Monqolustan

az-proper noun

Monqolustan (definite accusative Monqolustanı, plural Monqolustanlar)

Monqolustanı (accusative definite)
Monqolustanlar (plural)
Monqolustan (nominative singular)
Monqolustanlar (nominative plural)
Monqolustanı (accusative definite singular)
Monqolustanları (accusative definite plural)
Monqolustana (dative singular)
Monqolustanlara (dative plural)
Monqolustanda (locative singular)
Monqolustanlarda (locative plural)
Monqolustandan (ablative singular)
Monqolustanlardan (ablative plural)
Monqolustanın (definite genitive singular)
Monqolustanların (definite genitive plural)
Monqolustanım (first-person nominative possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarım (first-person nominative possessive singular)
Monqolustanın (nominative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanların (nominative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanı (nominative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanları (nominative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımız (first-person nominative plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımız (first-person nominative plural possessive)
Monqolustanınız (nominative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınız (nominative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanı (nominative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanları (nominative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanımı (accusative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarımı (accusative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanını (accusative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanlarını (accusative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanını (accusative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanlarını (accusative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımızı (accusative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımızı (accusative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanınızı (accusative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınızı (accusative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanını (accusative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanlarını (accusative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanıma (dative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarıma (dative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanına (dative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanlarına (dative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanına (dative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanlarına (dative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımıza (dative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımıza (dative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanınıza (dative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınıza (dative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanına (dative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanlarına (dative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanımda (first-person locative possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarımda (first-person locative possessive singular)
Monqolustanında (locative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanlarında (locative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanında (locative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanlarında (locative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımızda (first-person locative plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımızda (first-person locative plural possessive)
Monqolustanınızda (locative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınızda (locative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanında (locative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanlarında (locative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanımdan (ablative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarımdan (ablative first-person possessive singular)
Monqolustanından (ablative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanlarından (ablative possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanından (ablative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanlarından (ablative possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımızdan (ablative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımızdan (ablative first-person plural possessive)
Monqolustanınızdan (ablative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınızdan (ablative plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanından (ablative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanlarından (ablative plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanımın (first-person genitive possessive singular)
Monqolustanlarımın (first-person genitive possessive singular)
Monqolustanının (genitive possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanlarının (genitive possessive second-person singular)
Monqolustanının (genitive possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanlarının (genitive possessive singular third-person)
Monqolustanımızın (first-person genitive plural possessive)
Monqolustanlarımızın (first-person genitive plural possessive)
Monqolustanınızın (genitive plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanlarınızın (genitive plural possessive second-person)
Monqolustanının (genitive plural possessive third-person)
Monqolustanlarının (genitive plural possessive third-person)


Бейжің

kk-prop

Бейжің • (Beijıñ)

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script
kk:Бейжің

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Maotai

From the Wade–Giles romanization of Mandarin 茅台 (Máotái) Wade-Giles: Mao²-tʻai², reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

MAOTAI CAPTURED BY SZECHUAN FORCES
The Szechuan pursuit forces, after recapturing Maotai, western Kweichow, crossed the Chihshui Ho (River) and we now reached Tsaochihpa, near the Kweichow-Szechuan border.

1935, The China Weekly Review, volume 72, →OCLC, page 147:

Here in Maotai, where the pungent odor of fermenting sorghum is overpowering and almost everyone works for the distillery, spiking prices have become a point of pride.

2011 February 13, Andrew Jacobs, “Fake Liquors Flow as Demand Soars for China’s Fabled Sorghum Spirit”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-11-10, Asia Pacific:

Signage for China Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co. baijiu liquor lines a road at the company’s facility in the Maotai section of the Renhuai District in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China, on Thursday, April 7, 2011.

2021 August 26, Evelyn Cheng, Eustance Huang, “Chinese baijiu liquor stocks tumble amid regulatory concerns”, in CNBC, archived from the original on 2021-08-26:

A town in Renhuai, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.


武陵

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/mou̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/mou̯¹³ lɪŋ²¹/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ¹³/

/bu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²⁴/

/bu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ liɪŋ²³/

(～區) Wuling (a district of Changde, Hunan, China)

(historical) (～縣) Wuling (a former county of Hunan, China, renamed Changde in 1913)

(～村) Wuling (a village in Likou, Qimen, Huangshan, Anhui, China)


新津

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Xinjin District (a district of Chengdu, Sichuan, China)


Ałtaj

pl-prop

Ałtaj m inan (related adjective ałtajski)

ałtajski (adjective)
Ałtaj (nominative singular)
Ałtaju (genitive singular)
Ałtajowi (dative singular)
Ałtaj (accusative singular)
Ałtajem (instrumental singular)
Ałtaju (locative singular)
Ałtaju (singular vocative)

Altai (a mountain range in China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia)


安西

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(～縣) (historical) Anxi (a former county of Gansu, China; modern Guazhou)


順平

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ʂu̯ən⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

(～縣) Shunping (a county of Baoding, Hebei, China)


孝感

→ English: Hsiao-kan, Siaokan, Xiaogan

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ kän²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/haːu̯³³ kɐm³⁵/

/hau²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾aŋ³³/

/hau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kam⁵⁵⁴/

Huang-p'o is treacherous, and Hsiao-kan is cunning, but Han-ch'uan is both treacherous and cunning.

1922, E. T. C. Werner, Chinese Ditties, page 4

jiān Huángpí, jiǎo Xiàogǎn, yòu jiān yòu jiǎo shì Hànchuān

奸黃陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是漢川

奸黄陂 狡孝感 又奸又狡是汉川

(～市) Xiaogan (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)


Yellow River

the Yellow River (canonical)
Yellow river (alternative)

Calque of Chinese 黃河 /黄河 (Huáng Hé), chiefly from the river's golden appearance as far west as Lanzhou caused by the enormous levels of silt it acquires from the Loess Plateau but also influenced by the color schema in wuxing ("Five Element") theory, which associates earth with the color 黃 /黄 (huáng), usually translated as "yellow" but also inclusive of shades modern English would consider golden, orange, brown, tan, etc. The earliest Chinese sources simply describe it as 河 (hé, “The River”) but it was later distinguished as the Yellow River after 河 (hé) began to replace 水 (shuǐ) as a generic term for creeks and smaller rivers.

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

Firſt of all, There are in China two famous large Rivers, namely Kiang, and the Yellow River... The Yellow River, by ſtrangers ſo called from the colour of the water, occaſioned by the Yellowneſs of the ground, is named Hoang in the Chineſe Language, and ſeems at firſt to be very Mooriſh; but the ſwiftneſs and great force of its running, makes it appear the quite contrary; for with ſo incredible a ſwiftneſs does this River run, that no Ships are able to Sail up againſt its Stream, but are drawn up againſt the ſame by the main ſtrength of a great number of Track-men: which may proceed from its being contracted within ſo narrow bounds; for in ſome places it is but half a mile broad, and in others a little broader, but in a continued courſe, for in length it extends above 800 miles.

1669, John Nievhoff, translated by John Ogilby, An Embassy from the Eaſt-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, London: John Macock, →OCLC, pages 235–236:

After passing a short stage, through low lands with very different prospects, a succession of good towns and villages, numerous vessels, and crowds of people, indicated the vicinity of the Yellow River, into which the canal falls with a gentle force.
November 2d, the yachts came to the spot where the canal joins the Yellow River.
The Yellow River runs at this place with such rapidity that the Chinese sailors deemed it necessary to offer a sacrifice to its Guardian Spirit for a safe passage.

1798, Complete View of the Chinese Empire, London, page 400:

As we rode slowly over the Lunghai Line toward Sianfu, across the brown sun-baked plains of Northern Honan, soon to be flooded when the Chinese breached the Yellow River dikes to stop the advancing Yellow Horde, we passed many troop trains en-route to the front.

1941, Edgar Snow, The Battle for Asia, New York: Random House, page 26:

China's Yellow River, or Huang he, is named for the yellow, sandy silt it carries in its water. This silt, called loess, is almost as fine as flour. Over thousands of years, the northwestern wind blowing from the Gobi Desert has deposited hundreds of feet of loess over northern China. As the Yellow River flows through China, it sweeps away the fine, yellow silt and carries it downriver.

2001, Kim Dramer, The Yellow River, Franklin Watts, →ISBN, page 7:

FOR MORE THAN 2,000 years, a branch of the Silk Road — the 600-mile-long Hexi Corridor — has angled southeast from the Taklamakan and Gobi deserts to the Yellow River loess plains.

2020 May 11, Anna Sherman, “A Poetic Journey Through Western China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-11:

Central China, where multiple tributaries of the Yellow River crisscross and monsoon rains are exceptionally heavy, has long been subject to flooding.

2021 July 22, Pei Lin Wu, Rebecca Tan, “Death toll in China floods climbs to 33 as rains spread and more cities call for help”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-22, Asia:

The chief river of the North China Plain, the second-longest river in China and sixth-longest river system on Earth, historically prone to massive floods which repeatedly drastically changed its course; it passes through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions.

Kunlun

Source of the Yellow River in trad. Chinese mythology


Tibet Autonomous Region

Calque from Mandarin 西藏自治區／西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū).

zh-l

西藏自治區／西藏自治区 (Xīzàng Zìzhìqū)

Now Sikang Province has been liquidated, the eastern part being merged with Szechuan Province and the western part, the Chamdo (Kham) District, will incorporate itself in the Tibet Autonomous Region when it is established. Developments there will probably provide the Tibet Autonomous Region with useful experience for that future period.

1957, Alan Winnington, Tibet: Record of a Journey, London: Lawrence & Wishart, →OCLC, pages 57–58:

I stay at the official guesthouse where, in September 1975, the delegation from the Central Government, headed by Mr Hua Kuo-feng, China's recent Prime Minister, came to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Tibet Autonomous Region of China (first proclaimed in September 1965).

1977, Han Suyin, Lhasa, the Open City, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 10:

The Tibet Autonomous Region covers of 1.23 million square kilometers and is located on a high plateau averaging 3,600 meters above sea level in southwestern China. According to the national census, the total population in the TAR was 2.2 million in 1990 (CPIRC, 1991). It has a strong religious tradition (Tibetan Buddhism), and its special religion-related culture has lasted for centuries.

