海東

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海東):
* → Korean: 해동(海東) (haedong)

→ English: Haidong

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

Haidong, Qinghai is east of 青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú, “Qinghai Lake”, literally “Blue Sea”), and Korea is east of Bohai Bay and the Yellow Sea.

zh-l

(～市, formerly ～地區) Haidong (a prefecture-level city of Qinghai, China, formerly a prefecture)


Cachemira

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


庫車

/kʰu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

/kʰu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤ⁵⁵/

/fuː³³ t͡sʰɛː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡠᠴᡝ (kuce), from Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡔᡄ (küce), from Chagatai کوجا.
Probably a doublet of 龜茲／龟兹 (Qiūcí).

龜茲／龟兹 (Qiūcí)

(～市, formerly ～縣) Kuqa, Kuche, Kuchar (a county-level city of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang, China, formerly a county)


Setsuan

alternative form of Sichuan: Sichuan (a province in central China)


Szechwan

Latin: szechwanensis

From the Postal Romanization of Mandarin 四川 (Sìchuān).

We shall then have two great streams of traffic at this point intersecting one another, the waterway of the Yangtse bringing produce and people down from Szechwan and the west to the coast, and taking back the imports and produce of the coast provinces, as well as numberless travellers to the far interior; while the great trunk railway from Canton to Peking will convey an enormous traffic between these cities and all intermediate places.

1907, Mark Tennien, edited by Marshall Broomhall, The Chinese Empire: A General & Missionary Survey, London: Morgan & Scott, page 118:

WHERE the Upper Yangtse widens, and the perilous rapids are past, and the mountains begin to recede from the shore, is situated one of China's most interesting cities—the City of Fungteu, a place of great historical romance. The picturesque little mount just outside the city walls is literally covered with large and venerable temples, and next to Mount Omei in central Szechwan, is perhaps the greatest religious retreat in the land.

1917, E. I. Hart, “The Chinese Tartarus”, in Virgil C. Hart: Missionary, Statesman, Founder of the American and Canadian Missions in Central and West China, New York: Hodder & Stoughton; George H. Doran Company, →OCLC, page 163:

The Rev. Howard Smith of Washington, Pa., missionary of the Christian and Missionary Alliance at Pengshui, in Northwest Szechwan Province, has been kidnapped by "rouges," crimson-clad Chinese irregulars, it was learned here today.

1934 May 12 [1934 May 11], “MISSIONARY SEIZED BY BANDITS IN CHINA; Rev. Howard Smith, American, Held for Ransom -- Hull Is Urged to Aid Release.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-27, page 4:

Chungking became the wartime capital of Free China, and Szechwan, that vast, barely accessible province hidden behind steep mountain ranges, became the country’s wartime base.

1943, Hubert Freyn, Free China's New Deal, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, page 6:

Before leaving the Old Stone Age in Pleistocene China, it may be worthwhile to mention two additional sites in South China which have recently been investigated. In 1951 the remains of the Tzŭ-yang Man was unearthed at Huang-shan-hsi, in Tzŭ-yang, Szechwan (48. 49-50).

1966, Chêng Tê-kʻun, Prehistoric China, volume 1, England: W. Heffer & Sons, page 37:

Shielded from China proper and the central government by mountains, Szechwan is a huge "rice bowl" whose population of seventy to eighty million makes it larger than all but nine countries in the world. When the Communists took Szechwan in 1950, they were determined to bind the province tightly to the rest of the nation. National leaders, despite objections from Szechwan, concentrated on doubling Szechwan grain. In achieving an agricultural surplus, Szechwan 's leaders won a reputation for astutely applying mechanical innovation, work incentives, and technical training. In the Cultural Revolution such pragmatism was denounced for neglecting politics and pursuing "capitalist restoration."

1971, The Cultural Revolution in the Provinces, Harvard University Press, page 8:

Radio Szechwan reported on Feb. 3 that many "security organizations" in Szechwan had sent cadres to schools at various levels to instruct students on the class struggle. . . to criticize and destroy the class enemy.

1976 February 15, “Red security personnel involved in power struggle”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 6, Taipei, page 3:

But the fighting was not yet over. The province of Szechwan in the far west did not fall for three more years, while Yunnan in the south-west remained in the hands of Yuan loyalists until 1382.

1998, Chris Peers, Warlords of China 700 BC to AD 1662, Arms and Armour, →ISBN, page 144:

Alternative form of Szechuan: A province in central China.


永年

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ niːn²¹/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ niːn²¹/

(～區) Yongnian (a district of Handan, Hebei, China)


烏龍

; "unexpected mistake; muddled"
: Common folk etymologies attribute the word to English wrong, or own (as in own goal).

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/wuː⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ¹³/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/ɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/ou³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Wulong (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


Liangguang

From the pinyin romanization of Mandarin 兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng, “the Two Expanses”).

She was one of the first to ship champagne to the East - China received 48 bottles of Veuve Clicquot in 1847, around the same time as the Treaty of Canton was signed between Sweden-Norway and Qiying, the viceroy of Liangguang.

2015 December 19, Nellie Ming Lee, “Behind many great champagnes is an even greater woman”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-12-30, FOOD & DRINK:

The Qing viceroyalty which oversaw the two provinces


梅林

/muːi̯²¹ lɐm²¹/

/muːi̯²¹ lɐm²¹/

(～街道) Meilin (a subdistrict of Futian district, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China)

(～街道) Meilin (a subdistrict of Ninghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Ningguo, Xuancheng, Anhui, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Nanjing, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Ganxian district, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Fengcheng, Yichun, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Wuhua, Meizhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Puning, Jieyang, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Meilin (a town in Mabian, Leshan, Sichuan, China)


龍州

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～縣) a county of Chongzuo, Guangxi autonomous region, China

(～鎮) a town in Longzhou County, Guangxi autonomous region, China


綏寧

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/su̯eɪ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/su̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɵy̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Suining (a county of Shaoyang, Hunan, China)

(～省) (historical) Suining (a province in modern-day Heilongjiang)


羅城

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/lu̯ɔ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/lɔː²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

仡佬族自治縣 仡佬族自治縣#Chinese

(～仡佬族自治縣, ～縣) Longsheng (an autonomous county of Hechi, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


明光

/miŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/miŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/mɪŋ²¹ kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Mingguang (a county-level city of Chuzhou, Anhui, China)


興隆

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/heŋ³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² liɔŋ²⁴/

/heŋ³³⁻²³ loŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ loŋ²¹/

(～縣) Xinglong (a county of Chengde, Hebei, China)

(～街道) Xinglong (a subdistrict of Duodao district, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Xinglong (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Xinglong (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

(～村) Xinglong (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


Lan

Drivers can take the exit and head north to Kelan, south to Jingle, or west onto a hill road that leads to Lan County in Lüliang City.

2020, Shunmin (鲁顺民) Lu, Yang Yao (杨遥), Chen Kehai (陈克海), 掷地有声：从山西看中国脱贫攻坚 [Pathway to Prosperity: China's Poverty Alleviation with a Case Study of Shanxi Province], →ISBN, page https://books.google.com/books?id=qKIwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT414:


浮屠

/fɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/fɐu̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

An early loanword into Middle Chinese. Possible sources include Bactrian Βοδδο (“the Buddha”) or Middle-Indic, cf. Gandhari 𐨦𐨂𐨢𐨂 (budhu) (Ji, 1998v7). For the conflation of words for Buddhist stupas and for the Buddha, see also English pagoda.

(～鎮) Futu (a town in Yangxin, Huangshi, Hubei, China)


雲浮

→ English: Wanfow, Yunfu

/wɐn²¹ fɐu̯²¹/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun¹³⁻²² pʰu¹³/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu²⁴/

/hun²³⁻³³ pʰu²³/

/wɐn²¹ fɐu̯²¹/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun²⁴⁻²² pʰu²⁴/

/hun¹³⁻²² pʰu¹³/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ pʰu²⁴/

/hun²³⁻³³ pʰu²³/

The first syllable 雲／云 (yún) (pronounced wan4 in Cantonese) is possibly cognate with Zhuang vunz (“person”) (Shao, 2015). There are many toponyms in Guangdong with 雲／云 (yún) as their first character.
On the other hand, the second syllable 浮 (fú) is possibly cognate with Zhuang faexbaeuz (“Pleioblastus amarus”, a plant commonly found in the area, known as 苦竹 in Chinese) (Shao, 2015), so 雲浮／云浮 (Yúnfú) may mean "the people who plant Pleioblastus amarus", making the toponym possibly phono-semantic matching of Kra-Dai substrate words.

zh-l

雲浮／云浮 (Yúnfú)

(～市) Yunfu (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


Shénzhen

Shenzhen (a major subprovincial city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Tứ Xuyên

[tɨ˨˩˦ swiəŋ˧˧]

[tɨ˦˥ s⁽ʷ⁾iəŋ˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Tứ Xuyên.wav


Trùng Khánh

[t͡ɕʊwŋ͡m˨˩ xajŋ̟˧˦]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˦˩ kʰɛɲ˦˧˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˦˩ xɛɲ˦˧˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˨˩ kʰan˦˥]

[ʈʊwŋ͡m˨˩ xan˦˥]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 重慶.
In the past, the area of this district was known as Tư Lang (思琅), Thượng Lang (上琅) ,etc. In the 7th year of Minh Mạng (1826), the name of this area was changed to Trùng Khánh Prefecture (phủ Trùng Khánh).

Chongqing (a direct-administered municipality and city in western China)


Rong

A county of Yulin, Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China.


Thiên Tân

[tʰiən˧˧ tən˧˧]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ təŋ˧˧]

[tʰiəŋ˧˧ təŋ˧˧]

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


Vũ Hán

[vʊw˧˨ haːŋ˦˧˥]

[vʊw˨˩˦ haːŋ˦˥]

[jʊw˨˩˦ haːŋ˦˥]

Wuhan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Hubei, China)


Châu Hải

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ haːj˧˩]

[t͡ɕəw˧˧ haːj˧˨]

[cəw˧˧ haːj˨˩˦]

Zhuhai (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


Cao Câu Li

[kaːw˧˧ kəw˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

[kaːw˧˧ kəw˧˧ lɪj˧˧]

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


玉田

/y⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jʊk̚² tʰiːn²¹/

/y⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/jʊk̚² tʰiːn²¹/

(～縣) Yutian (a county of Tangshan, Hebei, China)


小村

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯ən⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Xiaocun (a township in Xianfeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


鴨綠江

/jä⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/aːp̚³ lʊk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/jä⁵⁵ lu⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/aːp̚³ lʊk̚² kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

鴨綠水／鸭绿水 (Yālùshuǐ)

Yalu River, Amnok River (a river on the China-North Korea border)


贊皇

/t͡sän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sän⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Zanhuang (a county of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)


Liwan

A district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.


Mongoliýa

Mongoliýa (nominative singular-only)
Mongoliýany (accusative singular-only)
Mongoliýanyň (genitive singular-only)
Mongoliýā (dative singular-only)
Mongoliýada (locative singular-only)
Mongoliýadan (ablative singular-only)

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


安順

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɵn²²/

(～市) Anshun (a prefecture-level city of Guizhou, China)


烏魯木斉

烏魯木斉 (canonical)
Urumuchi (romanization)

[ɯ̟ɾɯ̟mɯ̟t͡ɕi]

The kanji are ateji (当て字), orthographic borrowing from Mandarin 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí, “Ürümqi”).

obor

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Erenhot

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠡ
ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (eriyee qota) / Эрээн хот (Ereen xot).

