Aral

On a local level, the Poplar Research Institute in Korla and the Tarim University in Aral City have to be added to the list of scientific institutes.

2011, Stefan Zerbe, Niels Thevs, “Restoring Central Asian Floodplain Ecosystems as Natural Capital and Cultural Heritage in a Continental Desert Environment”, in Sun-Kee Hong, Jianguo Wu, Jae-Eun Kim, Nobukazu Nakagoshi, editors, Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 292:

The Uyghur Online website (Uyghurbiz.net) said the students were taken away from Tarim University by police from nearby Aral (in Chinese, Ala'er) city in early May, adding that one of them, identified as Ibrahim, was detained after being accused of "having overseas contacts."

2013 June 13, Qiao Long, Hai Nan, Luisetta Mudie, “Chinese Controls on Uyghur Students Ahead of Ramadan”, in Luisetta Mudie, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2016-06-09:

In some of the videos, Han migrants say that any single person below the age of 35 who moves to the sub-prefecture-level cities of Aral (in Chinese, Ala'er) in Aksu (Akesu) prefecture or Tumshuk (Tumushuke) in Kashgar (Kashi) prefecture will be provided with a house and a job, while a family of three will receive a two-bedroom home, free utilities for a year, and 40 mu (6.5 acres) of land, tax-free.[…]
Aral was built by the XPCC on an existing Uyghur village beginning in the 1950s and as of 2015, 167,697 of the city’s 179,214 residents were Han, while 6,036 were Uyghur, and 5,481 were from other ethnic groups, according to the XUAR’s Bureau of Statistics.[…]“Everyone who is coming to Aral is Han—there are no Uyghurs here and they can’t move here even if they want to,” she said, adding that “it’s a requirement that [people coming here] are Han.”
“Aral is safe. There are checkpoints every 500 meters (1,640 feet). Additionally, Aral is a place that leader Xi Jinping is specially developing. Safety is good here. If we call the police, they arrive in just one minute.”

2020 April 13, “Subsidies For Han Settlers ‘Engineering Demographics’ in Uyghur-Majority Southern Xinjiang”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-04-14:

In a video recruitment advertisement for the Bingtuan 1st Division in Aral City, Aksu, where more than 99 per cent of the population is Han, the narrator stresses the local population is scarce and the need for labour input is urgent and necessary (see Advertisement No. 25).

2022, Guldana Salimjan, “Recruiting loyal stabilisers: On the banality of carceral colonialism in Xinjiang”, in Xinjiang Year Zero, Australian National University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 101:

A sub-prefectural city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A town in Qiemo, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.

阿熱勒 /阿热勒

Aral, Qiemo, Bayingolin, Xinjiang, China

A township in Yutian, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


龍鳳

/lʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ²²/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ fuŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ³³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ³³/

/lʊŋ³⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/lʊŋ²¹ fʊŋ²²/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ fuŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴¹/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ²²/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ³³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ³³/

(～鎮) Longfeng (a town in Enshi, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


齋堂

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡se³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaɪ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡saːi̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡se³³⁻²³ tɯŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Zhaitang (a town in Mentougou district, Beijing, China)


Tumxuk

The stated mission of the Bingtuan is to increase the Han population of Xinjiang: recruiting Han migrants, supported by subsidies from Beijing, is ‘the will of the state.'⁶ For example, a Bingtuan advertisement circulated on the ubiquitous Chinese social media app Weixin/WeChat in the first half of 2020 called for able-bodied people aged 18-35 with household registration in China proper and ‘good political quality’ (zhengzhi suzhi hao) to move to a new settlement built by the Third Division 50ᵗʰ Regiment 18 km from the southern city of Tumshug (Tumxuk, Tumushuke), between Kashgar and Aksu.

2007, James A. Millward, “Colonialism, Assimilationism and Ethnocide (2000s-2020s)”, in Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 367:

Frontier Services Group said in January that it had reached an agreement with officials and an industrial park in Tumxuk, a city in western Xinjiang, to build a training facility there....Tumxuk lies between Kashgar and Aksu, larger settlements that have been a focus of the Chinese government’s drive to stifle antigovernment sentiment....But Tumxuk has also been drawn into the regionwide drive to transform Uighur society through indoctrination camps....Tumxuk has more than 160,000 inhabitants, nearly two-thirds of them Uighur, according to official population estimates, and government reports and records show that the city has built at least one camp, as well as other specialized schools, to “deradicalize” minority residents....In 2017, a unit of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in Tumxuk issued a tender notice inviting bids for building work on a “legal education and training center” — a phrase sometimes used for the indoctrination camps.

2019 February 1, Alexandra Stevenson, Chris Buckley, “Blackwater Founder’s New Company Strikes a Deal in China. He Says He Had No Idea.”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-01:

Tumushuke

sub-prefectural city, from Mandarin Chinese

But I hadn’t come to stay: my goal was two ancient Buddhist sites built into cliffs near a town called Tumxuk....It seemed easy enough to get there; there was only one town named Tumxuk on the map, located north of Aksu.

1994, Christa Paula, The Road to Miran, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 39:

A town in Onsu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Wujiaqu

/wuːd͡ʒiɑːˈt͡ʃuː/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 五家渠 (Wǔjiāqú).

On the farms in Altai, Ili, Tahcheng, Burtala, Shihotzu and Wuchiachu in Northern Sinkiang, members of the farms have been studying and applying the "three constantly read articles" in a living way.

[1969 March 4 [1969 February 25], “Sinkiang PLA Engages in Farming Preparations”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 42, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA International Service, →OCLC, Communist China: Northwest Region, page H 2:

Most bingtuan prisons have a small number of former civilian bingtuan members who have been convicted of crimes. There are also contingents of regular native Xinjiang prisoners, including some who were transferred to the prisons of the First Division after 1985. Yang Zhenhua, p. 416. We believe that the Sixth Division in Wujiaqu also has Xinjiang prisoners.

1998, James D. Seymour, Richard Anderson, New Ghosts Old Ghosts Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 58:

This spider with markings on its back resembling a human face was found in the city of Wujiaqu in northwestern China in April 2006.

2007, Geoff Tibballs, Ripley's Believe It or Not! 2008, Random House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 177, column 2:

A residential compound is seen during a smoggy day in Wujiaqu, Xinjiang Uighur autonomous region, Nov. 19, 2013.

2013 December 27, Alissa Ambrose, “2013: The year in photos”, in CBS News, archived from the original on 2021-06-19:

A county-level city in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Hao

From atonal romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 鎬 /镐 (Hào).

(historical) A former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty, now within Xi'an, Shaanxi.


Bole

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 博樂 /博乐 (Bólè).

As September gets under way, the fields and open country of southern Xinjiang, stretching from Turpan through Korla, Aksu and Kashi to Hotan, as well as the northern country areas from Manas and Shihu westwards across to Bole (Bortala), are all abloom with silvery, snow-white blossoms.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 221:

"We are destined to become a very important region," said Hua Dingchuan, a trade official in Bole, a city that 10 years ago had virtually no private cars, and now is as densely developed and busy as any American suburb.[…]
Bole, a city in Xinjiang Province, is now densely developed and has the conveniences of modern Chinese life.

2004 March 28, Howard W. French, “China Moves Toward Another West: Central Asia”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-28, World:

In the city of Bole, retired teachers from the Wutubulage Middle School were called in to stand guard at mosques and prevent students from entering, according to a statement on the municipal party committee website.
Also in Bole, the Bozhou University of Radio and Television said on its website it held a meeting with working and retired minority teachers on the first day of the Ramadan to remind them of the fasting ban.

2014 July 3, Didi Tang, “China bans Ramadan fast in Muslim northwest”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-06-20:

A county-level city of Bortala prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Kuytun

Departing the oasis of Shihezi and crossing the Gobi Desert tor about a hundred kilometres, I saw another great oasis, namely, another land reclamation base of the Xinjiang Production Construction Corps — Kuytun City. I made no stop over there but proceeded tor a hundred fifty kilometres, staying overnight in Jinghe County, which derived its name from the Jinghe River in its domain.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 157:

The biggest attack took place in Kuytun, where a bomb went off on October 1, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.

2002, Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook, International Strategic Studies Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 322:

In the city of Kuytun, controversy caught up with me... matters finally came to a head. The police got me... took me in for questioning. It was a roadside checkpoint, Uyghur people being ordered from their trucks, cargos searched, guns pointing all too casually about the place.

2014, Julian Sayarer, Life Cycles, John Blake, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 99:

Twenty-four-year-old college student Vera Yueming Zhou came to the United States in 2008 and is a U.S. permanent resident. She also happens to be a member of the Hui, a largely Muslim ethnic group. In October 2017, she used a virtual private network application to file her University of Washington homework while visiting her father in the city of Kuytun, China. That infraction was enough to get her arrested and sent to a “reeducation camp,” where she spent five months in a small, crowded cell with 11 other Muslim women. She never had a hearing or trial.
Despite having recently undergone cancer surgery, she was denied necessary medical treatment in the camp. She was allowed only one highly supervised visit with her father during her imprisonment, for 15 minutes. The prisoners were forced to sing patriotic songs, forbidden to speak their native language or practice their religions, kept under constant surveillance and encouraged to report on each other to their jailers.
After being released from the camp for unknown reasons, Zhou remained trapped in China because authorities kept her passport and green card. She was placed under extreme surveillance in Kuytun, where she lingered in limbo for 18 more months.

2020 January 23, Josh Rogin, “Opinion: China’s camps now have survivors, and their ordeals aren’t over”, in Washington Post, archived from the original on 2020-01-24:

A county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Changji

/t͡ʃæŋˈd͡ʒiː/

/t͡ʃɑːŋˈd͡ʒiː/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 昌吉 (Chāngjí).

During my inspection of counties in Changchi Prefecture last September, I came to realize that the irrigation of the Sinkiang farmland depended mainly on the melted snow of the Tienshan Mountains.

[1978 July 11 [1978 July 8], Wang Feng, “Leading Cadres Must Accept Criticism and Supervision From the Masses”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 133, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, page E 15:

As elsewhere in Xinjiang, the number of Han Chinese throughout the Changji prefecture increased in the late 1950s. Towns and villages all along the main east-west road experienced considerable growth.