1995, Rong Ma, edited by Calvin Goldscheider, Economic Patterns, Migration, and Ethnic Relationships in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China (Population, Ethnicity, and Nation-Building), Westview Press, →ISBN, page 40:

According to official figures cited by People's Online Daily, in 1990 nature reserves accounted for 4 percent of the land area of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

2014, Michael Buckley, Meltdown in Tibet, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

An autonomous region of China, located on the Tibetan Plateau and part of Tibet, the home to the Tibetan people.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Nur

When was approaching the last mountain pass to Nur Township, due to the climb and bumps of the road, our media car at finally went on strike, lying on the road 500 meters away from the mountain pass and stopped working.

2019 December 28, “Kunlun Tianlu, the most attractive destination for self-driving travel in 2020 The Ninth Line to Tibet”, in DayDayNews, archived from the original on 2021-05-10:

A township in Qira, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

奴爾 /奴尔

township in Qira, Hotan, Xinjiang, China


Hami

From Mandarin 哈密 (Hāmì) Wade–Giles romanization: Ha¹-mi⁴, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Tulufan or Turfan and Fayuan or Kucheng lie to the east of the capital. Hami, an oasis in the desert, is yet nearer the eastern boundary of the province and is an important post on the chief road into China proper.

1913, Thomas Cochrane, “Chapter XXI.”, in Survey of the Missionary Occupation of China, Shanghai: Christian Literature Society for China, →OCLC, page 332:

THE decision having been reached to send me to Sinkiang, the question arose as to how I was to get there. Urumchi can be reached from three directions ; from Kashmir in India across the Himalaya, Karakoram and Pamir to Kashgar, and thence a further journey of near a thousand miles through Eastern Turkistan to Urumchi ; from China across the Gobi desert to Hami and thence on across the T'ien Shan range to Urumchi ; and via the Trans-Siberian and Turkistan-Siberian railways through Russian Central Asia to the Chinese frontier town of Chuguchak (Ta-ch'eng) and thence by cart or motor truck across the Dzungarian steppe to Urumchi.

1937, Sir Eric Teichman, Journey to Turkistan, Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC, page 27:

The Hami melon, native to the Hami Region of Sinjiang Province, has found a new home here in Jhuangwei, Yilan. The soil downstream of the Lanyang River is great for the cultivation of hami melon because of the plentiful sunshine, excellent water system, and the local mild weather. The Hami melon was introduced to Jhuangwei in 1982.

(Can we date this quote?), “Food”, in Yilan County Government, archived from the original on 2018-03-29:

Sulaiman’s older brother Ehet, the 57-year-old director of the Tengritagh Township Teaching District in Kumul (in Chinese, Hami) prefecture, and his younger brother Ehmet, the 39-year-old head of Kumul’s Tengritagh township, have both been detained since 2018, RFA recently learned after interviewing several local officials.

2021 March 3, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “RFA Uyghur Service Editor’s Brothers Confirmed Detained by Xinjiang Authorities”, in Uyghur Service, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-03-04:

The new silos are clearly being built to be discovered. The most recent silo field, on which construction began in March, is in the eastern part of the Xinjiang region, not far from one of China’s notorious “re-education” camps in the city of Hami.

2021 July 26, William J. Broad, David E. Sanger, “A 2nd New Nuclear Missile Base for China, and Many Questions About Strategy”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-26, Politics:

A prefecture-level city in eastern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


對面

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ miːn²²/

/tøy²¹³⁻⁵³ mɛiŋ²¹³/

/tui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

/tu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ mi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tɵy̯³³ miːn²²/

/tøy²¹³⁻⁵³ mɛiŋ²¹³/

/tui⁴²⁻⁵⁵ miŋ⁴²/

/tui⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bin⁴¹/

/tui²¹³⁻⁵⁵ miŋ¹¹/

(～村) Duimian (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


光輝

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ hui³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

/ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ xu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ⁵⁵ fɐi̯⁵⁵/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fi²⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ hui³³/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hui⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ hui³³/

(～村) Guanghui (a village in Likou, Qimen, Huangshan, Anhui, China)


Khorgas

From Russian Хо́ргас (Xórgas) or Хо́ргос (Xórgos), from Uyghur قورغاس (qorghas) or Kazakh قورعاس or Қорғас (Qorğas).

der

Kazakh قورعاس

Chorgos (alternative)
Gorgos (alternative)
Horgos (alternative)
Khorgos (alternative)

On the Chinese side of the Khorgas border point, a rash of buildings testified to the sudden spike in China-Kazakhstan exchanges over the border in the 1980s and early 1990s.

2005, Hugh Pope, Sons of the Conquerors, Overlook Duckworth, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 176–177:

This traditionally Kazakh stronghold is lush with farmland, pasture and flanking forest-blanketed mountains — a big change from the usual preconceptions of Xinjiang — and from here you can exit China at Khorgas and travel onward to Almaty. Although a train spur line is being built to Yining and Khorgas, the current method of travel for this excursion is by bus or private jeep.

2010, Bijan Omrani, Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian & Silk Road, Odyssey Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 497:

At Fuyun I meet an employee of Boshihao Electronic, a firm registered in the southern city of Shenzhen, which is planning to open its robot production workshop in Khorgas and expects to start exporting service robots to Europe in 2017.[...]This is the new Wild West - quite literally, for the many young people flocking to Khorgas from the big Chinese mega-cities to the East.
When you cross the border to the Kazakh side, things are more subdued. The Kazakh Khorgos (the name of the town is the same, but there is a difference in pronunciation) is still more or less what it has always been: a couple of dozen old houses congregated around a pretty mosque and a road running down to the border post.

2018, Bruno Maçães, Dawn of Eurasia: On the Trail of the New World Order, Yale University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 129:

A county-level city of Ili, Xinjiang autonomous region, China on the border with Kazakhstan.


Huocheng

Two farmers in Xinjiang's Huocheng county were swept away by flood water triggered by heavy rain that started on Tuesday, Xinhua said.

2007 July 26, “China gives out meat from reserves amid severe flooding”, in The New York Times, sourced from The International Herald Tribune, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-04-26, Asia Pacific; republished as Floods in China spread to north after 500 die, Reuters, 2007 August 9, archived from the original on 2025-04-19:

A county of Ili, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


清明

ryu-r

清明(しーみー) (Shīmī)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (清明):
* → Japanese: 清明(せいめい) (Seimei)
* → Okinawan: 清明(しーみー) (Shīmī)
* → Korean: 청명(淸明) (Cheongmyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Thanh minh (清明)

→ Indonesian: cengbeng

desc

→ Thai: เชงเม้ง (cheng-méng), เช็งเม้ง (cheng-méng)

→ Khmer: ឆេងម៉េង (cheengmeeng)

→ Zhuang: Cingmingz

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹¹ mia¹³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mia²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰuĩ³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² miã¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ mɪŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ²⁴ mi̯aŋ¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁴⁴⁻³⁵ min¹¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ¹¹ miŋ¹¹/

/t͡sʰiŋ⁵⁵ miŋ⁵³/

/t͡sʰia⁵³³⁻¹¹ mia¹³/

/t͡sʰĩã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ mia²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰuĩ³³ miã²⁴/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² miã¹³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ biɪŋ²³/

/t͡sʰeŋ³³⁻²³ meŋ⁵⁵/

:zh:逸周書
Classic of Rites
Guoyu (book)
Shijing
Xunzi

From 清 (OC *sʰleŋ, “clear; pure”) + 明 (OC *mraŋ, “bright”). Attested in Shijing ("(of governance) to be methodical, orderly"), Xunzi ("(of water) clear and bright"), Classic of Rites ("sober, calm"; "(of voice) clear"), Lost Book of Zhou ("(the date of) Qingming, from brightness, clearness of the scenery"), Guoyu ("southeasterly winds").

立春、雨水、驚蟄

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Spring

立夏、小滿

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Summer

立秋、處暑

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Autumn

立冬、小雪、大雪、冬至、小寒、大寒

二十四節氣／二十四节气 (Èrshísì Jiéqì, “The twenty-four solar terms”); Winter

(～村) Qingming (a village in Wanquan, Honghu, Jingzhou, Hubei, China)


Shanghaï

Changaï (alternative)
Chang Haï (alternative)
Chang-Haï (alternative)
Changhaï (alternative)
Shangaï (alternative)
Shang-Haï (alternative)
Shanghai (alternative)

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Jiangnan

From Hanyu Pinyin Jiāngnán, from the Mandarin pronunciation of Chinese 江南 (Jiāngnán, “[Place] South of the [Yangtze] River”), from Classical Chinese use of 江 (jiāng) as a proper name for the Yangtze.

der

Chiang-nan (alternative)
Kiangnan (alternative)
Kiang-nan (alternative)

The reason Hunan’s rich soils did not produce rice yields to match those of the “barren” lands of Fukien and Chekiang was because manpower was scarce in Hunan. Rice could not be grown with the same care found in the two densely populated Chiangnan provinces.

[1972, “Conditions of Rice Culture: Labor Requirements and Land Tenure”, in Agricultural Change and the Peasant Economy of South China, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 13:

The term underwent several stages of modification in the period between Tang and Qing; in the first part of the Qing it was briefly revived as the name of Jiangnan province, but in province form Jiangnan lasted only a short while, for in the Kangxi reign it was divided again into the two modern entities of Anhui and Jiangsu.

1993, “Preface”, in Linda Cooke Johnson, editor, Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China (SUNY Series in Chinese Local Studies), Albany: State University of New York Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page ix:

(historical) A province of Qing-era China, now divided into Jiangsu and Anhui.

