin is vast, encompassing parts of Myanmar and Thailand, virtually all of Laos and Cambodia and parts of southern Vietnam, where, after a 3,000-mile journey across five national borders, the mother of rivers divaricates into a complex delta network and drains into the South China Sea. Tonle Sap Lake sits roughly in the middle of this lush expanse. On a map, it appears as a crooked blue finger extending from the Mekong near Phnom Penh. But it is more often described as Cambodia’s heart, both for its rhythmic flood pulse and the sustaining role it plays in the country’s economy and food supply.

2018 March 28, Ben Mauk, “A People in Limbo, Many Living Entirely on the Water”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-03-29:

The Mekong is one of the largest rivers in the world, beginning in China and flowing through Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. Nearly 70 million people in Asia are dependent on its waters for fishing or to irrigate their rice fields.

2022 June 1, “Mekong River in jeopardy: Sand-pumping operations ravage ecosystem”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-06-01, Focus:

In the isolated villages, some of which are only accessible by boat, most Laotians live off the land. There are huge rice paddies on the fertile banks on the Mekong; rice is the Laotians’ main staple, eaten three times a day here.

2023 September 1, “On the Mekong Through Laos”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-09-02, Nature and Environment:

Unsustainable development threatens the health and diverse fish populations of the Mekong river, with one-fifth of fish species in Southeast Asia's main artery facing extinction, a report by conservation groups said on Monday.
The Mekong, stretching nearly 5,000 km (3,000 miles) from the Tibetan Plateau to the South China Sea, is a farming and fishing lifeline for tens of millions of people in China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.

2024 March 4, Juarawee Kittisilpa, Panu Wongcha-um, “One-fifth of Mekong river fish species face extinction, report says”, in William Mallard, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-12-28:

A river in southeastern Asia that flows about 4,183 km (2,600 miles) from Tibet to the South China Sea in Vietnam.


Yangtze

An irregular romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 揚子 /扬子 (Yángzǐ) and 揚子江 /扬子江 (Yángzǐ Jiāng), a former name for the lower stretches of the Yangtze derived from 揚子津 (Yángzǐjīn)(zh-wikipedia), a former ferry crossing near Yangzhou, applied by foreign visitors to the entire length of the river. The folk etymology that it means "Son of the Ocean" derives from the homophonic misnomer 洋子江 which was apparently given to Matteo Ricci, whose posthumously published journals popularized the river in Europe as Latin Iansu and Iansuchian.

Yangzi (alternative)
Yang-tze (alternative)
Yangtse (alternative)
Yang-tse (alternative)
Yangtzi (alternative)
Yangtsz (alternative)
Yang-tzu (alternative)
Yang-tzŭ (alternative)
Iansu (alternative)
Iansuchian (alternative)
Yangtze-kiang (alternative)

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

You will perceive that the British and French commissioners ascend the Yangtze at pleasure, and have the steamers of their respective countries at their disposal. I was compelled, for the want of other conveyance, to come hither in a little British steamer which plies between Shanghai and Hong Kong.

1853 December 8, Humphrey Marshall, Documents Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States with Other Countries, number 37, Macao: A.O.P. Nicholson, published 1854, →OCLC, pages 323–324:

The Bishop of Shanghai desires that the bounds of his jurisdiction shall be more clearly expressed, and that therefore his title shall hereafter be, "The Bishop of Shanghai, having jurisdiction in the lower valley of Yangtze." The jurisdiction will be sufficiently large. The Yangtze River is three thousand miles in length, and the population on its borders numbers one hundred millions. As there are already three Bishops of the Church of England, with a large Missionary force of English Clergy, in that empire, Bishop Boone desires that his jurisdiction be limited to the population on the lower Yangtze, a line of eight hundred miles.

1887 [1886 October 19], G. T. Bedell, Thomas H. Vail, B. W. Morris, Geo. F. Seymour, Wm. J. Boone, “Fourteenth Day's Proceedings”, in Journal of the Proceedings of the Bishops, Clergy, and Laity of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Chicago, page 99:

It is not till the Yangtze reaches Sha-shih that its character completely changes. The first note of change is a great embankment, thirty feet high, which protects the region from inundation. Below Sha-shih the vast river becomes mixed up with a network of lakes and rivers, connected by canals, the area of the important Tungting Lake being over 2000 square miles.

1900, Isabella L. Bird, The Yangtze Valley and Beyond, volume 1, pages 9-10:

Of the northernmost one of these folds, the writer has some faint recollection of seeing the folded strata. They form the hills to the west of Han-yung and the central ridge across the city of Wu-chang and extends further east; the west-easterly course of the Yang-tze below Yang-lo (lat. 30° 30' N.) is in all probability determined by this E-W fold.