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 165:

On its public WeChat account, East Hope Group said that it had “responded to the national Western Development Call and actively participated in the development and construction of Xinjiang,” including constructing a polysilicon project in Changji prefecture in 2016, the Horizon report said.

2021 January 8, Ana Swanson, Christopher Buckley, “Chinese Solar Companies Tied to Use of Forced Labor”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-08:

In Changji, about 40 km west of the regional capital, Urumqi, green and red minarets of the city's Xinqu Mosque lay broken below a Chinese flag flying over the deserted building's courtyard.
Reuters analysed satellite imagery of 10 mosques in Changji city and visited six of them.
A total of 31 minarets and 12 green or gold domes had been removed within a period of two months after April 2018, according to dated images.
At several mosques, Islamic architecture was replaced with Chinese-style roofing. These included Changji's Tianchi road mosque, whose gold dome and minarets were removed in 2018, according to publicly available satellite images.

2021 May 13, Cate Cadell, “Mosques disappear as China strives to 'build a beautiful Xinjiang'”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-05-13, China:

A Hui autonomous prefecture in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A county-level city of Changji, in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

昌吉

autonomous prefecture and county-level city in Xinjiang, China


Fukang

Leaving the little "hsien" city of Fukang—"The Mound of Peace"—we realised with delight that only one more night in an inn lay between us and the Mission Compound in Urumchi, where we should find a bed, sheets, bathing facilities in the place of the small tin basin which we carried, and the possibilities of getting our clothes washed.

1927, Mildred Cable, Francesca French, Through Jade Gate and Central Asia, Hodder and Stoughton, published 1937, →OCLC, page 255:

Another mountain lake at Fukang will be tapped to water 45,000 mow of nothern Sinkiang farms.

1943, China at War, volumes 10-11, China Information Publishing Company, →OCLC, page 29:

The explosion occurred at 2.40am in the Shenlong mine, 38km east of the city of Fukang, when 87 miners were working underground.

2005 July 12, Celine Sun, “At least 65 dead in Xinjiang coal mine explosion”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-05-31:

Fukang, which sits near regional capital Urumqi, decided to remove all matches from circulation to ensure they are not used by “terrorist groups or individual extremists to carry out criminal activities”, the People’s Daily said on its website.
Police destroyed 20,223 boxes of matches, which will ensure that the city maintains its current peaceful environment, the newspaper added, citing the local government.

2014 July 15, Ben Blanchard, “Chinese city bans, destroys matches to fight terror”, in Michael Urquhart, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-02, Emerging Markets:

A county-level city of Changji, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


ཁམས

Chinese: 康 (kāng)

Kham (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


ཨ་མདོ

head

ཨ་མདོ • (a mdo)

Chinese: 安多 (Ānduō)

English: Amdo

Amdo (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


屯留

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/sɵn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən³⁵ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

/sɵn²¹ lɐu̯²¹/

(～縣) Tunliu (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


오문

(less common) Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


磐石

/pʰän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/pua¹³⁻¹¹ ɬieu¹³/

/pũã²⁴⁻²¹ ɬieu²⁴/

/puã²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/puan¹³⁻²² siɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰuan²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

/pʰän³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹ sɛːk̚²/

/pua¹³⁻¹¹ ɬieu¹³/

/pũã²⁴⁻²¹ ɬieu²⁴/

/puã²³⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻²² t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sioʔ⁴/

/puã¹³⁻²² t͡sioʔ¹²¹/

/puan¹³⁻²² siɪk̚¹²¹/

/pʰuan²⁴⁻²² sit̚²⁴/

(～市) Panshi (a county-level city of Jilin City, Jilin, China)


松口

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰiʊŋ¹¹ kʰeu³¹/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕʰiʊŋ¹¹ kʰeu³¹/

For pronunciation and definitions of 松口 – see 鬆口 (“to relax one's bite; to loosen up; to stop insisting”).
(This term is the simplified form of 鬆口).
 Notes:
Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

zh-see

(～鎮) Songkou (a town in Meixian district, Meizhou, Guangdong, China)


阿克賽欽

ㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄞˋ ㄑㄧㄣ

ㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄙㄞˋ ㄑㄧㄣ

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ saɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ saɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɐk̚⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³ jɐm⁵⁵/

(～湖) Aksai Chin, Aksayqin (a lake in Hotan County, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, part of the disputed Aksai Chin)


黃埔

→ English: Huangpu, Whampoa

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ pou̯³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² pʰu⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɔːŋ²¹ pou̯³³/

/ɦuɑ̃²² pʰu⁴⁴/

(～區) Huangpu (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


山丹

/ʂän⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tan⁴⁴/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tän⁵⁵/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tan⁴⁴/

(～縣) Shandan (a county of Zhangye, Gansu, China)


澄海

desc

→ English: Chenghai, Tenghai, Teng Hai, Teng-hai, Theng-hai

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Chenghai (a district, former county, and former county-level city of Shantou, Guangdong, China)


澄海

(〜区) Chenghai (a district of Shantou, Guangdong, China)

(〜県) (historical) Chenghai (a county of Guangdong, China)


普寧

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/pʰou⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Puning (a county-level city of Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


惠來

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ laɪ̯³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² lɔːi̯²¹/

(～縣) Huilai (a county of Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


饒平

→ English: Raoping, Jaoping

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ŋi̯eu̯¹¹ pʰin¹¹/

/d͡ziau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ziou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/ʐɑʊ̯³⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jiːu̯²¹ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ŋi̯eu̯¹¹ pʰin¹¹/

/d͡ziau⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/d͡ziou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Raoping (a county of Chaozhou, Guangdong, China)


རྒྱལ་རྩེ

Gyantse (a city in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


กวางตุ้ง

Semi-learned borrowing from Cantonese 廣東／广东 (gwong² dung¹).

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


ラサ

Likely via English Lhasa, from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Gvangjsih

head

Gvangjsih (Sawndip form 廣西, 1957–1982 spelling Gvaŋзsiƅ)

/kʷaːŋ˥ θi˧/

Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region of China)


లోపలి మంగోలియా

te-proper noun

లోపలి మంగోలియా • (lōpali maṅgōliyā) ?

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia#English:_Q41079

Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


平潭

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːm²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰam¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰam²³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tʰän³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tʰaːm²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰam¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰam²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tʰam²³/

(～島) Pingtan (the largest island of Fujian, China)

(～縣) Pingtan (a county of Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Pingtan (a town in Huiyang district, Huizhou, Guangdong, China)


亞丁

/jä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/jä⁵¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ tɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴⁴/

Yading (a natural reserve in Daocheng, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


Zhapu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 乍浦 (Zhàpǔ).

Chapu (alternative)
Cha-pu (alternative)
Chapoo (alternative)

In that year the large Hangzhou garrison was subdivided when a Left Wing (zuo yi) brigade-general was created at Zhapu to oversee the naval garrison on the shores of Pinghu County. Zhapu was the port of Hangzhou.

1990, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Orphan Warriors: Three Manchu Generations and the End of the Qing World, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 69:

Scholarly consensus exists that, by the time of the Taiping rebellion, both were in bad shape, poorly equipped, with low morale - with the qualification made by Crossley in Orphan Warriors that the British were amazed at the fighting spirit which the Manchus displayed during the attack on the garrison of Zhapu near Shanghai in an episode of the First Opium War.

2013, Christine Moll-Murata, Ulrich Theobald, “Military employment in Qing dynsaty China”, in Erik-Jan Zürcher, editor, Fighting for a Living: A Comparative History of Military Labour 1500-2000, Amsterdam University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 361:

A crane is transferring containers for import and export at Zhapu Port in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, China, July 13, 2021.

2021 July 28, “Biden nominates Huawei prosecutor for key Chinese exports position”, in CNBC, archived from the original on 2021-07-29, Politics:

A town in Pinghu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China, on the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay and important under the Qing as a port and military garrison.


Kash

From Russian Каш (Kaš) and Chinese 喀什 (Kāshí), from Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

OUR previous survey, including the expedition up the Yurungkash gorge, had cleared up the important question as to the true origin and course of the main feeder of the Khotan River. The next and equally interesting task was to map the headwaters of the streams which drain the portion of the Kuen-lnen range south and south-west of Karanghu-tagh, and are manifestly the principal tributaries. In the course of my inquiries from the Qusha herdsmen about dominant pots that would enable me to sight again the series of maguificent glaciers which feed the Kash River, I lad ascertained that there was a difficult path just practicable for laden yaks crossing the transverse range north-west to Karanghu-tagh. It was said to lead to the Nissa Valley, whence a track could be found to the mountains on the upper Kara-kash River.

1903, Aurel Stein, “Over the Kara-kash Ranges”, in Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan, published 2005, →OCLC, page 225:

In the Chinese part of the river basin, three hydroelectric power plants have been constructed (i.e., one on the Kash River, and two on the Kenes River).

2004, V.M. Starodubtsev, O.L. Fedorenko, M.Zh. Burlibaev, “Assessment of the Influence of River Runoff Regulation on Ecological Situation”, in Christopher M. Teaf, Bulat K. Yessekin, Mikhail K. Khankhasayev, editors, Risk Assessment as a Tool for Water Resources Decision-Making in Central Asia (NATO Science Series), volume 34, Kluwer Academic Publishers, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 282:

A river in Xinjiang, China, a tributary of the Ili.