江南

area in China, former province of the Qing Empire


Mongóil

An Mhongóil (canonical feminine)
na Mongóile (genitive)
Mongóil (indefinite nominative singular)
a Mhongóil (indefinite singular vocative)
Mongóile (genitive indefinite singular)
Mongóil (dative indefinite singular)
an Mhongóil (definite nominative singular)
na Mongóile (definite genitive singular)
leis an Mongóil (dative definite singular)
don Mhongóil (dative definite singular)
Mongóil
Mhongóil

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


港口

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kɑ̃³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

/kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kʰoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɔːŋ³⁵ hɐu̯³⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kʰau⁵⁵⁴/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁵³/

/kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kʰau⁴¹/

/kaŋ⁵²⁻³⁵ kʰau⁵²⁻²¹/

/kɑ̃³³ kʰɤ⁴⁴/

(～區) Gangkou (a district of Fangchenggang, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


Манголія

be-proper noun

Манго́лія<sg>

Манго́лія • (Manhólija) f inan (genitive Манго́ліі, uncountable, relational adjective манго́льскі)

Манго́лія (canonical)
Manhólija (romanization)
Манго́ліі (genitive)
манго́льскі (adjective relational)
Манго́лія (nominative singular)
Манго́ліі (genitive singular)
Манго́ліі (dative singular)
Манго́лію (accusative singular)
Манго́ліяй (instrumental singular)
Манго́ліяю (instrumental singular)
Манго́ліі (locative singular)

be-ndecl

Манго́лія<sg>


Монголія

uk-proper noun

Монго́лія<sg>

монго́льський

Монго́лія • (Monhólija) f inan (genitive Монго́лії, uncountable, relational adjective монго́льський)

Монго́лія (canonical)
Monhólija (romanization)
Монго́лії (genitive)
монго́льський (adjective relational)
Монго́лія (nominative singular)
Монго́лії (genitive singular)
Монго́лії (dative singular)
Монго́лію (accusative singular)
Монго́лією (instrumental singular)
Монго́лії (locative singular)
Монго́ліє (singular vocative)
Монґо́лія (alternative)

uk-ndecl

Монго́лія<sg>


競秀

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/

(～區) Jingxiu (a district of Baoding, Hebei, China)


Goguryeo

/ɡəʊˈɡʊəjəʊ/

/ɡoʊˈɡʊəɹjoʊ/

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 고구려(高句麗) (Goguryeo). Compare Goryeo and Korea.

Koguryŏ (alternative)
Koguryo (alternative)
Kokwulye (alternative)

During the Goguryeo kingdom (37 B.C. to A.D. 668), the Maek people in the northern Korean Peninsula ate maekjeok, a dish of grilled pork marinated in doenjang, a fermented soybean paste. Years later, maekjeok evolved into neobiani, a dish of broad, thin slices of beef tenderized and grilled over flames. A feature of royal court cuisine during the Joseon dynasty (1392 to 1910), neobiani is considered a predecessor to today’s beloved bulgogi.

2021 July 23, Eric Kim, “Bulgogi, Any Way You Slice It”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-07-23, Food:

(historical) An ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia.


Zhang

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漳 (Zhāng).

Until the recent construction of a system of roads, the Wei River was northern Henan Province's principal link with the outside world, connecting it with the Grand Canal and thence the city of Tianjin and the sea.[...]In addition, just to the northwest of the county lies the tempestuous Zhang River; usually shallow, it becomes a raging torrent during heavy monsoon rains, flooding the border area of northern Henan and southern Hebei provinces.

1996, Peter J. Seybolt, “Introduction: Houhua Village in Space and Time”, in Throwing the Emperor from His Horse: Portrait of a Village Leader in China, 1923-1995, Westview Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 10:

During the hot, dry month of August 1992 the farmers of Baishan village in Hebei province and Panyang village in Henan came to blows. Residents from each village hurled insults and rudimentary explosives at the other across the Zhang River – the river that feeds the Red Flag Canal Irrigation System and forms the border between the two provinces.

2015 September 3, David Pietz, “How History Shaped China's Water Crisis”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2015-09-06:

A river in Shanxi, Henan and Hebei, China.


Hulin

From Mandarin 虎林 (Hǔlín, literally “tiger forest”).

The incident only a few years ago at Chenpao Island northeast of Mutankiang city and in the Hulin county of the prefecture, showed the white fangs of the bear all right.

1977 September, Rewi Alley, “Mutankiang”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVI, number 9, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 7, column 1:

Chenpao Island is located on the Wusuli river in Hulin County, Heilungkiang Province, northeast China. It is on the Chinese side of the river's main channel, only some 100 meters from the shore of our side.

1977 November 3 [1977 November 2], Chang, quotee, “View the Chinese PLA From Chenpao Island”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 212, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking to Taiwan, translation of original in Mandarin, →ISSN, →OCLC, People's Republic of China: International Affairs, page A 6:

Sino-Soviet relations were exacerbated by a border incident on May 9. Beijing charged that thirty Soviet troops, supported by a helicopter and navy boats, crossed the Ussuri River into the Hulin area of Heilongjiang province.

1986, Peter P. Cheng, “1978: The Four Modernizations on the March”, in Chronology of The People's Republic of China, 1970-1979, Scarecrow Press, Inc., →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 395:

Yang Wanying, 19, was admitted into the computer science programme at Yangzhou University in Jiangsu province, near Shanghai, according to the Yangtse Evening News.
But she resides in Hulin city in Heilongjiang province to the north, bordering Russia.

2015 September 20, Mimi Lau, “Chinese teenager cycles 2,500km along coast to get to university in time for new academic year”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-09-21, China:

Photo taken on Sept. 28, 2016 shows the scenery of the Zhenbao Island wetland in Hulin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province. The 29,275-hectare wetland has been designated as a wetland of international importance by the Ramsar Convention in 2011 for its vital importance as a unique wetland for biological diversity.

2016 September 29, “Scenery of Zhenbao Island wetland in Heilongjiang(1/6)”, in Li Yan, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2016-10-06:

A county-level city of Jixi, Heilongjiang, China.


廬江

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/lu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/lou̯²¹ kɔːŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Lujiang (a county of Hefei, Anhui, China)


丹陽

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/tän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/taːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

Danyang (a county-level city of Jiangsu, China)

(～鎮) Danyang (a town in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～社區) Danyang (a residential community in Maoping, Zigui, Yichang, Hubei, China)


涇縣

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɪŋ⁵⁵ jyːn²²/

Jing County (a county of Xuancheng, Anhui, China)


平定

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ tɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tiɪŋ⁴¹/

/piɪŋ¹³⁻²² tiɪŋ²²/

/piɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɪŋ³³/

/piɪŋ²³⁻³³ tiɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Pingding (a county of Yangquan, Shanxi, China)


舒城

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/ʂu⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syː⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shucheng (a county of Lu'an, Anhui, China)


白虎

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁴¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² hõũ⁵²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² hɔ⁵⁵⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ hɔ⁵³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɔ⁴¹/

/peʔ⁴⁻² hõũ⁵²/

(～村) Baihu (a village in Wulipu, Shayang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


玄武

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (玄武):
* → Japanese: 玄(げん)武(ぶ) (genbu)
* → Korean: 현무(玄武) (hyeonmu)
* → Vietnamese: Huyền Vũ (玄武)

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/hiɛn²³⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn³⁵ u²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hiɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ bu⁵³/

/hiɛn²³⁻³³ bu⁴¹/

(～區) Xuanwu (a district of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)


牟平

/mu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/

/mu⁵¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/mʊk̚² pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～區) Muping (a district of Yantai, Shandong, China)


廟宇

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

/mi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹ y²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/miːu̯²² jyː¹³/

/bio⁴¹⁻²² u⁵⁵⁴/

/bio²²⁻²¹ u⁵³/

/bio³³⁻¹¹ u⁵³/

/biɤ³³⁻²¹ u⁴¹/

/bio²²⁻²¹ i⁵³/

/miɔ²² ɦy⁴⁴/

(～鎮) Miaoyu (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


Pequín

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Pequín

alternative spelling of Pekín: Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


神木

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

/ʂən³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/sɐn²¹ mʊk̚²/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²⁴⁻²² bɔk̚²⁴/

/sin¹³⁻²² bɔk̚¹²¹/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ bɔk̚⁴/

/sin²³⁻³³ bɔk̚⁴/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Shenmu (a county-level city and former county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)


松滋

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

/sʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡sz̩⁵⁵/

(～市) Songzi (a county-level city of Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)

(～縣) (historical) Songzi (a county of Jingzhou, Hubei, China) (in southwest Hubei province)


廬山

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

/lu³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻²² suã³³/

/lɔ¹³⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ suã⁴⁴/

/lɔ²³⁻³³ suã⁴⁴/

(～市) Lushan (a county-level city of Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China)


Karakul

A lake in Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


嘉興

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka³³ hiɪŋ³³/

/ka⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ka⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

(～市) Jiaxing (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, China)


金石

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ sɛːk̚²/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻²² siɪk̚⁴/

/kim⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɤʔ⁴/

(～鎮) Jinshi (a town in Chao'an district, Chaozhou, Guangdong, China)


餘杭

/jyː²¹ hɔːŋ²¹/

/ɦy²² ɦɑ̃⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ hɔːŋ²¹/

/ɦy²² ɦɑ̃⁴⁴/

Probably an Old Chinese transcription of an original Baiyue name, but folk etymologized as deriving from 禹航 (Yǔ Háng, “Yu's ferry”).
Li (1995) considers 餘 (OC *la) to be derived from a Kra-Dai substrate word. Compare Proto-Tai *rɤjᴮ (“dry field”), whence Zhuang reih and Thai ไร่ (râi). Alternatively, Zhengzhang (1990) suggests it may be derived from Proto-Kam-Sui *ra (“field; farmland”), whence Southern Kam jav (/ja⁵/), Sui qxgas (/ʔɣa⁵/), Maonan yras (/ʔja⁵/). This element is also seen in 餘姚／余姚 (Yúyáo).

zh-l

餘姚／余姚 (Yúyáo)

(historical) (～縣) Yuhang (a former county of Zhejiang, China)

(～區) Yuhang (a district of Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


餘姚

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

/y³⁵ jɑʊ̯³⁵/

/jyː²¹ jiːu̯²¹/

餘 (OC *la) is thought to be the same as the first syllable in 餘杭, and may be derived from a Kra-Dai substrate word. See 餘杭 for more.