1918, J. S. Lee, The Geology of China, University of Birmingham, →OCLC, page 320:

Aside from the Turfan depression in Hsin-chiang (Sinkiang) province, the hottest part of China lies in the middle and lower Yangtze Valley. Maximum temperatures of 43°-44°C (110°-112°F) have been recorded in Ch'ang-sha and Nan-ching.

1969, Yi-Fu Tuan, China, Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, page 22:

Early in the summer of 1127 the emperor was located near the city of Nan-ching just south of the Yangtze River.

1974, John H. Winkelman, The Imperial Library in Southern Sung China, 1127-1279 : A Study of the Organization and Operation of the Scholarly Agencies of the Central Government, page 12:

The Chinese Communists destroyed natural resources by widening the Yangtze River, and brought natural disasters to the mainland, including the worst floods in Szechwan province and other areas.

1982 January 3, “News Stories of Year on Peiping Selected”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIII, number 1, Taipei, page 3:

The rains swelled the Yangtze River, raising record water levels on July 19 at the Three Gorges Dam, upriver from the city of Wuhan.

2020 August 10, “Worst Rains in Decades Cause China Flooding”, in Time, volume 196, numbers 5-6, page 10:

The building, on the outskirts of Ezhou, a city on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, is hailed as the world’s biggest free-standing pig farm, with a second, identical hog high-rise opening soon.

2023 February 8, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Claire Fu, “China’s Bid to Improve Food Production? Giant Towers of Pigs.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-08:

The chief river of central China and the third longest river in the world, flowing a total of 6300 km.


二十

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ɚ²¹³ sz̩²¹/

/ər⁴⁴⁻⁴² ʂʐ̩⁵/

/ɛɻ⁴⁴ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/jiː²² sɐp̚²/

/zi³² sɔk̚²²/

/ᵑɡei³² sip̚³²/

/ŋi⁵⁵ sɨp̚⁵/

/ŋi⁵³ səp̚⁵/

/əɻ⁴⁵ səʔ⁵⁴/

/nˡi²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ⁵/

/li⁴¹⁻²² t͡sap̚²⁴/

/li²²⁻¹² t͡sap̚⁵⁴/

/li²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/li³¹⁻²² t͡sap̚³⁵/

/d͡zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁵/

/zi³³⁻²¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi³³⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/d͡zi²²⁻²¹ t͡sap̚¹²¹/

/d͡zi³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sap̚⁴/

/ɲi²² səp̚²²/

/ɦəl²² səʔ⁴⁴/

/ɦəl²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/ɦəl²³ səʔ¹¹/

/n̠ʲi²⁴ səʔ³¹/

/n̠ʲi²³ səʔ¹¹/

/əl⁵⁵ zəʔ²¹/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ ʂʐ̩²⁴/

/ɤ̞²¹⁻¹¹ sz̩²⁴/

(～村) Ershi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


Шангај

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Монголија

mk-proper noun

Монголија • (Mongolija) f (relational adjective монголски)

Mongolija (romanization)
монголски (adjective relational)


Монголија

sh-proper noun

Мо̀нго̄лија f (Latin spelling Mòngōlija)

Мо̀нго̄лија (canonical feminine)
Mòngōlija (romanization)
Монголија (nominative singular)
Монголије (genitive singular)
Монголији (dative singular)
Монголију (accusative singular)
Монголијо (singular vocative)
Монголији (locative singular)
Монголијом (instrumental singular)

Мон го ли ја


Mongolija

Mongolija (nominative singular)
Mongolijas (genitive singular)
Mongolijai (dative singular)
Mongoliju (accusative singular)
Mongoliju (instrumental singular)
Mongolijā (locative singular)
Mongolija (singular vocative)

From mongolis (“Mongol”) + -ija. Not formed as such in Latvian, but borrowed and adapted from other Europeal languages.