潯陽

/ɕyn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕyn³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～區) Xunyang District (a district of Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China)


Csengtu

Csengtu (nominative singular)
Csengtut (accusative singular)
Csengtunak (dative singular)
Csengtuval (instrumental singular)
Csengtuért (causal-final singular)
Csengtuvá (singular translative)
Csengtuig (singular terminative)
Csengtuként (essive-formal singular)
Csengtuban (inessive singular)
Csengtun (singular superessive)
Csengtunál (adessive singular)
Csengtuba (illative singular)
Csengtura (singular sublative)
Csengtuhoz (allative singular)
Csengtuból (elative singular)
Csengturól (delative singular)
Csengtutól (ablative singular)
Csengtué (singular)
Csengtuéi (singular)
Csengtum (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Csengtud (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Csengtuja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Csengtunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Csengtutok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Csengtujuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


西康

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Xikang (a former province of China)


珠璣

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² ki⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Zhuji (a town in Nanxiong, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)


芝罘

→ English: Chefoo, Zhifu

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ fu³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ fɐu̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ fu³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ fɐu̯²¹/

(～區) Zhifu (a district of Yantai, Shandong, China)


芝罘

ja-pos

芝罘(チーフー) • (Chīfū)

Borrowed from English Chefoo, from Mandarin 芝罘 (Zhīfú).


朝陽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɛu²⁴ iɔŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰau¹¹ iɒ̃¹¹/

(～市) Chaoyang (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)

(～縣) Chaoyang (a county of Chaoyang, Liaoning, China)

(～區) Chaoyang (a district of Beijing, China)

(～區) Chaoyang (a district of Changchun, Jilin, China)

(～鎮) Chaoyang (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


西昌

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Xichang (a county-level city of Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)


Xichang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 西昌 (Xīchāng, “Western Prosperity”).

uder

Chao-erh-feng planned some fundamental measures to control the Lolo, including the construction of a through road between Lei-po and Hsi-ch'ang. Up to the present this has not been accomplished, however. The Hsi-ch'ang sector was finished as far as Chao-chio city and beyond to Yeh-lu-na-ta.

[1954, Herold J. Wiens, Han Chinese Expansion in South China, Shoe String Press, published 1967, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 290:

After a five-day rest at Huili, the Red Army continued its drive northward. Passing through the Yi nationality area of Tehchang, Hsichang the vanguard troops led by Liu Po-cheng made an alliance with the chieftains of the Kuchi tribe, and managed to neutralize the Laowu tribe.

[1978 February, “The Long March (II)”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVII, number 2, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39, column 2:

A city of flowers and pagodas, Xichang is the capital of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region, which contains 3.3 million people, 1.37 million of them Yi.

1987 December 20, Ross Terrill, “A World Away From Beijing”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-04-22, Travel:

A top official in the city of Xichang in Sichuan province was quoted as saying by the Xinhua News Agency that the area had gone 20 consecutive days without rain, with temperatures of 88 Fahrenheit on Monday and winds blowing at 65 feet per second.

2020 April 1, “World Digest: April 1, 2020”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-04-04, National:

A county-level city of Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China.


建昌

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/


Jianchang

Translingual: Jianchangosaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 建昌 (Jiànchāng).

In Chienchang County, commune members have newly reclaimed 5,800 mou of farmland from mountains and river banks.

[1974 April 23 [1974 April 12], “Liaoning Irrigation Projects”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 79, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China: Northeast Region, page L 6:

The driver was taken into custody after the crash around noon in the coastal city of Huludao in Liaoning province, said the spokesman for Jianchang county in the city’s suburbs, who declined to give his name as is standard with Chinese bureaucrats.

2018 November 22, “Car strikes crowd at China school, killing 5 and hurting 18”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2018-11-23:


大理

/tä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵²/

/tä⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² li⁵⁵⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ li⁵³/

/tai³³⁻²¹ li⁴¹/

/tai³⁵⁻¹¹ li⁵²/

～白族自治州 大理白族自治州#Chinese

Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture
w:Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～白族自治州, ～州) Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (an autonomous prefecture of Yunnan, China)

(～市) Dali (a county-level city of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮, ～古城) Dali (a town in Dali City, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China, also known as Dali Old Town)

(～府) (historical) Dali Prefecture (a prefecture controlled by the old town under imperial China)


中和

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hɔ²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɔː²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hɔ²⁴/

(～街道) Zhonghe Subdistrict (a subdistrict of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Zhonghe (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Zhonghe (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


資中

→ English: Zizhong

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

A variant of its imperial Chinese name 資州 /资州 (“Zi Prefecture”).

(～縣) Zizhong (a county of Neijiang, Sichuan, China)


閬中

/lɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Langzhong (a county-level city of Nanchong, Sichuan, China)


羅定

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/lɔː²¹ tɪŋ²²/

Coined in 1577 during the Ming dynasty after the Yao rebellion in Luopang, Guangdong had been quashed in 1577, intended to convey the meaning 羅旁平定/罗旁平定 (“Luopang pacified”).
The first syllable 羅 is possibly borrowed from a Kra-Dai substrate word. Shao (2015) proposes that 羅 is cognate with either Zhuang laj (“low; down; bottom”), as in lajbya (“foothill”), or Proto-Kam-Sui *ra (“field; farmland”), whence Southern Kam jav, Sui qxgas, Maonan yras. Note that places with 羅 as the first character in their names are widespread in Guangdong.

(～市) Luoding (a county-level city of Yunfu, Guangdong, China)


增城

Attested in the Book of the Later Han [5th century], as the name of a county under Nanhai Commandery (南海郡).

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɐŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Zengcheng (a district, former county, and former county-level city of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


Shangai

(Gascony) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Shangai

alternative spelling of Xangai: Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


潼關

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Tongguan (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


呂梁

desc

→ English: Luliang, Lüliang, Lvliang, Lyuliang

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ lœːŋ²¹/

/ly²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/lɵy̯¹³ lœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Lüliang (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


陝州

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Shanzhou (a district of Sanmenxia, Henan, China)


化州

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/faː³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡siu³³/

(～市) Huazhou (a county-level city of Maoming, Guangdong, China)

(～縣) (historical) Huazhou (a county of Gaozhou, Guangdong, China)

(historical) Hua (a prefecture of Guangdong, China)


電白

→ English: Dianbai, Tinpak

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/

/ti̯ɛn⁵¹ paɪ̯³⁵/

/tiaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ peʔ⁴/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Dianbai (a district and former county of Maoming, Guangdong, China)


鶴山

/xɤ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːk̚² saːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hɔːk̚² saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Heshan (a county-level city of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)

(～區) Heshan (a district of Hebi, Henan, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Heshan (a town and former township in Ningyang, Tai'an, Shandong, China)


高州

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Gaozhou (a county-level city of Maoming, Guangdong, China)

(～府) (historical) Gaozhou (a former imperial-era commandery of Guangdong, China)


信宜

/sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

/sɵn³³ jiː²¹/

(～市) Xinyi (a county-level city of Maoming, Guangdong, China)


新寧

/ɕin⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

1891, 薛福成 [Xue Fucheng], 出使英法義比四國日記, volume 3, page 12:

Yǎngguāng Yuè shāng yǐ Xīnníng rén wéi zuìduō, jiàn yǒu Níngyáng huìguǎn.

仰光粵商以新寗人為最多，建有寗陽會館。

仰光粤商以新寗人为最多，建有寗阳会馆。

(～縣) Xinning, Sunning (a former county of Guangdong, China; modern Taishan)

(～縣) Xinning County (a county of Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Xinning Town (a town in Fusui, Guangxi autonomous region)


扶綏

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯³⁵/

/fu³⁵ su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

From 扶南 (Fúnán) + 綏淥／绥渌, the names of two of the three counties that merged to form Fusui county in 1952.

(～縣) Fusui (a county of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


天橋

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiau²¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kio²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kio¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kio²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kio²⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯aʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiau²¹/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɤ²³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ kio²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kio¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kio²⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kio²⁴/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ kio⁵⁵/

(～區) Tianqiao District (a district of Jinan, Shandong, China)

Tianqiao (a subdistrict in the southeastern portion of Xicheng district, Beijing, China)

(～村) Tianqiao (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


封開

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯⁵⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯⁵⁵/

A compound of the names of Fengchuan (封川 (Fēngchuān), "Sealed River") and Kaijian (開建 /开建 (kāijiàn), "Opening Establishment"), the two counties whose 1961 merger created the present county.

(～縣) Fengkai County (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


高要

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Gaoyao (a district of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China, formerly a county or a county-level city)

(～專區) (historical) Gaoyao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


廣寧

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Guangning (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


德慶

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/tɤ³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Deqing (a county of Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China)


開平

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/hᵘɔi³³ pʰen²²/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/hᵘɔi³³ pʰen²²/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Kaiping, Hoiping (a county-level city and former county of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)

(～區) Kaiping (a district of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


恩平

/ˀən⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/ˀən⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Enping, Yanping (a county-level city and former county of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


新會

→ English: Hsin-hui, Sunwui, Xinhui

/ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ wuːi̯²²/

/ɬin³³ vᵘɔi³²/

/ɕin⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ wuːi̯²²/

/ɬin³³ vᵘɔi³²/

Coined with the establishment of 新會郡 (“Xinhui Commandery”) in 420 CE.

(～區, formerly ～市, ～縣) Xinhui, Sunwui (a district, former city, and former county of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


清遠

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ɥɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn¹³/

/tʰen³³ jᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ uan⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ uan⁴¹/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ iaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Qingyuan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qingyuan (a former county of Guangdong, China)


從化

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː³³/

/t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ faː³³/

(～區, formerly ～縣, ～市) Conghua (a district, former county, and former county-level city of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


陸豐

/lu⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɔŋ³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lek̚⁴⁻² hoŋ³³/

/lu⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊk̚² fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɔŋ³³/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lek̚⁴⁻² hoŋ³³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Lufeng (a county-level city and former county of Shanwei, Guangdong, China)


眉山

/meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/bi¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/bi²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/bi¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/bi²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Meishan (a prefecture-level city of Sichuan, China)


瓊州

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Qiongzhou, the prefectural seat, now Qiongshan District in Haikou, Hainan.