(～市) Yuyao (a county-level city of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)

(～村) Yuyao (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


ཉི་མ

ཉི (nyi) is from Proto-Bodish *ni, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ku-ni(k) (“sun, day”).

inh

Nyima (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


燕子

/jɛn⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/iɛn²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/ie⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i̯ẽ⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/i̯ɛn³²⁴⁻³¹ t͡sz̩³/

/jɛn⁵¹ d͡z̥z̩¹/

/iɛn²¹³⁻²¹ t͡sz̩¹/

/ie⁴⁵ t͡səʔ⁴/

/i³³ t͡sz̩⁴⁴/

/i̯ẽ⁴⁵ t͡sz̩³/

/i̯ɛn³²⁴⁻³¹ t͡sz̩³/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Yanzi (a town and former township in Hefeng, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


South Manchuria

DAIREN, South Manchuria, Oct. 12. -- South China with its Communists, the Yangtse Valley with rampant anti-foreignism and incessant civil warfare and Peking with Marshal Chang Tso-lin attempting to consolidate his dictatorship and found a stable central Government -- these seem to be the major constituents of the Chinese problem until one visits Manchuria.

1927 November 13, Hallett Abend, “GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA; China, Russia and Japan Bid for Supremacy of Vast Domain, Realizing It May End in War. DAIREN A SPOTLESS CITY Built by Japan, It Is Clean and Modern In Contrast to Dirty and Inefficient Towns of South. GRIM STRUGGLE ON TO RULE MANCHURIA”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-01-16, EDITORIALE, page 1:

Operations in South Manchuria have now gone deeply into the preliminary phase of a drive from Yingkow northwestward along the Yingkow branch of the Peiping-Mukden Railroad.

1931 December 28, Hugh Byas, “BIG JAPANESE FORCE REACHES MANCHURIA AS NEW DRIVE OPENS; 4,000 to 5,000 Men Arrive by Sea and Land and Tokyo Will Send More." FROZEN RIVER IS CROSSED Tamon, Captor of Tsitsihar, Reported in Sharp Fights on Way to Chinchow. CHINESE TRY TO CHECK HIM Corps of 2,400 Students Reaches Threatened City--America Makes Protest on "Open Door." Concentration at Yingkow. Troops Arrive By Sea and Land. BIG JAPANESE FORCE REACHES MANCHURIA Sharp Fighting Reported.”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-10-15, page 1:

the region of Japanese control of Northeast China, prior to the establishment of Manchukuo


Outer Manchuria

From outer + Manchuria.
The 21st century sense referring to territories ceded by China to Russia in the 19th century seems to have been popularized with the May 2004 creation of a Wikipedia article for Outer Manchuria; it may be an instance of citogenesis. The same article may also be the source of Inner Manchuria referring to Manchuria (all northeast China).

In particular, Elliot found himself confronted by a redoubtable opponent in Count Nikolai Pavlovich Ignatyev, the Russian Ambassador to the Sublime Porte. Ignatyev was cunning, agile and bold. He had had adventures aplenty and narrow escapes in Central Asia, where he had sought to build Russian influence. A particularly nimble piece of diplomacy had led to his acquiring Outer Manchuria from the Chinese Emperor.

2009, Christopher Meyer, Getting Our Way: 500 Years of Adventure and Intrigue: The Inside Story of British Diplomacy, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, page 181:

Two years later, Czar Alexander II went a step further and coerced the Chinese into signing the Treaty of Peking, thereby adding another slice of Outer Manchuria—what is now Primorye and southern Khabarovsk Territory—to the Russian empire. In the mid-1960s, it seemed as if Mao might try to get them back.

2010, John Vaillant, “Markov”, in The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival (Adventure/Nature), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 59:

For these services Moscow exacted a staggering territorial price: a broad swath of territory in so-called Outer Manchuria along the Pacific coast, including the port city now called Vladivostok.¹⁴ In a stroke, Russia had gained a major new naval base, a foothold in the Sea of Japan, and 350,000 square miles of territory once considered Chinese.

2011, Henry Kissinger, “From Preeminence to Decline”, in On China, New York: Penguin Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 68:

Russian settlers took possession of the fringes of the Chinese world, de facto annexations that were ratified by a series of “unequal treaties” [8], the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Russo-Chinese Convention of Peking of 1860, which established the easternmost part of the present-day border between China and Russia [9].

2012 February 21, Frank Jacobs, “Manchurian Trivia”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-07-29, Opinion Pages:

After praising the border agreement, Deng led the Soviet foreign minister into a room where a map of China lay on the table. The map showed Outer Manchuria, which forms the Russian Primorsky Krai province, as Chinese, not Russian, territory.

2019 February, Angela E. Stent, Putin's World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page https://archive.org/details/astentputinsworld/page/n232/:

Third, after Ukraine wins its war with Russia, we must aim to split the Russia-China axis. Moscow’s defeat could unseat Mr. Putin’s regime. What comes next is a government of unknowable composition. New Russian leaders may or may not look to the West rather than Beijing, and might be so weak that the Russian Federation’s fragmentation, especially east of the Urals, isn’t inconceivable. Beijing is undoubtedly eyeing this vast territory, which potentially contains incalculable mineral wealth. Significant portions of this region were under Chinese sovereignty until the 1860 Treaty of Peking transferred “outer Manchuria,” including extensive Pacific coast lands, to Moscow. Russia’s uncontrolled dissolution could provide China direct access to the Arctic, including even the Bering Strait, facing Alaska.

2023 April 12, John Bolton, “A New American Grand Strategy to Counter Russia and China”, in The Wall Street Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-29, Opinion:

China did eventually regain Harbin and, much later in 1997, Hong Kong. However, big parts of Manchuria, which China lost along with Hong Kong, still belong to Russia. Outer Manchuria, as the Russia-controlled region is known, has great strategic value, abundant natural resources and game-changing potential. Important cities and military harbors were built on these lands. But in Russian hands, this gigantic area of almost 400,000 square miles — roughly equivalent to a tenth of China — remains underpopulated and underdeveloped.
In 2016, shortly after the annexation of Crimea, the Russian government issued a law that encouraged settlement in the Far East, including Outer Manchuria, promising each adventurous migrant a hectare (0.4 acres) for free.

2023 April 20, Alexander Etkind, “Putin Is Opening A Door For China”, in Noema Magazine, archived from the original on 2023-04-20, Geopolitics & Globalization:

(neologism) The part of Russia near northeastern China (including Primorsky Krai and other nearby areas) which was annexed by the Russian Empire in the mid 19th century understood as part of Manchuria; similar or equivalent to Russian Manchuria.


Paracel Islands

ABOUT the third day out we passed the dreaded Macclesfield Bank, which, with the adjacent Paracel Islands and reefs, forms a pretty trap for the careless or unskilful navigator.

1897, Carlton Dawe, Captain Castle: A Tale of the China Seas (Fiction), London: Smith, Elder, and Co., →OCLC, →OL, page 31:

The Republic of China has reiterated its sovereignty over the Nansha and Hsisha Islands (Spratly and Paracel Islands).

1976 June 6, “ROC reiterates ownership of southern islets”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVII, number 22, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

Gales in the South China Sea, off Guangdong's east coast and near the Paracel Islands, were forecast to reach moderate magnitudes of 6-7 but the wind in some parts of the sea could be stronger, the forecasters said.

2022 June 29, Beijing newsroom, Hong Kong newsroom, Liz Lee, “Typhoon may be forming ahead of Hong Kong handover anniversary”, in Robert Birsel, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-29, China:

A group of South China Sea islands administered under Sansha, Hainan, China, as Xisha (claimed by Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam).


Zhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 周 (Zhōu). Doublet of Chau.

Chou (alternative)
Chow (alternative)
Tchou (alternative)
Chau (alternative)
Jou (alternative)
Jhou (alternative)


Zhou

Various regions of ancient China occupied by this people, including the Fen and Wei valleys

A dynasty of rulers over this people, who conquered the Shang kingdom and nominally ruled China until their conquest by Qin in the 3rd century BC


బీజింగ్

head

బీజింగ్ • (bījiṅg)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


షాంఘై

షాంఘై • (ṣāṅghai)

From English Shanghai; from early romanizations of Mandarin 上海 (Shànghǎi, literally “Upon-the-Sea”).

der

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


మంగోలియా

te-proper noun

మంగోలియా • (maṅgōliyā) ?

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


長壽

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂoʊ̯⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ²⁴ ʂou⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ sɐu̯²²/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ su⁵⁵/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tŋ̍²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tŋ̍¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/tŋ̍²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu⁴¹/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ siu³³/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² siu²²/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ siu³³/

/tiaŋ¹³⁻²² siu²²/

/t͡sʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ siu¹¹/

(～區) Changshou (a district of Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Changshou (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Changshou (a residential community in Changshou, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～村) Changshou (a village in Changshou, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


ქაშმირი

kašmiri (romanization)
ქაშმირი (nominative singular)
ქაშმირმა (ergative singular)
ქაშმირს (dative singular)
ქაშმირს (dative singular)
ქაშმირსაs) (dative singular)
ქაშმირსაsa) (dative singular)
ქაშმირის (genitive singular)
ქაშმირის (genitive singular)
ქაშმირისაs) (genitive singular)
ქაშმირისაsa) (genitive singular)
ქაშმირით (instrumental singular)
ქაშმირით (instrumental singular)
ქაშმირითაt) (instrumental singular)
ქაშმირითაta) (instrumental singular)
ქაშმირად (adverbial singular)
ქაშმირად (adverbial singular)
ქაშმირადაd) (adverbial singular)
ქაშმირადაda) (adverbial singular)
ქაშმირო (singular vocative)
ქაშმირზე (singular)
ქაშმირთან (singular)
ქაშმირში (singular)
ქაშმირივით (singular)
ქაშმირისთვის (singular)
ქაშმირისებრ (singular)
ქაშმირისკენ (singular)
ქაშმირისგან (singular)
ქაშმირისადმი (singular)
ქაშმირიდან (singular)
ქაშმირითურთ (singular)
ქაშმირამდე (singular)

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


宣城

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/ɕy̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/syːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ²¹/

/souŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niaŋ⁵³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻²² siã¹³/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²⁴/

/suan⁴⁴⁻³³ siã²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ zən²¹/

(～市) Xuancheng (a prefecture-level city of Anhui, China)


Wenzhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 溫州 /温州 (Wēnzhōu).

Wenchow (alternative dated)
Wen-chou (alternative)
Wen-Chou (alternative)
Wenchou (alternative)

The issue of land ownership rights came into focus in Wenzhou in April after the local government demanded that homeowners whose land-use rights had expired after 20 years pay fees of up to a third of the value of their homes before they could sell their apartments. The decision provoked protests from property owners in Wenzhou, a coastal city of eight million that was one of the first to set up private enterprise after the government opened up the economy in the late 1970s.