Mongolija

Mongolija (nominative)
Mongolijos (genitive)
Mongolijai (dative)
Mongoliją (accusative)
Mongolija (instrumental)
Mongolijoje (locative)
Mongolija (vocative)


Mongolija

Mòngōlija f (Cyrillic spelling Мо̀нго̄лија)

Mòngōlija (canonical feminine)
Мо̀нго̄лија (Cyrillic)
Mongolija (nominative singular)
Mongolije (genitive singular)
Mongoliji (dative singular)
Mongoliju (accusative singular)
Mongolijo (singular vocative)
Mongoliji (locative singular)
Mongolijom (instrumental singular)


Mongolija

Mongólija (canonical feminine)
please help by adding the tonal marks.
Mongólija (nominative singular)
Mongólije (genitive singular)
Mongóliji (dative singular)
Mongólijo (accusative singular)
Mongóliji (locative singular)
Mongólijo (instrumental singular)


香港

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (香港):
* → Korean: 향항(香港) (Hyanghang)
* → Vietnamese: Hương Cảng (香港)

→ English: Hong Kong, Xianggang

→ Japanese: 香港(ホンコン) (Honkon)

→ Korean: 홍콩 (Hongkong)

→ Russian: Гонко́нг (Gonkóng)

→ French: Hong Kong, Hongkong

→ Japanese: シャンガン (Shangan)

→ Lao: ຮົງກົງ (hong kong)

→ Mongolian: Хонконг (Xonkong) (Mongolia)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩᠭᠠᠩ (siyangɣang) (China)

→ Russian: Сянга́н (Sjangán)

→ Thai: ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong)

→ Tibetan: ཞང་ཀང (zhang kang)

→ Uyghur: شياڭگاڭ (shyanggang)

→ Vietnamese: Hồng Công, Hồng Kông

→ Zhuang: Yanghgangj

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hœːŋ⁵⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/høŋ²¹³ kɔŋ³⁵/

/hiaŋ³³ kʰɔŋ⁵⁵/

/hi̯oŋ²⁴ koŋ³¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ kuɔŋ³¹/

/xiɔŋ⁵⁴ kɔŋ²¹/

/hyoŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ³³/

/hyɒŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁵³/

/hyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kaŋ³³²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiɔŋ³³ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁵³/

/hiaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴²/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴⁵/

/hiaŋ³³⁻²³ kaŋ⁵²/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

Ap Lei Chau
Gazetteer of Xin'an County
Treaty of Nanking
Wong Chuk Hang

The name 香港 first appeared on a map in 粵大記 [1595] as a label for an island that seems to be Ap Lei Chau. In the two Gazetteer of Xin'an County (新安縣志) published in 1688 and 1819, 香港 was the name of a village (as 香港村). The village was likely located in Wong Chuk Hang in the south of Hong Kong Island as indicated by 19th-century maps.
18th-century western maps appear to render the name of Hong Kong Island as Fan Chin Chow (or its variants), which appears to be a Hakka romanization of 飯甑洲 (Kwok and Cheung, 2007). In the Treaty of Nanking signed in 1842, the name 香港 referred to the entire Hong Kong Island.

～特別行政區 香港特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Hong Kong (a city and special administrative region in southeastern China)


香港

From English Hong Kong, ultimately from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²).

中華人民共和国香港特別行政区

Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku Hon Kon Tokubetsu Gyōseiku

the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China


香港

chữ Hán form of Hương Cảng: (historical, dated in colloquial usage, sometimes used in literary contexts) Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Пекинг

mk-proper noun

Пекинг • (Peking) m (relational adjective пекиншки)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Пекинг

Пѐкинг (canonical masculine)
Pèking (romanization)
Пекинг (nominative singular)
Пекинга (genitive singular)
Пекингу (dative singular)
Пекинг (accusative singular)
Пекинже (singular vocative)
Пекингу (locative singular)
Пекингом (instrumental singular)


Ласа

Ла́са (canonical)
Lása (romanization)
Ла́сы (genitive)
Ла́са (nominative singular)
Ла́сы (genitive singular)
Ла́се (dative singular)
Ла́су (accusative singular)
Ла́сой (instrumental singular)
Ла́сою (instrumental singular)
Ла́се (prepositional singular)
Лха́са (alternative)


Lasa

Lhasa (the capital and largest city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


桂花

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ faː⁵⁵/

/kie²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵³³/

/ke⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁴⁴/

/kui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hue³³/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ hue³³/

Adaptation of 桂 (guì) to distinguish the osmanthus from the 肉桂 (ròuguì, “cassia; Chinese cinnamon”).

(～村) Guihua (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


Heilongjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 黑龍江 /黑龙江 (Hēilóngjiāng).

Heilungchiang (alternative)
Hei-lung-chiang (alternative)
Heilungkiang (alternative)

Zhang Zuo-lin (1873-1928), a former bandit chief who joined the army, was appointed governor of Moukden by Yuan Shi-kai in exchange for services rendered. Using political intrigue and military pressure, he got Heilongjiang (1917) and Jilin (1919) under his control, thus becoming master of the three provinces of Manchuria.

