Lijiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 麗江 /丽江 (Lìjiāng).

Li-chiang (alternative)
Likiang (alternative dated)

The main road to Lichiang-fu, by Ho-ch'ing, is not followed by the muleteers, except by request, as there is a high mountain to cross.

[1922 December 2, [Francis] Kingdon Ward, “Mr. Kingdon Ward’s Seventh Expedition in Asia. No. III. To Lichiang.”, in The Gardeners’ Chronicle: A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects, volume LXXI (Third Series), number 1875, London: 5 Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, W.C.2, →OCLC, page 325, column 1:

On board the Chinese satellite Micius, which launched last year, a high energy laser was fired through a special kind of crystal, generating entangled photon pairs. This in itself was a feat: the process is sensitive to turbulence, and before the experiment launched scientists weren't completely sure it would work. These photons were transmitted to ground stations in Delingha, a city on the Tibetan Plateau, and Lijiang, in China's far southwest.

2017 June 15, Sarah Kaplan, “Quantum entanglement, science’s ‘spookiest’ phenomenon, achieved in space”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-06-17:

A 5.5 magnitude earthquake that rattled the city of Lijiang in southwestern China's Yunnan province on Sunday injured 15 people, the Yunnan Earthquake Agency said on its social media feed.

2022 January 2, Tony Munroe, Min Zhang, “Earthquake in southwest China's Yunnan injures 15 people”, in Neil Fullick, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-01-02, China:

A prefecture-level city northwestern Yunnan, China.


Haikou

Hainan Island, of which Haikou is the capital, is a tropical province that China has proclaimed its newest and largest special economic zone. Partly because it is separated from the Chinese mainland by a 13-mile strip of water, the authorities give it special dispensation to stray from economic and social orthodoxy.

1993 March 25, Sheryl WuDunn, “Haikou Journal; For Treasure (and Pleasure), Their Special Island”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-26, World:

The capital and most populous city of Hainan province, China; located on the north side of Hainan island.


Fujian

/ˌfuːˈd͡ʒæn/

:zh:周婉窈
Cambridge University Press
Fujian

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 福建 (Fújiàn).

Fu Jian (alternative)
Fukien (alternative dated)
Fu-kien (alternative dated)
Fuhkien (alternative dated)
Fokien (alternative dated)
Fohkien (alternative dated)
Fo-kien (alternative dated)
Fuk Kin (alternative dated)
Fo-kyen (alternative dated)
Fookien (alternative dated)
Fu-chien (alternative)
Fuchien (alternative)

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Taiwan opened the links between its two small islands and China without talking to Beijing, which has grudgingly accepted the move but hasn't said how much it will cooperate. So everyone closely watched how the two ships were greeted in Fuzhou and Xiamen, the cities in the southeast Chinese province of Fujian.

2001 January 2, “Taiwanese Vessels Make First Sanctioned Direct Crossings to China”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15:

While North Korea and the South continue to bicker - most recently over the sinking of a South Korean warship - China and Taiwan have been building closer business ties. One project full of symbolism for the two is an undersea cable project that will link the northern Taiwan town of Tamsui (also called Danshui) to China's Fujian Province.[…]
The cable appears to be a replacement for a similar project announced last year to connect Xiamen, a city in China's Fujian Province, to Kinmen, a Taiwanese island within sight of China.

2010 June 10, Dan Nystedt, “China and Taiwan Connect on New Undersea Cable Project”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-15, Technology:

Hsi said because Chen did not marry and his direct relatives live in Fuzhou, in China’s Fujian Province, they have been unable to go to Taiwan to apply to the government for compensation and have not received any compensation for his death in 50 years.

2012 September 10, Rich Chang, “Tribute for pilot on 50th anniversary”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-09-11, Taiwan News, page 3:

Water supplied to Taiwan’s outlying Kinmen County from Fujian province on the other side of the strait is not free nor a gift, and misrepresentation of this fact by China is strongly condemned, the Mainland Affairs Council said Aug. 5.

2018 August 7, “MAC strongly condemns Kinmen water supply misrepresentation by China”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2019-09-01, Politics:

Across the water, which is 110 miles wide, is Fujian province, where Xi spent 17 years climbing the political ladder before making the leap to the national stage. Bristling with upgraded naval ports, airbases and missiles trained on Taiwan, Fujian is the most likely launchpad for any Chinese operation.
On both sides of the strait, the story of an invasion of Taiwan from Fujian that did go ahead still looms large for locals and leaders, even though it took place more than 350 years ago.

2022 November 5, Philip Sherwell, “We don’t think China will invade Taiwan. But if they do we’ll fight them”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-05:

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

A province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast. Capital: Fuzhou.


Gansu

Latin: gansuensis

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 甘肅 /甘肃 (Gānsù).

Kansu (alternative obsolete)
Kansuh (alternative obsolete)
Kan-suh (alternative obsolete)
Kan-su (alternative)

This is Lanzhou, the old Silk Road outpost that has matured into a metropolis of almost 4 million as the capital of Gansu province in China’s still-poor northwest. And as your lungs can attest, it is one of the most polluted cities in the country.

2015 October 16, Matt O'Brien, “This is where China’s future will be decided.”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-11-16, Wonkblog:

A towering wall of sand rushed over factories and apartment blocks in northwestern China's Gansu province as seasonal sandstorms barrelled across the country, causing air pollution and traffic accidents.
Aerial images as it struck showed an apocalyptic scene as a billowing cloud of yellow dust smothered Gansu's Linze county on Sunday.

2021 April 27, “Wall of sand engulfs Chinese town”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-04-27:

A province in northwestern China. Capital: Lanzhou.

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Guizhou

Latin: guizhouensis

Borrowed from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 貴州 /贵州 (Guìzhōu).

Gueijhou (alternative)
Gueizhou (alternative)
Kueichow (alternative)
Kweichow (alternative)
Kueichou (alternative)
Kuei-chou (alternative)
Queicheu (alternative obsolete)
Quicheu (alternative obsolete)

The siblings lived in a house in Guizhou Province, one of the poorest areas in China; their village, Cizhu, is under the administration of the city of Bijie.

2015 June 12, Edward Wong, “Chinese Premier Urges Officials to Fight Events That Led 4 Children to Drink Pesticide”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-06-13, Asia Pacific:

Over the weekend, engineers in China's mountainous southwestern Guizhou province linked the two ends of a bridge spanning a rocky gorge. The completion of the Beipanjiang bridge marks yet another infrastructure record in China — the world's "highest" bridge, sitting 1,854 feet above the river below.

2016 September 13, Ishaan Tharoor, “The incredible sight of China’s latest record-breaking bridge”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-09-13, WorldViews:

A mudslide in the south-western province of Guizhou has resulted in 15 deaths. Thirty people are still missing as the search continues.

2019 July 25, “Chinese landslide kills 15, 30 still missing”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, News:

A province in southwestern China. Capital: Guiyang.


Changsha

/(ˈ)t͡ʃæŋˈʃɑ/

Changxa commands over eleven Cities, as Changxa, Siangtan, Siangin, Ninghiang, Lieuyang, Liling, Jeyang, Sianghang, Xeu, Ganhoa, Chaling.

[1669 [1665], John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 14:

The most important place for trade in Hunan is Siangtan, 90 li south of Changsha.

1868, Albert S. Bickmore, “Sketch of a Journey from Canton to Hankow, through China”, in American Journal of Science and Arts, volume XLVI, page 16:

A Communist report from Hunan has quoted "a ranking comrade of the Party Central" as having issued this instruction: "Athletes should be trained from childhood." It is believed that Mao made the remark.
Accordingly, most of the table tennis winners have been teenagers. The youngest at an athletic meet in Changsha in 1973 was a boy of 14.

1976 July 25, L. Chen, “Athletics under Maoist politics”, in 自由中國週報 [Free China Weekly], volume XVII, number 29, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In a restaurant in Changsha, the capital of central China's Hunan province, Hu Mingliang and Sun Wenlin exchanged their wedding rings, and received blessings from over 200 friends, relatives, as well as LGBT rights activists from around the country.

2016 May 17, Cherie Chan, “Chinese gay couple marry despite court ruling”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2016-05-18, LGBT RIGHTS:

Lynn (Yao Honggui) and her boyfriend, Zhang (Liu Long), are shacked up in a hotel in the city of Changsha in Hunan province.

2023 March 9, Manohla Dargis, “‘Stonewalling’ Review: A Young Woman’s Exchange Value”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-09, Movies:

A prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Hunan, in south-central China.

تْشَانْغ شَا

city in south-central China and other locations in China

(historical) A former island in the Yangtze estuary in eastern China, now part of Chongming Island.

A town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China.

A township in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China.

A village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.


Jiangxi

Translingual: Jiangxisaurus

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 江西 (Jiāngxī).

Jiang Xi (alternative also)
Kiangsi (alternative dated)
Chiang-hsi (alternative)
Kyang-si (alternative obsolete)
Jianxi (alternative misspelling)

Qingyun Hu, a former officer of the Peoples Supreme Court of Jiangxi Province in China, was diagnosed as having leukemia in 1997.

2001, “People with Cancer”, in Falun Gong Stories: A Journey to Ultimate Health, Golden Lotus Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 22:

At least four people have died in the partial collapse of a workers’ dormitory in the southern Chinese province of Jiangxi, state media report^([sic – meaning reports]).

2021 November 23, “At least 4 killed in southern China dormitory collapse”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-11-23:

A province in southern China. Capital: Nanchang.


曲阜

→ English: Chufou, Ch'ü-fu, Qufu

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu⁵¹/

/kʰʊk̚⁵ fɐu̯²²/

/t͡ɕʰioʔ³³ vɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Qufu (a county-level city of Jining, Shandong, China)


Qinghai

/ˈt͡ʃɪŋˈhaɪ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 青海 /靑海 (Qīnghǎi, literally “Blue Sea”).

bor

Tsinghai (alternative)
Tsing-hai (alternative)
Chinghai (alternative)
Ch'ing-hai (alternative)

In Qinghai (Chinghai) Province, 300 schools in six xian surrounding the provincial capital, Xi’ning^([sic – meaning Xining]) (Sining), had 10,000 students in 1964. Part-work schools in the province enabled 8 per cent of the age-group to attend school, including some go per cent of those children from poor and lower middle peasant families (SCMP 3350, 1964). Qinghai (Chinghai) also reported 100 ‘tent-schools’, moving with the herdsmen over the grazing grounds.

1970, R. F. Price, “Part-time schools and classes”, in Brian Holmes, editor, Education in Communist China (World education series), New York, Washington: Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 215:

Tibetan is found predominantly in Tibet; Tibetan-speaking communities are also found in Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Gansu. In Tibet, all official documents are issued in both Tibetan and Chinese, and also in certain regions of Sichuan and Qinghai. Moreover, the radio stations in Tibet broadcast in Tibetan and Putonghua. Similarly, the Chengdu radio station in Sichuan and the Xining radio station in Qinghai also have regular Tibetan broadcasts.