2016 December 26, Sui-Lee Wee, “China Reassures Homeowners Worried About Land Rights”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-12-26, Business:

Saola is not the only storm threatening China this weekend, as Haikui, a second Pacific typhoon, is expected to make landfall on Sunday in eastern China, south of the city of Wenzhou, the US Embassy in Beijing said in a weather alert.

2023 September 2, “Super typhoon Saola leaves trail of destruction in southern China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2023-12-28:

A prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China.

Cambridge University Press
Defense Mapping Agency
Wenzhou

温州

おんしゅう, Onshū; うんしゅう, Unshū


Taoyuan

Taoyüan (alternative)
T'ao-yuan (alternative)
T'ao-yüan (alternative)

The important mining center Paoking is connected with Siangtan by a road through Hsiang Hsiang. It is also connected with Yuanchow by way of Wukang and with Changteh by way of Hsin Hua, An Hua, and Taoyuan.

1915 September 24, Nelson T. Johnson, “Hunan Province”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52i, page 27:

By December 4 the advance upon Changsha had come to a standstill. After several days' indecisive fighting around Changteh and the town of Taoyuan, 15 miles to the west, which had been taken by the enemy after a heavy air raid supported by parachutists on November 21, the Japanese retreated northwards.

1944, Philip Graves, The Seventeenth Quarter, Hutchinson & Co., pages 157–158:

At 1600 on 21 November 1943 Japanese paratroopers attacked Taoyuan, Hunan, as a phase of their Tungting Lake campaign.

1945 July 1, Japanese Parachute Troops, Washington, D.C.: Military Intelligence Service, page 29:

Sung Chiao-jen was born into a lower gentry household in T’ao-yüan County, Hunan. At the local Chang-chiang Academy, he is reported to have shown interest in statecraft, textual criticism, and neo-Confucian self-cultivation.

[1992, “SUNG CHIAO-JEN”, in Edwin Pak-wah Leung, editor, Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary China, 1839-1976, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 396:

The frequent ceremonies, which are meant to release the souls of the dead from purgatory, come as China’s worst outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic spreads further into its rural, more vulnerable areas.
“It has never been this many all at once,” said a 24-year-old visiting her home village in Taoyuan County, in the southern province of Hunan, for the Lunar New Year, China’s biggest holiday.

2023 January 17, Jennifer Jett, Livia Liu, “China's first Lunar New Year without Covid restrictions fuels fears of a rural crisis”, in NBC News, archived from the original on 2023-01-17, World:

A county of Changde, in northern Hunan, China.


Taizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 台州 (Tāizhōu).

Taichow (alternative)
T'ai-chou (alternative)

Another kind mentioned in the Pêntsao is 天竺桂 (T‘ien-chu-kuei). Porter Smith, on the supposition that the first two characters meant India, identified this with Cinnamomum tamala. But Li Shih-chen says that it is so named from a place called T‘ien-chu, in the prefecture of Taichou, Chekiang, where it grows plentifully. It is a large tree, bearing abundant flowers and a fruit the size of a lotus nut.

[1911, “Vegetable Kingdom”, in Chinese Materia Medica, →OCLC, page 109:

On Friday, congregants at the Wenling Church in the city of Taizhou faced off with as many as 4,000 police officers but failed to prevent the removal of two crosses from atop their building.[…]
One of the two crosses that were removed on Friday from the Wenling Church in Taizhou in Zhejiang Province, China.[…]
At the Wenling Church in Taizhou, congregants said hundreds of Christians sang hymns at daybreak on Friday as the riot police surrounded the church, which is anchored by a distinctive clock tower capped by a bright red cross.

2014 July 28, Andrew Jacobs, “China Removes Crosses From Two More Churches in Crackdown”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-07-29, Asia Pacific:

A prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in eastern China.


Taizhou

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 泰州 (Tàizhōu).

In eastern Jiangsu province anxious investors gathered on Wednesday morning outside company offices in Taizhou city, while similar protests have been reported in Anhui and unpaid workers have demanded their wages in Ezhou city, Hubei.

2021 September 15, “China's embattled Evergrande tries to pay bills with parking spots”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2021-09-15:

A prefecture-level city of Jiangsu, in eastern China.


Weifang

The haste with which marriages are contracted by young people who are experimenting for the first time with unobstructed choice of mates is typified by such a current remark as that which Tzu Chi reports from Weifang, Shantung: “First let’s go to the movies and then let’s get married.”

1959, Ruth Nanda Anshen, The Family: Its Function and Destiny, Rev. edition, New York: Harper & Brothers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 160:

Weifang officials knew the policy meant trouble for them. China has other concentrations of Falun Gong believers, such as in the northeast. But those areas are remote from the capital. Weifang is located just three hundred miles southeast of Beijing, making it easy for protesters to travel to the capital even after the city had taken the initial precaution of sending security agents to train and bus stations to head them off before they left town.

2004, Ian Johnson, Wild Grass, Penguin Books, →ISBN, page 282:

The wide new boulevards that cut across parts of Weifang in eastern China are largely free of traffic, a quiet reminder of the coastal city’s big ambitions.

2015 August 6, Neil Gough, Cao Li, “As China Reduces Local Spending, Cities Woo Private Investors”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-08-09, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS:

A prefecture-level city of Shandong, in northeastern China.

濰坊 /潍坊

a prefecture-level city in Shandong, northeastern China


上京

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²² kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ¹³ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/soŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kin²⁴/

(～鎮) Shangjing (a town in Datian, Sanming, Fujian, China)


天星

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰin³³ ɬɪŋ³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ san³³⁴/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/tʰin³³ ɬɪŋ³³/

/tʰĩ³³⁴ san³³⁴/

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Tianxing (a subdistrict and former town in Qu County, Dazhou, Sichuan, China)

(～鎮) Tianxing (a town in Daguan, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)

(～鄉) Tianxing (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


Yarkand

A river in China, upon which the city of Yarkant is located. The upper part of this river is known as Raskam.


Mongólía

is-proper noun

Mongólía f (proper noun, genitive singular Mongólíu)

Mongólíu (genitive singular)
Mongólía (indefinite nominative singular)
Mongólíu (accusative indefinite singular)
Mongólíu (dative indefinite singular)
Mongólíu (genitive indefinite singular)

Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


友愛

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ ɔːi̯³³/

/i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai¹¹/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ ɔːi̯³³/

/i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/(j)i̯u²⁴⁻¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ai⁴¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ai¹¹/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ai²¹/

(～村) You'ai (a village in Zhashan, Caidian district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


Turpan

In a corner of Mongolia near Turkestan, at Turpan, in an excavation, old boots have been found which were repaired with kid palimpsests of the third century, A. D., — a literal example of the truth marching into benighted Cathay.

1909, John Stuart Thomson, The Chinese, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 371:

Incomplete remains from the Central Asian sites of Endere in the region of Khotan and Gaochang outside Turpan suggest that similar types of pillars were constructed in Central Asia (Figs. 20 and 21).

1990, Stanley K. Abe, Art and Practice in a Fifth-century Chinese Buddhist Cave Temple (Ars Orientalis), volume 20, page 5:

The elite, primarily Buddhist, Turkic society centered in the south around Turpan became known as Uyghuristan from 932 to 1450, to distinguish it from the Muslim Türks living in the western parts of Xinjiang.

2008, James Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity?, Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 107:

While investigating the detentions of women in the XUAR, where authorities are believed to have held up to 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities in a network of internment camps since early 2017, RFA’s Uyghur Service spoke with a police officer in the prefecture-level city of Turpan (in Chinese, Tulufan) who volunteered that a village elder named Zaytunhan Ismail had recently been arrested.
“I believe it was around January … it’s been quite a while now,” the officer from Turpan’s Chatqal township said of the 67-year-old Ismail.

2021 May 27, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Xinjiang Authorities Detain Uyghur Woman Who Intervened in Domestic Dispute”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-05-27:

A prefecture-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

تُورْبَان

prefecture-level city in Xinjiang, China


Dol

Journey across desert. Two Langars at 5th and 8th mile. Enter on cultivation at 14th mile, close to the village of Dol. Road excellent.

1893, Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), “Journey of Carey and Dalgleish in Chinese Turkistan and Northern Tibet in 1885–7”, in Supplementary Papers, volume 3, J. Murray, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 22, part 1:

Obul Kasem Imin, a Uighur from Dol village in Lop county, near Khotan, was reportedly taken into custody by public security officers from Lop County in September 1996 for "speaking out against the government".

1999, People's Republic of China: Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, Amnesty International USA, →OCLC, page 50:

Memtimin Abla, deputy chief of police of the Lop county police department, told RFA that the three attackers were all from Dol township in Lop county and between the ages of 18 and 20.

2015 May 13, Roseanne Gerin, Shohret Hoshur, “Six Dead, Four Injured in Two Successive Suicide Attacks in China’s Xinjiang”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-05-18:

“Head out boldly and bring back the cash,” a village official in Dol Township in southern Xinjiang told dozens of farmers, according a local government report last year. The village officials urged team leaders to take special care of three villagers in their 60s who had signed up to pick cotton, the report said.

2019 December 30, Chris Buckley, Austin Ramzy, “To China, Muslim Workers Are Eager Recruits. Others See Forced Labor.”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-12-30:

A township in Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Spratly Islands

Named after British whaling captain Richard Spratly who sighted the islands in 1843.

named-after

On the other hand, two moves by Japan during this period may have a certain significance. The first was announcement of Japanese occupation of the Spratly islands on March 31, complemented by the annexation, on April 18, of a group of reefs and islets 300 miles long between French Indo-China, the Philippines and British North Borneo in the South China Sea.[…]
The line of least resistance, however, clearly lies toward the south. France and Britain, in particular, would have small military and naval forces at their disposal to protect their eastern possession; or the oil of the Dutch East Indies—for Japan the greatest prize of all. The occupation of Hainan and the Spratly islands has already pointed the way. Only one serious obstacle threatens attainment of this objective: the United States.

