Mongolia

/mɒŋˈɡəʊli.ə/

(chiefly historical) A Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia.


Mongolia

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Mongolia

Mongolia (absolutive indefinite)
Mongoliak (ergative indefinite)
Mongoliari (dative indefinite)
Mongoliaren (genitive indefinite)
Mongoliarekin (comitative indefinite)
Mongoliarengatik (causative indefinite)
Mongoliarentzat (benefactive indefinite)
Mongoliaz (indefinite instrumental)
Mongolian (indefinite inessive)
Mongoliako (indefinite locative)
Mongoliara (allative indefinite)
Mongoliaraino (indefinite terminative)
Mongoliarantz (directive indefinite)
Mongoliarako (destinative indefinite)
Mongoliatik (ablative indefinite)
Mongoliarik (indefinite partitive)
Mongoliatzat (indefinite prolative)


Mongolia

Mongolia (nominative singular)
Mongolia (accusative nominative singular)
Mongolian (accusative genitive singular)
Mongolian (genitive singular)
Mongoliaa (partitive singular)
Mongoliassa (inessive singular)
Mongoliasta (elative singular)
Mongoliaan (illative singular)
Mongolialla (adessive singular)
Mongolialta (ablative singular)
Mongolialle (allative singular)
Mongoliana (essive singular)
Mongoliaksi (singular translative)
Mongoliatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Mongoliani (nominative singular)
Mongoliani (accusative nominative singular)
Mongoliani (accusative genitive singular)
Mongoliani (genitive singular)
Mongoliaani (partitive singular)
Mongoliassani (inessive singular)
Mongoliastani (elative singular)
Mongoliaani (illative singular)
Mongoliallani (adessive singular)
Mongolialtani (ablative singular)
Mongolialleni (allative singular)
Mongolianani (essive singular)
Mongoliakseni (singular translative)
Mongoliattani (abessive singular)
Mongoliasi (nominative singular)
Mongoliasi (accusative nominative singular)
Mongoliasi (accusative genitive singular)
Mongoliasi (genitive singular)
Mongoliaasi (partitive singular)
Mongoliassasi (inessive singular)
Mongoliastasi (elative singular)
Mongoliaasi (illative singular)
Mongoliallasi (adessive singular)
Mongolialtasi (ablative singular)
Mongoliallesi (allative singular)
Mongolianasi (essive singular)
Mongoliaksesi (singular translative)
Mongoliattasi (abessive singular)
Mongoliamme (nominative singular)
Mongoliamme (accusative nominative singular)
Mongoliamme (accusative genitive singular)
Mongoliamme (genitive singular)
Mongoliaamme (partitive singular)
Mongoliassamme (inessive singular)
Mongoliastamme (elative singular)
Mongoliaamme (illative singular)
Mongoliallamme (adessive singular)
Mongolialtamme (ablative singular)
Mongoliallemme (allative singular)
Mongolianamme (essive singular)
Mongoliaksemme (singular translative)
Mongoliattamme (abessive singular)
Mongolianne (nominative singular)
Mongolianne (accusative nominative singular)
Mongolianne (accusative genitive singular)
Mongolianne (genitive singular)
Mongoliaanne (partitive singular)
Mongoliassanne (inessive singular)
Mongoliastanne (elative singular)
Mongoliaanne (illative singular)
Mongoliallanne (adessive singular)
Mongolialtanne (ablative singular)
Mongoliallenne (allative singular)
Mongoliananne (essive singular)
Mongoliaksenne (singular translative)
Mongoliattanne (abessive singular)
Mongoliansa (nominative singular)
Mongoliansa (accusative nominative singular)
Mongoliansa (accusative genitive singular)
Mongoliansa (genitive singular)
Mongoliaansa (partitive singular)
Mongoliassaan (inessive singular)
Mongoliassansa (inessive singular)
Mongoliastaan (elative singular)
Mongoliastansa (elative singular)
Mongoliaansa (illative singular)
Mongoliallaan (adessive singular)
Mongoliallansa (adessive singular)
Mongolialtaan (ablative singular)
Mongolialtansa (ablative singular)
Mongolialleen (allative singular)
Mongoliallensa (allative singular)
Mongolianaan (essive singular)
Mongolianansa (essive singular)
Mongoliakseen (singular translative)
Mongoliaksensa (singular translative)
Mongoliattaan (abessive singular)
Mongoliattansa (abessive singular)

[ˈmo̞ŋːo̞ˌliɑ̝]

Borrowed from Russian Монголия (Mongolija).


Mongolia

la-proper noun

Mongolia f sg (genitive Mongoliae); first declension

Mongoliae (genitive)
Mongolia (nominative singular)
Mongoliae (genitive singular)
Mongoliae (dative singular)
Mongoliam (accusative singular)
Mongoliā (ablative singular)
Mongolia (singular vocative)


Mongolia

Mongolia (nominative singular)
Mongolii (genitive singular)
Mongolii (dative singular)
Mongolię (accusative singular)
Mongolią (instrumental singular)
Mongolii (locative singular)
Mongolio (singular vocative)


安全

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安全):
* → Japanese: 安全(あんぜん) (anzen)
* → Korean: 안전(安全) (anjeon)
* → Vietnamese: an toàn (安全)

→ Zhuang: ancienz

→ Hmong: nyab xeeb

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/ᵘɔn³³ tʰun²²/

/ɔn⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕʰiɛn¹¹/

/aŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))nœŋ¹³/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰueŋ⁵⁵/

/ũã³³⁻²³ t͡sʰuaŋ⁵⁵/

(～村) Anquan (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


花園

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ ɥɑɻ³⁵/

/xua²⁴ yæ̃²⁴/

/faː⁵⁵ jyːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/hua⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾uoŋ⁵³/

/hua⁵³³⁻¹¹ œŋ¹³/

/hua⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ yøŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²³/

/hue⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hue³³ hŋ̍²⁴/

/hua⁴⁴⁻²² huĩ¹³/

/hue³³⁻²³ hŋ⁵⁵/

/ho⁵⁵ ɦyø²¹/

The Malaysian sense is a semantic loan from Malay taman (“park; garden; residential neighborhood”).

sl

(～鎮) Huayuan (a town in Xiaochang, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)

(～村) Huayuan (a village in Wenquan, Yingshan, Huanggang, Hubei, China)


Hong Kong

[hɔŋ˥ kʰɔŋ˥]

Columbia University Press
Hong Kong
Saul B. Cohen

Etymology tree
Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong²)bor.
English Hong Kong
From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “incense harbor”), the former name of a settlement in what is now Aberdeen on the southwest side of Hong Kong Island, where joss stick incense was stored for export, made from agarwood.

bor

HK (alternative initialism)
Hong-Kong (alternative obsolete)
Hong-kong (alternative obsolete)
Honkong (alternative obsolete)
Hongkong (alternative dated)

Ҳонқонг

coastal administrative region in south-east China

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing

CHINA.
A rebellion of more than ordinary importance is in progress in this country. At the departure of the last mail from Hong Kong numerous bands of robbers were plundering and burning throughout the provinces of Kangsi and Canton, and, having captured the city of Kintschan, had advanced to within 120 English miles of Canton.

1850 December, “Foreign News”, in The Gentleman's Magazine, volume XXXIV, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, page 645:

In 1962 a special law had to be passed to permit the immigration of several thousand Chinese refugees who had escaped from Communist China to Hong Kong.

1964, John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Revised and Enlarged edition, Harper & Row, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 78–79:

The Chinese had promised to let Hong Kong keep its much more democratic political system, but I had the clear impression that the details of their reunion were still being worked out, and that neither side was fully satisfied with the present state of affairs.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 437:

A 90-year-old Roman Catholic cardinal, a singer and at least two others have been arrested in Hong Kong on suspicion of colluding with foreign forces to endanger China’s national security, in an action widely condemned as a further sign of Beijing’s erosion of rights in the city.

2022 May 11, “Reports: Hong Kong arrests Roman Catholic cardinal, 3 others”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

A city and special administrative region in southeastern China, located on an island east of the Pearl River delta in the South China Sea; a former British colony.

Sampans and punts crowded the tight harbors of places like Shau Kei Wan on Hong Kong Island, and these fisherfolk cooked up the day’s catch for their customers on the most minimal of stoves.

2016, Carolyn Phillips, “The Coastal Southeast”, in All Under Heaven: Recipes from the 35 Cuisines of China, Ten Speed Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 189:

This two-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bathroom apartment is in the western section of Mid-Levels, an affluent residential area built into the northern slope of Victoria Peak on Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong.

2019 April 17, Marcelle Sussman Fischler, “House Hunting in … Hong Kong”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-04-17, Real Estate:

An island in southeastern China, Hong Kong Island, the site of the city of the same name, lying off Guangdong (Canton) province.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

A special administrative region of China, which includes the city and island of the same name as well as nearby islands and the Kowloon Peninsula.

(historical) A former British colony in 1843–1941 and 1945–1981 and then British Dependent Territory in 1981–1997 in modern southern China in the area of modern Hong Kong.


Hong Kong

Hong Kong (nominative singular)
Hong Kong (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Kongin (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Kongin (genitive singular)
Hong Kongia (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissa (inessive singular)
Hong Kongista (elative singular)
Hong Kongiin (illative singular)
Hong Kongilla (adessive singular)
Hong Kongilta (ablative singular)
Hong Kongille (allative singular)
Hong Kongina (essive singular)
Hong Kongiksi (singular translative)
Hong Kongitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Hong Kongini (nominative singular)
Hong Kongini (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Kongini (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Kongini (genitive singular)
Hong Kongiani (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissani (inessive singular)
Hong Kongistani (elative singular)
Hong Kongiini (illative singular)
Hong Kongillani (adessive singular)
Hong Kongiltani (ablative singular)
Hong Kongilleni (allative singular)
Hong Konginani (essive singular)
Hong Kongikseni (singular translative)
Hong Kongittani (abessive singular)
Hong Kongisi (nominative singular)
Hong Kongisi (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Kongisi (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Kongisi (genitive singular)
Hong Kongiasi (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissasi (inessive singular)
Hong Kongistasi (elative singular)
Hong Kongiisi (illative singular)
Hong Kongillasi (adessive singular)
Hong Kongiltasi (ablative singular)
Hong Kongillesi (allative singular)
Hong Konginasi (essive singular)
Hong Kongiksesi (singular translative)
Hong Kongittasi (abessive singular)
Hong Kongimme (nominative singular)
Hong Kongimme (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Kongimme (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Kongimme (genitive singular)
Hong Kongiamme (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissamme (inessive singular)
Hong Kongistamme (elative singular)
Hong Kongiimme (illative singular)
Hong Kongillamme (adessive singular)
Hong Kongiltamme (ablative singular)
Hong Kongillemme (allative singular)
Hong Konginamme (essive singular)
Hong Kongiksemme (singular translative)
Hong Kongittamme (abessive singular)
Hong Konginne (nominative singular)
Hong Konginne (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Konginne (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Konginne (genitive singular)
Hong Kongianne (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissanne (inessive singular)
Hong Kongistanne (elative singular)
Hong Kongiinne (illative singular)
Hong Kongillanne (adessive singular)
Hong Kongiltanne (ablative singular)
Hong Kongillenne (allative singular)
Hong Konginanne (essive singular)
Hong Kongiksenne (singular translative)
Hong Kongittanne (abessive singular)
Hong Konginsa (nominative singular)
Hong Konginsa (accusative nominative singular)
Hong Konginsa (accusative genitive singular)
Hong Konginsa (genitive singular)
Hong Kongiaan (partitive singular)
Hong Kongiansa (partitive singular)
Hong Kongissaan (inessive singular)
Hong Kongissansa (inessive singular)
Hong Kongistaan (elative singular)
Hong Kongistansa (elative singular)
Hong Kongiinsa (illative singular)
Hong Kongillaan (adessive singular)
Hong Kongillansa (adessive singular)
Hong Kongiltaan (ablative singular)
Hong Kongiltansa (ablative singular)
Hong Kongilleen (allative singular)
Hong Kongillensa (allative singular)
Hong Konginaan (essive singular)
Hong Konginansa (essive singular)
Hong Kongikseen (singular translative)
Hong Kongiksensa (singular translative)
Hong Kongittaan (abessive singular)
Hong Kongittansa (abessive singular)

alternative spelling of Hongkong: Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Hong Kong

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Hong Kong

/ˌʁõ.ɡiˈkõ.ɡi/

/ˌʁõ.ɡiˈkõ.ɡi/

/ˌʁõ.ɡiˈkõ.ɡi/

[ˌχõ.ɡiˈkõ.ɡi]

/ˌʁõ.ɡiˈkõ.ɡe/

From Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “incense harbour”).

