Tailu

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 苔菉 (Táilù).

There is a large surplus of labour in Tailu commune of Lianjiang County, Fujian Province.

1981, Beijing Review, volume 24, →OCLC, page 17:

At about 0110 on 6 August, four crew members of the "Minlianyu 0210" fishing boat of Nan Village of Lianjiang County’s Tailu Town were looking for fishing tackle near the Latou Reef south of the Xiyin Island, when troops of the Taiwan authorities on Xiyin Island fired at them and 28-year old^([sic – meaning year-old]) captain Chen Yingtong of the fishing boat was wounded twice in the left side of his chest.

1995 August 10 [1995 August 9], ARATS, quotee, “ARATS Condemns Killing of Mainland Fisherman”, in Daily Report: China, number 95-154, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 68, columns 1–2:

The fishing vessel and crew members returned to Tailu township in the early morning of 12th April.[...]two metal-cased trawlers from Tailu township, Lianjiang County[...]

1998, Summary of World Broadcasts: Asia, Pacific, numbers 3202-3214, BBC Monitoring, →ISSN, →OCLC:

The bus was traveling from Tailu Town, in Lianjiang County, to Fuzhou City. Most of the passengers were residents of Tailu Town.

2004 August 24, “17 Killed as Bus Plummets Down Slope”, in China Internet Information Center, archived from the original on 2004-08-24:

The villages of Tailu, Beijiao, and Xiubang in the Tailu township in Lienchiang county and Kungtung, Kunghsi, Yantai, and Wenwo in Haidao township in Xiapu county in Fujian Province were randomly selected for this cross-sectional investigation, which took place from July, 2011 to November, 2011.[...]
Inclusion criteria were voluntary participants aged 30 years or more living in Tailu and Haidao townships for more than 5 years.

2014, Pengli Zhu, Feng Huang, Fan Lin, Qiaowei Li, Yin Yuan, Zhonghai Gao, Falin Chen, “The Relationship of Retinal Vessel Diameters and Fractal Dimensions with Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors”, in PLOS One, volume 9, number 9, →DOI, →ISSN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 2, column 1:

Fishermen reinforce the fishing gear on the shore in Houwan Village of Tailu Town in Lianjiang County, southeast China's Fujian Province, July 10, 2018, as Typhoon Maria, the eighth typhoon this year, approaches the Chinese coast.

2018 July 11, “Residents evacuated, boats moored as Typhoon Maria approaches China”, in Yurou, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2018-07-15:

A town in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

A village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.


北茭

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～村) Beijiao (a village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


茭南

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

(～村) Jiaonan (a village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


東洛

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ lu̯ɔ⁵¹/

(～村) Dongluo (a village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～島) Dongluo (an island of Dongluo, Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


上塘

→ English: Shangtang, Shang-t’ang

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

(～村) Shangtang (a village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


橫塍

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/xɤŋ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～村) Hengcheng (a village in Tailu, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


Huangqi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 黃岐／黄岐 (Huángqí).

zh-l

黃岐／黄岐 (Huángqí)

Huang-ch'i (alternative)
Huangchi (alternative)
Huangci (alternative)

The Luotuan Bay, embraced by the Jianjiang Peninsula in the northeastern part of Luoyuan County and the Huangqi Peninsula in Lianjiang County, is a good deep-water harbour in the southeastern water area of China.

1985, 中國沿海十四城, 北京光明日報社, →OCLC, page 307:

According to Taiwanese media, schema provided by Matsu Defense Command to international media during a recent visit to the island inadvertently confirmed the deployment of the Ray Ting-2000 (“Thunderbolt 2000”) MRL by showing artillery ranges that went well beyond that of artillery pieces deployed on the islands, specifically 240 mm howitzers M1, which can reach targets about 23 km inside China. The schema presented to journalists showed targets 40 km inland, including the Huangqi Peninsula, the entire Minjiang estuary, as well as Pingtan and beyond.

2013 June 11, J. Michael Cole, “Taiwan’s New Rocket Launchers?”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2013-12-22:

Beigan Island belongs to Matsu Islands; the geographical position is located Taiwan's Northwest approximately 114 nautical miles, approaches mainland China Fujian's Minjiang River and Huangci peninsula.

[2020s, “Beigan introduction”, in Beigan Township Administration, Matsu, archived from the original on 2021-06-23:

A peninsula in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

When a fishing boat of Huangqi township of Fujian's Lianjiang county, which was engaged in nongovernmental trade, was having a transaction with a Matzu trader near the waters of Matzu island on the afternoon of 23 April, the troops garrisoned in Matzu opened fire at them, killing one and injuring two.

1995 May 2 [1995 April 28], “Matzu Troops Fire at Fishermen, Killing One”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, numbers 95-084, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, translation of original by Zhou Xiang (0719 5046) [周翔], →ISSN, →OCLC, page 88, column 2:

Cleaners clear the floating waste at a fishing harbour in Huangqi Township of Lianjiang County, southeast China's Fujian Province, June 6, 2017. Local authorities have devoted efforts to regularly clear the floating garbage along the seashore.

2017, “Local authorities make efforts to clear floating garbage along seashore in SE China”, in Zhang Dongmiao, editor, Xinhua News Agency:


海新

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕin⁵⁵/

(～社區) Haixin (a residential community in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


海英

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁵/

(～社區) Haiying (a residential community in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


海建

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

(～社區) Haijian (a residential community in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


赤才

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰʐ̩⁵¹ t͡sʰaɪ̯³⁵/

(～村) Chicai (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


古石

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～村) Gushi (a village in Huangqi, Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


Haifeng

海豐／海丰 (Hǎifēng)

On 2 January 1963, he secretly made his way to Haifeng County, Kwangtung, with a view to proceeding to Houmen and Swabue to carry out demolition activities. He was discovered by the local militiamen who reported him to the public security authorities, and was arrested.

1963 January 14 [1963 January 12], “U.S.-Chiang Kai-shek Agents Sentenced”, in Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts, number 9, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA, translation of original in Chinese, →OCLC, Chicom International Affairs, page BBB 13:

The special group of Red Guards with strong group consciousness and collective grievances were offspring of regional cadres who were the subject of discrimination and suppression imposed by national leaders and their policy of breaking regionalism. Grievances of this kind have been strong in Kwangtung province. In Haifeng county, for example, the first group of Red Guards was composed of the children of cadres punished by the national leaders in past "anti-provincialism" campaigns. The children wanted revenge and their opponents were the children of northern or outside cadres.

1976, Alan P. L. Liu, Political Culture & Group Conflict in Communist China, Clio Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 68:

Kwangtung produced her own fair share of militarists, including the first Kuomintang governor of the province, Ch’en Chiung-ming of Haifeng county, Wei Pang-p’ing, and Hsu Ch’ung-chih.

1977, Roy, Jr. Hofheinz, The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922-1928, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 115:

A court in southern China has handed out jail terms of up to 10 years to nine people from a Chinese fishing village once seen as a cradle of grassroots democracy after finding them guilty of illegal protests and other charges.[…]
The Haifeng County court said in a statement late on Monday the nine had been jailed for crimes including illegal demonstrations, disturbing traffic and intentionally spreading false information.

2016 December 26, Ben Blanchard, “China jails nine over protests in 'democracy' village”, in Paul Tait, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2016-12-27, World:


伽師

desc

→ English: Jiashi, Chia-shih, Ch'ieh-shih

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/

/kaː⁵⁵ siː⁵⁵/

The New Book of Tang mentions a city called 迦師城 in the Kingdom of Shule, during the reign of Pei Amozhi (裴阿摩支) in the Zhenguan era of the Tang dynasty.
The current county was established in 1902 with 伽師 as its name.

(～縣) Payzawat, Jiashi (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

Kingdom of Shule
New Book of Tang
Zhenguan


Payzawat

Fais-abad (alternative)
Faiz Abad (alternative)
Faizabad (alternative)
Faizābād (alternative)
Fayzabad (alternative)
Payziwat (alternative)
Päyziwat (alternative)
Peizawat (alternative)
Peyziwat (alternative)
Peyzawat (alternative)

Local government officials confirmed for the first time this month that an organized uprising against Chinese rule took place as late as the early 1980s.
Moslem peasants in Payzawat, 100 kilometres east of Kashgar, raided a military armoury and attacked Han Chinese with the stolen weapons. Units of the People's Liberation Army crushed the rebellion, with many deaths, local people from the Moslem Uighur ethnic group said.
Kashgar's vice-mayor Mohamed Emin, a Uighur but a non-Moslem Communist Party member, said a group "bent on destroying ethnic unity" had been responsible.
Payzawat - called Jiashi County by Peking - is closed to foreigners although overseas tour groups now regularly visit Kashgar. Local sources said the rebellion followed riots in Kashgar in 1981 that exploded when a Chinese shopkeeper shot dead a Uighur peasant who had parked a donkey-cart load of manure outside his premises.

1988 May 24, Andrew Roche, “Racial tensions simmer on China's ancient Silk Road”, in Jerusalem Post, volume 56, number 16834, via Internet Archive, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 6:

In the early 1980s, the local people rose up in armed rebellion against the Chinese presence in the regional centre of Payzawat. The Chinese army was called in to put down the uprising and the death toll was high.

1994, Pierre-Antoine Donnet, translated by Tica Broch, Tibet: Survival in Question, Zed Books Ltd, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 134:

According to official Chinese media, Payzawat (Jiashi) has a population of at least 300,000, while Maralbeshi (Bachu) has a population of 260,000. Both counties are 90 percent Uyghur.

2003, “DEATH TOLL RISING FAST IN XINJIANG QUAKE”, in Radio Free Asia:

Emin travelled from Khotan to Payzawat and agreed to combine his forces with those of Temur to launch an attack on Kashgar.

2014, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 32:

The women's federation in Payzawat County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, along with other government bodies there, has undertaken multiple means to help underprivileged women from ethnic minorities start up their own businesses or find employment in their hometowns in recent years.

2016, Wang Jiangpin, “Multiple Efforts Introduced to Help Ethnic Women in Start-ups and Employment”, in Hewater Liu, editor, All-China Women's Federation, archived from the original on 2020-03-21:

A 5.4-magnitude earthquake hit Payzawat County of Kashgar Prefecture in northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region at 00:05 a.m. Saturday (Beijing Time), according to the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC).

2020 January 18, “5.4-magnitude earthquake hits Xinjiang: CENC”, in yan, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2020-03-21:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


澤普

→ English: Tse-p'u, Zepu

/t͡sɤ³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sɤ³⁵ pʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～縣) Poskam, Zepu (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Kargilik

Qaghiliq (alternative)
Karghalik (alternative)

At present, a 1 360-km drifting route by raft from the Yarkant Bridge of Yecheng (Kargilik) to the Daxihaizi reservoir of Wensu County has been opened.