1975, “The National Minority Languages of China”, in Winfred P. Lehmann, editor, Language and Linguistics in the People's Republic of China, University of Texas Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 119:

The source of the Yellow River is in the Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. This area is often called the "Roof of the World" because of its high altitude, the height of a place above sea level.

2001, Kim Dramer, “China's Sorrow”, in The Yellow River (Juvenile Literature), Franklin Watts, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 7–8:

The decaying clusters of workshops, bunkers and dormitories are remnants of Plant 221, also known as China’s Los Alamos. Here, on a mountain-high grassland called Jinyintan in Qinghai Province, thousands of Tibetan and Mongolian herders were expelled to create a secret town where a nuclear arsenal was built to defend Mao Zedong’s revolution.

2018 January 20, Chris Buckley, Adam Wu, “Where China Built Its Bomb, Dark Memories Haunt the Ruins”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2018-01-20, Asia Pacific:

A province in northwestern China. Capital: Xining.

A large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China.


Cheng

The staff from the Cheng District Christian Council (CC) in Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, presented hand warmers, eight treasure congees, and instant noodles on January 28 to pandemic prevention workers in Guanxiang Community Neighborhood Committee, Cheng District CC&TSPM reported.

2022 February 5, John Wang, “Shanxi, Jiangsu Churches Visit People”, in China Christian Daily, archived from the original on 2022-02-07:


海島

→ English: Haidao

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ tou̯³⁵/

/xuɛ²¹ tɔ⁵⁵/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tɤ⁴¹/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ to⁵³/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ tau⁵²⁻²¹/

(～鄉) Haidao (a township in Xiapu, Ningde, Fujian, China)

Municipality of Ilhas
w:Municipality of Ilhas

(～市) (historical) Municipality of Ilhas (a former municipality of Macau, China)


大方

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/taːi̯²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰai̯⁵⁵ foŋ²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/

/tai²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dafang County (a county of Guizhou, China)


石板

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² paːn³⁵/

/t͡sieʔ⁴⁻² paŋ⁵²/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɛːk̚² paːn³⁵/

/t͡sieʔ⁴⁻² paŋ⁵²/

(～村) Shiban (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


石盤

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ pʰän³⁵/

(～村) Shipan (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)

(～村) Shipan (a village in Nanri, Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


東萊

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵/

(～郡) Donglai (a historical commandery of China; modern Longkou)


遼東

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/l̃ieu⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾løyŋ⁵⁵/

/liau²⁴⁻¹¹ taŋ⁴⁴/

/liau²³⁻³³ taŋ⁴⁴/

Zhanguo Ce, circa 5ᵗʰ – 3ʳᵈ centuries BCE

Yúshì, Qín dànù Yān, yì fābīng yì Zhào, zhào Wáng Jiǎn jūn yǐ fá Yān. Shíyuè ér bá Yān Jìchéng. Yān wáng Xǐ, tàizǐ Dān děng, jiē lǜ qí jīngbīng dōng bǎo yú Liáodōng.

於是，秦大怒燕，益發兵詣趙，詔王翦軍以伐燕。十月而拔燕薊城。燕王喜、太子丹等，皆率其精兵東保於遼東。

于是，秦大怒燕，益发兵诣赵，诏王翦军以伐燕。十月而拔燕蓟城。燕王喜、太子丹等，皆率其精兵东保于辽东。

The Book of the Later Han, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE

Wǎngshí Liáodōng yǒu shǐ, shēng zǐ báitóu, yì ér xiàn zhī, xíng zhì Hédōng, jiàn qún shǐ jiē bái, huái cán ér hái.

往時遼東有豕，生子白頭，異而獻之，行至河東，見群豕皆白，懷慙而還。

往时辽东有豕，生子白头，异而献之，行至河东，见群豕皆白，怀惭而还。

(historical) (～郡) Liaodong (an ancient commandery in present-day Liaoning, China)

(～省) Liaodong (a former province of China)


廣州

ja-r

広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (廣州):
* → Japanese: 広(こう)州(しゅう) (Kōshū)
* → Korean: 광주(廣州) (Gwangju)
* → Vietnamese: Quảng Châu (廣州)

desc

→ English: Guangzhou, Kwangchow, Kwang-chow

→ French: Guangzhou

→ German: Guangzhou

→ Hindi: ग्वांगझोउ (gvāṅgjhou)

→ Japanese: コワンチョウ (Kowanchō)

→ Korean: 광저우 (Gwangjeou)

→ Portuguese: Guangzhou

→ Russian: Гуанчжо́у (Guančžóu)

→ Swedish: Guangzhou

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Thai: กว่างโจว

→ Uyghur: گۇاڭجۇ (guangju)

→ Zhuang: Gvangjcouh

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔŋ³⁵ t͡sau²¹³/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡siu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻³³ t͡ʃiu⁵³/

/kuɔŋ³¹ t͡su⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kŋ̍⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ t͡siu³³/

/kŋ̍⁴²⁻²⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kuĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/kɯŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ t͡siu³³/

/kuɑ̃³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

Originally the name of a prefecture, first established in 226 CE and re-established in 264 CE, that covered parts of present-day Guangdong and whose seat was originally located in Panyu.

(～市, formerly ～府, ～路) Guangzhou (a prefecture-level city, subprovincial city, and port, the provincial capital of Guangdong, China)

(historical) Guǎng Prefecture (various ancient prefectures of imperial China in present-day Guangdong and Guangxi autonomous region)


東莞

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東莞):
* → Japanese: 東莞(とうかん) (Tōkan)
* → Vietnamese: Đông Hoản (東莞)

desc

→ English: Dongguan, Tungkuan, Tung-kuan, Tungkun, Tungkoon, Tung Koon

→ Zhuang: Dunghgvanj

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ku̯än²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ kuːn³⁵/

/tʊŋ²¹³ kun³⁵/

/ɵŋ³³ kᵘɔn⁵⁵/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kuan⁵³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ kuaŋ⁵²/

(～市) Dongguan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

(～郡) (historical) Dongguan Commandery (an ancient commandery in modern Shandong, China)

(～鎮) Dongguan (a town in Ju County, Rizhao, Shandong, China)


東莞

Dongguan (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Πεκίνο

head

Πεκίνο • (Pekíno) n

el-noun-proper

Πεκίνο • (Pekíno) n

Pekíno (romanization)
Πεκίνο (nominative singular)
Πεκίνου (genitive singular)
Πεκίνο (accusative singular)
Πεκίνο (singular vocative)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Pequim

Borrowed from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), specifically the Nanking court dialect from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Doublet of Beijing. Compare Spanish Pekín, French Pékin, English Peking, Dutch Peking.

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
pt:Pequim


Pekín

From the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), reinforced by Postal Romanization from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, English Peking, Tagalog Peking.

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
es:Pekín


Bắc Kinh

[ʔɓak̚˧˦ kïŋ˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˧˥ kɨn˧˧]

[ʔɓak̚˦˥ kɨn˧˧]

LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-Bắc Kinh.wav

Bắc-Kinh (alternative)
Bắc-kinh (alternative)


Mandzsúria

Mandzsúria (nominative singular)
Mandzsúriát (accusative singular)
Mandzsúriának (dative singular)
Mandzsúriával (instrumental singular)
Mandzsúriáért (causal-final singular)
Mandzsúriává (singular translative)
Mandzsúriáig (singular terminative)
Mandzsúriaként (essive-formal singular)
Mandzsúriában (inessive singular)
Mandzsúrián (singular superessive)
Mandzsúriánál (adessive singular)
Mandzsúriába (illative singular)
Mandzsúriára (singular sublative)
Mandzsúriához (allative singular)
Mandzsúriából (elative singular)
Mandzsúriáról (delative singular)
Mandzsúriától (ablative singular)
Mandzsúriáé (singular)
Mandzsúriáéi (singular)
Mandzsúriám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Mandzsúriád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Mandzsúriája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Mandzsúriánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Mandzsúriátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Mandzsúriájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


Mandchourie

→ Persian: منچوری (mančuri)

Used by western nations starting in the 19th century, from Mandchou + -ie; the 'R' was added for ease of pronunciation.


濟南

desc

→ English: Chinan, Chi-nan, Jinan, Ji'nan, Tsinan

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡ɕi²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡sɐi̯³⁵ naːm²¹/

/t͡sɐi̯³³ naːm²¹/

/t͡ɕi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ nam¹¹/

/t͡sɛ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/t͡se⁴⁵³⁻¹³ naŋ¹³/

/t͡se³³²⁻⁵⁵ naŋ²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se¹¹⁻⁵³ lam²⁴/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁵³ lam¹³/

/t͡se²¹⁻⁴¹ lam²³/

/t͡se⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

(～市) Jinan (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shandong, China)


四季青

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/sz̩⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕi⁵¹ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

(～地區, formerly ～鄉; ～鎮) Sijiqing (a town and former township in Haidian district, Beijing, China)


溫泉

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

/wən⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡suã¹³/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡suã²³/

(～縣) Wenquan County (a county of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鎮) Wenquan Town (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Wenquan (a town in Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Wenquan (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


黃沙

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹ saː⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/xu̯ɑŋ³⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/wɔːŋ²¹⁻³⁵ saː⁵⁵/

Huangsha (a region of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


芙蓉

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʐʊŋ³⁵/

/fuː²¹ jʊŋ²¹/

/pʰu¹¹ i̯uŋ¹¹/

/pʰu⁵⁵ ʒuŋ⁵⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ yŋ⁵³/

/hu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/hu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/hu¹³⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻¹¹ iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/pʰu²³⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/pʰu¹³⁻²² d͡ziɔŋ¹³/

/pʰu²⁴⁻³³ d͡ziɪŋ²⁴/

/vu²² ɦioŋ⁴⁴/

Possibly derived from a word meaning “to blossom”; compare 敷榮／敷荣 (fūróng, “to blossom”) (Zhang and Shen, 2014).
; "Seremban"

(～區) Furong (a district of Changsha, Hunan, China)


促進

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

/tʰɵk̚⁵⁵ tin³³/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕin⁵¹/

/t͡sʰʊk̚⁵ t͡sɵn³³/

/tʰɵk̚⁵⁵ tin³³/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sin⁴¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sin²¹/

/t͡sʰok̚²⁻⁴ t͡siŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰoʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～村) Cujin (a village in Shijing, Nan'an, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


劍閣

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ kɤ³⁵/

/kiːm³³ kɔːk̚³/

Jiange County is famous for the long and windy foot paths going through Jianmen Pass. Jianmen means "gateway to Mount Jian", so called because its jagged peaks resemble a "jian" (a straight sword).

the pavilions (of the pass at Mount) Jian

(～縣) Jiange (a county of Guangyun, Sichuan, China)


峨眉山

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

峨眉 derives from the word 蛾眉 (éméi, “the feathery feelers of a moth”), so named because the peaks of Mount Emei do in fact resemble the feelers of a moth (see pictures). The “insect” radical (虫) on the left side of the first character 蛾 (é) was later replaced with the “mountain” radical (山 (shān)). Thus, 蛾 (é) eventually became 峨 (é), so as to denote the mountain. The “mountain” radical can be optionally added to the second character 眉 (méi). Both 峨嵋 (Éméi) and 峨眉 have been used through the centuries. 山 (shān) simply means “mountain”.

zh-l

(～市) Emeishan (a county-level city of Sichuan, China)


峨眉

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ˀɤ³⁵ meɪ̯³⁵/

/ŋɔː²¹ mei̯²¹/

/ŋɔ̃²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡɤ²³⁻³³ bi²³/

/ɡo²⁴⁻¹¹ bi²⁴/

峨眉 derives from the word 蛾眉 (“the feathery feelers of a moth”), so named because the peaks of Mount Emei do in fact resemble the feelers of a moth (see pictures). The "insect" radical (虫) on the left side of the first character 蛾 was later replaced with the "mountain" radical (山). Thus, 蛾 eventually became 峨, so as to denote the mountain. Occasionally, the radical is placed on top: 峩. The "mountain" radical can be optionally added to the second character 眉. Both 峨嵋 and 峨眉 have been used through the centuries.