At the border town of Erenhot, the people working beside the track look up and smile as the train enters China and begin to applaud.

1988 March, Paul Theroux, “China Passage”, in National Geographic Magazine, volume 173, number 3, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 298:

Cheng would have to stop him further down in the Gobi’s dunes around the railhead of Erenhot, and so it was to Erenhot, the railhead on the border of China’s Inner Mongolia and Mongolia, that many of the reserves from Beijing’s Sixty-fifth Army Group were now being sent.

1993, Ian Slater, WWIII: Asian Front (Fiction), Fawcett Gold Medal Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 218:

Erenhot—known for little more than being a border town, a required stop for motorists and trains, as well as rich fossil territory.[...]"We cannot let you be seen," she shouted to him, when the first lights of Erenhot—and Zamyn-Uud, a little farther across the border between Mongolia and China— flickered into view. "No one would understand!"

2009 August, Marjorie Liu, The Fire King, Leisure Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 72–73:

On Monday, disease-hit Erenhot in Inner Mongolia banned travel in and out of the city and ordered residents to stay at home, while an outbreak in Ejin county prompted authorities earlier this week to shutter tourist sites and restrict travel.

2021 October 22, “Beijing launches new mass testing wave after four Covid cases found”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-10-22:

A county-level city of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.


Triều Châu

[t͡ɕiəw˨˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʈiw˦˩ t͡ɕəw˧˧]

[ʈiw˨˩ cəw˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Triều Châu.wav


Nankin

NANKEEN
A cotton fabric, of firm texture, woven plain. It is made principally at Nankin, China, from which place it derives its name.

1872, C. M. Brown, L. Gates, Scissors and Yardstick, Hartford, Conn., page 44:

Dr. Treudley will assist in the editing of the magazine until August, 1923, when she leaves for Nankin, China, to teach in Ginling College.

1922 December, “Dr. Mary B. Treudley to Edit Magazine”, in Ohio University Bulletin, volume XVIII, number 29, Athens, Ohio, page 5:

Obsolete form of Nanking, former name of Nanjing: a prefecture-level city, the capital of Jiangsu, China.


Nankin

Borrowed from Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), based on the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Also see Tonkin and Pékin (“Beijing”).

Nanjing (the capital city of Jiangsu, China)


Beishan

Translingual: beishanensis, Beishanlong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 北山 (Běishān).

Peishan (alternative)
Pei-shan (alternative)

The Hohsi Corridor is long, narrow and easily passable. Over 1,000 kilometres in length, it is bordered on the south by the Chilien Mountains and on the north by the broken, slightly lower Peishan Mountains. It is penetrated by the rolling sand from Inner Mongolia. The corridor, though an arid area, is constantly watered by the melting snow and ice from the Chiliens. The irrigation system here goes back 2,000 years, when agriculture was originally developed on the oases on which most of the towns and villages have since arisen.

[1964, Yu-ti (任育地) Jen, 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 195:

The desert division of China is essentially composed of the Alashan Plateau (including the Beishan Mountains and the Hexi Corridor), two great inland basins (the Junggar and the Tarim) and their surrounding high mountains (mainly the Tianshan and the Altay).

1986, Zhao Songqiao (Chao Sung-chiao), Physical Geography of China, Science Press, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 170:

In the Beishan Mts., the Jinta Formation is unconformably overlain by the Fangshankou Group.

1987, Geotectonic Evolution of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 36:

The wall, from the Ming period, which is still intact, stretches south-westwards to the foothills of the Qilianshan and approximately northwards to the Beishan.

1993, China (Insight Guides), 2nd edition, Singapore: Houghton Mifflin Company, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 231:

China now has a centralized spent fuel facility in Lanzhou (Gansu). The current storage capacity of 550 tonnes could be doubled, but still will not be sufficient to cope with the greater volume in future. China has been considering another repository, in Beishan Mountain in Inner Mongolia.

2008 August 25, “CHINA: Nuclear expansion faces obstacles”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-03, World:

A subdistrict of Chuanying district, Jilin, Jilin, China.

A subdistrict of Yanji, Yanbian, Jilin, China.

A subdistrict of Xiangyang district, Hegang, Heilongjiang, China.

A subdistrict of Lingdong district, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China.

A subdistrict of Xinxing district, Qitaihe, Heilongjiang, China.

A subdistrict of Aimin district, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China.

A subdistrict of Xihu district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

A subdistrict of Macun district, Jiaozuo, Henan, China.

A town in Qingtian, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.

A town in Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China.

A town in Longhui, Shaoyang, Hunan, China.

A town in Yizhou district, Hechi, Guizhou, China.

A township in Suibin, Hegang, Heilongjiang, China.

A township in Duchang, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China.

A township in Dazhou district, Dazhou, Sichuan, China.

A township in Xide, Liangshan, Sichuan, China.

A township in Minhe, Haidong, Qinghai, China.

A township in Menyuan, Haibei, Qinghai, China.

A village in Bo'ao, Qionghai, Hainan, China.

(historical) A village in Lingshanwei, Huangdao district, Qingdao, Shandong, China.


Chaoyang

Translingual: chaoyangensis

/(ˈ)t͡ʃaʊˈjæŋ/

Any of several towns, cities and districts in China:

A prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China.

Peiping's public security bureau has been paralyzed by mob actions, according to an intelligence report reaching Taipei.
The report said that since the Tienanmen uprising last April 6 each branch of the city's security bureau has been raided by mobs three to five times.
The Chaoyang branch of the bureau received the brunt of the mob attacks, the report said. It was visited by angry rioters nine times in a single month, and 14 of its officials were killed.

1977 March 6, “Mobs raid offices of public security bureau”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVIII, number 9, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Six new cases were found in Beijing's central districts of Chaoyang and Haidian. China is seeing a spike in cases due to domestic travel in the past month.

2021 November 11, “Coronavirus digest: Germany reports new record-high case numbers”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-11-12:

Seventy people have tested positive in Beijing since Friday. In the capital’s fashionable Chaoyang district, home to most of those cases, the government initially ordered all 3.5 million residents to take three P.C.R. tests over the next five days.

2022 April 25, Nancy Wartik, “China and the World Wait”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-25, Briefing:

Beijing reported 50 local cases on Thursday, a day after it said people in Chaoyang, its most populous district, should work from home.[…]
But Feng Yinhao, a massage parlour employee in Chaoyang district, said Beijing was "still normal" compared to the country's largest city, Shanghai.

2022 May 5, “Millions in Beijing urged to work from home to fight Covid”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-05:


Chaoyang

/(ˈ)t͡ʃaʊˈjæŋ/

Dr. R. E. Worley was appointed to this work in 1903, but his devoted, self-sacrificing service was brief, for in the summer of 1907 he was drowned while crossing Swatow Bay after his regular weekly visit to Chaoyang, where he had a dispensary.

1907, Missions in China, Boston, Mass.: American Baptist Missionary Union, →OCLC, page 46:

A district of Shantou, Guangdong, China.


Tianfu

Translingual: tianfuensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 天府 (Tiānfǔ).

Chengdu's growth story continues with the Tianfu New District development, a huge new business district that will spread over more than 1,500 square kilometres of land to the south of the city.

2012 April 25, Sascha Matuszak, “Push to become hi-tech manufacturing base”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-11-10:

The central government has approved plans by Sichuan province to set up the new Tianfu business district as part of plans to accelerate development in western China.

2014 October 14, “PRESS DIGEST- China - Oct 15”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2016-05-31:

The new city is called Tianfu; it was designed by the architecture firm Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill, and is being brought to life by the Beijing Vantone Real Estate Co., in partnership with the Chengdu municipal government — of course.
Tianfu is designed to provision its 80,000 residents with all the latest green features bundled into a 13 sq km satellite city that sits very much removed from the downtown core of Chengdu.

2015, Wade Shepard, “A new city, a new identity”, in Ghost Cities of China: The Story of Cities without People in the World's Most Populated Country, London: Zed Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 129:

Tianfu New Area, a state-level new area approved by the Chinese government in October 2014, has a planned total area of 1,578 km2, including 564km2 directly managed by Chengdu Municipal Corporation.

2020 October 26, “Tianfu New Area, China Aims To Provide “Tianfu New Area Experience” To Park City Residents”, in AP News, sourced from Accesswire and The Chengdu Management Committee of Sichuan Tianfu New Area, archived from the original on 2024-10-06:

A new area in Sichuan, China, in Chengdu and Meishan.


Loess Plateau

The Loess Plateau
China’s Loess Plateau is the most widely distributed loess area on earth. This loess is a deep deposit of paleosol, and the plateau is most systematically and completely developed for crops (Zhu Xianmo, 1986).

1993, Dazhong Wen, “Soil erosion and conservation in China”, in David Pimentel, editor, World Soil Erosion and Conservation, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 64:

First excavated in A.D. 1963 at Lantian (near Xi’an) on the warm temperate Loess Plateau, the Lantian people lived about 800,000 to 600,000 years before the present.

1994, Zhao Songqiao, Geography of China, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 48:

A plateau that covers an area of some 640,000 km² in the upper and middle reaches of China's Yellow River.

黃土高原 /黄土高原

plateau that covers an area in China's Yellow River


Ju

From various romanizations of various Chinese characters. As a prefecture, from Chinese 矩州 (Jǔzhōu, “Carpenter's-Square Prefecture”).

bor

Among the various Neolithic inscriptions found on pottery vessels and other artifacts that contain astronomical information, the most significant ones are probably those found on ceremonial pottery vessels of the Dàwénkǒu culture (c. -4300 to -1900) unearthed in 1959 at Língyánghé 陵陽河 in Jǔ 莒 county in the Shāndōng 山東 province as illustrated in Figure 46.²¹²

[1996, Chen Cheng-Yih [程貞一], “Early Chinese Work in Astronomy”, in Early Chinese Work in Natural Science: A Re-examination of the Physics of Motion, Acoustics, Astronomy and Scientific Thoughts [中華早期自然科學之再研討], Hong Kong University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 173:

中華早期自然科學之再研討


Gvangjcouh

head

Gvangjcouh (1957–1982 spelling Gvaŋзcouƅ)

/kʷaːŋ˥ ɕou˧/

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


普洱

→ English: Pu'er, Puer

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/pʰu³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pou̯³⁵ nei̯¹³⁻³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ jiː¹³/

/pʰu³³ ɦəl⁴⁴/

(～市) Pu'er, Puer (a prefecture-level city of Yunnan, China)


虎牙

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä³⁵/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaː²¹/

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ jä³⁵/

/fuː³⁵ ŋaː²¹/

(～街道) Huya (a subdistrict of Xiaoting district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


水城

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Shuicheng County (a county of Guizhou, China)


木魚

/mu⁵¹ yə̯ɻ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² jyː²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² ᵑɡui²²/

/muk̚² ŋ̍¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁵⁻² hi²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hi²³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hi¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hi²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɯ²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hu²⁴/

/moʔ¹¹ ɦy²³/

/mu⁵¹ yə̯ɻ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² jyː²¹⁻³⁵/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² ᵑɡui²²/