1997, Travelling around Xinjiang: A Land of Enchantment, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 155, column 3:

While over 90 percent of Kargilik's 500,000-strong population are Uygurs, Manas, regarded as the western gateway to Urumqi, has a Han majority. Memet had met few Han people in Kargilik. In Manas, he made friends with the community easily, despite the fear mongering in the past that the Han were taking over Uygur jobs. "My Han friends ask me to dinner during the Spring Festival," Memet told Beijing Review.

2017 February 23, Li Fangfang, “Opportunity in Diversity”, in Beijing Review, archived from the original on 2017-02-22:

Kargilik mosque — all gone
Satellite images taken in September 2018 and April 2019 appear to show that a mosque in Kargilik county, southwest Xinjiang, had been demolished completely. The two structures in the red box serve as location markers for the before and after images.

2019, Alexandra Ma, “Before-and-after photos show how China is destroying historical sites to monitor and intimidate its Muslim minority”, in Business Insider, archived from the original on 2019-04-28:

Zhu arrived in Xinjiang in 1975 as a “sent-down youth,” part of a Communist Party initiative that sent educated urban youths to live in the countryside to further China’s Maoist revolution. A member of China’s Han ethnic majority, he was 17 when he departed prosperous Jiangsu province on China’s east coast for Kargilik, a remote county amid the deserts and steppes of China’s far northwest. Uighurs, the region’s largest ethnic group, had long chafed under official discrimination and economic marginalization under Beijing.

2019 November 24, Sasha Chavkin, “Xinjiang’s Architect Of Mass Detention: Zhu Hailun”, in International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, archived from the original on 2019-11-24:


葉城

→ English: Yecheng, Yeh-ch'eng

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiːp̚² sɪŋ²¹/

/jɛ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/jiːp̚² sɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Kargilik, Yecheng (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


加依提勒克

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄧ ㄊㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄐㄧㄚ ㄧ ㄊㄧˊ ㄌㄜˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ tʰi³⁵ lɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(～鄉) Jayterak, Jiayitileke (a township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


依力克其

ㄧ ㄌㄧˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄑㄧˊ

ㄧ ㄌㄧˋ ㄎㄜˋ ㄑㄧˊ

/i⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/i⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(～鄉) Yilkiqi, Yilikeqi (a township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


西合休

/ɕi⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Shixshu, Xihexiu (a township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Іле

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script

Ili (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


潭城

/tʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/tʰän³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～鎮) Tancheng (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


澳前

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/

(～鎮) Aoqian (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


北厝

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Beicuo (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


敖東

/ˀɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Aodong (a town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


白青

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

/paɪ̯³⁵ t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Baiqing (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


嶼頭

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/y²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

(～鄉) Yutou (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


大練

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ li̯ɛn⁵¹/

(～鄉) Dalian (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


蘆洋

/lu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/lu³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

(～鄉) Luyang (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


東庠

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ɕi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

(～鄉) Dongxiang (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)

(～島) Dongxiang (an island of Dongxiang, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


嵐城

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/län³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

(～鄉) Lancheng (a township in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


Қорғас

kk-proper noun

Қорғас • (Qorğas)

Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script
Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script
Kazakh alphabets#Latin script
kk:Қорғас

a town in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China, on the border with Kazakhstan.


錫林郭勒

ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛ ㄌㄜˋ

ㄒㄧˊ ㄌㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛ ㄌㄜˋ

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

/ɕi⁵⁵ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi³⁵ lin³⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɤ⁵¹/

/sɛːk̚³ lɐm²¹ kʷɔːk̚³ lɐk̚²/

From Mongolian ᠰᠢᠯᠢ
ᠶᠢᠨ
ᠭᠣᠣᠯ (sili yin ɣool).

bor

ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ

(～盟) Xilingol (a league in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


Pingtan

Ping-tan (alternative)
P'ing-t'an (alternative)

The shipwrecked group travelled by junk next day to Pingtan Island and four days later sailed to Hongkong.

1957 March 15, “Shipwrecked”, in Peace News, number 1081, page 2:

Peiping radio said a U.S. Navy aircraft violated Chinese Communist air space over Pingtan and White Dog islands off the coastal province of Fukien Sunday and added that a Red foreign ministry spokesman was "authorized to issue its 58th serious warning against the intrusion."

1959 July 20, “U.S. Plane Accused Of Air Violation”, in The Cumberland News, volume 21, number 239, Cumberland, Maryland, sourced from Tokyo (AP), page 1, column 8:

The Chinese military today began a third round of military exercises in waters near Fujian's Pingtan Dao, causing a feeling of insecurity on Wuqiu [Wuchiu], Jinmen [Kinmen], and Mazu [Matsu] that are garrisoned by Taiwan troops.

1996 March 21 [1996 March 18], He Jixiong (0149 2623 7160) [何机雄], “There Is a Feeling of Insecurity on Jinmen, Mazu, and Other Islands”, in Daily Report: China, number 96-056, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Hong Kong ZHONGGUO TONGXUNSHE, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 75, column 2:

The author went to Tungchu on 20 March, just two days after the PLA manoeuvres started on Pingtan Island. Though two-thirds of the civilian population had provisionally left Tungchu, the atmosphere was relaxed and, in the five hours spent there, the author was able to hear the remote sound of PRC guns just[…]

1997, Greg Austin, Missile Diplomacy and Taiwan's Future: Innovations in Politics and Military Power, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 14:

The 1.1 billion yuan ($152 million) sea bridge will connect Pingtan Island, located in the Taiwan Strait, to Fuqing, a city on the main landmass of eastern Fujian Province, Xinhua said.

2007 October 13, “China to build sea bridge to 5th-largest island”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2022-06-15, World News:

Chinese state media said that exercises to simulate an air and sea "blockade" around Taiwan had started Wednesday, but offered little solid evidence to back up the claim. Later Thursday, images showed military helicopters flying past Pingtan island, one of Taiwan's closest points to mainland China.

2022 August 4, Brad Lendon, “China fires missiles near Taiwan in live-fire drills as PLA encircles island”, in CNN, archived from the original on 2022-08-04:

Although some Fuqin City residents have managed to go to the United States illegally, most have chosen to go to Japan, also illegally (Gu 1993). The other sending community is Pingtan County, located east of Fuqin City. Many of its residents have illegally immigrated to Taiwan, which is only about seventy sea miles away (Chang 1995).

1999, Ko-lin Chin, Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 13:

China held live-fire military drills in the Taiwan Strait on Saturday as U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi prepared to arrive in Asia. The exercises took place off the coast of Fujian province opposite Taiwan. A warning issued by the local maritime safety agency said the drills would be conducted near Pingtan, a county about 80 miles from Hsinchu city across the strait in northwestern Taiwan.

2022 July 30, “A roundup of news from around the world.”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-01, National:

A town in Huiyang district, Huizhou, Guangdong, China.


右營

/joʊ̯⁵¹ iŋ³⁵/

/joʊ̯⁵¹ iŋ³⁵/

(～社區) Youying (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


瑞龍

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

/ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ lʊŋ³⁵/

(～社區) Ruilong (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


城東

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵ tʊŋ⁵⁵/

/saŋ¹¹ tuŋ²⁴/

(～社區) Chengdong (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


寶湖

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵/

/pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ xu³⁵/

(～社區) Baohu (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


桂山

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/kʷɐi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Guishan (a town in Xiangzhou district, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China)

(～社區) Guishan (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


佳林

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ lin³⁵/

(～社區) Jialin (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


Tancheng

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 郯城.

SHANGHAI, (AP) An inspired Chinese army claimed capture of Matowchen, walled town four miles northwest of Tancheng, as continued “rapid progress” was reported today in erasing the second big Japanese offensive in South Shantung province.
Matowchen was considered by Chinese commanders the key to Tancheng, which had become the southernmost point of the Japanese advance toward the Lunghai railway, 15 miles away.

1938 May 5, “Chinese Continue Rout of Invaders”, in Santa Ana Journal, volume 4, number 4, Santa Ana, California, →OCLC, page 1:

In the past diamonds had sometimes been found along the border between Linshu and Tancheng counties. Years ago before liberation Wei’s two brothers had picked up two small ones and a peasant in Tancheng county had found one. But these had been seized by the puppet village heads and had fallen into the hands of the Japanese invaders.

1978 November, “A Great Diamond”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXVII, number 11, →OCLC, page 36, columns 1, 2:

Then following a lull in January, incidents picked up again after the Chinese New Year, spreading south to Tancheng and further east to Fei county.

1987, Joseph W. Esherick, The Origins of the Boxer Uprising, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 188:


Tancheng

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 潭城 (Tánchéng).

Tancheng on the island of Pingtan, in China’s Fujian Province, is pictured on Oct. 23 last year. Pingtan is physically China’s closest spot to Taiwan.

2014 February 9, “FEATURE: China woos Taiwan with offshore ‘common homeland’”, in Taipei Times, sourced from AFP, PINGTAN, China, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2014-03-28, Taiwan News, page 3:

A town in Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.


南賴

/nän³⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹/

/nän³⁵ laɪ̯⁵¹/

(～村) Nanlai (a village in Aoqian, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


乃則爾巴格

ㄋㄞˇ ㄗㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄋㄞˇ ㄗㄜˊ ㄦˇ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

Найцзээр Багэ

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/naɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Nezerbagh, Naize'er Bage (a town in Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Nezerbagh

Borrowed from Uyghur نەزەرباغ (nezerbagh).

A Uyghur officer from the Nezerbagh township police station on the outskirts of Kashgar also refused to comment on the notice, but acknowledged that a special regulation is currently in place in the region to control the purchase and sale of tools with blades on them, as well as how the items are used.

2015 September 14, Eset Sulaiman, Joshua Lipes, “Authorities in Xinjiang Require Special Permits to Buy Kitchen Knives”, in Eset Sulaiman, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-09-29:

After receiving information about the implementation of the Sanxin Huodong campaign in Kashgar (in Chinese, Kashi) city’s Nezerbagh township, RFA’s Uyghur Service contacted a government employee there who refused to comment on the situation.

2020 January 9, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Uyghurs in Xinjiang Ordered to Replace Traditional Décor With Sinicized Furniture”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-01-10:

A town in Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.


Shamalbagh

Borrowed from Uyghur شامالباغ (shamalbagh).

“The group tried to attack people inside casino, but they failed to enter because the security guards immediately closed the door, so the group attacked bystanders in front of the establishment,” said a police officer from Kashgar’s Shamalbagh police station, which has jurisdiction over the area.

2015 March 16, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Chinese Police Shoot Four Uyghurs Dead After Casino Knife Attack”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-04-07:

Shamalbagh Town Food Street resumes business too! At noon on March 23, diners enjoy food in the food street and start a happy new week.