Hongkong (alternative dated)
Honguecongue (alternative)


Hong Kong

Borrowed from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng1 gong2).


Hong Kong

sh-proper noun

Hȍng Kȍng m (Cyrillic spelling Хо̏нг Ко̏нг)

Hȍng Kȍng (canonical masculine)
Хо̏нг Ко̏нг (Cyrillic)
Hongkong (alternative)


Hong Kong

Hong-Kong (alternative)
Hong-kong (alternative)


Hong Kong

ᜑᜓᜅ᜔ ᜃᜓᜅ᜔ (Baybayin)
Hongkong (alternative)

Borrowed from Spanish Hong Kong, from English Hong Kong, from Cantonese 香港 (hoeng¹ gong², “Incense Harbor”).


Tibet

Of unclear origin, but probably from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇𐱅 (Töpüt) ('hilly, mountainous place') via Classical Persian تبت (tabbat, tubbat). In one proposed etymology the ultimate origin is Tibetan བོད (Bod), used in the compound name sTod-bod (pronounced Tö-pöt), meaning “Upper Tibet”. In another proposal, the name comes via Mongolian Töpüt from an alteration of Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰯𐰇 (töpü, “height, summit”). Bialek instead derives the name from Old Tibetan དཔོན (dpon, “leader, ruler”), with addition of the Old Turkic plural suffix -𐱅 (-t²) and a epenthetic vowel to break up the non-Turkic initial consonant cluster [tp]; according to her, Middle Chinese 吐蕃 (thu^X pjon) comes from the same source.

m+

Thibet (alternative obsolete)
Tebet (alternative obsolete)
Tibat (alternative obsolete)
Tobbat (alternative obsolete)
Tibbet (alternative obsolete)

The Province of Xenſi extends to the Kingdom of Preſter John. Caſcar and Thebet, which the Chineſes in a general Name call Sifan it is a large Province, and is divided into eight Counties, having one hundred and eighty Cities: Sigan is the Metropolis of the whole, ſeated on the River Guei, in a moſt pleaſant and delightful place, of a noble Proſpect, and good Trade.

[1693, Robert Morden, “Of China”, in Geography Rectified; or a Description of the World, 3rd edition, page 439:

A giant rally on Formosa reflects the worldwide concern for Tibet's heroic rebels. Speaking to sixty-thousand people in Taipei, President Chiang Kai-shek says Tibet's resistance foreshadows a vast anti-communist uprising on the mainland of China.

1959 February 4, Peter Roberts, 0:00 from the start, in Formosa Rallies In Support Of Tibet Rebels (1959), British Pathé:

A geographic region in Central Asia (mostly in China), the homeland of the Tibetan people, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau.

Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet Autonomous Region#English

An autonomous region of China. Official name: Tibet Autonomous Region. Capital: Lhasa.

شِيزَانْغ

shorthand for the Tibet Autonomous Region


Tibet

cs-proper noun

Tibet m inan (relational adjective tibetský, demonym Tibeťan, female demonym Tibeťanka)

tibetský (adjective relational)
Tibeťan (demonym)
Tibeťanka (demonym feminine)
Tibet (nominative singular)
Tibetu (genitive singular)
Tibetu (dative singular)
Tibet (accusative singular)
Tibete (singular vocative)
Tibetu (locative singular)
Tibetem (instrumental singular)


Tibet

de-proper noun

Tibet n (proper noun, genitive Tibets or (optionally with an article) Tibet)

Tibets (genitive)
Tibet (genitive with-article)
Thibet (alternative obsolete)


Tibet

Tìbet (canonical masculine)
Тѝбет (Cyrillic)
Tibet (nominative singular)
Tibeta (genitive singular)
Tibetu (dative singular)
Tibet (accusative singular)
Tibetu (singular vocative)
Tibetu (locative singular)
Tibetem (instrumental singular)


Tibet

Tibet (nominative singular)
Tibet'i (accusative definite singular)
Tibet'e (dative singular)
Tibet'te (locative singular)
Tibet'ten (ablative singular)
Tibet'in (genitive singular)


伊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qlil): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(h)i ~ *(h)aj (“this; here”). Cognate with Burmese ဤ (i, “this”).

inh-lite

𠁼
𰁢
𠈽
𦯴
𠜧
𠜰
佢
渠
夷

while 渠 is more common in other varieties

Chinese varieties in general do not distinguish gender

distinctions are only sometimes made in writing.佢 is commonly used in Yue

(～水, ～河) Yi River (a tributary of the Luo River in Henan, China)


剡

a historical county of Kuaiji in Han dynasty, now 嵊州 (Shèngzhōu), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China


卞

(～縣) (historical) Bian County (a county in modern-day Shandong, China)


厚

Sino-Xenic (厚):
* → Korean: 후(厚) (hu)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 厂 (“cliff; cave on a cliff”) + 𣆪 (“jug”). According to Shuowen, 𣆪 is an inverted 亯.

Han compound

(～鎮) Hou (a town in Lantian, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)


厝

𠪞
錯
𥕉
戍
茨
㢀
𡪣
次
聚
陬
宿
處
室


吉

→ English: Ji

Ideogram (指事) derived from a ritual axe 士 and an open mouth 口, perhaps with a reference to rituals to obtain the gratitude of the ancestors and deities.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kjit (“happy; pleased”) (STEDT). Also compare Tibetan སྐྱིད་པ (skyid pa, “to be happy”) and Burmese ချစ် (hkyac, “to love, to be pleased”) (Schuessler, 2007, Hill, 2019).
Cantonese sense of “empty” arises from avoidance of 空 (hung¹), which is homophonous to 凶 (hung¹, “inauspicious”).
The Taiwanese Chinese sense of “to sue” arises from avoidance of 告 (gào, “to sue”), which is a typo form of it.

cog

(～縣) Ji County (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


向

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 宀 (“house”) + 口 (“mouth”), echos in a place. The original form of 響. It was borrowed to represent 𠨍 (嚮) later. The mouth doesn't represent an opening (e.g., a door or a window) as in 高 and 谷. Similar to 冋.
; “ACG: for (directed at, intended to belong to)”


唐

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

→ English: Tang, T'ang, Tong, Tng

desc

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *daːŋᴬ² (“road; way”)

Northern Thai: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Khün: ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ

Lao: ທາງ (thāng)

Lü: ᦑᦱᧂ (taang)

Tai Dam: ꪕꪱꪉ

Shan: တၢင်း (táang)

Tai Nüa: ᥖᥣᥒᥰ (täang)

Ahom: 𑜄𑜂𑜫 (taṅ)

Thai: ทาง (taang, “road; way”)

→ Thai: ถัง (tǎng, “Tang (dynasty)”)

Either related to 途 (OC *l'aː) (Wang, 1982) or from Austroasiatic, compare Proto-Austroasiatic *glɔːŋ, whence Mon ဂၠံၚ်, Kensiu gəlɔŋ, Kuy [script needed] (khlù:aŋ) (Schuessler, 2007).

(～縣) Tang county (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


婺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs): phonetic 敄 (OC *moʔ, *mos) + semantic 女 (“woman”).

Han compound

(～州) a former prefecture in modern Zhejiang


宛

(～縣) (historical) Yuan (a county of ancient China, established in the Qin dynasty)


富

→ English: Fu

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pɯɡs): semantic 宀 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ).
Bodman (1980) compares it to Tibetan ཕྱུག (phyug, “rich; wealthy”), ཕྱུགས (phyugs, “all beasts that can be domesticated or subjugated by man; cattle”), but the vowels do not match with Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).
Sagart (1999) relates it to 寶 (OC *puːʔ), but see there for more. In later work, Sagart (2011b, 2017d) connects it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *pʷak (“pig”), comparing the semantic development from “pig” to “rich” to Latin pecunia (“money”), which is derived from Latin pecu (“cattle; domestic animals”), and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *C.pək (“pig”). However, the Tibeto-Burman word for “pig” is usually compared to 豝 (OC *praː, “sow”).
Cognate with 福 (OC *pɯɡ, “blessing”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
;"Fu county"

Han compound

(～縣) Fu County, Fuxian (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


岣

Han char

岣 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 山心口 (UPR), four-corner 2772₀, composition ⿰山句)


岷

(～江) Min River (a river in Sichuan Province, China)

(～山) Min Mountains (a mountain range in Sichuan and Gansu Provinces, China)


崂

崂 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山廿月尸 (UTBS), composition ⿰山劳)


崦

崦 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 山大中山 (UKLU), four-corner 2471₆, composition ⿰山奄)

a mountain in Gansu, where there is a cave into which the sun is said to sink at night


嵏

嵏 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 山山金水 (UUCE) or 難山山金水 (XUUCE), composition ⿱山㚇)

山山金水 (cangjie-input)
難山山金水 (cangjie-input)
⿱山㚇 (composition)


嶗

嶗 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 山火火尸 (UFFS), four-corner 2972₇, composition ⿰山勞)


巴

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (巴):
* → Japanese: 巴(は) (Ha)
* → Korean: 파(巴) (Pa)
* → Vietnamese: Ba (巴)

Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. However, in 邑 and 色 (both Kangxi radicals) it represents a person kneeling.
; "huge snake"
; "bar"

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in modern-day Sichuan)


巴

From Middle Chinese 巴 (MC pae). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing.