(～縣) (historical) Emei (a historical county of China; now Emeishan City, Sichuan)


梨園

/li³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lei̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/li³⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/lei̯²¹ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

Pear Garden was the name of the first known royal acting and musical academy in China. Later on, it came to refer to opera troupes in general.

(～街道) Liyuan (a subdistrict of Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


河口

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xɤ³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/xə²⁴ kʰou⁵¹/

/hɔː²¹ hɐu̯³⁵/

～瑤族自治縣 河口瑤族自治縣#Chinese

Hekou Yao Autonomous County
w:Hekou Yao Autonomous County

(～瑤族自治縣, ～縣) Hekou Yao Autonomous County (a county of Yunnan, China)

(～鄉) Hekou (a township in Yuan'an, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Hekou (a village in Shuanghe, Togtoh, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China)


მონღოლეთი

ka-proper noun

მონღოლეთი • (monɣoleti)

მონ‧ღო‧ლე‧თი

მონ‧ღო‧ლე‧თი

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


滕縣

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tʰɤŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(historical) Teng County (a former county of Zaozhuang, Shandong, China, present-day Tengzhou)


雁門

/jɛn⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/jɛn⁵¹ mən³⁵/

(～關) Yanmen Pass, a pass in northern Shanxi fortified as part of the Inner Great Wall, now a tourist site

(～郡) (historical) Yanmen Commandery, a former commandery of the Zhao Kingdom and of early imperial China

(～道) (historical) Yanmen Circuit, a former circuit of medieval China


馬邑

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

(historical) former name of 朔州 (Shuòzhōu) (= Shuozhou): a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi, China


南海

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

/nän³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/naːm²¹ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/ⁿdam²² hᵘɔi⁵⁵/

/lam²⁴⁻²² hai⁵⁵⁴/

; "Nanhai, Guangdong, China; Nanhai Commandery"

Nanhai (a lake in Zhongnanhai, Xicheng district, Beijing, China)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Nanhai (a district of Foshan, Guangdong, China; a former county of Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Nanhai (a town in Songzi, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鄉) Nanhai (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

Shǔ zhī bǐ yǒu èr sēng: qí yī pín, qí yī fù. Pín zhě yǔ yú fù zhě yuē: “Wú yù zhī Nánhǎi, hérú?”

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一貧，其一富。貧者語於富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

蜀之鄙有二僧：其一贫，其一富。贫者语于富者曰：「吾欲之南海，何如？」

(historical) Mount Putuo (an island and mountain in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China)


南部

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ pɔ³³/

/lam²⁴⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam¹³⁻²² pɔ²²/

/lam²³⁻³³ pɔ³³/

(～縣) Nanbu County (a county of Nanchong, Sichuan, China)


東風

ja-r

東風(とうふう) (Tōfū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東風):
* → Japanese: 東風(とうふう) (Tōfū)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/toŋ⁴⁴ foŋ⁵³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/toŋ⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/toŋ⁴⁴ foŋ⁵³/

(～社區) Dongfeng (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)

(～村) Dongfeng (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


Урумчи

ru-proper noun

Урумчи́ • (Urumčí) m inan (indeclinable)

Урумчи́ (canonical)
Urumčí (romanization)

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Ուրումչի

head

Ուրումչի • (Urumčʻi)

hy-proper noun

Ուրումչի • (Urumčʻi)

Urumčʻi (romanization)
Ուրումչի (nominative singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիի (dative singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիից (ablative singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիում (locative singular singular-only)
Ուրումչին (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Ուրումչիումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Ուրումչիները / Ուրումչիներն

Ուրումչիների

Ուրումչիներին

Ուրումչիներից

Ուրումչիներով

Ուրումչիներում

Ուրումչիներս

Ուրումչիներիս

Ուրումչիներիցս

Ուրումչիներովս

Ուրումչիումս

Ուրումչիներումս

Ուրումչիներդ

Ուրումչիներիդ

Ուրումչիներիցդ

Ուրումչիներովդ

Ուրումչիումդ

Ուրումչիներումդ


Tybet

Tybet (nominative singular)
Tybetu (genitive singular)
Tybetowi (dative singular)
Tybet (accusative singular)
Tybetem (instrumental singular)
Tybecie (locative singular)
Tybecie (singular vocative)


振興

→ English: Zhenxing

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sɐn³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ³³/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡sin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Zhenxing (a district of Dandong, Liaoning, China)


Κασμίρ

head

Κασμίρ • (Kasmír) n

el-noun-proper

Κασμίρ • (Kasmír) n

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


安慶

→ English: An-ch'ing, Anking, Anqing

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/aŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛiŋ²¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an³³ kʰiɪŋ⁴¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ¹¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰiɪŋ²¹/

/ø⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰin²¹/

(～市) Anqing (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


Kashgar

Transliteration of Russian Кашга́р (Kašgár), from Persian کَاشْغَر (kâšġar).

transliteration

Cascar (alternative)
Cashgar (alternative)
Cashkar (alternative)
Kaschgar (alternative)
Kashghar (alternative)
Kâshghar (alternative)
Kāshghar (alternative)

The China Earthquake Administration (CEA) said the quake occurred in the remote Taxkorgan County area of Kashgar Prefecture at a depth of 8 km (5 miles).

2017 May 11, Adam Jourdan, “Eight killed when magnitude 5.5 earthquake hits China's northwest”, in Paul Tait, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2025-03-09:

In one year, Kashgar Prefecture, which has a population of 4 million, has carried out mandatory checks for practically its entire population, said Yang Yanfeng, deputy director of Kashgar’s propaganda department. She characterized the checkups as a public health success story, not a security measure.

2017 December 17, Gerry Shih, “AP Exclusive: Digital police state shackles Chinese minority”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-04-28:

In addition, in January 2019, the Hong Kong-based security services company Frontier Services Group (FSG) announced on its website that it had signed an agreement with local XUAR officials to build a training facility in Kashgar prefecture, XUAR.

2019, “CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2019”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, archived from the original on 2020-06-26, page 209:

Authorities in Kashgar prefecture in the Xinjiang region of northwestern China say they have completed tests on more than 4.7 million residents. It follows the country's latest outbreak at the weekend.

2020 October 28, “Coronavirus digest: Italy posts record infection numbers as Europe locks down”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2020-10-28, News:

A prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

The Province of Xenſi extends to the Kingdom of Preſter John. Caſcar and Thebet, which the Chineſes in a general Name call Sifan it is a large Province, and is divided into eight Counties, having one hundred and eighty Cities: Sigan is the Metropolis of the whole, ſeated on the River Guei, in a moſt pleaſant and delightful place, of a noble Proſpect, and good Trade.

[1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 439:

The last accounts from Mr. Moncrieff left him at Cashmere. From that place he sent to ask permission of the Government of Kashgar to go to Buchara, to purchase horses. This was refused, and he was obliged to take another route and proceed through Cabul.

1826, Sylvanus Urban, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XCVI, London: John Nichols and Son, page 634:

The weapon steel and metalwork of Kashgar, the carpets of Khotan, the painted caves of Kezir were famed throughout Central Asia.

1977, Jack Chen, Sinkiang Story, Macmillan Publishing Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page xxv:

In 1990 a fight between armed locals and the police and military flared up in Baren, in Akto, near Kashgar, in which at least 22 people were killed, of whom six were members of the security forces; some sources say the locals had intended to initiate an armed uprising.

1992, “Xinjiang: Unquiet Spring”, in Tibet Information Network (Background Papers on Tibet), page 51:

A county-level city of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Kashgar

Kashgar (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


法門

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

/fä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mən³⁵/

/huaʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muoŋ⁵³/

/haʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ mɔŋ¹³/

/haʔ²⁻⁴ muoŋ²⁴/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²³/

/huat̚³²⁻⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/faʔ³³ mən⁴⁴/

Calque of Sanskrit धर्मपर्याय (dharmaparyāya), comprised of धर्म (dharma, “dharma”) + पर्याय (paryāya, “method”).

compound

(～鎮) Famen (a town in Fufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


하얼빈

Harbin (the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


Հոնկոնգ

Honkong (romanization)
Հոնկոնգ (nominative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգի (dative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգից (ablative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգում (locative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգը (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Հոնկոնգումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Հոնգ Կոնգ (alternative)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Հոնկոնգը / Հոնկոնգն

Հոնկոնգները / Հոնկոնգներն

Հոնկոնգներին

Հոնկոնգներից

Հոնկոնգներով

Հոնկոնգներում

Հոնկոնգներիս

Հոնկոնգներիցս

Հոնկոնգներովս

Հոնկոնգներումս

Հոնկոնգներիդ

Հոնկոնգներիցդ

Հոնկոնգներովդ

Հոնկոնգներումդ

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


順天

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (順天):
* → Vietnamese: Thuận Thiên (順天)

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/sɵn²² tʰiːn⁵⁵/

(～府) (historical) Shuntian (a historical prefecture of Zhili, China, administering the capital Beijing and its surrounding region)


ჰონგკონგი

head

ჰონგკონგი • (hongḳongi)


ຮ່ອງກົງ

lo-proper noun

ຮ່ອງກົງ • (hǭng kong)

hǭng kong (romanization)
ຮົງກົງ (alternative)

[hɔːŋ˧˨.koŋ˩˨]


הונג קונג

he-proper noun

הוֹנְג קוֹנְג

הוֹנְג קוֹנְג • (hóng kóng) f

הוֹנְג קוֹנְג (canonical)
hóng kóng (romanization)


हांग कांग

hi-proper noun

हांग कांग • (hāṅg kāṅg) ?