定海

/tiŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/tiŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tɪŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～區) Dinghai (a district of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China), encompassing the western half of Zhoushan Island and some of the surrounding islands

(historical) Dinghai (a former city in China), the former separate city which served as the seat of the Zhoushan Archipelago's various governments

People's Republic
People's Republic of China

(～縣) (historical) Dinghai (a former county of Zhejiang, China), encompassing the Zhoushan Archipelago under the Ming, early Qing, Republic, and early People's Republic


鎮海

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～區) Zhenhai (a district of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)


三八

/sän⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ pat̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ pat̚³²/

(～鎮) Sanba (a former town in Taishan, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


交口

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

(～縣) Jiaokou (a county of Lüliang, Shanxi, China)


洛江

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kaŋ³³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻⁵⁵ kouŋ⁵⁵/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² kaŋ³³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² kaŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Luojiang (a district of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


克什米爾

ㄎㄜˋ ㄕˊ ㄇㄧˇ ㄦˇ

ㄎㄜˋ ㄕˊ ㄇㄧˇ ㄦˇ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɐp̚² mɐi̯¹³ jiː¹³/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɐp̚² mɐi̯¹³ jiː¹³/

印控克什米爾／印控克什米尔

克什米尔公主号事件 [MSC, simp.]
Kèshímǐ'ěr gōngzhǔ hào shìjiàn [Pinyin]

(chiefly Mainland China) Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


張家口

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (張家口):
* → Japanese: 張(ちょう)家(か)口(こう) (Chōkakō)
* → Korean: 장가구(張家口) (Janggagu)
* → Vietnamese: Trương Gia Khẩu (張家口)

→ English: Zhangjiakou

→ Japanese: チャンチアコウ (Chanchiakō)

→ Korean: 장자커우 (Jangjakeou)

desc

ᠵᠠᠩ ᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡴᡝᠣ

→ Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩ
ᡤᡳᠶᠠ
ᡴᡝᠣ (jang giya keo)

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ kʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

A clipping of the Ming name 張家口堡 /张家口堡 (Zhāngjiākǒubǔ), named for Zhang Wen (張文), who directed its construction in 1429. For the use of 囗, compare Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠯᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣalɣan, “gate”), source of the alternate Chinese name 喀拉幹／喀拉干.

(～市) Zhangjiakou (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)


張家口

Trương Gia Khẩu
Trương Gia Khẩu#Vietnamese:_張家口

chữ Hán form of Trương Gia Khẩu (“Zhangjiakou (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)”)


咸寧

→ English: Xianning, Sienning, Hsien-ning

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/haːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/haŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

(～市, formerly ～地區) Xianning (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


龍江

→ English: Longjiang

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

As a Zhejiang village and port, in reference to its position on the south bank of the lower Ao, locally known as the Qinglong River (青龍江 /青龙江 (qīnglóng jiāng)).

(～縣) Longjiang (a county of Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China)

(historical) (～省) Longjiang (a former province of China; capital: Qiqihar), now part of Heilongjiang

(historical) (～村) Longjiang (a former village in Zhejiang, China), now part of Longgang (龍港/龙港)

(historical) (～港區) Longjiang (a former port area in Zhejiang, China), now part of Longgang (龍港/龙港)


阿里

/ˀä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ lei̯¹³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ lei̯¹³/

Transcription of non-Chinese names. Sense 1 is borrowed from Tibetan མངའ་རིས (mnga' ris).

(～地區) Ngari (a prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


鹽池

→ English: Yanchi

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

(～市) Yanchi (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)


顯靈

/ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/hiːn³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/hiːn³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/hiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/hiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

(～村) Xianling (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


思明

/sz̩⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/sz̩⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/su⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

Originally named by Koxinga during the Southern Ming resistance to the Qing Empire.

(～區) Siming (a district of Xiamen, Fujian, China)


向陽

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕiaŋ²¹³ iaŋ²¹/

/hœːŋ³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵ iɒ̃¹¹/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ iaŋ²³/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/ɕiaŋ²¹³ iaŋ²¹/

/hœːŋ³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiɒ̃⁴⁵ iɒ̃¹¹/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ iaŋ¹³/

/hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ iaŋ²³/

(～村) Xiangyang (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


文集

/wən³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ t͡saːp̚²⁻³⁵/

/bun²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² t͡sip̚¹²¹/

/wən³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/mɐn²¹ t͡saːp̚²⁻³⁵/

/bun²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/bun¹³⁻²² t͡sip̚¹²¹/

(～鎮) Wenji (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Wenji (a residential community in Wenji, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Wenji (a village in Wenji, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


越秀

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² sɐu̯³³/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/jyːt̚² sɐu̯³³/

(～區) Yuexiu (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


武功

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/vu²⁴⁻³³ kuŋ⁵³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/mou̯¹³ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/vu²⁴⁻³³ kuŋ⁵³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kɔŋ³³/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/

(～縣) Wugong (a county of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)


棋盤

→ English: Qipan

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰei²² pʰᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²⁴ pʰɵn²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuaŋ⁵³/

/ki¹³⁻²² puã¹³/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ puã²⁴/

/ki²³⁻³³ puã²³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² puã²⁴/

/ki⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pũã⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰei²² pʰᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi²⁴ pʰɵn²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βuaŋ⁵³/

/ki¹³⁻²² puã¹³/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ puã²⁴/

/ki²³⁻³³ puã²³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² puã²⁴/

/ki⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pũã⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Qipan (a township in Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


湯頭

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍³³ tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍³³ tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(～村) Tangtou (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


獅子山

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² ʂän⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩² ʂän⁵⁵/

/siː⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～區) (historical) Shizishan (a former district of Tongling, Anhui, China, now part of Tongguan District)

(～街道) Shizishan (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Shizishan (a subdistrict of Jinjiang district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～街道) Shizishan (a subdistrict of Yanjiang district, Ziyang, Sichuan, China)


Hotan

Khotan (alternative)
Khotän (alternative)

Today in Hotan Prefecture, including Pishan, Moyu, Lop, Qira, Yutian and Minfeng counties–places under the jurisdiction of ancient Khotan State which once dominated the southern route of the Silk Road–818 cobbled canals with a combined length of 1,500 kilometres have been built. Thus, melted snow from the Kunlun Mountains irrigates the prefecture's 200,000 hectacres of farmland.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 286:

Hotan is located in southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. It is an oasis town in the Tarim Basin, north of the Kunlun Mountains and south of the Taklamakan Desert. Hotan Prefecture is a multinational area: 96 percent Uyghur and 3 percent Han.

2011 November 4, Dongya Zhang, “A discovery of folk gems in Hotan”, in Beijing Today, number 543, →ISSN, →OCLC, Travel China, page 21, column 3:

It is not uncommon to find Uyghurs, particularly from Hotan and Kashgar in southern Xinjiang, – perceived by the authorities as anti-government hotspots – reporting that half or more of their immediate family members are in a mix of political education camps, pre-trial detention, and prison. For example, an interviewee said her husband, his 4 brothers, and their 12 nephews – that is, all the men in the family – have been detained in political education camps since 2017.

2018, Maya Wang, ““Eradicating Ideological Viruses” China’s Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang’s Muslims”, in Human Rights Watch, →OCLC:

ByteDance has also been working with Xinjiang authorities under a program called “Xinjiang Aid,” whereby Chinese companies open subsidiaries or factories in Xinjiang and employ locals who have been detained in the camps. Its operations are centered on Hotan, an area of Xinjiang considered backward by the Communist Party and where the repression has been among the most severe.

2019 November 28, Anna Fifield, “TikTok’s owner is helping China’s campaign of repression in Xinjiang, report finds”, in Washington Post, archived from the original on 2019-11-28:

A prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

Two Chinese men view an exhibit on the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, Hotan, Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, 2003.

2006, Shu Shin Luh, The People of China, Mason Crest Publishers, →ISBN, page 114:

Analysis of satellite imagery in the public domain indicates that many religious sites appear to have been removed or changed in their characteristic identifying features, such as the removal of minarets. An illustrative example is the transformation of the Imam Asim Shrine, located in southern Xinjiang, north of the city of Hotan (see images below). This was formerly a pilgrimage site for Uyghurs and other Muslim communities that included the tomb of the Imam, a mosque, and several related tombs.

2022 August 31, “OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China”, in Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived from the original on 2022-09-05, page 27:

A county-level city of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

和田

prefecture in Xinjiang; county-level city in Xinjiang; county in Xinjiang

Recent excavations at the Mälikä Awat site in Hotan County revealed a forty-five-kilogram cache of Western Han "five-zhu" coins buried in the sand in a large ochre-red pottery crock, standing over half a meter tall and measuring fifty-six centimeters in circumference.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang : the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, page 145:

The authorities’ attempt to enforce absolute secrecy is confirmed by another document dated November 2018, this one from a local government file in Hotan County.

2019, Adrian Zenz, “China Didn’t Want Us to Know. Now Its Own Files Are Doing the Talking.”, in New York Times:

A county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Yining

The atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 伊寧 /伊宁 (Yīníng).

Meanwhile, in the northwest corner of Sinkiang, the green star-and-crescent flag of the "East Turkestan Republic" flies over the districts of Ili, Tacheng and Altai. The "Republic's" capital is Ining in Ili district just east of the Sino-Soviet border.

[1948 August 26 [1948 August 18], Henry R. Liebermanby, “RUSSIA HOLDS ZONE ON CHINA'S BORDER; Turki Republic, Detached From Sinkiang, Is Closed Sphere of Soviet Influence”, in The New York Times, sourced from URUMCHI (Tihua), Sinkiang, China, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2025-06-15, page 13:

The Uighurs yearn for reestablishment of the once independent Central Asian republic that was called Eastern Turkestan and had its capital in Yining 50 years ago.

1997 February 23, Steven Mufson, “ETHNIC TURMOIL ROILS WESTERN CHINA”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

Relations between the Uighurs and the Chinese have always been bad, but in the last few years they’ve gotten even worse, especially since early 1997, when fighting flared in Yining, the capital of the short-lived East Turkestan Republic. Details are sketchy because the central government cordoned off Xinjiang from the rest of the world, but it appears that unrest — and subsequent executions — left several hundred dead, perhaps more.

2001, Gordon G. Chang, “Lake of Gasoline: The Discontent of the People Is Explosive”, in The Coming Collapse of China (Business/Current Affairs), New York: Random House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

This summer, Yining, a city in the Xinjiang region of far-western China, celebrated a boom of Chinese tourists seeking a sunny respite from Covid worries in their hometowns. Now Yining is under its own grueling, weekslong pandemic lockdown, with residents calling for help over limited food, difficulty getting medicines and drastic shortages of sanitary pads for women.