(historical) Ba (an ancient state in eastern Sichuan)


康

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 庚 (“threshing tools”) + 米 (“rice”) – chaff. The clearest version is 𢊪, in which the two components can be identified well; in the semi-conservative variant 𥹺, the rice at the bottom is still well visible. The derivative 糠 refers to the original word.
Unrelated to 隶, in which the bottom part is a reference to a tail (毛); also unrelated to 水.
; quiet, calm, peaceful
; Kham
; "to look, to see"

Han compound

Kham (a historic region of the Tibet autonomous region)


應

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (應):
* → Japanese: 応(おう) (ō)
* → Vietnamese: ứng (應)

→ English: Ying

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs): phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Related to 膺 (OC *qɯŋ, “breastplate; to oppose”); see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

应
譍
噟
応
𢈀
𢇭
𠩍
𤻮
𧭭
𡄖

叫天天不應，叫地地不靈 / 叫天天不应，叫地地不灵

jiào tiān tiān bù yìng, jiào dì dì bù líng

(～縣) Ying County (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China)


戶

Sino-Xenic (戶):
* → Vietnamese: hộ (戶)

→ Vietnamese: họ (戶)

Pictogram (象形): one-half of 門 (“gate”). The character in its original form is similar to 𠁣.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
;"Hu county"

inh

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (converted into district and renamed to 鄠邑 in 2016)


房

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (房):
* → Japanese: 房(ぼう) (bō)
* → Korean: 방(房) (bang)
* → Vietnamese: phòng (房)

→ English: Fang

→ Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣ (boo)

→ Vietnamese: buồng (房)

Burmese language
Sino-Tibetan languages
Tibetan language

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːŋ, *baŋ): semantic 戶 (“door”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ).
Also could be an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 戶 (“door”) + 方 (homonym of 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”)), as it originally referred to one of the two rooms beside the central room (side room).
Etymology not certain. Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan བང་བ (bang ba, “storeroom; storehouse”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “enclosure”) (Bodman, 1980). Alternatively, compare Tibetan བྲང (brang, “house”) (as in ཕོ་བྲང (pho brang, “palace”) and བྲང་ཁང (brang khang, “dwelling house”)) (Schuessler, 2007).

cog-lite

(～縣) Fang County (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


敦

Originally written 𦎫 in oracle bone script and bronze script, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 亯 (“ancestral shrine”) + 羊 (“sheep”). According to Ma Rusen (馬如森), the character represents a cooked goat used as a sacrifice. According to Ma Xulun (馬敍倫) and Yang Shuda (楊樹達), the character's original meanings was "to cook" and is the original form of 燉.
Later used to mean “to force; to compel” and came to be written with 攴, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tuːl, *doːn, *tuːn, *tuːns): phonetic 𦎫 + semantic 攴 (“hand”). The character 燉 was graphically shaped after the modern version.
; “thick; earnest; plentiful; large”
* 焞 (OC *tʰuːn, *djun, “ample, complete”)
* 醇 (OC *djun, “pure, unadulterated, generous”)
* 淳 (OC *djun, “ample”)
* 肫 (OC *tjun, “sincere, diligent”).
; “Tun”

och-l

㪟
𦎫
𦎧
𣀦
𢼪
𠧈
𠧉


曹

Originally 㯥 (cáo), an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): two bundles 東 on top. The original meaning is "pair; peer, same kind". Later, 囗 was added as a distinguishing mark, which corrupted into 甘 in bronze inscriptions and 曰 in Seal Script, thus getting the intermediate and semi-archaic version 𣍘. The top two 東 have merged and now resemble 曲 with an extra stroke.
Unrelated to 曲 and 典.

(historical) Cao, a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BCE), covering roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County in Heze, southwestern Shandong province


柏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *praːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

Han compound

(～國) Bai, Bo (an ancient state in modern Henan)


榮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷreŋ): abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + semantic 木
Same word as 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

Han compound

(～縣) Rong County (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China)


歙

(～縣) She County (a county of Huangshan, Anhui, China)


沃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.


沌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *donʔ, *duːn, *duːnʔ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun).


沓

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

(historical) an ancient county in modern Liaoning


沭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).

Han compound

Shu River (a river in Shandong and Jiangsu, China)


河

Wutunhua: xhe

Hejin
Tong Pass
Xiongnu language
Yeniseian languages
Zhengzhou

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡaːl): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
Further etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
* Sino-Tibetan. Either:
** Cognate with Tibetan རྒལ (rgal, “to cross, to traverse”) (Coblin, 1986), or
** Derived from 湖 (OC *ɡaː, “lake”) (Matisoff, 1995), or
** that the Yellow River's name stems from the shape, which resembles an adze handle 柯 (OC *kaːl), of a stretch spanning 500 to 600 kilometers "from Héjīn, Tóngguān to east of Zhèngzhōu" (Takashima, 2012).
* A Mongolic loan. Compare Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) > Mongolian ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (ɣool, “river”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). This was argued against in Zhang (1998).
** Miyake (2017) surmises that Proto-Mongolic *gowl (“river”) and 河 (OC *[C.g]ˤaj < *[C.g]ˤal)), even if related, might have come from a third source language, e.g. Xiongnu. If so, compare also Proto-Yeniseian *xur₁ (“water”) in light of speculated Xiongnu's linguistic affinity with the Yeniseian languages.

cog

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Hebo; the god of the Yellow River

(obsolete, Chinese mythology) Yellow River's Map; the plan of the Yellow River (mystic diagram said to have been supernaturally revealed)

河南

Moles drink from the He [river]; yet cannot overfill their bellies

偃鼠飲河，不過滿腹。

偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。

What are the six rivers called? They are named He River, Red River, Liao River, Black River, Jiang River, and Huai River.

Hé wèi liùshuǐ? Yuē héshuǐ, chìshuǐ, liáoshuǐ, hēishuǐ, jiāngshuǐ, huáishuǐ.

何謂六水？曰河水、赤水、遼水、黑水、江水、淮水。

何谓六水？曰河水、赤水、辽水、黑水、江水、淮水。


泒

Han char

泒 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水竹女人 (EHVO), four-corner 3213₀, composition ⿰氵瓜)


泖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ).


泗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljids): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 四 (OC *hljids).


泜

Han char

泜 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水竹心一 (EHPM) or 水竹女戈 (EHVI), four-corner 3214₀, composition ⿰氵氐)

水竹心一 (cangjie-input)
水竹女戈 (cangjie-input)
⿰氵氐 (composition)


泥

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *niːl, *niːls): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Sino-Tibetan origin and compares it to Lai [script needed] (nôoy-I, nǒoy-II, “be muddy”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Kuki-Chin *nooy ~ *naay (“muddy; dirty”). According to Schuessler (2007), 泥 (OC *niːl, “mud”) is also cognate with 濘 (OC *neːŋs) but not with 涅 (OC *niːɡ), and is distinct from 泥 (OC *niːls, “impeded”).
On the other hand, STEDT compares 泥 (OC *niːl, *niːls) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njak (“filth(y); excrement”), to which 敜 (OC *nɯːb) and 涅 (OC *niːɡ) are also compared.

cog

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)


洈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krolʔ, *ŋrol): semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 危 (OC *ŋrol).


洋

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (洋):
* → Japanese: 洋(よう) (yō)
* → Korean: 양(洋) (yang)
* → Vietnamese: dương (洋)

→ Zhuang: yangz

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaŋ, *laŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ).
; “multitudinous; vast; ocean”: Schuessler (2007) compares it with Tibetan ཡངས་པ (yangs pa, “wide; extensive; vast; spacious”). In contrast, Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lɨ̆ŋ (“wave”), encompassing this and Tibetan ཀློང (klong, “space; expanse; wave”), Burmese လှိုင်း (hluing:, “wave; to abound; plentiful”).
: Compare 羕 (OC *laŋs, “(of rivers) long”), 漾 (OC *laŋs, “waves; (of rivers) long”).
; "vast expanse of flat land"

cog

(historical) a river in southern Shaanxi, China


洋

Yang Prefecture
w:Yang Prefecture (Shaanxi)

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) (～州) Yang Prefecture (an ancient prefecture of Shaanxi, China)


洨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡreːw): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).

Han compound

(～水, ～河) Xiao River (a river in Hebei, China)

(～水) (historical) Xiao River (a river in Anhui, China; modern Tuo River)

(～縣) (historical) Xiao (a county in modern Anhui, China)


浙

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔljed): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed).

Han compound

(～江) (historical) Zhe River (the former name of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang, China)

short for 浙江 (Zhèjiāng): Zhejiang (a province in eastern China)


涪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bɯ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs).

Han compound

(～江) Fu River (a river in Sichuan and Chongqing, China)


淦

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kɯːm, *kɯːms): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 金 (OC *krɯm).


渦

Guo River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China)


渫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *zreːb, *sled): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 枼 (OC *leb).

Han compound

(～水) Xie River (a river in Shimen County, Hunan, China)


湋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷɯl): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl).


溚

(historical) An ancient river located in modern-day northwestern Shandong, China.


溳

(～水) a river in Hubei, part of the Han River


滃

(～江) a tributary of the Bei River, Guangdong, China


滇

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a river in Henan


滕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ): phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 水 (“water”).


漳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kjaŋ): semantic 水 + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).

Han compound

(～河) Zhang River (river flowing from Shanxi to Hebei)


潁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷeŋʔ): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 頃 (OC *kʰʷeŋ, *kʰʷeŋʔ).

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Ying River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China; the largest tributary of the Huai River)


澧

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *riːʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ).

Han compound

(～水) Lishui River (a river in Hunan, China)

(～河, ～水) Lihe River (a river in Henan, China)


濂

Han char

濂 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 水戈廿金 (EITC) or 難水戈廿金 (XEITC), four-corner 3013₇, composition ⿰氵廉)

水戈廿金 (cangjie-input)
難水戈廿金 (cangjie-input)
⿰氵廉 (composition)


濂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·reːm): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem)


濮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *poːɡ): semantic 水 + phonetic 僕 (OC *boːɡ, *buːɡ).


瀟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɯːw): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 蕭 (OC *sɯːw).

Han compound

(～水) Xiao River (a river in Hunan, China)


瀧

Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese

Resemblance to Vietnamese sông – which is from Proto-Vietic *k-roːŋ – is coincidental, for in the early 11th century CE 瀧 (MC sraewng) (Baxter) already possesed retroflex fricative initial 生 (as indicated by pronunciation 所江切 in Guangyun [1007 - 1008 CE]); meanwhile, as seen in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) [12th century CE], Old Vietnamese clusters */Cr-/ had not yet become a retroflex fricative ancestral to Modern Vietnamese ‹s-›.

defdate

1007 - 1008 <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>

defdate

12th century <small class='ce-date'>CE</small>


瀼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaŋ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːŋ (“heavy; thick (of liquids); viscous”); cognate with Mizo hnâng (“thick; viscous”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Coblin (1986) also compares this with Burmese နှင်း (hnang:, “dew; mist”).

inh

(～河) Rang River (a river in Henan, China)


灃

Han char

灃 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+18, 21 strokes, cangjie input 水山十廿 (EUJT), four-corner 3511₈, composition ⿰氵豐)

Feng (a river in Shaanxi Province, China)


灃

(historical) alternative form of 豐 /丰 (fēng), Feng (a former capital of China)


灉

灉 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+18, 21 strokes, cangjie input 水女山土 (EVUG), four-corner 3011₄, composition ⿰氵雝)


灕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rel): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels).