/ɦɑːŋɡ kɑːŋɡ/

[ɦä̃ːŋɡ‿kä̃ːŋɡ]


Hồng Kông

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˦˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

[həwŋ͡m˨˩ kəwŋ͡m˧˧]

Derived from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²). Originally a variant of Hồng Công, with the non-conventional use of the letter K influenced by English Hong Kong.


ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್

head

ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ • (hāṅg kāṅg)

kn-proper noun

ಹಾಂಗ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ • (hāṅg kāṅg)


হংকং

head

হংকং • (hoṅkoṅ)

as-prpn

হংকং • (hoṅkoṅ)


হংকং

head

হংকং • (hoṅkoṅ)

bn-proper noun

হংকং • (hoṅkoṅ)


ഹോങ്കോങ്

head

ഹോങ്കോങ് • (hōṅkōṅŭ)

/hoːŋɡoːŋɨ̆/


เขตบริหารพิเศษฮ่องกง

th-proper noun

เขตบริหารพิเศษฮ่องกง • (kèet-bɔɔ-rí-hǎan-pí-sèet-hɔ̂ng-gong)

/kʰeːt̚˨˩.bɔː˧.ri˦˥.haːn˩˩˦.pʰi˦˥.seːt̚˨˩.hɔŋ˥˩.koŋ˧/

From เขต (kèet) + บริหาร (bɔɔ-rí-hǎan) + พิเศษ (pí-sèet) + ฮ่องกง (hɔ̂ng-gong).

compound

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region#English

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (a special administrative region in southeastern China)

en-เขตบริหารพิเศษฮ่องกง-th-name-rEiPvzkv


Մակաո

Makao (romanization)
Մակաո (nominative singular singular-only)
Մակաոյի (dative singular singular-only)
Մակաոյից (ablative singular singular-only)
Մակաոյով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Մակաոյում (locative singular singular-only)
Մակաոն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Մակաոյին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Մակաոս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Մակաոյիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Մակաոյիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Մակաոյովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Մակաոյումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Մակաոդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մակաոյիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մակաոյիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մակաոյովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Մակաոյումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

hy-decl-noun-unc

Մակաոները / Մակաոներն

Մակաոներումս

Մակաոներումդ

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Աոմին

Aomin (romanization)
Աոմին (nominative singular singular-only)
Աոմինի (dative singular singular-only)
Աոմինից (ablative singular singular-only)
Աոմինով (instrumental singular singular-only)
Աոմինում (locative singular singular-only)
Աոմինը (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Աոմինն (definite nominative singular singular-only)
Աոմինին (dative definite singular singular-only)
Աոմինս (first-person nominative possessive singular singular-only)
Աոմինիս (dative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Աոմինիցս (ablative first-person possessive singular singular-only)
Աոմինովս (first-person instrumental possessive singular singular-only)
Աոմինումս (first-person locative possessive singular singular-only)
Աոմինդ (nominative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Աոմինիդ (dative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Աոմինիցդ (ablative possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Աոմինովդ (instrumental possessive second-person singular singular-only)
Աոմինումդ (locative possessive second-person singular singular-only)

Աոմինը / Աոմինն

Աոմինները / Աոմիններն

Աոմիններումս

Աոմիններումդ


Makau

Borrowed from Portuguese Macao, from Chinese 阿媽港／阿妈港, from 阿媽／阿妈 (āmā) + 港 (gǎng). Doublet of makao.

Macau (a city and special administrative region of China)


ஹொங்கொங்

ta-proper noun

ஹொங்கொங் • (hoṅkoṅ)

hoṅkoṅ (romanization)
ஹாங்காங் (alternative)
ஆங்காங் (alternative)


Mandżuria

Mandżuria (nominative singular)
Mandżurii (genitive singular)
Mandżurii (dative singular)
Mandżurię (accusative singular)
Mandżurią (instrumental singular)
Mandżurii (locative singular)
Mandżurio (singular vocative)

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


Xinzhu

From Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 新竹 (Xīnzhú)

Although the restaurant's official address is in the back of the labyrinthine Xinzhu residential area, save yourself the hassle and take the street entrance just west of the northwest corner of Minzu Dadao and Chahuayuan Lu.

2009, Margaret Kelly, editor, China (Fodor's), 6th edition, →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, →OL, page 494:

A subdistrict of Qingxiu district, Nanning, Guangxi autonomous region, China.


Пекин

bg-proper noun

Пеки́н • (Pekín) m

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Пекин

ru-proper noun+

Пеки́н • (Pekín) m inan (genitive Пеки́на, relational adjective пеки́нский)

Пеки́н (canonical)
Pekín (romanization)
Пеки́на (genitive)
пеки́нский (adjective relational)
Пеки́н (nominative singular)
Пеки́на (genitive singular)
Пеки́ну (dative singular)
Пеки́н (accusative singular)
Пеки́ном (instrumental singular)
Пеки́не (prepositional singular)
Пеки́нъ (alternative)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking.

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ru:Пекин


ტიბეტი

ka-proper noun

ტიბეტი • (ṭibeṭi)


التبت

اَلتِّبِت (canonical)
at-tibit (romanization)


טיבט

he-proper noun

טִיבֵּט • (tibét)

טִיבֵּט (canonical)
tibét (romanization)


तिब्बत

tibbat (romanization)
تبت (Urdu)
तिब्बत (direct singular)
तिब्बत (oblique singular)
तिब्बत (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian تبت (tibbat).


तिब्बत

tibbat (romanization)
तिब्बत [t̪ib̚bot̪] (nominative singular)
तिब्बतलाई [t̪ib̚bot̪läi] (accusative singular)
instrumental (accusative)
ergative (accusative)
तिब्बतले [t̪ib̚bot̪le] (singular)
तिब्बतलाई [t̪ib̚bot̪läi] (dative singular)
तिब्बतबाट [t̪ib̚bot̪̚bäʈʌ] (ablative singular)
तिब्बतको [t̪ib̚bot̪̚ko] (genitive singular)
तिब्बतमा [t̪ib̚bot̪mä] (locative singular)


Tây Tạng

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˧˨ʔ]

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˨˩ʔ]

[təj˧˧ taːŋ˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 西藏, from Chinese 西藏 (Xīzàng).


인촨

Yinchuan (the capital city of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


閩南

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/maŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

/min²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/miŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡaŋ⁵³/

/maŋ¹³⁻¹¹ naŋ¹³/

/maŋ²⁴⁻²¹ naŋ²⁴/

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China); Minnan region


閩南

southern Fujian (a region of Fujian, China)


Бээжин

head

Бээжин • (Beežin)

mn-prop

Бээжин • (Beežin); (hidden-g declension)

Beežin (romanization)
hidden-g declension (romanization)
Бээжин (attributive)
Бээжин (indefinite nominative singular)
Бээжингийн (genitive indefinite singular)
Бээжинг (accusative indefinite singular)
Бээжинд (dative indefinite locative singular)
Бээжингээс (ablative indefinite singular)
Бээжингээр (indefinite instrumental singular)
Бээжинтэй (comitative indefinite singular)
Бээжингүй (indefinite privative singular)
Бээжин рүү (directive indefinite singular)
Бээжингээ (indefinite nominative singular)
Бээжингийнхээ (genitive indefinite singular)
Бээжингээ (accusative indefinite singular)
Бээжиндээ (dative indefinite locative singular)
Бээжингээсээ (ablative indefinite singular)
Бээжингээрээ (indefinite instrumental singular)
Бээжинтэйгээ (comitative indefinite singular)
Бээжингүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Бээжин рүүгээ (directive indefinite singular)
Бээжингийнх (indefinite singular)
Бээжингийнхэн (indefinite singular)
Бэйжин (alternative)

[pe̞ː.t͡ʃɪ̆ŋ]

Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing), from Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng).


蒙古

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蒙古):
* → Japanese: 蒙(もう)古(こ) (Mōko)
* → Okinawan: 蒙古(むーく) (Mūku)
* → Korean: 몽고(蒙古) (Monggo)
* → Vietnamese: Mông Cổ (蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Mungzguj

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/məŋ²⁴ ku²⁴/

/mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/mʊŋ¹¹ ku³¹/

/muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

Borrowed from Jurchen [Term?] (/*moŋgu/, “Mongol”) with loss of foreign final -l, from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mwnkɣwɽ /moŋqol/, “Mongol”).

der

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


蒙古

From Chinese 蒙古 (Měnggǔ), from Mongolian ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mungɣul) / Монгол (Mongol).


内蒙古

Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia#English:_Q41079

Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


華美

→ English: Huamei, E-bue

/xu̯ä³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵²/

/xu̯ä³⁵ meɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/e³⁵⁻¹¹ bue⁵²/

Huamei (a village in Chao'an district, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China, once host to a station on the Swatow-Chaochowfu Railway)


復興

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (復興):
* → Japanese: 復興(ふっこう) (fukkō)
* → Korean: 부흥(復興) (buheung)
* → Vietnamese: phục hưng (復興)

→ English: Fusing, Fuxing

/fu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ hiŋ⁵³³/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻² hiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ³³/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/fu⁵¹ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚² hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻²¹ hiŋ⁵³³/

/hɒʔ⁴⁻² hiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² hiɪŋ³³/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Fuxing (a district of Handan, Hebei, China)

(～街道) Fuxing (a subdistrict of Chengkou, Chongqing, China)


Silk Road

China had received with more or less good grace the flood of Buddhist missionaries but had long since sent out her own missionaries— priests, not of a transcendental religion of salvation, but of a secular way of life, of a worldly and refined civilization. Expansion in Turkestan and Central Asia took place simultaneously with expansion in Southeast Asia. As fast as the famed Silk Road started winding itself through thousands of miles of Eurasian deserts, swamps, jungles and mountains toward Persia and the Mediterranean world, increasingly numerous fleets of junks began to ply the warm waters of the tropical south.

1958, Amaury de Riencourt, “The Moonlight Civilizations”, in The Soul of China, Revised edition, Harper & Row, published 1965, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 109-110:

But halfway back, he learned that there had been a change in dynasties and decided he would be better off staying where he was. And so Lu Kuang set up his own Silk Road kingdom at Wuwei in the middle of the Kansu Corridor.

2016, Bill Porter, The Silk Road: Taking the Bus to Pakistan, Counterpoint, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172:

In this old Silk Road city in western China, a state security campaign involving the detention of vast numbers of people has moved to its next stage: demolishing their neighborhoods and purging their culture.

2019 March 21, “After mass detentions, China razes Muslim communities to build a loyal city”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-08-21:

Six hours are enough to devour the over 900 miles from Shanghai to Xi’an, the landlocked capital of Shaanxi Province in China’s central northwest, standing on the bones of the imperial city of Chang’an. In the seventh and eighth centuries A.D., this was the center of not only China but the globe — the eastern origin of the trade routes we call the Silk Road and the nexus of a cross-cultural traffic in ideas, technology, art and food that altered the course of history as decisively as the Columbian Exchange eight centuries later. A million people lived within Chang’an’s pounded-earth walls, including travelers and traders from Central, Southeast, South and Northeast Asia and followers of Buddhism, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism.

2020 May 11, Ligaya Mishan, “Eating in Xi’an, Where Wheat and Lamb Speak to China’s Varied Palette”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-11:

(historical) An extensive interconnected network of trade routes across Asia, North and Northeast Africa, and Europe, historically used by silk traders.

طَرِيق اَلْحَرِير

routes used by silk traders across Europe, Asia and northern Africa


三門峽

desc

→ English: San-men-hsia, Sanmenhsia, Sanmenxia

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

/sän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ɕi̯ä³⁵/

/saŋ⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋieʔ⁵/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun²⁴⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² bun¹³⁻²² kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²⁴⁻¹¹ kiap̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ bun²³⁻³³ kiap̚³²/

(～市) Sanmenxia (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


鶴壁

→ English: Hebi, Ho-pi

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

/xɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ pi⁵¹/

/hɔːk̚² pɪk̚⁵/

/houʔ⁵⁻²¹ piɑʔ²⁴/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚²⁴⁻² piaʔ⁵/

/hɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/hɔk̚⁴⁻³² piaʔ³²/

/ŋoʔ¹¹ piɪʔ²³/

(～市) Hebi (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


南寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南寧):
* → Japanese: 南寧(なんねい) (Nannei)
* → Korean: 남녕(南寧) (Namnyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Ninh (南寧)

→ English: Nanning, Nan-ning

→ Korean: 난닝 (Nanning)

→ Russian: Наньни́н (Nanʹnín)

→ Zhuang: Namzningz

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

/nän³⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/naːm²¹ nɪŋ²¹/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻³³ nˡiŋ⁵³/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam¹³⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪŋ²⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/nam²¹ nəŋ²¹/

Coined in 1324 when the Yongzhou Circuit (邕州路) was renamed Nanning circuit (南寧路).

(～市) Nanning (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Chaoshan

The extant scholarship on Sinophone Thai literature attributes the uniqueness of such works as Stormy Yaowarat Road to three aspects of their evocation of Teochew: their use of the Chaoyang-Swatow (Chaoshan) dialect of Teochew (particularly in the spoken dialogues of the text), their depiction of specific Teochew cultural practices like the regions' unique opera (ngiu) and tea ceremony (gongfu cha), and their emphasis on Teochew cultural and linguistic cultivation and preservation-an emphasis woven into the theme of the narratives.

2015, Brian C. Bernards, Writing the South Seas: Imagining the Nanyang in Chinese and Southeast Asian Postcolonial Literature, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 180:

The first season of this culinary series explores the history and ingredients of food from Chaoshan, a coastal region in the eastern Guangdong province of China, with dazzling, mouthwatering visuals.

2019 February 11, Sara Aridi, “What’s on TV Monday: ‘Hale County This Morning, This Evening’ and ‘White Dragon’”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-11, What to Watch:

A region in eastern Guangdong, China, home of the Teochew people. Historically composed of 8 counties belonging to the department of Chaozhou (潮州府), today it is equivalent to the 3 cities of Chaozhou, Shantou, and Jieyang.


Honkongas

lt-proper noun

Honkòngas m (uncountable, demonym honkongiẽtis, female demonym honkongiẽtė) stress pattern 1

Honkòngas (canonical masculine stress-pattern-1)
honkongiẽtis (demonym)
honkongiẽtė (demonym feminine)
Honkòngas (nominative)
Honkòngo (genitive)
Honkòngui (dative)
Honkòngą (accusative)
Honkòngu (instrumental)
Honkònge (locative)
Honkòngai (vocative)

[ɣɔŋˈkɔŋɡɐs]

Borrowed from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng1 gong2).

Honkongo specialus administracinis regionas#Lithuanian

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China; official name: Honkòngo specialùs administrãcinis regiònas)


聯合

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (聯合):
* → Japanese: 連合(れんごう) (rengō)
* → Korean: 연합(聯合) (yeonhap), 련합(聯合) (ryeonhap)
* → Vietnamese: liên hiệp (聯合)

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/liaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/li̯ɛn³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/l̃ieŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋaʔ⁵/

/lɛŋ¹³⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

/lɛŋ²⁴⁻²¹ haʔ⁴/

/liɛn²³⁻³³ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚⁴/

/liɛn²⁴⁻²² hap̚²⁴/

/liɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/biɛn¹³⁻²² hap̚¹²¹/

/liaŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ haʔ⁴/

(～村) Lianhe (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Lianhe (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


奶西

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/naːi̯¹³ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

Today around 7:40 am, there was a fire at a flea market in Naixi, Changyang. The smoke permeated through the air above the Jingcheng Expressway. Nine fire squadrons with 46 firetrucks were present to handle the fire, and the fire was extinguished by 9:09 am. There were no casualties.

2017 February 27, 李东, 家具旧货市场起火, in 《法制晚报》

Jīntiān zǎoshàng 7 shí 40 fēn xǔ, Cháoyáng Nǎixī jiùhuò shìchǎng fāshēng huǒzāi, nóngyān yīdù mímàn dào Jīngchéng Gāosù shàngkōng, 9 ge xiāofáng zhōngduì 46 bù xiāofángchē dàochǎng chǔzhì, jiézhì shàngwǔ 9 shí 09 fēn dàhuǒ bèi pūmiè, wú rényuán shāngwáng.

今天早上7時40分許，朝陽奶西舊貨市場發生火災，濃煙一度彌漫到京承高速上空，9個消防中隊46部消防車到場處置，截至上午9時09分大火被撲滅，無人員傷亡。

今天早上7时40分许，朝阳奶西旧货市场发生火灾，浓烟一度弥漫到京承高速上空，9个消防中队46部消防车到场处置，截至上午9时09分大火被扑灭，无人员伤亡。

(～村) Naixi (a village in Cuigezhuang, Chaoyang district, Beijing, China)


Hải Nam

Hainan (an island and province of China)


指南

to indicate south (i.e. to show direction)

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/t͡si⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/t͡si⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

(～村) Zhinan (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


Макао

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Макао

ru-proper noun

Мака́о • (Makáo) m inan (indeclinable, relational adjective маканский)

Мака́о (canonical)
Makáo (romanization)
маканский (adjective relational)


Аомынь

ru-proper noun+

Аомы́нь • (Aomýnʹ) m inan (genitive Аомы́ня)

Аомы́нь (canonical)
Aomýnʹ (romanization)
Аомы́ня (genitive)
Аомы́нь (nominative singular)
Аомы́ня (genitive singular)
Аомы́ню (dative singular)
Аомы́нь (accusative singular)
Аомы́нем (instrumental singular)
Аомы́не (prepositional singular)


Yunan

zh-l

鬱南／郁南 (Yùnán)

A typical example of the lightning growth of the cooperatives since land reform comes from Kwangtung Province. Early in April the Yunan County Cooperative in Kwangtung sent a team of workers to a nearby village where land reform had[…]

1951 May, Hsinhua News Agency Release, →OCLC, page 81, column 3:

Many leading cadres go to forestry centres where they worked alongside the masses. The examplery deeds of the cadres deepen the mass movement.
Yunan County in mountainous region of Kwangtung Province has set a good example.

1971 July, Hsinhua Selected News Items, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 24, column 2:

It then included the Wentoushan Formation at its top. The type locality is Lientan, Yunan County, Guangdong Province.

1986, Mu En-zhi, A. J. Boucot, Chen Xu, Rong Jia-yu, Correlation of the Silurian Rocks of China, Geological Society of America, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 49, column 2:

Newspaper readers have donated about 620,000 yuan to help pay for her medical care, adding to a 50,000 yuan fund established by the Yunan county government.

2011 August 27, Mimi Lau, “Little girl's horrific abuse shames the nation”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-25:

On the local level, a good example is the credit rating system in Yunan County in Guangdong Province.[…]Yunan County engaged all relevant functional departments in the county, and using the People's Bank of China's credit rating system, created the Yunan County Enterprise Non-Bank Credit Information Enquiry System in 2009.

2015, Xingyuan Feng, Christer Ljungwall, Guangwen He, “Regulations and Policies on Growth of Non-State Enterprises”, in The Ecology Of Chinese Private Enterprises, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 118:


بكين

بِكِين (canonical)
bikīn (romanization)
pikīn (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ar:بكين

Ultimately from the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. Compare English Peking, French Pékin, Persian پکن (pekan), Portuguese Pequim and Russian Пеки́н (Pekín).


柏林

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

/paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lin³⁵/

(～鎮) Bailin (a town in Zhangwan district, in the prefecture-level city of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


Cát Lâm

[kaːt̚˧˦ ləm˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˧˥ ləm˧˧]

[kaːk̚˦˥ ləm˧˧]

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


黑山

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ san⁴⁴/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁵ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Heishan County (a county of Liaoning, China)


運河

/wɐn²² hɔː²¹/

/vun³² hᵘɔ²²/

/uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋo⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³/

/uoŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/un⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/un³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/un³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/wɐn²² hɔː²¹/

/vun³² hᵘɔ²²/

/uŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋo⁵³/

/ɔŋ¹¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ¹³/

/uoŋ²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋɒ²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/un⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/un²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/un³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/un³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～區) Yunhe (a district of Cangzhou, Hebei, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Yunhe (a town in Xiangshui, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China, formerly a township)


宜昌

→ English: Yichang, Ichang, I-ch'ang

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

/i³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jiː²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ɡi²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/n̠ʲi²² t͡sʰɑ̃⁴⁴/

(～市) Yichang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


宜昌

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 宜昌 (Yíchāng).


汕頭

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (汕頭):
* → Japanese: 汕頭(せんとう) (Sentō)
* → Korean: 산두(汕頭) (Sandu)
* → Vietnamese: Sán Đầu (汕頭)

→ English: Shantou, Swatow

→ Japanese: 汕頭(スワトウ) (Suwatō)

→ Japanese: 汕頭(シャントウ) (Shantō)

→ Korean: 산터우 (Santeou)

→ Thai: ซัวเถา (suua-tǎo)

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/ʂän⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/saːn³³ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁵³ tʰau¹³/

/suã¹¹⁻⁵³ tʰau²⁴/

/suã²¹⁻⁴¹ tʰau²³/

/sũã³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

While the modern Teochew pronunciation contains the first syllable in the yinping (陰平／阴平) tone, as attested in Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular [1886] by Lim Hiong Seng, it appears that historically the first syllable of the toponym had the yinqu (陰去／阴去) tone. The pronunciation Suàⁿ-thâu is recorded in A Pronouncing and Defining Dictionary of the Swatow Dialect [1883] by Adele M. Fielde and English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular Or Spoken Language of Swatow [1883] by William Duffus.
The toponym is a shortening of 沙汕頭／沙汕头. In 1717, a fort, 沙汕頭砲臺, was constructed in the area, which was then under the administration of Chenghai (澄海) county. Both 沙汕頭／沙汕头 and 汕頭 /汕头 are attested in 潮州海防圖說 [c. 18th century] by official Lan Dingyuan (藍鼎元). 沙汕 is cognate with Hokkien 沙線／沙线 (soa-sòaⁿ, “sandbank”).