/muk̚² ŋ̍¹¹/

/bɔk̚⁵⁻² hi²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hi²³/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hi¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hi²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² hɯ²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² hu²⁴/

/moʔ¹¹ ɦy²³/

(～鎮) Muyu (a town in Shennongjia, Hubei, China)

(～村) Muyu (a village in Muyu, Shennongjia, Hubei, China)


Ordos

Genghis Khan
Loess Plateau
Ordos
Yuan dynasty

From Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ (ordos, “palaces”), from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠳᠣ (ordo, “palace”) + ᠊ᠰ (-s, plural suffix); probably from Proto-Turkic *or- (“army, place of staying of the army, ruler etc.”). Originally in reference to the portable mausoleums of Genghis Khan (known as the "eight white yurts"), which were used following the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368. These were entrusted to caretakers, who worshipped at the mausoleums as the "soul guards" of the khan, and who moved to the Ordos plateau in the years following. After a time, both the people and their territory took the name, due to the presence of the mausoleums there.

der

The Chinese Moslems, who constitute the largest minority, number about 700,000. They are organized in two autonomous chou and three autonomous hsien. The Wuchung Moslem Autonomous Chou, situated east of the Yellow River in former Ningsia Province, was called the Hotung (“east of the river”) chou until April, 1955, when it was renamed for its capital. The Wuchung chou has a population of 230,000, 62 per cent of whom are Moslems. The Wuchung chou includes the east-bank section of the Ningsia irrigated plain, adjoins the Ordos desert and passes southeastward into the loesslands. The autonomous chou was set up in April, 1954.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of the Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 246:

The river, which is some 3,028 miles long and has a catchment basin of 250,000 sq. miles, rises in the Bayan Kara Shan (15,000 ft) of north-east Tibet and flows as a mountain torrent above Lanchow. Between Lanchow and Wuchung in Ningsia it descends on to the Inner Mongolian plateau and is less torrential although still of considerable strength. At Wuchung it starts on its northward course, known as the Great Bend, across the Ordos Desert.

1970, T. R. Tregear, An Economic Geography of China, Butterworths, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 60:

A region of China, enclosed by the great northern bend of the Yellow River and the Wei River to the south; also called Ordos Loop.


白頭山

白頭山 (canonical)
Pekutusan (romanization)

[pe̞kɯ̟tɯ̟sã̠ɴ]

Paektu (a mountain on the border between North Korea and China)


白頭山

白頭山 (canonical)
Pekutosan (romanization)

From Korean 백두산(白頭山) (baekdusan), with an irregular vowel suited to Japanese phonology.

(less common) alternative form of 白頭山 (Pekutusan, “Paektu (a mountain on the border between North Korea and China)”)


白頭山

ja-pos

白(はく)頭(とう)山(さん) • (Hakutōsan) ^(←はくとうさん (Fakutousan)?)

白頭山 (canonical)
Hakutōsan (romanization)
Fakutousan (romanization)
はくとうさん (hiragana historical)

[ha̠kɯ̟to̞ːsã̠ɴ]

Orthographic borrowing from Korean 백두산(白頭山) (baekdusan).


郎君

/lɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kun³³/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

/lɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕyn⁵⁵/

/lɔːŋ²¹ kʷɐn⁵⁵/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kun³³/

/lɔŋ¹³⁻²² kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kun⁴⁴/

/lɔŋ²³⁻³³ kun⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Langjun (a town in Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


鶏冠

/kei kʷan/ → /keːkan/
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 雞冠 (MC kej kwan).

Jiguan (a district of Heilongjiang, China)


青龍

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (青龍):
* → Japanese: 青(せい)竜(りゅう) (seiryū)
* → Korean: 청룡(青龍) (cheongnyong)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh Long (青龍)

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ lœŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lyøŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ lœŋ¹³/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ lyøŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ liɔŋ²³/

～滿族自治縣 青龍滿族自治縣#Chinese

(～滿族自治縣) Qinglong (a Manchu autonomous county of Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China)

(～鎮) Qinglong (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Qinglong (a former town in Jiangsu, China)

(～江) Qinglong (a river in Zhejiang, China), an alternative name of the lower Ao (鰲江/鳌江)


Wuhu

The report said the investigation has extended to Wuhu, in Anhwei Province, and Hangchow in Chekiang Province.

1973 June 17, “Attempt on Maoist leader in Shanghai”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 23, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Inhabitants of the urban districts of Wuhu in Anhui Province awoke on Sunday morning to official orders to stay at home and get tested — daily — until the government decides that it has stamped out cases of the Omicron variant, which is straining China’s “zero Covid” policy to its limits.
The Wuhu government said it took the drastic step after one school student tested positive. Despite the stay-at-home command, many in Wuhu rushed out to stock up on food before the restrictions took full force, videos and pictures online show.

2022 April 19, Chris Buckley, “China’s Covid shutdowns go far beyond Shanghai.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-04-19, World:

For quotations using this term, see Citations:Wuhu.

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Anhui, China.

蕪湖 /芜湖

a prefecture-level city in southeastern Anhui province in China


Nanchong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南充 (Nánchōng).

Her mother had recently had minor surgery, so Qin decided it was a good time to leave the golf company and move back to her hometown of Nanchong, a city in Sichuan province some 200 km (125 miles) east of Chengdu.

2017 October 17, John Ruwitch, Anita Li, “Cash and coffee: a young woman's path in a changing China”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-07, Regulatory News:

A prefecture-level city of Sichuan, China.

南充

a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China


Hexi Corridor

Partial calque from Mandarin and from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 河西走廊 (Héxī Zǒuláng).

The Hohsi Corridor is long, narrow and easily passable. Over 1,000 kilometres in length, it is bordered on the south by the Chilien Mountains and on the north by the broken, slightly lower Peishan Mountains. It is penetrated by the rolling sand from Inner Mongolia. The corridor, though an arid area, is constantly watered by the melting snow and ice from the Chiliens. The irrigation system here goes back 2,000 years, when agriculture was originally developed on the oases on which most of the towns and villages have since arisen.

[1964, Yu-ti (任育地) Jen, 中国地理概述 [A Concise Geography of China], Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 195:

Su-pei Mongol Autonomous Hsien is situated in the western portion of the Ho-hsi Corridor of Kansu Province, bordering A-k'o-sai Kazakh Autonomous Hsien...

[1964 April 14 [1963 November 20], “Small Su-pei Mongol Hsien Grows”, in Communist China Digest, number 117, Joint Publications Research Service, sourced from Peiping, Kuang-ming Jih-pao, →OCLC, page 17:

The geological structure of the Alashan Plain is more complex. The central portion of it was composed of ancient pre-Sinian deposits which were gradually overlaid by a mantle of Quaternary sands, but crop out on the surface in the elevations. The northern part is composed of Paleozoic and Mesozoic (chiefly Cretaceous) sediments while the southern piedmont portion (i.e., the Hohsi Corridor) was filled by beds of Paleozoic sedimentary and Meso-Cenozoic continental deposits which reach particularly great thickness in certain depressions such as the Chiuch’uan, Kanchou and Chaoshui.

[1969, “Northwest China: The Mongolian-Sinkiang Region”, in The Physical Geography of China, volume II, Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 212:

When we were in Zhangye we consulted a map and saw that the Ruoshui River has its source in the Qilian Mountains, then winds north through the Hexi Corridor and into the desert. It then flows through the forests of Ejin Banner and pours into two lakes — the Gaxun Nur and the Sogo Nur.

1993 August, Miao Wang, Shi Bao Xiu, “A Detour Through the Desert to Etzina”, in Tu Nai Hsien, editor, From the Pamirs to Beijing: Tracing Marco Polo's Northern Route, Hong Kong: HK China Tourism Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 94, column 1:

Dust-fall sampling along the Hexi Corridor shows that while it is traditionally believed that dust storm activity peaks in spring to early summer, the pattern is more complex (Figure 2.2).

2003, Geology and Health: Closing the Gap, Oxford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 17:

(historical) A geographical region of relatively arable terrain in modern western Gansu Province, China, part of the Northern Silk Road running northwest from the bank of the Yellow River; consisting of a string of oases, it was the most important route from North China to the Tarim Basin and Central Asia for traders and the military.


尼瑪

/ni³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ni³⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Tibetan ཉི་མ (nyi ma, “sun”).

(～縣) Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


和順

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɵn²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/ho¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

/xɤ³⁵ ʂu̯ən⁵¹/

/wɔː²¹ sɵn²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² sun⁴¹/

/ho¹³⁻²² sun²²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ sun³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ sun³³/

(～縣) Heshun (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


西雙版納

desc

→ English: Hsishuangpanna, Hsi-shuang-pan-na, Xishuangbanna

ㄒㄧ ㄕㄨㄤ ㄅㄢˇ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄒㄧ ㄕㄨㄤ ㄅㄢˇ ㄋㄚˋ

Сишуанбаньна

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵ naːp̚²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ sœːŋ⁵⁵ paːn³⁵ naːp̚²/

Borrowed from Lü ᧑᧒ᦗᧃᦓᦱ (12pannaa) or ᦉᦲᧇᦉᦸᧂᦗᧃᦓᦱ (ṡiibṡoangpannaa).

～傣族自治州 西雙版納傣族自治州#Chinese

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～傣族自治州, ～州) Xishuangbanna (an autonomous prefecture of Yunnan, China)


Anju

'This is the worst drought I've ever experienced,' said Nie Zhongchang, a 61-year-old peasant in Anju district, Suining , one of the worst-hit cities in Sichuan. 'All the paddies have dried up.'

2006 August 22, Bill Savadove, “Rainfall brings only brief respite to drought-hit regions”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-07-24:

On June 3, 2011, in Buyun Town (Anju District, Suining, Sichuan), four candidates for secretary of the township Party committee were elected by more than 150 representatives of Party members, people and village officials graduated from universities and colleges through secret ballot.

2012, chapter 10, in The Strength of Democracy: How will the CPC march ahead, China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 264:


شانغهاي

ar-proper noun

شانْغْهَاي • (šānḡhāy) f

شانْغْهَاي (canonical)
šānḡhāy (romanization)
شَانْغْهَاي (definite informal invariable singular)
شَانْغْهَاي (definite invariable nominative singular)
شَانْغْهَاي (accusative definite invariable singular)
شَانْغْهَاي (definite genitive invariable singular)

ar-decl-noun

شَانْغْهَاي:inv


هونغ كونغ

ar-proper noun

هُونْغ كُونْغ

هُونْغ كُونْغ • (hōnḡ kōnḡ) f

هُونْغ كُونْغ (canonical)
hōnḡ kōnḡ (romanization)

From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²), probably through English Hong Kong.

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


金陵

[kʲĩn̺ɾʲo̞ː]

(archaic) Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


東江

ja-pos

東(とう)江(こう) • (Tōkō)


నాంకింగు

te-proper noun

నాంకింగు • (nāṅkiṅgu) ?