Han compound

(～江, ～水) Li River (a river in the Guangxi autonomous region, China)


牟

Ideogram (指事): An ox (牛) with a symbol (now 厶) to represent its lowing.
; “moo”
; “to seek; to obtain”
; “to love”
; “look; appearance”
; “spear”

(～國) (historical) Mou (an ancient state in modern-day Shandong, China)


珙

(～縣) Gong County (a county of Yibin, Sichuan, China)


甌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoː) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo, “vessel”) + semantic 瓦 (“pottery”).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔəw-ŋ (“pot; vat; jar”) (reconstructed provisionally). Related to 椀 (OC *qoːnʔ), 碗 (OC *qoːnʔ, “bowl”), and possibly 甕 (OC *qoːŋs, “urn”). Compare Burmese အိုး (ui:, “pot”) (Schuessler, 2007).

inh

abbreviation of 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu, “Wenzhou”): a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China


番

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban): phonetic 釆 (biàn) + semantic 田 – "animal's footprint in the field"; Xu Shen interprets both components as the pictogram of an animal footprint. Original form of 蹯 (fán).
According to Tadashi Takada (高田忠周), it's the pictogram of some seeds on the palm of an open hand, which conveys the concept of "spreading". Original form of 播.
Neither Xu Shen nor Tadashi Takada interprets the bottom component as the pictogram of a field.
; “to do in turns; turn; time”
; “anime series”

Han compound

(historical) (～縣) Po (former name of 鄱陽 /鄱阳 (Póyáng) (= Poyang): a county under the modern prefecture-level city of Shangrao, Jiangxi, China; used under the Qin dynasty)


疇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *du): semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
; “who”

Han compound

畴
㿧
𣋬
𤴃
𠝽
𢏚
𤲮
𠷎
𤾦
𢑔
𢑜
𤾊
𠼡
𠾉
𰣚

(～國) Chou (an ancient state in modern Henan)


盂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢʷa): phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) + semantic 皿 (“dish; vessel”)

Han compound

(～縣) Yu County, Yuxian (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


祁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡril, *kljilʔ): phonetic 示 (OC *ɡle, *ɢljils) + semantic 邑 (“place”).

Han compound

(～縣) Qi County (a county of Jinzhong, Shanxi, China)


范

→ English: Fan

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bomʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 氾 (OC *pʰoms, *bom).

Han compound

(～縣) Fan County, Fanxian (a county of Puyang, Henan, China)


茄

The viscount of Chu made Wei She wall Zhouqu, and bring back the people of Jia to it, and wall Qiuhuang, and remove the people of Zi to it.

Commentary of Zuo, c. 4ᵗʰ century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

Chǔ zǐ shǐ Wěi Shè chéng Zhōuqū, fù Jiā rén yān, chéng Qiūhuáng, qiān Zǐ rén yān.

楚子使薳射城州屈，復茄人焉，城丘皇，遷訾人焉。

楚子使薳射城州屈，复茄人焉，城丘皇，迁訾人焉。


茅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mruː): semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 矛 (OC *mu).

Han compound

(historical) an ancient state in modern Shandong


華

Pictogram (象形); this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲 /形声), with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component.
華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries.


著

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

(historical) an ancient county in modern Shandong, China


蓨

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) a county of Hebei


蔣

→ English: Chiang, Jiang

→ Tagalog: Chiong

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs).

Han compound

a Warring States-era state in modern-day Henan, China


蕭

→ English: Hsiao, Xiao, Siu

(～縣) Xiao County (a county of Anhui, China)


蘄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn): semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 𰕣.

Han compound

(～州) (historical) Qi (a prefecture located in modern-day Qichun, Hubei, China)


蘄

(～縣) (historical) Ji (a county located in modern-day Anhui, China)


虹

Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.
In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ): semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”). Ferlus (2013) relates this to 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 洚 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ, *ɡloːŋ, *ɡluːŋ, “flood”), and 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”), and posits that these words are derived from a root *-roŋ, with meanings related to moving water.

och-l

(historical) a county in modern Anhui, China


蜀

Cao Wei
Chen dynasty
Eastern Han dynasty
Eastern Wei
Eastern Wu
Eastern Zhou dynasty
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Han dynasty
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Jin dynasty (265–420)
Liang dynasty
Liao dynasty
Liu Song dynasty
Ming dynasty
Northern Qi
Northern Wei
Northern Zhou
Northern and Southern dynasties
Qin dynasty
Qing dynasty
Shang dynasty
Shu Han
Shuowen Jiezi
Song dynasty
Southern Qi
Southern and Northern dynasties
Spring and Autumn period
Sui dynasty
Tang dynasty
Three Kingdoms
Warring States period
Western Han dynasty
Western Liao
Western Wei
Western Xia
Western Zhou dynasty
Xia dynasty
Xin dynasty
Yuan dynasty
Zhou dynasty

Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings.


蠡

(～縣) Li County (a county of Hebei, China)


豐

Ideogram (指事) – The top component is 𠁳, a pot full of plants 丰 (abundance, plenty). The bottom component is 豆, which is another pot.
Unrelated to 豊, in which two strings of jade pieces 玨 are present. The top component of 豐 is unrelated to 山.
Schuessler (2007) compares a Burmese pruiŋᴮ (“full, abundant”), which would be written in Burmese script as ပြိုင်း (pruing:); however, no such word with that spelling shows up in the MED (Myanmar English Dictionary). It appears more likely that the item Schuessler wishes to compare ပြည့် (prany., “to be full”).

(historical) Feng (a former capital of China)


贛

In the bronze script, it was attested as 𬔧, an ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 章 (“jade ornament”) + 丮 (“to hold”) – holding a jade ornament > “to bestow”. The 丮 component corrupts into 欠 or 次, and later to 夂 or a variant with 二 under 夂. An additional semantic component 貝 (“cowrie; money”) was often added. The 二 and 貝 components combine to form an emergent phonetic component 貢 (OC *koːŋs).
Shuowen reinterprets it as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kluːmʔ, *kluːms, *kromʔ, *kloːms): abbreviated phonetic 竷 (OC *kʰluːms) + semantic 貝 (“shell; money”), but this is not supported by earlier scripts.

Han compound

赣
贑/𫎬
𥫔
灨
⿱夂贡
赣
贑/𫎬

(～江, ～水) Gan River (a river in Jiangxi, China)


遼

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 尞.

Han compound

(～河, ～水) Liao (a river in Northeast China)


邗

(historical) Han (a former city in Huai'an, Jiangsu, China)

(historical) synonym of 邗國 /邗国 (Hánguó), Han (a former state in Jiangsu, China)


邛

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ʊŋ³⁵/

Qiong Prefecture
w:Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)

(～州) (historical) Qiong Prefecture (a former prefecture of Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qiong County (a former county in Sichuan, China during the Ming dynasty)


邲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *priɡs, *bliɡ, *briɡ): phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ) + semantic 邑 (“city; town”)

Han compound

a battle site north of Xingyang, Zhengzhou, Henan, China


邿

an ancient state from the Spring and Autumn Period in modern Shandong


郪

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰiːl, *sʰil): phonetic 妻 (OC *sʰiːl, *sʰiːls) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～江) Qi River (a river in Sichuan, China)

(～縣) (historical) Qi (a county in modern-day Sichuan, China)


郫

(～縣) Pi (a former county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


郴

(～州, formerly ～縣) Chenzhou (a place in Hunan, China)


鄂

→ English: E, O

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːɡ): phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

E (an ancient state located in modern Shanxi, Henan and Hubei, China)

short for 湖北 (Húběi): Hubei (a province of China)


鄂

abbreviation of 湖北 (“Hubei”): a province of China


鄆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢuns): phonetic 軍 (OC *kun) + semantic 邑 (“place”).


鄍

Han char

鄍 (Kangxi radical 163, 邑+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 月金弓中 (BCNL), four-corner 7782₇, composition ⿰冥阝)


鄖

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɢun): phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun) + semantic 阝 (“area”).

Han compound

(～縣) (historical) Yun (a county of Shiyan, Hubei, China)


鄜

Simplified from 𨞻 (麃 → 鹿), a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰlo, *roːɡ): phonetic 麃 (OC *braːw, *pʰrawʔ) + semantic 邑 (“city”).

Han compound

(～州, ～縣) Fu (an ancient prefecture, which later was reorganized into a county, roughly corresponding to modern-day Fuxian, Shaanxi, China)


鄠

(～縣) (historical) Hu (a defunct county in Xi'an, Shaanxi, China) (renamed to 戶縣 /户县 in 1964, then to 鄠邑 in 2016)


鄫

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Shandong, China)

(historical) Zeng (an ancient vassal state in modern-day Henan, China)


鄭

desc

→ English: Cheng, Zheng, Tseng, Tay, Teh, Tee, Tey

→ Tagalog: Ty, Tee (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *deŋs): phonetic 奠 (OC *diːŋs) + semantic 邑.

Han compound

If you would spare Zheng as a host of the eastern roads, we are willing to provide hospitability and aid to your eastbound diplomatic missions. There could be no harm to you in this.

Ruò shě Zhèng yǐwéi dōngdàozhǔ, xínglǐ zhī wǎnglái, gōng qí fákùn, jūn yì wú suǒ hài.

若舍鄭以為東道主，行李之往來，共其乏困，君亦無所害。

若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。

(historical) Zheng (a former state in modern-day Henan, during the Zhou dynasty)


鄭

(historical) a former state in modern-day Henan


鄲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taːn): phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans) + semantic 阝 (“city”).

Han compound

an ancient state and ancient county in modern Guoyang, Anhui


鄵

an ancient state in China which lay under the jurisdiction of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn Period; located between present-day Xinzheng and Lushan County


酆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰuŋ): phonetic 豐 (OC *pʰuŋ) + semantic 阝.

Han compound

Feng (an ancient state during the Zhou dynasty situated in modern-day Shaanxi province)


鎬

Xu Guang said: "Feng was in Hu Prefecture in Jingzhao, to its east there was the Numinous Terrace; Hao was in the royal park of Shanglin's Kunming; to its north there was Hao Pond, 25 li from Feng; all were tens of li from Chang'an."

裴駰 Pei Yin,《史記集解》 Collected Explanations on the Records of the Grand Historian

Xú Guǎng yuē: “Fēng zài Jīngzhào Hùxiàn, dōng yǒu Língtái. Hào zài Shànglín Kūnmíng, běi yǒu Hào chí, qù Fēng èrshíwǔ lǐ. Jiē zài Cháng'ān nán shù shí lǐ.”

徐廣曰：「豐在京兆鄠縣，東有靈臺。鎬在上林昆明，北有鎬池，去豐二十五里。皆在長安南數十里。」

徐广曰：「丰在京兆鄠县，东有灵台。镐在上林昆明，北有镐池，去丰二十五里。皆在长安南数十里。」

(historical) synonym of 鎬京 /镐京 (Hàojīng), Hao (a former capital of China under the Zhou Dynasty)


閩

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mrɯn, *mɯn): phonetic 門 (OC *mɯːn) + semantic 虫 (“snake”). The 虫 radical was a common component of the names of barbarians (Schuessler, 2007), probably reflecting the Min people's worship of snakes (Li, 2017).
Matisoff (2003) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-b/m-ruːl (“snake”), but this comparison is no longer held in STEDT.
In most modern Min dialects and some other southern dialects (including Hakka and Xiang), it is read with a level tone (平聲), which is the expected reflex based on rime dictionaries. In Mandarin and the remaining southern dialects, it is read with a rising tone (上聲), probably due to analogy with the phonetic component of 閔 (MC minX) (Li, 2017).

Han compound

(～江) Min River (a river in Fujian, China)


陝

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljemʔ): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㚒 (shǎn).

Han compound

(～縣) Shan County (a historical county of Henan, China; now Shanzhou)


隃

Han char

隃 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 弓中人一弓 (NLOMN), four-corner 7822₁, composition ⿰阝俞)


隞

Ao (the ancient capital of the Shang Dynasty, located in present-day Guancheng Hui district, Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


隨

→ English: Sui

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljol): semantic 辵 (“walking”) + abbreviated phonetic 𡐦

Han compound

(～縣) Sui (a county of Suizhou, Hubei, China)


隰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljɯb): semantic 阜 + phonetic 㬎.

Han compound

(～縣) Xi County, Xixian (a county of Linfen, Shanxi, China)


隴

→ English: Long, Lung

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *roŋʔ): semantic 阝 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ).

Han compound

(～縣) Long County (a county of Shaanxi, China)


韶

(～州) (historical) Shao (a former prefecture of Guangdong, China)


飂

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) an ancient state in modern Tanghe, Henan


鰲

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋaːw): phonetic 敖 (OC *ŋaːw) + semantic 魚 (“fish”)
Possibly a back-formation from 黿 (OC *ŋoːn, *ŋon, “large turtle”) with final -n discarded due to folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).


鳳

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう) (hō)
* → Korean: 봉(鳳) (bong)
* → Vietnamese: phụng (鳳), phượng (鳳)

→ English: Feng

→ Zhuang: fungh

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.

Han compound

(～縣) Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China)


Lhasa

From Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).

Lh'asa (alternative)
Lasa (alternative)
La-sa (alternative)

The earliest historical relic of the Tibetans—like that of many, perhaps of most, other races—is a weather-beaten stone, the Do-ring. It stands in the center of Lhasa, across the courtyard in front of the western doors of the Cathedral or Jokang, beneath the famous willow-tree.

1905, Perceval Landon, The Opening of Tibet: An Account of Lhasa and the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission Sent There by the English Government in the Year 1903-4, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., page 3:

The 37bn-yuan ($5.7bn) track extends from the region’s capital Lhasa eastward to the city of Nyingchi, which is Tibetan for “Throne of the Sun”.

2021 June 5, “Fast track to the throne”, in The Economist, volume 439, number 9248, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 36:

The most notable stop on the president's itinerary was the Lhasa, the Tibetan city that was once home of the Dalai Lama.
Xi visited the public square in front of the Potala Palace, the traditional seat of the Dalai Lama's power. Tibet's religious leader has been living in exile since 1959 following a failed uprising against the Chinese rule. While in Lhasa, Xi visited a monastery and "inspected ethnic religion" and Tibetan cultural heritage protection,[…]

2021 July 23, “China: Xi visits Tibet for the first time as president”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2021-07-23, News:

There has been a widespread outcry from the residents of Lhasa, the capital of the Chinese autonomous region of Tibet, about how local authorities are managing a Covid-19 lockdown, instated on August 9.

2022 September 30, “How China uses zero-Covid policy to crack down on Tibetans”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-09-30:

Prayers are a part of daily life in Tibet, and in counties such as Nyemo, on the outskirts of Lhasa, its inhabitants try to make a living by making incense to be used in temples.

2023 August 4, Jesus Centeno, “Tibet prays under the Chinese flag”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-08-06:

The capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Lhasa

lhaský (adjective relational)
Lhasa (nominative singular)
Lhasy (genitive singular)
Lhase (dative singular)
Lhasu (accusative singular)
Lhaso (singular vocative)
Lhase (locative singular)
Lhasou (instrumental singular)

Lhasa (the capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Lhasa

de-proper noun

Lhasa n (proper noun, genitive Lhasas or (optionally with an article) Lhasa)

Lhasas (genitive)
Lhasa (genitive with-article)


Lhasa

Lhasa (nominative singular)
Lhasy (genitive singular)
Lhasie (dative singular)
Lhasę (accusative singular)
Lhasą (instrumental singular)
Lhasie (locative singular)
Lhaso (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa), from Old Tibetan ར་ས (ra sa).


西藏

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西藏):
* → Japanese: 西蔵(せいぞう) (Seizō)
* → Korean: 서장(西藏) (Seojang)
* → Vietnamese: Tây Tạng (西藏)

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ t͡sɑŋ⁵¹/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ t͡sɔːŋ²²/

/si²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁵/

/si⁵³ t͡sʰoŋ³³/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³/

/sɛ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((t͡s-))ʒɑuŋ²⁴²/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹³ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ¹¹/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ ^((t͡s-))lɒŋ²¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se³³ t͡sɔŋ⁴¹/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔŋ²²/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔŋ³³/

/sai³³⁻²³ t͡saŋ³⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zɑ̃²¹/

First attested in the late 16th century, in Ming dynasty official documents. 西 (xī, “west”) denotes the location of Tibet relative to the Qinghai Lake, while 藏 (Zàng) is a shortening of 烏思藏／乌思藏 (Wūsīzàng, “Ü-Tsang”), which was borrowed from Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang) (Li, 2016).
Manchu ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡯᠠᠩ (wargi dzang, “Ü-Tsang; Tibet”, literally “west dzang”) appears to be a calque of 西藏 (Li, 2018).

ncog

～自治區 西藏自治區#Chinese

(～自治區, formerly ～地方) Tibet (an autonomous region of China)


西藏

hanja form of 서장 :
Tibet (an autonomous region of China)


西藏

chữ Hán form of Tây Tạng:
Tibet (an autonomous region of China)


HK

initialism of Hoa Kỳ (= United States): a country in North America: US


Great Wall of China

First used by Daniel Defoe on page 29 of his 1729 pamphlet The Advantages of peace and commerce: with some remarks on the East-India trade; attested but not much in currency until the early 1900s, when it supplanted "the Chinese wall" (not to be confused with the later jargon term Chinese Wall), perhaps in response to or as part of exaggerated accounts of the wall's size and construction.

Of the Mongall Tartars.
The Mongalls are a numerous people, and occupy a large extent of country, from this place to the Kallgan, which ſignifies the everlaſting Wall, or the great wall of China. From this wall they ſtretch themſelves northward as far as the river Amoor; and from the Amoor, weſtward, to the Baykail ſea ; where they border with the territories of the Kontayſha, or prince of the black Kalmucks. On the ſouth, they are bounded by a nation called Tonguts, among whom the Delay Lama has his residence.

1767, Annual register, or a view of the history and politics and literature for the year, page 38, column 2:

The Mongalls are a numerous people, and occupy a large extent of country, from this place to the Kallgan, which ſignines the everlaſting Wall, or the great wall of China.

1796, The Annual Register, or, a view of the History, Politicks, and Literature for the Year 1767, 5th edition, London: J. Dodsley, page 38:

Near that same fortieth parallel of latitude on which our Asiatic journey was begun and ended, we now struck, at its extreme western limit, the Great Wall of China. The Kiayu-kuan, or "Jade Gate," by which it is here intersected, was originally so called from the fact that it led into the Khotan country, whence the Chinese traders brought back the precious mineral.

1894, Thomas Gaskell Allen, Jr., William Lewis Sachtleben, “Over the Gobi Desert and through the Western Gate of the Great Wall”, in Across Asia on a Bicycle: The Journey of Two American Students from Constantinople to Peking, New York: The Century Co., →OCLC, pages 190-191:

Abramovic and Ulay lived like nomads for many years, traveling to exotic locations. After 12 years, the eccentric artists broke up. The marriage performance they'd planned, during which they were to run 2,500 kilometers towards each other along the Great Wall of China and then marry, turned into a break-up event.

2016 November 30, Nadine Wojcik, “Blood and pain: Extreme performance artist Marina Abramovic turns 70”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2016-12-01, Arts:

A northern section of the Great Wall of China collapsed after a period of heavy rain last month, with many blaming poor-quality renovations for the deterioration of the iconic landmark.

2018 August 2, Christina Zhao, “Great Wall of China Collapse: Poor Renovation Works And Heavy Rainfall Blamed”, in Newsweek, archived from the original on 2018-08-02:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

Sadowski-Synnott scored 92.88 on her final run, landing back-to-back 1080s on a challenging course resembling the Great Wall of China.
Asked how she felt about making history as the island nation's first Winter Games gold medallist, she said it made her a "proud Kiwi".

2022 February 6, Mari Saito, Winni Zhou, “Snowboarding-Proud Kiwi Sadowski-Synnott bags New Zealand's first Winter Games gold”, in Jacqueline Wong, Clare Fallon, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-05-30:

An ancient Chinese fortification, almost 4,000 miles long, originally designed to protect China from the Mongols.


長城

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

dyoeng² siann² [Phonetic:dyoeng⁵ siann²]

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰaŋ²¹ t͡sʰən²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ saŋ¹¹/

/tuoŋ⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/tyɒŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ɬia¹³/

/tyøŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ɬĩã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siã²³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siã¹³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siã²⁴/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sĩã⁵⁵/

/zã²² zən⁴⁴/

/zã²² zən²²/

(～區) (historical) Changcheng (a former district of Jiayuguan, Gansu, China)


Luo

From the pinyin romanization of Chinese 洛 (Luò).

A river in Shaanxi, China, tributary to the Wei.

The remains of the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty, Luoyang 洛阳, are situated approximately 15 km east of the present-day city of Luoyang in Henan. Since the site is bordered on the north by the Mangshan 邙山 Mountains and overlooks the Luo River to the south, it has protective natural barriers and is also at an important junction for transportation and communication (fig. 37).

1982, Zhongshu Wang, “Luoyang: The Capital City of Eastern Han”, in K. C. Chang et al., transl., Han Civilization, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 29:

Several dozen animals have died and villagers are suffering nausea and dizziness after a massive spill of cyanide into the Luo River in Henan province.

2001 November 6, Josephine Ma, “Villagers ill after river poisoned by cyanide”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-09-04:

A tributary of the Yellow River, the Luo River runs through Luoyang as well as several other ancient Chinese cities.

2010, “Luoyang”, in Alexander Monro, editor, China: City and Exile, Eland Publishing Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 70:

A river in Henan, China, tributary to the Yellow River.

A river in Fujian, China, flowing into the Taiwan Strait.


Mongolie

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Amoy

Latin: amoyensis

From the Postal Romanization of Hokkien 廈門 /厦门 (Ēe-mûi), specifically the Zhangzhou Hokkien dialect.