(～市) Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Suwatō (romanization)
Swatau (romanization)
スワタウ (historical katakana)

[sɨβ̞a̠to̞ː]

From English Swatow, from Teochew 汕頭／汕头 (suan1 tao5).


汕頭

汕頭 (canonical)
Sentō (romanization)
Sentou (romanization)
せんとう (hiragana historical)

The Sino-Japanese reading of Chinese 汕頭 /汕头 (Shàntóu).

alternative form of 汕頭 (Suwatō, “Shantou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)”)


汕頭

ja-pos

汕頭(シャントウ) • (Shantō)

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)


開封

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開封):
* → Japanese: 開(かい)封(ふう) (kaifū)
* → Korean: 개봉(開封) (gaebong)

desc

→ Thai: ไคฟง

→ Thai: ไคฟง

Duke Zhuang of Zheng
Emperor Jing of Han

The city was named in the late 8ᵗʰ century BCE by the Duke Zhuang of Zheng originally as 啓封 /启封 (qǐfēng), literally opening up a new domain. Later in 156 BCE, for the new emperor's name happened to be 啓／启, the character was displaced by its closest synonym 開／开, hence the current name.

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰui⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ fɤŋ²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fuŋ²⁴/

/kʰoɪ⁴⁴ fʊŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uŋ⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³ hɔŋ³³/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/kʰai³³⁻²³ hoŋ³³/

/kʰe⁵⁵ foŋ²¹/


Chaozhou

/ˈt͡ʃaʊˈd͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 潮州 (Cháozhōu).

Chaou-chow (alternative obsolete)
Chaochow (alternative obsolete)
Chaochou (alternative)
Ch'ao-chou (alternative)
Chaojhou (alternative)

Located in the port city Chaozhou in Guangdong province, the project involves a first phase investment of 8 billion yuan ($1.22 billion) and is expected to start operations in 2023, according to state-backed China News and Chaozhou city government-backed Chaozhou News on Monday.

2020 December 21, “Private firm Huaying to build 6 million T LNG terminal in southern China”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-12-21, Energy & Environment:

A prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong, China.


公安

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ an³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/kuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ an³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

(～縣) Gong'an (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Gong'an (a town in Zhongshan, Hezhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Аомэнь

ru-proper noun+

Аомэ́нь • (Aomɛ́nʹ) m inan (genitive Аомэ́ня)

Аомэ́нь (canonical)
Aomɛ́nʹ (romanization)
Аомэ́ня (genitive)
Аомэ́нь (nominative singular)
Аомэ́ня (genitive singular)
Аомэ́ню (dative singular)
Аомэ́нь (accusative singular)
Аомэ́нем (instrumental singular)
Аомэ́не (prepositional singular)


內蒙古

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (內蒙古):
* → Japanese: 内(ない)蒙(もう)古(こ) (Naimōko)
* → Korean: 내몽고(內蒙古) (Naemonggo)
* → Vietnamese: Nội Mông Cổ (內蒙古)

→ Zhuang: Neimungzguj

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

duei⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:duei⁵ morng² ngou³]

/tuei¹¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

luei⁵ morng² gou³ [Phonetic:luei⁵ morng² ngou³]

/luei²¹ mɒŋ²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/neɪ̯⁵¹ mɤŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɔːi̯²² mʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/ⁿdui³² ᵐbɵŋ²² ku⁵⁵/

/nˡɔy²⁴² muŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋu³³/

/tuei¹¹ mɒŋ¹³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu⁴⁵³/

/luei²¹ mɒŋ²⁴ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔu³³²/

/lai³³⁻¹¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔ⁵³/

/lai³³⁻²¹ bɔŋ²³⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²²⁻²¹ bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/

/lai²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lue²² bɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/lai³⁵⁻¹¹ moŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kou⁵²/

～自治區 內蒙古自治區#Chinese

(～自治區) Inner Mongolia (a Mongolian autonomous region of China)


河北

Sino-Xenic (河北):
* → Japanese: 河(か)北(ほく) (Kahoku)
* → Korean: 하북(河北) (Habuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hà Bắc (河北)

→ English: Hebei, Hopeh

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xɤ³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/o⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɒ¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɒ²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ho¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

(～省) Hebei (a province in northern China)

(～區) Hebei (a district of Tianjin, China)

(historical) a geographic region north of the Yellow River in northern China


Zibo

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 淄博 (Zībó).

Tzepo (alternative)
Tzu-po (alternative)

Industry in Tsinan is becoming highly developed. Indeed the day we set out to go west, factories on the outskirts were interspersed with fields of wheat, and everywhere on, into and through the Tzupo municipality, wheat fields were interspersed by factories. Tzupo with its five divisions which roughly correspond to five counties, has 2,000,000 people now, 550,000 of them mostly factory workers in the town portions, and the rest commune farmers who cultivate 93,330 hectares of land, all but 26,667 hectares of hills and downs irrigated.

[1977 June, Rewi Alley, “Shantung Spring”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVI, number 6, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 29, column 1:

The explosion on Saturday, which tore through a chemical plant in Zibo, in Shandong Province, killed one person and injured at least nine others, according to the official Xinhua news agency. A microblog post by the Zibo Public Security Bureau late Saturday said the fire had been “basically controlled” and that the injured had been taken to a hospital.

2015 August 22, Dan Levin, “Blast at Chemical Site Jangles Frayed Nerves”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-08-24, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China.


Tangshan

T'ang-shan (alternative)
Tang-shan (alternative)

At Tangshan, which is half a day by rail from Tangku, I was very kindly received by the engineer-in-chief of the railway and the mining companies and his wife. Tangshan is the northern terminus of the eighty-five miles of railway constructed and open to traffic.

1889 December 2, W. Brereton, “ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH CHINA”, in The Mission Field, number CCCCVIII, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, →OCLC, page 451:

The freight traffic of the Peking-Mukden Line has steadily increased, and the demand for rolling stock has been so great, due largely to the heavy traffic in coal between Tangshan and Tongho, that recommendations have been made for the addition of two hundred 30-ton coal cars, one hundred 30-ton covered-goods cars, and 12 locomotives. It is also proposed to extend the railway slope at Tangshan.

1915 November 11, Fred D. Fisher, “TIENTSIN”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52j, →OCLC, page 18:

In Hopei, the Japanese found themselves quite helpless in fighting the Chinese armed resisters, who carried the fighting right to the outskirts of Tientsin. Of the 22 districts under the "East Hopei Administration", 17 have now deserted the Japanese and their puppets. The Chinese also raided Tangshan and Chinwangtao, the mining center and port in this long Japanese-dominated part of the country.

1938 August, Lin Yu, “"The China Incident"”, in Philippine Magazine, volume XXXV, number 8 (364), →OCLC, page 388:

According to the intelligence sources in Taipei, the industrial city of Tangshan, between Peiping and Tientsin, with a population of about one million, was almost flattened by the strong quake.
Quoting documents received from behind the Bamboo Curtain, the sources said that the number of casualties in the area of Tangshan, Peiping, Tientsin and Fengnan "was very great and could not be immediately estimated."

1976 August 1, “M'land quake stirs people's concern here”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 30, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Women in China have turned to self-defense after a harrowing video of a group of men attacking four young women at a restaurant in Tangshan, Hebei province, sparked outrage and concern for the safety of women.

2022 July 13, “Women turn to self-defense in China after vicious attack goes viral”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-07-13:

A prefecture-level city in northeastern Hebei, China.


Fushun

In the Fushun mine, apparently on the same seam, the coal reaches a thickness of thirty-five feet, though it averages much less.

1867, Raphael Pumpelly, “Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan, During the Years 1862 to 1865”, in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, volume XV, Smithsonian Institution, →OCLC, page 15:

FUSHUN (FU-SHUN, FUSUNG), an industrial city adjoining Mukden on the east, located on the Hsün river in central Liaoning province, China.

1968, Joseph Earle Spencer, “FUSHUN”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 9, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1058, column 2:

In the deadliest incident, torrential rains over the last week caused the Nei River in northeastern Liaoning province to overflow near the city of Fushun, sweeping away homes, roads and utilities and leaving 54 people dead and 97 missing.

2013 August 20, “More than 200 dead or missing in China floods”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2024-05-31:

The state-owned mining companies cut dangerously steep angles into the ground without refilling, a practice that has put Fushun’s future at risk, he said. Landslides now threaten 42.5 percent of Fushun’s urban areas, according to a 2012 government report.

2015 October 6, Yifu Dong, “Coal, Which Built a Chinese City, Now Threatens to Bury It”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-10-06, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China, known for coal mining.


Qiqihar

/ˈtʃiːtʃiːˌhɑː/

/ˈt͡ʃit͡ʃiˌhɑɹ/

On April 28 the Chinese Communists occupied Qiqihar, a railroad center in Manchuria.

1980, China: U.S. Policy Since 1945, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 80:

In the grounds of my hotel at Qiqihar, Heilongjiang province, on 8th May 1983, I (J.B.) found a local bird-catcher with six traps slung from a tree.

1985, Jeffery Boswall, “Some Notes on Bird Markets, Pigeon Keeping and Other Bird/Man Relations in China”, in The Avicultural Magazine, volume 91, page 136:

The defeat of General Beng's Thirty-fifth Group Army north-east of Qiqihar (10-17 August), and the ensuing defeat of General Yang's counterattack with the First Armoured Group Army (20-24 August), had compelled Deng's Twenty-third Group Army to fall back on Baicheng to avoid encirclement. Qiqihar fell to the Russian 17th Guards Motorised Rifle Division (Eighth Guards Army) on 26 August, while Malenkov's Fifth Guards Tank Army swept through the relatively open country between Qiqihar and Harbin, intent on seizing the lower Nen river crossings and then smashing into the north-eastern flank of the Chinese Twenty-third Group Army.

1993, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, “The Sino-Russian Conflict”, in Future Wars, Warner Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 306:

Qiqihar, the last sizable city in China before reaching Mohe City, China’s northernmost town, briefly enjoyed an unlikely construction boom in 2016 and 2017.

2023 July 24, Keith Bradsher, “At Least 11 Killed After School Gym Roof Collapses During a Volleyball Practice in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-07-24, Asia Pacific:


Xuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 徐州 (Xúzhōu), from a former prefecture administered from the city.

Hsu-chou (alternative)
Hsü-chou (alternative)
Hsuchow (alternative)
Suchow (alternative)
Süchow (alternative)

T’ung-shan County in the Hsüchou district of Kiangsu was apparently famous for nonglutenous rice during the Han and Northern Wei dynasties (third century B.C. to third century A.D.).

[1980, Elizabeth J. Perry, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 25:

Earlier this week, 16 foreign teachers and three Chinese were arrested on drug charges at a local language school in Xuzhou, around 370 miles (600 kilometers) southwest of Yantai. On Friday, the British embassy in Beijing said four of its nationals had been arrested Jiangsu province, where Xuzhou is located.

2019 July 14, “China detains another Canadian citizen amid diplomatic tension”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-07-14, News:

To that end, he said, he planned an overhaul of the company’s ownership this autumn. The city of Xuzhou would retain 34 percent ownership in the company while surrounding Jiangsu Province would obtain 17 percent.

2020 July 30, Keith Bradsher, “China Tries Its Favorite Economic Cure: More Construction”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-30:

A prefecture-level city in northwestern Jiangsu, China.

شُوجُو

a prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China


Xuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 敘州／叙州 (Xùzhōu), from a former prefecture administered from the city.

zh-m

敘州／叙州 (Xùzhōu)

Suifu (alternative)
Suifoo (alternative)
Suchow (alternative)

(historical) A former name of Yibin, a prefecture-level city in Sichuan, China, at the confluence of the Min and Yangtze rivers.


Datong

Translingual: Datonglong

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大同 (Dàtóng).

Tatung (alternative)
Ta-tung (alternative)

Mr. Xi began proclaiming his dream since taking power five years ago, though he focused much of his early efforts on battling corruption. In Shanxi, the province that includes Datong, investigators have arrested so many corrupt cadres that the national government has declared the region to be in a state of “implosive corruption.”

2017 October 21, Chris Buckley, “In China’s Coal Capital, Xi Jinping’s Dream Remains Elusive”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-10-21, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Shanxi, China.

Heavy and sudden downpours in Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County, population 403,368, of Qinghai province started late Wednesday, causing flooding on the mountains and triggered landslides, according to China's state broadcaster CCTV.

2022 August 18, Beijing newsroom, “Flooding caused by heavy rain kills 16 in western China”, in Michael Perry, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-18, China:

A Hui and Tu autonomous county in Xining, Qinghai, China.


Shantou

zh-l

汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu)

A typical example was that of Shantou Special District in Kwangtung where in “full implementation” of party policies all the cadres from the brigades had been sent to the “front line of production” to lead the masses in spring planting and a total labour force of 2.42 million for the whole district, representing 81 per cent of its rural labour force, was mobilized for the purpose.

1967, Gargi Dutt, Rural Communes in China, Organizational Problems, New York: Asia Publishing House, →OCLC, pages 111–112:

A fire at a lingerie factory killed 14 people in Shantou, a city in the southeastern Chinese province of Guangdong, on Tuesday, official news media said.

2012 December 4, Keith Bradsher, “Chinese Garment Factory Fire Kills 14 in Guangdong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2012-12-05, Asia Pacific:

Shantou, which is more than 800 km (500 miles) from Wuhan city in central China, had also said earlier it would suspend the operation of buses, taxis and ferries from 2 p.m. on Sunday.

2020 January 26, Yilei Sun, Samuel Shen, Tony Munroe, “China's Shantou city will not ban cars, ships, people from entering, state media reports”, in Tom Hogue, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-08-26, World News:

A prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China.


Daqing

/ˈdɑːˈt͡ʃɪŋ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 大慶 /大庆 (Dàqìng).

Taching (alternative)
Ta-ch'ing (alternative)

"The Russian part of the project is completed," Putin said at an opening ceremony in Skovorodino in the Far Eastern Amur region in comments published on his official web site.
The branch pipeline will ultimately transport crude oil from Siberia to refineries in the northeastern Chinese city of Daqing.

2010 August 30, “Putin inaugurates Russian section of pipeline to China”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2010-09-02:

From Daqing we took the train to the far north of China at Qiqihaer, described to me as a relatively small Chinese city of about six million people!

2013, Robert W. Cox, “The Emergence of China”, in Universal Foreigner: The Individual and the World, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 284:

His parents work for a state oil company in the northeastern Chinese city of Daqing, and during at least one summer break when he was a child, he tagged along with his father, an oil engineer, on an exploration mission.

2016 October 18, Owen Guo, Neil Gough, “As China Shifts From Exporter to Importer, Fortunes Change”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-10-20, Energy & Environment:

A prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China.

The oil and gas from the giant Daqing oil field are being produced from a broad anticlinal structure in continental Cretaceous formations with minor undulations covering an area of up to 30 km in width and 50 to 60 km in length, trending north northeast.⁶¹ This structure is located in the northern part of the Songliao basin, about 160 km northwest of Haerbin in Heilongjiang province.

1980, Edward C. T. Chao, “Earth Sciences”, in Leo A. Orleans, editor, Science in Contemporary China, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 208:

An oil field in Daqing, Heilongjiang, China.


Huainan

From the Mandarin 淮南 (Huáinán, “land[s] south of the Huai River”).

der

1319 Great fire at Yang 揚 chou ; over 23,300 official and private houses were burnt. All the roads in Shantung and Huainan were flooded.

1902, Ernst Faber, Chronological Handbook of the History of China, →OCLC, page 185:

After reporting one positive case, Huainan, a city of nearly 3.5 million people in Anhui province that borders Shanghai, ordered residents not to leave unless they can provide a negative test result taken within the past 48 hours.

2022 March 27, Luna Sun, “Private industrial enterprises in China see profits fall in first two months of the year”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-03-27, China Economy:

Huainan, a city in Anhui Province, ordered banks to extend more money and shorten loan approval times, as well as lower the mortgage rates and down payment requirements for first-time buyers.

2022 June 20, Daisuke Wakabayashi, Joy Dong, “China’s Once-Sizzling Property Market Has Started to Cool”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-06-20, Business:

A prefecture-level city of Anhui, China.


Benxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 本溪 (Běnxī).

Some of the victims stuck inside the mine run by China National Coal Group Co in Liaoning province were able to contact rescuers, according to state broadcaster CCTV.
The local government of Benxi, where the blast occurred, has dispatched a rescue team, CCTV added.

2018 June 5, “China mine blast kills 11, traps 25”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2020-11-09:

A prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China.

Tong Da, based in the Benxi Manchu autonomous county in the northeast of China, has total iron ore reserves of 34.63 million tonnes, of which around 30 percent is recoverable.

2011 January 4, “PRESS DIGEST - China - Jan 4”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2018-05-27, Commodities:

A Manchu autonomous county in Benxi, Liaoning, China.


Changzhou

/t͡ʃæŋ.d͡ʒoʊ/

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 常州 (Chángzhōu).

Ch'ang-chou (alternative)
Changchow (alternative)

The Cultural Revolution paved the way for the full implementation of Chairman Mao’s whole set of principles of ‘walking on two legs’, and in the fair one saw many of the advanced industrial products on display which were actually manufactured by medium-sized and small enterprises. A precision self-balancing capacitor bridge was, for example, made by a small plant in Changchou, a small railway town in Kiangsu Province.

[1970, Tsung-ying Lee, “EASTERN DIARY”, in Eastern Horizon, volume IX, number 6, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4, column 2:

Ch’ü was born on January 29, 1899, in a small room in the family residence in the southern portion of Changchow, a relatively small city in Kiangsu province.

[1981, Paul G. Pickowicz, “Youth in Changchow”, in Marxist Literary Thought in China: The Influence of Ch’ü Ch’iu-pai, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1:

In a brief announcement late last week, the Changzhou city government said that investigators had concluded that the air, soil and water at the school were safe after conducting tests from April 19 to May 20.

2016 August 31, Kiki Zhao, “Chinese School With Mass Illness Is Deemed Safe, but Many Doubt Findings”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-08-31, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China.

A district of Wuzhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China.

An island of Huangpu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.


Liuzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 柳州 (Liǔzhōu).

Liu-chou (alternative)
Liuchow (alternative)

Even General Lin, an honest man, eventually became a victim of the age. During his old age he operated a small farm in Liuchou, Kwangsi. After the Communists took over the mainland in 1949, he was invited to become a member of the National Assembly, which he did. I cannot say that he was better off under the Communist regime, but at least he survived the crisis.

[1979, Te-kong Tong w:Li Tsung-jen, “The Dragon Suppression War and My First Injury”, in The Memoirs of Li Tsung-jen (Studies of the East Asian Institute of Columbia University), Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 36:

Employees work on Baojun RS-5 cars at a final assembly plant operated by General Motors Co and its local joint-venture partners in Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, February 28, 2019.

2019 April 16, Yilei Sun, Norihiko Shirouzu, “No-frills no longer: GM's China brand Baojun attempts a major makeover”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-12, Business News:

A prefecture-level city in north-central Guangxi autonomous region, China.


婺州

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/u⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/mou̯²² t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Wuzhou (an ancient name for the city of Jinhua, Zhejiang, China; modern Jinhua)


解放

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (解放):
* → Japanese: 解放(かいほう) (kaihō)
* → Korean: 해방(解放) (haebang)
* → Vietnamese: giải phóng (解放)

→ Zhuang: gaijfang

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/kaːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ³³/

/kai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uɔŋ²¹³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ⁴¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹¹/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ huaŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕia³³ fɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/kaːi̯³⁵ fɔːŋ³³/

/kai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uɔŋ²¹³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hɔŋ⁴¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ¹¹/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hɔŋ²¹/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ huaŋ²¹³/

/t͡ɕia³³ fɑ̃⁴⁴/

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 解放(かいほう) (kaihō)

wasei kango

(～區) Jiefang (a district of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)

(～社區) Jiefang (a residential community in Lucheng, Yidu, Yichang, Hubei, China)


九龍

ja-r

九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (九龍):
* → Japanese: 九龍(きゅうりゅう) (Kyūryū)
* → Korean: 구룡(九龍) (Guryong)
* → Vietnamese: Cửu Long (九龍)

English: Kowloon

Japanese: 九龍(クーロン) (Kūron), 九龍(カウロン) (Kauron)

Korean: 주룽 (jurung)

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/kɐu̯³⁵ lʊŋ²¹/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ¹³/

/kiu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²⁴/

/kiu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɔŋ²³/

/kiu⁵²⁻³⁵ leŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕiɤ³³ loŋ⁴⁴/

(～江) Jiulong River (a river in southern Fujian)

北溪

upper reaches, above the confluence with the Xixi

(～縣) Jiulong (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan)


新羅

/ɕin⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ³⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ lɔː²¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² lo²⁴/

(～區) Xinluo (a district of Longyan, Fujian, China)


Ming

A former empire in China, occupying the eastern half of modern China (China proper), as well as parts of Russia and northern Vietnam


Mongōria

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Honkongo

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Mông Cổ

[məwŋ͡m˧˧ ko˧˩]

[məwŋ͡m˧˧ kow˨˩˦]


Монгол

Монгол орон


天安門廣場

desc

→ English: Tiananmen Square, Tian'anmen Square, Tian An Men Square, Tienanmen Square

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄢ ㄇㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄔㄤˇ

ㄊㄧㄢ ㄢ ㄇㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄤˇ ㄔㄤˊ

Тяньаньмэнь Гуанчан

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵ mən³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵ muːn²¹ kʷɔːŋ³⁵ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/hen³³ ᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²² kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiaŋ²²/

/hen³³ ᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²² kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiaŋ²²⁻²²⁵/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ an³³ mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴⁻²² mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴⁻³³ mŋ̍²³⁻³³ kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tiũ²³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tĩõ⁵⁵/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ aŋ³³⁻²³ muŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kuaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ tĩẽ⁵⁵/

/hen³³ ᵘɔn³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²² kɔŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰiaŋ²²/

/tʰiɛn³³ an³³ mŋ̍²⁴⁻²² kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tiũ²⁴/

Tiananmen Square
Tiananmen Square#English

Tiananmen Square (a plaza in Beijing, China)


Nantong

Nan-t'ung (alternative)
Nantung (alternative)

The eastern Chinese city of Nantong, with a population of more than 7 million, has introduced a new rule to ban near-term resale of certain cheap homes in the latest step by authorities in the country to curb property market speculation.
On Wednesday the government of Nantong, near Shanghai and a number of other port cities, said property buyers who have bought new homes at prices much lower than the market average are not allowed to resell their properties for five years.