2022 September 11, Chris Buckley, “Just Bread and Noodles: China’s Covid Lockdown Distress Hits Xinjiang”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-11, ASIA PACIFIC:

A county-level city of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Tacheng

More than 13,000 geese were destroyed in Tacheng, in the Xinjiang autonomous region, after about 500 died of H5N1 avian flu, China's Agriculture Ministry reported.

2005 June 11, Donald G. McNeil Jr., “New Asian Flu Outbreaks in China Raise Fears of a Mutant Virus”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-29:

Late on the night of August 26, 1855, an inferno raged through the Russian trade concession in the Qing frontier town of Tacheng.[…]
In 1766, less than ten years after the conquest of Xinjiang, Qing forces founded a small outpost on the farthest western edge of their rapidly expanding new empire. They named it Suijingcheng, or "Pacification Town," a name that reflected an ongoing reality in this volatile region, as attempts to pacify this newly conquered area would occupy officials and administrators for much of the next two centuries. But the nature of this process of pacification in this isolated settlement, which in later years would come to be known as Tacheng, evolved over time

2010, Judd Kinzley, “Turning Prospectors into Settlers: Gold, Immigrant Miners and the Settlement of the Frontier in Late Qing Xinjiang”, in Sherman Cochran, Paul G. Pickowicz, editors, China on the Margins, Cornell University East Asia Program, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 17:

According to the source, who spoke on condition of anonymity out of fear of reprisal, the day before her disappearance, Munira went to the Ghulja city Public Security Bureau, where she requested permission to videochat with her husband, who is serving his sentence in Shiho (Wusu) city, in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture’s Tarbaghatay (Tacheng) prefecture. The police reportedly denied her request.

2021 April 7, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Wife of Jailed Uyghur Taxi Driver Jailed For Weeping in Front of a Foreigner”, in Uyghur Service, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-04-07:

The Daur minority is another Mongolian-speaking group, most of whom live near the town of Tacheng (Qochek), near the Kazakstan border.

1998, Linda Benson, Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, M. E. Sharpe, →ISBN, page 25:

Snowstorms in the Tacheng city in the northwestern region of Xinjiang have brought lows of minus 25 degrees Celsius.

2011 January 5, “Factbox: China winter weather latest developments”, in Sui-Lee Wee, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-10-13, ワールド:

A county-level city of Tacheng prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Korla

Toksoun, a fortified place, some miles nearer Korla, on the main road, was occupied by 4,000 jigits and 2,000 sarbazes with five guns. Hacc Kuli Beg had command here. At Korla there were also about 1,500 men, who were brought up to the front shortly after Captain Kuropatkine's departure.

1878, Demetrius Charles Boulger, The Life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar, London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., →OCLC, pages 244–245:

The first stage of the project began at the Turpan station of the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and ended at the western station of Korla, extending over 476 kilometres.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 198:

Korla, the capital of the Bayingolin Mongol Administrative Region, is a flat, grey sprawl of low buildings and a few ostentatious new hotels, nestled in the armpit of the Tian and Kuruktagh mountains. It is marked by industry. The natural gas fields have brought money since the 1950s and with it a massive influx of Han Chinese. No one nationality appears to be in the absolute majority, resulting in the undefined ugliness caused by lack of pride or urban planning. Korla is a place of transit. Everyone stops here. It is the terminus of the railway, and a nodal point for the roads from Urumgi, Kashgar, Ruogiang and the East.

1994, Christa Paula, The Road to Miran, HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 205–206:

A Muslim activist was sentenced to death in China’s restive northwest for setting up a group that wants to establish Islamic rule, a court official said Wednesday.
Arkhan Abulla was sentenced by the People’s Intermediate Court in Korla, a city in the Xinjiang region, said a court official, who would not say when sentencing took place.

2001 February 14, “China To Execute Islamic Protester”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-02-03:

The complex, located in Korla city in southern Xinjiang, will have key production units such as a 600,000 tonnes-per-year ethylene facility and a 300,000 tpy high-density polyethylene facility, the newspaper said.

2019 April 17, Min Zhang, Aizhu Chen, “CNPC starts building $1.4 bln ethylene plant in northwest China -state media”, in Joseph Radford, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-16, Oil Report:

RFA’s Uyghur Service recently received information that the former detainees in Korla (in Chinese, Kuerle)—a county-level city in Bayin’gholin Mongol (in Chinese, Bayinguoleng Menggu) Autonomous Prefecture and the XUAR’s scond-largest city—are serving the deferred sentences at home, but are subject to harsh restrictions.

2020 August 24, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Former Camp Detainees Serving ‘Deferred’ Jail Sentences in Xinjiang’s Korla City”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-08-28:

A county-level city of Bayingolin, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Artux

From Urumqi to Kashgar buses take an average of three or four days to cover 940 miles passing through Turpan, Korla, Kuche, Aksu and Artux.

1985, Brian Schwartz, China Off the Beaten Track, New York: St. Martin's Press, →ISBN, page 5:

We drove west on the smooth highway for about two hundred kilometres and arrived in Artux (Artush) County. This area has more abundant water resources than Aksu Prefecture. We crossed bridges several times on the way and also saw small rippling lakes that the local people call haizi. We had already entered the most fertile area in southern Xinjiang. Not far from Artux is Kashi, the largest city in southern Xinjiang, but to retrace the route where the Silk Road left China, we did not go to Kashi first. Instead we went west from Artux for some hundred kilometres and arrived in Wuqia County near China's westernmost tip.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 242–243:

Eric Shipton, Britain's final representative in Kashgar and an accomplished mountaineer, failed several times from the southern route via Muk and Mingyol, finally gaining access from the north via Artux and Karakum.

2012, Simon Foster, Candice Lee, Jen Lin-Liu, Beth Reiber, Tini Tran, Lee Wing-sze, Christopher D. Winnan, Frommer's China, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 325:

A county-level city of Kizilsu, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Wusu

Pending the completion of the Sinkiang railroad, the region is served by a number of major land routes that have been transportation links since ancient times. They are the North Road (north of the Tien Shan) passing from Kansu through Urumchi and Wusu, where it bifurcates into two routes going to the Soviet Union.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 257:

And on Sunday, a Public Security Bureau chief in northwest China was relieved of duty for “allegedly keeping a pair of twin sisters as mistresses,” according to Xinhua, the official Chinese news agency.
Qi Fang, the police chief in Wusu, has been accused of renting “a high-end apartment unit for the sisters in downtown Wusu” and charging the rent as an official expense.

2012 December 10, Mark McDonald, “A World of Corruption”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-01, View from Asia:

The site of the Grand Mosque in Wusu, Xinjiang, in 2017 and 2019.

2019 November 3, Fred Hiatt, “In China, every day is Kristallnacht”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-11-05, Opinions:

A city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


梧州

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Wuzhou (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


崇左

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɔː³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ²¹ t͡sɔː³⁵/

From 崇善 + 左縣／左县, the names of the two counties which merged to form the county of Chongzuo in 1952.

(～市) Chongzuo (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


賀州

/xɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/xɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Hezhou (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


百色

→ English: Baise, Bose, Poseh

→ Zhuang: Bwzswz

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ sɤ⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ sɤ⁵¹/

From Zhuang Baksaek, which is composed of bak (“mouth”) and saek (“to block”) – "blocked mountain pass". Alternatively, it may instead be composed of bak (“mouth”) and saeg (“to wash clothes”) – "the place where clothes are washed".

(～市) Baise, Bose (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


河池

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

(～市) Hechi (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


欽州

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jɐm⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Qinzhou (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


防城港

→ English: Fangchenggang

→ Zhuang: Fangzcwngzgangj

/fɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/fɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɔːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹ kɔːŋ³⁵/

(～市) Fangchenggang (a prefecture-level city of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


岑溪

/t͡sʰən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɐm²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/sɐm²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Cenxi (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


憑祥

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/pʰɐŋ²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Pingxiang (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


合山

/xɤ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Heshan (a city in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


北流

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ li̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ lɐu̯²¹/

(～市) Beiliu (a county-level city of Yulin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


宜州

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Yizhou (a district and former county-level city of Hechi, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


東興

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Dongxing (a county-level city of Fangchenggang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Dongxing (a town in Dongxing, Fangchenggang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Dongxing (a town in Jingjiang, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China)


桂平

→ English: Guiping, Kuei-p'ing, Kweiping

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Guiping (a county-level city of Guigang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Shandong Peninsula

Partial calque from Mandarin 山東半島／山东半岛 (Shāndōng Bàndǎo).

zh-l

山東半島／山东半岛 (Shāndōng Bàndǎo)

As a satellite city of Qingdao, Jimo boasts the Laoshan Mountain in the south and the Yellow Sea to the east. It is at the center of the manufacturing base and city cluster of Shandong Peninsula, and one of the majors cities within the 30-minute economic rim of Greater Qingdao.

2007, Susan (梁红) Liang, William Zou, “Scenic Spots in Suburban Cities”, in Qingdao: Travel Guide, Qingdao: Qingdao Publishing House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 71:

Bohai Sea is on the northeastern coast of China, bounded by Liaodong and Shandong Peninsulas, so pollution there is slow to wash out to the ocean, exacerbating damage to local marine life.

2009 June 22, “Oil slicks poisoning China's Bohai Sea - official”, in Emma Graham-Harrison, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-14, Oil Report:

In a statement, it said the man, whom it did not identify, had been detained Sunday on suspicion of entering South Korea illegally by sea from China.
He had set off from the Shandong Peninsula with a helmet, a life jacket, a telescope and a compass, according to the Coast Guard.

2023 August 24, John Yoon, “Escape China by Jet Ski? A Dissident Is Said to Have Planned It for Years”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-24, Asia Pacific:

A peninsula in Shandong, in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south.


紗帽

/ʂä⁵⁵ mɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/saː⁵⁵ mou̯²²⁻³⁵/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² bo²²/

/sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² bo²²/

/ʂä⁵⁵ mɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/saː⁵⁵ mou̯²²⁻³⁵/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² bo²²/

/sɛ⁴⁴⁻²² bo²²/

(～街道) Shamao (a subdistrict of Hannan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


మంచూరియా

te-proper noun

మంచూరియా • (mañcūriyā) ?

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


雞西

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kɐi̯⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jixi (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


鶴崗

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hoʔ⁴⁻² kaŋ³³/

/xɤ⁵¹ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hoʔ⁴⁻² kaŋ³³/

(～市) Hegang (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


雙鴨山

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ aːp̚³ saːn⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jä⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ aːp̚³ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Shuangyashan (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


伊春

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɵn⁵⁵/

From the nearby Yichun River (伊春河), which took its name from Mongolian ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠨ (yisün, “nine; relating to nine”); compare Khalkha Mongolian есөн (jösön).

bor

(～市) Yichun (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)

(～區) (historical) Yichun (a former district of Yichun City, Heilongjiang, China)


七臺河

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔː²¹/

/t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɐt̚⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹ hɔː²¹/

Sinicisation of Oroqen [Term?] (qi-ta-he / 奇塔河, “firewood house”).

(～市) Qitaihe (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


黑河

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔː²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔː²¹/

(～市) Heihe (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


雙城

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～市) Shuangcheng (a district of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


納河

(～市) Nahe (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


虎林

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/fuː³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/fuː³⁵ lɐm²¹/

From the nearby river 七虎林河, from Manchu ᡴᡳᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ (kilahūn, “Laridae”) (or its variant).

(～市) Hulin (a county-level city of Jixi, Heilongjiang, China)


密山

/mi⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/mi⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Mishan (a county-level city of Jixi, Heilongjiang, China)


鐵力

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ li⁵¹/

(～市) Tieli (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


同江

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Tongjiang (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


富錦

/fu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim⁵⁵⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴¹/

/fu⁵¹ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kim⁵⁵⁴/

/hu²¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu¹¹⁻⁵³ kim⁵³/

/hu²¹⁻⁴¹ kim⁴¹/

(～市) Fujin (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


綏芬河

→ English: Sui-fen-ho, Suifenhe

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ fən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ fən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ fɐn⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ fən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ fən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ fɐn⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

From Manchu ᠰᡠᡳᡶᡠᠨ (suifun, “awl”) + 河 (hé, “river”), used since the Qing dynasty. Earlier names include 蘇濱水／苏滨水 attested in the History of Jin [1344].

Suifen River, Razdolnaya River (a river in China and Russia)

(～市) Suifenhe (a county-level city of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China)


海林

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

(～市) Hailin (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


北安

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Bei'an (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


五大連池

ㄨˇ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄔˊ

ㄨˇ ㄉㄚˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄔˊ

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² liːn²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ tä⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ taːi̯²² liːn²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

(～市) Wudalianchi (a county-level city of Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)


肇東

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Zhaodong (a city in Heilongjiang, China)


海倫

Borrowed from Manchu ᡥᠠᡳᠯᡠᠨ (hailun, “otter”).

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɵn²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lu̯ən³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ lɵn²¹/

(～市) Hailun (a county-level city of Suihua, Heilongjiang, China)


寧安

/niŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/niŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/nɪŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Ning'an (a city in Heilongjiang, China); formerly also known as Ningguta or Ninguta


熱火

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ¹/

/jiːt̚² fɔː³⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ hɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻² hɒ³³²/

/liɛt̚²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁵³/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² he⁵³/

/ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁴¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hue⁵³/

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ¹/

/jiːt̚² fɔː³⁵/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻²¹ hɒ⁴⁵³/

/t͡sɛʔ⁴⁻² hɒ³³²/

/liɛt̚²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁵³/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² he⁵³/

/ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁴¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hue⁵³/

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʐɤ⁵¹ xu̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiːt̚² fɔː³⁵/

/liɛt̚²⁴⁻² hə⁵⁵⁴/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁵³/

/liɛt̚⁴⁻³² he⁵³/

/ziɛt̚⁴⁻³² hue⁴¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hue⁵³/

(～村) Rehuo (a village in Chengbei, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


金牛

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²³/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ni̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡu¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡu²³/

(～區) Jinniu (a district of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Jinniu (a town in Qing, Hebei, China)


石壁

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pi⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pi⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

(～鎮) Shibi (a town in Ninghua, Sanming, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Shibi (a town in Qionghai, Hainan, China)


雷公

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɵy̯²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lui²² kɵŋ³³/

/lui⁴² kʊŋ³³/

/luɪ¹¹ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/so³³ kɔŋ⁵⁴/

/l̃ai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/lui¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒŋ⁵³³/

/lui²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/lui¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

/leɪ̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lɵy̯²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lui²² kɵŋ³³/

/lui⁴² kʊŋ³³/

/luɪ¹¹ kʊŋ⁴⁴/

/so³³ kɔŋ⁵⁴/

/l̃ai⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/lui¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒŋ⁵³³/

/lui²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ³³/

/lui¹³⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lui⁵⁵⁻¹¹ koŋ³³/

(～鎮) Leigong (a town in Anlu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


平順

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵn²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ sɵn²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

(～縣) Pingshun (a county of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)


普渡

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ³³/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔ³³/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu⁵¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁴¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ²²/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tɔ³³/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɔ³³/

(～河) Pudu River (a river in Yunnan, China)


河底

/xɤ³⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ tɐi̯³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² te⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² tue⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² te⁵⁵⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² tue⁵⁵⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² te⁵³/

/ho¹³⁻²² tue⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ te⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ tue⁵³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ te⁴¹/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ tue⁴¹/

/xɤ³⁵ ti²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ tɐi̯³⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² te⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² tue⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻²² te⁵⁵⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² tue⁵⁵⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² te⁵³/

/ho¹³⁻²² tue⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ te⁵³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ tue⁵³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ te⁴¹/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ tue⁴¹/

(～鎮) Hedi (a town in Luoning, Luoyang, Henan, China)

(～村) Hedi (a village in Hedi, Luoning, Luoyang, Henan, China)


故城

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/ku⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/kuː³³ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Gucheng (a county of Hengshui, Hebei, China)


มาเก๊า

th-proper noun

มาเก๊า • (maa-gáo)

maa-gáo (romanization)
มะกาว (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Portuguese Macau.

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


本溪

→ English: Benxi, Pen-ch'i, Pen-hsi

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pən²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/puːn³⁵ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Benxi (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


佛山

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/huk̚⁴⁻² sũã³³/

/fu̯ɔ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/huk̚⁴⁻² sũã³³/

(～市) Foshan (a large prefecture-level city of Guangdong, in southeast China)


朝歌

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂɑʊ̯⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/

/t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/

(～街道) Zhaoge (a subdistrict of Qi County, Hebi, Hunan, China)


茅臺

→ English: Moutai, Maotai

→ Russian: маотай (maotaj)

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/mãu²⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/mãu¹³⁻²² tai¹³/

/mɑʊ̯³⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/maːu̯²¹ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/mãu²⁴⁻²² tai²⁴/

/mãu¹³⁻²² tai¹³/

(～鎮) Maotai Town (a town in Renhuai, Guizhou, China)


松柏

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ pʰaːk̚³/

/ɬœŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ma¹¹/

/ɬyøŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ma²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² peʔ⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ peʔ³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ²³⁻³³ peʔ³²/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ peʔ²/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡sʰʊŋ²¹ pʰaːk̚³/

/ɬœŋ¹³⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ma¹¹/

/ɬyøŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾ma²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² peʔ⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ peʔ³²/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ²³⁻³³ peʔ³²/

/seŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ peʔ²/

(～鎮) Songbai (a town in Shennongjia, Hubei, China)

(～村) Songbai (a village in Songbai, Shennongjia, Hubei, China)


人和

/ʐən³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ wɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

/ʐən³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/jɐn²¹ wɔː²¹⁻³⁵/

(～鎮) Renhe (a town in Baiyun district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


Kašmír

cs-proper noun

Kašmír m inan (relational adjective kašmírský, demonym Kašmířan)

kašmírský (adjective relational)
Kašmířan (demonym)

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


Kašmír

sk-proper noun

Kašmír m inan (genitive singular Kašmíru)


安家

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kaː⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ ka⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁴⁴/

(～鄉) Anjia (a township in Yunxi, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


七台河

七台河 (canonical)
Shichitaika (romanization)

Qitaihe (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


合力

/hɐp̚² lɪk̚²/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² liɪk̚⁴/

/hɐp̚² lɪk̚²/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ liɪk̚¹²¹/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² liɪk̚⁴/

(～村) Heli (a village in Dongjin, Xiangzhou district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Heli (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


康樂

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰoŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɑŋ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/hɔːŋ⁵⁵ lɔːk̚²/

/kʰoŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lok̚⁵/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ³³ lɔk̚²⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lɔk̚¹²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lɔk̚⁴/

(～縣) Kangle (a county of Linxia prefecture, Gansu, China)

(～鎮) Kangle (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


城隍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (城隍):
* → Korean: 성황(城隍) (seonghwang)
* → Vietnamese: thành hoàng (城隍)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋ⁵⁵/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hŋ⁵⁵/

/zən²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/saŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/siɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ hɔŋ²³/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/siã¹³⁻²² hɔŋ¹³/

/siã²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋ⁵⁵/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hŋ⁵⁵/

/zən²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Chenghuang (a town in Hanchuan, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


閘口

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡saʔ⁴⁻² kʰau⁵²/

/zaʔ¹¹ kʰɤ²³/

/ʈ͡ʂä³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡saːp̚² hɐu̯³⁵/

/t͡saʔ⁴⁻² kʰau⁵²/

/zaʔ¹¹ kʰɤ²³/

(～鎮) Zhakou (a town in Gong'an, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


湯池

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nie⁵³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍³³ ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ti¹³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²³/

/tʰɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/tʰɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/tʰouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nie⁵³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍³³ ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻²² ti¹³/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²⁴/

/tʰŋ̍⁴⁴⁻³³ ti²³/

(～鎮) Tangchi (a town in Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


洱海

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː¹³ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jiː¹³ hɔːi̯³⁵/


南河

/nän³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hɔː²¹/

/nän³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ hɔː²¹/

(～鎮) Nanhe (a town in Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Nanhe (a town in Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Nanhe (a town in Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, formerly a township)

(～鄉) Nanhe (a township in Hanchuan, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


水塔

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ tʰap⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɵy̯³⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/ʃui²⁴⁻³³ tʰap⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaʔ⁵/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

/t͡sui⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaʔ³²/

(～街道) Shuita (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


珠海

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡si²¹ hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡si²¹ hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁵³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/t͡su³³⁻²³ hai⁵²/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhuhai (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)


珠海

chữ Hán form of Châu Hải (“Zhuhai (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)”)


မွန်ဂိုးလီးယား

/mʊ̀ɴɡólíjá/

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


平果

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ku̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ kʷɔː³⁵/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Pingguo (a county-level city and former county of Baise, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Gutian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 古田 (Gǔtián).