Near the Coaſt of the Province of Fokien lie Quemuy and Eymuy : Further off at Sea, oppoſite to them, appear Formoſa and Tayowan ; the firſt by the Chineſes, who now poſſeſs it, call'd Talieukich ; but to the Eaſt, near the Province Chekiang are the Iſles Changque and Chenxan.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 468:

Passing one or two headlands to the northeastward of this place, we reach the harbor of Amoy, as pronounced by the natives, or, as more generally pronounced Heämun. This harbor is in the southwestern corner of a considerable bay, in which are two large and many smaller islands. The largest and westernmost island, named Amoy, forms the northern limit of the harbor, which is sheltered on the east by the smaller of the two principal islands, while the mainland shelters is on the west and south. The town of Amoy is situated at the south end of the larger island, and the anchorage for ships is immediately in front of it.

1837 May, “Coast of China: the division of it into four portions ; brief description of the principal places on the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern portions.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume VI, number 1, Canton, →OCLC, page 12:

Leaving Namoa, and sailing up the coast towards Amoy, the stranger is continually struck with the barren rocky nature of the coast, and in some parts has a view of hills of sand, the particles of which, when a hurricane blows, mix with the wind, and whiten the ropes of vessels and render it most unpleasant to be in the vicinity.

1847, Robert Fortune, Three Years' Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China: Including a Visit to the Tea, Silk, and Cotton Countries; with an Account of the Agriculture and Horticulture of the Chinese, New Plants, Etc., 2nd edition, John Murray, Albemarle Street, pages 23–24:

He told me of a place on the mainland, near his native village—some seventy miles up the coast, between Foochow and Amoy—where game was plentiful, and sportsmen rare.

1896, Charles J. H Halcombee, The Mystic Flowery Land: A Personal Narrative, London: Luzac & Co., page 110:

The tea grown in the southern Fukien hills goes out through Amoy; in a shallow bay on one side of town there stand out of the mud at low tide hundreds of upright granite blocks like Western tombstones, on which oysters are grown. But the only unique industry Amoy and its island seem to boast is the making of toy cats, dogs, lions, tigers, and even more fearsome beasts from mud gaudily painted, the heads and tails so balanced that they wag gravely back and forth.

1925, Harry A. Franck, Roving Through Southern China, The Century Company, →OCLC, page 198:

The Merope stopped at Namoa, an island off the coast of Kwangtung and Fukien, where some small sales were made, and then, proceeding to Amoy, attempted to open trade relations there.

1934, David Edward Owen, British Opium Policy in China and India, Yale University Press, →OCLC, page 122; republished Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1968:

In February last year, he went to Amoy in Fukien Province on business. Amoy lies opposite Kinmen. One February day he swam to Kinmen and reached freedom. He has since worked for the General Political Warfare Department of the Ministry of National Defense.

1975 October 12, “Escapees from mainland plan wedding in Taipei”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 40, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 4:

Aung San escaped by disguising himself as a Chinese crewman on a Norwegian boat. He arrived in Amoy seeking contact with Chinese communists to help in Burma's drive for independence.

2013, Myanmar (Burma) (Insight Guides), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 41:

Naming it for the city-state’s Fukienese people, who hailed from Amoy, China, the company wove in Chinese-themed detailing throughout the hotel.

2014 November 11, Cheryl Lu-lien Tan, “Hotel Review: Amoy Hotel in Singapore”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-11-12, Travel:

Kinmen Island lies in the Amoy (Xiamen) Bay, southeast of mainland China's Fujian Province, with a total area of 150.456 square kilometers. The outlying island is 277 kilometers off the coast of Taiwan proper and a mere 10 kilometers from Xiamen Harbor.

(Can we date this quote?), “Kinmen Battlefield Culture”, in Ministry of Culture, archived from the original on 2021-09-16, Potential World Heritage Sites in Taiwan:

Files from the US consulate in Xiamen (Amoy) held by the US National Archives as microform material and digitized by TBMC include the consulate’s official dispatches to the US Department of State from 1844 to 1906.

2023 August 11, “Unlocking the Past: Digital Archives Illuminate Taiwan’s History”, in Taiwan News, archived from the original on 2024-07-26, Culture:

Back in China, the American vice-consul in Amoy was one Le Gendre, married to Clara. His responsibilities lay in Amoy plus four other locations on Formosa (Taiwan) — Tamsui, Anping, Keelung and Takao.

2023 October 12, Bradley Winterton, “Book review: ‘Puppet Flower’: the roots of modern Taiwan”, in Taipei Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-11-25, Features, page 14:

(dated) Former name of Xiamen: a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China.


Amoy

[…]Ayon sa saliksik ni Allan Wickberg, nagsimulang magpadala ng mga galeón tungong Tsina ang pamahalaang kolonyal noong 1758, imbes na hintayin ang mga sampan mulang Tsina. Noon kasi'y bawal maglayag tungong Tsina ang mga galeóng Espanyol. Binuksan din ang Maynila noong 1789 para sa mga barkong Europeong di-Espanyol na may kargadang mga kagamitang mula sa Asya. Simula iyon ng pagpapabilis ng kalakalan ng Filipinas sa pagdating ng mga sampan mulang Amoy at Chu'uan-chou sa Fukien. Nagpatuloy ang pagdagsa ng mga sampan mulang Amoy, habang ang mga galeón naman ng Espanyol ay pumasok doon sa Canton ngunit hindi sa Amoy. Nang makapasok ang barkong Hapones sa Filipinas, ang biyahe mulang Amoy tungong Filipinas ay halos tatlong araw lamang. […]

2005, “Ugat ng Huweteng”, in Sawikaan 2005: Mga Salita ng Taon, UP Press, →ISBN, page 4:

[…]According to Allan Wickberg's research, the colonial government began sending galleons to China in 1758, instead of waiting for sampans from China. At that time, Spanish galleons were not allowed to sail to China. Manila was also opened in 1789 to non-Spanish European ships laden with supplies from Asia. That was the beginning of the acceleration of Philippine trade with the arrival of sampans from Amoy and Chuanchou to Fukien. Sampans continued to flow from Amoy, while Spanish galleons entered Canton but not Amoy. When the Japanese ship entered the Philippines, the trip from Amoy to the Philippines was only about three days. […]

former name of Xiamen: a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city of Fujian, in southeastern China


Macau

Borrowed from Portuguese Macau, from Hokkien. See Portuguese Macau for more info.

Macao (alternative)
Amacao (alternative)

Open 24 hours a day and seven days a week, Macau's 35 casinos entertain around 30 million visitors each year, making over 30 billion euros in revenue. These are figures which make the US gambling city of Las Vegas look like a desert village.[…]
Macau is the only place in China where gambling is officially permitted. Until the end of 1999, the peninsula was a Portuguese colony. Since it was handed back to China, the city of 600,000 people located at the mouth of the Pearl River has been a largely autonomous Special Administrative Region (SAR).

2015 September 12, Jochen Faget, “Crisis in China's gambling paradise”, in DW News, archived from the original on 2015-09-12:

At the height of the Covid wave, some mainland residents ventured across the border to the Chinese territory of Macau to find foreign-made mRNA vaccines.

2023 March 22, Nicole Hong, Alexandra Stevenson, “China Approves an mRNA Covid Vaccine, Its First”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-03-23, Business:

A city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong.

When you depart from Macau to ye other coaſt, you must put out at the Eaſt chanel, if the wind bee Northweſt, if not, then you cannot paſſe, that way, but you muſt ſayle thorough the ſouthweſt chanel, which is a good way to paſſe out, running from the point of Varella, right unto the land on the other ſide of Macau,[…]

1598, “24 Of the courſe out of the Hauen of Macau in China to the Iſland of Pulo Tymon, & the ſtraight of Sincapura.”, in W. P., transl., The Nauigation of the Portingales into the Eaſt Indies, London: John Wolfe, page 349:

SOuthward from the County of Quancheufu, lie many ſmall Iſlands in the Sea ; on one of which, being a little hanging Iſle, or rather a Rock, joyn'd to a great Iſland, lieth the City Makao, otherwiſe call'd Amacao, Machao, and Makau, poſſeſs'd by the Portugueſe, on a Promontory, ſo naturally Fortifi'd, that it is almoſt invincible.

[1671, Arnoldus Montanus, translated by John Ogilby, Atlas Chinensis, London: Tho. Johnson, translation of original in Dutch, →OCLC, page 531:

Within 20 years, Macau had become an international city and one of the richest places on earth, thanks to investment in the cargoes shipped through the port.

1990, Shann Davies, Macau, Passport Books, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, page 10:

(historical) a former Portuguese colony in modern southern China between 1557 and 1999.


Macau

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Macau

From Hokkien, possibly either:
* 媽閣／妈阁 (Má Koh), Short for 阿媽閣 /阿妈阁 (A-má Koh), from 阿媽 /阿妈 (a-má, “grandma Mazu, patron goddess of sailors”) + 閣 /阁 (koh, “ornamental platform”), as in 公神閣 /公神阁 (kong-sîn-koh, “a building in which pictures and statues of meritorious officials are displayed”).
* 媽港／妈港 (Má Káng), short for 阿媽港 /阿妈港 (A-má Káng), from 阿媽 /阿妈 (a-má, “grandma Mazu, patron goddess of sailors”) + 港 (káng, “port”).
Both referring to the A-Ma Temple【媽閣廟】or Templo de A-Má in Portuguese, built around 1488 before the city of Macau came into being. The temple was founded by 嚴啟盛 /严启盛 (Giâm Khé-sēng), a pirate smuggler from Zhangzhou, Fujian who was initially sentenced to death and imprisoned in Zhangzhou Prefecture before later escaping and gathering followers to go out to sea as pirates who later went to Guangdong to recruit more followers where they later first landed in the area of present-day Macau where they built a smuggling base around 1452 or so then later built the A-Ma Temple【媽閣廟】to worship the Fujianese sea goddess, Mazu, known in Hokkien 阿媽 /阿妈 (A-má, “grandmother”) as an epithet. The initial ⟨A⟩ was later likely elided due to misconstruing with Portuguese a (“towards; to; at; in”).
Compare Spanish Macán, Japanese 媽港(マカオ) (makao), Latin Machao.

zh-l

媽閣／妈阁 (Má Koh)

zh-l

媽港／妈港 (Má Káng)

com

Macao (alternative)
Macão (alternative)
Maquão (alternative)
Maçhoam (alternative)
Machoam (alternative)
Ama Cuão (alternative obsolete)
amaquan (alternative obsolete)
Amacao (alternative obsolete)
Amacão (alternative obsolete)
Amacuão (alternative obsolete)
Amaquão (alternative obsolete)
Amangão (alternative obsolete)
Amagão (alternative obsolete)
Amaquam (alternative obsolete)


Macau

alternative form of Macao: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Macau

alternative spelling of Makaw: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


北京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (北京):
* → Japanese: 北京(ほっきょう) (Hokkyō)
* → Korean: 북경(北京) (Bukgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Bắc Kinh (北京)

→ Amis: Piking

→ Arabic: بِكِين (bikīn)

→ Asturian: Beijing

→ Belarusian: Пекі́н (Pjekín)

→ Bengali: বেইজিং (beijiṅ)

→ Bouyei: Bagtjingl

desc

→ Burmese: ပေကျင်း (pe-kyang:), ပီကင်း (pikang:)

→ Catalan: Pequín

→ Czech: Peking

→ Danish: Beijing, Peking

→ Dutch: Peking

→ English: Beijing, Peking, Pei-ching

→ French: Pékin

→ Finnish: Peking, Beijing

→ Georgian: პეკინი (ṗeḳini)