燕窩

/jɛn⁵¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵¹ wɔɻ⁵⁵/

/jiːn³³ wɔː⁵⁵/

/ˈiɛn³⁵ uo⁴²/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ o⁴⁴/

/iɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ o⁴⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁴² o⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ o³³/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɤ⁴⁴/

/ĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ o³³/

/jɛn⁵¹ wɔ⁵⁵/

/jɛn⁵¹ wɔɻ⁵⁵/

/jiːn³³ wɔː⁵⁵/

/ˈiɛn³⁵ uo⁴²/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁵³ o⁴⁴/

/iɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ o⁴⁴/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁴² o⁴⁴/

/iɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ o³³/

/iɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ ɤ⁴⁴/

/ĩ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ o³³/

(～鎮) Yanwo (a town in Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


Jining

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 濟寧 /济宁 (Jǐníng).

Chi-ning (alternative)
Tsining (alternative dated)

To top it off, the central branch in Jining loudly endorsed the experience of Teng County by declaring, at the region’s meeting of county bank managers and agricultural credit co-operative directors, “learn from Teng County; continue to mine the potential; go all out in savings accounts. Don’t be put off by this kind or that kind of interference!”

1980, Hugh Thomas, transl., Comrade Editor: Letters to the People's Daily, Hongkong: Joint Publishing Co., →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 195:

Despite the fact that the canal is no longer navigable between Beijing and the city of Jining in Shandong Province, about one-third of its length, the remaining section south to Hangzhou remains in heavy use.

2007 July 24, David Lague, “On an Ancient Canal, Grunge Gives Way to Grandeur”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong, China.


Jining

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 集寧 /集宁 (Jíníng).

Vatican spokesman Matteo Bruni confirmed Tuesday that Monsignor Antonio Yao Shun had received a papal mandate. He was therefore legitimately consecrated bishop of Jining, in Inner Mongolia, at a ceremony Monday.

2019 August 27, “First Chinese bishop consecrated with pope’s OK after deal”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-03-07:

A district of Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China; a former county-level city of Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.

集寧 /集宁

district of Ulanqab, Inner Mongolia, China


Rizhao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 日照 (Rìzhào).

Jih-chao (alternative)
Jihchao (alternative)

A video of tanks in China went viral on Monday 18 July, 2022, with social media users claiming it shows the Chinese government suppressing protesters in Henan over the ongoing banking scandals. However, the video was actually filmed in Rizhao City in Shandong Province and according to our sources, the tanks were deployed as part of military drills.

2022 July 21, Yu-Hsiang Wang, “Did the Chinese government really deploy military tanks to suppress protesters in Henan province?”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-07-21:

In China, authorities said they might soon shoot down an unidentified flying object over waters near the northern city of Rizhao, The South China Morning Post reported.

2023 February 12, Daniel E. Slotnik, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Monday Briefing: U.S. Destroys U.F.O.s”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-02-13, Briefing:


石柱

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ⁵¹/

～土家族自治縣 石柱土家族自治縣#Chinese

(～土家族自治縣) Shizhu (a Tujia autonomous county of Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Shizhu (a town in Yongkang, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


長洲

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區) Changzhou (a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China)

Changzhou (a district of Wuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～街道) Changzhou (an island of Huangpu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～縣) (historical) Changzhou (a former county of Suzhou prefecture, Jiangsu, China)


城區

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʰɵy̯⁵⁵/

/ɬia¹³⁻¹¹ kʰy⁵³³/

/ɬĩã²⁴⁻²¹ kʰy⁵⁴⁴/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰu³³/

/zən²² t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ kʰɵy̯⁵⁵/

/ɬia¹³⁻¹¹ kʰy⁵³³/

/ɬĩã²⁴⁻²¹ kʰy⁵⁴⁴/

/sĩã⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kʰu³³/

/zən²² t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/

Chengqu (a district of Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

Chengqu (a district of Jincheng, Shanxi, China)

Chengqu (a district of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)

(～街道) Chengqu (a subdistrict of Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


雲霧

/hun²⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/hun²⁴⁻²² bu⁴¹/

/hun¹³⁻²² bu²²/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ bu³³/

/hun²³⁻³³ bu³³/

/hun²⁴⁻²² bu²²/

/hun²⁴⁻²² bu⁴¹/

/hun¹³⁻²² bu²²/

/hun²⁴⁻¹¹ bu³³/

/hun²³⁻³³ bu³³/

土家族鄉 土家族鄉#Chinese

(～鄉, ～土家族鄉) Yunwu (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


富源

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/fu⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～縣) Fuyuan (a county of Qujing, Yunnan, China)


South China

DAIREN, South Manchuria, Oct. 12. -- South China with its Communists, the Yangtse Valley with rampant anti-foreignism and incessant civil warfare and Peking with Marshal Chang Tso-lin attempting to consolidate his dictatorship and found a stable central Government -- these seem to be the major constituents of the Chinese problem until one visits Manchuria.

1927 November 13, Hallett Abend, “GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA; China, Russia and Japan Bid for Supremacy of Vast Domain, Realizing It May End in War. DAIREN A SPOTLESS CITY Built by Japan, It Is Clean and Modern In Contrast to Dirty and Inefficient Towns of South. GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-01-16, EDITORIALE, page 1:

Confronted with the challenge of economic restructuring in the context of the noninterventionist policy of the Hong Kong government, local manufacturers had amore limited ability to pursue technological upgrading than their counterparts in Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore had. Their survival strategy was to take advantage of the new availability of the massive supply of cheap labor and cheap industrial land in South China.

1998, Ching Kwan Lee, Gender and the South China Miracle, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 45–46:

The seasonal change of the winds, in the Asian monsoon system, drove long distance mobility on the south China coast.

2001, Carolyn Cartier, Globalizing South China, Blackwell Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 89:

As they spent much time in prayer for the nearly eight million people of Kwangsi, South China, God began calling some of them to that field of service so that within the next five years seventeen from the same class were serving in South China.

2007, Martha L. Charles Pepper, “Missionary Training, 1893-1896”, in All the Way to China: The story of Isaac L. Hess and his Landis cousins who went to South China as pioneer missionaries in the 1890s, Morgantown, PA: Masthof Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 33:


碣石

→ English: Jieshi, Kitchioh

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～鎮) Jieshi (a town in Shanwei, Guangdong, China)


Siyi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 四邑 (Sìyì).

Aside from these two deltas, other densely-populated areas are the southern Mu-ming Plain in western Kwangtung and Ssu-i (including Hsin-hui, Kai-ping, Tai-shan, and En-ping) where the population density per square kilometer averages 300.

[1956, Jen-ts'ai (梁仁采) Liang, 广东经济地理 [Economic Geography of Kwangtung], Peiping, →OCLC, pages 15–16:

People in the Ssu-i (the four counties — T'ai-shan, K'ai-p'ing, Hsin-hui, En-p'ing), for example, though not far from Canton, have their own distinct dialect, which is scarcely intelligible to an ordinary Cantonese.

[1969, Ezra Vogel, Canton under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital 1949-1968, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 24:

Report by village enumerates death and property losses in the Siyi region resulting from the Japanese invasion which began on 3 March 1941.

1986, Him Mark Lai, A History Reclaimed: An Annotated Bibliography of Chinese Language Materials on the Chinese of America, University of California, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 4:

Experts say up to 80 percent of the Chinese in North America came from the so called “Say-yat” region in the Pearl River Delta -- a group of four districts including Kaiping and Taishan.

[2007 June 28, James Pomfret, “Chinese diaspora villages made World Heritage site”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-01, SCIENCE & SPACE:

A geographic region consisting of the four former counties of Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping, and Enping, collectively; now a part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China.


博愛

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ ɔːi̯³³/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai¹¹/

/pʰɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁵ ai²¹/

/pʰɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/pɔk̚³²⁻⁴ ai²¹/

/pʰak̚²⁻⁴ ãĩ²¹³/

(～縣) Bo'ai (a county of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)


絳州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Jiangzhou (a city in Shanxi, China)


कश्मीर

hi-proper noun

कश्मीर • (kaśmīr) m (Urdu spelling کشمیر)

kaśmīr (romanization)
کشمیر (Urdu)
कश्मीर (direct singular)
कश्मीर (oblique singular)
कश्मीर (singular vocative)
काश्मीर (alternative)

→ English: Cashmere, Kashmir

⇒ English: cashmere

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra), which is probably a contraction of कश्यपमीर (kaśyapamīra) or कश्यपमेरु (kaśyapameru).

lbor

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


कश्मीर

kaśmīra (romanization)
कश्मीरः (nominative singular)
कश्मीरौ (dual nominative)
कश्मीरा1 (dual nominative)
कश्मीराः (nominative plural)
कश्मीरासः1 (nominative plural)
कश्मीरम् (accusative singular)
कश्मीरौ (accusative dual)
कश्मीरा1 (accusative dual)
कश्मीरान् (accusative plural)
कश्मीरेण (instrumental singular)
कश्मीराभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कश्मीरैः (instrumental plural)
कश्मीरेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
कश्मीराय (dative singular)
कश्मीराभ्याम् (dative dual)
कश्मीरेभ्यः (dative plural)
कश्मीरात् (ablative singular)
कश्मीराभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कश्मीरेभ्यः (ablative plural)
कश्मीरस्य (genitive singular)
कश्मीरयोः (dual genitive)
कश्मीराणाम् (genitive plural)
कश्मीरे (locative singular)
कश्मीरयोः (dual locative)
कश्मीरेषु (locative plural)
कश्मीर (singular vocative)
कश्मीरौ (dual vocative)
कश्मीरा1 (dual vocative)
कश्मीराः (plural vocative)
कश्मीरासः1 (plural vocative)

Assamese: কাশ্মীৰ (kasmir)

Bengali: কাশ্মীর (kaśmir)

Hindustani:

Hindi: कश्मीर (kaśmīr)

Urdu: کشمیر (kaśmīr)

Kannada: ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ (kāśmīra)

Kashmiri:

Sharada script: 𑆑𑇋𑆯𑆵𑆫

Devanagari script: कऺशीर (kạśīr)

Arabic script: کٔشیٖر (kạśīr)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਕਸ਼ਮੀਰ (kaśmīr)

Shahmukhi script: کشمیر (kaśmīr)

desc

Tamil: காஷ்மீர் (kāṣmīr)

Tamil: காஷ்மீர் (kāṣmīr)

Probably a contraction of कश्यपमीर (kaśyapamīra) or कश्यपमेरु (kaśyapameru).


カシミール

[ka̠ɕimʲiːɾɯ̟]


Mori

A Kazakh autonomous county in Changji, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


बेइजिङ

ne-proper noun

बेइजिङ • (beijiṅ)

beijiṅ (romanization)
बेइजिङ [beiziŋ] (nominative singular)
बेइजिङ [beidziŋ] (nominative singular)
बेइजिङलाई [beiziŋläi] (accusative singular)
बेइजिङलाई [beidziŋläi] (accusative singular)
instrumental (accusative)
ergative (accusative)
बेइजिङले [beiziŋle] (singular)
बेइजिङले [beidziŋle] (singular)
बेइजिङलाई [beiziŋläi] (dative singular)
बेइजिङलाई [beidziŋläi] (dative singular)
बेइजिङबाट [beiziŋbäʈʌ] (ablative singular)
बेइजिङबाट [beidziŋbäʈʌ] (ablative singular)
बेइजिङको [beiziŋko] (genitive singular)
बेइजिङको [beidziŋko] (genitive singular)
बेइजिङमा [beiziŋmä] (locative singular)
बेइजिङमा [beidziŋmä] (locative singular)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


มองโกเลีย

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Quy Ba

[kwi˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[kwɪj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

[wɪj˧˧ ʔɓaː˧˧]

(historical) a former county of Jiangsu, China


ฮ่องกง

/hɔŋ˥˩.koŋ˧/

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Fiume Azzurro

From fiume (“river”) + azzurro (“azure”).