2020 March 27, “An article with the smell of delicious food: the following food streets and night markets in Xinjiang are open!”, in Cheng Li, editor, Tianshannet, archived from the original on 2020-05-18:

Recently, I've come across cases of Uyghurs who have come to Beijing to petition because they didn't receive reasonable compensation when their houses were torn down. For example, several dozen households only received 350 yuan per square meter when they were evicted in Shamalbagh, Kashgar.

2022 [2012 December 13], Ilham Tohti, “We Uyghurs Have No Say (2012)”, in We Uyghurs Have No Say: An Imprisoned Writer Speaks, Verso, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 135–136:


夏馬勒巴格

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄜˋ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄇㄚˇ ㄌㄜˋ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Shamalbagh, Xiamalebage (a town in Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Qoghan

T. Where is he?
S. He is in the Qoghan quarter, he will be here directly.

1934, Rachel Orde Wingate, Dialogues in the Eastern Turki Dialect on Subjects of Interest to Travellers, →OCLC, page 13:

The general pattern is that the closer a township is to Kashgar city, the lower the changes of finding a female donkey in a household. Qoghan, Bäshkeräm, Awat, Yengi-östeng and Döwletbagh are townships which are within a 50-km distance from the city, and where female donkeys are nearly absent.

2010, Donald Wood, editor, Economic Action in Theory and Practice: Anthropological Investigations, via Google Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 172:

Mahat Hasan was one of 50 men detained by Chinese authorities in Barin town’s Qoghan village.[...]Mahat Hassan died last month in prison, becoming the fifth Uyghur of the Qoghan villagers to perish while serving a life sentence, according to his wife Asim Khan.

2012 March 22, Mamatjan Juma, Joshua Lipes, “Supporting a Loved One in Jail”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2012-03-24:

“This is a really religious family,” Sawut said. “We had been watching them closely, which is why they moved to Qoghan, outside Kashgar city, though some of them remained behind.”

2015 June 29, Shohret Hoshur, Richard Finney, “Uyghur Attackers Came From 'Religious Family'”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-09-19:

A township in Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


多來特巴格

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄞˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄉㄨㄛ ㄌㄞˊ ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

Долайтэ Багэ

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ laɪ̯³⁵ tʰɤ⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

(～鄉) Doletbagh, Duolaite Bage (a township in Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Doletbagh

Doletbagh is a small town located in the southeast part of Kashgar with a population of about 14,000, 97 per cent of whom are Uighurs.

2011 December 30, B. Raman, “Uighurs Strike Again In Xinjiang – Analysis”, in Eurasian Review, archived from the original on 2016-03-04:

RFA confirmed the detention of Haji—one of the region’s wealthiest businessmen—in a phone call to Kashgar’s Doletbagh police station, in Kashgar’s Yuan Fang district, which has since taken over operation of his hotel.

2018 May 7, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Chinese Authorities Detain Uyghur Hotelier in Xinjiang’s Kashgar City”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-05-07:


恰薩

/t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ sä⁵¹/

(～街道) Chasa, Qiasa (a subdistrict of Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


亞瓦格

/jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/jä⁵¹ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/jä²¹⁴⁻³⁵ wä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

(～街道) Yawagh, Yawage (a subdistrict of Kashgar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


托克扎克

ㄊㄨㄛ ㄎㄜˋ ㄓㄚ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄊㄨㄛ ㄎㄜˋ ㄓㄚ ㄎㄜˋ

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Tokkuzak, Tuokezhake, Toqquzaq (a town in Shufu, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阿依庫勒

/ˀä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Aykol, Ayikule (a town in Aksu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Aykol, Ayikule (a township in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～村) Aykol, Ayikule (a village in Aykol, Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Aykol

On August 7, on the eve of the Eid holiday marking the end of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, police in Aykol township, Aksu prefecture, reportedly sought to prevent residents from another village from engaging in cross-village worship,¹⁰⁵ and detained several Uyghur men for engaging in "illegal religious activities."

2013 October 10, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Annual Report 2013, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, page 169:

A poor villager named Habibulla Mamut from Aykol Town of Aksu City applied for a position with an electrical appliance company in Hangzhou at a local job fair, was offered the post, and earned RMB55,000 that year, raising himself and his family out of poverty.

2020 September 17, “Full Text: Employment and Labor Rights in Xinjiang”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2020-09-20:

Authorities in Aykol township of Aksu city (in Chinese, Akesu) city allowed only Uyghurs over the age of 50 to participate in worship services during the holiday on July 20-23, the officer from the district’s police station told RFA last week.[...]The senior police officer in Aykol told RFA that more than 170 Uyghurs accused of violating regulations regarding Eid prayers are currently being held in custody, though he said he could not comment on their whereabouts or whether they were being detained in “re-education” camps or detention centers.[...]Following this year’s Eid prayers in Aksu, police checked the identification cards and searched the homes of those who attended prayer services to verify that they were over 50 years old, said an Aykol resident who declined to be named for safety reasons.

2021 July 30, Shohret Hoshur, Roseanne Gerin, “Police in China’s XUAR Question Uyghurs For Attending Eid Prayers Without Permission”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-07-30:

A town in Aksu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

August 2013 was a particularly violent month. On the eve of the Id al Fitr festival that signifies the end of Ramadan, clashes between police and local Uyghurs in Kargilik (Yecheng) County, which lies between Kashgar and Khotan, left between fifteen and twenty-two Uyghurs dead and there was further violence that month at Aykol, a township in Poskam (Zepu) County to the south of Yarkand, also at the end of Ramadan.

2019, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang in the Twenty-First Century: Islam, Ethnicity and Resistance, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 264:

A township in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A village in Aykol, Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Tokkuzak

In Tokkuzak town of Kashgar, over hundred students and teachers were arrested for performing collective prayer.

2005 July 20, Rebiya Kadeer, “Letter from Rebiya Kadeer, Human Rights Activist, to the Congress of the United States”, in Falun Gong and China's Continuing War on Human Rights, →OCLC, page 3:

Chinese President Xi Jinping (C) poses for a group photo with pupils and teachers of the central primary school in Tokkuzak Township, Shufu County, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, April 28, 2014. Xi made an inspection tour in Xinjiang from April 27 to 30.

2014 May 4, “President Xi Jinping makes inspection tour in Xinjiang (4)”, in People's Daily, archived from the original on 2021-05-02:

A teacher instructs a student in calligraphy at the central primary school in Tokkuzak Township, Shufu County, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

2017, Jia Zhao, Huang Xiaoxi, “Clapper talk, calligraphy changing Uygur life”, in Shanghai Daily:

The official could not say which of Gulnisa’s poems got her arrested, what crime Gulnisa had been charged with, or whether she had a trial. But he did confirm that she is serving her sentence in Mush Women’s prison in Tokkuzak (Toukezhake) township in Kashgar (Kashi) prefecture.

2021 December 15, Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur poet imprisoned on separatism charges in China’s Xinjiang”, in Roseanne Gerin, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-12-15:

A town in Shufu, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


قەشقەر

Kashgar, Kashi (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

Kashgar, Kashi (a county-level city of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


يېڭىسار

→ Chinese: 英吉沙 (Yīngjíshā)

→ English: Yengisar

Yengisar, Yingjisha (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

Yengisar, Yingjisha (a town in Yengisar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


梁岷

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ min³⁵/

/li̯ɑŋ³⁵ min³⁵/

(literary) Mount Liang, 梁山 and Mount Min, 岷山 (a couple of mountains in Sichuan, China)


喬勒潘

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰän⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ lɤ⁵¹ pʰän⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Qolpan, Qiaolepan (a township in Yengisar, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


夏普吐勒

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨˇ ㄌㄜˋ

ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄆㄨˇ ㄊㄨˇ ㄌㄜˋ

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/ɕi̯ä⁵¹ pʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Shaptul, Xiaputule (a town in Payzawat, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Shaptul

Farther on we passed the villages of Kazan Kul and Shaptul ; a weekly market is held at the latter.
"Beyond Fyzabad habitations became scarcer, and ceased altogether at Yengi Awat, forty-six miles from Kashgar.

1876, Thomas Edward Gordon, The Roof of the World, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, →OCLC, page 69:

Officials in Hotan (Hetian) prefecture’s Qaraqash (Moyu) county recently told RFA that they had been ordered to send 40 percent of area residents to re-education camps, and said they were having trouble meeting the quota.
Authorities in Peyziwat’s Shaptul township have said they were informed at an online staff meeting in June that 80 percent of people arrested there were to be “severely punished,” or jailed.
Reports suggest similar orders have been given in other areas of the region, and that authorities are detaining as many Uyghurs as possible in re-education camps and jail, regardless of their age, prior service to the Communist Party, or the severity of the accusations against them.

2017 October 31, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Uyghur ‘Political Criminals’ Jailed Without Trial in Xinjiang’s Kashgar Prefecture”, in Alim Seytoff, Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2017-11-01:

In Shaptul Township, farmers had not yet received their land contracts, and since this situation and farmer's conditions did not see any significant change betwen the two fieldworks, in 2012 the research team decided to choose a random sample of farmers for informal interviews, even if their contracts had not been distributed yet.

2020, Alessandra Cappelletti, Socio-Economic Development in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region: Disparities and Power Struggle in China's North-West, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 244:

But a Communist Party cadre in Peyziwat’s Shaptul township told RFA on Feb. 17 that area roads had been closed off and local officials have been too busy to bring supplies to families confined to their homes as part of the quarantine there, which went into effect on Jan. 23.

2020 February 26, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Uyghur Former Detainee of Xinjiang Internment Camp Denied Treatment Amid Coronavirus Quarantine”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-02-27:

A town in Payzawat, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.


奎依巴格

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄧ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄎㄨㄟˊ ㄧ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ i⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/kʰu̯eɪ̯³⁵ i⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

(～鎮) Kuybagh, Kuiyibage (a town in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～鄉) Kuybagh, Kuiyibage (a township in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Poskam

There was once, long, long ago, a very old man who was a saint, and whom everyone revered. He lived in a little shop and made, better than anyone, chereks, which are fine Chinese boots of a special shape of which he has left the secret, and which are only made in Poskam.

1909, Henry de Bouillane de Lacoste, translated by J. G. Anderson, Around Afghanistan, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., →OCLC, →OL, page 106:

Poskam (Zepu) County is 30 km to the east of Yarkand and is the petroleum and natural gas producing hub of southern Xinjiang. The Tajik Ethnic village in Poskam County consists of a few smaller settlements scattered around the Boyluq area.

2019, Dagikhudo Dagiev, Carole Faucher, editors, Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia (Central Asian Studies Series), →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL:

Subtype ST3 was dominant in most of the counties surveyed, with ST1 appearing to be the predominant subtype in the Lop county and only ST1 being identified in the Poskam county (Table 1).