→ German: Peking

→ Greek: Πεκίνο (Pekíno)

→ Hebrew: בייג׳ינג (beijing)

→ Hindi: बेजिंग (bejiṅg)

→ Hlai: Bhakgengs

→ Hungarian: Peking

→ Italian: Pechino

→ Japanese: 北(ペ)京(キン) (Pekin)

→ Kazakh: Бейжің (Beijıñ)

→ Khmer: ប៉េកាំង (peekang)

→ Korean: 베이징 (Beijing)

→ Lao: ປັກກິງ (pak king)

→ Latin: Pechinum

→ Latvian: Pekina

→ Lithuanian: Pekinas

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦗᦲᧉᦋᦲᧃᧈ (poe²tsiin¹)

→ Macedonian: Пекинг (Peking)

→ Manchu: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging)

→ Mongolian: Бээжин (Beežin) / ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing)

→ Nepali: बेइजिङ (beijiṅ)

→ Nuosu: ꀙꏢ (bip ji)

→ Persian: پکن (pekan)

→ Polish: Pekin

→ Portuguese: Pequim

→ Romanian: Beijing, Pekin

→ Russian: Пеки́н (Pekín)

→ Armenian: Պեկին (Pekin)

→ Serbo-Croatian: Пѐкинг / Pèking, Бејџинг / Bejdžing

→ Slovene: Peking

→ Spanish: Pekín, Pequín

→ Swedish: Peking, Beijing

→ Telugu: బీజింగ్ (bījiṅg)

→ Thai: ปักกิ่ง (bpàk-gìng)

→ Tibetan: པེ་ཅིན (pe cin), པེ་ཅིང (pe cing)

→ Urdu: بیجنگ (bējiṅg)

→ Uyghur: بېيجىڭ (bëyjing)

→ Zhuang: Baekging

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕiɤ̯̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/pɛ²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pei²⁴ t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/

/pɐk̚⁵ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/pɛt̚⁵ t͡ɕin⁴²/

/pei⁵³ t͡ɕiŋ¹¹/

/pɛ²⁴ keiŋ⁵⁴/

/pøyʔ²⁴⁻²¹ kiŋ⁵⁵/

/paʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kiŋ⁵³³/

/paʔ²⁻⁴ kiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiã³³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ kiã⁴⁴/

/pak̚²⁻⁴ kĩã³³/

/poʔ³³ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/pɤ̞²⁴ t͡ɕin³³/

南京 — 洛陽

Other capitals in the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China

中國的首都是北京。

中国的首都是北京。

Beijing’s spring is very suitable for cycling around the hutongs.

Běijīng de chūntiān hěn shìhé qíchē guàng hútòng.

北京的春天很適合騎車逛衚衕。

北京的春天很适合骑车逛胡同。

Forgive me for not being able to go with you to Beijing.

原諒我不能陪你去北京。

原谅我不能陪你去北京。

This story took place during the Xuande era of the current dynasty. There was an elderly man named Liu De who resided in Hexiwu town. This town is located beside the canal, about 200 lis away from Peking, and serves as a crucial route for people traveling to and from the capital from various provinces.

Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

Zhè huàběn yě chū zài běncháo Xuāndé nián jiān, yǒu yī lǎozhě, xìng Liú, míng Dé, jiā zuǒ Héxīwù zhèn shàng. Zhè zhèn zài yùnhé zhī páng, lí běijīng yǒu èrbǎi lǐ tiándì, nǎi gè shěng chūrù jīngdōu de yàolù.

這話本也出在本朝宣德年間，有一老者，姓劉，名德，家佐河西務鎮上。這鎮在運河之旁，離北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

这话本也出在本朝宣德年间，有一老者，姓刘，名德，家佐河西务镇上。这镇在运河之旁，离北京有二百里田地，乃各省出入京都的要路。

(～市) Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

南京 — 東京

southern capital; eastern capital; western capital


北京

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:北京

From the Nanjing court dialect Mandarin 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/. The kanji are an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 北京 (Běijīng). Compare Portuguese Pequim, Spanish Pekín, Dutch Peking, English Peking, French Pékin, German Peking, Russian Пекин (Pekin).


北京

chữ Hán form of Bắc Kinh (“Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)”)


Mount Everest

Brian Houghton Hodgson
Columbia University Press
Edward Stanford
George Everest
Mount Everest
Royal Geographical Society
Surveyor General of India

From mount + Everest, coined by the British army officer and Surveyor General of India Andrew Scott Waugh (1810–1878)—originally as Mont Everest—in a paper of March 1, 1856 to the Royal Geographical Society, after his predecessor George Everest (1790–1866): see the quotation. The name Mount Everest was used in a paper on October 27, 1856 by the British naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson (1800 or 1801 – 1894) and by Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871), the President of the Society, at a meeting of the Society on May 11, 1857 at which the two papers were read.

coinage

Everest (alternative)
Mt Everest (alternative)
Mt. Everest (alternative)

[T]he privilege, as well as the duty, devolves on me to assign to this lofty pinnacle of our globe, a name whereby it may be known among geographers and become a household word among civilized nations. In virtue of this privilege, in testimony of my affectionate respect for a revered chief, in conformity with what I believe to be the wish of all the Members of the scientific department, over which I have the honour to preside, and to perpetuate the memory of that illustrious master of accurate geographical research, I have determined to name this noble peak of the Himalayas ‘Mont Everest.’ […] In the case of Mont Everest the accordance of the independent heights is closer than could have been anticipated, because the mountain, though lofty and massive, is not a sharp well-defined peak and was observed from great distances.

[1856 March 1, A[ndrew] S[cott] Waugh, “1. Papers Relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest. A. By Lieutenant-Colonel A. S. Waugh, Surveyor-General of India, dated Dehra, March 1st, 1856; […]”, in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, volume I, number IX, London: Edward Stanford, […] [for the Royal Geographical Society], published 11 May 1857, →OCLC, page 346:

It appears from a late survey made of the Himalaya range, by Colonel Waugh, that the Khanchinjinga, which has been hitherto supposed to be the highest summit, is, in fact, not so—a higher mountain having been discovered, situated between Katmandoo and Khanchinjinga. This last named is 28,156 feet above the level of the sea; but the new summit reaches the enormous height of 29,002 feet. It has been proposed to call this Mount Everest, after a former Surveyor-General of India.

1856 October 15, “Science and Inventions. The Fortnight.”, in The Critic, London Literary Journal, volume XV, number 373, London: John Crockford, →OCLC, page 500, column 3:

EVEREST MOUNT.—A mountain of the Himalaya range, situate between the mountain of Kinchingunga, in Sikkim, and the city of Khatmandoo, in Nepaul, and presumed to be the loftiest summit in the world. Its elevation is 29,002 feet above the level of the sea. The highest summit of the Andes is Sorata, having an elevation of 25,267 feet. Mount Everest is reported to have been recently discovered by Colonel Waugh, and to have been named in compliment to the late surveyor-general of India.

1857, Edward Thornton, “Everest Mount”, in A Gazetteer of the Territories under the Government of the East-India Company, and the Native States on the Continent of India. […], London: W[illia]m H[oughton] Allen & Co., […], →OCLC, page 306, column 1:

But narrative, after all, is Mr. Gilfillan's forte, and his picture of the flood is a masterpiece. […] Then, we have mountains submerged and volcanoes extinguished, "Ben Nevis sunk fathoms and fathoms more beneath the waves"—"the eye of Mount Blanc darkened, Old Taurus blotted out," the tide "rolling over the summit of Mount Everest, and violating its last particle of virgin snow"—and lastly, "some human scenes of extraordinary interest," which Mr. Gilfillan descries amidst the surrounding confusion.

1860 July 21, George Gilfillan, quotee, “Alpha and Omega [book review]”, in The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science, and Art, volume X, number 247, London: […] Spottiswoode and Co., […], →OCLC, page 87, column 2:

The mountains of Asia are the loftiest in the world. Mount Everest, one of the Himalayas, is more than five and one-half miles high,—a mile higher than Mount Tupungato!

1863, Fordyce A[lmon] Allen, “Asia. Lesson XLII.”, in A Primary Geography on the Basis of the Object Method of Instruction (Lippincott’s Geographical Series), 3rd edition, Philadelphia, Pa.: J[oshua] B[allinger] Lippincott & Co., →OCLC, page 45:

Chimborazo was long supposed to be the tallest mountain on the globe, but its supremacy has been supplanted by Mount Everest in Asia, and Aconcagua in Chile. [Footnote †: Mount Everest is 29,000 feet, and Aconcagua 23,200. [Hermann von] Schlagintweit enumerates thirteen Himalayan summits over 25,000 feet, and forty-six above 20,000.]

1870, James Orton, chapter VIII, in The Andes and the Amazon: or, Across the Continent of South America, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, […], →OCLC, page 131:

It was one of those termite cones that, according to Lieutenant Cameron's comparison, are more astonishing than the pyramids of Egypt, raised by the hands of men, because they have been built by such small insects. "It is," said he, "as if a nation had built Mount Everest, the highest mountain of the Himalaya chain."

1878, Jules Verne, “The Bad Roads of Angola”, in [anonymous], transl., Dick Sand; or, A Captain at Fifteen. […], New York, N.Y.: George Munro, […], →OCLC, part II, page 197:

Although the real elevation, and even the geographical position, of even the highest mountain in the world are quite uncertain, it may be assumed that the goal lies somewhere near the northern frontier of Nepal, very probably north of the summit recognised by surveyors as Mount Everest, and that the height is at least 29,000 to 30,000 feet.

1892 October, Clinton T[homas] Dent, “Can Mount Everest be Ascended?”, in James Knowles, editor, The Nineteenth Century: A Monthly Review, volume XXXII, number CLXXXVII, London: Sampson Law, Marston & Company […], →OCLC, page 605:

The years have gone by and still we know not whether or no [George] Mallory and [Andrew] Irvine reached the summit. But the will to climb Mount Everest is still alive.

1926 October, Francis Younghusband, “Preface”, in The Epic of Mount Everest, school edition, London: Edward Arnold & Co., published April 1931 (1933 printing), →OCLC, page 5:

Our investigations were carried out almost exclusively among the Sherpa people living within thirty miles of Mount Everest. Tracks and sightings of the Yeti have been reported over a much wider area than this, but a large proportion of the more tangible evidence used in support of the Yeti theory comes from the region we examined.

1962, Edmund Hillary, Desmond Doig, “Into the Mingbo Valley”, in High in the Thin Cold Air: The Story of the Himalayan Expedition, Led by Sir Edmund Hillary, […], Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, →OCLC, page 129:

This abode of snow is the loftiest mountain range on earth. Its highest peak is the mighty Mount Everest. The Himalayas extend from Afghanistan in the east up to south-east Tibet, a distance of over 2,400 km in length and 250 to 400 km in breadth.

1989 December 30, P[ritamial] V[ijoyshanker] Bole, “Introduction”, in 100 Himalayan Flowers, New York, N.Y.: The Vendome Press, published 1991, →ISBN, page 8:

Nepal and China, the two countries that share a border on Mount Everest, announced a new official measurement of the mountain’s height on Tuesday: 8,848.86 meters, or 29,031.69 feet.

