Taiyuan

Taiyuan (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Shanxi, in northern China)


Ningxia

c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 寧夏 /宁夏 (Níngxià).

Ning-hsia (alternative)
Ninghsia (alternative)
Ningsia (alternative)

In 1955, the trans-Mongolian railroad was inaugurated and in 1958 the Baotou line was extended to Lanzhou in Gansu, passing through Ningxia.

1979, Frederic M. Kaplan, Julian M. Sobin, Stephen Andors, “Land and Population”, in Encyclopedia of China Today, Eurasia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 38, column 2:

FROM Baotou, China’s interior trunk line goes west and then south to one of China’s main concentrations of Muslims, in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. My train left Baotou at 9:16 A.M., and the 317-mile trip took slightly over 10 hours; we arrived at 7:30 P.M., just 19 minutes late, at Ningxia's capital, Yinchuan.

1993, A. Doak Barnett, “Han and Hui: Ningxia”, in China's Far West: Four Decades of Change, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 95:

Local sources said a sit-in protest by hundreds of ethnic Hui Muslims took place on Friday to defend the huge new mosque, which was built last year in the northern region of Ningxia.

2018 August 10, “Chinese Hui Muslims protest mosque demolition in Weizhou”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-08-10, Asia:

China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs reported a new case of African swine fever on a farm in the northwestern region of Ningxia on Tuesday.

2019 September 10, Dominique Patton, “China reports new African swine fever case in Ningxia”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-05, Health News:

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
w:Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

A Hui autonomous region of China. Official name: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Capital: Yinchuan.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Ningxia

Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


南宮

→ English: Namgung, Nangong

desc

南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ Japanese: 南宮, なんぐう, なんきゅう

→ English: Nangyu, Nangu, Nanguu, Nankyu, Nanku, Nankuu

→ Korean: 南宮, 남궁

→ English: Namgung, Namgoong, Namkung, Namkoong

→ Vietnamese: 南宮, Namcung, Nam Cung

→ English: Namcung

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/naːm²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Nangong (a county-level city of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


天井

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕiŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɛːŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɪŋ³⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕiaŋ³¹/

/tʰĩ³³ t͡sĩ⁵⁵⁴/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sẽ⁴¹/

/tʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɛ̃⁵³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sĩ⁵³/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡sẽ⁵²/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～村) Tianjing (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


民族

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

/mɐn²¹ t͡sʊk̚²/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚²⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sok̚⁴/

Book of Qi
Nancy S. Steinhardt
Victor H. Mair

First attested in a 5th-century essay by Gu Huan (顧歡), which is reproduced in the 6th-century Book of Southern Qi (translation from Mather, 2005):
According to Ru (2001), 民族's early meaning was closer to 民眾 (“the general populace”).

Today all the Chinese gentlemen and ladies, as well as the common people, have not changed [their natures], but they insist on squatting with exposed heads, wantonly using the manners of the Yi Barbarians. They talk to the shorn-headed crowd, all of them Hu Barbarians. The state has its own long-standing mores; its laws are not to be altered.

The Book of Southern Qi, by Xiao Zixian, 6ᵗʰ century CE

Jīn zhūhuá shìnǚ, mínzú fú gé, ér lù shǒu piān jù, lànyòng Yí lǐ, yún yú jiǎnluò zhī tú, quán shì Húrén, guó yǒu jiù fēng, fǎ bùkě biàn.

今諸華士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，濫用夷禮，云於翦落之徒，全是胡人，國有舊風，法不可變。

今诸华士女，民族弗革，而露首偏踞，滥用夷礼，云于翦落之徒，全是胡人，国有旧风，法不可变。

(～街道) Minzu (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


四川

→ Catalan: Sichuan

→ English: Sichuan, Szechuan, Szechwan

→ French: Sichuan, Sétchouan

→ Korean: 쓰촨 (Sseuchwan)

→ Manchu: ᠰᡟᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ (sycuwan)

→ Portuguese: Sichuan, Setsuan, Szechwan, Sujuão

→ Russian: Сычуа́нь (Syčuánʹ), сычуа́нец (syčuánec)

→ Spanish: Sichuán

→ Zhuang: Swconh

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

/sz̩⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/ɬu³³ t͡sʰun³³/

/si¹¹ t͡ʃʰon⁵³/

/ɕi⁵³ t͡sʰɔn⁴⁴/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lœŋ⁵³³/

/ɬo⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((t͡sʰ-))lyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/su¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/sɯ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sʰuan³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰueŋ³³/

/si²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sʰuaŋ³³/

/sz̩³³ t͡sʰø⁴⁴/

During the Tang dynasty, the area of what is now Sichuan was administratively divided into three regions based on the main throughfares through the mountains 川道 (“mountain pass (often near a river)”) at the time. During the Song dynasty, these regions were further redivided into four separate regions, giving rise to its modern name.

zh-l

(～省) Sichuan (a province in central China)


Sichuan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 四川 (Sìchuān), a contraction of the Southern Song 四川路 (Sìchuān lù).

Szechuan (alternative)
Szechwan (alternative)
Ssu-ch'uan (alternative)
Ssŭ-ch'uan (alternative)
Suchuen (alternative obsolete)
Szechuen (alternative)

In Suchue, on Mount Tiexe, the ſtones that grow there being burnt in the fire, drop Iron, which is very fit for the making Swords.

[1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, page 242:

SUchuen, which ſignifies Four Waters, is a great Countrey, ſeparated by the River Kiang, into a Northern and Southern part ; Bordering in the Eaſt upon Huquang ; in the South-Eaſt upon Queicheu ; and hath in the North-Eaſt and North Xenſi ; in the North-Weſt, the People Koningguangi and Kiang ; or the Countreys which Paulus Venetus makes to be Preſter John's, which the Chineſes by one general Name call'd Sifan ; and in the Weſt, Tibet, and the moſt Southern part of the Province of Junnan.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 512:

Such was the argument of three highly placed gentlemen of Hubei, graduates of the Japanese military academy and losers in Hubei’s internal conflicts who appeared in Changsha in early 1921. It was also the argument of Xiong Ke-wu, a former military governor of Sichuan whose June visit was concealed behind layers of lies and half truths (he said he was in Changsha to study self-government; gossips in the know said that he was secretly a spokesman for Wang Zhan-yuan).

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Power”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 50-51:

China’s agriculture ministry said on Wednesday two new African swine fever outbreaks were confirmed in Sichuan and Qinghai provinces.
The new case in the city of Bazhong in Sichuan killed 19 of 117 pigs present on a farm, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said in a statement on its website.

2018 December 12, Beijing Monitoring Desk, “China reports new African swine fever outbreaks in Sichuan, Qinghai provinces”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-12-12, Health News:

About 80 percent of wild giant pandas live in Sichuan province. The rest are in Gansu and Shaanxi.

2019 May 27, “Rare albino panda discovered in China”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2019-05-27, News:

A province in central China. Capital: Chengdu.


Sichuan

Meronyms: Chengdu, Chongqing


Sichuan

Sujuão (alternative)
Setsuan (alternative)
Szechwan (alternative)


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 烏 /乌 (Wū or Wù, “crow, raven, black”).

der

A river in Guizhou, China, a tributary of the Yangtze.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 巫 (Wū or Wú, “shaman, sorceror, witch”).

A river in Hunan, China, a tributary of the Yuan.


Wu

Romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 㵲 (Wǔ).


上午

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saŋ²¹³ vu⁵³/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ vou²⁴/

/sœːŋ²² ŋ̍¹³/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ vu⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁴¹/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ ŋɔ̃⁵³/

/siɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ u⁴¹/

(～村) Shangwu (a village in Gangwei, Longhai, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)


Mongolio

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Mongolujo

From mongolo (“a Mongol”) + -ujo (“country of”).


Xi'an

Cambridge University Press
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda
Ming Dynasty
Xi'an
Yuan Dynasty

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 西安 (Xī'ān), usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall. An apostrophe is usually required in pinyin to mark any non-initial syllable beginning with a, o, or e in a multi-syllable word. (See 隔音符號 /隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào) for more.) In this case, the apostrophe happens to distinguish the two separate syllables of xī and ān from the monosyllabic words xiān, xián, xiǎn, and xiàn.

Xian (alternative proscribed sometimes)
Sian (alternative obsolete)
Sianfu (alternative obsolete)
Hsian (alternative obsolete)
Hsi-an (alternative obsolete)
Hsi-an-fu (alternative obsolete)
Singan (alternative obsolete)
Si-ngan (alternative obsolete)
Si-ngan-fou (alternative obsolete)

THE SILK ROAD was actually a perilous network of routes. It was hazardous to monks and pilgrims carrying Buddhist teachings between India and China and even more hazardous to traders, who intended to exchange gold, wool, horses, jade, and glass for silk. The road started in what is now Xi'an, in Shaanxi Province, traversed a barren crust of earth through treacherous mountains and desert across Central Asia to Antioch and Tyre; the last lap, to Europe and Egypt, was by water to other Mediterranean ports.

1984 January, Nina Hyde, “The Queen of Textiles”, in National Geographic, volume 165, number 1, page 30:

We began the trip at the ancient capital of Xi'an, where the Chinese put on an elaborate and beautiful welcoming ceremony. The next day we had the opportunity to walk among the rows of the famous terra-cotta warriors, and to have a roundtable discussion with Chinese citizens in the small village of Xiahe.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 434:

Then on Wednesday, after our formal talks concluded, Joan, Eleanor, and I traveled to the ancient city of Xi'an, home of the extraordinary exhibit of terra-cotta soldiers.

2010, Walter Mondale, David Hage, The Good Fight: A Life in Liberal Politics, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 220:

The scheme was simple: Stuff cotton into air-monitoring equipment so that the air being read would be filtered and seem cleaner.
The people doing this to produce better — but false — air-quality readings in Xi’an, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, got away with it for months, until inspectors noticed irregularities in the data.