Gǔtián (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Gu-Tian (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Gu-tian (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Gu Tian (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin)
Ku-t'ien (alternative)
Kutien (alternative)
Ku-tien (alternative)
Ku-Tien (alternative)
Ku-T'ien (alternative)
Ku Tien (alternative)
Ku T'ien (alternative)
Kŭ-chèng (alternative)
Ku-cheng (alternative)
Ku-Cheng (alternative)
Ku Cheng (alternative)
Kucheng (alternative)

At Shuikou, on the border between Minqing and Gutian, on the mainstream of the Min Jiang, Fujian Province will build the largest hydroelectric power station in the East China region.

1983 August 30 [1983 June 29], “Conditions Said Ripe to Begin Construction of Shuikou Hydropower Project”, in China Report, Economic Affairs, number 377, →OCLC, page 25:

Red ferment is one in which red mould grows on polished round rice, and is a specialty of the area round Gutian and Pingnan in Fujian province.

2010, Zhengping (李争平) Li, translated by 译谷 [Shanghai Ego], 中国酒: 英文 [Chinese Wine: Universe in a Bottle], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 29:

[Bian Baoquan] denounces Wang Yuchang, district magistrate of Gutian, Fujian, for incompetency, cowardice and avarice, and possessing a decidedly bad reputation amongst his colleagues. On account of his memorialist has already deposed the said magistrate from his post at Gutian, but he thinks that this man deserves further punishment for failing at the beginning to report a rioting of the "Vegetarians" in his district, preferring to buy peace by asking certain persons to promise concessions to the demands of the secret society men in order to keep them quiet.

2018 [1895 December 14], Lane J. Harris, The Peking Gazette: A Reader in Nineteenth-Century Chinese History, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 264:

Survivors of the peasant movement recall seeing Mao Zedong at Gutian, a day’s walk from the village, during the Gutian Conference in December 1929.

1983, Victor Nee, “Post-Mao Changes in a South China Production Brigade”, in Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, editor, China from Mao to Deng: The Politics and Economics of Socialist Development, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 63, column 2:

A place about thirteen miles west of Longyan called Gutian produced an unusual person. […] All visitors to western Fujian Province knew that an earth emperor was living in Gutian, and all were curious to meet him and to admire his style. Quite unexpectedly I had an opportunity to go to Gutian: Wugou and Shanshan, tired of life in Shanghai, came to visit me in the ancient farming village of Longyan, and I took time out to roam with them through all the scenic places close by.

2001, Xie Bingying, “A Traveling Life”, in Lily Chia Brissman, Barry Brissman, transl., A Woman Soldier's Own Story: The Autobiography of Xie Bingying, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 244–245:

At Gutian, Mao made much of introducing a resolution to abolish the practice. This move was tremendously popular with the soldiers. But a few months later, when the Gutian resolutions were circulated, this item was not among them.

2005, Jung Chang, Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story, New York: Anchor Books, →ISBN, page 73:

A town in Shanghang, Longyan, Fujian, China.


白鶴

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² hɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hoʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hoʔ¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤʔ⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ⁵¹/

/paːk̚² hɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hoʔ²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hoʔ¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤʔ⁴/

(～街道) Baihe (a subdistrict of Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Baihe (a town in Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


แต้จิ๋ว

th-proper noun

แต้จิ๋ว • (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

/tɛː˥˩.t͡ɕiw˩˩˦/

Borrowed from Teochew 潮州 (dio5/diê5 ziu1).

bor+

ภาษาแต้จิ๋ว


洪洞

→ English: Hongtong

/xʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

/xʊŋ³⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ tʰʊŋ²¹/

(～縣) Hongtong (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


陽江

→ English: Yangjiang, Yeungkong

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/jiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

From 漠陽江, the river flowing through the city.

(～市) Yangjiang (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


直隸

→ English: Zhili, Chihli

→ Manchu: ᡷᡳᠯᡳ (jyli)

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚² tɐi̯²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³⁵ li⁵¹/

/t͡sɪk̚² tɐi̯²²/

(historical) (～省) Zhili (a former province in northern China from 14th-century Ming Dynasty until 1928, approximately modern-day Hebei, notably containing the city of Beijing)


Хөхнуур

head

Хөхнуур • (Xöxnuur) (Mongolian spelling ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ)

Xöxnuur (romanization)
ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (Mongolian)

хөх (xöx, “blue”) + нуур (nuur, “lake”).

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)


ဟောင်ကောင်

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)

my:ဟောင်ကောင်


樂業

/lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² jiːp̚²/

/ŋaːu̯²² jiːp̚²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ɡiap̚²⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiap̚¹²¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

/lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

/lɔːk̚² jiːp̚²/

/ŋaːu̯²² jiːp̚²/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² ɡiap̚²⁴/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiap̚¹²¹/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² ɡiap̚⁴/

(～縣) Leye (a county of Baise, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Leye (a town in Songbei district, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


Yu

She went to Yangquan Village of Yuxian County in Shanxi Province. Having never been to such a remote and backward countryside area with its scenic views and fresh air, Kang joked with her colleagues that it was like being on a tourist trip.

[2005 February 4, Hester Xu, Yan Zhang, “Fighting a Lonely Cause”, in Beijing Today [今日北京], number 192, →ISSN, →OCLC, 面孔 [miànkǒng, Face], page 9, column 3:

Banners and a portrait of Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong adorn the front of this strange-looking freight train making its first run in Yuxian County, Shanxi Province.

[2011, Warren Bruce Palmer, “The Modern Chinese Economy”, in Robert André LaFleur, editor, China, ABC-CLIO, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 123:


屯溪

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

/tʰu̯ən³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/tʰyːn²¹ kʰɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Tunxi (a district of Huangshan, Anhui, China)


天安門広場

ja-pos

天(てん)安(あん)門(もん)広(ひろ)場(ば) • (Ten'anmon Hiroba)

天安門広場 (canonical)
Ten'anmon Hiroba (romanization)

[tẽ̞ɰ̃ã̠mːo̞ɰ̃ çiɾo̞ba̠]

天安門 (“Tiananmen”) + 広場 (“square”), calque of Mandarin 天安門廣場 /天安门广场 (Tiān'ānmén Guǎngchǎng, Tiān'ānmén Guǎngcháng)

cal

Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square#English

Tiananmen Square (a square in Beijing, China)


Gu

en-proper noun

Gu (countable and uncountable, plural Gus)

The comrades of Gu county said: From building a private house to sitting in jail, Xu Peng suffered the consequences of placing profit first as a result of his decadent bourgeois ideology.

1985 July 22, “SHANXI INVESTIGATES ILLEGAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION”, in China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 119:

According to the recent years study and productive practice of LV Centinula edodes of Gu county, Shanxi, the key techniques for spring cultivation of lentinula edodes?s high yield and good quality are put forward, including choosing suitable cultivation time , proper cultivars and making a good management during the colour-change and passing summer.

2004, Li Yuemei [李月梅], “Key Techniques for Spring Cultivation of Lentinua Edodes?s High Yield and Good Quality [香菇春季栽培高产优质的关键管理技术]”, in Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin [中国农学通报], number 3, →DOI, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-05-25:

Nearly a decade on from its humiliation, Linfen is even trying to reinvent itself as a green city. Yang claimed solar energy had been introduced in hotels, guesthouses and “many households”—including his own. Small wind farms are planned for Linfen’s Puxian and Guxian counties. Some former factory owners have even branched out into “green landscaping.” Last year a seven-mile-long park opened on the banks of the River Fen, which flows through Linfen.

[2012 October 25, Tom Phillips, “China’s Chernobyl Cleans Up Its Act”, in The Daily Beast, archived from the original on 2020-12-05:

A good illustration of this difference can be found by pulling statistics from a single prefecture level city and compare the gross domestic production per capita for two of the prefecture’s counties; in the publication 2010 Línfén tǒngjì niánjiàn (2010 临汾统计年鉴) the GDP per capita in Yonghe County is 5,632 RMB in 2009 while the GDP per capita in Gu County amounts to 47,933 RMB the same year. The two counties are only 188km apart, and yet the citizens under Gu County’s administration enjoy an income approximately 8.5 times higher than those under Yonghe County’s. One of the reasons for Gu County’s relative well developed economy may be its location approximately 51km from Linfen City, while the distance from Linfen City to Yonghe County roughly amounts to 165 km.

2014, Benjamin Lillebrohus, Chinese Rural-Urban Difference in Opportunity of Obtaining Higher Education, University of Lund, archived from the original on 2017-08-17, page 9:


ပေကျင်း

ပေကျင်းမြို့

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


ပီကင်း

ပီကင်းမြို့


樓蘭

/loʊ̯³⁵ län³⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ laːn²¹/

/loʊ̯³⁵ län³⁵/

/lɐu̯²¹ laːn²¹/

From a name in the native language of the kingdom, possibly of the shape *Kro-ran. Compare Modern Uyghur كروران (kroran, “Loulan”), Russian Крорайна (Krorajna).
First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian.