2020 December 8, Ankit Adhikari, Joanna Slater, “It’s official: Mount Everest just got a little bit higher”, in The Washington Post (Asia & Pacific section), Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-12-08:

Lhakpa Sherpa has climbed Mount Everest 10 times, the most ascents ever by a woman. She has no plans of slowing down.

2023 January 31, Bhadra Sharma, Adam Skolnick, “The Queen of Everest trains while working at whole foods”, in The New York Times (Sports section), New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-01-31:

A mountain in the Himalayas, on the border of Solukhumbu district, Koshi, Nepal and Tingri County, Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China; the world's highest mountain above sea level.

Mali Everest

world’s highest mountain above sea level, located in the Himalayas


Mount Everest

Mount Everest (nominative singular)
Mount Everestu (genitive singular)
Mount Everestowi (dative singular)
Mount Everest (accusative singular)
Mount Everestem (instrumental singular)
Mount Evereście (locative singular)
Mount Evereście (singular vocative)

Unadapted borrowing from English Mount Everest.


Everest

en-proper noun

Everest (countable and uncountable, plural Everests)

One day in the late spring of 1924 an observer on the East Rongbuk Glacier at the foot of Everest, staring up at the summit of the mountain through a telescope, saw the morning mists part around the summit, and saw there two black figures climbing steadily upwards. One of them was an Oxford undergraduate, the other was Mallory. They were, at that moment, at a height of 28,400 feet, higher than any man has ever climbed before and only six hundred feet below the top.

1925, Willard L. Sperry, Reality in Worship: a Study of Public Worship and Private Religion, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, →OL, pages 337–338:

The early expeditions, though they failed, did make the picture much clearer. The problems of Everest emerged- problems of supply and support, unbelievably treacherous weather, and worst of all, the problem of altitude itself- the terrifying lack of oxygen. Several of the early climbers attacking the summit from the north got within a thousand feet of it. Mallory and Irvin for instance, who attempted it in 1924. Neither of them came back. Why should a man climb Everest? It was Mallory himself who gave the classic reply: 'Because it is there'. Everest remained a challenge: aloof, inviolate, murderous.

1953, 5:41 from the start, in The Conquest of Everest, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-07-30:

Everest saw a clutch of records on Thursday including the most summits for a woman and the first all-Black team -- and a Ukrainian climber reached the top of the world for her war-torn country.
Nepali climber Lhakpa Sherpa, 48, reached the snow-capped summit for the 10th time, breaking her own record set in 2018.
"Lhakpa stood atop Everest at 6:15 am today. This has become her 10th ascent," Mingma Gelu Sherpa of Seven Summit Adventure, the agency that handled her expedition, told AFP from the Everest base camp.

2022 May 12, “Ukrainian summits Everest 'for her people' as records tumble”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-05-12:

It was unclear whether Pasang Dawa Sherpa planned a third ascent of Everest this season, which started in April and ends the first week of June. Such a feat has never been attempted in the history of Everest climbs, mountaineering experts say.

2023 May 23, Bhadra Sharma, Sameer Yasir, “4 Everest Ascents in 10 Days: Sherpas Battle for a Climbing Record”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-05-23, Asia Pacific:

The deadliest year on Everest remains 2015, when a devastating earthquake in Nepal triggered a series of avalanches on the mountain, killing 20 people.

2025 May 28, “Melting snow making Everest more perilous, record-holding climber Kami Rita warns”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2025-05-28:

(uncountable) A mountain on the border of Tibet, China and Nepal.


麒麟

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

/t͡ɕʰi³⁵ lin³⁵/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹/

/kʰei̯²¹ lɵn²¹⁻³⁵/

/kʰi²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki⁵³⁻³³ l̃iŋ⁵³/

/ki²⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/

/ki²⁴⁻¹¹ lin²⁴/

/ki¹³⁻²² lin¹³/

/ki²³⁻³³ lin²³/

Old Chinese pronunciation for this word was *g(ɯ)-rin (Zhengzhang), and in pre-Qin times the beast was also referred to as
* 麟 (OC *rin),
* 麐 (OC *m·rin, *m·rins),
* 𪊓, or
* 蔽 (OC *peds),
the last two having been attested in the oracle bone script already.
There is much debate as to what animal the qilin beast was; some maintain that the qilin was a beast only found in mythology, even though it may have been based on some animal in pre-historic times, and some argue that the qilin was in reality the river deer, the ox or cow, or the Indian rhinoceros (Wang, 2009).
Janhunen (2011) tentatively compares 麒麟 (OC *ɡɯ rin) to a Northeast Asian etymon *kalimV, which denotes either "whale" or "mammoth"; however, he cautiously remarks that "[t]he formal and semantic similarity between *kilin < *gilin ~ *gïlin 'unicorn' and *kalimV 'whale' (but also Samoyedic *kalay- 'mammoth') is sufficient to support, though perhaps not confirm, the hypothesis of an etymological connection". He also notes a possible connection between Old Chinese and Mongolian (*)kers ~ (*)keris ~ (*)kiris "rhinoceros" (> Khalkha Mongolian хирс (xirs)).

(～鎮) Qilin (a town in Zongyang, Tongling, Anhui, China)


大和

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (大和):
* → Japanese: 大(だい)和(わ) (Daiwa)

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/taːi̯²² wɔː²¹/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/tai⁴¹⁻²² ho²⁴/

/tai²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/tai³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/tai³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～鄉) Dahe (a township in Bazhou district, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)


大和

Appears to be a borrowing from Middle Chinese 大和 (MC dajH|daH hwa|hwaH).

a place:
a township in Bazhong, Sichuan, China


Kashmir

Borrowed from Hindustani कश्मीर / کشمیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”), from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).

Cashmere (alternative archaic)
Kashmeer (alternative dated)

The picturesque Himalayan region of Kashmir is dangerously contested territory, parts of it claimed by India, Pakistan and China. While the three nuclear armed nations have gone to war over territorial disputes over the past seven decades, the rights of Kashmiris and their dreams of self-determination have been systematically sacrificed, like lambs to slaughter for the Muslim festival.

2019 August 11, Leela Jacinto, “Modi’s shock Kashmir move threatens India’s standing on world’s stage”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2019-08-11, Asia / Pacific:

Pakistan has claimed Kashmir since the partition of India in 1947 and the countries have fought two wars over the region, which is also partially claimed by China.

2023 January 11, Rupam Jain, Kanupriya Kapoor, “How India's ruling party is tightening its grip on Kashmir”, in Mike Collett-White, David Clarke, editors, Reuters, archived from the original on 2023-01-12:

The biggest rivalry in cricket reflects bilateral ties outside the ground, as India and Pakistan have fought several wars since the subcontinent was divided into two nations upon its independence from the British empire in 1947.
The two neighboring countries are involved in a territorial dispute over the Kashmir region, and New Delhi has accused Islamabad of sponsoring cross-border terrorism, a charge that the latter denies.

2023 October 14, “Massive hype, crowds as India, Pakistan meet in cricket world cup match”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-10-15:

A contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China.


Kashmir

From Hindi कश्मीर (kaśmīr) / Urdu کشمیر (kašmīr), from Sanskrit.

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


Himalayas

Pluralisation of Himalaya, learned borrowing from Sanskrit हिमालय (himālaya).

lbor

Himalaya (alternative usually with-definite-article)
Himmaleh (alternative obsolete)
Himalayan Mountains (alternative)

The mountain range in south-central Asia which extends about 2,414 km (1,500 mi) through Kashmir, northern India, southern Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam; it contains nine of the world’s ten highest peaks, including Mount Everest/Qomolongma.


Beijing

/ˌbeɪˈd͡ʒɪŋ/

Beijing
Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press
Xinhuamen
Yongle Emperor

Borrowed from Hanyu Pinyin 北京 (Běijīng), romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 北京 (Běijīng, literally “northern capital”). First attested in c. 1958, and then replacing earlier Peking.
The name Beijing was to distinguish the city from Nanjing to the south, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

bor

Peking (alternative dated)
Pei-ching (alternative)
Peiching (alternative)
Pekin (alternative obsolete)
Pachin (alternative obsolete)
Paquin (alternative obsolete)
Pequin (alternative obsolete)

Liu Lao-zheng sidled right up to Zao-hua and said: “That’s right. I went to Beijing [Peking] to visit with my daughter. Zao-hua, I hear that you have become the workpoint recorder.”[…]
Liu Lao-zheng pulled out an abacus from a sack he was carrying over his shoulder. “Huala, huala,” he shook it several times and said: “I bought one in Beijing. I’ll lend it to you to use.”

1976 [1966], Hao Ran, “Debut”, in Wong Kam-ming, transl., Revolutionary Literature in China: An Anthology, White Plains, New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 92:

Backhoes moved house by house, laying waste to a community called Xitai that was built in a plush green valley on the northern edge of Beijing, only a short walk from the Great Wall of China.

2020 August 7, Steven Lee Myers, Keith Bradsher, “Beijing Launches Another Demolition Drive, This Time in Its Bucolic Suburbs”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-07, Asia Pacific:

A protester unfurled two banners on a highway overpass in central Beijing on Oct. 13, denouncing Xi Jinping as a “despotic traitor.” China’s censors went to great lengths to scrub the internet of any reference to the act of dissent, prohibiting all discussion and shutting down many offending social media accounts.

2022 October 24, Yuan Li, “A Lonely Protest in Beijing Inspires Young Chinese to Find Their Voice”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-10-24, Business:

Beijing regularly faces dust storms in March and April due to its proximity to the Gobi desert as well as deforestation throughout northern China.

2023 March 22, “China: Sandstorms blanket Beijing as air pollution spikes”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-03-22:

A direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China.


Beijing

From Mandarin Chinese 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”), first part from 北 (“northern”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bə(q) (“to carry (on back), shoulder”). Last part from 京 (jīng, “capital”), either from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”), or of Austroasiatic origin.

der

Historisk har Beijing først og fremst vært et sentrum for administrasjon, kultur og åndsliv.

Historically, Beijing has primarily been a center of administration, culture and intellectual life.


Beijing

Beijing (accusative indefinite nominative)
Beijingul (accusative definite nominative)
Beijing (indefinite)
Beijingului (definite)
Beijingule (vocative)


Huang He

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 黃河 /黄河 (Huáng Hé, literally “Yellow River”).

uder

Huang Ho (alternative)
Hwang Ho (alternative)
Hoamho (alternative obsolete)

Temüjin was about 66 years old. His hair and beard had long since turned white. He had come to lay siege to Ningxia (now called Yinchuan), the fortified capital of the Minyak empire of the Xixia, against whom he had been waging war for over a year, and he had retreated to the other side of the Yellow River (Huang He), not far from the Great Wall, on high ground, a place where he could find some refreshment, for he was already aware that it would not be long before he entered the realm of his brave ancestors.

1990, Michel Hoang, translated by Ingrid Cranfield, Genghis Khan, Saqi Books, →ISBN, page 20:

Synonym of Yellow River: a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions; the Mandarin Chinese-derived name.


Huang He

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)