1939 April 21, T. A. Bisson, “Roosevelt Appeal Jolts Dictators”, in Foreign Policy Bulletin, volume XVIII, number 26, Foreign Policy Association, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 2-3:

Japan has strengthened its naval position during the war by occupying Hainan Island, located midway between Hong Kong and French Indo-China and squarely athwart the sea route from Hong Kong to Singapore, and the Spratly Islands, off the coast of Indo-China, a little group of coral reefs which may be useful as advanced submarine bases.[…]
Japan remained relatively passive during the first weeks of the new crisis generated by Hitler’s eastward march and the efforts of Great Britain to forge a wall of resistance among the East European countries. The seizure of the Spratly Islands, a small group of coral reefs off the southeastern coast of Indo-China, was a minor operation, although this would certainly not have taken place if France had not been too much concerned in Europe to assert its right of ownership over the Spratly group.

1942, William Henry Chamberlin, “Can Japan Rule East Asia?”, in Japan Over Asia, Revised and Enlarged edition, Garden City, NY: Blue Ribbon Books, →OCLC, pages 424, 430:

In the eastern hemisphere the Japanese occupied the island of Hainan off French Indo-China; annexed the Spratly islands further south, between Indo-China and Borneo; and continued local gains in north China.

1945 January 20, “Seven New Year's Days”, in Army Talks, volume III, number 2, page 5:

The Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are still occupied by troops of the Republic of China, according to Major General Li Chang-hao, spokesman of the Ministry of National Defense.

1975 May 11, “ROC still holds Spratly Islands; no Red challenge”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 18, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

As far as can be determined, all of the Spratly Islands are capped by active coral reef and there are no other rock outcrops. Most of the ‘islands’ are under water at high tide, but some maintain a partial low elevation of a rim surrounding a lagoon, in which case they are sparsely vegetated and inhabited by sea birds. There are no indigenous human inhabitants, but tourists visit for diving and fishing and the military occupy many for territorial claims.

2010 October 9, Charles S. Hutchison, V.R. Vijayan, “What are the Spratly Islands?”, in Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, volume 39, number 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

A United States P8A surveillance aircraft flying near the disputed Spratly islands in the South China Sea on May 20 was asked by the Chinese navy to leave the area.

2015 May 21, “Chinese navy warns off U.S. reconnaissance plane over Spratlys”, in Focus Taiwan, archived from the original on 2022-09-27, Cross-Strait:

On December 10, a flotilla of 40 boats set off from the Philippine coastal town of El Nido in Palawan province to a group of islets and shoals in the South China Sea called the Spratly Islands, parts of which are claimed by several countries.

2023 December 26, Wesley Rahn, “Why the South China Sea was turbulent in 2023”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2023-12-26, Conflicts:

A group of islands, atolls, reefs, and cays in the South China Sea.


Qin

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 沁 (Qìn).

Ch'in (alternative)
Tsin (alternative)
Chin (alternative)


白露

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (白露):
* → Japanese: 白(はく)露(ろ) (hakuro)
* → Korean: 백로(白露) (baengno)
* → Vietnamese: bạch lộ (白露)

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/pɛ²¹ nu²¹³/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ lu¹¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ou²¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pɤ̞²⁴ ləu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/pɛ²¹ nu²¹³/

/ˈpʰɛt̚⁵ lu¹¹/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ l̃ou²¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ³³/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/piɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pɤ̞²⁴ ləu̯²¹⁻¹¹/

(～村) Bailu (a village in Xinshi, Zaoyang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


Szanghaj

Szanghaj (nominative singular)
Szanghaju (genitive singular)
Szanghajowi (dative singular)
Szanghaj (accusative singular)
Szanghajem (instrumental singular)
Szanghaju (locative singular)
Szanghaju (singular vocative)

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


板金

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/pän²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

(～村) Banjin (a village in Bofan, Anlu, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


豐滿

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ buan⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ muã⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muã⁵³/

/fɤŋ⁵⁵ män²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/fʊŋ⁵⁵ muːn¹³/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ buan⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁴¹/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ buan⁵³/

/hɔŋ³³ muã⁵⁵⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² muã⁵³/

(～區) Fengman (a district of Jilin City, Jilin Province, China)


Ji

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 吉 (Jí).

At a brigade in Ji county in south-eastern Shanxi, not really in mountain country, yields per mou were raised from 56 jin to 194 jin during the 1970s.

1985, Frank Leeming, Rural China Today, Longman, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 126:

Subject of poetry, art and legend, Hukou Waterfall is the second largest falls in China, located on the Yellow River, between Ji County, Shanxi Province and Yichuan County, Shaanixi^([sic – meaning Shaanxi]) Provine^([sic – meaning Province]).

2010, Dong Huai, “Hukou Waterfall”, in Discovering China: 50 Amazing Places in China, Better Link Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

Apple orchards in the city of Linfen, north China's Shanxi province, have been making steady progress toward a model of sustainable farming, helping create important economic opportunities for local farmers.
The orchards are situated in Jixian county, an area well-known for its history of agriculture.

[2020 September 23, Bochen Zhu, “Apple farming in N China embraces long-term sustainability”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2020-09-23:

The 34.2 kilometre (21.3 mile) pipeline, which will be built by Qinjin Natural Gas Co, is designed to have annual gas transmission capacity of 3.3 billion cubic metres and connect Ji county in Shanxi and Yichuan county in Shaanxi.

2021 July 5, Muyu Xu, Shivani Singh, “China approves a $55 mln gas pipeline in northern China”, in Louise Heavens, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2021-07-05, Energy:


Tibetan Plateau

Were one to draw a profile of generalized altitudes of the landmass of Ling-nan and Kuei-chou Yun-nan in a southeast-northwest direction, the profile that emerges would represent a step-like formation from the sea to the Tibetan Plateau with five major "steps."

1954, Herold J. Wiens, Han Chinese Expansion in South China, Shoe String Press, published 1967, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 11:

The source of the Yellow River is in the Qinghai Province on the Tibetan Plateau. This area is often called the "Roof of the World" because of its high altitude, the height of a place above sea level.

2001, Kim Dramer, “China's Sorrow”, in The Yellow River (Juvenile Literature), Franklin Watts, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 7–8:

The Tibetan Plateau will experience significant water loss this century due to global warming, according to research published Monday that warns of severe supply stress in a climate change "hotspot".

2022 August 16, “Tibetan Plateau water stores under threat: study”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-08-16:

A high altitude plateau north of the Great Himalaya ranges, west of the Szechuan basin, and south of the Taklamakan Desert.


Oroqen

Possibly from Manchu ᠣᡵᠣᠨᠴᠣ (oronco, “Oroqens”).

An autonomous banner in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.


강남

→ English: Gangnam

Han River
Jiangnan
Southern Song
Yangtze
ko:강남 (서울)

Sino-Korean word from 강(江) (gang, “river”) + 남(南) (nam, “south”), from the Middle Korean reading 가ᇰ남 (Yale: Kàngnàm).
In Seoul, south of the Han River; in China, south of the Yangtze. The now archaic sense of "China" in general is very old, being attested since at least the fifteenth century, and may date from the Southern Song (1127−1279), when the capital of China was in Jiangnan.

ko-etym-Sino

Jiangnan (the region of China around the Yangtze Delta, the country's most productive area since the early second millennium)


Yang

From various atonal romanizations of various Chinese characters, including 楊 /杨 (yáng, “Willow”) and 洋 (a river name).

Liang and Yang were the names of two commanderies to the southwest of Ch'ang-an; Yang is the modern Yang county, Shensi, and Liang, the administrative center of Shan-nan West circuit, also known as Hsing-yuan, on the borders of Shensi and Szechuan.

1988, Robin D. S. Yates, Washing Silk: The Life and Selected Poetry of Wei Chuang (834?-910), →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 123:

The well-known Hanzhong Basin, extending from Yangxian to Mianxian, about 80 kilometres from east to west and 10 to 15 kilometres from north to south, is a major farming area.

[1992, Shunwu Zhou, “Shaanxi Province”, in China Provincial Geography [中国分省地理], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 417:

A male vegetable seller killed a female hawker in a fight over space at a farmer's market in Yang county, near Hanzhong , Huashang Daily reports.

2014 October 11, WU NAN, “Breastfed baby gets drunk; Grandpa kills child smuggler”, in South China Morning Post, archived from the original on 2014-10-12:


白水

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/paːk̚² sɵy̯³⁵/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sui⁵³/

(～縣) Baishui (a county of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


పెకింగ్

te-proper noun

పెకింగ్ • (pekiṅg) ?

Peking (former name of Beijing, the capital city of China)


學府

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁴¹/

/ɕy̯ɛ³⁵ fu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːk̚² fuː³⁵/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚²⁴⁻² hu⁵⁵⁴/

/hak̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁵³/

/hak̚⁴⁻³² hu⁴¹/

(～社區) Xuefu (a community in Guanshan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


Min

The Lamyet (or Nanjeih) islands are situated to the northeastward of Chinchew bay, the nearest distant about forty miles. The mainland, leaving its usual northeastern direction, runs out due east for above thirty miles, and the first of the Lamyet islands lies off the easternmost point of it. From hence there is an almost uninterrupted series of islands and islets, up to the mouth of the Yangtsze keäng. The Lamyet islands are opposite to the entrance of a deep bay, at the bottom of which is the city of Hinghwa foo, the capital of the most fertile portion of Fuhkeën. This bay, however, has not yet been visited by foreigners. The outermost of the Lamyet islands, named by Ross Ocksou, was found, when passed by the ships of Lord Amherst’s embassy, to be in lat .24° 59' 15" north, lon. 119° 34' 30" east. About thirty miles further to the northward, we pass between an island of peculiar form and the main. This island is named Haetan, the altar of the sea ; in shape it is semicircular, and of nearly equal breadth throughout. A few miles above this island we reach the mouth of the river Min.

1837 May, “Coast of China: the division of it into four portions ; brief description of the principal places on the southeastern, eastern, and northeastern portions.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume VI, number 1, Canton, →OCLC, pages 12–13:

We traveled down the Min River from Nanping in a small sampan, flying the American flag for protection against bandits and soldiers. Those were the days when the Stars and Stripes still afforded some protection.

1953, John C. Caldwell, China Coast Family, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 96:

Matsu is about 200 miles north of Quemoy and flanks the mouth of the Min River. The mainland city of Foochow, famed for its lacquer craftsmanship, is a short distance up the Min.