1977, Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère, “The Republic of the Warlords: 1916–1919”, in Paul Auster, Lydia Davis, transl., China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation, Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 46:

Yu Changwu from the northeastern province of Heilongjiang has urged the ruling Communist Party to honor its “revolutionary ideals and pledges” and hand land back to the farmers.

2007 December 24, Shipeng Guo, Benjamin Kang Lim, “China detains farmers urging land privatization”, in Lindsay Beck, Roger Crabb, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, World News:

A series of new COVID-19 cases in China's far northeastern Heilongjiang province is raising concern that a second wave of the virus could emerge in the Asian country.

2020 April 29, “China tries to contain new coronavirus outbreak”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2020-04-30, Asia:

During this period, minimum temperatures in some parts of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang could fall to below minus 30 degrees Celsius.

2023 November 23, “China renews alerts for cold waves, strong winds”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-11-23:

A province in northeastern China. Capital: Harbin.

In 1848, Russian Senior Naval Captain Nevelskoiy and his military transport ship set sail to invade China's Heilongjiang [Amur-river] River estuary and the Sakhalin island. In 1850, Miaojie on the Heilongjiang River estuary was forcibly occupied, turned into a stronghold for aggression and renamed Nikolayevsk after the czar. In April 1853, Czar Nicholas I brazenly ordered the invasion and occupation of China's Sakhalin island.

1981 August 18 [1981 August 11], Nengxiong [3769 5174 7160] Wang, “How Did Czarist Russia Carry Out Its Aggression Against China?”, in Daily Report: China, volume I, number 159, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page C 1:

More than 7,000 people of Hailanpao and the sixty-four villages east of the Heilongjiang River were murdered, burned to death or drowned in the river.

1982, Bai Shouyi, editor, An Outline History of China, 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 487:

The Songhua is a major tributary of the Heilongjiang River, which crosses the border near the Russian city of Khabarovsk.

2005 November 27, David Lague, “China apologizes to Russia for spill”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-12, Asia Pacific:

Hunting was central to Oroqen culture, with kills shared among families. The semi-nomadic people lived along the banks of the Heilongjiang (“black dragon river”), a long, dark, snaking body of water forming the border between northeast China and Russia, in tepee-like structures called djiu, which were built of birch bark.

2019 April 6, Nathan Gibson, “One of China’s smallest ethnic minority groups, the Oroqen, is in danger of disappearing”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-06, Long Reads:

Alternative form of Heilong Jiang, the Amur River: a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China.


Shandong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 山東 /山东 (Shāndōng).

Shan-dong (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Shan-Dong (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Shan Dong (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Shantung (alternative)
Shan-tung (alternative)
Shan-Tung (alternative)
Shan Tung (alternative)
Xantung (alternative obsolete)
Xan-tung (alternative obsolete)
Xan-Tung (alternative obsolete)
Xan Tung (alternative obsolete)

We couldn’t solve this problem by the force of one co-op alone, so we united co-ops. But the people were still discussing the best form of agricultural production.
“Then Chairman Mao inspected agriculture in Shandong Province and issued the call for people’s communes, summed up in his slogan, ‘People’s Communes are Fine!’

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, quoting Zhou Min-fu, “Agriculture: The Foundation”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 99:

One train was en route from Beijing to the seaside resort of Qingdao when the accident happened in Zibo, Shandong province. The second train was from the resort of Yantai, in Shandong.

2008 April 28, “Scores dead and hundreds injured in China train collision”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2010-05-04:

Rescue workers rushed to save a group of miners trapped after an accident at a coal mine in the eastern province of Shandong late on Saturday, Chinese state media reported Sunday.

2018 October 21, “Chinese rescuers rush to save trapped coal miners”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-10-21, News:

Beijing is the last stop in Maduro’s China tour, which began in the southern city of Shenzhen and included stops in Shanghai and the eastern Shandong province.[…]
He also visited Mt Taishan, a sacred mountain in the Shandong province, to seek “blessings for Venezuela,” according to a post on his X (formerly Twitter) account.

2023 September 13, “Maduro meets Xi during official China visit”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-10-04:

A coastal province in eastern China. Capital: Jinan.


Jilin

Latin: jilinensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉林 (Jílín), from Manchu ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ (girin).

Ji Lin (alternative)
Chi-lin (alternative)

His homeland was in Chilin province, and his village was located more than four thousand li (about thirteen hundred miles) from Mount Wutai.