(～國) Loulan Kingdom (an ancient kingdom in western China)

(～社區) Loulan (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


शंघाई

hi-proper noun

शंघाई • (śaṅghāī) f

śaṅghāī (romanization)
शंघाई (direct singular)
शंघाई (oblique singular)
शंघाई (singular vocative)

/ʃəŋ.ɡʱɑː.iː/

[ʃɐ̃ŋ.ɡʱäː.iː]


解州

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Xiezhou, Haizhou (a prefecture in modern-day Shanxi, China)

(～鎮) Xiezhou, Haizhou (a town in Yanhu district, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China)


Jiang

Chiang (alternative)
Kiang (alternative)

It was entirely necessary for the Jiang County People's Procuratorate to bring action against Gao Yuewei and her husband at court in accordance with the law. Like Jiang County in Shanxi Province, other localities should also punish[...]

1984, Daily Report: People's Republic of China, numbers 128-139, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 13:

The wholesale vegetable market in Jiang County, Shanxi Province, was formed in the following way. At first, vegetable farmers living close to the county seat gathered along the road to the county trying to sell their vegetables to truckers and passers-by.

1998, Kate Xiao Zhou, “Markets: The Currents in the Farmer Sea”, in How the Farmers Changed China: Power of the People, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 90:

Jiang was the capital for the State of Jin, located in today’s Jiang County in Shanxi Province and adjacent to the Fenshui River.

2015, Wusan Dai, “Communication Technology”, in Yongxiang Lu, editor, A History of Chinese Science and Technology, volume 3, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 440:


樂亭

→ English: Laoting, Loting

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɤ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² tʰɪŋ²¹/

/lɑʊ̯⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɤ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ tʰɪŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² tʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Laoting (a county of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


Vujmingz

zh-l

武鳴／武鸣 (Wǔmíng)

Wuming (a district of Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Namzningz

Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


河溝

/xɤ³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kau⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kau⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kʰɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kau³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² kau⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² kau⁴⁴/

(～村) Hegou (a village in Dongsong, Luoning, Luoyang, Henan, China)


Kaifeng

A romanization of the Standard Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 開封 /开封 (Kāifēng, “Opening Up the Borders”), reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin, named in the late 8th century BC by the Zhuang Duke of Zheng as he settled new territory.

der

Kai-feng (alternative)
K'ai-feng (alternative)
K'ai-fêng (alternative)
Caifung (alternative obsolete)
Caifum (alternative obsolete)
Kae-fung (alternative obsolete)
Kae-fung Foo (alternative obsolete)

For several weeks preceding the actual overflow of its banks the Hoang-Ho had been swollen from its tributaries. It had been unusually wet and stormy in northwest China, and all the small streams were full and overflowing. The first break occurred in the province of Honan, of which the capital is Kaifeng, and the city next in importance is Ching or Cheng Chou. The latter is forty miles west of Kaifeng and a short distance above a bend in the Hoang-Ho.

1889, Willis Fletcher Johnson, chapter XXVIII, in History of the Johnstown Flood, Edgewood Publishing Co., →OCLC, page 322:

The supposed founder of the Chinese monarchy was Fu-hsi [about 2852 B.C.], and his capital was Kaifeng, now the provincial city of Honan. The early inhabitants of China are said to have lived in this Province.

1897, P. N. Tsü, “Historical Description of China”, in The Geography of the Chinese Empire, Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 9:

Chengchow is on the Pehan (Peking-Hankow) railway, about fifteen miles south of the Yellow river, and about forty-five miles west of Kaifeng. This railway is being rapidly pushed to completion. Another railway is to be built from Kaifeng to Honanfu, which will have its junction with the Pehan railway at this place.

1905, “Foreign Mission Board Report”, in Annual of the Southern Baptist Convention 1905, number 60, Nashville, Tenn.: Marshall & Bruce Company, page 149:

Actual work has begun on the railway which is to link Kaifeng to the Tientsin-Pukow railway at Hsuchowfu and will bring Kaifeng within about two days of Shanghai, writes the Kaifeng correspondent of the C. C. Post on the 11th instant.

1913 November, “Far Eastern Railways”, in The Far Eastern Review, volume X, number 6, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 234, column 3:

During the summer I attended as a speaker and teacher, a summer Conference north of the Yellow River, in which one of our brightest young Christians at Kaifeng felt the call to the ministry; he Is now studying for the ministry in Shantung University.

1921 February 17, Hendon M. Harris, “Annual Report Country Work for Year 1920”, in The Baptist Record, volume XXIII, number 7, Jackson, Miss.: Mississippi Baptist Convention, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2, column 3:

It is learned that Feng Yu-hsiang has decided to abandon Kaifeng and Chengchow and withdraw his army to the west of Fulikwan and Heishihkwan.

1929 June 1, “From the Chinese Press”, in The China Weekly Review, volume XLIX, number 1, →OCLC, page 32, column 1:

After months of blundering, caused by underestimating Chinese resistance, the Japanese have finally thrown their full force into the drive. Kaifeng has fallen and the vital city of Chengchow is endangered.

1938 June 18, “Profits on Slaughter”, in The Nation, volume 146, number 25, New York, page 686:

Kaifeng was raided by the Chinese twice, who remained there long enough to smash up the Japanese puppet organizations. They also dislodged the Japanese from the nearby town of Tunghsu and disrupted the Lung-Hai Railway, cutting the Japanese line of supply to Kaifeng.

1939 January, Lin Yu, “"The China Incident"”, in Philippine Magazine, volume XXXVI, number 1 (369), →OCLC, page 211:

TO REACH THE city of Kaifeng from Sian, it was necessary to get on to the Lung-hai Railway.

1942, Violet Cressy-Marcks, “Waiting for the Moon”, in Journey Into China, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., →OCLC, page 231:

Ricci learned that Ai was born in Honan province and now lived in Kaifeng, its capital.

1955, Vincent Cronin, “Adorers of the Cross”, in The Wise Man from the West, London: Rupert Hart-Davis, →OCLC, page 221:

Liu, who was purged in a power struggle with Mao Tse-tung during the “cultural revolution,” died of pneumonia while being sent to Kaifeng by train several years after he was struggled down, according to mainland reports.

1979 January 7, “Wang Kuang-mei in jail”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 1, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

“A lot of people want to go work in big cities, but there is far less demand this year,” said a manager at the Tongxu County Enterprise Bureau, an employment service in the central city of Kaifeng in Henan province. He refused to give his name.

2012 July 12, Joe McDonald, “China’s economic slowdown painful despite stimulus”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-18:

A prefecture-level city on the Yellow River in Henan, China, a former national capital.


懷柔

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ʐoʊ̯³⁵/

/waːi̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

/xu̯aɪ̯³⁵ ʐoʊ̯³⁵/

/waːi̯²¹ jɐu̯²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Huairou (a district and former county of Beijing, China)


咸豐

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ham¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hoŋ³³/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/haːm²¹ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/ham¹³⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²⁴⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham²³⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ham⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hoŋ³³/

See also Manchu ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳ
ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠩᡤᡝ (gubci elgiyengge).

m+

ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳ ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠩᡤᡝ

(～縣) Xianfeng (a county of Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


承德

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tɤ³⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ tɐk̚⁵/

/siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪk̚³²/

/siɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪk̚³²/

(～市) Chengde (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)

(～縣) Chengde (a county of Chengde City, Hebei, China)


衡水

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐŋ²¹ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～市) Hengshui (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China)


朔州

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɔːk̚³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ʂu̯ɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɔːk̚³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/sɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Shuozhou (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


忻州

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Xinzhou (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


陽泉

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/jɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

(～市) Yangquan (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


長治

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡siː²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ t͡sʰɨ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/tiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²²/

/tiɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti³³/

(～市) Changzhi (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)

(～縣) (historical) Changzhi (a former county of the prefecture-level city of Changzhi, Shanxi, China; modern Shangdang District)


晉城

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Jincheng (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


運城

/yn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɐn²² sɪŋ²¹/

/yn⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/wɐn²² sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Yuncheng (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


晉中

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵn³³ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Jinzhong (a prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China)


阜新

/fɐu̯²² sɐn⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² sɐn⁵⁵/

(～市) Fuxin (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


遼陽

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Liaoyang (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


盤錦

/pʰän³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰuːn²¹ kɐm³⁵/

/pʰän³⁵ t͡ɕin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰuːn²¹ kɐm³⁵/

(～市) Panjin (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


四平

/sz̩⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/sz̩⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/sei̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

From Manchu [Term?] (“awl”) (compare ᠰᡠᡳᡶᡠᠨ (suifun), ᠰᡠᡳᡥᠣᠨ (suihon, “awl”)), in reference to the small and gently flowing Tiaozi River in the area.

(～市) Siping (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


遼源

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Liaoyuan (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


通化

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/tʰɔŋ³³ hua⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/tʰɔŋ³³ hua⁴¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/tʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～市) Tonghua (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)

(～縣) Tonghua (a county of Tonghua City, Jilin, China)


白山

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～市) Baishan (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


白城

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɪŋ²¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/paːk̚² sɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Baicheng (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


湖州

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Huzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


衢州

→ English: Ch'ü-chou, Quzhou

/t͡ɕʰy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ku²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/ku¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑy²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ku²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/ku¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ku²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/d͡ʑy²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Quzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


馬鞍山

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ma³³⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uã³³ suã³³/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/mo²² ø⁵⁵ se²¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/maː¹³ ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ma³³⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/be⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ uã³³ suã³³/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/be⁵³⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/be⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ uã⁴⁴⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/mo²² ø⁵⁵ se²¹/

(～市) Ma'anshan (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


麗水

→ English: Lishui, Li-shui

/li³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐi̯²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/li³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/li⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɐi̯²² sɵy̯³⁵/

(～市) Lishui (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


黃山

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/uoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾naŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/ŋ̍¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/ŋ̍²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/ɦuɑ̃²² se⁴⁴/

(～市) Huangshan (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)

(～區) Huangshan (a district of Huangshan City, Anhui, China)


銅陵

→ English: T'ung-ling, Tongling

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

/tøyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

/tøyŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˡ⁻⁾nˡiŋ⁵³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

(～市) Tongling (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)