2019 December 25, Lusha Zhang, Ryan Woo, “China's Nantong city imposes five-year ban on resale of cheap homes to curb speculation”, in Kenneth Maxwell, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2019-12-26, Business News:

A prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, China.


Yichang

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 宜昌 (Yíchāng).

Ichang (alternative)
I-ch'ang (alternative)

To begin in the Yangtze Valley between Yi-ch’ang (Hupei) and Pa-tung (Szechwan), in the Hsiling Gorge area that was the gateway to the Red basin to the west: fifty-four early sites investigated in 1960 have been grouped into five categories, ranging in date, according to the estimates of the investigators, from Neolithic to Han.

[1968, Kwang-chih Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 177:

HUANG Sheng-hsiao, a veteran longshoreman in the port of Yichang on the mid-Yangtze, wrote these lines to praise the new life of the dock workers and the tremendous changes that have come over the port.
[...]Now 56, Huang Sheng-hsiao is chairman of the Crewmen and Dockers Club in Yichang and a member of the Committee of the Yangtze Crewmen and Dockers Trade Union.
[...]In 1949 Yichang was liberated.
[...]In 1951 he was named Class A Model Propagandist of Yichang.
[...]During the Big Leap Forward in 1958, like people all over the country, the longshoremen of Yichang were fired with daring and enthusiasm.

1974 September, Huo Pai-lin, “Huang Sheng-hsiao, Longshoreman and Poet”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXIII, number 9, →OCLC, pages 40–41:

Images of an apparently twisted Three Gorges dam surfaced on social media last week, fuelling online concerns that the dam was posing a disastrous flooding threat to downstream towns and villages.
However, the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation said the circulated satellite images were fake and posted its own picture showing a straight dam spanning the river near Yichang in the central province of Hubei. “Nothing wrong with the Three Gorges Dam,” the company declared.

2019 July 8, Didi Tang, “Fears rise over safety of China’s Three Gorges dam”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-10-07:

Located in western Hubei Province, Yidu, like Yichang, is part of the area known as the "Gateway to the Three Gorges".

2023 January 9, Gorgeous Yichang, “Yidu City of Yichang”, in YouTube, archived from the original on 2023-05-21:

A large prefecture-level city in western Hubei, China.

宜昌

a prefecture-level city in central China


Xinyang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 信陽 /信阳 (Xìnyáng).

Hsin-yang (alternative)
Hsinyang (alternative)

In Henan’s Xinyang prefecture, one of the worst affected areas in the country, the Party Secretary Lu Xianwen would travel to local communes and order in advance elaborate banquets of twenty-four courses, according to Party documents. Only at the village level did the lowest officials such as production team leaders sometimes starve to death.

1996, Jasper Becker, “An Overview of the Famine”, in Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 104:

Mr. Xi bowed in tribute at a memorial for 130,000 fighters from this area in central China who gave their lives for the Communist cause. But the estimated one million peasants who starved to death in Xinyang, after Mao’s Great Leap Forward spawned the biggest famine in modern times, went unnoted in official reports about the visit.

2019 September 30, Chris Buckley, “Xi Extols China’s ‘Red’ Heritage in a Land Haunted by Famine Under Mao”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-09, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Henan, China.


Zhenjiang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 鎮江 /镇江 (Zhènjiāng).

Chinkiang (alternative)
Chen-chiang (alternative)

In the second week of April, clashes between CCP and KMT affiliates became more violent. Interunion fights broke out in Canton, and in Chenchiang, Kiangsu, riots between unions left 150 dead and wounded.

[1976, Donald A. Jordan, “The Party Divided”, in The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 123:

The two Americans, Jacob Harlan and Alyssa Petersen, were detained late last month and are being held in Zhenjiang, a town in Jiangsu Province, according to GoFundMe pages set up by friends and relatives.

2019 October 17, Amy Qin, “China Detains 2 Americans Amid Growing Scrutiny of Foreigners”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-10-17, Asia Pacific:


Baoding

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 保定 (Bǎodìng).

Pao-ting (alternative)
Paoting (alternative)

The most remarkable of the faceted mei-pʻing is the one with cover that was discovered at Pao-ting in 1964 (Plate 40).

[1974, Margaret Medley, “Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Wares”, in Yüan Porcelain and Stoneware, Faber and Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 54:

Mr. Lattimore was born in Paotingfu, China, where his American parents served on the faculty of the Chihli provincial college.

[1984 February 28, Herbert Mitgang, “RICHARD LATTIMORE DEAD; A CLASSICAL SCHOLAR AND POET”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, Obituaries:

The princes enjoyed the second most spectacular campaign of 1213-14. They raided down the left bank of the Yellow River through Pao-ting and La-an, then turned west at Hua-Ching where the Huang He is joined by its second largest tributary the Fen (about 430 miles long) and almost immediately north into the valley of the Fen.

[2015, Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: The Man Who Conquered the World, Vintage Books, published 2016, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 207:

Recently, the World Health Organization expressed concern about reports of severe disease in China. Around the cities of Baoding and Langfang outside Beijing, hospitals have run out of intensive care beds and staff as severe cases surge.

2022 December 25, Laura Ungar, Aniruddha Ghosal, “China’s COVID-19 surge raises odds of new coronavirus mutant”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-12-25:

A prefecture-level city of Hebei, China.


滿洲國

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (滿洲國):
* → Japanese: 満州国(まんしゅうこく) (manshūkoku)
* → Korean: 만주국(滿洲國) (manjuguk)
* → Vietnamese: Mãn Châu quốc (滿洲國)

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/män²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/muːn¹³ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(historical) Manchukuo (a historical puppet state of the Empire of Japan in present-day northeast China)


蔬菜

/ʂu⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/so³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/səu⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/

/sɔː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ³³ t͡sʰai⁴¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰai²¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai¹¹/

/sɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰai²¹/

/so³³⁻²³ t͡sʰai²¹³/

/səu⁵² t͡sʰe¹¹/

(～村) Shucai (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


拂曉

/fu³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚⁵ hiːu̯³⁵/

/huk̚²⁻⁴ hiau⁵²⁻²¹/

/fu³⁵ ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fɐt̚⁵ hiːu̯³⁵/

/huk̚²⁻⁴ hiau⁵²⁻²¹/

(～鄉) Fuxiao (a township in Dingyuan, Chuzhou, Anhui, China)


色拉

/sɪk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/sɪk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

(～山口) Sela (a mountain pass in Tsona, Shannan, Tibet autonomous region, China, now controlled by India)


色拉

/sɪk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

/sɪk̚⁵ laːi̯⁵⁵/

(～寺) Sera Monastery (a lamasery in Lhasa, Tibet autonomous region, China)

(now historical) (～鄉) Sera (a township in Daocheng, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China), now Gatong (a town in Daocheng, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


建德

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/

(～市) Jiande (a county-level city of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


Altay

From the Turkic word for "Golden Mountain". Compare Turkish altın (“gold”), dağ (“mountain”) and al (“red, colorful”) which altın is likely related to.

The Kazaks were struggling in poverty before liberation. Some 2,000 people died of starvation in the Altay Prefecture from 1944 to 1945, and 40 per cent of the Kazak herdsmen in Altay County alone were homeless in 1946.

1989, 马寅 [Ma Yin], editor, 中国少数民族 [China's Minority Nationalities], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 161:

In January 2010, a blizzard of such force which had not occurred in six decades attacked the Altay Prefecture, and the minimum temperature dropped to minus 40 degrees Celsius.

2014, 李欣凭 [Li Xinping], 活力新疆 [Modern Xinjiang], Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 201:

When Saliye Hobay, a Kazak ethnic woman born in Altay Prefecture in the north of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, was laid off in 2002 after the clothing factory in which she had worked for six years went bankrupt, she fell into momentary depression.

2015 August 27, Liu Xinlian, “The Joy of Work”, in Beijing Review, volume 58, number 35, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 32:

Yilamujiang grew up in Altay, a prefecture bordering Mongolia in far northwest Xinjiang. Chinese officials consider the region the cradle of Alpine sport, after cave paintings of hunters on skis were dated at 10,000 years old. Locals still use hand-carved wooden skis covered in a horsehide, although mostly now for the benefit of tourists.

2022 February 5, Adam Kilgore, Christian Shepherd, “A cauldron-lighting flashpoint one night, Dinigeer Yilamujiang was a skier the next day”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-02-05, Olympics:

Torchbearer Dinigeer Yilamujiang hails from the mountainous terrain of Xinjiang's Altay prefecture.

2022 February 9, “Beijing sells troubled Xinjiang as a winter sports paradise”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-02-09:

A prefecture in northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A county-level city of Altay prefecture, in far northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


西安

desc

→ English: Hsi-an, Sian, Singan, Xian, Xi'an

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/ɕi²⁴ næ̃²⁴/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ on²⁴/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ aŋ⁵³³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ aŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/sai³³⁻²³ aŋ³³/

Usually glossed as meaning "Western Peace" but inclusive of the idea of "Western Pacification" or "Pacified Area", first adopted under the Ming Dynasty in 1369 as the city was conquered from the Yuan and protected with a new wall.

(～市) Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Xi'an (a district of Liaoyuan, Jilin, China)

(～區) Xi'an (a district of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China)


西安

Xi'an (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Shaanxi, in central China)