2020, Meng Qi et al., “Genetic diversity of Blastocystis in kindergarten children in southern Xinjiang, China”, in Parasites & Vectors, volume 13, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

In an article posted in 2018 on the Chinese social media platform WeChat, Behtiyar Ablimit, a committee member of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Poskam county in southern Xinjiang, attested to the government’s proscription of nikah, while contradicting Chinese official statements, which often emphasize that the religious rights of Uighurs are “fully respected” in Xinjiang.

2020 October 2, Asim Kashgarian, “Uighur Couple, Official’s Article Confirm China’s Ban on Islamic Marriage Vow”, in Voice of America, archived from the original on 2020-10-05:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


吉格代加依

ㄐㄧˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄉㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄧ

ㄐㄧˊ ㄍㄜˊ ㄉㄞˋ ㄐㄧㄚ ㄧ

Цзигэдайцзяи

/t͡ɕi³⁵ kɤ³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi³⁵ kɤ³⁵ taɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ i⁵⁵/

(～村) Jigdejay, Jigedaijiayi (a village in Kuybagh, Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


波斯喀木

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/pu̯ɔ⁵⁵ sz̩⁵⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～鄉) Poskam, Bosikamu (a township in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Seyli

An official from neighboring Kashgar (Kashi) prefecture’s Poskam (Zepu) county, who also asked to remain unnamed, told RFA that authorities have been instructed to “make sure that everything is safe” while patrolling the streets of the county, and that they had been provided with notebooks including a list of “the names and pictures of individuals on record” to be detained.
One suspect on the list was identified as Abdusemet Metkerim, 23, from Talbagh village, in Poskam’s Seyli township.
“He had illegal religious video materials in his possession,” the official said of Metkerim, adding that authorities had issued a warrant in the young man’s name in September.

2018 January 8, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Uyghur Detentions Continue in Xinjiang, Despite Pledge to End With Party Congress”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2018-01-09:


賽力

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

/saɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ li⁵¹/

(～鄉) Seyli, Saili (a town in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Yilkiqi

Chinese authorities have shot dead at least 15 ethnic Uyghurs in a desert area in Xinjiang, accusing them of terrorism and illegal religious activity, in the latest violence to rock the troubled northwestern region of China, according to police sources.
They were among a group of more than 20 Uyghurs surrounded and fired upon by police in a lightning raid last week in the Yilkiqi township in Kargilik (in Chinese, Yecheng) county in Kashgar prefecture, the sources said.

2013 August 25, Shohret Hoshur, Parameswaran Ponnudurai, “At Least 15 Uyghurs Killed in Police Shootout in Xinjiang”, in Mamatjan Juma, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2021-04-01:

In August, paramilitary police officers not far from Kashgar shot at least 32 men, killing a dozen, during a raid on what was described as a secret “munitions center”; a few days later at least a dozen other Uighurs were killed as they prayed at a farmhouse in Yilkiqi township, according to Radio Free Asia. The authorities said the men were taking part in “illegal religious activities” and training for a terrorist attack, but did not provide further details.

2013 October 7, Andrew Jacobs, “Uighurs in China Say Bias Is Growing”, in New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-10-08, Asia Pacific:

In August, a Chinese policeman was killed in an incident in Yilkiqi described by state media as an “anti-terrorism” operation, but overseas media said 22 Uighurs were shot dead in the confrontation.

2013 December 17, Agence France-Presse, “Clash in China's Xinjiang kills 16”, in Dhaka Tribune, volume 1, number 263, page 6:

In the only state media reference to an August 2013 incident in Yilkiqi, the Kashgar Daily reported on the heroism of a member of the security forces who was allegedly killed during a clash with so-called terrorists. By contrast, Radio Free Asia reported that 22 Uighurs were gunned down while at prayer. According to local sources, the bodies of the dead were buried in a mass grave in order to cover up the killings.

2013, Alim Seytoff, “China's darkest corner”, in Index on Censorship, volume 42, number 4, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-22, page 116:

In 2013, four major incidents took place in Xinjiang.[...]Subsequently, on 20 August, 15 Uighurs were killed by police in a^([sic]) 'anti-terror campaign' in Yilkiqi township in Yecheng (Kargilik) county in Kashgar prefecture.

2014, Srikanth Kondapalli, “Internal Security Challenges in China”, in Satish Kumar, editor, India's National Security: Annual Review 2013, Routledge, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 303:

A police helicopter had monitored the group at a house in Yilkiqi township in the southwestern Xinjiang prefecture of Kashgar for a week.

2016, Edward Mickolus, Terrorism, 2013-2015: A Worldwide Chronology, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 85:

A township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


柯克亞

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jä⁵¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Kokyar, Kekeya (a township in Kargilik, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


甘粛

Gansu (a province in northwestern China)


達布達爾

ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄦˇ

ㄉㄚˊ ㄅㄨˋ ㄉㄚˊ ㄦˇ

/tä³⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tä³⁵ pu⁵¹ tä³⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Dafdar, Dabuda'er (a township in Taxkorgan, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


沙雅

/ʂä⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saː⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³/

/ʂä⁵⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/saː⁵⁵ ŋaː¹³/

(～縣) Xayar, Shayar, Shaya (a county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


英買里

/iŋ⁵⁵ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/iŋ⁵⁵ maɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

From Uyghur يېڭىمەھەللە (yë'ngimehelle).

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Yengimehelle, Yingmaili (a town in Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Yengimehelle

The group was set up at the end of January to assist police in their investigation into the flag-burning incident that occurred at Xaniqa mosque in the county’s Yengimehelle township.

2015 April 16, Shohret Hoshur, Roseanne Gerin, “Police Conduct Raids in Xinjiang a Year After Flag Burning at Mosque”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2015-10-24:

A town in Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.

According to an April 24 report on the Peyziwat (Jiashi) county (Kashgar district) government Web site, government and Communist Party officials in Yéngi Mehelle (Yingmaili) township gathered the büwi of 10 local villages for training in government and Party policy toward religion and to sign a pledge to "uphold stability." Based on the pledge, the women will refrain from "wearing veils or long dresses, teaching religious texts to students, and forcing other individuals to participate in religious activities."

[2009 August 20, “Xinjiang Authorities Train, Seek to Regulate Muslim Women Religious Figures”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China, archived from the original on 2014-09-19:

A township in Payzawat, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Xayar

Shayar (alternative)
Shahyar (alternative)

The copper seal of the Qiang elders was unearthed at Sheket in Xayar County in 1958.

1989, 郑平 [Zheng Ping], 洛安吉 [Luo Anji], transl., 新疆风物志 [Xinjiang: the Land and the People], Beijing: New World Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 150:

Akkum slope zone: Luntai fracture is this zone's northern boundary. It extends south to near Tarim He and the western boundary is near Xayar County.

1990 May 21, Kang Yuzhu, “Results of Hydrocarbon Exploration in Tarim Basin”, in JPRS Report Science and Technology China: Energy, page 26:

Figure 2 illustrates a series of temperatures at Xayar, southern Xinjiang that was reconstructed using a correlation between temperature and a tree ring index. Compared with the average temperature in the last 170 years, the temperature was lower from early this century to the 1920s. It has increased since the late 1920s.

1994, Zhang Guoan, Yang Qing, Jiao Jian, Su Minggang, “Climatic Change and Its Environmental Effects During This Century in Xinjiang, China”, in Richard G. Zepp, editor, Climate-Biosphere Interactions: Biogenic Emissions and Environmental Effects of Climate Change, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 281:

Internet cafes in Aksu prefecture's Shayar county are frequented by young men from the mostly Muslim Uyghur ethnic group. But the cafes are staffed by Chinese workers who mistreat their clientele, Uyghurs there said.

[2009 February 6, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Ethnic Tensions in Xinjiang’s Internet Cafes”, in Shohret Hoshur, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2009-04-23:

Xayar County is located in the Ugen River Basin which is one of the branches of the Tarim River.

2014, C.A. Brebbia, H. Bjornlund, editors, Sustainable Irrigation and Drainage V: Management, Technologies and Policies, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 4:

Xinjiang Xayar Prison is located in Xayar County, Aksu District, Southern Xinjiang, which is about 1,130 kilometers away from Urumqi.

2019, Han Lianchao, Cotton: The Fabric Full of Lies, Citizen Power Initiatives for China, page 42:

A county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


蓋孜庫木

ㄍㄞˋ ㄗ ㄎㄨˋ ㄇㄨˋ

ㄍㄞˋ ㄗ ㄎㄨˋ ㄇㄨˋ

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹/

(～鄉) Gezqum, Gaizikumu (a township in Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


吐木秀克

ㄊㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄡˋ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄊㄨˇ ㄇㄨˋ ㄒㄧㄡˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹⁻⁵³ ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮) Tumxuk, Tumuxiuke (a town in Onsu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


定日

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɪŋ²² jɐt̚²/

/tiŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʐ̩⁵¹/

/tɪŋ²² jɐt̚²/

Borrowed from Tibetan དིང་རི་ (ding ri).

(～縣) Tingri (a county of Shigatse, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


柯坪

→ English: Keping, K'o-p'ing

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ɔː⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kʰɤ⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/ɔː⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～縣) Kalpin, Kelpin, Keping (a county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


津南

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

(～區) Jinnan (a district of Tianjin, China)

(～新村) Jinnan (a new village in Qira town, Qira county, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


啟浪

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɑŋ⁵¹/

(～鄉) Qilan, Qilang, Chilan (a township in Kalpin, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Kalpin

Kelpin (alternative)
Keping (alternative)
K'o-p'ing (alternative)

Chinese authorities in the restive far western region of Xinjiang have demolished a mosque for refusing to put up signs in support of this August's Beijing Olympics, an exiled group said on Monday.
The mosque was in Kalpin county near Aksu city in Xinjiang's rugged southwest, the World Uyghur Congress said.

2008 June 23, Ben Blanchard, “China demolishes mosque for not supporting Olympics: group”, in Nick Macfie, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2016-04-04, World:

A quake hit the juncture of Kalpin and Akqi counties, in [the] Tianshan Mountains, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, late Friday, Feb 20, 2009, affecting more than 14,800 people.

2009 February 25, “Quakeproof houses in NW China prove stable”, in Sina Corp, archived from the original on 2009-03-02:

Strain TRM 45387T was isolated from a saline-alkali soil collected from Kalpin county, Xinjiang Province, north-west China (40° 22′ N 79° 08′ E).

2015, Ling-Ling Lv, Yue-Feng Zhang, Li-Li Zhang, “Glycomyces tarimensis sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a saline-alkali habitat”, in International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, volume 65, number 5, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC:

Another company with ties to U.S. businesses is Xinjiang Nuodun Garment, which has made several shipments of men’s and women’s trousers to four companies in the U.S. The supplier was founded in July 2017, a few months after the re-education policy kicked off, and is based in Kalpin county, Aksu prefecture.