[2008 [1990], John Blofeld, “Roaming the Famous Mountains and Monasteries of Northern China”, in Daniel Reid, transl., My Journey in Mystic China: Old Pu's Travel Diary, Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 115:

The National Health Commission reported 1,337 locally transmitted cases in the latest 24-hour period, including 895 in the industrial province of Jilin. A government notice said that police permission would be required for people to leave the area or travel from one city to another.[…]
Officials on Sunday locked down the southern city of Shenzhen, which has 17.5 million people and is a major tech and finance hub that borders Hong Kong. That followed the lockdown of Changchun, home to 9 million people in Jilin province, starting last Friday.

2022 March 14, Huizhong Wu, Olivia Zhang, Chen Si, “China battles multiple outbreaks, driven by stealth omicron”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-03-14:

A province of China. Capital: Changchun.

The northeast Chinese city of Jilin is imposing fresh restrictions on travel in order to contain a new coronavirus outbreak, with six new cases reported on Tuesday.[…]
Jilin is the second largest city of Jilin province, which borders North Korea and Russia. It will now temporarily suspend departing or transiting train services for passengers.

2020 May 13, David Stanway, Se Young Lee, Lusha Zhang, “China's Jilin city imposes travel restrictions after new coronavirus cases”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2025-03-29:

A prefecture-level city of Jilin, China.


Liaoning

c. 1929 From Wade–Giles romanization and/or Postal Romanization, from Mandarin 遼寧 /辽宁 (Liáoníng, literally “Tranquil Liao”); later reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin, from the name of the main river of the area. The name was restored to the area in 1954 upon the merging of the Liaoxi (“West Liao”) and Liaodong (“East Liao”) provinces.

bor

Liao-ning (alternative dated)
Liao Ning (alternative dated)

Name of Fengtien province changed to Liaoning.

1929 March 9 [1929 February 27], “From the Chinese Press”, in The China Weekly Review, volume XLVIII, number 2, →OCLC, page 79, column 1:

The course of the Yalu river traverses a track of country ranging from 124 20' to 128 40' E. Long. and from 39 50' to 42 15, N. Lat., the course of its main stream affording a boundary line on the south-western side of Changpai Mountain (長白山), dividing the southern parts of Liaoning Province from the Korean provinces Kankyo Nando (咸鏡南道) and Hsian Hokudo (平安北道).

1931, Wu Lien-teh, editor, Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Reports 1929-1930, volume VII, pages 208–209:

Mukden, Liaoning, Manchuria [consular district]
All of the Province of Liaoning (Fengtien) except the leased territory of Kwantung; and all that part of the Province of Kirin lying to the south of the parallel of 44° north latitude, including the following places in Kirin which are open to trade: Changchun (Kwanchengtze), Hunchun, Kirin, Lungchingtsun, Towtaokow, Wangching (Paitsaokow), and Yenki (Chützuchieh).

1933, Register of the Department of State, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, page 64:

At Lin-hsi in Jehol, Sha-kang in Hsin-min Hsien, Liaoning, and Ang-ang-hsi in Heilungchiang, cultural deposits were found in a black earth layer which lies beneath a yellowish, sandy layer in a black earth layer, making the transition from the semiarid loess stage of teh terminal Pleistocene to the semiarid condition of the present day, probably represents an ancient forest cover.

1971, Alan P. L. Liu, Communications and National Integration in Communist China, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 32:

By the 1960s Tientsin was the leading chemical manufacturing centre of China, and had become the third ranking industrial region, behind only Shanghai and the central Liaoning province region of southern Manchuria.

1972, “TIENTSIN (T'IEN-CHING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 21, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1140, columns 1, 2:

Indications that the Maoists are tightening their grip on farmers came in a May 7 People's Daily report from a commune at Changwu of Liaoning province.

1976 May 30, L. Chen, “Hua Kuo-feng's grip on farmers”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 21, Taipei, page 3:

After living in a village in China’s northeastern Liaoning province for 2 1/2 years, Kim Jungah could no longer bear the possibility of her daughter seeing her dragged away by Chinese authorities.

2017 December 12, Hyung-jin Kim, “AP Exclusive: Sold NKorean brides face hard choices in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-10-12:

A province in northeastern China. Capital: Shenyang.


Mongoliet

Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


三角

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saːm⁵⁵ kɔːk̚³/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã⁴⁴⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/sã³³⁻²³ kak̚²/

(～鎮) Sanjiao (a town in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)


Kaindu

(historical) A former province of China mentioned in The Travels of Marco Polo, believed to be Xichang.


Jing

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 涇 /泾 (Jīng), as in 涇河／泾河 (Jīnghé) or 涇水／泾水.

zh-m

涇河／泾河 (Jīnghé)

A river in China, a tributary of the Wei.