2016 October 28, Edward Wong, Vanessa Piao, “When China Wants Better Air Readings, Cotton Does the Trick”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-30, Asia Pacific:

Quite how the other 7,999 or so warriors — each about 6ft tall and weighing just over 28 stone — were made more than 2,000 years ago, however, has long been a subject of debate, with experts questioning how the intricately carved figures could have been produced on site in Xi’an, northwestern China.

2023 March 31, Didi Tang, “Terracotta Army’s broken arms may solve mystery of its creation”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-31:

The provincial capital of Shaanxi, China; a subprovincial city in central China famed as the former capital of numerous Chinese dynasties, also known as Chang'an among other historical names.

شِيَان

capital of Shaanxi and former capital of China — see also Chang'an

In February 2009, the Xi’an District People’s Court in Liaoyuan city, Jilin province, reported that when preparing for a trial involving Falun Gong and other “cult organizations,” the court must first “petition” the municipal 6-10 Office, and only after receiving an affirmative response is the court then permitted to hear the case.

2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 126:

In 2008, Liaoyuan became one of twelve important cities for the economic[…]study, the Xi’an district was chosen as the study area considering the distribution characteristics in Liaoyuan.

2012, Qing Chang, Xue Li, “Land Destruction Extent Assessment Based on RS and GIS in Liaoyuan Mining Area, China”, in 2012 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering, Nanjing, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-07-03, pages 1–4:

In order to further assess the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the improved controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric (CSAMT) apparent resistivity pseudo-sections method based on the gradients of frequency-domain controlled-source electromagnetic fields in a practical survey, we present a real data example from the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China. Liaoyuan City is located in the south of Jilin Province (Fig. 11a), and the survey area is located immediately to the northwest of Liaoyuan City.[…]
Furthermore, the practicability of the proposed imaging method for real-life situations was assessed by its application to field data acquired in the coal mining area of Xi’an District, Liaoyuan City, Jilin Province, China.

2021 February [2020], Ming Zhang, Colin G. Farquharson, Changsheng Liu, “Improved controlled source audio-frequency magnetotelluric method apparent resistivity pseudo-sections based on the frequency and frequency–spatial gradients of electromagnetic fields”, in Geophysical Prospecting, volume 69, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-06-30, pages 486, 489:


雲南

→ English: Yunnan

→ Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ (yūn nan)

Unclear. First attested in the Book of Han as a county under 益州郡, located in modern-day Xiangyun county, Yunnan.

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

/huŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/uoŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/in¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/huŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/ɦyn²² nø⁴⁴/

(～省) Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Yúnnán xiàn yǒu shén lù, liǎng tóu, néng shí dúcǎo.

雲南縣有神鹿，兩頭，能食毒草。

云南县有神鹿，两头，能食毒草。

(～縣) (historical) Yunnan (a former county of Yunnan province, China; now Xiangyun county, Yunnan)


雲南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 雲南 /云南 (Yúnnán)


Malan

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 馬欄／马栏 (Mǎlán).

zh-l

馬欄／马栏 (Mǎlán)

A town in Yanling, Xuchang, Henan, China.


廈門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廈門):
* → Korean: 하문(廈門) (Hamun)
* → Vietnamese: Hạ Môn (廈門)

→ Arabic: شْيَامِن (šyāmin)

→ Dutch: Xiamen, Emoi

desc

→ English: Amoy, Hsia-men, Hsiamen, Xiamen

→ French: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Georgian: სიამენი (siameni)

→ Japanese: 廈(シア)門(メン) (Shiamen)

→ Korean: 샤먼 (Syameon)

→ Portuguese: Amoy, Xiamen

→ Japanese: 廈(ア)門(モイ) (Amoi)

→ Spanish: Emuy

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ha³² ᵐbᵘɔn²²/

/ˈha¹¹ mɨn³⁵/

/ha⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/xa⁵⁵ mɔŋ³³/

/a²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/e⁴¹⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/e²²⁻²¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/e³³⁻²¹ mŋ̍²³/

/e³³⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/ɛ²²⁻²¹ muĩ¹³/

/ɛ⁵³⁻¹¹ muĩ¹¹/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ɦo²² mən⁴⁴/

A homophone of the original name 下門／下门 (Xiàmén) that came into official use for its more elegant sense.

zh-l

下門／下门 (Xiàmén)

(historical) Xiamen (a fortification which formerly protected Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)

(～市) Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, China)

(～島) Xiamen Island, Amoy Island (an island of Xiamen Bay, Fujian, China)


廈門

廈門／厦门 (Xiàmén)

Xiamen, Amoy (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

Borrowed from Portuguese Amoy, in turn from Hokkien 廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi).

zh-m

廈門／厦门 (Ēe-mûi)

Amoy, Xiamen (a subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)


廈門

chữ Hán form of Hạ Môn (“Xiamen (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China)”)


帝都

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (帝都):
* → Japanese: 帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
* → Korean: 제도(帝都) (jedo)

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

/tɐi̯³³ tou̯⁵⁵/

(literally or ironic, humorous) derogatory name for Beijing: the capital of China


銅山

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～村) Tongshan (a village in Shihua, Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


تبت

تُبَّت (canonical)
tubbat (romanization)
تُبَّت (definite diptote informal singular)
تُبَّتُ (definite diptote nominative singular)
تُبَّتَ (accusative definite diptote singular)
تُبَّتَ (definite diptote genitive singular)


تبت

tabbat (romanization)
tobbat (romanization)
tobbet (romanization)
tebbet (romanization)
تیبت (alternative)

→ Bengali: তিব্বত (tibbot)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: तिब्बत (tibbat)

Urdu: تِبَّت (tibbat)

→ Nepali: तिब्बत (tibbat)

→ Ottoman Turkish: تبت (tübbet)

From Sogdian ܬܘܦܐܝܝܬ (twpʾyyt /tupēt, tubēt/). The ultimate origin may be Tibetan བོད (bod).


تبت

ur-proper noun

تِبَّت • (tibbat) m (Hindi spelling तिब्बत)

تِبَّت (canonical)
tibbat (romanization)
तिब्बत (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian تبت (tibbat).


寧夏

→ English: Ninghsia, Ningsia, Ningxia

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

/niŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/niŋ²⁴ ɕia⁵¹/

/nɪŋ²¹ haː²²/

/nˡiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɑ²⁴²/

/nɛŋ¹³⁻⁴² ha¹¹/

/nɛŋ²⁴⁻⁴² ha²¹/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ha²²/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² hɛ²²/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ he¹¹/

/n̠ʲin²² ɦia⁴⁴/

～回族自治區 寧夏回族自治區#Chinese

(～回族自治區, formerly ～省) Ningxia, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (a Hui autonomous region of China)


白銀

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ in³⁵/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹/

/paːk̚² ŋɐn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡun²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡin²³/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡin¹³/

(～市) Baiyin (a prefecture-level city of Gansu, China)

(～區) Baiyin (a district of Baiyin City in Gansu, China)


黑龍江

desc

→ English: Heilongjiang, Heilungchiang, Hei-lung-chiang, Heilungkiang

ხეილუნგძიანგი

→ Georgian: ხეილუნგძიანგი (xeilungʒiangi)

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

heh⁶ loeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ loeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

heh⁶ lyoeng² gang¹ [Phonetic:heh⁷ lyoeng² gang¹]

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ lʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/haːk̚⁵ lʊŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/hak̚⁵⁵ lɵŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/hɛt̚¹¹ liʊŋ¹¹ kɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hɛiʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ lœŋ¹³ kaŋ⁵³³/

/hɛʔ²⁻⁴ lyøŋ²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ liɔŋ¹³⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/hiak̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ³³/

/hek̚²⁻⁴ leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/həʔ³³ loŋ⁵⁵ kɑ̃²¹/

From earlier 黑水 (Hēishuǐ), attested since the Tang Dynasty. Semantically, compare Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, literally “black river”), Mongolian Хар мөрөн (Xar mörön, literally “black river”).

ncog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

(～省) Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


黑龍江

Heungnyonggang (romanization)
흑룡강 (hangeul)


遼寧

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/lieu¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/lieu²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/liou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ leŋ⁵⁵/

(～省) Liaoning (a province in northeastern China)


山東

→ English: Shandong

→ Manchu: ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ (šandung)

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/san⁴⁴ tʊŋ⁴⁴/

/suiŋ⁵⁴ tɔŋ⁵⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nøyŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾nɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã³³ taŋ³³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ taŋ³³/

(～省) Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Hangu Pass

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the east of Mount Hua


山東

山東 (canonical)
Santō (romanization)
Santou (romanization)
さんとう (hiragana historical)

From Middle Chinese 山東 (MC srean tuwng).


山東

alternative form of 山東 (Santō): Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


團結

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

/tʰu̯än³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/

/hᵘɔn²² ket̚⁵⁵/

/tuaŋ¹³⁻⁴² kɛʔ²¹/

/tuoŋ²⁴⁻⁴² kɛʔ²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚⁵/

/tʰuan¹³⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²⁴⁻²² kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰuan²³⁻³³ kiɛt̚³²/

/tʰueŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/tʰuaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kak̚²/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁴⁴/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/dø²² ciɪʔ²²/

/dø²⁴ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɵ¹¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ³³/

/dɤə³¹ t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵/

/dɤ¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/də¹³ t͡ɕiəʔ³³/

/dø²² t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵¹/

/dɛ²² t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/de¹¹ t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁵/

/duõ²² t͡ɕiəʔ³⁴/

/dø̃¹¹ t͡ɕieʔ⁵⁵/

As a lake, paired with nearby Xiezuo Lake from the expression 團結協作 (tuánjié xiézuò, “to work in unity”).

zh-l

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Tuanjie (a town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)

(～社區) Tuanjie (a residential community in Ruoqiang, Ruoqiang, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


巴西

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/paː⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/pa²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/pa⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛ⁵⁵/

/pa⁴⁴⁻²² se⁴⁴/

/pa⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/pa³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～鎮) Baxi (a town in Zoigê, Ngawa, Sichuan, China)


پکن

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


상하이

Koreans in China
Xinhai Revolution
ko:상하이시


베이징

Koreans in China
Xinhai Revolution
ko:베이징


鸕鶿

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

/lu³⁵ t͡sʰz̩³⁵/

/lou̯²¹ t͡sʰiː²¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰɨ¹¹/

/lu¹¹ t͡sʰz̩¹¹/

/l̃u⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾li⁵³/

/lɔ²⁴⁻³³ t͡si²⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² t͡si²⁴/

/lou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

/ləu̯¹³ sz̩³/

(～島) Luci Island (an island of Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


몽골

Borrowed from Mongolian Монгол (Mongol).

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 花溪 (Huāxī, “flower brook”).

A district of Guiyang, Guizhou, China. It is a scenic university town and cultural center.

A town in Honyga, Meishan, Sichuan, China.


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 華西 /华西 (Huàxī).

A town in Huayin, Weinan, Shaanxi, China.


Huaxi

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 華西 /华西.

The paper's commentator points out that the 200 peasant households of Kiangsu Province's Huahsi production brigade did this by building up a thriving collective economy, simultaneously expanding agriculture, side-line occupations and rural industry.[…]
Anyone who sincerely wants the four modernizations should take the Huahsi production brigade as an example and work to improve the material and cultural life of the commune members on the basis of a continuous growth in production, as the Huahsi party branch has done. Fifteen years ago, five years after the communes were set up, Huahsi was still a backward area.

[1978 December 8 [1978 December 6], “The Kind of Socialism the Peasants Like”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 237, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China: National Affairs, page E 33:

In Jiangsu, local government-run businesses expanded faster than anywhere, at one point employing almost a third of the population. Huaxi kept ahead of the pack thanks to Wu's knack of reading the political tea leaves. In 1992, he watched a TV broadcast of Deng Xiaoping's famous pro-entrepreneurial speech during a tour of southern China. Immediately, according to his biographers, he foresaw a surge of economic activity and ordered village officials to borrow every yuan they could lay their hands on to buy up aluminum and other raw materials.

2010, Jonathan Watts, “Gross Domestic Pollution”, in When a Billion Chinese Jump: How China Will Save Mankind- or Destroy It, Scribner, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 103:

That this half-billion-dollar edifice is a good 40-minute drive from a city of any size is part of the plan. For though not many foreigners have heard of Huaxi, Chinese far and wide know it as the socialist collective that works — the village where public ownership of the means of production has not just made everyone equal, but rich, too.

2011 July 11, Michael Wines, “Sharing the Wealth and Living Large in a Tiny Chinese Village”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2011-07-12, Asia Pacific:

The newly inaugurated skyscraper tower of Huaxi village is seen in Huaxi village, Jiangsu province, October 7, 2011. Huaxi, also known as China's richest village, celebrates its 50th anniversary with the inauguration of a massive 328-meters (1,076 feet) high skyscraper that screams for attention from its lowly skyline.

2011 October 10, Carlos Barria, “China's richest village”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-03-11, Pictures, page 1/30:

In March 1994, Wu Renbao, Party branch secretary of Huaxi Village of Jiangyin County, Jiangsu, national model laborer, excellent Party member, and a representative of the National People's Congress, responded to the call for "mutual hekp between the east and the west as well as common well-bing" and implemented the "87 Poverty Relief Crucial Program."

2015, Xiang Wu, Contemporary Chinese Rural Reform, Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 189:

"The village of Huaxi, Jiangyin City, Jiangsu Province was once a small village, but now it has become a well-off village of the civilized nation, Fuyu Village. Every family has a villa, and they drive a car- - a small village, and a big change!

2020, Dong RiNuanYang, “Keeping the Bottom Line”, in Story of a Pretty Teacher, volume 16, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=TW77DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT368:

A village in Huashi, Jiangyin, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.


中心

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ sɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim²⁴/

/t͡ʃuŋ⁵³ sim⁵³/

/tœŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tyøŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/toŋ³³⁻²³ sim³³/

/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɕin²¹/

(～村) Zhongxin (a village in Wudian, Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


木蘭

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

/ᵐbɵk̚³² lan²²/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚²⁴⁻² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lan¹³/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²⁴/

/bɔk̚⁴⁻³² lan²³/

(～縣) Mulan (a county of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)


支那

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/

/t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/

/t͡si⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/

(～鄉) Zhina (a township in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)


شانگهای

head

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

fa-proper noun

شانگهای • (šânghâi)

[ʃɑːŋɡ.hɑ́ːj]

[ʃɒːɲɡʲ.hɒ́ːj]

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


海南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (海南):
* → Japanese: 海南(かいなん) (Kainan)
* → Korean: 해남(海南) (Haenam)
* → Vietnamese: Hải Nam (海南)

→ English: Hainan, Hai-nan

→ Russian: Хайна́нь (Xajnánʹ)

→ Thai: ไหหลำ (hǎi-lǎm)

→ Zhuang: Haijnanz

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/hᵘɔi⁵⁵ ⁿdam²²/

/hai³³⁻²¹ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/hai³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Qinghai Lake
Qiongzhou Strait

Literally, south of a “sea”, which, in the case of Hainan Island or province, refers to the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽 /琼州海峡 (Qióngzhōu Hǎixiá)), and in the case of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, refers to the Qinghai Lake (青海湖 (Qīnghǎi Hú)). The district in Wuhai, Inner Mongolia is named after its position relative to the Haibowan (海勃灣／海勃湾) District.
“Kainan” is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 海(かい)南(なん) (Kainan).

潮州粿條福建麵，海南咖啡廣府炒 / 潮州粿条福建面，海南咖啡广府炒

Cháozhōu guǒtiáo Fújiàn miàn, Hǎinán kāfēi Guǎngfǔ chǎo

Zhou Qufei, Representative Answers from the Region beyond the Mountains, 12ᵗʰ century CE

Hǎinán Lí rén, qīn sǐ, bù shí zhōu fàn, wéi yǐnjiǔ shí shēng niúròu, yǐwéi zhìxiào zài shì.

海南黎人，親死，不食粥飯，唯飲酒食生牛肉，以為至孝在是。

海南黎人，亲死，不食粥饭，唯饮酒食生牛肉，以为至孝在是。

(～島) Hainan, Hainan Island (an island off the coast of southern China)

(～省) Hainan (a province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island)

～藏族自治州 海南藏族自治州#Chinese

Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
w:Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

(～藏族自治州, ～州) Hainan, Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (a Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China)

(～區) Hainan (a district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


海南

Hainan (an island and province of China)


Hainan

c. 1600s, from Mandarin 海南 (Hǎinán). Doublet of Hainam and Hailam.

Hai-nan (alternative)
Ainan (alternative obsolete)
Haynan (alternative obsolete)

These were a business family, in Hainan province, who, along with other South China merchants, had interests in America, where the multitude of little shops and businesses owned by Chinese had assumed the appearance of a department store chain, representing the invested outlay of controlling families in the Orient.

1942 March 20, John McVea, “Madame Chiang Kai-Shek”, in The Gateway, volume XXXII, number 29, Edmonton, page 5:

After Hainan separated from Guangdong to become its own province in 1988, a development boom was quickly followed by a bust that left many building projects on the island half-finished. In the last few years, Hainan has welcomed back investors and become a fashionable draw for Russian tourists looking to escape winter — entire blocks in Sanya have signs lettered in Russian for their benefit.

2009 March 15, Bonnie Tsui, “The Surf’s Always Up in the Chinese Hawaii”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2009-03-18, Travel:

The Tianzhou-4 spacecraft was slung into space atop a Long March-7 Y5 rocket at 1:56 a.m. from the Wenchang Launch Base in the southern island province of Hainan. State media said it docked with the station about seven hours later.

2022 May 9, “China cargo craft docks with space station ahead of new crew”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-10:

A province off the coast of southern China, primarily made up of Hainan Island. Capital: Haikou.

Near to the Iſland Hainan are caught Whales,after the ſame manner as the Hollanders and Engliſh in the North about Greenland, whereof they make Oyl which ſerves for ſeveral uſes.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, page 270:

KIungcheufu lies on an Iſland, generally call'd Hainan, or is rather the Iſland it ſelf ; Hainan ſignifies, To the South of the Sea, for Nan denotes South, and Hai, The Sea.

1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 530:

Several thousand retired servicemen on Hainan Island demonstrated against Teng Hsiao-ping's economic policies last month at the instigation of Hsu Shih-yu, deputy chairman of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Advisory Committee and a standing member of the party's Military Affairs Commission, according to an official report intercepted by the Republic of China's intelligence workers on the mainland.

1983 March 20, “Hainan protest over Teng's economic plans”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIV, number 11, Taipei, page 2:

On April 1, 2001, an American surveillance plane known as an EP-3 collided with a Chinese aircraft and made an emergency landing on Hainan Island. The Chinese pilot ejected from the cockpit and died. Our twenty-four-person crew was held at a military barracks on the island and interrogated. The Iranian hostage crisis was at the forefront of my mind. This was not the way I wanted to start my relationship with China.

2010, George W. Bush, Decision Points, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 426:

An island off the coast of southern China.

China Central Television reported that the quake, centered in the Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Qinghai province, left 5,000 people homeless. Hundreds of people slept on the ground, wrapped in heavy blankets to ward off cold.

1990 April 27, “BIG QUAKE KILLS 115 PEOPLE IN CENTRAL CHINA”, in The Washington Post, sourced from Associated Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-08-28:

A Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Qinghai, China. Official name: Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.

Public tops play a crucial role in discovering cover-ups. For example, on 19 August 2011, the Changfu Coal Mine in Hainan District, Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia, flooded. Fearing that the mine would be closed and penalized, the mine managers organized a rescue effort by themselves and did not report the case to any relevant authorities. On 20 August, at 9:16 a.m., citizens called the police hotline of Wuhai City to report the accident.

2022, Jie Gao, “The Fatality Quota System”, in Work Safety Regulation in China: The CCP’s Fatality Quota System (Routledge Contemporary China Series), Routledge, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=FCBiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2020:

A district of Wuhai, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.


上海

desc

→ English: Shang-hai, Shanghae, Shanghai

→ French: Shanghai, Shanghaï, Changhaï

→ Japanese: 上(シャン)海(ハイ) (Shanhai)

→ Korean: 상하이 (Sanghai)

→ Russian: Шанха́й (Šanxáj)

→ Zhuang: Sanghaij

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² hɔːi̯³⁵/

/siaŋ³² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/ʃoŋ⁵³ hoi²⁴/

/sɔŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ hoɪ³¹/

/sɒ̃⁴⁵ xai⁵³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁵⁵ xuɛ²¹/

/suoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³/

/ɬyɒŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai⁴⁵³/

/ɬyøŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋai³³²/

/siɔŋ²¹ hai⁴⁴⁵/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hai⁴¹/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁴²/

/siɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siɔŋ²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siɔŋ³³⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/siaŋ²²⁻²¹ hai⁵³/

/siaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ hai⁵²/

/zɑ̃²² he⁴⁴/

/zɑ̃²² he³³/

/ʂan²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

/san²¹⁻¹¹ xai̯⁴¹/

Named after 上海浦, a historical river in Shanghai, which was filled in during the late Qing dynasty.

華亭／华亭, 松江

two historical major cities now under the juristiction of Shanghai

上海證券交易所

上海证券交易所

她最近跑到上海去了。

I still have a few things to arrange in Shanghai.

Zài Shànghǎi wǒ háiyǒu jǐ jiàn shìqíng yào ānpái.

在上海我還有幾件事情要安排。

在上海我还有几件事情要安排。

⁶non ⁵tau ⁶zaon-he₅ ⁶le-leq₈ ¹tu-sau₅ ⁶zen-kuaon₁-leq₈

儂到上海來了多少辰光了？

侬到上海来了多少辰光了？

(～市) Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)

(～縣) (historical) Shanghai (a former county of Shanghai, China)


上海

From the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi).

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
Shanghai
ja:NHK出版
ja:NHK放送文化研究所
ja:上海市


上海

chữ Hán form of Thượng Hải (“Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)”)


Pékin

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Beijing. Compare Spanish Pekín, Portuguese Pequim, English Peking, Dutch Peking. See also Tonkin and Nankin (“Nanjing”).

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


揚州

ja-r

揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (揚州):
* → Japanese: 揚(よう)州(しゅう) (Yōshū)
* → Vietnamese: Dương Châu (揚州)

desc

→ English: Yang-chou, Yangchow, Yangzhou

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/jɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jœːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/i̯oŋ¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/iɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/iɒ̃¹¹ t͡səu¹¹/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/iɔŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iɔŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/iaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦiã²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

From the area of 揚州 recorded as one of the Nine Provinces 九州 (Jiǔzhōu) of Yu the Great 大禹 (Dà Yǔ) in the "Tribute of Yu" 禹贡 (Yǔ Gòng) section of the Book of Xia 夏書 /夏书 (Xià Shū) in the Book of Documents 書經 /书经 (shūjīng)

(～市) Yangzhou (a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China)

(historical) Yangzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


揚州

ja-pos

揚(よう)州(しゅう) • (Yōshū)


Jiangsu

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江蘇 /江苏 (Jiāngsū, “Jiangning [i.e., Nanjing] and Suzhou”), from the province's two major cities.

bor

Kiangsu (alternative historical obsolete)
Kiang-su (alternative historical obsolete)
Kiang Su (alternative historical obsolete)
Keangsoo (alternative historical obsolete)
Keang-soo (alternative historical obsolete)
Chiang-su (alternative historical obsolete)
Kiang-Sou (alternative historical obsolete)
Jiang Su (alternative)

Meronym: Nanjing

Days before the Lunar New Year holiday began on Feb. 1, a video spread online from a village in Feng county, located in Jiangsu province on the coast.

2022 February 19, Huizhong Wu, “Behind China’s Olympics, the saga of a chained woman unfolds”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-02-19:

A province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River. Capital: Nanjing.


Jiangsu

Meronym: Nankin

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


PRD

Given our geographical location and cultural ties, we have a special relationship with Guangdong Province, particularly the PRD.[…]We should make the PRD the economic hinterland supporting development in the rest of the country. In turn, the PRD can use Hong Kong's strengths to elevate its status and competitiveness to become a global player.

2003 January 8, “III. Expediting Economic Integration with the PRD”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-20:

There’s no doubt that the core of Pan-PRD cooperation is the integration between Hong Kong and the PRD. The PRD has always been Hong Kong's major partner in economic development. Twenty years ago, Hong Kong manufacturers began migrating across the border, thereby turning the PRD into a regional factory of consumer goods for the world market. Now, over 70 percent of the investments in the PRD come from Hong Kong, and 10 million workers in that region work for Hong Kong capitalized enterprises. And we have 230,000 Hong Kong citizens working immediately north of the border.

2004, Eden Woon, “The Pearl River Delta: What Now?”, in Business Guide to the Greater Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong: China Briefing Media Ltd.; Dezan Shira & Associates, →OCLC, page 4:

"We think that the majority of the growth will be coming from the PRD markets," he said, referring to the Pearl River Delta, while growth coming from Hong Kong will be only around 4 percent in the next 10 years, Bishop said.[…]
"The threat to HKIA from new airports in the Pearl River Delta is real," Mathison said, referring to Hong Kong's international airport, which is why Cathay needs to "make Hong Kong more competitive as a transit hub for cargo originating from the PRD manufacturing centers."

2006 July 19, Vaudine England, “Cathay's cargo homeward bound - Business - International Herald Tribune”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-15, International Business:

In nearby Dongguan, a gritty, densely packed manufacturing hub in the PRD, factories have also been provisioning for a minimum wage hike from the current level of around 780 yuan.

2010 March 16, James Pomfret, “S.China export hubs set for minimum wage rise-exporters”, in Sugita Katyal, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-02-10, Media & Telecom:

Pearl River Delta
Pearl River Delta#English

Initialism of Pearl River Delta: a region of Guangdong, China, on the South China Sea; An area in Southeast China, containing Hong Kong, Macau, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou (“Canton City”).


مغولستان

head

مُغولِسْتان • (moġolestân)

fa-proper noun

مُغولِسْتان • (moġolestân)

مُغولِسْتان (canonical)
moġolestân (romanization)

From مغول (moġol, “Mongol”) + ـستان (-estân, “-land”).

af

Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Tiananmen Square

Partial calque from Mandarin 天安門廣場／天安门广场 (Tiān'ānmén Guǎngchǎng, literally “square/plaza of Tiananmen ("the gate of Heaven's peacemaking" or conventionally: "the gate of heavenly peace")”).

zh-l

Tian'anmen Square (alternative)
Tian An Men Square (alternative)
Tienanmen Square (alternative)

On my return from the meeting with Dr Fry, I spent some time walking about Tiananmen Square and took some photographs. Though I had not seen any wall posters there, I did notice six large portraits of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin, Mao and Hua. In the middle of Tiananmen Square there were several small open air photography stalls around which people were queuing up to have themselves photographed at the great revolutionary centre.

1979, Govind Kelkar, China After Mao, New Delhi: USHA Publications, page 85:

On the 33rd anniversary of the crushing of pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing’s Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989, Taiwan has emerged as one of the last places in the Chinese-speaking world remembering the deaths of thousands at the hands of the Chinese Communist Party, after authorities banned such demonstrations in Hong Kong.

2022 June 4, Vic Chiang, “Tiananmen vigils gain prominence in Taiwan as Chinese threat looms”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-04, Asia:

He is to be cremated later Thursday at a ceremony likely to be attended by the country's top leadership.
Flags were seen flying at half-mast in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. China's state news agency Xinhua reported that flags would be lowered at government buildings across mainland China, semi-autonomous regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and in consulates abroad.

2023 November 2, “China mourns late ex-Premier Li Keqiang”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-11-02, China:

A large plaza in Dongcheng district, Beijing, China.


Yuli

For example, during the reign of Han Cho Ti (86-74 B.C.) there were more than 500,000 mows of irrigated farmlands around Luntai (Lun-dai) and Yuli (Werli) cities in the lower reaches of the Tarim River.[...]Thus, the ancient extensive farmlands around Luntai and Yuli have now been all turned into shifting sands, and the famous ancient Loulan Kingdom, located at the western side of Lop Nur, has been utterly devastated into a wild landscape of yardang and barchan dunes.

1984, Farouk El-Baz, editor, Deserts and Arid Lands, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 109:

A 1987 study listed 25,000 speakers of the Lop Nur Uygur language in the eastern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.¹ They live near Lop Nur Lake, in a widespread area which includes Yuli County and Miran Township of Ruogiang County.

2000, Paul Hattaway, Operation China: Introducing all the Pooples of China, Piquant, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 529:

In the current wave of relocations, more than 700 families on land reclaimed from the Tarim River are being moved to farmland near Yuli county, about an hour south of Korla, the official Xinhua news agency reported.

2006 April 3, Guljekre, Luisetta Mudie, “China Moves Farmers as Tarim River Waters Dwindle”, in Sarah Jackson-Han, editor, Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2008-12-02:

During the 24 years from 1959 to 1983, the desert area increased from 66.23% to 81.23%, especially in the lower reach of the Tarim River. Stormy weather increases over time. For example, in the Yuli County (located in the lower reach of the Tarim River) the days of sandstorms were 108 days in the 1970s, which was about two times of that in the 1960s. At present, the number of days of sandstorms are 130 days and the days of dust are 180 days.

2007, Chen Yaning et al., “Ecological impacts of water resources utilization in the Tarim River Basin of China”, in Changes in Water Resources Systems: Methodologies to Maintain Water Security and Ensure Integrated Management, International Association of Hydrological Sciences, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 242:

A county of Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A town in Yuli, Bayingolin prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


長江

desc

→ Manchu: ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (golmin ula) (calque)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiaŋ²² kɔŋ³³/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋøyŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/zã²² kɑ̃⁴⁴/

揚子江

originally only in reference to the lower reaches

(～社區) Changjiang (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


青山

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

Qingshan (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China)

(～鎮) Qingshan (a town in Yunyang district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


青山

From Middle Chinese 青山 (tsheng srɛn, literally “green or blue + mountain or hill”). Compare modern Min Nan reading chheng-san, or Mandarin reading qīngshān.
The 山 character is read san ordinarily. The san changes to zan as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Qingshan (a district of Baotou, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

Qingshan (several towns, townships and subdistricts in China)


中興

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～社區) Zhongxing (a residential community in Chenjiagang, Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China)


崇信

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/sʊŋ²¹ sɵn³³/

(～縣) Chongxin (a county of Pingliang, Gansu, China)


建寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ niŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ nɪŋ²¹/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ¹³/

/kiɛn¹¹⁻⁵³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁴¹ liɪŋ²³/

(～郡) (historical) Jianning (a former commandery of China, from the Three Kingdoms period to the Northern and Southern dynasties)

(～府) (historical) Jianning, Kienning (a former prefecture of Fujian, China, under the Southern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties; modern Jian'ou)

(～路) (historical) Jianning (a former lu in Fujian, China, under the Yuan dynasty; modern Jian'ou)

(～縣) Jianning (a county of Sanming, Fujian, China)


洛陽

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洛陽):
* → Japanese: 洛陽(らくよう) (Rakuyō)
* → Korean: 낙양(洛陽) (Nagyang)
* → Vietnamese: Lạc Dương (洛陽)

→ English: Luoyang

desc

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

→ Thai: ลั่วหยาง, ลกเอี๋ยง

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lɔːk̚³ jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔːk̚² jœːŋ²¹/

/lɔk̚⁵ iɔŋ¹¹/

/l̃ouʔ⁵⁻³³ yoŋ⁵³/

/lɔk̚²⁴⁻² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lɔk̚⁴⁻³² iɔŋ²³/

/lɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ iaŋ¹³/

/lok̚⁴⁻² iaŋ⁵⁵/

/loʔ¹¹ ɦiã²³/

Encyclopædia Britannica
Luo River (Henan)
Yin_and_yang#Toponymy

Yang (north) of the Luo River; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yang. Luoyang is situated to the north of the Luo River.

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～市) Luoyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in the district of Zengdu, in the prefecture-level city of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


洛陽

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lu̯ɔ⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lo(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²⁴⁻² iũ²⁴/

/lo(ʔ)²³⁻² iũ²⁴/

Popularly considered to be a beautified form (雅化) of 落洋.

zh-wp

zh:洛陽鎮 (惠安縣)

洛阳
雒陽
洛阳
樂洋
落洋

(～鎮) Luoyang (a town in Hui'an County, in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)

(～江) Luoyang (a river in the prefecture-level city of Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


洛陽

ja-pos

洛(らく)陽(よう) • (Rakuyō) ^(←らくやう (Rakuyau)?)

洛陽 (canonical)
Rakuyō (romanization)
Rakuyau (romanization)
らくやう (hiragana historical)


鉅鹿

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹⁻⁵³ lu⁵¹/

/kɵy̯²² lʊk̚²⁻³⁵/

(～縣) Julu (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China; formerly Nanyi prior to the Sui dynasty)

At that time, there lived three brothers in Julu County: Zhang Jiao, Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang.

c. 1330 - 1400, Luo Guanzhong, Romance of the Three Kingdoms/Chapter 1

Shí Jùlù Jùn yǒu xiōngdì sān rén: yī míng Zhāng Jiǎo, yī míng Zhāng Bǎo, yī míng Zhāng Liáng.

時鉅鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名張角，一名張寶，一名張梁。

时钜鹿郡有兄弟三人：一名张角，一名张宝，一名张梁。

(～縣) (historical) Julu (a former county in present-day Pingxiang, Xingtai, Hebei, China)


太平

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (太平):
* → Japanese: 太平(たいへい) (taihei)
* → Korean: 태평(太平) (taepyeong)
* → Vietnamese: thái bình (太平)

→ Manchu: ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ (taifin)

desc

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠢᠩ (tayiping)

Mongolian: тайван (tajvan)

→ Tuvan: тайбың (taybıñ)

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʰɛ⁴⁴ pʰiŋ²⁴/

/tʰaːi̯³³ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʰuɛ³³ peiŋ²¹/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaŋ⁵³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ¹³/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ piɪŋ²⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ piɪŋ²³/

/tʰai²¹³⁻⁵⁵ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

寧為太平犬，不做亂世人 / 宁为太平犬，不做乱世人

nìng wéi tàipíng quǎn, bù zuò luànshì rén

(～府) (historical) Taiping (a prefecture of Anhui, during the Ming and Qing dynasties)

(～區) Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a district of Fuxin, Liaoning, China)

(～區) Taiping (a former district of Heilongjiang, Heilongjiang, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

various place names, including:
various towns:
Taiping (a town in Tianjin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Tongliang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

Taiping (a town in Dianjiang, Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jixian, Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangyang district, Changchun, Jilin, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

Taiping (a town in Panshan, Panjin, Liaoning, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shuangliu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Wanyuan, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Lushan, Ya'an, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Gulin, Luzhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xingwen, Yibin, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xichong, Nanchong, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiangyou, Mianyang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a former town in Youxian district, Mianyang, Sichuan, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

Taiping (a town in Zizhong, Neijiang, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Huili, Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shawan district, Leshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yao'an, Chuxiong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a former town in Anning, Kunming, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

Taiping (a town in Sidian, Baoshan, Yunnan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

Taiping (a town in Sihong, Suqian, Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhao'an, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yanping district, Nanping, Fujian, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Yuanyang, Xinxiang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

Taiping (a town in Xixia, Nanyang, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

Taiping (a town in Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Taiping (a town in Hefeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China, formerly a township)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Ningyuan, Yongzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

Taiping (a town in Shimen, Changde, Hunan, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Conghua district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Cixing, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Majiang, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Yangshan, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Qingxin district, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Luoding, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

Taiping (a town in Xinxing, Yunfou, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Teng, Wuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wuming district, Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiangzhou district, Chongzuo, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Liucheng, Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Lingshan, Qinzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Pingguo, Baise, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Juye, Heze, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Zoucheng, Jining, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

Taiping (a town in Jiyang, Jinan, Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Wanli district, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

Taiping (a town in Jingyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China)

(～鎮) Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

Taiping (a town in Zhenyuan, Qingyang, Gansu, China)

(～鄉) Taiping (a town in Tuquan, Xing'an, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)

(～村) Taiping (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Taiping (a subdistrict of Daoli district, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, formerly a town)


宣化

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

(～區) Xuanhua (a district of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


甲子

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kap⁵⁻² t͡sɨ²⁴/

/t͡ɕiaʔ²⁻⁴⁵ t͡sz̩⁵³/

/kaʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sy³³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡si⁴¹/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡si⁵³/

/ka(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡su⁵³/

/t͡ɕiaʔ³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Lufeng, Shanwei, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Jiazi (a town in Qiongshan district, Haikou, Hainan, China)


青州

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡siu³³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Qingzhou (a city in Shandong, China)


幽州

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Youzhou (an ancient prefecture in modern China)


徐州

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/ɕy³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰɵy̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/sɯ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/su²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/si¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuzhou (a prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China)

(historical) Xuzhou (an ancient province, one of the Nine Provinces of ancient China)


冀州

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʰei̯³³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Jizhou (a district and former county-level city of Hengshui, Hebei, China)


荊州

→ English: Jingzhou, Kingchow, Kin-tcheou, Ching-chou

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Jingzhou (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) Jingzhou (a district of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

經濟技術開發區 經濟技術開發區#Chinese

(～經濟技術開發區) Jingzhou (an economic and technological development zone in Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Jingzhou (a township in Jixi, Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


兗州

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/jɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/jiːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～區, formerly ～市) Yanzhou (a district of Jining, Shandong, China, formerly a county-level city)


江夏

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ haː²²/

(～區) Jiangxia (a district of Wuhan, Hubei, China)


中山

Literally “Central Mountains”, named after a mountain in its capital.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～國) (historical) Zhongshan (ancient feudal state in modern Dingzhou, Hebei, China)


中山

Named after Chinese president 孫中山 (Sun Yat-sen), who used the pseudonym 中(なか)山(やま)樵(きこり) (Nakayama Kikori). Ultimately from the Japanese surname 中(なか)山(やま) (Nakayama).
Zhongshan, Guangdong was renamed from 香山 (Xiāngshān); Sun Yat-sen's birthplace is in Zhongshan.

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sɵŋ³³ san³³/

/t͡suŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san²⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Zhongshan (a prefecture-level city and former county of Guangdong, China)

(～區) Zhongshan (a district of Dalian, Liaoning, China)


東南

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

(～地區) Southeast China (a region of China, centred on Guangdong and Fujian; overlapping with the regions of South Central China and East China)


河東

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² taŋ³³/

/ho¹³⁻²² taŋ⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

(historical) Hedong Commandery (a region of Shanxi, China)

(～區) Hedong (a district of Tianjin, China)


同心

→ English: Tongxin

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ sɐm⁵⁵/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻²² sim³³/

/taŋ¹³⁻²² sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ sim⁴⁴/

/taŋ²³⁻³³ sim⁴⁴/

(～縣) Tongxin (a county of Wuzhong, Ningxia autonomous region, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Caidian, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Tongxin (a village in Wudian, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


金銀

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

/t͡ɕiŋ²⁴ iŋ²⁴/

/kɐm⁵⁵ ŋɐn²¹/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡin¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² ɡun¹³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡin²³/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡun²³/

(～村) Jinyin (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


杭州

ja-r

杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (杭州):
* → Japanese: 杭(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 항주(杭州) (Hangju)
* → Vietnamese: Hàng Châu (杭州)

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²² t͡siu³³/

/hoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/hɔŋ¹¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡siu³³/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/haŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siu³³/

/ɦɑ̃²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ɦɑŋ²² t͡sei³⁴/

The province's name derived from 餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng), traditionally glossed as a mistake for 禹航 (“Yu's ferry”) but more likely a transcription into Old Chinese characters of a native Proto-Wu placename.

zh-l

餘杭／余杭 (Yúháng)

(～市) Hangzhou (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, China)

(historical) Hang Prefecture or Province (former division of imperial China)


杭州

ja-pos

杭(こう)州(しゅう) • (Kōshū)

Hangzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Zhejiang, in eastern China)


杭州

To distinguish it orally with 広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū).

ja-r

広州(こうしゅう) (Kōshū)


저장

[t͡ɕʌ̹d͡ʑa̠ŋ]


前進

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ t͡sɵn³³/

/t͡siɛn¹³⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡siɛn²⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡siɛn²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sõĩ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡siŋ²¹³/

(～街道) Qianjin (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Qianjin (a village in Gaocheng, Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) (historical) Qianjin (a village in Liushuquan, Fengnan district, Tangshan, Hebei, China)


翻身

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

/fän⁵⁵ ʂən⁵⁵/

/fan²⁴⁻¹¹ sɨn²⁴/

(～村) Fanshen (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


廣宗

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Guangzong (a county of Xingtai, Hebei, China)


潁川

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

(～郡) (historical) Yingchuan (a commandery in ancient China that existed between the Qin and Tang dynasties, whose capital was located in modern day Yuzhou, Henan, China)


紅旗

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

/xʊŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/hʊŋ²¹ kʰei̯²¹/

/aŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋi²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ²⁴⁻²² ki²⁴/

/aŋ¹³⁻²² ki¹³/

/aŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ki²⁴/

/aŋ²³⁻³³ ki²³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ki⁵⁵/

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hongqi (a village in Huilong, Fang, Shiyan, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Hongqi (a community in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


吉利

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ li⁵¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li²²/

/kiɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ li⁴¹/

/kiɛt̚³²⁻⁴ li³³/

/kit̚³²⁻⁵ li²²/

/t͡ɕiɪʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

(～區) Jili District (a district of Luoyang, Henan, China)


南陽

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/nän³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

南陽漢畫像石

南阳汉画像石

(～鎮) Nanyang (a town in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)


汝南

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/ʐu²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

(～縣) Runan (a county of Zhumadian, Henan, China)


隴西

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/lʊŋ¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) Longxi (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)

(～郡) (historical) Longxi (an ancient commandery of Guanzhong, China during the Qin dynasty, in the southern part of modern Gansu)


臨洮

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

/lin³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/

/lɐm²¹ tʰou̯²¹/

(～縣) Lintao (a county of Dingxi, Gansu, China)


曲陽

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Quyang (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


山頭

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɬũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((tʰ-))nau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

(～社區, formerly ～村) Shantou (a residential community in Dadeng, Xiang'an district, Xiamen, Fujian, China, formerly a village)


擂鼓

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/leɪ̯³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɵy̯²¹ kuː³⁵/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lui²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lui²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

(～鎮) Leigu (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


得勝

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tɤ³⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵¹/

/tɐk̚⁵ sɪŋ³³/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚⁵⁻²⁴ siɪŋ⁴¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁵ siɪŋ²¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ¹¹/

/tit̚³²⁻⁴ siɪŋ²¹/

(～鎮) Desheng (a town in Zhushan, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


西南

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ɕi⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region

(～地區) Southwest China (a region of China; consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and the Tibet Autonomous Region)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Southwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Chongqing, Sichuan, Xikang, Guizhou and Yunnan)


城中

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵/

/sɪŋ²¹ t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ t͡suŋ²⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ³³/

/siã¹³⁻²² tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siã²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Liuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)

(～區) Chengzhong (a district of Xining, Qinghai, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～街道) Chengzhong (a subdistrict of Yarkant, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～村) Chengzhong (a village in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


西北

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾aʔ²¹/

/ɬai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ pɐk̚⁵/

/ɬai⁵³³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾aʔ²¹/

/ɬai⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βaʔ²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/sai⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

(～地區) Northwest China (a region of China; consisting of Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)

大行政區 大行政區#Chinese

(～大行政區, ～區) (historical) Northwest China (a former greater administrative region of China from 1949 to 1954, consisting of Xi'an, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang)


錢塘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰiːn²¹ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/ʑi²² dɑ̃⁴⁴/

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Qian Liu
Tang dynasty
Wuyue

Named for the dyke constructed on the river by Qian Liu (錢鏐), ruler of Wuyue, one of the Ten Kingdoms that succeeded the Tang dynasty.

(～江) Qiantang River (a river in Zhejiang, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qiantang (a former county in ancient China; modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang)

(～區) Qiantang (a district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


許昌

desc

→ English: Hsu-ch'ang, Hsü-ch'ang, Xuchang

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/ɕy²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/hɵy̯³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/hi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕy³³ t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Xuchang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


盱眙

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

/hɵy̯⁵⁵ jiː²¹/

Possibly from a historical Kra-Dai language spoken in what was once the Kingdom of Wu, literally "good road", based on textual, grammatical, and phonetic evidences (Zhengzhang, 1990):
* 眙 (OC *lɯ) – "good": cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/ʔi˦˨/), Southern Kam [Term?] (/lai˥˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥/); Thai ดี (dii), etc.;
* 盱 (OC *qʰʷa) – "road; path", < alternative transcription 緩 (OC *ɢʷaːnʔ): cf. Siba Mulam [Term?] (/kʰwən˦˨/) Southern Kam [Term?] (/kʰwən˧˥/), Qabiao [Term?] (/xɒn˥˥/); Thai หน (hǒn), Zhuang roen (/ɣon˨˦/), etc.

cog

(lăŋ˥˥).ʔăj˥˥

(～縣) Xuyi (a county of Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)


南門

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

/nän³⁵ mən³⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ muei¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ mui²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ mŋ̍²⁴/

(～鎮) Nanmen (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


北門

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ muĩ¹³/

/pak̚²⁻⁵ muĩ²⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ muŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ muĩ¹³/

/pak̚²⁻⁵ muĩ²⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ muŋ⁵⁵/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ mɯŋ⁵⁵/

(～社區, formerly ～村) Beimen (a residential community in Dadeng, Xiang'an district, Xiamen, Fujian, China, formerly a village)

(～村) Beimen (a village in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


東門

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ mən³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn²¹/

/taŋ³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍¹³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ bun²⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³/

(～社區) Dongmen (a residential community in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Dongmen (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


河南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (河南):
* → Japanese: 河(か)南(なん) (Kanan)
* → Korean: 하남(河南) (Hanam)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Nam (河南)

→ English: Henan

→ Manchu: ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ (honan)

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ nän³⁵/

/hɔː²¹ naːm²¹/

/o⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/hɒ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/hɒ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² lam¹³/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ lam²⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ lam²³/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lam⁵⁵/

(historical) Henan (a geographic region south of the Yellow River in northern China)

Henan (an island and former district, now part of Haizhu District south of the old urban core of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)

蒙古族自治縣 蒙古族自治縣#Chinese

Henan Mongol Autonomous County
w:Henan Mongol Autonomous County

(～縣, ～蒙古族自治縣) Henan, Henan Mongol Autonomous County (a Mongol autonomous county in the Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Huangnan prefecture, Qinghai Province, China)


河南

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河南 (Hénán).


南郊

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～街道) Nanjiao (a subdistrict of Zengdu district, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


定州

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiŋ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɪŋ²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dingzhou (a county-level city of Baoding, Hebei, China)


定州

Dingzhou (a city in Baoding, Hebei, China)


海淀

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tiːn²²/

Zhèshí dìhòu hé fēipín huángzǐ yī bān rén, bù duō jǐ tiān, dào le Rèhé, zài xínggōng lǐ zhù xià; yīmiàn xiàyù gěi Gōng Qīnwáng, zhuó tā yǔ liánjūn zhǔshuài zǎorì yìhé. Yīmiàn réng zhuó Sēng Ruì liǎng jūn, diào bīng bǎshǒu Hǎidiàn.

這時帝后和妃嬪皇子一班人，不多幾天，到了熱河，在行宮裏住下；一面下諭給恭親王，着他與聯軍主帥早日議和。一面仍着僧瑞兩軍，調兵把守海淀。

这时帝后和妃嫔皇子一班人，不多几天，到了热河，在行宫里住下；一面下谕给恭亲王，着他与联军主帅早日议和。一面仍着僧瑞两军，调兵把守海淀。

Zhǔpú yīlù shuō zhe, bùjué yǐ guò le Hǎidiàn.

主僕一路說着，不覺已過了海甸。

主仆一路说着，不觉已过了海甸。

Cǐwài, yīn huánjìng yǔ zhīshí de tèyì, yòu shǐ yī bùfèn chēfū lìng chéng pàibié. Shēng yú Xīyuàn Hǎidiàn de zìrán yǐ zǒu Xīshān, Yānjīng, Qīnghuá, jiàobǐ fāngbiàn

此外，因環境與知識的特異，又使一部份車夫另成派別。生於西苑海甸的自然以走西山，燕京，淸華，較比方便

此外，因环境与知识的特异，又使一部份车夫另成派别。生于西苑海甸的自然以走西山，燕京，清华，较比方便

(～鎮) Haidian (a former town near the south of Old Summer Palace, Beijing, China, demolished in 2000)

(～區) Haidian (a district named after the town, in Beijing, China)


高橋

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ kʰiːu̯²¹/

(～鎮) Gaoqiao (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鄉) Gaoqiao (a township in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Gaoqiao (a village in Wangshi, Jianli, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～村) Gaoqiao (a village in Chengbei, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


代州

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/taɪ̯⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɔːi̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

After the former Dai Commandery (代郡) which it replaced.

(historical) Dai Prefecture (a former prefecture of imperial China, located in present-day northeastern Shanxi)


長沙

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長沙):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう)沙(さ) (Chōsa)
* → Korean: 장사(長沙) (Jangsa)
* → Vietnamese: Trường Sa (長沙)

→ English: Changsha, Ch'ang-sha

→ Korean: 창사 (Changsa)

→ Russian: Чанша́ (Čanšá)

→ Zhuang: Cangzsah

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ sa²⁴/

/t͡sʰɔŋ¹¹ sa⁴⁴/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾na⁵⁵/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬa⁵³³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬa⁵⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² sa³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² sɛ⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ sua⁴⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ sua⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sa³³/

/ʈ͡ʂan¹³ sa̠³³/

(～市) Changsha (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China)

(～縣) Changsha (a county of Changsha, Hunan, China)

(historical) Changsha (a former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island)

(～鎮) Changsha (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～鄉) Changsha (a township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)

(～村) Changsha (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


長沙

長沙 (canonical)
Chōsa (romanization)
Tyausa (romanization)
ちやうさ (hiragana historical)

ja:長沙 (曖昧さ回避)


高唐

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

(～街道) Gaotang (a subdistrict of Wushan, Chongqing, China)


平原

Sino-Xenic (平原):
* → Japanese: 平原(へいげん) (heigen)
* → Korean: 평원(平原) (pyeong'won)
* → Vietnamese: bình nguyên (平原)

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ jyːn²¹/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡuan¹³/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡuan²⁴/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɡuan²³/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/

/pʰeŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ŋueŋ⁵⁵/

Pingyuan County
w:Pingyuan County, Shandong

(～縣) Pingyuan County (a county of Shandong, China)

(～省) Pingyuan Province (a former province of China; capital: Xinxiang)

(～鎮) Pingyuan (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


河間

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ kaːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Hejian (a county-level city of Cangzhou, Hebei, China)

(～縣) (historical) Hejian (a former county of the historical province of Zhili, in northern China; formerly Wuyuan prior to the Sui dynasty)

(～國, ～郡) (historical) Hejian (a fief or commandery in northern-eastern China during the Warring States period)


國門

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ muːn²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ mŋ̍¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/*kʷɯːɡ mɯːn/

/ku̯ɔ³⁵ mən³⁵/

/kʷɔːk̚³ muːn²¹/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁵ mŋ̍¹³/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/kɔk̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/*kʷɯːɡ mɯːn/

(～社區) Guomen (a residential community in Mengmao, Ruili, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China, actually governed by Jiegao Border Trade Zone)


舞陽

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Wuyang (a county of Luohe, Henan, China)


小林

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ lɐm²¹/

(～鎮) Xiaolin (a town in Sui, Suizhou, Hubei, China)


陝西

desc

→ English: Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shensi, Xensi

→ Manchu: ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ (šansi)

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/ʃam²⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬiɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬiɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/ʂän²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/siːm³⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˈsɛn²¹³⁻¹³ ɕi⁴²/

/ʃam²⁴⁻³³ si⁵³/

/sieŋ³³⁻²¹ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬiɛŋ⁴⁵³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬiɛŋ³³²⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

From its position west of the Shan Pass in Shanzhou, Henan, through which the Yellow River flows into the North China Plain.

In Shaanxi there are so many different kinds and variations of food made from wheat.

Shǎnxī miànshí de zhǒnglèi hé huāyàng zhēn duō.

陝西麵食的種類和花樣真多。

陕西面食的种类和花样真多。


澠池

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

/mi̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩³⁵/

(～縣) Mianchi (a county of Sanmenxia, Henan, China)


Henan

Latin: henanensis

From various romanizations of the Chinese 河南 (Hénán, literally “[land] south of the river (referring to the Yellow River)”).

der

􂀿land􂁀 south of the river (referring to the Yellow River)

He'nan (alternative misspelling)
Honan (alternative)
Ho-nan (alternative)

Heavy rainfall inundated streets and caused major rivers to burst their banks in the central province of Henan on Tuesday.[…]
Henan is a particularly populous province and a major transport hub. It is also a key base for industry and agriculture.

2021 July 20, “China: Heavy rains cause deadly floods in Henan province”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-20, News:

Security forces attacked as many as a thousand protesters who were trying to withdraw their money from four rural banks in Henan Province this weekend.

2022 July 11, Amelia Nierenberg, “Your Tuesday Briefing: Bank Protests in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-11:

Gao moved to New York in 2009 after years of harassment by Chinese officials believed to be nursing grudges after she exposed a cover-up of the true extent of the AIDS epidemic in central Henan province.[…]
Experts estimate at least one million farmers in Henan alone contracted HIV/AIDS in the blood trade.

2023 December 12, “Chinese dissident doctor and AIDS whistleblower dies aged 95”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-12-12:

A province of China. Capital: Zhengzhou.

The very next day, Tenzin Nyima was transferred to a prison in Henan Mongolian Autonomous County for six days of questioning.[…]
Once in Henan, Tenzin Nyima quickly came to know that Lodroe and Rigdrol, the monks who had helped with the flags, had also been seized.

2000, Tibet Since 1950: Silence, Prison or Exile, 1st edition, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 139:

HENAN MONGOL AUTONOMOUS COUNTY (SOGWO)[…]
In Henan County, 325km south of Xining, 90 percent of its 27,000 people are Mongolian.[…]
There is a bus to Henan that leaves Xining at 07:30 everyday.^([sic])

2000, “Amdo”, in Atsushi Kanamaru, editor, Mapping the Tibetan World, 1st edition, Kotan Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 201, column 1:

Located in the southeast of China’s Qinghai (Kökenuur) province, Henan Mongol Autonomous County has an area of 7,000 square kilometers (2,700 square miles). Henan lies on the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau at an altitude mostly over 3,500 meters (11,500 feet) and shares the plateau’s strong sunlight, cool summers, and extremely unpredictable weather.

2004, Christopher P. Atwood, “Henan Mongol Autonomous County”, in Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, Facts on File, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 216, column 1:

The Henan Mongol autonomous county (xian) is inhabited by Tsoros Mongols, and there are Ööld Mongols in the Huzhu autonomous county.

2017, Alan J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, 4th edition, volume I, Rowman & Littlefield, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 700, page 274:

A Mongol autonomous county in the Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Huangnan prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. Official name: Henan Mongol Autonomous County.

An island and former district, now part of Haizhu District south of the old urban core of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.


Hubei

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 湖北 (Húběi), literally "north of the lake", referring to Hubei's position north of Dongting Lake.

Hu-pei (alternative)
Hupei (alternative)
Hu Bei (alternative)
Hupeh (alternative obsolete)
Hoopeh (alternative obsolete)

In 1965 the People’s Daily published sore figures for Yangxin xian in Hubei Province which showed how important the part-work schools were in raising school attendance figures (SCMP 3475, 1965).

1970, R. F. Price, “Part-time schools and classes”, in Brian Holmes, editor, Education in Communist China (World education series), New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 213:

The Communists were also very active in Hubei and Hunan; they were involved in strikes in the Wuhan arsenal and steelworks and the strike of the Anyuan coal miners, and in the formation of workers’ clubs and unions among miners, metal-workers, and textile workers. These workers’ organizations were grouped together in provincial union federations of Hunan (with Mao Tsetung as secretary) and of Hubei.

1977, Jean Chesneaux, Françoise Le Barbier, Marie-Claire Bergère, “From the Founding of the Communist Party to the Reorganization of the Guomindang: July 1921–January 1924”, in Paul Auster, Lydia Davis, transl., China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation, Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 144:

The Three Gorges Dam in Hubei province is the largest in the country, but is also one of the most controversial hydroelectric plants in the world. An estimated 1.3 million people were forcibly relocated during its construction. Moreover, the reservoir has been polluted by industrial waste.

2015 November 30, Maximiliane Koschyk, “COP21: China's climate efforts far from sufficient”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2015-11-30, Climate:

Cases have been heavily concentrated in Wuhan and surrounding areas of Hubei province, which has been locked down for two weeks in an attempt to contain the virus.

2020 February 9, Gerry Shih, “Coronavirus deaths climb as China corrals sick in quarantine facilities in outbreak epicenter”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-02-09, Asia & Pacific:

Chinese authorities said Tuesday they will end a two-month lockdown of most of coronavirus-hit Hubei province at midnight, as domestic cases of what has become a global pandemic subside.

2020 March 24, Ken Moritsugu, “China to lift lockdown in most of virus-hit Hubei province”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-12-03:

A province in central China. Capital: Wuhan.


石棉

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ mi̯ɛn³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² miːn²¹/

/suoʔ⁵⁻³³ mieŋ⁵³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)²⁴⁻² mĩ²⁴/

/t͡sio(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ mĩ¹³/

/t͡sio(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ mĩ²⁴/

/t͡siɤ(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ mĩ²³/

Dating back to the early 20th century – see below for citations.
Previous names include: 石絨 [since 13th century], 石麻, 不灰木, 不盡木, 不燼木, 火浣布.

(～縣) Shimian County (a county of Ya'an, Sichuan, China)


Shanxi

Cambridge University Press
Frederick A. Praeger
Shanxi

c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 山西 (Shānxī, “[Land] West of the [Taihang] Mountains”), in reference to the location of the province's central Fen River valley.

uder

Shānxi (alternative also)
Shan-hsi (alternative)
Shanhsi (alternative)
Shansi (alternative)
Xansi (alternative obsolete)

Shi-whang-ti having obſerv’d in viſiting his Empire that the Northern Provinces, eſpecially Pe-che-li, Shan-ſi, and Shen-ſi, were much expoſed to the ſudden Incurſions of the Tartars ; he fent a formidable Army, which having driven them back a great way beyond the Frontiers of the Empire, he immediately put in Execution the Scheme he had form'd to ſecure his Country againſt ſuch dangerous Neighbours, by building a Wall from the Sea to the Extremities of the Province of Shen-ſi.

[1738, A Description of the Empire of China and Chinese-Tartary, Together with the Kingdoms of Korea, and Tibet, volume I, London, translation of original by J. B. Du Halde, →OCLC, page 172:

The Tachai Production Brigade is part of the Tachai Commune in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, in Northern China. It’s tucked away in the Taihang Mountains, a bit over two hundred miles southwest of Peking, in an area with poor soil, serious erosion, and rock-strewn, mountainous terrain.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “Agriculture: The Foundation”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 101:

First-phase liquefaction and storage facilities are in Qinshui county, Shanxi province while the second phase is in nearby Yangcheng county. Shanxi is the nation's largest coal-producing region accounting for about 25 per cent of the nation's output.

2008 April 21, Eric Ng, “China Leason budgets 200m yuan to expand gas liquefaction”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-08-19:

Mr. Xi began proclaiming his dream since taking power five years ago, though he focused much of his early efforts on battling corruption. In Shanxi, the province that includes Datong, investigators have arrested so many corrupt cadres that the national government has declared the region to be in a state of “implosive corruption.”

2017 October 21, Chris Buckley, “In China’s Coal Capital, Xi Jinping’s Dream Remains Elusive”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-21, Asia Pacific:

A fire at a coal company's office in China's northern Shanxi province on Thursday killed at least 25 people and injured dozens more, according to Chinese state media.
Shanxi is a major coal-producing hub in China.

2023 November 16, “China: Fire at coal mine company kills dozens”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-11-16, China:

A province in the northern part of China. Capital: Taiyuan.


Hebei

Latin: hebeiensis

Columbia University Press
Hebei
Saul B. Cohen

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 河北 (Héběi, literally “north [of the] river”) referring to the Yellow River.

bor

Ho-pei (alternative)
Hopei (alternative)
Hopeh (alternative)

Police in northern China have arrested 27 people in their probe into tainted milk that has sickened 53,000 children and embarrassed China's reputation abroad, state media reported Tuesday.
The 27 are among 36 detained since law enforcers in Hebei province started investigating Sanlu Group, the company at the centre of the scandal, earlier this month.

2008 September 30, “27 suspects arrested in tainted milk scandal”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2023-09-09, China:

According to figures published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), Hebei's provincial capital of Shijiazhuang saw the highest average reading in all of China last year of particulate matter with a width of 2.5 microns, known as PM2.5, which is easily inhaled into the lungs to cause respiratory damage.
Hebei's smog levels have an outsized effect on China's capital of Beijing since the province surrounds the city.
Also among China's ten worst performing cities were Hebei's cities of Handan and Tangshan, the world's biggest steel producing city, as well as Xingtai, Baoding and Hengshui.

2018 January 17, David Stanway, “Cities in China's Hebei province still top list of smoggiest places”, in Christian Schmollinger, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-02-13, Environment:

More than 360 people have tested positive for coronavirus in an outbreak in Hebei province, south of Beijing. The National Health Commission reported yesterday that 69 new cases had been confirmed in 24 hours, including 46 in Hebei. Travel between Hebei and Beijing has been restricted, with workers having to show proof of employment to enter the capital.

2021 January 11, “China fights new Covid outbreak near Beijing”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-11:

So far, at least 22 people have died in Beijing and the surrounding Hebei province this week amid the heavy rains. State media reported Saturday that waters have started to recede in the hard-hit Hebei city of Zhuozhou.

2023 August 5, “China hit by more floods after Typhoon Doksuri”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-08-05, China:

A province in northern China. Capital: Shijiazhuang.

The Dabei (Mahakaruna) Temple on Tianwei Road in the Hebei District is the only Buddhist temple of good size in Tianjin.

2007, Zheng Lixin [郑立新], “Major Buddhist Temples”, in Buddhism: Rituals and Monastic Life [中国佛教], 1st edition, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 226:

Totally, Tianjin has four passenger railway stations, of which the Tianjin North Railway Station, located in Hebei District, is where the Beijing-Harbin Railway and the Beijing-Shanghai Railway meet.

2010 March, “Tianjin”, in Travel in China: A Guidebook for Travelers to China [中国旅游指南], Beijing: China Travel & Tourism Press [中国旅游出版社], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 80, column 2:

Hebei district is an area that is not as frantic as its neighbor Heping district and offers lots of cultural sightseeing within walking distance like the Ancient Culture Street, Wanghailou Church and Shizilin Bridge.

2010 May, Jeanie Carroll, “History and Modern Perspective”, in 厉静, editor, Tianjin Basics [精彩天津], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press [五洲传播出版社], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 5:

Ms. Li Xiaoxia, Deputy Mayor of the Hebei District People’s Government of Tianjin Municipality, addressed in her speech the significance of the project for the Hebei District. Ms Xiaoxia^([sic]) reiterated the District Government’s strong support and commitment to quality education and lifelong learning in Tianjin City.

2023 June 6, “Strengthened lifelong learning and sharing of good practice with Urban CLCs in Tianjin”, in UNESCO, archived from the original on 2023-10-07, News:


Hunan

Borrowed from Mandarin 湖南 (Húnán) Wade-Giles romanization: Hu²-nan², literally “south of the lake”, referring to Lake Dongting. Doublet of Honam.

Hu'nan (alternative misspelling)
Hu-nan (alternative also)
Hu Nan (alternative)
Hoonan (alternative obsolete)

Foreign Missions.—Pursuing the Fulton pledge system of two-cents-a-week-for-Missions, our young people have contributed to the support of their representative in China, Rev. T. J. Preston. He has recently gone to our station at Chang-teh, in the Hunan Province, China.

1899 May, “Report of Permanent Committee on Christian Endeavor”, in Minutes of the General Assembly of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, volume 69, Nashville, TN, page 21a:

The specimens on which the original description of O. Henryi was based were sent to Kew in 1886 by Mr. A. Henry, who had obtained them at Patung in Hupeh, Central China. Since then species has been met with in the adjoining provinces of Hunan and Szechuan.

1909, “OLIGOBOTRYA HENRYI”, in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, volume 5, page 8238:

Toward the end of 1916 the Siems-Carey Co., allied with the American International Corporation, entered into a contract with the Chinese Government for the construction, among others, of a railway in the district-the Chuchow-Chinchow Line-which is to connect southern Hunan with the eastern seaboard of Kwangtung.

1917 April 6, “HONG KONG”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52a, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, page 14:

On the day after the feast of Pentecost (May 31, 1784) the three boats left Chao-ch'ing and without any mishap passed all the customs stations in Kwangtung, Kwangsi and Hunan.

1948, Bernward H. Willeke, Imperial Government and Catholic Missions in China During the Years 1784-1785, St. Bonaventure, New York: Franciscan Institute, page 31:

The first task was to clear the Hunan province of all hostile forces so as to make it possible for the various armies to converge on Wuhan area, including Wuchang, Hankow and Hanyang on the Yangtze.

1957, Chung-cheng (Kai-shek) Chiang, “Beginnings (1924-1927)”, in Soviet Russia in China: A Summing-up at Seventy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 42–43:

Mao was born in Hunan in November 1893.

1976 August 29, “Mao Tse-tung's four marriages”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 34, Taipei, page 3:

Ch'i-chi, whose family name was Hu, was born in the Ch'ang-sha area of Hunan.

1999, Red Pine, Mike O'Connor, editors, The Clouds Should Know Me By Now, →ISBN, page 44:

A province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting. Capital: Changsha.

Columbia University Press
Hunan
Saul B. Cohen


Quanzhou

c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 泉州 (Quánzhōu, literally “spring prefecture”).

der

Cyuanjhou (alternative)
Ch'uan-chou (alternative)
Ch'üan-chou (alternative)
Chuanchou (alternative)

Between 1946 and 1948 in the ruins of the foundations of Quanzhou’s South Gate Tower and southern wall we excavated more that twenty large white gravestones, inscribed in Arabic on both sides. They obviously had been taken from a demolished Islamic mosque. The area overlooked in the Jin River and was known as South Quanzhou, or the “Foreign District.” It was here that merchants from overseas and their families had lived during Song and Yuan.

1984, Zhuang Weiji, quotee, Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars, Hippocrene Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 147:

Located on the Jin River, Quanzhou was China’s principal port during the Song and Yuan dynasties.

2016, “Fujian”, in China, DK, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 297, column 1:

He said that four years ago, the island began receiving water from the Jin River, in Quanzhou, China, and now 70-80% of Kinmen's water comes from China.

2023 February 8, Kelvin Chen, “Swiss parliamentarian delegation visits Taiwan's Kinmen”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2023-03-08, Politics:

A prefecture-level city in southeastern Fujian, China.