2019 November 16, Juozapas Bagdonas, “Tracking Down the Fruits of Xinjiang’s Forced Labor Industry”, in The Diplomat, archived from the original on 2019-11-16:


阿恰勒

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹⁻⁵³ lɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Aqal, Aqiale, Achal (a town in Kalpin, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Aqal

Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria 5+ males holding territory in a popular grove in Aqal town. Described as rare in China (Cheng 1987).

1992, R. Grimmett, H. Taylor, “Recent bird observations from Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China, 16 June to 5 July 1988”, in Forktail, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 146:

Separated by the line from Aksu, through Aqal to Markit, a suite of varicoloured mudstone, silty mudstone and sandy conglomerate interbeds with intercalations of andesite, basalt and dacite outcrops in the east, and in the west there is a set of granular carbonate and grey-back sandy mudstone interbeds with the[…]

1996, Field Trip Guide: Stratigraphy, Paleontology, Sedimentology, Petroleum and Coal Geology, volume 1, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 1112-10:

At Aqal, the Middle Ordovician Qilang and Yingan formations are c. 320 m thick, but are completely absent in the Mystery Canyon, 100 km to the west.

2009, Sebastian Turner, Structural Evolution of the Northwest Tarim Basin, China, Imperial College London, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-03-02, page 64:

A town in Kalpin, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.


蓋孜力克

ㄍㄞˋ ㄗ ㄌㄧˋ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄍㄞˋ ㄗ ㄌㄧˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/kaɪ̯⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ li⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Gezlik, Gaizilike (a town in Kalpin, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


玉爾其

/y⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/y⁵¹ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(～鄉) Yurqi, Yurchi, Yu'erqi (a township in Kalpin, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


秦城

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕʰin³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰɵn²¹ sɪŋ²¹/

(～村) Qincheng (a village in Xingshou, Changping district, Beijing, China)


烏什

/wuː⁵⁵ sɐp̚²/

/wuː⁵⁵ sɐp̚²/

(～縣) Uqturpan, Uchturpan, Wushi (a county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Aqyar

Mehmut Memet, 23, and his mother, Ayturem Hudesh, went missing from their home township of Aqyar, in Aksu (in Chinese, Akesu) prefecture’s Uchturpan (Wushi) county, in 2017, Mehmut’s Turkey-based sister Zeytune Memet recently told RFA’s Uyghur Service.

2020 March 18, Shohret Hoshur, Joshua Lipes, “Missing Uyghur Brothers Confirmed Detained in Xinjiang Internment Camp”, in Elise Anderson, transl., Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-03-19:

Figure 5: Officials from Aqyar Township, Aksu Prefecture announcing plans to elicit more gratitude towards the party from villagers.

2021, Vicky Xiuzhong Xu, James Leibold, Daria Impiombato, The architecture of repression: Unpacking Xinjiang’s governance, number 51, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-11-08, page 12:

A town in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township.


阿合雅

/ˀä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ xɤ³⁵ jä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Aqyar, Aheya (a town in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


Uqturpan

Uchturpan (alternative)
Uch Turfan (alternative)
Uch-Turfan (alternative)
Uch-turfan (alternative)
Ush Turfan (alternative)

I met Yao Jichen of the county cultural hall, who had gone west along this road and discovered a beacon tower of Han times at a spot near Bedel Mountain Pass fifty kilometers west of Wushi (Uqturpan) County.

1989, Che Muqi (车慕奇), 丝绸之路今昔 [The Silk Road, Past and Present], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 235:

Students from ethnic minorities give the Young Pioneer's salute to their teacher (right) at a primary school in Uqturpan county, Xinjiang on May 3, 2012.

2017, Alan Taylor, “Scenes From Xinjiang”, in The Atlantic, archived from the original on 2017-05-08:

No casualties or economic loss have been reported after a 5.0-magnitude earthquake hit Uqturpan County of Aksu Prefecture, northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region at 1:29 p.m. Sunday.

2019 October 27, “No casualties reported in Xinjiang earthquake”, in Li Xia, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2021-09-30:


Kunlun

Kunlun
Kunlun (mythology)#Name
Wikipedia
Zhengzhang Shangfang

From the Mandarin 崑崙 /昆仑 (Kūnlún) and 崑崙山／昆仑山 (Kūnlún Shān), with the character 山 (shān) being an ambiguous reference to any raised place, inclusive of islands, hills, mountains, and mountain ranges. The characters 崑崙 /昆仑 (Kūnlún) are phono-semantic compounds adding 山 (shān) as a semantic component (形旁 (xíngpáng)) to the characters 昆 (kūn) and 侖／仑 (lún), which were presumably also homophones for Kunlun in Old Chinese—Zhengzhang's reconstructed pronunciation being /*kuːn.run/—but leaving its further development or original meaning uncertain. See also the Name section of the Wikipedia entry on the mythological Kunlun.

zh-l

崑崙山／昆仑山 (Kūnlún Shān)

Kun Lun (alternative)
K'un-lun (alternative)
Kuen Lun (alternative)
Kwenlun (alternative)

崑崙 /昆仑

Mythological Chinese mountain or mountain range

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force ; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured * to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

Crossing the Altyn Tagh had proved hard enough, but no sooner had the travellers left those mountains behind and crossed the border into Tibet than they had plunged into the recesses of the Kunlun Mountains.

1822, C. Bernard Rutley, “Zong”, in The Forbidden Land, Blackie & Son, →OCLC, page 90:

Between the Himalaya and the Kunlun to the north lies the very high plateau of Tibet, which is traversed by a number of smaller mountain chains.

1944, Bernhard Haurwitz, James M. Austin, “Asia (Including Russia)”, in Climatology, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., →OCLC, page 269:

Brodie lent only half an ear. He was eying the wall map, comparing it with what he had seen from the chopper. He picked out the three nearest towns—Yarkand, Karghalik, and Kokyar—running north to south. Everything inside a huge semicircle bounded on the west by the Yarkand River and the southeast by the Kunlun Mountains was shaded. That must be the barbed-wire zone guarded by the army.

1978, Hugh McLeave, A Borderline Case, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 148:

I joined an AMICAL expedition to the previous unclimbed 7129-meter-high Kokodak Dome, also known as Kokodak II. The peak is part of the Kongur Range in the Kunlun mountains in the region Xinjiang.

2014 August 30, “First ascent of Kokodak Dome”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2022-08-09:

Observing Lake Yaniugol, rising high in the steppe, he writes: “It settled like a sacred host of jade upon the sand. It appeared to us at twilight, in the hollow of a ledge, flanked to the north by the sharp incisors of the Kunlun peaks soaring to 6,000 meters, and to the south by the Changtang. Behind this shimmering disk, the secret plateau.”

2021 December 3, Liesl Schillinger, quoting Sylvain Tesson, “Books That Satisfy Your Yearning for Far-Off Places”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-12-03, Travel:

A mountain range in China forming the border between the Tarim Basin to its north and the Tibetan Plateau to its south, extending across the Chinese autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Tibet and province of Qinghai.


阿克托海

ㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄏㄞˇ

ㄚ ㄎㄜˋ ㄊㄨㄛ ㄏㄞˇ

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ˀä⁵⁵ kʰɤ⁵¹ tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

Borrowed from Uyghur ئاقتوقاي (aqtoqay).

(～鄉) Aqtoqay, Aketuohai (a township in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


阿恰塔格

ㄚ ㄑㄧㄚˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄚ ㄑㄧㄚˋ ㄊㄚˇ ㄍㄜˊ

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi̯ä⁵¹ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur ئاچاتاغ (achatagh).

(～鄉) Achatagh, Aqiatage (a township in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


亞科瑞克

ㄧㄚˋ ㄎㄜ ㄖㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄧㄚˇ ㄎㄜ ㄖㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/jä⁵¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/jä⁵¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/jä²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ ʐu̯eɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

Borrowed from Uyghur ياكۆۋرۈك (yaköwrük).

(～鄉) Yakowruk, Yakeruike (a township in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


奧特貝希

ㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄟˋ ㄒㄧ

ㄠˋ ㄊㄜˋ ㄅㄟˋ ㄒㄧ

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ peɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ tʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ peɪ̯⁵¹ ɕi⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Otbeshi, Aotebeixi (a township in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


溫宿

/wɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ sʊk̚⁵/

First attested in the Book of Han. Compare Uyghur ئونسۇ (onsu).

(～縣) Onsu, Wensu (a county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Onsu

Qirmish Ata Mazar is located in a mountain valley 61 km west of Onsu county town, in Aqsu prefecture.

2007, Ildikó Bellér-Hann, editor, Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia, Ashgate, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 159:

The Wensu (Onsu) county government in Aqsu district reported taking steps to monitor returnees from pilgrimages in order to “place them in the ‘line of vision’ of the government and Party committee” and “understand” the activities they participated in while abroad.

2009 October 10, “Human Rights”, in Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2009, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, page 130:

In December 1994, Abudumijit Muhammatkelim organized a terrorist group with himself as the head, which plotted acts of violence and terror with purchased and homemade weapons and ammunition. He directed his followers to commit a robbery on February 10, 1996, in Onsu County of Xinjiang, which involved the gun killing of two policemen and a herdsman.

2010, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, Praeger, →OCLC, page 149:

Units of the 5th Division of the 2nd Army also marched in from Yanqi, and, on 29 December 1949, arrived in Onsu (Wensu) County in Aksu Prefecture.

2014, Michael Dillon, Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 197:

On Aug. 20, our hosts sent us to the city of Aksu to visit the Onsu County Vocational Skills Training Center. Here we were supposed to meet the “extremists and terrorists” whom China was “deradicalizing.”

2019, Olsi Jazexhi, “What can the Muslim world do to save the Uighurs and Islam in China?”, in Daily Sabah:

A county of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Maralbexi

Maralbashi (alternative)
Maralbeshi (alternative)

The highest GFAO per agricultural capita, namely 3,391.3 RMB, was found for Bachu (Maralbexi), which is also the largest cotton producer of Kashgar (though just slightly larger than Shache).

2009, Max Spoor, Shi Xiaoping, “Cotton and Rural Income Development in Xinjiang”, in Max Spoor, editor, The Political Economy of Rural Livelihoods in Transition Economies: Land, peasants and rural poverty in transition, Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 238:

Three “community workers” were patrolling a neighbourhood of Bachu County, known as Maralbexi by Uighurs, in Kashgar after a tip-off that there were “suspicious people” in a private house, Hou said.

2013 April 24, “"Terrorist" axe, knife and arson attack kills 21 in China's Xinjiang”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-12-18:

In April 2013 in Bachu County (or Maralbexi County), 15 officials were reportedly killed. State media reported that the authorities killed 6 alleged attackers, captured 8, and apprehended 11 more later.

2015 November 23, “China: Allow Independent Investigations Into Xinjiang Violence”, in Human Rights Watch, archived from the original on 2020-09-12:

On the other hand, after the 2012 farm market incident in Kargilik, in October 2014, another random attack happened in a farm market in Maralbexi County, Xinjiang, causing 22 deaths.

2017, Scott Nicholas Romaniuk, Francis Grice, Daniela Irrera, editors, The Palgrave Handbook of Global Counterterrorism Policy, Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 672:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


佳木

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Jam, Jiamu (a town in Onsu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


圖呼其

/tʰu³⁵ xu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

/tʰu³⁵ xu⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi³⁵/

(～鄉) Tughchi, Tuhuqi (a township in Poskam, Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Paris of the East

Usually a calque of French Paris de l'Orient, praising a location for its supposed resemblance to the glamor and nightlife of 19th-century Paris.

(dated) Former nickname for Shanghai: a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China.


涪陵

/fɐu̯²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

/fɐu̯²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

(～區) Fuling (a district of Chongqing, China)


大澳

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ou̯³³/

/tua¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ɒ⁴²/

/tua²¹⁻⁵⁵ ɒ⁴²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ou̯³³/

/tua¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ɒ⁴²/

/tua²¹⁻⁵⁵ ɒ⁴²/

(～村) Da'ao (a village in Xincuo, Fuqing, Fujian, China)


湖濱

/wuː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

/wuː²¹ pɐn⁵⁵/

(～區) Hubin (a district of Sanmenxia, Henan, China)


拜什吐格曼

ㄅㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄊㄨˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄢˋ

ㄅㄞˋ ㄕˊ ㄊㄨˇ ㄍㄜˊ ㄇㄢˋ

Байши Тугэмань

/paɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ män⁵¹/

/paɪ̯⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ kɤ³⁵ män⁵¹/

(～鄉) Beshtugmen, Baishi Tugeman (a township in Aksu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


庫木巴希

ㄎㄨˋ ㄇㄨˋ ㄅㄚ ㄒㄧ

ㄎㄨˋ ㄇㄨˋ ㄅㄚ ㄒㄧ

/kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʰu⁵¹⁻⁵³ mu⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Qumbash, Kumubaxi (a township in Aksu, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


日土

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² tʰou̯³⁵/

/ʐ̩⁵¹ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/jɐt̚² tʰou̯³⁵/

(～縣) Rutog, Ritu (a county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


多瑪

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Domar, Duoma (a township in Rutog, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


改則

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡sɤ³⁵/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ t͡sɐk̚⁵/

(～縣) Gêrzê, Gaize (a county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


연변

→ English: Yeonbyeon

autonomous prefecture
autonomous prefecture

Yanbian (a Korean autonomous prefecture of Jilin, China)


察布

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ pu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ pu⁵¹/

(～鄉) Chabug, Chabu (a township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Rutog

We obtained total livestock numbers for all eight xiangs in Gerze County that use the reserve but not the numbers of sheep, goats, yaks, and horses for three of these xiangs; we also lack data for a few xiangs in Rutog County, in the western tip of the reserve, and in Amdo County, at the eastern end (table 15.2).

1998, George B. Schaller, Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 305:

Bird Islet is located on Pangong Tso Lake in Rutog County in the north of Ngari Prefecture. The lake is 4,242 meters above sea level and is called "Com Ngangla Renbo" in Tibetan, meaning "beautiful, long and narrow lake."

2005, 成卫东 [Cheng Weidong], 雪域寻梦 [Dreams of Snow Land], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 273:

On July 17, a glacier in Rutog county in western Tibet suddenly slid, causing one of the largest ice avalanches ever documented. About 3,500 cubic feet of ice and rocks cascaded through a narrow valley, killing nine herders along with more than 350 sheep and 110 yaks in the remote village of Dungru.

2016 September 8, Kata Karáth, “Climate change could be to blame for an unusual avalanche in Tibet that can be seen from space”, in Quartz, archived from the original on 2016-09-09:

A county of Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

Shan knew about Rutog. About one hundred twenty miles from Xinjiang. Close to India. A nuclear zone, a missile command center.

2002, Eliot Pattison, Water Touching Stone, St. Martin's Paperbacks, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 348:

"Gou shi! Peng, where are they?"
Peng stood at a large wallmap of the region, estimating the intersection of the Harbin's reported sighting."
"The last reported position was in western Tibet," Peng replied, "near Bangong Co. The nearest village is Rutog."

2007, Tom Grace, The Secret Cardinal, Vanguard Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 271:

A town in Rutog County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


古姆

/ku²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ku²¹⁴⁻³⁵ mu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Gomo, Gumu (a township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


麻米

/mä³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mä³⁵ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Marmê, Mami (a township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


物瑪

/u⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/u⁵¹ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Oma, Wuma (a township in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


Gêrzê

Gerze (alternative)
Gertse (alternative)

Also in Totalashan of Rutog and the area to the north of Gêrzê of Tibet there appear corals with dissepiment like Polythecalis, Chusenophyllum and Wentzellophyllum.

1992, The Paleoclimate of China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 63:

Gerzê is really the end of the world. It is situated in the middle of an empty desert, and I can't imagine why anyone ever stopped to build a town here. Except for a few nondescript Chinese concrete buildings, all the walls and houses are made from mud bricks and everything— the houses, the road, even the surrounding countryside—is the same light brown color. Beyond the town, emptiness stretches to the horizon.

[1992, Jim Reynolds, The Outer Path: Finding my way in Tibet, Sunnyvale, Cali.: Fair Oaks Publishing, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 90:

Ge Yi was from Chabug Village in Gêrzê County. Before he became Party branch secretary of Nuxtiu Village, his family had more than 400 sheep and 100 yak, making them one of the wealthy families in the village.

2012, Du Wenjuan, Tales from Tibet, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=NKmUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT296&lpg=PT296:

The Upper Carboniferous Zhanjin Formation has attracted much attention from geoscientists for containing glacial–marine diamictite and cold‐water fauna typified by the bivalve Eurydesma. The presence of this Formation has provided important evidence for determining the northern border of Gondwana. Previous researchers have classified those strata north of Niangrong Co in the Gêrzê region as part of the Zhanjin Formation based on the presence of glacial–marine diamictite, although the absence of biological fossil evidence has defied clear age determination.

2015 October 24, Luo Shenglong, Wang Genhou, Gao Jinhan, Wang Xunlian, Xiao Hongji, “Age of the Purported Zhanjin Formation in Gêrzê County, Tibet: A New Understanding and Its Significance”, in Acta Geologica Sinica, →DOI, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-01-26:

A town in Gêrzê County, Ngari prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.


Ili

From Russian Или (Ili) and Uyghur ئىلى (ili), usually taken to derive from Mongolian.

Practically speaking, Yakoob Beg was safe from invasion from the east so long as he maintained order within his own frontier and the Tungani in Ili on his north had manifested no special hostility against his state.

1878, Demetrius Charles Boulger, The Life of Yakoob Beg; Athalik Ghazi and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar, London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., page 126:

Once the Russians had moved into Ili, it was not so easy for the Chinese to oust them from the region. A preliminary Sino-Russian treaty in 1879 gave Russia valuable parts of the region, an indemnity for occupation costs, and commercial privileges, but this treaty was denounced by the Peking Government. Finally, in 1881, a treaty settling the problem was signed, and the Ili region was retained by the Chinese and evacuated by the Russians.

1963, A. Doak Barnett, China on the Eve of Communist Takeover, Frederick A. Praeger, page 244:

The Ch’ing emperor was delighted with the final destruction of the Dzungars. He erected two sizeable monuments in Ili, with inscriptions in Chinese, Manchu, Oirat, and Tibetan, to commemorate his victory.

1975, Morris Rossabi, China and Inner Asia: From 1368 to the Present Day, New York: Pica Press, page 148:

According to later reports, one of the main problems was that the Ili and Tacheng districts, which were entitled to fourteen and six representatives respectively, had sent eighteen and eight instead. Furthermore, five of those sent by Tacheng were not on the original list of those elected. The IIi District also sent an extra two representatives, on behalf of the Sibo, Solon, and Manchu populations of IIi, which was quite outside the original regulations.

1990, Linda Benson, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949, M. E. Sharpe, page 121:

The mandate on turning in passports was issued in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, a large and rugged area of northern Xinjiang that has a diverse ethnic mix among its three million people, including Kazakhs, Uighurs and Mongolians.

2015 May 14, Edward Wong, “Chinese Police Order Residents in a Xinjiang Prefecture to Turn In Passports”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-17, Asia Pacific:

Vidal grape grown in Ili, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, is one of few grapes used to ferment ice wine in China. Microbial community structure and volatile composition during the spontaneous fermentation of ice wine made from Vidal grapes in Ili were investigated using amplicon sequencing technology and headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometer technologies.

2020, Chen, Y. et al., “Microbial community composition and its role in volatile compound formation during the spontaneous fermentation of ice wine made from Vidal grapes”, in Process Biochemistry, volume 92, page 365:

An automonous prefecture in Northern Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

伊犁

autonomous prefecture of Xinjiang, China


Anhwei

CIFRC-associated cooperative movements were flourishing in Chahar, Hopei, Anhwei, Kiangsi, Hunan, and Shensi (to whose cooperative program the commission had lent personnel and technique).

1965, Andrew James Nathan, A History of the China International Famine Relief Commission, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, page 38:

When Tseng Kuo-fan (1811-1872) was encamped at Chʻi-men in southern Anhwei in 1860, he asked his brothers at Anking to send all important correspondence by one of the Hunan Braves and leave only relatively unimportant messages to be transmitted through the I-chan.

1970, Ying-wan Cheng, Postal Communication in China and its Modernization, 1860-1896, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 24:

Leaders from Red China's provinces admitted openly neither food nor clothing has been suffient^([sic – meaning sufficient]) in the rural areas on the mainland for years.
. . .
According to the daily, the accurate picture of villages all over the mainland was first revealed by a group of "party secretaries" at the prefectural level from the province of Anhwei.
. . .
The Kyodo News Service claimed that the situation in Anhwei Province as revealed by prefectural level "party secretaries" may be considered he norm for other provinces and villages on the mainland.

1979 January 28, “Insufficient food”, in Free China Weekly, volume XX, number 4, Taipei, page 3:

Another time a fleet of boats carrying some eighty northern Hupeh natives migrating to Anhwei tied up at a vacant pier claimed by Han-ch’uan natives, and when a boat of Han-ch’uan men showed up they initiated a fatal knife fight in defense of their turf.

1989, William T. Rowe, “Dangerous Classes and Laboring Classes”, in Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796-1895, Stanford, Cali.: Stanford University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 238:

During the nineteenth century, parts of Shantung and Honan provinces and much of Anhwei were ravaged by the Nien bandits from Huai-pei.

2002, Annping Chin, Four Sisters of Hofei, Scribner, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 3:

Alternative form of Anhui: A province in eastern China.


Kuang-tung

From Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng) Wade–Giles romanization: Kuang³-tung¹.

42. The boat population of Canton, also called Tan-Ka otherwise Tan families,² is also known as Kün-lun slaves, and they are said to be connected with some native tribes in the north of the Kuang-tung province, consequently in proximity to the above Kün-lun mountains of Kuangsi.

1887, Terrien de Lacouperie, Formosa Notes of MSS., Races and Languages, volume 19, London: Trübner and Co., page 450:

We know that Italians were trading in the Black Sea ports, and the Arabs in the ports of southern China- in Fu-chien and Kuang-tung. Zayton (Ch'üan-chou in Fu-chien?) is mentioned by Marco Polo as 'the greatest port in the world'.

1966, Luce Boulnois, translated by Dennis Chamberlin, The Silk Road, London: George Allen & Unwin, →OCLC, →OL, page 208:

Were one to draw a profile of generalized altitudes of the landmass of Ling-nan and Kuei-chou Yun-nan in a southeast-northwest direction, the profile that emerges would represent a step-like formation from the sea to the Tibetan Plateau with five major "steps." The first would represent the Kuang-tung lowlands below about 1500-feet.

1967, Herold J. Wiens, Han Chinese Expansion in South China, Shoe String Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 11:

When Chinese from Fukien and Kuang-tung migrated to Taiwan, this warlike situation was obviously transplanted and was further aggravated by the even less efficient political control of the local government and the unique frontier conditions.

1981, Huang Shu-min, Agricultural Degradation Changing Community Systems in Rural Taiwan, University Press of America, →ISBN, page 92:

In the southern mountain region the mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leafed forest were barely touched, and wild elephants and the rhinoceros roamed the malarial jungles of the province of Kuang-tung in the ninth century; but that was to change with migration from the north that reached a new momentum after the tenth century.

2003, Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth : From Prehistory to Global Crisis, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 122, page 139:

Alternative form of Guangdong: A populous province of China, located on the southern coast

Guangdong

Encyclopædia Britannica
The Chicago Manual of Style
University of Chicago Press


Yan'an

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 延安 (Yán'ān).

Yanan (alternative also)
Yenan (alternative)
Yen-an (alternative)

Upon receiving intelligence reports about the massing of enemy paratroopers, General Peng Dehuai posted a defence regiment at Yan'an airfield, and requested that Mao leave Yan'an as soon as possible.

1992, Yanchi (权延赤) Quan, “Mao Enjoys a Challenge”, in Wang Wenjiong, transl., edited by Gale Hadfield, 走下神坛的毛泽东 [Mao Zedong: Man, Not God], Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, published 1996, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 13:

On my last trip before completing this book, I visited Zizhou county, about 200 miles north of Yan’an, where peasants had tried to engage a lawyer to defend themselves in the courts against the oppressive and brutal control of local Party officials. Not much had changed here in the seventy years since Mao’s Long March and his ‘liberation’ of the peasants from their ‘cruel landlords’. Now, the peasants were afraid not of landlords but of the Party officials who prey on them just as the landlords once did.

2000, Jasper Becker, The Chinese, London: John Murray, published 2003, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 365:

I had planned to go to Zizhou, the county where Mr. Ma had organized the peasants. It was halfway between Yulin and Yan'an, which is where Mr. Ma lived.

2004, Ian Johnson, Wild Grass: Three Stories of Change in Modern China, New York: Pantheon Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 31:

A prominent example of such action took place in the villages in Zizhou County, a drought-prone area several hundred miles north of Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, Mao’s revolutionary base area.

2012, Merle Goldman, From Comrade to Citizen: the Struggle for Political Rights in China, Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 212:

Both the Lvliang area investigated in this study and the Yan'an area are located in the Loess Hill Ravine Region, and the average thickness value of the individual landslides in Lvliang section is close to that in Yan'an.

2020, Xiangzhou Xu, Tongxin Zhu, Hongwu Zhang, Lu Gao, Experimental Erosion: Theory and Practice of Soil Conservation Experiments, →ISBN, →OCLC, →OL, page 79:

A prefecture-level city of Shaanxi, China.


Tiananmen

tyěnʹänʹmǔnʹ

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén), literally "the gate of Heaven's peacemaking" or conventionally: "the gate of heavenly peace", without syllable-dividing mark (隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)).

天安門／天安门 (Tiān'ānmén)

隔音符號／隔音符号 (géyīn fúhào)

Tian'anmen (alternative)
Tienanmen (alternative)
T'ien-an-men (alternative)
T'ienanmen (alternative)
T'ien-an Men (alternative)

In 1966, Mao sanctioned the start of the Cultural Revolution, a campaign against entrenched party interests and "capitalist-roaders" that brought China to the brink of civil war and ruined lives and careers.
All the while, he nurtured a personality cult. People carried around his "Little Red Book" of quotations; Mao thought was studied in schools, and his portrait hung on the Tiananmen gate in front of the former imperial palace. It hangs there still.

1993 December 27, Steven Mufson, “CHINA MARKS CENTENARY OF MAO'S BIRTH”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-06-17:

Like many Beijing landmarks - the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Literary Glory, the Hall of Martial Valour - Tiananmen's name, "The Gate of Heavenly Peace", is abstract and absolute, an appellation bequeathed by Mao Zedong, "The Great Helmsman," whose cult still lives on in his mausoleum in the square, and in the sale of kitsch Maomorabilia.

2006, Philip Dodd, Ben Donald, The Book of Cities, New York (printed in China): MJF Books, →ISBN, page 241:

His May 30, 1989, photo captured the “Goddess of Democracy,” the students’ version of the Statue of Liberty, facing the portrait of Communist China’s first leader, Mao Zedong, on the massive Tiananmen gate.

2019 June 1, Krysta Fauria, Christopher Bodeen, “‘Tank man’ photographer urges China to open up on Tiananmen”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2021-12-01:

“Today the socialist China stands tall in the world’s east,” Mr Xi, 66, told cheering crowds from Tiananmen Gate as he delivered a speech invoking the “Chinese dream” of national rejuvenation from the rostrum where Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China in 1949.

2019 October 1, Didi Tang, “Hong Kong shooting blights Beijing’s big day”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2021-08-10:

FILE PHOTO: A Union flag and a Chinese flag on a pole with security cameras in front of a portrait of late Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong at the Tiananmen gate, during a visit to China by the then British prime minister, Theresa May, in Beijing, January 31, 2018.

2020 September 15, “Britain warns it citizens of risk of arbitrary detention in China”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2020-09-16, China:

A gate near the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.


Хөх хот

head

Хөх хот • (Xöx xot)

mn-proper noun

Хөх хот • (Xöx xot)

From хөх (xöx, “dark blue; (hist.) green, grue”) + хот (xot, “town, city”)

compound

Hohhot (the capital city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


ᡀᠠᠰᠠ

Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᡀᠠᠰᠠ (lhasa), from Classical Tibetan ལྷ་ས (lha sa).

inh+

Lhasa (the capital city of Tibet, China)


屏山

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Pingshan (a county of Yibin, Sichuan, China)


小欖

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ län²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鎮) Xiaolan (a town in Zhongshan, Guangdong, China)


樟木頭

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ mʊk̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ mʊk̚² tʰɐu̯²¹/

(～鎮) Zhangmutou (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


石龍

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lʊŋ²¹/

/ʂʐ̩³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/sɛːk̚² lʊŋ²¹/

(～區) Shilong (a district of Pingdingshan, Henan, China)

(～鎮) Shilong (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


塘廈

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ haː²²/

/tʰɑŋ³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/

/tʰɔːŋ²¹ haː²²/

(～鎮) Tangxia (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


茶山

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂʰä³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰaː²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Chashan (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)


朱日和

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ jɐt̚² wɔː²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ʐ̩⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ jɐt̚² wɔː²¹/

From Mongolian ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ (ǰirüke, literally “heart”).

bor

Sonid Right Banner
Sonid Right Banner#English

(～鎮) Zhurihe (a town in Sonid Right Banner, Xilingol League, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


排先拜巴扎

ㄆㄞˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄚ ㄓㄚ

ㄆㄞˊ ㄒㄧㄢ ㄅㄞˋ ㄅㄚ ㄓㄚ

Пайсяньбайбачжа

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/

/pʰaɪ̯³⁵ ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ paɪ̯⁵¹ pä⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂä⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur پەيشەنبەبازار (peyshenbebazar).

پەيشەنبەبازار

(～鄉) Payxambabazar, Paixianbaibazha, Peyshenbebazar (a township in Xinhe, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


比西巴格

ㄅㄧˇ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

ㄅㄧˇ ㄒㄧ ㄅㄚ ㄍㄜˊ

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ pä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur بېھىشباغ (bëhishbagh).

(～鄉) Biyixbag, Bixibage, Behishbagh (a township in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


哈尼喀塔木

ㄏㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄚ ㄊㄚˇ ㄇㄨˋ

ㄏㄚ ㄋㄧˊ ㄎㄚ ㄊㄚˇ ㄇㄨˋ

/xä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/xä⁵⁵ ni³⁵ kʰä⁵⁵ tʰä²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

(～鄉) Hanikatam, Hanikatamu (a township in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Kuqa

From here the Silk Road bifurcates. In times of unrest, the caravans would move south through the sparse towns along the foot of the Kunlum Mountains, protected from robbers by the Taklimakan desert. But more often they would brave the great northern route with its line of rich oases - Turfan, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu - and hope to evade marauders from the grasslands just to the north.

1989, Colin Thubron, The Silk Road: Beyond the Celestial Kingdom, Simon and Schuster, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

The Kizi Kuqa Beacon Tower
Standing 6 mi. (10 km) west of Kuqa County, this ancient watchtower—or the weather-beaten remains of it—was one of many built along the southern arm of the Silk Road to protect traveling merchants and emissaries from bandits.

2004, Treasures of China, Reader's Digest, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 96:

Under his instruction, Yasin Molla Memet and a dozen other followers in the Chinese territory broke into the homes of Kawul Tika and three other villagers in Kunas Village of Alahag Township, Kuqa County, Xinjiang, on April 29, 1996, killing four villagers and injured^([sic – meaning injuring]) three others with explosives, guns and knives.

2010, J. Todd Reed, Diana Raschke, The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat, Praeger, →OCLC, page 149:

Three driverless tractors were at work on a three-hectare demonstration cotton field in Kuqa County, Aksu Prefecture, ploughing, raking, seeding, fertilizing, and even mulching all by themselves.

2018, “Driverless tractors ease burden of Chinese cotton farmers”, in huaxia, editor, Xinhua News Agency:

In the north-west of Kuqa County, in a ravine, is the site of the 47 Kizilgaha Caves. This is one of the large groups of Buddhist caves in China.

2018, Benoy K Behl, “China and Mongolia”, in Buddhism: The Path of Compassion, Publications Division, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 194:

A county-level city of Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a county.


阿拉哈格

→ English: Alahage

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/ˀä⁵⁵ lä⁵⁵ xä⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur ئالاقاغا (alaqagha).

(～鎮) Alakaga, Alahage, Alaqagha (a town in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


八步

(～區) Babu District (a district of Hezhou, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


玉環

/y⁵¹ xu̯än³⁵/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚²⁴⁻² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰuan¹³/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²³/

/y⁵¹ xu̯än³⁵/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚²⁴⁻² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ kʰuan¹³/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²⁴/

/ɡiɪk̚⁴⁻³² kʰuan²³/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Yuhuan (a county-level city and former county of Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)


賽里木

/saɪ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

/saɪ̯⁵¹ li²¹⁴⁻²¹ mu⁵¹/

(～鎮) Sairam, Sailimu, Sayram (a town in Baicheng, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


黑英山

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/xeɪ̯⁵⁵ iŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Keyi, Heiyingshan (a township in Baicheng, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


克孜爾

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kʰɤ⁵¹ t͡sz̩⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鄉) Kizil, Kezi'er (a township in Baicheng, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


巴南

/pä⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/pä⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

(～區) Banan (a district of Chongqing, China)


涪江

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

Fu River (a river in Sichuan and Chongqing, China)


秀峰

→ Zhuang: Siufungh

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hɔŋ³³/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu¹¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu²¹⁻⁴¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹ fɤŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐu̯³³ fʊŋ⁵⁵/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ hɔŋ³³/

/siu²¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu¹¹⁻⁵³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siu²¹⁻⁴¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～區) Xiufeng District (a district of Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


象山

→ Zhuang: Siengsanh

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² saːn⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ²² saːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Xiangshan (a county of Ningbo, Zhejiang, China)

(～區) Xiangshan (a district of Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


庫米什

→ English: Kumishi, K'u-mi-shih

/kʰu⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰu⁵¹ mi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～鎮) Kümüx, Kumishi (a town in Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～社區) Kümüx, Kumishi (a residential community in Kümüx, Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Toksun

As shown by the map, this hill range, known over different sections by varying local names such as Tuz-tagh or Kawan-tagh, stretches with a general east-to-west direction along the whole length of the depression from the Pichan oasis to north of Toksun.

1933, Aurel Stein, Note on a Map of the Turfan Basin, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 240:

The Tungans fled towards Toksun, while the government troops stormed Turfan, which our convoy had left a few days before.

1936, Sven Hedin, The Flight of "Big Horse": The Trail of War in Central Asia, E. P. Dutton, →OCLC, page 15:

Karez in Xinjiang has a long history. Karez in Toksun County today has a history of more than 300 years. The karez in Shanshan County dates back to 400-plus years ago. In recent years, an ancient karez was unearthed in Turpan, which is over 100 m long, with 7 vertical wells. It has a history of 1 500 years.

1997, “Impressions on Fire Land”, in Travelling around Xinjiang: A Land of Enchantment, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 198, columns 2, 3:

The two hottest places in China on Monday were Linxian in Shanxi province, and Toksun county in the Xinjiang region, which both saw temperatures of 42 degrees.

2017, Kinling Lo, “Hot ways to chill: China’s heat wave inspires creative thinking among sweltering locals”, in South China Morning Post:

Zhou Bangyu, an official from Hunan Province in central China, helped Yiburanyim Abulza, a poor villager in Toksun County sell 800 kilograms of dried grapes in two weeks.

2018, “China Focus: Industry plays big role in poverty alleviation in Xinjiang”, in Liangyu, editor, Xinhua News Agency, archived from the original on 2020-08-08:

Elsewhere in Central Asia, laghman is often submerged in broth, but here the noodles are cooked on their own and then given a ladling of beef stew. “Soup is soup; laghman is laghman,” said Adil Nurdun, who grew up in Toksun County, south of Xinjiang’s capital, Urumqi, and runs the restaurant with Arkin Ali, a native of Aksu Prefecture to the west, bordering Kyrgyzstan.

2019, Ligaya Mishan, “Uighur Noodles, Terrifically Chewy and Earthy, at Nurlan in Flushing, Queens”, in New York Times:

A county of Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A town in Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.

A township in Baicheng, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Jiamao

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 加茂 (Jiāmào).

This variety, sometimes know as [tha:i¹¹], is spoken by about 70,000-80,000 people who live mainly in the Jiamao township, Baoting County, and in adjacent areas of Lingshui and Qiongzhong counties.

2008, The Tai-Kadai Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 639:

In 2017, I visited a survivor, Chen Liancun, at Baoting County of Hainan Island.[...]At sixteen, she was abducted by Japanese soldiers and detained at the Jiamao military stronghold.

2021, Peipei Qiu, “Chinese "Comfort Women"”, in Bárbara Mujica, editor, Collateral Damage: Women Write about War, University of Virginia Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=4q0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93:


Libbûwûtshù

Xichang (a county-level city of Liangshan prefecture, Sichuan, China)


伊川

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/i⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/jiː⁵⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～縣) Yichuan (a county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


Kümüx

Borrowed from Uyghur كۈمۈش (kümüsh) meaning 'silver', referring to local silver mines.

From the evidence of the latest Ludlovian to Early Devonian ophiolite, which crops out from the northern slope of Mt. Saarming to Kümüx and areas further east (Wang Zuoxun et al., 1986, 1990; Xiao Xuchang et al., 1990), the South Tianshan back-arc basin had already developed into a finite ocean basin along the Hantengri-Kümüx Fault after the Ludlovian.

1996, Zhou Zhiyi, W. T. Dean, Phanerozoic Geology of Northwest China, Beijing: Science Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 11:

I wheeled down into Kümüx just after sunset and drank three Jianlibau soft drinks straight off in the first shop I came to.

1998, Anne Mustoe, Lone Traveller: One Woman, Two Wheels and the World, Random House, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 114:

A residential community in Kümüx, Toksun, Turpan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


Shufu

From the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 疏附 (Shūfù).

Kashgar is the largest city of the Tarim basin, situated also near the Soviet border. Its Chinese official name is K'o-shih, an abbreviated form of K'o-shih-k'a-erh, the phonetic rendering of Kashgar. Prior to 1950, Kashgar was known as Shufu. The city has a population of about 75,000, predominantly Uigur in ethnic composition. It is a center for trade in cotton, silk and sheepskins.

1956, Theodore Shabad, China's Changing Map: A Political and Economic Geography of The Chinese People's Republic, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 257:

A police officer reached by Reuters in the county where the incident occurred, called Shufu county in Chinese, said it was “not convenient” to provide any additional information.

2013 December 16, Ben Blanchard, Megha Rajagopalan, “Riot in China's Xinjiang kills 16, 'terror gang' blamed”, in Raju Gopalakrishnan, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2017-01-19, World News:

SHUFU COUNTY, KASHGAR
Teaching Uighur children in Mandarin will not bring stability to Xinjiang
"I CAN speak Chinese, I’m so awesome!” reads a sign on the wall of the Mingde primary school in Shufu, a town near the oasis city of Kashgar in the far western province of Xinjiang.

2015 June 27, “Tongue-tied”, in The Economist, volume 415, number 8944, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 35:

Adil Tursun, a chemistry teacher and faculty director at Kashgar Kona Sheher (in Chinese, Shufu) County No. 1 High School was arrested in 2016 and sentenced in 2018 to seven years in Xinshou Prison in Shanghai after already having served two years of detention, said Abduweli Ayup, a former student who is now a Uyghur activist and linguist based in Norway.

2022 March 11, Shohret Hoshur, “Uyghur educator serving 7-year sentence for instructing students in mother tongue”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2022-03-12:

A list obtained and partially verified by the AP cites the names of more than 10,000 Uyghurs sent to prison in just Konasheher county alone, one of dozens in southern Xinjiang. In recent years, China has waged a brutal crackdown on the Uyghurs, a largely Muslim minority, which it has described as a war on terror.

[2022 May 16, Huizhong Wu, Drake Kang, “Uyghur country in China has highest prison rate in the world”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-05-16:

A county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China.


杭桂

/xɑŋ³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

/xɑŋ³⁵ ku̯eɪ̯⁵¹/

Borrowed from Uyghur ھاڭگىيا (hanggiya).

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Hanggiya, Hanggui (a town in Lop, Hotan prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


托依堡勒迪

ㄊㄨㄛ ㄧ ㄅㄠˇ ㄌㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ

ㄊㄨㄛ ㄧ ㄅㄠˇ ㄌㄜˋ ㄉㄧˊ

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵/

/tʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ i⁵⁵ pɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹ ti³⁵/

Borrowed from Uyghur تويبولدى (toyboldi).

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Toyboldi, Tuoyi Baoledi, Toy Boldi, Tuoyibaoledi (a town in Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


岷山

/min³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/min³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

Min Mountains (a mountain range in Sichuan and Gansu Provinces, China)


鐵熱克

ㄊㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄜˋ ㄎㄜˋ

ㄊㄧㄝˇ ㄖㄜˋ ㄎㄜˋ

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ kʰɤ⁵¹/

(～村) Tërek, Tiereke (a village in Toyboldi, Xayar, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


范陽

/fän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/fän⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

范陽盧氏

范阳卢氏

(～郡) Fanyang (an ancient commandery of China), located in what is today Baoding (Hebei province) and Beijing


巂州

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/ɕi⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

Xizhou (an ancient state in China), located in what is now southern Sichuan


疊彩

/ti̯ɛ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiːp̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵/

/ti̯ɛ³⁵ t͡sʰaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tiːp̚² t͡sʰɔːi̯³⁵/

(～區) Diecai District (a district of Guilin, Guangxi autonomous region, China)


平泉

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

/pʰiŋ³⁵ t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵/

/pʰɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰyːn²¹/

(～市, formerly ～縣) Pingquan (a county-level city and former county of Chengde, Hebei, China)


依麻木

/i⁵⁵ mä³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/i⁵⁵ mä³⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Imam, Yimamu (a town in Uqturpan, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China, formerly a township)


烏尊

/u⁵⁵ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ t͡su̯ən⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Uzun, Wuzun (a town in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


多浪

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

/tu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lɑŋ⁵¹/

(～鄉) Dolan, Duolang (a township in Awat, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ئالاقاغا

→ Chinese: 阿拉哈格 (Ālāhāgé)

→ English: Alakaga, Alaqagha

Alakaga, Alahage, Alaqagha (a town in Kuqa, Aksu prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)