1973 November 4, “Matsu is strong, prosperous”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 43, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

We left Foochow after an early breakfast, and after half an hour on a boat ferry that took us from the city environs across the Min River and up a tributary, we landed in Minhou county, and took the highway that led across Yungtai county to Tehua.

1975, Rewi Alley, “Some Fukien Pottery Kilns, Ancient and Modern”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XIV, number 3, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 26, column 2:

Foochow was a picturesque city of considerable size and consequence before its designation in 1842 as one of the five original treaty ports. It was the headquarters of Manchu civil and military offcialdom in Fukien Province. Its location on the Min River, which flowed through a major tea-producing district, and its excellent harbor gave the city additional importance as a port.

1978, Burton F. Beers, China in Old Photographs 1860-1910, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 111:

In a small store in Tingjiang, across the Min River in Lianjiang County, questions about smuggling people into America prompted a lively discussion.

2003 September 7, David W. Chen, “For Many Chinese, America's Allure Is Fading”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, World:


白玉

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དཔལ་ཡུལ (dpal yul).

psm

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

(～縣) Baiyu County (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


白玉

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan སྦས་ཡུལ (sbas yul, “hidden valley”).

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/paɪ̯³⁵ y⁵¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² ɡiɪk̚²⁴/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚¹²¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻¹¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ ɡiɪk̚⁴/

Beyul Khenpajong
Beyul Khenpajong#English

(～地區) Beyul Khenpajong (a disputed region in Lhozhag, Shannan, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, also claimed by Bhutan)


信陽

→ English: Hsin-yang, Xinyang

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/sɵn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/siŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^((Ø-))ŋyoŋ⁵³/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ¹³/

/sin¹¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/sin²¹⁻⁴¹ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕin³³ ɦiã⁴⁴/

(～市) Xinyang (a prefecture-level city of Henan, China)


西寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (西寧):
* → Japanese: 西寧(せいねい) (Seinei)
* → Korean: 서녕(西寧) (Seonyeong)

→ English: Xining, Sining, Hsi-ning

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/ɕi⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/ɕi⁴⁴⁻³⁵ nɛn¹¹/

/ɬe⁵³³⁻¹¹ nɛŋ¹³/

/ɬe⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ nɛŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/se³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/se⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

; "Xining": Coined in 1104 with the establishment of 西寧州 (“Xining prefecture”), intended to convey the meaning "peaceful western frontier". Compare 西零 (MC sej len).

(～市) Xining (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Qinghai, China)

(historical) (～縣) Xining (a former county of Guangdong, China; now Yunan, Guangdong)


煙台

Yantai (a coastal prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong, China)


銀川

desc

→ English: Yin-ch'uan, Yinchuan, Yinchwan

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

ngyng² cyoeng¹ [Phonetic:ngyng⁵ cyoeng¹]

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/in³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/iŋ²⁴ ʈ͡ʂʰuæ̃²⁴/

/ŋɐn²¹ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ŋyŋ¹³⁻¹¹ t͡sʰœŋ⁵³³/

/ŋyŋ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan³³/

/ɡun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡun²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin²³⁻³³ t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

/ɡin¹³⁻²² t͡sʰuan⁴⁴/

(～市) Yinchuan (a prefecture-level city, the regional capital of the Ningxia autonomous region, China)


黑海

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ hɔːi̯³⁵/

/hiɪk̚³²⁻⁴ hai⁵³/

/həʔ³³ he⁴⁴/

Lake Heihai (a lake in Golmud, Haixi prefecture, Qinghai, China)


新生

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ sŋ̍³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɐŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² siɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin³³ sŋ̍³³/

(～村) Xinsheng (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


Аньхой

ru-proper noun+

Аньхо́й • (Anʹxój) m inan (genitive Аньхо́я)

Аньхо́й (canonical)
Anʹxój (romanization)
Аньхо́я (genitive)
Аньхо́й (nominative singular)
Аньхо́я (genitive singular)
Аньхо́ю (dative singular)
Аньхо́й (accusative singular)
Аньхо́ем (instrumental singular)
Аньхо́е (prepositional singular)
Аньхуэ́й (alternative)
Аньху́й (alternative)


Аньхуэй

Аньхуэ́й • (Anʹxuéj) m inan (genitive Аньхуэ́я)

Аньхуэ́й (canonical)
Anʹxuéj (romanization)
Аньхуэ́я (genitive)
Аньхуэ́й (nominative singular)
Аньхуэ́я (genitive singular)
Аньхуэ́ю (dative singular)
Аньхуэ́й (accusative singular)
Аньхуэ́ем (instrumental singular)
Аньхуэ́е (prepositional singular)

Аньхо́й Аньхой#Russian

alternative spelling of Аньхо́й (Anʹxój): Anhui (a province in eastern China)


Аньхуй

Аньху́й • (Anʹxúj) m inan (genitive Аньху́я)

Аньху́й (canonical)
Anʹxúj (romanization)
Аньху́я (genitive)
Аньху́й (nominative singular)
Аньху́я (genitive singular)
Аньху́ю (dative singular)
Аньху́й (accusative singular)
Аньху́ем (instrumental singular)
Аньху́е (prepositional singular)

Аньхо́й Аньхой#Russian


Аньшань

Аньша́нь • (Anʹšánʹ) m inan (genitive Аньша́ня)

Аньша́нь (canonical)
Anʹšánʹ (romanization)
Аньша́ня (genitive)
Аньша́нь (nominative singular)
Аньша́ня (genitive singular)
Аньша́ню (dative singular)
Аньша́нь (accusative singular)
Аньша́нем (instrumental singular)
Аньша́не (prepositional singular)

Anshan (a prefecture-level city in northeastern China)


安康

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ kʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ hɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an³³ kʰɔŋ³³/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ kʰaŋ³³/

(～市) Ankang (a prefecture-level city of Shaanxi, China)


安康

Ankang (a city in Shaanxi, in central China)


Хух-Хото

ru-proper noun

Хух-Хо́то • (Xux-Xóto) m inan (indeclinable)

Хух-Хо́то (canonical)
Xux-Xóto (romanization)
Хухэхаотэ́ (alternative)

From Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota)/Хөх хот (Xöx xot).

Hohhot (the capital city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region)


航天

/xɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

/xɑŋ³⁵ tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵/

/hɔːŋ²¹ tʰiːn⁵⁵/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn³³/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ¹³⁻²² tʰiɛn⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ⁴⁴/

/haŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰĩ³³/

(～鎮) Hangtian (a town in Jinta, Jiuquan, Gansu, China)


天鵝

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ŋə²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ŋɔː²¹/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ ŋo¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡɤ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋu²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ˀɤ³⁵/

/tʰiæ̃²⁴ ŋə²⁴/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ ŋɔː²¹/

/tʰi̯en²⁴ ŋo¹¹/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² ɡo¹³/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡo²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ ɡɤ²³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ ŋu²¹/

(～鎮) Tian'e (a town in Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


Muji

A teacher in Muji Township in Guma backed up the police officer.

2016 November 22, Eset Sulaiman, Brooks Boliek., “In China’s Xinjiang, Some Uyghurs are Forced Into a Sharecropper’s Life”, in Eset Sulaiman, Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2016-11-23:

A town in Pishan, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

The corridor north-west to Muji and south to the Pakistan border is a pamir valley, the Sarykol Valley.

1998, John S. King, Bradley Mayhew, Karakoram Highway (Lonely Planet), 3rd edition, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 126:

A damaged house is seen in Muji village, Akto County of northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Nov. 26, 2016. About 130 herdsmen from Akto County, hit by a 6.7-magnitude earthquake Friday night, have been evacuated to a safer place, said local sources on Saturday.[...]
As of 6:50 am, another 100 tents, 300 quilts, 300 coats, 200 bags of flour, 200 tonnes of coal, small generators and flashlights reached Muji, where a villager was killed by a collapsed house.

2016 November 27, “Rescue work goes smoothly in quake-hit Xinjiang county”, in Yao Lan, editor, China News Service, archived from the original on 2020-01-31:

Authorities are promoting the letter mainly in villages in border areas, such as Muji and Bulungkol in Akto (in Chinese, Aketao) county, he said.

2017 April 12, Eset Sulaiman, Roseanne Gerin, “Authorities Urge Kyrgyz Herdsmen to Spy on Uyghurs in China’s Xinjiang”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-04-17:

A township in Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A village in Muji, Akto, Kizilsu, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


淄博

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ pu̯ɔ³⁵/

/t͡siː⁵⁵ pɔːk̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɑuʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su³³ pʰɔk̚⁵/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ pʰɔk̚³²/

/t͡sɯ³³⁻²³ pʰak̚²/

/t͡sz̩⁵⁵ poʔ²¹/

(～市) Zibo (a prefecture-level city in central Shandong, China)


鞍山

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

(～市) Anshan (a prefecture-level city of Liaoning, China)


保定

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tiŋ⁵¹/

/pou̯³⁵ tɪŋ²²/

(～市) Baoding (a prefecture-level city of Hebei, China; the former provincial capital of Zhili during the Qing dynasty, and Hebei from 1949 to 1958 and 1966 to 1968)


包頭

→ English: Baotou, Pao-t'ou, Paotow

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ (buɣutu), from ᠪᠤᠭᠤ (buɣu, “deer”) / буга (buga) + -ᠲᠤ (-tu, “place where ... is”)

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯⁵⁵ tʰɤʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/

/paːu̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻²² tʰau¹³/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²⁴/

/pau⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰau²³/

/pau³³⁻²³ tʰau⁵⁵/

/pɒu̯³³ təu̯¹³/

/pɤ⁴⁴ di̯ɤ¹³⁻³³/

(～市) Baotou (a prefecture-level city, the largest city in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, in northern China)


包頭

ja-pos

包(ほう)頭(とう) • (Hōtō)


園藝

/jyːn²¹ ŋɐi̯²²/

/uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/uan²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/huĩ¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/hŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡoi¹¹/

/jyːn²¹ ŋɐi̯²²/

/uan²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/uan²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/uan²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe⁴¹/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻¹¹ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²³⁻³³ ɡe³³/

/hŋ̍²⁴⁻²² ɡe²²/

/huĩ¹³⁻²² ɡe²²/

/hŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ɡoi¹¹/

(～村) Yuanyi (a village in Sandouping, Yiling district, Yichang, Hubei, China)


㟙

Han char

㟙 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 山廿日 (UTA), composition ⿰山昔)


قىزىل

From Chagatai قیزیل (qizil), from Proto-Turkic *kïŕïl.