Fiume Giallo

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


崑山

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰu̯ən⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷʰɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʷɐn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/kʰun⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市) Kunshan (a county-level city of Suzhou, Jiangsu, China)


སོག་ཡུལ

head

སོག་ཡུལ • (sog yul)


雲集

/yn³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/hun²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² t͡sip̚¹²¹/

/un²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/un²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚⁴/

/yn³⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/hun²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² t͡sip̚¹²¹/

/un²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚²⁴/

/un²⁴⁻²² t͡sip̚⁴/

(～街道) Yunji (a subdistrict of Xiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


額爾古納

ㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄋㄚˋ

ㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄍㄨˇ ㄋㄚˋ

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

/ˀɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ nä⁵¹/

(～市) Ergun (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


石鼓

→ English: Shigu

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² kuː³⁵/

/səʔ⁵⁴⁻² ku⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² kuː³⁵/

/səʔ⁵⁴⁻² ku⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ kɔ⁴¹/

(～區) Shigu (a district of Hengyang, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Yongchung, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Gaozhou, Maoming, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Danjiangkou, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Xiangtan, Xiangtan, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Weibin district, Baoji, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Shigu (a town in Yulong, Lijiang, Yunnan, China)

(～郷) Shigu (a township in Yuechi, Guang'an, Sichuan, China)

(～郷) Shigu (a township in Cuiping district, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

(～郷) Shigu (a township in Anyue, Ziyang, Sichuan, China)


仙桃

→ English: Xiantao

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/sieŋ³⁵⁻³³ tʰɔ²²/

/ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻²² tʰo¹³/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰo²⁴/

/siɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰɤ²³/

/sieŋ³⁵⁻³³ tʰɔ²²/

(～市) Xiantao (a sub-prefectural city of Hubei, China)


東三省

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːm⁵⁵ saːŋ³⁵/

/tuŋ⁴² san⁴² ˈsɛn²¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ sän⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːm⁵⁵ saːŋ³⁵/

/tuŋ⁴² san⁴² ˈsɛn²¹³/

Attested in various books of the Siku Quanshu [18th century], before Shengjing (Fengtian), Jilin and Heilongjiang were converted into provinces by the Qing dynasty in 1907.

Northeast China (a geographic region consisting of the three provinces of Northeastern China, namely Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning)


鄂爾多斯

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² jiː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵/

/ŋɔːk̚² jiː¹³ tɔː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

(～市) Ordos (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


Nan Mountains

Partial calque from Mandarin 南嶺／南岭 (Nánlǐng).

zh-l

南嶺／南岭 (Nánlǐng)

In the lowlands which lie between the Pé, or North Mountains, and the Nan, or South Mountains, run the lower courses of the two great rivers, twin giants they might be termed, the Hwangho and the Yangtszkiang. Here, too, are the most fertile and the most densely-peopled provinces of China. South of the Nan Mountains runs the Si, West, or Pearl River.

1869 January, “Notes Illustrative of the Map of China.”, in The Missionary Herald, volume LXV, number I, →OCLC, page 2:

The Nan Mountains (Nan Ling) are composed of many ranges running from north-east to south-west. These ranges form the watershed between the Yangtze to the north and the Pearl (Zhu) River to the south. The main peaks along the watershed are above 5,000 feet (1,500 metres), and some are more than 6,500 feet (2,000 metres). But a large part of the land to the south of the Nan Mountains is also hilly; flatland does not exceed 10 per cent of the total area.

2008, The Britannica Guide to Modern China, Running Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 14:

Together with the Guangxi region, Guangdong is clearly separated from the Yangtze River basin by the Nan Mountains, the southernmost of the major Chinese mountain ranges running from east to west.

2011, Kenneth Pletcher, editor, The Geography of China, Britannica Educational Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 341:

A group of mountain ranges in South China running through Guangxi, Guangdong, and Hunan.

南嶺 /南岭

mountain ranges in South China running through Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan


Qin Mountains

Partial calque from Mandarin 秦嶺／秦岭 (Qínlǐng)

秦嶺／秦岭 (Qínlǐng)

The Qin Mountains support an especially rich variety of plant and animal life. This mountain range bisects China east to west and is the watershed for the Yellow River (Huang He) to the north and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the south.

1996, Liz Laider, Keith Laidler, “Eastern Plains and Yangtze Wetlands”, in China's Threatened Wildlife, Blandford, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 115:

At first glance, the residents of Dragon Range seem unlikely victims of industrial pollution. Here in the Qin Mountains, about 600 miles southwest of Beijing, people cultivate lush fields of corn and wheat carved into the mountainside like stairs.

2001 November 5, Philip P. Pan, “Cancer-Stricken Chinese Village Tries to Pierce a Wall of Silence”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

To determine which cities qualified for free heating, planners employed the traditional division between northern and southern China that runs along the line of the Qin Mountains and Huai River.
The Huai-Qinling line is an arbitrary boundary dating to imperial times, though it corresponds roughly to the 33rd parallel of latitude and the zero degrees Celsius isotherm in January.

2014 May 21, John Kemp, “COLUMN-For polluted China, gas is a matter of life or death: Kemp”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2014-05-21, Energy:

A major east-west mountain range in southern Shaanxi province, China.


Northeast China Plain

1. Corn-gaoliang-soybean-spring wheat area: the three north-eastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, that is, the whole of the Northeast China Plain.[...]
The Northeast China Plain is becoming a major grain-producing area because of its relatively high level of farm mechanization and increasing crop yields.

1982, Robert C. Hsu, Food for One Billion: China's Agriculture Since 1949, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 18:

The first large-scale oil field (Daqing or “Great Celebration,” Color Plate 10) was discovered in the northern Northeast China Plain in 1959, and China became self-sufficient in petroleum for the first time in 1965.

1994, Zhao Songqiao, “Natural Resources”, in Geography of China, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 44:

Oil
China has made great strides in oil production. It is the fifth largest producer in the world. Proven oil reserves for China are ranked ninth in the world, similar to the United States, with up to 24 billion barrels. The country, which is the third largest consumer in the world, became self-sufficient in 1965. This was, in part, because of a large oil field discovered in the northern Northeast China Plain.

2003, Gary T. Whiteford, China (Modern World Nations), Chelsea House, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, pages 94–95:

A plain located in Northeast China lying between the Greater and Lesser Khingan and Changbai mountains.


不夜

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ jɛː²²/

/pu⁵¹⁻³⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/pɐt̚⁵ jɛː²²/

(～縣) Buye (a historical county of China; modern Weihai)


ຢຸນນານ

lo-proper noun

ຢຸນນານ • (yun nān)

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


Fen River

The cities west of the Fen River, where Taning is situated, were visited by him in 1869, but it is hardly possible that the copy of the Gospel which ultimately fell into the hands of Chang the Buddhist priest was one of those sold on that occasion, for the stamp upon the cover with the address at Taiyuanfu points to a later date when a station had been opened.

1921, Marshall Broomhall, In Quest of God: the Life Story of Pastors Chang & Ch'ü, Buddhist Priest & Chinese Scholar, Religious Tract Society, →OCLC, →OL, page 23:

This painting, which is the large central one in the Chinese Fresco Gallery on the ground floor of the Museum, is 38 feet, 2 inches long, and 18 feet, 11 inches high. It is known to have come from the Hsing Hua Ssŭ, "Monastery of Joyful Conversion", which is about ten miles south east of Chi-shan in South Shansi (Lat. 35°35ʹ, Long. 111°01ʹ). The monastery is located in the Chi Mountains, a range which forms part of the southern watershed of the Fen River, on which the town of Chi-shan is situated. In the Chi-shan Hsien Chih the official gazetteer of Chi-shan county, the location of Hsing Hua Monastery is recorded and the date of its founding is given as A.D. 592, in the Sui Dynasty.

1950 August [1937 July], W. C. White, H. E. Fernald, “Chinese Frescoes from the Royal Ontario Museum Toronto”, in Bulletin of the Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Revised edition, number 12, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 6:

A prehistoric site of late Pleistocene age, which was especially prepared for our visit, was seen at Ting-ts'un, above the Fen River (Shansi).

1977, F. Clark Howell, “Introduction”, in Paleoanthropology in the People's Republic of China, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 3:

Taiyuan, the capital of the province, lies on the upper reaches of the Fen surrounded by irrigated ricelands, orchards and vineyards on the mountain slopes, with enormous seams of coal underground. In Shansi all roads lead to Taiyuan, but the roads that radiate out of Taiyuan in every direction lead nowhere.

[1983, William Hinton, “Introduction: Shansi, Land of the Oxhide Lanterns”, in Shenfan, New York: Vintage Books, published 1984, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxxiv:

About three hours in, the land leveled off and the horizon gave way to a jumbled skyline, broken by the Fen River. This was not how I had pictured Taiyuan: expecting history and poignancy, I would instead find Prada and Paul Smith.

2008 August 10, Aric Chen, “Bridging Generations on China’s High Plateau”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-02-10, Travel:

According to state media, 59 national meteorological stations reported the highest ever recorded daily rainfall, and 63 their highest accumulative total over the period. The Fen River reached its highest level in four years, they said.
Torrential rains fell for several days last week across the province. In 12 hours overnight to Thursday morning, Shanxi, which ordinarily has an average of 31.3mm for the month, had an average 119.5mm across the province.

2021 October 11, “China floods: bus falls into river as heavy rains destroy homes”, in The Guardian, archived from the original on 2021-10-12:


汾河

/fən³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/fɐn²¹ hɔː²¹/

/fən³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/fɐn²¹ hɔː²¹/

(～鎮) Fenhe (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


冷水

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/laŋ²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/laŋ⁵³ ʃui²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lã²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/lã²² sz̩ʷ³³/

/lən⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/le̞n³³ ɕy³³/

/lɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/laːŋ¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/laŋ²¹³⁻²⁴ sui²¹³/

/laŋ⁵³ ʃui²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁵³/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sui⁴¹/

/lã²² sz̩⁴⁴/

/lã²² sz̩ʷ³³/

/lən⁴¹ ɕy̯e̞i̯⁴¹/

/le̞n³³ ɕy³³/

(～鎮) Lengshui (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Lengshui (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

(～社區) Lengshui (a residential community in Lengshui, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


溫水

/wən⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/wən⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wɐn⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～村) Wenshui (a village in Hongping, Shennongjia, Hubei, China)


華北

/xu̯ä³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/hua¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hua²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/xu̯ä³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/waː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/hua¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hua²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

We firmly hold on to our determination for victory, to defend the Yellow River! Defend North China! Defend all of China!

Wǒmen bàodìng bìshèng de juéxīn, bǎowèi Huánghé! Bǎowèi Huáběi! Bǎowèi quán Zhōngguó!

我們抱定必勝的決心，保衛黃河！保衛華北！保衛全中國！

我们抱定必胜的决心，保卫黄河！保卫华北！保卫全中国！

(～地區) North China (a region of China; consisting of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) North China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Chahar, Pingyuan and Suiyuan)


미러

zh-l

彌勒／弥勒 (Mílè)

Koreans in China
Xinhai Revolution
ko:미러 시


雙清

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Shuangqing (a district of Shaoyang, Hunan, China)


疏勒

/sɔː⁵⁵ lɐk̚²/

/sɔː⁵⁵ lɐk̚²/

(historical) Shule (an ancient kingdom in the Xinjiang autonomous region)

(～縣) Shule, Yengixahar (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Shule, Yengixahar (a town in Shule, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


陽關

/jɑŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ku̯än⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ kʷaːn⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Yangguan (a town in Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


金塔

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɐm⁵⁵ tʰaːp̚³/

/kim³³⁻²³ tʰaʔ²/

(～縣) Jinta (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


文廟

/wən³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bun²³⁻³³ biɤ³³/

/wən³⁵ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/bun²³⁻³³ biɤ³³/

From 文帝 (Wén Dì, “God of Literature, Culture, etc.”) as a Taoist god or epithet of Confucius.

(～街道) Wenmiao (a subdistrict of Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


聖廟

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ miːu̯²²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ³³/

/ʂɤŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɪŋ³³ miːu̯²²/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bio⁴¹/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁵³ bio²²/

/siɪŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ bio³³/

/siɪŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ biɤ³³/

(～村) Shengmiao (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


Sui

At P’inglin (north-east of the present Sui county, Hupeh), more than one thousand people rose under Ch’en Mu, calling themselves the “P’inglin Army”.

1954, Mao Tse-tung, Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, volume 3, Bombay: People's Publishing House, →OCLC, page 248:

Shen-nung’s geographical origin has been controversial. According to a peasant tradition he was born in a village at the northern border of the county of Sui in Hupei and has been worshipped there (Ching-chou-chi in T’P’YL 189, 6b).

1968, Wolfram Eberhard, translated by Alide Eberhard, The Local Cultures of South and East China, Leiden: E. J. Brill, →OCLC, →OL, page 220:

In the past, Mao Pao was ferried across the river [in time of danger] because earlier he had set free a tortoise,⁵ and the marquis of Sui received a pearl because he had saved a snake.⁶
[...]⁶ Sui was a principality (in Sui County in modern Hupeh Province) in the Warring States period. The marquis of Sui once saved a wounded snake. In return, the snake searched for a large pearl in the river and gave it to the marquis.

1978, “The Chun-shan Wolf”, in Conrad Lung, transl., edited by Y. W. Ma and Joseph S. M. Lau, Traditional Chinese Stories, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

By 1985, a volume of the famous scholar Jao Tsung-I/Rao Zongyi (together with Tseng Hsien-tung/Zeng Xiantong) appeared under the title “Studies on the Inscriptions of the Bells and Chimes From the Tomb of Marquis Yi of the Tseng State at Sui-Hsien” (Province of Ho-pei/Hebei, county of Sui).

1989, Fritz A. Kuttner, “Bronze Bells”, in The Archaeology of Music in Ancient China, 1st edition, New York: Paragon House, published 1990, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 31:

Mr Zeng returned to Sui county, about 200km north of Wuhan, on January 21 to celebrate the Chinese new year with his parents.[...]“If the disease drags on for two months, the start-up I work for will go under and I’ll lose my job,” he said. “There is nothing I can do about this except hope the epidemic will end soon. I am ready to spend a few months in Sui County.”

2020 February 7, Don Weinland, Sun Yu, Xinning Liu, “Chinese villages build barricades to keep coronavirus at bay”, in Financial Times, archived from the original on 2020-02-08:


撫州

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/fu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/vu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fuː³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/fu²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/vu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦu²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangxi, China)


龍泉

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

(～街道) Longquan (a subdistrict of Dongbao district, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Longquan (a town in Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


咸宜

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ i³⁵/

/ɕi̯ɛn³⁵ i³⁵/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Xianyi (a town in Chengkou, Chongqing, China, formerly a township)


城郊

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ kaːu̯⁵⁵/

(～街道, formerly ～鄉) Chengjiao (a subdistrict of Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鄉) Chengjiao (a township in Luoning, Luoyang, Henan, China)


華東

/xu̯ä³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/waː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/hua¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/xu̯ä³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/waː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hua²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/hua¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hua²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

(～地區) East China (a region of China; consisting of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and Shandong, and sometimes Taiwan)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) East China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Shanghai, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and Shandong)


中南

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

South Central China
w:South Central China

(～地區) South Central China (a region of China; consisting of Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan, and sometimes Hong Kong and Macau)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) South Central China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Wuhan, Guangzhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi)


看守

/kʰän⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siu⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ siu⁵³/

/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siu⁴¹/

/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siu⁵³/

/kʰän⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːn⁵⁵ sɐu̯³⁵/

/kʰuã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siu⁵⁵⁴/

/kʰuã²¹⁻⁵³ siu⁵³/

/kʰan²¹⁻⁴¹ siu⁴¹/

/kʰan¹¹⁻⁵³ siu⁵³/

(～社區) Kanshou (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


პეკინი

ṗeḳini (romanization)
პეკინი (nominative singular)
პეკინმა (ergative singular)
პეკინს (dative singular)
პეკინს (dative singular)
პეკინსაs) (dative singular)
პეკინსაsa) (dative singular)
პეკინის (genitive singular)
პეკინის (genitive singular)
პეკინისაs) (genitive singular)
პეკინისაsa) (genitive singular)
პეკინით (instrumental singular)
პეკინით (instrumental singular)
პეკინითაt) (instrumental singular)
პეკინითაta) (instrumental singular)
პეკინად (adverbial singular)
პეკინად (adverbial singular)
პეკინადაd) (adverbial singular)
პეკინადაda) (adverbial singular)
პეკინო (singular vocative)
პეკინზე (singular)
პეკინთან (singular)
პეკინში (singular)
პეკინივით (singular)
პეკინისთვის (singular)
პეკინისებრ (singular)
პეკინისკენ (singular)
პეკინისგან (singular)
პეკინისადმი (singular)
პეკინიდან (singular)
პეკინითურთ (singular)
პეკინამდე (singular)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


珠江

→ English: Pearl River (calque)

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡si²¹ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡si²¹ kɔŋ³³/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

Pearl River (a major river in southern China)


珠江

珠江 (canonical)
Shukō (romanization)
Syukau (romanization)
しゆかう (hiragana historical)


揭陽

desc

→ English: Jieyang, Chieh-yang, Kityang, Kekyeo

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɔŋ¹³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰiːt̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kieʔ²⁴⁻²¹ yoŋ⁵³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁵ iɔŋ¹³/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ iɔŋ²³/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/kik̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/kek̚²⁻⁴ ĩõ⁵⁵/

First attested in the Records of the Grand Historian.

(～市) Jieyang (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

(～縣) (historical) Jieyang (a former county of Guangdong, China)


草場

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰo³¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰo³¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

(～社區) Caochang (a community in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) (historical) Caochang (a former township in Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) (historical) Caochang (a former village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


江海

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

(～區) Jianghai (a district of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China)


克拉瑪依

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄧ

ㄎㄜˋ ㄌㄚ ㄇㄚˇ ㄧ

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ maː¹³ jiː⁵⁵/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ lä⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵ maː¹³ jiː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur قاراماي (qaramay, literally “black oil”).

bor

(～市) Karamay (a prefecture-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


石河子

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ xɤ³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² hɔː²¹ t͡siː³⁵/

(～市) Shihezi (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阿拉爾

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/aː³³ laːi̯⁵⁵ jiː¹³/

(～市) Aral (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


圖木舒克

ㄊㄨˊ ㄇㄨˋ ㄕㄨ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄊㄨˊ ㄇㄨˋ ㄕㄨ ㄎㄜˋ

/tʰu³⁵ mu⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ mʊk̚² syː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ mu⁵¹ ʂu⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰou̯²¹ mʊk̚² syː⁵⁵ hɐk̚⁵/

(～市) Tumxuk, Tumushuke (a county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


哈密

English: Hami, Ha-mi

/haː⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

/haː⁵⁵ mɐt̚²/

(～市) Hami (a prefecture-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


五家渠

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kʰɵy̯²¹/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ kaː⁵⁵ kʰɵy̯²¹/

(～市) Wujiaqu (a county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


伊寧

→ English: I-ning, Yining

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/jiː⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

Renamed from 寧遠／宁远 (Níngyuǎn) in 1914 due to avoid homonymy with the county in Hunan.

(～市) Yining, Kuldja (a county-level city of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～縣) Yining, Kuldja (a county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


塔城

→ English: T'a-ch'eng, Tacheng

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɪŋ²¹/

/tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tʰaːp̚³ sɪŋ²¹/

塔 (tǎ) is short for 塔爾巴哈臺／塔尔巴哈台 (Tǎ'ěrbāhātái), the earlier name of the region.

(～地區) Tacheng (a prefecture of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Tacheng (a county-level city of Tacheng Prefecture, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


奎屯

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/kʷʰɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰyːn²¹/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡴᡠᡳᡨᡠᠨ (kuitun), from Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡕᡅᡐᡇᠨ (küyitun, “cold”).

(～市) Kuytun (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


博樂

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ lɔːk̚²/

/pu̯ɔ³⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/pɔːk̚³ lɔːk̚²/

(～市) Bole (a county-level city of Bortala, Xinjiang, China)


昌吉

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi³⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵ kɐt̚⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᠴᠠᠩᡤᡳ (canggi), from Written Oirat ᡔᠠᡊᡎᡅ (canggi).
Also possibly the same city as the one named 彰八里 (Zhāngbālǐ) in the History of Yuan [14th c. CE], and جَنْبَلِقْ (janbaliq) in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk [11th c. CE]. The second component of that name was evidently related to Old Turkic 𐰉𐰞𐰶 (balïq, “town, city”).

defdate

14th c. <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

11th c. <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

～回族自治州 昌吉回族自治州#Chinese

(～回族自治州, ～州) Changji (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Changji (a county-level city of Changji Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阜康

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/fu⁵¹ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fɐu̯²² hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Fukang (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


庫爾勒

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/

/kʰu⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/fuː³³ jiː¹³ lɐk̚²/

(～市) Korla (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阿圖什

→ English: Atushi, A-t'u-shih

/ˀä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/aː³³ tʰou̯²¹ sɐp̚²/

/ˀä⁵⁵ tʰu³⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/aː³³ tʰou̯²¹ sɐp̚²/

(～市) Artux, Artush (a county-level city of Kizilsu, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


烏蘇

Shortened from 庫爾喀喇烏蘇 /库尔喀喇乌苏 (Ku’ěr Kālā Wūsū).

(～市) Wusu (a county-level city of Tacheng prefecture, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


虎門

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/xu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

(～鎮) Humen Town (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong)


策勒

→ English: Cele, Ts'e-le, Ts'e-lo

/t͡sʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/t͡sʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/t͡sʰaːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

(～河) a river in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China

(～縣) Qira, Cele (a county of Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Qira, Cele (a town in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Qira, Cele (a township in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


潮陽

→ English: Teoyeo, Chaoyang

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tio²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩõ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰeu̯¹¹ i̯oŋ¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ iũ²³/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ iũ²⁴/

/tio²⁴⁻²² iũ²⁴/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩẽ⁵⁵/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ĩõ⁵⁵/

Coined in 413 CE as the name of a county (縣／县) under the Yi'an Commandery (義安郡), a commandery which covered the present-day Chaoshan region. Named for its location north (陽／阳 (“yang”)) of the sea.

(～區) Chaoyang (a district of Shantou, Guangdong, China)

Cháoyáng wèi dào wú néng shuō, hǎiqì hūnhūn shuǐ pāitiān.

潮陽未到吾能說，海氣昏昏水拍天。

潮阳未到吾能说，海气昏昏水拍天。

(～縣) Chaoyang (a former county of Guangdong, China)


五羊城

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ jœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/ŋou³⁵⁻¹¹ ienn⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siann⁵⁵/

From the legend of the five sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist immortals who visited Guangzhou at its founding and introduced the cultivation of rice to its people. Their mounts were said to have turned into the five stones once preserved in the city's Temple of the Five Immortals.

(literary) City of the Five Rams, Guangzhou (a city in Guangdong, China)


Langshan

A mountain range in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.

The growth of Langshan was a different story. The Buddhist monastery Guangjiao (Broad Teaching) for which Langshan was noted can be traced back to the Tang dynasty, when the hill it now stands on was still an island in the Yangzi, and a ferry was used for pilgrimages. Langshan subsequently became one of the earliest small towns in Nantong, for the thousands of visitors who were attracted by the monastery and the vistas of the river demanded restaurants, inns, snack shops, joss stick and candle shops, and other services.

2003, Qin Shao, “The Model in Space and Time”, in Culturing Modernity: The Nantong Model, 1890-1930, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, published 2004, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 71:


延邊朝鮮族自治州

ㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄧㄢ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢˇ ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ ㄓˋ ㄓㄡ

ㄧㄢˊ ㄅㄧㄢ ㄔㄠˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄗㄨˊ ㄗˋ ㄓˋ ㄓㄡ

Яньбянь Чаосяньцзу Цзычжичжоу

/jɛn³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡su³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡su³⁵ t͡sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

jin⁴ bin¹ dziu¹ sin¹ dzuk⁹ dzi⁶ dzi⁶ dzau¹

/jiːn²¹ piːn⁵⁵ t͡siːu̯⁵⁵ siːn⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚² t͡siː²² t͡siː²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
w:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (an autonomous prefecture of Jilin, China)


延邊

→ English: Yanbian, Yenpien, Yen-pien

/jɛn³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/jɛn³⁵ pi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

Literally, “the border area of Yanji (延吉)”. Attested in 吉林地誌 [1913].

lit

～朝鮮族自治州 延邊朝鮮族自治州#Chinese

(～朝鮮族自治州) Yanbian (a Korean autonomous prefecture of Jilin, China)


中方

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃²¹/

(～縣) Zhongfang County (a county of Hunan, China)


龍海

/lʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

/lʊŋ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lʊŋ²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/liɔŋ²³⁻³³ hai⁴¹/

From the names of the former counties 龍溪／龙溪 (Lóngxī) and 海澄 (Hǎichéng) that were merged to form Longhai.

zh-l

龍溪／龙溪 (Lóngxī)

(～區, formerly ～市; ～縣) Longhai (a district of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China; a former county-level city and county)


日喀則

→ English: Jih-k'a-tse

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kʰä⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʰaː³³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/jɐt̚² haːk̚³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ kʰä⁵⁵ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/jɐt̚² kʰaː³³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/jɐt̚² haːk̚³ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ (gzhis ka rtse).

(～市, formerly ～地區, ～專區) Shigatse, Xigazê (a prefecture-level city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China; formerly a prefecture)

(historical) (～市, ～縣) Shigatse, Xigazê (a former county-level city and county in Shigatse prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; now Samzhubzê District of the prefecture-level city of Shigatse)


石嘴山

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɵy̯³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ t͡su̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sɛːk̚² t͡sɵy̯³⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Shizuishan (a prefecture-level city of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


吳忠

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/u³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ŋ̍²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Wuzhong (a prefecture-level city of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


固原

→ English: Guyuan, Kuyuan

/ku⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

/ku⁵¹ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～市) Guyuan (a prefecture-level city of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


中衛

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ weɪ̯⁵¹/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ wɐi̯²²/

(～市) Zhongwei (a prefecture-level city of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


中衛

中衛 (canonical)
Chūei (romanization)
中衛 (canonical)
Chūe (romanization)


青銅峽

→ English: Qingtongxia

ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

ㄑㄧㄥ ㄊㄨㄥˊ ㄒㄧㄚˊ

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ haːp̚²/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ tʰʊŋ²¹ haːp̚²/

(～市) Qingtongxia (a county-level city of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)


靈武

/liŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/

/liŋ³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ¹³ mou̯¹³/

(～市) Lingwu (a county-level city of Yinchuan, Ningxia autonomous region, China)


烏海

/u⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/u⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Blend of 烏達 /乌达 (Wūdá) + 海勃灣 /海勃湾 (Hǎibówān).

blend

(～市) Wuhai (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


烏海

Wuhai (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


通遼

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

(～市) Tongliao (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


呼倫貝爾

ㄏㄨ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ

ㄏㄨ ㄌㄨㄣˊ ㄅㄟˋ ㄦˇ

/xu⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ puːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

/xu⁵⁵ lu̯ən³⁵ peɪ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fuː⁵⁵ lɵn²¹ puːi̯³³ jiː¹³/

Transliteration of Manchu ᡥᡠᠯᡠᠨ
ᠪᡠᡳᡵ (hulun buir), from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨ
ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ (kölün buyir). Named after 呼倫／呼伦 (Hūlún) and 貝爾／贝尔 (Bèi'ěr), the names of two lakes in that region.

zh-l

呼倫／呼伦 (Hūlún)

貝爾／贝尔 (Bèi'ěr)

(～市, formerly ～盟) Hulunbuir (a prefecture-level city and former league in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


巴彥淖爾

ㄅㄚ ㄧㄢˋ ㄋㄠˋ ㄦˇ

ㄅㄚ ㄧㄢˋ ㄋㄠˋ ㄦˇ

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ nɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ jiːn²² naːu̯²² jiː¹³/

/pä⁵⁵ jɛn⁵¹⁻⁵³ nɑʊ̯⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paː⁵⁵ jiːn²² naːu̯²² jiː¹³/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (bayannaɣur).

(～市) Bayannur (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


霍林郭勒

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛ ㄌㄜˋ

ㄏㄨㄛˋ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛ ㄌㄜˋ

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fɔːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/xu̯ɔ⁵¹ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/fɔːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠬᠤᠤᠯᠢᠩᠭᠤᠤᠯ (quulingɣuul), taken from the name of the Holin River; traditionally thought to be derived from ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠯᠠᠨ (qoɣulan, “food to be eaten”) + ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”), in reference to the river being historically used for rest and recuperation. Alternatively, possibly from the cognate term ᠬᠣᠭᠤᠯᠠᠶ (qoɣulay, “channel; waterway”).

(～市) Holingol (a county-level city of Tongliao, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


滿洲里

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯¹³/

Phono-semantic matching of Russian Манжули (Manžuli), akin to English Manchuria.

psm

(～市) Manzhouli (a county-level city of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


牙克石

/jä³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/jä³⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ŋaː²¹ hɐk̚⁵ sɛːk̚²/

(～市) Yakeshi (a county-level city of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


扎蘭屯

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ län³⁵ tʰu̯ən³⁵/

(～市) Zhalantun (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


根河

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/kən⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

(～市) Genhe (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


豐鎮

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐn³³/

(～市) Fengzhen (a city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


錫林浩特

ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄒㄧˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

(～市) Xilinhot (a county-level city of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


二連浩特

ㄦˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄦˋ ㄌㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː²² liːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/ˀɤɻ⁵¹ li̯ɛn³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/jiː²² liːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠢᠶᠡᠡ
ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (eriyee qota).

(～市) Erenhot (a county-level city of Xilingol, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


烏蘭浩特

ㄨ ㄌㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

ㄨ ㄌㄢˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

/u⁵⁵ län³⁵ xɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹/

/wuː⁵⁵ laːn²¹ hou̯²² tɐk̚²/

Transliteration of Mongolian ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠣᠲᠠ (ulaɣanqota, literally “Red City”)

translit

(～市) Ulanhot (a county-level city of Hinggan, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


阿爾山

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/aː³³ jiː¹³ saːn⁵⁵/

The full name for the city is 阿倫阿爾山／阿伦阿尔山 (Ālún Ā'ěrshān), a transcription of Mongolian ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ
ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (qalaɣun rasiyan, literally “hot holy water”).
The Mongolian name is composed of native ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ (qalaɣun, “hot”) + non-native ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ (rasiyan, “holy water, spring”). The latter, which corresponds to Chinese 阿爾山／阿尔山 (Ā'ěrshān), was loaned from Sanskrit रसायन (rasāyana, “elixir”).

zh-l

阿倫阿爾山／阿伦阿尔山 (Ālún Ā'ěrshān)

der

ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠷᠠᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ

zh-l

阿爾山／阿尔山 (Ā'ěrshān)

(～市) Arxan (a county-level city of Hinggan, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


Sciamhaevum

la-proper noun

Sciamhaevum n sg (genitive Sciamhaevī); second declension

Sciamhaevī (genitive)
Sciamhaevum (nominative singular)
Sciamhaevī (genitive singular)
Sciamhaevō (dative singular)
Sciamhaevum (accusative singular)
Sciamhaevō (ablative singular)
Sciamhaevum (singular vocative)
Sciamhaevī (locative singular)

(New Latin) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Sanghaevum

la-prop

Sanghaevum n sg (genitive Sanghaevī); second declension

Sanghaevī (genitive)
Sanghaevum (nominative singular)
Sanghaevī (genitive singular)
Sanghaevō (dative singular)
Sanghaevum (accusative singular)
Sanghaevō (ablative singular)
Sanghaevum (singular vocative)
Sanghaevī (locative singular)

(New Latin) synonym of Sciamhaevum: Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Nanchinum

la-proper noun

Nanchinum n sg (genitive Nanchinī); second declension

Nanchinī (genitive)
Nanchinum (nominative singular)
Nanchinī (genitive singular)
Nanchinō (dative singular)
Nanchinum (accusative singular)
Nanchinō (ablative singular)
Nanchinum (singular vocative)
Nanchinī (locative singular)

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


Suceu

la-prop

Suceu ? sg (genitive Suceuis); third declension

Suceuis (genitive)
Suceu (nominative singular)
Suceuis (genitive singular)
Suceuī (dative singular)
Suceuem (accusative singular)
Suceue (ablative singular)
Suceu (singular vocative)
Suceuī (locative singular)
Suceue (locative singular)

zh-l

蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu)

Suceu Emporium. Nobilissimum hoc emporium unum est ex iis, de quibus est Sinense diverbium; Quod in coelo Beatorum sedes, hoc in terra Suceu & Hanceu nominatur.

1639, Nicolas Trigault, Regni Chinensis Descriptio, page 326:

Suzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China)


Haimen

Borrowed from Mandarin 海門／海门 (Hǎimén, literally “sea gate”).

At the mouth of the Yangtze, population-density on the island of Tsungming and the peninsula Haimen reaches an exaggerated figure, the one of 1475, the other of 700 inhabitants per square kilometre.

1926, Paul Vidal de La Blache, translated by Millicent Todd Bingham, Principles of Human Geography, London: Constable Publishers, published 1959, →OCLC, page 76:

Japanese authorities served notice today that they intended to land troops at Haimen, 200 miles down the coast from Shanghai, later tomorrow in a new move to tighten the China coast blockade.

1939 February 17, “JAPANESE TO SEIZE NEW COASTAL AREA; Foreign Shipping Is Warned of Move to Tighten Blockade South of Shanghai FRENCH IN HANKOW CLASH Gunboat to Aid Americans at Kuling--Invaders Shifting North in Guerrilla Fight”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-20, page 13:

The article by the cadres and commune members of the (Chunghsing) production brigade of (Tahsing) people's commune in Haimen County reveals that the correct method of work cannot be differentiated from the correct method of thinking and the correct world outlook, The method of work promoted by Chairman Mao is one of dialectic materialism.

1969 November 10 [1969 November 9], “Articles of Dialectic Materialism Hailed”, in Daily Report: Communist China, volume I, number 218, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Nanking Kiangsu Provincial Service, translation of original in Mandarin, →OCLC, Communist China: East Region, page C 15:

The Holy See was informed "a few days ago" of the decision by China to transfer Bishop Shen Bin from Haimen, in the Jiangsu province, to the diocese of Shanghai, the Vatican said.

2023 April 4, Crispian Balmer, “Vatican says China has unilaterally appointed bishop to Shanghai”, in Raissa Kasolowsky, Jonathan Oatis, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-04-05, World:

A district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; a former county-level city and former county of Nantong, Jiangsu, China.

海門 /海门

district of Nantong, Jiangsu, China; former county-level city and county of Jiangsu, China


光州

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Guangzhou (a historical prefecture of China, whose capital was located in present-day Huangchuan county, Henan)


白雲

/paɪ̯³⁵ yn³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hun¹³/

/peʔ⁴⁻² huŋ⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ yn³⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hun¹³/

/peʔ⁴⁻² huŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Baiyun (a district of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～區) Baiyun (a district of Guiyang, Guizhou, China)

(～山) Baiyun Mountain (a mountain range in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


南嶺

desc

→ English: Nan Mountains (partial calque)

/nän³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lam²⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² niã⁵⁵⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² niã⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ niã⁵³/

/lam²³⁻³³ niã⁴¹/

/nän³⁵ liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lam²⁴⁻²² niã⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² niã⁵⁵⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² niã⁵³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ niã⁵³/

/lam²³⁻³³ niã⁴¹/

(～村) Nanling (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


普陀

→ English: Pootoo

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔː²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to¹³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ²³/

/pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰu̯ɔ³⁵/

/pʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔː²¹/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to¹³/

/pʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to²⁴/

/pʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ²³/

Borrowed from Sanskrit पोतलक (potalaka).

(～山) Mount Putuo (an island and mountain in Putuo district, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)

(～區) Putuo (a district of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)

(～區) Putuo (a district of Shanghai, China)


榕城

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/yŋ⁵³⁻³³ siaŋ⁵³/

/ioŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/ʐʊŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/yŋ⁵³⁻³³ siaŋ⁵³/

/ioŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

(～區) Rongcheng (a district of Jieyang, Guangdong, China)


福清

→ English: Fooching, Fuching, Fu-ch'ing, Fuqing, Futsing, Hokchia, Hokchiang

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sʰia⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiã⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sʰia⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sʰiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuqing (a county-level city of Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


工農

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ nʊŋ²¹/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ nʊŋ³⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ nʊŋ²¹/

(～社區) Gongnong (a community in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


巢湖

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu³⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯²¹ wuː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ xu³⁵/

/t͡sʰaːu̯²¹ wuː²¹/

(～市) Chaohu (a county-level city of Hefei, Anhui, China)


萬全

/wän⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wän⁵¹ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

(～區) Wanquan (a district of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)

(～鎮) Wanquan (a town in Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Wanquan (a community in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) Wanquan (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～漁場) Wanquan (a fishery in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


無為

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ wɐi̯²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bo¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/m̩²² ɦue⁴⁴/

/u³⁵ weɪ̯³⁵/

/mou̯²¹ wɐi̯²¹/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻²² ui²⁴/

/bu¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bo¹³⁻²² ui¹³/

/bu²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ ui²⁴/

/bu²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ ui²³/

/m̩²² ɦue⁴⁴/

(～市) Wuwei (a county-level city of Wuhu, Anhui, China)


理智

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ ti²¹³/

/li²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/li²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɨ⁵⁵/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ti⁴¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ti¹¹/

/li⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ti²¹/

/li⁵²⁻³⁵ ti²¹³/

(～村) Lizhi (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


興化

→ English: Xinghua, Hinghwa, Henghua

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/

/hiŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuɑ²¹³/

/hiŋ⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁴²/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/hiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Xinghua (a county-level city of Taizhou, Jiangsu, China, formerly a county)

(～縣) (historical) Xinghua (a county in modern-day Putian, Fujian, China)


Aksu

Borrowed from Uyghur ئاقسۇ (aqsu, literally “white river”), from Chagatai آقسُو (Āqsū), اکسو (Aksū).

bor

The representative took the hint, and decided after consulting the masses to approach the Aksu Prefecture Administrative Office. When they arrived for negotiations, the office made an emergency call to the Xinjiang Autonomous Region Party Committee in Urumqi, which telegraphed back that the problem should be dealt with on the spot.

1995, Gregor Benton, Alan Hunter, editors, Wild Lily, Prairie Fire, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 223:

Shaya prison is located in remote Aksu Prefecture, about seven hundred miles southwest of the Xinjiang capital of Urumqi.

2013, Paul A. Marshall, Persecuted: The Global Assault on Christians, Thomas Nelson, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

Units of the 5th Division of the 2nd Army also marched in from Yanqi, and, on 29 December 1949, arrived in Onsu (Wensu) County in Aksu Prefecture.

2014, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, page 197:

A prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

The Hans strove to capture the important trade route with the west through Hami, Aksu, Kashgar, Turfan and Khotan.

1946, Chandra Chakraberty, The Cultural History of the Hindus, Calcutta: Vijaya Krishna Brothers, page 267:

A report from the China mainland indicated that scores of demonstrating youths were killed last November in Aksu in the western province of Sinkiang, after 70,000 of them rusticated from Shanghai staged a demonstration.
They took over the office building of the "agriculture bureau" and demanded that the Peiping regime allow them to return to Shanghai. Communist "vice premier" Wang Chen was forced to hurry to Aksu from Peiping and instructed troops to suppress the youths by any means, even if it meant bloodshed.

1981 April 26, “Youths resist Communist pressure”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXII, number 16, Taipei, page 1:

From here the Silk Road bifurcates. In times of unrest, the caravans would move south through the sparse towns along the foot of the Kunlum Mountains, protected from robbers by the Taklimakan desert. But more often they would brave the great northern route with its line of rich oases - Turfan, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu - and hope to evade marauders from the grasslands just to the north.

1989, Colin Thubron, The Silk Road: Beyond the Celestial Kingdom, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 15:

A county-level city of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Karamay

Borrowed from Uyghur قاراماي (qaramay, literally “black oil”).

On 18 June 1985 I spent three hours birdwatching at an artificial lake near the power station in the Karamay Oilfield in Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Peoples^([sic – meaning People's]) Republic of China. The site is approximately 46°N, 85°E, close to the oil town of Karamay and within 300 kms of the border with Kazakhstan in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It is a desert region with rocky outcrops, dry ravines, rock and gravel desert plains, and saline flats.

1986, W G Harvey, “A Taste of Karamay”, in Oriental Bird Club Bulletin, number 4, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 8:

In 1955 a large petroleum field was discovered at Karamay, to the north in the Junggar Basin; it was brought into production in 1958-59 and has since become one of China’s major domestic sources of oil.

2011, Kenneth Pletcher, editor, The Geography of China, Britannica Educational Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 263:

This month he is in the news because the city of Karamay in western China is unveiling a sculpture that looks very similar to “Cloud Gate”, a no-tonne stainless-steel structure nicknamed the Bean, in Chicago’s Millennium Park, that is popular with Chicagoans and tourists alike....Determining “fair use” is complicated and to some extent subjective, but a prerequisite is that the artist accused of borrowing (or stealing in the Kapoor controversy) admits to using another artist’s art. That is not the case with “Big Oil Bubble” as the Karamay sculpture is called. Its defenders say that it was inspired by the city’s natural oil well (Karamay means black oil in Uighur, the local language) and that the blobs around the sculpture represent little oil bubbles.

2015 August 29, “The Bean and the Bubble”, in The Economist, volume 416, number 8953, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 27:

A prefecture-level city in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Gar

No crops had ever grown before at the high altitude of Menshih Township of Gar County at the foot of Kangtiszu Peak.

1972, Kao Yuan-ching, “Changes on the Ari Plateau”, in Great Changes in Tibet [西藏巨变], 1st edition, Peking: Foreign Languages Press, →OCLC, page 28:

The figures indicate that Han peoples form 12 per cent of the registered residents of Gar county, and that Tibetans are 87.5 per cent of the county and 97.6 per cent of the prefecture.⁵⁸

1994, Graham E. Clarke, “The Movement of Population to the West of China; Tibet and Qinghai”, in Judith M. Brown, Rosemary Foot, editors, Migration: The Asian Experience, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 242, 255:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Shihezi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 石河子 (Shíhézǐ, literally “stone river”).

The same day, violent clashes erupted in many parts of Sinkiang, such as Shihhotzu where fighting was particularly serious. Army-backed factions controlled the roads linking Shihhotzu and Urumchi and telephone communications were cut.

[1969 August, Chien Yu-shen, “Wuhan Upheaval and After”, in China's Fading Revolution: Army Dissent and Military Divisions, 1967-68, Hong Kong: Centre of Contemporary Chinese Studies, →OCLC, page 19:

Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service in Mandarin at 1300 GMT on 30 October reports that 143d Regimental Farm in Shihhotze Prefecture develops forestry. The same broadcasts reports that 84th Regimental Farm in Poerhtala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture restores award system in efforts to promote animal husbandry.

[1978 November 3 [1978 October 30], “PRC Radio Reports on Activities of Chinese PLA Units”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 214, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Urumchi Sinkiang Regional Service via Editorial Report OW, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, National Affairs, page E 7:

But most Bingtuan new cities were like Shihezi: company towns populated mainly by Han and independent of the Xinjiang authorities, answering only to the Party.

2007, James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, London: Hurst & Company, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 366:

In October, the Police Department of the town of Shihezi, in northern Xinjiang, posted a notice on a microblog saying that all residents would have to hand in their passports for an annual review. The notice was later deleted, but screen captures of it remain online.
Shihezi was founded decades ago as an agricultural settlement and garrison, known as a bingtuan. The bingtuan system is widespread across Xinjiang and is operated by the powerful Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, a central-government agency with military ties. Like other bingtuan, Shihezi has a mostly Han population.

2016 December 1, Edward Wong, “Police Confiscate Passports in Parts of Xinjiang, in Western China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-12-01, Asia Pacific:

A county-level city in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.