Kizil, Kezi'er (a township in Baicheng, Aksu Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


大慶

→ English: Daqing, Taching, Ta-ch'ing

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² hɪŋ³³/

(～市) Daqing (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


新造

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² t͡so²²/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡so³³/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤ³³/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯¹³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡sɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ t͡sʰou̯¹³/

(～鎮) Xinzao (a town in Panyu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China)


신장

[ɕʰiɲd͡ʑa̠ŋ]

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


䧐

䧐 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中卜口木 (NLYRD), composition ⿰阝享)


高句麗

desc

→ English: Gaogouli, Kaokouli, Kao-kou-li

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ koʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ ŋɐu̯⁵⁵ lei̯²¹/

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


高句麗

ja-pos

高(こう)句(く)麗(り) • (Kōkuri) ^(←かうくり (Kaukuri)?)

高句麗 (canonical)
Kōkuri (romanization)
Kaukuri (romanization)
かうくり (hiragana historical)

[ko̞ːkɯ̟ɾʲi]

/kaukuri/ → /kɔːkuri/ → /koːkuri/
From written Middle Chinese 高句麗, in turn likely from some variety of Old Korean.

百済

Kudara, Hyakusai, another of the Three Kingdoms

新羅

Silla; Shiragi, another of the Three Kingdoms


Mongoil

Yn Vongoil (canonical feminine)
Mongoil
Vongoil

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


金山

→ English: Chinshan, Jinshan, → Gold Mountain (calque)

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kim³³ san³³⁻³³⁵/

For some geographical locations, the name refers to the gold rush in the 19th century. (The term is being used loosely for any place of great chances for wealth in a similar fashion to the English "gold mine".)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Jinshan (a district and former county of Shanghai, China)


Honokaona

Hong Kong (a city, island and special administrative region in southeastern China)


Langhe

From the Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 浪河 (Lànghé).

Early last December, the provincial party committee sent five rural socialist ideological education teams to Danjiangkou's (Langhe) town, Hanchuan County's (Liujiage)[...]

1992, Daily Report: China, numbers 9-16, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 44:

A town in Danjiangkou, Shiyan, Hubei, China.


興業

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

/ɕiŋ⁵⁵ jɛ⁵¹/

/hɪŋ⁵⁵ jiːp̚²/

(～縣) Xingye (a county of Yulin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


三河

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

/sän⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/saːm⁵⁵ hɔː²¹/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² ho¹³/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ ho²⁴/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ hɤ²³/

(～市) Sanhe (a county-level city of Langfang, Hebei, China)


白河

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xɤ³⁵/

/paːk̚² hɔː²¹/

/pe(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

(～縣) Baihe (a county of Ankang, Shaanxi, China)


公益

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ iak̚⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ iak̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ iaʔ²/

/kʊŋ⁵⁵ jɪk̚⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ iak̚⁴/

/kɔŋ³³ iak̚⁵/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɪk̚³²/

/kɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɪk̚³²/

/koŋ³³⁻²³ iaʔ²/

(～村) Gongyi (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


五常

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

/u²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ŋ̍¹³ sœːŋ²¹/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ siɔŋ²³/

/ɡɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ siɔŋ²⁴/

/ŋɔ̃⁵³⁻⁴⁴ siaŋ¹³/

(～市) Wuchang (a county-level city of Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)

(～鎮) Wuchang (a town in Wuchang City, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China)

(～街道) Wuchang (a subdistrict of Yuhang district, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China)


金沙

desc

→ English: Chinsha, Chin-sha, Chin Sha, Jinsha, Kinsha

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʂä⁵⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ saː⁵⁵/

(～縣) Jinsha County (a county of Bijie, Guizhou, China)


黑水

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɐk̚⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

(～鎮) Heshui (a town in Jianping, Chaoyang, Liaoning, China)

(～鎮) Heshui (a town in Taonan, Baicheng, Jilin, China)

(～鎮) Heshui (a town in Youyang, Chongqing, China)

(～縣) Heshui (a county of Ngawa prefecture, Sichuan, China)


Jinsha

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 金沙 (Jīnshā, literally “golden sand”).

Kinsha (alternative)
Kin-sha (alternative)
Kin Sha (alternative)
Chinsha (alternative)
Chin-sha (alternative)
Chin Sha (alternative)
Jin Sha (alternative also)
Jingsha (alternative misspelling)

The Sanjiang Fold System is an Indosinian geosynclinal fold system, lying in western Yunnan and the Qamdo area of Tibet east of the Nujiang River and west of the Jinsha River. In eastern Tibet the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang Rivers turn suddenly to the south to form the famous Sanjiang (Three-River) Valley.

1987, “Brief Description of the Main Tectonic Units of China”, in Geotectonic Evolution of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 83:

Except for the ten or more days when we rested in Zunyi Prefecture in northern Guizhou Province and the five days when we stopped in Huili County after we had crossed the Jinsha River, we spent all of our time marching, regardless of the weather, from Jiangxi to Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and then to Xikang⁶⁶ provinces, and then on to Lifan¹⁰² and Songpang in Sichuan Province.

1995 [1935], Chen Yun, “My Experiences on the Westward March”, in Selected Works of Chen Yun, volume I, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 54–55:

'Here,' announced Wei, 'is the start of the mighty Tongtian River, which flows into the Jinsha River and then into our glorious Yangtze.'

2016, Richard Loseby, chapter 10, in A Boy of China (Non-fiction), HarperCollins, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 120:

A ceremony was held on Monday to mark the coming on stream of the first unit of the Wudongde power plant, built near the provincial border of Yunnan and Sichuan on the Jinsha river, the upstream branch of the Yangtze.

2020 June 30, David Stanway, “China's giant Wudongde hydro project begins power generation”, in Kenneth Maxwell, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-06-30, Environment:

The Baihetan Dam on the Jinsha River, a tributary of the Yangtze, is part of Chinese efforts to curb surging fossil fuel demand by building more hydropower capacity at a time when dams have fallen out of favor in other countries due to environmental complaints.

2021 June 28, “China turns on world’s second-biggest hydropower dam”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-06-28:

A river in Qinghai and western Sichuan, China, the headwater of the Yangtze.

But long before that, Parisians will have had ample chance to familiarize themselves with Chinese culture. From Oct. 14 to Jan. 28, the Hôtel de Ville,[…]showcases recent Bronze Age excavations in the Szechuan Province, in western China, including artifacts from the Jinsha site (1200-1000 B.C.) discovered in February 2001.

2003 October 5, Corinne LaBalme, “WHAT'S DOING IN; Paris”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-27, Travel:

The continued discovery of Jinsha Site in 2001 after Sanxingdui might provide a persuasive reference to the myth of Sanxingdui civilization.

2007, Yinke Deng, “Sanxingdui, a Civilization Independent from the Central Plains”, in Avery Martha, Pan Yue, transl., History of China, Beijing: China Intercontinental Press (五洲传播出版社), →ISBN, →OCLC, page 42:

Other smaller sites nearby have been identified as Shu kingdom sites, but Jinsha is by far the largest and has the most valuable artefacts and largest structures and so is believed to have been the capital city. It is now thought that when Sanxingdui was abandoned, the Shu capital moved to Jinsha until its mysterious decline around 600 BC.

2009, Miriam Clifford, Cathy Giangrande, Antony White, China: Museums, Odyssey Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 246:

Visitors follow a sloping path to view the exhibits, which show the ecological environment, daily life and religious activities of ancient Jinsha, as well as the origin and evolution of ancient Shu civilization.

2011, Li Xianyao, Luo Zhewen, China's Museums, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 82:

Finally, an early Bronze Age site about four kilometers square has been discovered at Chin-sha, some thirty-eight kilometers west of San-hsing-tui.²⁶ Although the numerous artifacts and divinatory practices indicate strong Shang influence, Chin-sha has been interpreted as the center of another independent, peripheral people sufficiently powerful to challenge the Shang.

[2011, Ralph D. Sawyer, “Ancient Fortifications, II”, in Ancient Chinese Warfare, Basic Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 52:

For the Chengdu Worldcon in 2023, Clark Clarke expressed his great expectation, hoping to meet old friends at the conference, and even hoped to have the opportunity to visit Jinsha Site. He believes that the ancient Sichuan civilization can bring him new inspiration.

2022 September 7, “Attracting Science Fiction Fans All Over the World, the World Science Fiction Conference (Worldcon) Officially Started Its ‘Chengdu Time’”, in AP News, KISSPR, archived from the original on 2022-09-07:

An archaeological site in Qingyang district, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.

Under the unifying arrangements of the Party committee the people’s procuracy of Chin-sha county took seven days’ time and handed over to the masses for debate the cases in which it had approved applications for arrest.

[1968, Jerome Alan Cohen, The Criminal Process in the People's Republic of China, 1949-1963: An Introduction, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 476:

In handling the graft case involving Chen Guiliang [7115 6311 5328], director of the county hydroelectric power bureau, and other major graft cases, the procuratorate of Jinsha County showed no fear of powerful forces and difficulties, and swept aside all resistance, breaking through layer after layer of personal relationships to bare the facts relating to Chen Chiliang's graft and embezzlement of more than 100,000 yuan of drought relief funds,[…]

1986 September 23 [1986 April 21], Ziyong Zhang, “Procuratorates in Our Province at All Levels Make Remarkable Achievements in Crackdown on Economic Crime; Nearly 20 Million Yuan in Economic Losses Retrieved for the State Last Year”, in China Report: Political, Sociological and Military Affairs, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 55–56:

In the region of Zunyi, in northern Guizhou, the site of a famous Party meeting during the Long March, only one in eight survived. In other places, such as Jinsha county, a quarter of the population died.

1996, Jasper Becker, “The Other Provinces”, in Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, The Free Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 162:

At least one million of Guizhou’s then 16 million people are believed to have died during the early 1960s. Many of the deaths occurred in Zunyi and neighbouring Jinsha county, the result of violent appropriation of grain by officials.

2000, Graham Hutchings, “Guizhou Province”, in Modern China: A Guide to a Century of Change, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 176, column 2: