Zhangzhou

/ˈd͡ʒɑŋˈd͡ʒoʊ/

c. late 20th c., from the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Mandarin 漳州 (Zhāngzhōu), from its former status as the seat of Zhang Prefecture, named for the Zhang River.

Chang-chou (alternative)
Changchou (alternative)
Changchow (alternative dated)
Chang-chow (alternative dated)
Jhangjhou (alternative)

``It looked as if the winds would carry you away the minute you stepped outside,″ the newspaper quoted Ding Jianmu, an official with the city government in Zhangzhou, another Fujian city, as saying.
Seven people in Zhangzhou were killed by collapsing buildings and walls. Another five died in Xiamen and 18 were killed in the nearby city of Quanzhou.

1999 October 11, “Typhoon Leaves 30 Dead in China”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-07-01:

My ancestors came from the region of Zhangzhou in Fujian, China.

2014, Lu Hsiu-lien, Ashley Esarey, My Fight for a New Taiwan, University of Washington Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page 20:

A prefecture-level city in southern Fujian, China.


潮州

ja-r

潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潮州):
* → Japanese: 潮州(ちょうしゅう) (Chōshū)
* → Korean: 조주(潮州) (Joju)
* → Vietnamese: Triều Châu (潮州)

→ English: Chaozhou, Teochew, etc. (see both entries for more)

→ Indonesian: Tiociu

→ Khmer: ទាជីវ (tiəciiw)

→ Malay: Teochew, Toechew

desc

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

→ Thai: แต้จิ๋ว (dtɛ̂ɛ-jǐu)

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/zɔ²² t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

The name of a new prefecture formed in 591 CE from parts of the Xun Prefecture (循州). According to 元和郡縣圖志 [813], it was named for the tides that flow in and out.
Chaozhou, Taiwan is named after Chaozhou, Guangdong.

(～市) Chaozhou (a prefecture-level city of Guangdong, China)

因送哥嫂於卜去廣南城纔到潮州喜遇上元燈於月明

因送哥嫂于卜去广南城才到潮州喜遇上元灯于月明

(～府) (historical) Chaozhou (a former imperial-era commandery Guangdong, China); see also Chaoshan


潮州

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)州(しゅう) • (Chōshū) ^(←てうしう (Teusiu)?)

潮州 (canonical)
Chōshū (romanization)
Teusiu (romanization)
てうしう (hiragana historical)

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


潮州

潮州(チャオチョウ) • (Chaochō)

[t͡ɕa̠o̞t͡ɕo̞ː]

ja:潮州 (曖昧さ回避)


Makao

Borrowed from Portuguese Macau, from Chinese 阿媽港 /阿妈港.

Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


Makao

lt-proper noun

Makão m (uncountable, indeclinable, demonym makaojiẽtis, female demonym makaojiẽtė) stress pattern 1

Makão (canonical masculine stress-pattern-1)
makaojiẽtis (demonym)
makaojiẽtė (demonym feminine)

Borrowed from Portuguese Macao, from a southern seaward variety of Chinese.


紅光

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

/xʊŋ³⁵ ku̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/fuŋ¹¹ koŋ²⁴/

(～村) Hongguang (a village in Yonglong, Jingshan, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


天津

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sin²⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴ t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/tʰɛŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵³³/

/tʰɛŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((t͡s-))niŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sin⁴⁴/

/tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siŋ³³/

/tʰi⁵⁵ t͡ɕin²¹/

(～市) Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)

(～社區) Tianjin (a community in Yiyuan, Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


天津

chữ Hán form of Thiên Tân (“Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)”)


清水

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

/t͡ɕʰiŋ⁵⁵ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/t͡sʰɪŋ⁵⁵ sɵy̯³⁵/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ³³ t͡sui⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁵³/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sui⁴¹/

/t͡ɕʰin⁵⁵ sz̩²¹/

(～縣) Qingshui (a county of Tianshui, Gansu, China)


共和

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/

/kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

/kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/

/kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/

/kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/

/kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋuo⁵³/

/kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/

/kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/

/kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/

/ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/

/kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

/kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

(～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Hainan prefecture, Qinghai, China)


大悟

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

/tä⁵¹⁻⁵³ u⁵¹/

/taːi̯²² ŋ̍²²/

(～縣) Dawu (a county of Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


Yunnan

Latin: yunnanensis

Yünnan (alternative)
Yun-nan (alternative)
Yün-nan (alternative)
Junnan (alternative obsolete)
Yunan (alternative misspelling)

Beſide theſe in the Province of Yunnan, which is very large, lying towards the South, in the latitude of 24 degrees, there is a great Countrie inhabited by a particular people, who uſe another language and other cuſtomes. They have a little King called by the Chineſſes, Thu Quon, a Mandarine of earth, they pay tribute to the King of China, they uſe traffique, and live in peace.

1655, F. Alvarez Semedo, “Of the Moores, Jewes, and other Nations, that are in China”, in The History of That Great and Renowned Monarchy of China, E. Tyler, →OCLC, page 152:

On the South of this Province appears that of Junnang or Yunnan, divided into twelve Parts, whoſe chief Cities are, Yunnan the Capital of the whole Province ; Lingan ; Chinchian ; Cuivag ; Quanſi ; Juenkiam ; Chinyuen ; Xunnim ; Mumhoa ; Tali ; Chimtien ; Jummim : This Province is one of the richeſt, being ſtored with the beſt Metals, precious Stones, Musk and Silk ; and hath ſeventy five other Cities.

1701, Joan Luyts, Herman Moll, A System of Geography, Part the Second, London, →OCLC, page 48:

Of the eighteen provinces into which China Proper is divided, Yunnan lies farthest to the south-west. It is a mountainous country, rich in mineral products, and, up to the date of the recent outbreak, it formed the channel for an overland traffic with Burmah of considerable value.

1868 April [1866 August], O. K. Heins, “Rising of the Dungens or Mussulman Population in Western China”, in The Edinburgh Review, volume CCLX, Edinburgh, translation of Russian Military Journal, →OCLC, page 359:

I did not meet a single Chinese between Chê-to and Li-chiang in Yunnan¹- a journey that occupied about a month- and the Chinese language was entirely unknown.

1908, Reginald Fleming Johnston, From Peking to Mandalay, John Murray, page 157:

Just as the Miao and the Yao had been pressed into Indo-China, the Yi were pushed out of the more eastern provinces of China by the slow advance of the Chinese. In Yunnan the Yi have moved generally toward the south. Up to the time of Mongol conquest in western Yunnan, the Yi had concentrated their population in Tali and Yungchang (now Pao-shan), (4) but today there are very few Yi living in these two districts. The most concentrated Yi population is to be fond in southernmost parts of Yunnan, the region inhabited by the Pai Yi.

1949, Chen Han-seng, Frontier Land Systems in Southernmost China, Institute of Pacific Relations, pages 1-2:

There are huge arsenals, magazines and armories in Phong Saly, all operated by the Chinese Communists.
Over 200 trucks are shuttling between Phong Saly and Mengla, in southern Yunnan, to replenish the supply, the report said.

1973 February 18, “Maoists control Phong Saly”, in Free China Weekly, volume XIV, number 6, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

In the Hsinhsiang District of Yunnan, twenty-odd plants produced a total of about 200,000 tons of chemical phosphates in 1973.

1977, K. P. Wang, Mineral Resources and Basic Industries in the People's Republic of China, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, →ISBN, page 189:

Michael Dobie moved to Liming in September 2010 with two friends who discovered the Chinese village in a travel brochure. Crisscrossed by dirt roads, the rustic setting in the mountains of Yunnan province offered few amenities.

2016 May 31, Zach Montague, “‘Unexplored’ China? Not for Long, the Way These Climbers Are Going”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-06-02, Sports:

Wild elephants that had been roaming the southern Chinese province of Yunnan for more than three months returned to a "more appropriate" habitat, Chinese experts told state media.

2021 August 11, “Elephants roaming China for months return to ‘suitable’ habitat”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2021-08-11:

Mushroom traders expected matsutake prices to start dropping around late August, when large quantities of lesser-quality mushrooms hit the market. But this has not happened. Instead, some production bases in Yunnan — the southwestern Chinese province that makes up a third of China’s matsutake output and about 70 percent of exports — have seen the harvest drop by up to 90 percent this year, local officials told the Chinese financial outlet Caixin.

2022 August 23, Lyric Li, “Climate change in China hikes price of rare mushroom, a delicacy in Asia”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-08-23, Asia:

Deforestation for corn growing in the 1950s and 1960s has been blamed for the disappearance of the white-handed gibbon in the southwestern province of Yunnan. Their cries were last heard in the 1970s, according to state media.

2022 September 8, Didi Tang, “China declares two species of gibbon extinct”, in The Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam. Capital: Kunming.

Anhui · Fujian · Guangdong · Gansu · Guizhou · Henan · Hubei · Hebei · Hainan · Heilongjiang · Hunan · Jilin · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Liaoning · Qinghai · Sichuan · Shandong · Shaanxi · Shanxi · Taiwan · Yunnan · Zhejiang

Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Tibet Autonomous Region · Xinjiang

Beijing · Tianjin · Shanghai · Chongqing


Yunnan

le Yunnan (canonical masculine)
Yunanne (alternative obsolete)

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


Guangxi

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 廣西 /广西 (Guǎngxī). 廣／广 (guǎng) itself means "expanse", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. "Guangxi" and neighbouring Guangdong literally mean "Guang West" and "Guang East". Together, Guangdong and Guangxi are called the "Two Guangs" (兩廣／两广 (Liǎngguǎng) Liangguang).

Kuang-hsi (alternative)
Kwangsi (alternative)
Quangsi (alternative obsolete)
Quang-si (alternative obsolete)

Cadres from minority groups have multiplied rapidly since Liberation. For example, in the early 1950s there were only about nine hundred cadres from minorities in the Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region. In 1970 there were about seventy-eight thousand. More recent press reports indicate that this trend is continuing.

1975, Janet Goldwasser, Stuart Dowty, “National Minorities”, in Huan-Ying: Worker's China, New York: Monthly Review Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 327:

In mid-1917, President Duan Qi-rui took steps to join China’s miniscule might in the Great War of Europe: by declaring war against Germany, he would become eligible for Japanese and other foreign loans and support which could be turned toward building up his army and threatening his competitors with forcible reunification. On the southern side, Lu Rong-ting, the Guangxi militarist, maneuvered to extend his power; Sun Yat-sen and his supporters in the navy had landed in Canton for yet another attempt at power; and in Fujian, Zhejiang, Sichuan, and elsewhere other warlords were on the outlook for the main chance. Reunification by mere coalition among these ambitious men was the dream of all, but, as all hoped to head the coalition and gain the lion’s share of its spoils, all such schemes were doomed.

1978, Angus W. McDonald, Jr., “Power”, in The Urban Origins of Rural Revolution: Elites and the Masses in Hunan Province, China, 1911-1927, University of California Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 30:

Hornet attacks have been reported elsewhere in China as well. Last month, a swarm attacked a primary school in the Guangxi Autonomous Region in southern China, injuring 30 people, including 23 children.

2013 October 3, “Giant Hornets Kill Dozens in China”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2013-10-06, Asia Pacific:

THE OFFICIAL NAME of Kuanghsi province is the Kuanghsi Chuang Autonomous Region. Next to the Han Chinese, the Chuang are China’s largest ethnic group. That surprises people. Most people would think it was the Manchus, or the Uigurs, or the Mongols, or the Tibetans. But in 1990 there were 15 million Chuang in China, compared to 10 million Manchus, 7 million Uigurs, 5 million Mongols, and 4.5 million Tibetans. Since most of China’s 15 million Chuang live in Kuanghsi, hence the province’s distinction as the Kuanghsi Chuang Autonomous Region.

[2015, Bill Porter, “The Chuang [壯族]”, in South of the Clouds: Travels in Southwest China, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 23:

At the bottom of a sinkhole, ancient trees stretch nearly 130 feet high. Dense plants cover the ground, and a rare type of bamboo grows.
Cave explorers discovered the hidden forest this month when they descended into a previously unexplored massive sinkhole in south China’s Guangxi region. Researchers say the hole, which is roughly 630 feet deep and spans more than 176 million cubic feet, could be home to previously unidentified plant and animal species.

2022 May 19, Marisa Iati, “In a massive sinkhole, scientists find a secret forest”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-05-19, Asia:

Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
w:Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

A Zhuang autonomous region of China. Official name: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Capital: Nanning.


Guangxi

Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region of China)


Shaanxi

From a modified form of the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of Chinese 陝西 /陕西 (Shǎnxī, “West of the Shan [Pass]”).
The double-a spelling, used certainly to avoid homography with Shanxi (山西, of shān rather than shǎn), is not a feature of Hanyu Pinyin and cannot be observed outside reference to Shaanxi (see also: Shaanbei, Ningshaan). It is likely inherited from the pre-Pinyin Latinxua Sin Wenz system devised and employed by Communist linguists, which was toneless and employed "irregular spellings" for undesirable homographs. The pairs Shaansi (陝西 /陕西) and Shansi (山西) appear (for the first time?) in the influential Sin Wenz primer 《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》 (1935).
An alternative theory is that the double-a spelling is from the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization system, where the third tone is spelled by doubling a vowel (Shaanshi 陝西 /陕西 vs. Shanshi 山西), but this is less likely considering the history of Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Sin Wenz, including the political and ideological rivalry between the two systems.

lang

《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》

《中國話寫法拉丁化——理論·原則·方案》

Shanhsi (alternative)
Shanxi (alternative Hanyu-Pinyin proscribed)
Shaangxi (alternative)
Sha'anxi (alternative)

The fact, therefore, that the Tae pings, when they raised the siege of Hwae king on the 1st September marched westwards by it into Shan se, shows that the Imperial forces were strong enough to prevent their descent by the Wei river.

[1856, Thomas Taylor Meadows, The Chinese and their Rebellions, London: Smith, Elder & Co., →OCLC, page 176:

Under the Pinyin system, two neighboring provinces of northern China are both spelled "Shanxi". In this special case, one of the provinces is now spelled "Shaanxi", to indicate a different tone in the first syllable.

1979 March 5, Jay Mathews, “China Is China, But Hangchow Is Hangzhou”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-12-29:

Three pieces of paper which may date back to between 73 and 49 BC were recently found in Fufeng county, Shaanxi province.

1979 July, “2,000-year-old Paper”, in Eastern Horizon, volume XVIII, number 7, Hong Kong: Eastern Horizon Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 51:

HUANG DI, the legendary Yellow Emperor to whom is attributed the founding of the Chinese nation about 2000 B.C., is said to have been buried on the loess plateau. There is a tomb in Shaanxi province’s Huangling county which has long been honored as his.

1979 August, Lan Cao, “Tomb of the Yellow Emperor”, in China Reconstructs, volume XXVIII, number 8, China Welfare Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 64, column 1:

Relevant new discoveries in China, not yet described, include polybranchiaspids and hanyangaspids which were recently (1981-82) recovered from an Early Silurian formation in western Hunan Province of south China, and in southern Shaanxi Province, west China.

1984, Pan Jiang (P'an Kiang), “The Phylogenetic Position of the Eugaleaspida in China”, in Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, volume 107, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 311:

"Archeologists drew almost a complete blank in their search of the inner tomb," the official New China News Agency said Saturday in a report of excavations at the tomb site, thought to be between 2,200 and 2,800 years old. The site is in Fengxiang County of Shaanxi Province, about 90 miles west of the ancient Yellow River capital of Xian.

1986 June 16, “CHINESE TOMB FOUND TO BE VICTIM OF GRAVE ROBBERS”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2015-05-24, B, page 10:

Twenty one people were killed in China after the roof of a coal mine collapsed in Lijiagou, in the central province Shaanxi, state media reported on Sunday.

2019 January 13, “21 die in China coal mine collapse”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2019-01-13:

Zhao Xiaoqing, a 28-year-old woman from northern China's Shaanxi province, thought her date in mid-December with a young man living in a different city would be a one-day affair where she would also get to know his family.

2022 January 19, “Chinese couple trapped on lockdown date get engaged”, in France 24, archived from the original on 2022-01-19, Live news:

A province of China, including the Wei River valley and the fertile southern half of the Ordos Loop, comprising much of the Loess Plateau. Capital: Xi'an.

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Latinxua Sin Wenz
Shaanxi
Sin Wenz
Sin Wenz#Irregular spellings


東山

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ saːn⁵⁵/

/taŋ³³⁻²¹ suã³³/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² suã⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Dongshan (a county of Zhangzhou, Fujian, China)

(～區) Dongshan (a district of Hegang, Heilongjiang, China)

(～村) Dongshan (a village in Shenhu, Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, China)


巫山

→ English: Wushan, Wu-shan

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/u⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

(～縣) Wushan (a county of Chongqing, China)

(～鎮) Wushan (a town in Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)

(～村) Wushan (a village in Wushan town, Kaizhou district, Chongqing, China)


花叢

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/

/faː⁵⁵ t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/

(～鎮) Huacong (a town in Enyang district, Bazhong, Sichuan, China)


鐵甲

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴⁻³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰiə²⁴ t͡ɕia²⁴/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ kaʔ³²/

/tʰi(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ kaʔ³²/

(～村) Tiejia (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


泰山

→ English: Tai Shan

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ san³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ san⁴⁴/

/tʰaɪ̯⁵¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/tʰaːi̯³³ saːn⁵⁵/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ san³³/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai¹¹⁻⁵³ san⁴⁴/

/tʰai²¹⁻⁴¹ san⁴⁴/

死有重於泰山，輕於鴻毛 / 死有重于泰山，轻于鸿毛

sǐ yǒu zhòng yú Tàishān, qīng yú hóngmáo

Mount Tai (a mountain in Shandong, China)

(～區) Taishan (a district of Tai'an, Shandong, China)


Mongolsko

cs-proper noun

Mongolsko n (relational adjective mongolský, demonym Mongol, female demonym Mongolka)

mongolský (adjective relational)
Mongol (demonym)
Mongolka (demonym feminine)
Mongolsko (nominative singular)
Mongolska (genitive singular)
Mongolsku (dative singular)
Mongolsko (accusative singular)
Mongolsko (singular vocative)
Mongolsku (locative singular)
Mongolskem (instrumental singular)

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Mongolsko

sk-proper noun

Mongolsko n (genitive singular Mongolska, declension pattern of mesto)

Mongolska (genitive singular)
mesto (declension-pattern-of)
Mongolsko (nominative singular-only)
Mongolska (genitive singular-only)
Mongolsku (dative singular-only)
Mongolsko (accusative singular-only)
Mongolsku (locative singular-only)
Mongolskom (instrumental singular-only)


友誼

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/

/joʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ i³⁵/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²¹/

/jɐu̯¹³ jiː²²/

/i̯u²⁴ ŋi¹¹/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi¹³/

/iu⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²⁴/

/iu⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

/iu⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/

(～縣) Youyi (a county of Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang, China)


海山

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂän⁵⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ suã³³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ suã⁴⁴/

(～村) Haishan (a village in Nanri, Xiuyu district, Putian, Fujian, China)


Pi

In addition to my own residential complex, I also engaged in ethnographic observation and conducted interviews with Party cadres and local residents in four similar apartment complexes in Dujiangyan and two in neighboring Pi County.

2017, Christian P. Sorace, “The Utopia of Urban Planning”, in Shaken Authority: China's Communist Party and the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Cornell University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 82:

(historical) A county of Chengdu, Sichuan, China.


高麗

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (高麗):
* → Japanese: 高麗(こうらい) (kōrai)
* → Korean: 고려(高麗) (goryeo)
* → Vietnamese: Cao Li (高麗)

→ Dutch: Korea

→ English: Korea, Gaoli, Kao-li

→ Welsh: Corea

→ French: Corée

→ German: Korea

→ Italian: Corea

→ Lao: ເກົາຫຼີ (kao lī, “Korea”)

→ New Latin: Corea

→ Portuguese: Coreia

→ Russian: Коре́я (Koréja)

→ Spanish: Corea

→ Thai: เกาหลี (gao-lǐi, “Korea”)

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ le¹¹/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ le²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ li³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ lɐi̯²²/

/ko⁵⁵ l̃ɛ⁵³/

/kɒ⁵³³⁻¹³ le¹¹/

/kɒ⁵⁴⁴⁻²⁴ le²¹/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le²⁴/

/ko⁴⁴⁻²² le¹³/

/ko⁴⁴⁻³³ le²⁴/

/kɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ le²³/

/kau³³⁻²³ li⁵⁵/

From a shortening of 高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí).

zh-l

高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)

Shì suì, Gāolí wáng Yún sǐ, yǐ shìzǐ Ān wéi qí guówáng.

是歲，高麗王雲死，以世子安為其國王。

是岁，高丽王云死，以世子安为其国王。

Yǐsì, yǐ Hàn Wáng Liàng wéi xíngjūn yuánshuài, shuǐlù sānshí wàn fá Gāolí.

乙巳，以漢王諒為行軍元帥，水陸三十萬伐高麗。

乙巳，以汉王谅为行军元帅，水陆三十万伐高丽。

Zǒngzhāng yuán nián shí yuè, sīkōng Lǐ Jì pò Gāolí guó, lǔ qí wáng, xià chéng bǎi qīshí, hù liùshíjiǔ wàn qī qiān èrbǎi. Èr nián, xǐ Gāolí mín sān wàn, pèi Jiānghuái yǐnán, Shānnán, jīng xī.

總章元年十月，司空李勣破高麗國，虜其王，下城百七十，戶六十九萬七千二百。二年，徙高麗民三萬，配江淮以南、山南、京西。

总章元年十月，司空李𪟝破高丽国，虏其王，下城百七十，户六十九万七千二百。二年，徙高丽民三万，配江淮以南、山南、京西。

(historical) synonym of 高句麗 /高句丽 (Gāogōulí): (historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


高麗

Goguryeo
Koma clan
Man'yōshū
ja:高麗 (曖昧さ回避)

⟨ko₂ma⟩ → */koma/ → /koma/
From Old Japanese. As phonetic evidence, appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
May be a Baekje ethnonym.
Alternatively, may be a Goguryeo word or name, given the history of the Koma clan, Goguryeo migrants to Eastern Honshū during the 660s.

a compound of 高麗 + つぶり

Goryeo; Korea; foreign lands; round thing; [spinning] top

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


嶺南

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ naːm²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/nĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

/liŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ nän³⁵/

/lɪŋ¹³ naːm²¹/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam¹³/

/liɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lam²⁴/

/liɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lam²³/

/nĩã⁵²⁻³⁵ nam⁵⁵/

"South of the mountain range":
* Lingnan is south of the Nanling mountain range.
* Yeongnam is south of Mount Joryeong and the Mungyeong Saejae.

Lingnan (a geographic region of China south of the Nanling Mountains, covering the modern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan as well as modern northern Vietnam)


建陽

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kyiŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹ jɑŋ³⁵/

/kiːn³³ jœːŋ²¹/

/kyiŋ³³ iɔŋ³³/

/kiɛn²¹⁻⁵³ iɔŋ²⁴/

(～區, formerly ～市, ～縣) Jianyang (a district of Nanping, Fujian, China; a former county-level city and county)


澳門

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (澳門):
* → Korean: 오문(澳門) (Omun)
* → Vietnamese: Áo Môn (澳門)

→ Armenian: Աոմին (Aomin)

→ English: Aomen

→ Japanese: 澳門(アオメン) (Aomen)

→ Korean: 아오먼 (Aomeon)

desc

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Lü: ᦀᦱᧁᧈᦵᦙᦲᧃᧉ (˙ʼaaw¹moen²)

→ Russian: Аомы́нь (Aomýnʹ), Аомэ́нь (Aomɛ́nʹ)

→ Zhuang: Aumwnz

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

/ˀɑʊ̯⁵¹ mən³⁵/

/ou̯³³ muːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/au³³ ᵐbᵘɔn²²⁻²²⁵/

/au⁵³⁻⁵⁵ mun¹¹/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ⁵³/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ mui²⁴/

/ɒ⁴²⁻⁵⁵ muoŋ²⁴/

/ɤ²¹⁻⁴¹ mŋ̍²³/

/o¹¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ mŋ̍²⁴/

/o²¹⁻³³ mui²³/

/o²¹⁻⁵³ muĩ¹³/

/o⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ bun²⁴/

/o²¹³⁻⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵/

(Macau): First attested in 陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏, a memorial to the emperor [1564] by government official Pang Shangpeng (龐尚鵬):
:
Earlier names include 濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào) (蠔鏡澳／蚝镜澳), 濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng), 香山澳, etc.

lang

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

陳末議以保海隅萬世治安疏

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安

zh-l

濠鏡澳／濠镜澳 (Háojìng'ào)

濠鏡／濠镜 (Háojìng)

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

Guǎngzhōu nán yǒu Xiāngshān xiàn, dì dāng bīn hǎi. Yóu yōngmài zhì Háojìng'ào, jì yīrì zhī chéng, yǒu shān Duìzhì rú tái, yuē nánběi tái. Jí Àomén yě...... Yì zhě yù yú Àomén xiá chù, yòng shí tiánsài, dù fānbó qiánxíng, yǐ gù Xiāngshān ménhù.

廣州南有香山縣，地當瀕海。由雍麥至蠔鏡澳，計一日之程，有山對峙如臺，曰南北臺。即澳門也……議者欲於澳門狹處，用石填塞，杜番舶潛行，以固香山門戶。

題為陳末議以保海隅萬世治安 in 皇明經世文編

广州南有香山县，地当濒海。由雍麦至蚝镜澳，计一日之程，有山对峙如台，曰南北台。即澳门也……议者欲于澳门狭处，用石填塞，杜番舶潜行，以固香山门户。

澳門歷史城區

澳门历史城区

～特別行政區 澳門特別行政區#Chinese

(～特別行政區) Macau, Aomen (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


澳門

zh-m

澳門／澳门 (Àomén)

synonym of マカオ: Macau (a city, special administrative region, and peninsula in China, west of Hong Kong)


安寧

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (安寧):
* → Japanese: 安寧(あんねい) (annei)
* → Korean: 안녕(安寧) (annyeong)
* → Vietnamese: an ninh (安寧)

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

/ˀän⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ²⁴/

/an³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻²² liɪŋ¹³/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²⁴/

/an⁴⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ²³/

/aŋ³³⁻²³ leŋ⁵⁵/

/ø⁵⁵ n̠ʲin²¹/

(～市) Anning (a county-level city of Kunming, Yunnan, China)

(～區) Anning (a district of Lanzhou, Gansu, China)


新疆

Sino-Xenic (新疆):
* → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
* → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
* → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

desc

→ English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang

→ Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyang), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)

→ Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)

→ Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)

→ Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)

→ Turkish: Sincan

→ Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)

→ Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)

→ Zhuang: Sinhgyangh

→ Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/

/ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/

/sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/

/ɕin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/

/ɬiŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ kyɒŋ⁵³³/

/ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ kyøŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/

/siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Daoguang Emperor
Jiaqing
Jinchuan County
Qianlong
Southern Song

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.
The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

1877, Zuo Zongtang, 統籌新疆全局疏; quoted in 羅正鈞, editor, 左文襄公年譜, volume 8, 1897, page 24:

Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī.

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。

是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。

～維吾爾自治區 新疆維吾爾自治區#Chinese

(～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


菱角

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

/liŋ³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯ɑʊ̯³/

/liŋ³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³/

/lɪŋ²¹ kɔːk̚³⁻³⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹⁵/

/len²² kɔk̚³³⁻²¹/

/liŋ¹¹ t͡ɕyəʔ²/

/l̃ɛiŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/l̃iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋɔyʔ²⁴/

/leŋ²⁴⁻²¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kak̚³²/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kak̚³²/

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Lingjiao (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China, formerly a township)


觀音

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (觀音):
* → Japanese: 観(かん)音(のん) (Kannon)
* → Korean: 관음(觀音) (Gwaneum)
* → Vietnamese: Quan Âm (觀音)

→ Burmese: ကွမ်ယင် (kwam-yang)

→ English: Guanyin

→ Indonesian: Kwan Im

→ Khmer: គង់ស៊ីអ៊ីម (kŭəngsiiʼiim)

desc

→ Thai: กวนอิม

→ Thai: กวนอิม

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

/kuæ̃¹¹ iŋ¹¹/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵ nˡiŋ⁵⁵/

/kua⁵³³⁻¹¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/kueŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kon²⁴⁻¹¹ im²⁴/

/kuæ̃¹¹ iŋ¹¹/

/kuaŋ⁵⁵ nˡiŋ⁵⁵/

/kua⁵³³⁻¹¹ iŋ⁵³³/

/kũã⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ iŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/kuaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((Ø-))ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/kueŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ im³³/

“[One who] Observes Sounds”, in reference to the prayers and cries of sentient beings who need help, a calque of Sanskrit अवलोकितस्वर (avalokitasvara, literally “down-observe-sound”), the original form of अवलोकितेश्वर (avalokiteśvara, “Avalokiteśvara”), the bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas.
Synonymous with 觀世音／观世音 (Guānshìyīn, “One who Observes the Sounds of the World”), which interpreted the middle element of the Sanskrit compound as लोक (loka, “world”). The shorter form became more common during the Tang dynasty to avoid naming the taboo personal name of Emperor Taizong of Tang, 李世民.
Compare Tibetan སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས (spyan ras gzigs, literally “one who looks down with an unwavering eye”).

cog

སྤྱན་རས་གཟིགས

(～鎮) Guanyin (a town in Yunxi, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


温州

ja-pos

温(おん)州(しゅう) or 温(うん)州(しゅう) • (Onshū or Unshū)

温州 (canonical)
温州 (canonical)
Onshū (romanization)
Unshū (romanization)

Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


諸葛

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (諸葛):
* → Japanese: 諸葛(しょかつ) (Shokatsu)
* → Korean: 제갈(諸葛) (Jegal)

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ kɤ³⁵/

/t͡syː⁵⁵ kɔːt̚³/

/t͡sy⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ɑʔ²⁴/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻³³ kat̚³²/

/t͡su⁴⁴⁻²² kat̚³²/

三個臭皮匠，勝過諸葛亮 / 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮

sān ge chòupíjiàng, shèngguò Zhūgě Liàng

(～鎮) Zhuge (a town in Lanxi, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)

(～村) Zhuge (a village in Zhuge, Lanxi, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China)


小川

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰu̯än⁵⁵/

/siːu̯³⁵ t͡sʰyːn⁵⁵/

(～鄉) Xiaochuan (a township in Maojian district, Shiyan, Hubei, China)


都亭

/tu⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tu⁵⁵ tʰiŋ³⁵/

(～街道) Duting (a subdistrict of Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


牡丹

→ English: Mudan

→ Russian: Мудань (Mudanʹ)

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

/mu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tän⁵⁵/

/mu²¹⁴ d̥än⁴/

/mɐu̯¹³ taːn⁵⁵/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tan³³/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tan⁴⁴/

/bou⁵²⁻³⁵ tũã³³/

(～區) Mudan (a district of Heze, Shandong, China)


海港

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

/xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻³⁵ kɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/hɔːi̯³⁵ kɔːŋ³⁵/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁵³/

/hai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴¹/

/hai⁵²⁻³⁵ kaŋ⁵²⁻²¹/

(～區) Haigang (a district of Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China)


永樂

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ lɤ⁵¹/

/wɪŋ¹³ lɔːk̚²/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lɔk̚²⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚¹²¹/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ lɔk̚⁴/

(～鎮) Yongle (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Yongle (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


Mongólia

Mongólia (nominative singular)
Mongóliát (accusative singular)
Mongóliának (dative singular)
Mongóliával (instrumental singular)
Mongóliáért (causal-final singular)
Mongóliává (singular translative)
Mongóliáig (singular terminative)
Mongóliaként (essive-formal singular)
Mongóliában (inessive singular)
Mongólián (singular superessive)
Mongóliánál (adessive singular)
Mongóliába (illative singular)
Mongóliára (singular sublative)
Mongóliához (allative singular)
Mongóliából (elative singular)
Mongóliáról (delative singular)
Mongóliától (ablative singular)
Mongóliáé (singular)
Mongóliáéi (singular)
Mongóliám (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Mongóliád (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Mongóliája (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Mongóliánk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Mongóliátok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Mongóliájuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


Mongólia

[mõˈɡɔ.lɪ.ɐ]

[mõˈɡɔ.lɪ.ɐ]


Kaschmir

de-proper noun

Kaschmir n (proper noun, strong, genitive Kaschmirs)

Borrowed from Hindi [Term?] / Urdu [Term?]; see Kashmir for more.

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


Tiibet

Tiibet (nominative singular)
Tiibet (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetin (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetin (genitive singular)
Tiibetiä (partitive singular)
Tiibetissä (inessive singular)
Tiibetistä (elative singular)
Tiibetiin (illative singular)
Tiibetillä (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltä (ablative singular)
Tiibetille (allative singular)
Tiibetinä (essive singular)
Tiibetiksi (singular translative)
Tiibetittä (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Tiibetini (nominative singular)
Tiibetini (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetini (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetini (genitive singular)
Tiibetiäni (partitive singular)
Tiibetissäni (inessive singular)
Tiibetistäni (elative singular)
Tiibetiini (illative singular)
Tiibetilläni (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltäni (ablative singular)
Tiibetilleni (allative singular)
Tiibetinäni (essive singular)
Tiibetikseni (singular translative)
Tiibetittäni (abessive singular)
Tiibetisi (nominative singular)
Tiibetisi (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetisi (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetisi (genitive singular)
Tiibetiäsi (partitive singular)
Tiibetissäsi (inessive singular)
Tiibetistäsi (elative singular)
Tiibetiisi (illative singular)
Tiibetilläsi (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltäsi (ablative singular)
Tiibetillesi (allative singular)
Tiibetinäsi (essive singular)
Tiibetiksesi (singular translative)
Tiibetittäsi (abessive singular)
Tiibetimme (nominative singular)
Tiibetimme (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetimme (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetimme (genitive singular)
Tiibetiämme (partitive singular)
Tiibetissämme (inessive singular)
Tiibetistämme (elative singular)
Tiibetiimme (illative singular)
Tiibetillämme (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltämme (ablative singular)
Tiibetillemme (allative singular)
Tiibetinämme (essive singular)
Tiibetiksemme (singular translative)
Tiibetittämme (abessive singular)
Tiibetinne (nominative singular)
Tiibetinne (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetinne (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetinne (genitive singular)
Tiibetiänne (partitive singular)
Tiibetissänne (inessive singular)
Tiibetistänne (elative singular)
Tiibetiinne (illative singular)
Tiibetillänne (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltänne (ablative singular)
Tiibetillenne (allative singular)
Tiibetinänne (essive singular)
Tiibetiksenne (singular translative)
Tiibetittänne (abessive singular)
Tiibetinsä (nominative singular)
Tiibetinsä (accusative nominative singular)
Tiibetinsä (accusative genitive singular)
Tiibetinsä (genitive singular)
Tiibetiään (partitive singular)
Tiibetiänsä (partitive singular)
Tiibetissään (inessive singular)
Tiibetissänsä (inessive singular)
Tiibetistään (elative singular)
Tiibetistänsä (elative singular)
Tiibetiinsä (illative singular)
Tiibetillään (adessive singular)
Tiibetillänsä (adessive singular)
Tiibetiltään (ablative singular)
Tiibetiltänsä (ablative singular)
Tiibetilleen (allative singular)
Tiibetillensä (allative singular)
Tiibetinään (essive singular)
Tiibetinänsä (essive singular)
Tiibetikseen (singular translative)
Tiibetiksensä (singular translative)
Tiibetittään (abessive singular)
Tiibetittänsä (abessive singular)


新星

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ sɪŋ⁵⁵/

(～市) Xinxing (a county-level city of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


བོད

From Classical Tibetan བོད (bod, “Tibet”).


བོད

Dzongkha: བོད (bod)

desc

→? Ancient Greek: Βαι̃ται (Baĩtai), Βα̃ται (Bãtai), Βαεται (Baetai)

→ Latin: Baetae

→⇒? Middle Chinese: 發羌 (MC pjot khjang); 附國 (MC bjuH kwok)

→? Prakrit: *𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhŏṭṭa), *𑀪𑁄𑀝 (*bhoṭa)

Assamese: ভোট (bhüt)

Bengali: ভোট (bhōṭ)

Hindi: भोट (bhoṭ)

Nepali: भोट (bhoṭ)

Odia: ଭୋଟ (bhoṭa)

→ Sanskrit: भौट्ट (bhauṭṭa), भोट (bhoṭa)

⇒ Prakrit: 𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀁𑀢 (bhŏṭṭaṃta) (see there for further descendants)

According to Bialek, originally the name of a people inhabiting modern Nyêmo County. Possibly related to བོན (bon, “to express, to mutter, etc.”).


Manciuria

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


Manciuria

head

Manciuria f (genitive and dative Manciuriei)

Manciuriei (dative genitive)
Manciuria (accusative definite nominative)
Manciuriei (definite)


Manchuria

/mænˈt͡ʃʊəɹiə/

Probably originally a backformation from Manchurian (“of or relating to the Manchus”), from Dutch Mansiourische, from Mansiouwer (“a Manchu”) + -isch (“-ish: forming adjectives”), possibly as a calque of Japanese 満州 (まんしゅう, Manshū, “Manchuria; Manchurian”). Equivalent to New Latin and English Manchu + -ia, with the r added for ease of pronunciation under the influence of names like Etruria, Liguria, &c. Cf. French Mandchourie, German Mandschurei, &c. Further popularized by Philipp von Siebold's early-19th-century Dutch translations of Japanese maps employing the term, replacing the earlier and vaguer Tartary, Eastern Tartary, Chinese Tartary, &c.

der

まんしゅう, Manshū

Manchooria (alternative)
Mansiouria (alternative)
Mandschuria (alternative)
Mantchuria (alternative)
Mantchooria (alternative)

The senior Japanese commanders and all ground, sea, air and auxiliary forces within Manchuria, Korea north of 38 north latitude and Karafuto shall surrender to the Commander in Chief of Soviet Forces in the Far East. (General Order No. 1, 1945)

Negotiating with Stalin was like dealing with an octopus. At Yalta it had been agreed that Dairen in China would be an open port that the Chinese could use. And now they were trying- it'd be under the control of the Chinese, that the Russians could use is what I intended to say. And, it was now an approach, by Stalin, that would have given him complete possession of that part of Manchuria. And that, I wasn't in favor of doing.[...]Dairen would be administered by the Chinese, as a Chinese port, but it would be a free port that everybody could use including the Russians.

1965, Harry S. Truman, MP2002-390 Former President Truman Recalls Stalin's Broken Agreement About the Port of Dairen, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives Identifier: 595162, archived from the original on 2021-06-02:

Sinǔiju (or New Uiju) is an industrial and commercial city and wood rafted down the Yalu forms the base of a large forest products industry. Trade with Manchuria and China is funneled through the city to Korea.

1968, “SINŬIJU”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 20, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 569:

A native of the Chinese province of Jilin in Manchuria, Mr. Cui said it was a “historical fact” that the home of Russia’s Pacific Fleet and the showcase of President Vladimir V. Putin’s ambitions to project his country as an Asian power is in reality Chinese territory.

2016 July 23, Andrew Higgins, “Vladivostok Lures Chinese Tourists (Many Think It’s Theirs)”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-07-27, Asia Pacific:

Aside from the online bickering about kimchi and hanbok, South Korea and China also have a long history dispute over the domain of ancient kingdoms whose territories stretched from the Korean Peninsula to Manchuria.

2022 February 5, Tong-hyung Kim, “S. Korea politicians criticize China over traditional dress”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2022-02-05:

A historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia.


鳳凰

ja-r

鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (鳳凰):
* → Japanese: 鳳(ほう)凰(おう) (hōō)
* → Korean: 봉황(鳳凰) (bonghwang)
* → Vietnamese: phượng hoàng (鳳凰)

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ³⁵/

/fɤŋ⁵¹ xu̯ɑŋ¹/

/fəŋ⁴⁴ xuɑŋ²⁴/

/fʊŋ²² wɔːŋ²¹/

/fɵŋ³² vɔŋ²²/

/fuŋ¹¹ fɔŋ¹/

/fuŋ⁵⁵ foŋ¹¹/

/fuŋ³³ foŋ⁵⁵/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ¹³/

/hɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ²⁴/

/hɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ²³/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ uaŋ⁵⁵/

/hoŋ³⁵⁻¹¹ huaŋ⁵⁵/

/voŋ²² ɦuɑ̃⁴⁴/

Miyake (2015) reconstructs Old Chinese pronunciation *N-prəm-s ɢʷˁɑŋ and proposes, though with uncertainty, that the mythical bird's name is the affixed form of 風皇 (“wind sovereign”).

(～縣) Fenghuang (a county of Xiangxi prefecture, Hunan, China)

(～街道) Fenghuang (a subdistrict of Echeng district, Ezhou, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (name of various towns in China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (a town in Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)

(～鎮) Fenghuang (a town in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)

(～村) Fenghuang (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


合作

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

(～鎮) Hezuo Town (a town in Qidong, Jiangsu, China)


合作

Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan གཙོས (gtsos). Replaced 黑錯／黑错, the previous transliteration of the same Tibetan name, in 1956.

psm

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

/xɤ³⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/

/hɐp̚² t͡sɔːk̚³/

/hap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sɔk̚³²/

/hap̚²⁴⁻² t͡sɔk̚⁵/

/hap̚⁴⁻³² t͡sɔk̚³²/

/ɦəʔ¹¹ t͡soʔ²³/

(～市) Hezuo (a county-level city of Gannan prefecture, Gansu, China)


Μογγολία

head

Μογγολία • (Mongolía) f

el-noun-proper

Μογγολία • (Mongolía) f

→ Aromanian: Mungulii


淡水

→ English: Tamsui, Tan-shui

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰaːm¹³ sɵy̯³⁵/

/tã³⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sui⁵²/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

/tän⁵¹ ʂu̯eɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/taːm²² sɵy̯³⁵/

(～街道, formerly ～鎮) Dansui (a subdistrict of Huiyang district, Huizhou, Guangdong)


中牟

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ mu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhongmu (a county of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


草堂

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ¹³ dɑ̃³¹/

/t͡sʰɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰɑŋ³⁵/

/t͡sʰou̯³⁵ tʰɔːŋ²¹/

/t͡sʰɔ³³ dɑ̃⁴⁴/

/t͡sʰɔ¹³ dɑ̃³¹/

(～鎮) Caotang (a town in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


客店

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laiŋ²¹³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ni⁴²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ tiam²¹³/

/kʰɤ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kʰaʔ²⁴⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾laiŋ²¹³/

/kʰa¹¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾le⁴²/

/kʰa²¹⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾ni⁴²/

/kʰeʔ²⁻⁴ tiam²¹³/

(～鎮) Kedian (a town in Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)

(～社區) Kedian (a residential community in Kedian, Zhongxiang, Jingmen, Hubei, China)


衛國

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² kʷɔːk̚³/

/weɪ̯⁵¹ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/wɐi̯²² kʷɔːk̚³/

(historical) State of Wei (in present day Qingfeng County, Henan), commonly spelt Wey to distinguish it from other states spelt Wei (魏 (wèi)).


山陽

→ English: Shanyang

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

/ʂän⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Shanyang (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Shanyang District (a district of Jiaozuo, Henan, China)


巨野

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

/t͡ɕy⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/kɵy̯²² jɛː¹³/

(～縣) Juye County (a county of Heze, Shandong, China)


溫州

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

/wən⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/wɐn⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/vun²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su²⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/un⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/uŋ³³⁻²³ t͡siu³³/

/uən⁵⁵ t͡sɤ²¹/

(～市) Wenzhou (a prefecture-level city of Zhejiang, in southeastern China)


彌勒

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (彌勒):
* → Japanese: 弥(み)勒(ろく) (Miroku)
* → Korean: 미륵(彌勒) (Mireuk)
* → Vietnamese: Di Lặc (彌勒)

→ Korean: 미러 (Mireo, “Mile”)

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/mi⁵³⁻³³ l̃ɛiʔ⁵/

/bi²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liɪk̚⁴/

/bi¹³⁻²² liɪk̚¹²¹/

/bi²⁴⁻²² liak̚²⁴/

/mĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/mĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²⁴⁻¹¹ liɪk̚⁴/

/nĩ²³⁻³³ liɪk̚⁴/

From early Middle Indo-Aryan in forms like *Metreka, due to alternation of -k- and -y- that can be found in Middle-Indic languages such as Gandhari and Ashokan Prakrit. Ji (1998v11) considers the most likely direct ancestor to be Tocharian A Metrak, which also gave rise to Tocharian B Maitrāk. Cf. Bactrian Μητραγα (Mētraga) (Karashima, 2010); connected to the Gandhari 𐨨𐨅𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨅𐨩 (metreya) and Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya). However, the frequently-cited form Maitreya is not a direct ancestor. Ji (ibid.) further finds the root of both the word and the religious figure in Sanskrit मैत्री (maitrī, “goodwill; close union; friendship”) and related to मित्र (mitra, “Mitra”).

der

(～市) Mile (a county-level city of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


弥勒

From Middle Chinese 彌勒 (mjie lok), from Sanskrit मैत्रेय (maitreya).


河内

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 河內 /河内 (Hénèi).

obor

Henei (former commandery of China to the north of Yellow River, now in Henan, China)


廣陵

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

/ku̯ɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ liŋ³⁵/

/kʷɔːŋ³⁵ lɪŋ²¹/

Established as a dowry town under Chu in 319 BC, renaming a district and settlement conquered from Yue.

(history) (～郡, formerly ～國) Guangling (a former commandery of imperial China that existed between 121 BCE and 583 CE, corresponding to the modern-day prefecture-level city of Yangzhou)

(history) (～縣) Guangling (a settlement established by King Huai of Chu in 319 BCE, and a former county of imperial China that existed between the Qin dynasty and 598 CE, corresponding to modern-day Yangzhou)

(～區) Guangling (a district of Yangzhou, China)


北平

→ English: Peiping

→ Japanese: 北平(ペーピン) (pēpin)

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ piɪŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²³/

/peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/pɐk̚⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚⁵⁻²⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁵ piɪŋ¹³/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²⁴/

/pak̚³²⁻⁴ piɪŋ²³/

From 北 (běi, “north”) + 平 (píng, “peace, pacification”), used in the sense of pacified or conquered territory.

(～郡) (historical) Beiping, Peiping (an ancient commandery in present-day Baoding, Hebei, China)


上黨

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² tɔːŋ³⁵/

/ʂɑŋ⁵¹ tɑŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sœːŋ²² tɔːŋ³⁵/

(～區) Shangdang (a district of Changzhi, Shanxi, China)

(historical) (～郡) Shangdang (a historical commandery of China)


德州

→ English: Dezhou, Te-chou

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/tɤ³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/tɐk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(～市) Dezhou (a prefecture-level city of Shandong, China)


天元

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ɥɛn³⁵/

(～區) Tianyuan (a district of Zhuzhou, Hunan, China)

(～鄉) Tianyuan (a township in Wuxi, Chongqing, China)


歇馬

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ɕi̯ɛ⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

(～鎮) Xiema (a town in Baokang, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


Pekin

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)


Pekin

Pekin (nominative singular)
Pekinu (genitive singular)
Pekinowi (dative singular)
Pekin (accusative singular)
Pekinem (instrumental singular)
Pekinie (locative singular)
Pekinie (singular vocative)


Pekin

Pekin (nominative singular)
Pekinler (nominative plural)
Pekin'i (accusative singular)
Pekinleri (accusative plural)
Pekin'e (dative singular)
Pekinlere (dative plural)
Pekin'de (locative singular)
Pekinlerde (locative plural)
Pekin'den (ablative singular)
Pekinlerden (ablative plural)
Pekin'in (genitive singular)
Pekinlerin (genitive plural)
Pekin'im (first-person singular)
Pekinlerim (first-person singular)
Pekin'lerim (first-person singular)
Pekin'in (second-person singular)
Pekinlerin (second-person singular)
Pekin'lerin (second-person singular)
Pekin'i (singular third-person)
Pekinleri (singular third-person)
Pekin'leri (singular third-person)
Pekin'imiz (first-person plural)
Pekinlerimiz (first-person plural)
Pekin'lerimiz (first-person plural)
Pekin'iniz (plural second-person)
Pekinleriniz (plural second-person)
Pekin'leriniz (plural second-person)
Pekin'i (plural third-person)
Pekinleri (plural third-person)
Pekin'leri (plural third-person)


東方

ja-r

東方(とうほう) (tōhō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (東方):
* → Japanese: 東方(とうほう) (tōhō)
* → Korean: 동방(東方) (dongbang)
* → Vietnamese: đông phương (東方)

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑŋ⁵⁵/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɑ̃ɻ⁵⁵/

/toŋ⁵⁵ faŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ²⁴/

/tuŋ²⁴ fɑŋ⁵¹/

/tʊŋ⁵⁵ fɔːŋ⁵⁵/

/tuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ foŋ²⁴/

/tʊŋ⁴⁴ fɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ³³ hɔŋ³³/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/tɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hŋ̍⁴⁴/

/taŋ³³ hŋ̍³³/

/taŋ³³⁻²³ huaŋ³³/

(～市) Dongfang (a sub-prefectural city of Hainan, China)


Mantšuria

Mantšuria (nominative singular)
Mantšuria (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšurian (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšurian (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaa (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassa (inessive singular)
Mantšuriasta (elative singular)
Mantšuriaan (illative singular)
Mantšurialla (adessive singular)
Mantšurialta (ablative singular)
Mantšurialle (allative singular)
Mantšuriana (essive singular)
Mantšuriaksi (singular translative)
Mantšuriatta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Mantšuriani (nominative singular)
Mantšuriani (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšuriani (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšuriani (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaani (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassani (inessive singular)
Mantšuriastani (elative singular)
Mantšuriaani (illative singular)
Mantšuriallani (adessive singular)
Mantšurialtani (ablative singular)
Mantšurialleni (allative singular)
Mantšurianani (essive singular)
Mantšuriakseni (singular translative)
Mantšuriattani (abessive singular)
Mantšuriasi (nominative singular)
Mantšuriasi (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšuriasi (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšuriasi (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaasi (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassasi (inessive singular)
Mantšuriastasi (elative singular)
Mantšuriaasi (illative singular)
Mantšuriallasi (adessive singular)
Mantšurialtasi (ablative singular)
Mantšuriallesi (allative singular)
Mantšurianasi (essive singular)
Mantšuriaksesi (singular translative)
Mantšuriattasi (abessive singular)
Mantšuriamme (nominative singular)
Mantšuriamme (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšuriamme (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšuriamme (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaamme (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassamme (inessive singular)
Mantšuriastamme (elative singular)
Mantšuriaamme (illative singular)
Mantšuriallamme (adessive singular)
Mantšurialtamme (ablative singular)
Mantšuriallemme (allative singular)
Mantšurianamme (essive singular)
Mantšuriaksemme (singular translative)
Mantšuriattamme (abessive singular)
Mantšurianne (nominative singular)
Mantšurianne (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšurianne (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšurianne (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaanne (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassanne (inessive singular)
Mantšuriastanne (elative singular)
Mantšuriaanne (illative singular)
Mantšuriallanne (adessive singular)
Mantšurialtanne (ablative singular)
Mantšuriallenne (allative singular)
Mantšuriananne (essive singular)
Mantšuriaksenne (singular translative)
Mantšuriattanne (abessive singular)
Mantšuriansa (nominative singular)
Mantšuriansa (accusative nominative singular)
Mantšuriansa (accusative genitive singular)
Mantšuriansa (genitive singular)
Mantšuriaansa (partitive singular)
Mantšuriassaan (inessive singular)
Mantšuriassansa (inessive singular)
Mantšuriastaan (elative singular)
Mantšuriastansa (elative singular)
Mantšuriaansa (illative singular)
Mantšuriallaan (adessive singular)
Mantšuriallansa (adessive singular)
Mantšurialtaan (ablative singular)
Mantšurialtansa (ablative singular)
Mantšurialleen (allative singular)
Mantšuriallensa (allative singular)
Mantšurianaan (essive singular)
Mantšurianansa (essive singular)
Mantšuriakseen (singular translative)
Mantšuriaksensa (singular translative)
Mantšuriattaan (abessive singular)
Mantšuriattansa (abessive singular)

[ˈmɑ̝n̪.t̪ʃuˌriɑ̝]

Manchuria (a historical region of northeastern China comprising the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia)


關西

→ English: Guansi, Guanxi, Kuanhsi

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ku̯än⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/kʷaːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/ku̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/kuaŋ³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～社區) Guanxi (a residential community in Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


天台

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯⁵⁵/

/tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ tʰaɪ̯³⁵/

/tʰiːn⁵⁵ tʰɔːi̯²¹/

Tiantai (a county of Taizhou, Zhejiang, China)


零陵

/liŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

/liŋ³⁵ liŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lɪŋ²¹/

(～區) Lingling (a district of Yongzhou, Hunan, China)


遼西

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/liːu̯²¹ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Liaoxi (an ancient commandery in present day Hebei and Liaoning, China)

(～省) Liaoxi (a former province of China)


Himalaje

pl-prop

Himalaje nvir pl (related adjective himalajski)

himalajski (adjective)
Himalaje (nominative plural)
Himalajów (genitive plural)
Himalajom (dative plural)
Himalaje (accusative plural)
Himalajami (instrumental plural)
Himalajach (locative plural)
Himalaje (plural vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Himalayas, French Himalaya, German Himalaja, ultimately from Sanskrit हिमालय (himālaya).

Himalayas (a mountain range in Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan)


六合

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/lʊk̚² hɐp̚²/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hap̚²⁴/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hap̚¹²¹/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/li̯oʊ̯⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/

/lʊk̚² hɐp̚²/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚²⁴⁻² hap̚²⁴/

/liɔk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ hap̚¹²¹/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

/liɔk̚⁴⁻³² hap̚⁴/

(～區) Luhe (a district of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)


金平

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kɐm⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kim³³⁻²³ pʰeŋ⁵⁵/

(～區) Jinping (a district of Shantou, Guangdong, China)

苗族瑤族傣族自治縣 苗族瑤族傣族自治縣#Chinese

(～苗族瑤族傣族自治縣, ～縣) Jinping (an autonomous county of Honghe prefecture, Yunnan, China)


Kanton

Kanton (nominative singular)
Kantonu (genitive singular)
Kantonu (dative singular)
Kanton (accusative singular)
Kantone (singular vocative)
Kantonu (locative singular)
Kantonem (instrumental singular)

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, in southeastern China)


Kanton

Kanton (nominative singular)
Kanton (accusative nominative singular)
Kantonin (accusative genitive singular)
Kantonin (genitive singular)
Kantonia (partitive singular)
Kantonissa (inessive singular)
Kantonista (elative singular)
Kantoniin (illative singular)
Kantonilla (adessive singular)
Kantonilta (ablative singular)
Kantonille (allative singular)
Kantonina (essive singular)
Kantoniksi (singular translative)
Kantonitta (abessive singular)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
Kantonini (nominative singular)
Kantonini (accusative nominative singular)
Kantonini (accusative genitive singular)
Kantonini (genitive singular)
Kantoniani (partitive singular)
Kantonissani (inessive singular)
Kantonistani (elative singular)
Kantoniini (illative singular)
Kantonillani (adessive singular)
Kantoniltani (ablative singular)
Kantonilleni (allative singular)
Kantoninani (essive singular)
Kantonikseni (singular translative)
Kantonittani (abessive singular)
Kantonisi (nominative singular)
Kantonisi (accusative nominative singular)
Kantonisi (accusative genitive singular)
Kantonisi (genitive singular)
Kantoniasi (partitive singular)
Kantonissasi (inessive singular)
Kantonistasi (elative singular)
Kantoniisi (illative singular)
Kantonillasi (adessive singular)
Kantoniltasi (ablative singular)
Kantonillesi (allative singular)
Kantoninasi (essive singular)
Kantoniksesi (singular translative)
Kantonittasi (abessive singular)
Kantonimme (nominative singular)
Kantonimme (accusative nominative singular)
Kantonimme (accusative genitive singular)
Kantonimme (genitive singular)
Kantoniamme (partitive singular)
Kantonissamme (inessive singular)
Kantonistamme (elative singular)
Kantoniimme (illative singular)
Kantonillamme (adessive singular)
Kantoniltamme (ablative singular)
Kantonillemme (allative singular)
Kantoninamme (essive singular)
Kantoniksemme (singular translative)
Kantonittamme (abessive singular)
Kantoninne (nominative singular)
Kantoninne (accusative nominative singular)
Kantoninne (accusative genitive singular)
Kantoninne (genitive singular)
Kantonianne (partitive singular)
Kantonissanne (inessive singular)
Kantonistanne (elative singular)
Kantoniinne (illative singular)
Kantonillanne (adessive singular)
Kantoniltanne (ablative singular)
Kantonillenne (allative singular)
Kantoninanne (essive singular)
Kantoniksenne (singular translative)
Kantonittanne (abessive singular)
Kantoninsa (nominative singular)
Kantoninsa (accusative nominative singular)
Kantoninsa (accusative genitive singular)
Kantoninsa (genitive singular)
Kantoniaan (partitive singular)
Kantoniansa (partitive singular)
Kantonissaan (inessive singular)
Kantonissansa (inessive singular)
Kantonistaan (elative singular)
Kantonistansa (elative singular)
Kantoniinsa (illative singular)
Kantonillaan (adessive singular)
Kantonillansa (adessive singular)
Kantoniltaan (ablative singular)
Kantoniltansa (ablative singular)
Kantonilleen (allative singular)
Kantonillensa (allative singular)
Kantoninaan (essive singular)
Kantoninansa (essive singular)
Kantonikseen (singular translative)
Kantoniksensa (singular translative)
Kantonittaan (abessive singular)
Kantonittansa (abessive singular)

From English Canton, from Portuguese Cantão, from Chinese 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng).


Kanton

de-proper noun

Kanton n (proper noun, genitive Kantons or (optionally with an article) Kanton)

Kantons (genitive)
Kanton (genitive with-article)

Canton (former name of Guangzhou, the capital and largest city of Guangdong in southeastern China)


Kanton

pl-prop

Kanton m inan (related adjective kantoński)

kantoński (adjective)
Kanton (nominative singular)
Kantonu (genitive singular)
Kantonowi (dative singular)
Kanton (accusative singular)
Kantonem (instrumental singular)
Kantonie (locative singular)
Kantonie (singular vocative)

Internationalism; compare English Canton, French Canton, Russian Канто́н (Kantón), ultimately from Portuguese Cantão, from Mandarin 廣東 /广东 (Guǎngdōng). Doublet of Guangdong.

Guangzhou (the capital and largest city of Guangdong, China)


고구려

The origin is uncertain. Possibilities include:
* Might be cognate with Goguryeo 忽 (*kuru, “town”), compare Jurchen  (*guru-un, “country”), Manchu ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”) and Japanese 国 (kuni, “country”).
* Might be cognate with Korean 구리 (guri, “copper”), compare Mongolian ᠭᠠᠤᠯᠢ (ɣauli, “brass”).

(historical) Goguryeo (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 37 BCE to 668 C.E.; at its maximum covering all of North Korea, the northern part of South Korea, parts of Manchuria in northeast China, and parts of Primorsky Krai in Russia)


江東

ja-pos

江(こう)東(とう) • (Kōtō)

Jiangdong (a district of Zhejiang, China)


吐魯番

→ English: Tulufan, T'u-lu-fan

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

/tʰu²¹⁴⁻³⁵ lu²¹⁴⁻²¹ fän⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Chagatai طُرفان (ṭurfān), تورفان (tūrfān). Compare contemporary Uyghur تۇرپان (turpan).
The first found attestation of the place name is Khotanese [script needed] (tturpanä), in the Dunhuang manuscript 使河西記 [925] (Li, 2015).
The first attested Chinese transcription of the place name is 禿爾班／秃尔班, found in volume four of 通制條格 from the Yuan dynasty. Later Chinese transcriptions include 土爾番／土尔番, in 西域番國志 [1414], 土魯蕃／土鲁蕃, 土魯番／土鲁番, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) and 吐爾番／吐尔番. In particular, 吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān) is attested since the Ming dynasty.
Unlikely to be related to 吐蕃 (Tǔbō, “Tibet”).

zh-l

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

吐魯番／吐鲁番 (Tǔlǔfān)

(～市) Turpan, Turfan (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


Nonni

In the western range, and about sixiy miles from the Argun River, rises the Nonni, the most important waterway flowing through the province. On its way to the Sungari, which it joins at Shui-shih-ying-tzu, twenty miles to the north of the town of Petuna (Hsin Ch'eng), it passes on its left bank the town of Mergen and Tsi-tsi-har, known to the Chinese as Pu-k'uei, the capital of the province.

1904, Alexander Hosie, Manchuria: Its People, Resources and Recent History, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 148:

Waterways: the Amur River is navigable for 450 miles for steamers and 1,500 miles for smaller craft; the Sungari is navigable to Kirin, the Nonni to Tsitsihar, the Liao to Tungkiangtze, and the Yalu for its entire course.

1922, South Manchuria Railway, Manchuria: Land of Opportunities, New York: Thomas F. Logan, page 12:

The Chinese general in question was a picturesque figure named Ma Chanshan. General Ma had first held up and defeated the vanguard of the Japanese invaders at the Nonni River, on the southern border of the Russian sphere in North Manchuria.

1945, John B. Powell, “Russia, China, and Japan”, in My Twenty-five Years in China, New York: The MacMillan Company, →OCLC, page 199:

(dated) Synonym of Nen (a river in northeast China).


延長

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

/jɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/

/jiːn²¹ t͡sʰœːŋ²¹/

/i̯en¹¹ t͡sʰoŋ¹¹/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tŋ̍¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tŋ̍²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tŋ̍²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tiɔŋ²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tiɔŋ²⁴/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tiaŋ¹³/

(～縣) Yanchang (a county of Yan'an, Shaanxi, China)


涿鹿

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ⁵⁵ lu⁵¹/

(～縣) Zhuolu (a county of Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China)


丹鳳

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

/tän⁵⁵ fɤŋ⁵¹/

/taːn⁵⁵ fʊŋ²²/

(～縣) Danfeng (a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China)


江南

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (江南):
* → Japanese: 江南(こうなん) (Kōnan)
* → Korean: 강남(江南) (Gangnam)
* → Vietnamese: Giang Nam (江南)

→ Manchu: ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ (giyangnan)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ nän³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ naːm²¹/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² lam¹³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ lam²³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ nø²¹/

Come home, ye soul, and take pity on thy beloved southern land!

The Verses of Chu, 4ᵗʰ century BCE – 2ⁿᵈ century CE

魂兮歸來，哀江南！

魂兮归来，哀江南！

If one heads from Jeju for Jiangnan, [the way] is rather far; if one heads from Jeolla for Liaodong, it is very close.

《朝鮮王朝實錄》 (Joseon Veritable Records), 1593

Ja Jeju wang Gangnam, jeuk pa won, ja Jeolla do wang Ryodong, jeuk sim geun.

自^濟州往^江南，則頗遠，自^全羅道往^遼東，則甚近。

Jiangnan (a region of China, south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River)

(historical) (～省) Jiangnan (a province of China), during the Qing dynasty

(～鄉) Jiangnan (a township in Lianjiang, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


轅門

/ɥɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

/ɥɛn³⁵ mən³⁵/

轅 (the shaft which connects a carriage to its horse) + 門 (gate)
: In ancient times, when a monarch went on an expedition (ex. for hunting), the place where he stopped would be made into a camp by surrounding the location with a baricade of horse-drawn vehicles. Two of the vehicles would be upended, and their shafts would be made to meet, so as to form a makeshift gateway of sorts.

(～社區) Yuanmen (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


שאנגחאי

he-proper noun

שַׁאנְג-חָאי

שַׁאנְג־חָאי • (shang-khái)

שַׁאנְג־חָאי (canonical)
shang-khái (romanization)

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


銅鼓

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

/tʰʊŋ³⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/tʰʊŋ²¹ kuː³⁵/

(～縣) Tonggu (a county of Yichun, Jiangxi, China)

(～鎮) Tonggu (a town in Wushan, Chongqing, China)


高盧

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ lu³⁵/

(～村) Gaolu (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


安多

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

/ˀän⁵⁵ tu̯ɔ⁵⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ tɔː⁵⁵/

Amdo (a traditional province of the Tibet autonomous region)

(～縣) Amdo (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


玲瓏

/liŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² lɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

/liŋ³⁵ lʊŋ³⁵/

/lɪŋ²¹ lʊŋ²¹/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ¹³⁻²² lɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ lɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ lɔŋ²³/

/leŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ loŋ⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Linglong (a town in Zhaoyuan, Yantai, Shandong, China)


紫金

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

/t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/t͡siː³⁵ kɐm⁵⁵/

(～縣) Zijin (a county of Heyuan, Guangdong, China)

(～鎮) Zijin (a town in Gucheng, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


安國

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

/ˀän⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ³⁵/

/ɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔːk̚³/

(～市) Anguo (a county-level city of Baoding, Hebei, China)


榛子

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

/ʈ͡ʂən⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/t͡sɵn⁵⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/t͡sən⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹/

(～鄉) Zhenzi (a township in Xingshan, Yichang, Hubei, China)


白鷺

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ˈpʰaʔ⁵ lu¹¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ lu⁵¹/

/ˈpʰaʔ⁵ lu¹¹/

/pe(ʔ)⁴⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

/pe(ʔ)²⁴⁻² lɔ⁴¹/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ lɔ²²/

(～社區) Bailu (a residential community in Tancheng, Pingtan, Fuzhou, Fujian, China)


福州

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福州):
* → Japanese: 福(ふく)州(しゅう) (Fukushū)
* → Korean: 복주(福州) (Bokju)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Châu (福州)

desc

→ English: Foochow, Fuchow, Fujhou, Fuzhou, Hokchew, Hockchew, Hokchiu

→ Korean: 푸저우 (Pujeou)

→ Russian: Фучжо́у (Fučžóu)

→ Zhuang: Fuzcouh

→ Spanish: Focheu, Fucheu

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

/fu³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/fʊk̚⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/huʔ²⁴⁻²¹ t͡sieu⁵⁵/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡siu⁵³³/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁵⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡siu³³/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ t͡siu⁴⁴/

/foʔ³³ t͡sɤ⁴⁴/

(～市) Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, China)


福州

chữ Hán form of Phúc Châu (“Fuzhou (a prefecture-level city, the provincial capital of Fujian, in southeastern China)”)


Nanjing

Hongwu Emperor
Ming Dynasty
Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Yongle Emperor

The atonal Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), composed of 南 (“south, southern”) and 京 (jīng, “capital”), distinguishing it from Beijing to the north, and first applied informally during the reign of the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, who preferred to rule from Beijing but was obliged to treat Nanjing as a secondary capital by the dynastic injunctions of his father the Hongwu Emperor. The name continued a practice of several preceding dynasties—especially those of nomadic conquerers from the north such as the Jin and Liao—of maintaining a number of separate capitals designated by their cardinal directions.

Nanking (alternative dated historical)
Nankin (alternative obsolete)
Nanquin (alternative obsolete)
Nan-ching (alternative obsolete)
Nanching (alternative obsolete)

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamſu or) Ianſu, the ſonne of the Sea, goeth Northward to Nanquin, and then returning ſomewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great force; fortie myles from which it paſſeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee paſſage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to another Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, ſuch being the colour of that troubled water. This is the other famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatneſſe and note, which ariſesth without the Kingdome to the Weſt, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured to bee the ſame whence Ganges ariſeth, or one neere to it.

[1625, Samuel Purchas, Pvrchas His Pilgrimes, volume III, London, →OCLC, page 340:

For the first time on Saturday, China held a national day of remembrance on the 77th anniversary of Japanese atrocities committed in the city of Nanjing in the run-up to World War II. President Xi Jinping led the commemorations in front of a crowd of some 10,000 people, among whom were survivors or relatives of victims of the "Rape of Nanking," a six-week reign of terror during which the Imperial Japanese Army carried out mass killings and rapes.

2014 December 13, “China's Xi: Nanjing massacre undeniable”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2016-04-25, Asia:

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) chairman Morris Chang will sign a contract with the government of the eastern Chinese city of Nanjing to carry out the largest Taiwanese investment in China, Taiwan's Central News Agency (CNA) reported today.

2016 March 28, “Taiwanese semiconductor company announces large investment in China”, in EFE, archived from the original on 2022-09-08:

A major subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China, on the lower Yangtze; a former capital of China.


南京

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (南京):
* → Japanese: 南京(なんきん) (Nankin)
* → Korean: 남경(南京) (Namgyeong)
* → Vietnamese: Nam Kinh (南京)

desc

→ Georgian: ნანძინგი (nanʒingi), ნანკინი (nanḳini)

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

/nän³⁵ t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/lã²⁴ t͡ɕĩ³¹/

/naːm²¹ kɪŋ⁵⁵/

/nˡaŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁵/

/naŋ¹³⁻¹¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵³³/

/naŋ²⁴⁻²¹ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻²² kiã³³/

/lam¹³⁻²² kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²⁴⁻¹¹ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam²³⁻³³ kiã⁴⁴/

/lam⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kĩã³³/

/nø²² t͡ɕin⁴⁴/

(～市) Nanjing (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


南京

南京 (canonical)
南京 (canonical)
Nankin (romanization)

Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)
ja:南京

From the Nanking court dialect Mandarin 南京 (Nánjīng), from before the modern palatalization of /k/ to /tɕ/.

Nanjing (a major city, the provincial capital of Jiangsu, China)


江寧

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ niŋ³⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ nɪŋ²¹/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Jiangning (a district and former county of Nanjing, Jiangsu, China)

(～區) (historical) Jiangning (a former district of Shanghai, China)


江蘇

English: Jiangsu, Kiangsu, Kiang-su, Kiang Su, Keangsoo, Keang-soo, Chiang-su, Kiang-Sou (obsolete or historical)

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬɔu⁵³³/

/kaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ su⁵⁵/

/kɔːŋ⁵⁵ sou̯⁵⁵/

/kɔŋ³³ ɬu³³/

/koŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ su²⁴/

/kouŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nu⁵⁵/

/kaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ɬɔu⁵³³/

/kaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ɬɔu⁵⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³ sɔ³³/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sɔ⁴⁴/

/kaŋ³³⁻²³ sou³³/

/kɑ̃⁵⁵ su²¹/

Short for 江寧／江宁 (Jiāngníng) + 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu).

zh-etym-short

(～省) Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


哈爾濱

desc

→ English: Ha'erbin, Haerbin, Ha-erh-pin, Ha-êrh-pin

→ Russian: Харби́н (Xarbín)

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

hah⁷ zi³ bing¹ [Phonetic:hah⁶ zi² wing¹]

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/xä⁵⁵ ˀɤɻ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pin⁵⁵/

/haː⁵⁵ jiː¹³ pɐn⁵⁵/

/haʔ⁴⁻²¹ t͡si⁴⁵³⁻¹³ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾iŋ⁵³³/

/haʔ⁴⁻² t͡si³³²⁻²⁴ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ nĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

/ha(ʔ)⁵ nĩ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pin³³/

/ha(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ d͡zĩ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pin⁴⁴/

Borrowed from a dialectal Manchu word cognate with Standard Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᡶᡳᠶᠠᠨ (halfiyan, “flat”) (Huang, 2010). Compare /kʰɑlpin/ ("flat") in the Manchu dialect spoken in Dawujiazi (大五家子) of Aihui County (now in Heihe) (Wang, 2005).

Harbin's ice sculptures are very famous.

哈爾濱的冰雕很有名。

哈尔滨的冰雕很有名。

During winter Harbin is a world of ice and snow.

Dōngtiān de shíhou Hā'ěrbīn shì bīngtiānxuědì.

冬天的時候哈爾濱是冰天雪地。

冬天的时候哈尔滨是冰天雪地。

(～市) Harbin (a subprovincial city, provincial capital, and largest city in Heilongjiang, China)


長安

→ English: Chang'an, Ch'ang-an

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ on²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ˀän⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰœːŋ²¹ ɔːn⁵⁵/

/t͡sʰoŋ¹¹ on²⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² an³³/

/tiɔŋ¹³⁻²² an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ an⁴⁴/

/tiɔŋ²³⁻³³ an⁴⁴/

(～區, formerly ～縣) Chang'an (a district and former county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China)

(～區) Chang'an (a district of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)

(～鎮) Chang'an (name of various towns in China)

Chang'an (a town in Dongguan, Guangdong, China)

土家族鄉 土家族鄉#Chinese

(～鄉, ～土家族鄉) Chang'an (a township in Fengjie, Chongqing, China)


西頭

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

/ɕi⁵⁵ tʰoʊ̯³⁵/

/sɐi̯⁵⁵ tʰɐu̯²¹/

(～村) Xitou (a village in Sanhe, Yingcheng, Xiaogan, Hubei, China)


龍王

ja-r

竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (龍王):
* → Japanese: 竜王(りゅうおう) (ryūō)
* → Korean: 룡왕(龍王) (ryong'wang), 용왕(龍王) (yong'wang)
* → Vietnamese: long vương (龍王)

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

/lʊŋ³⁵ wɑŋ³⁵/

/lʊŋ²¹ wɔːŋ²¹/

/li̯uŋ¹¹ voŋ¹¹/

/l̃yŋ⁵³⁻³³ ^((Ø-))ŋuoŋ⁵³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ɔŋ²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² ɔŋ²⁴/

/liɔŋ¹³⁻²² ɔŋ¹³/

/liɪŋ²³⁻³³ ŋ̍²³/

/liɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ ŋ̍²⁴/

* (Ryūō): Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 竜王町.

obor

(～鎮) Longwang (a town in Xiangzhou district, Xiangyang, Hubei, China)


開化

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開化):
* → Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)
* → Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
* → Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/

/hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/

/kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/

/kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)


威信

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

/weɪ̯⁵⁵ ɕin⁵¹/

/wɐi̯⁵⁵ sɵn³³/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻²² sin²¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin¹¹/

/ui⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²¹/

(～縣) Weixin (a county of Zhaotong, Yunnan, China)


比如

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

/pi²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐu³⁵/

Borrowed from Tibetan འབྲི་རུ ('bri ru).

(～縣) Biru (a county of Nagqu, Tibet Autonomous Region, China)


金珠

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵/

(～鎮) Jinzhu (a town in Daocheng, Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


章程

Constitution of the Communist Party of China

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ³⁵/

/t͡sœːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sʰɪŋ²¹/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²³/

/t͡siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ tʰiɪŋ²⁴/

/t͡siaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² tʰiɪŋ¹³/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²/

/ʈ͡ʂɑŋ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²/

(～村) Zhangcheng (a village in Zhucheng, Xinzhou district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


榆樹

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

/jyː²¹ syː²²/

/ɦy²² zz̩⁴⁴/

(～市) Yushu (a county-level city of Changchun, Jilin, China)


民意

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

/mɐn²¹ jiː³³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻²² i⁴¹/

/bin¹³⁻²² i²¹/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ i¹¹/

/bin²³⁻³³ i²¹/

(～街道) Minyi (a subdistrict of Jianghan district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


會同

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

/xu̯eɪ̯⁵¹ tʰʊŋ³⁵/

/wuːi̯²² tʰʊŋ²¹/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue⁴¹⁻²² tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue²²⁻²¹ tɔŋ¹³/

/hue³³⁻¹¹ tɔŋ²⁴/

/hue³³⁻²¹ tɔŋ²³/

(～縣) Huitong (a county of Huaihua, Hunan, China)


新興

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻²² hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/sin⁴⁴⁻³³ hiɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

/ɕin⁵⁵ ɕiŋ⁵¹/

/sɐn⁵⁵ hɪŋ³³/

(～縣) Xinxing (a county of Yunfu, Guangdong, China)


滎陽

→ English: Hsing-yang; Xingyang

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/ɕiŋ³⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/jɪŋ²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～市) Xingyang (a county-level city of Zhengzhou, Henan, China)


荷花

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵⁵/

/xɤ³⁵ xu̯ɑɻ⁵⁵/

/hɔː²¹ faː⁵⁵/

/ho⁵³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ua⁵⁵/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻²² hue³³/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hue⁴⁴/

/ho¹³⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

/ho²⁴⁻¹¹ hua⁴⁴/

/hɤ²³⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/

/ho⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue³³/

/xo¹³ ɸa̠³³/

(～鎮) Hehua (a town in Yuan'an, Yichang, Hubei, China)


Schanghai

de-proper noun

Schanghai n (proper noun, genitive Schanghais or (optionally with an article) Schanghai)

Schanghais (genitive)
Schanghai (genitive with-article)
Shanghai (alternative)

Shanghai (a major port city and direct-administered municipality of China, the largest urban area in China)


Sanghaj

Sanghaj (nominative singular)
Sanghajt (accusative singular)
Sanghajnak (dative singular)
Sanghajjal (instrumental singular)
Sanghajért (causal-final singular)
Sanghajjá (singular translative)
Sanghajig (singular terminative)
Sanghajként (essive-formal singular)
Sanghajban (inessive singular)
Sanghajon (singular superessive)
Sanghajnál (adessive singular)
Sanghajba (illative singular)
Sanghajra (singular sublative)
Sanghajhoz (allative singular)
Sanghajból (elative singular)
Sanghajról (delative singular)
Sanghajtól (ablative singular)
Sanghajé (singular)
Sanghajéi (singular)
Sanghajom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
Sanghajod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
Sanghaja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
Sanghajunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
Sanghajotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
Sanghajuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)


民主

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

/min³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/mɐn²¹ t͡syː³⁵/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵⁵⁴/

/bin¹³⁻²² t͡su⁵³/

/bin²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵³/

/bin²³⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹/

/miŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡su⁵²/

In Classical Chinese, 民主 meant "sovereign", as in 民之主, or "ruler of the people". This was repurposed in the mid-1860s to mean "democracy", "democratic" during the translation of the book Elements of International Law.

(～村) Minzhu (a village in Zhonglu, Lichuan, Enshi prefecture, Hubei, China)


Mongolei

die Mongolei f (proper noun, usually definite, definite genitive der Mongolei)

die Mongolei (canonical feminine)
der Mongolei (definite genitive)

(chiefly historical) Mongolia (a Mongolian-speaking geographic region in East Asia, including the country of Mongolia (Outer Mongolia), the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in China, and sometimes also Buryatia, Tuva and the Altai Republic in Russia)


แคชเมียร์

th-proper noun

แคชเมียร์ • (kɛ́ɛs-miia)

th:แคชเมียร์

Kashmir (a contested geographic region of South Asia in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, located between (and de facto divided between) India, Pakistan and China)


永昌

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/jʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵⁵/

/wɪŋ¹³ t͡sʰœːŋ⁵⁵/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ³³/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

/iɪŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɔŋ⁴⁴/

(～縣) Yongchang (a county of Jinchang, Gansu, China)


洞庭湖

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄊㄧㄥˊ ㄏㄨˊ

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵ xu³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹ wuː²¹/

Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)


洞庭

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

/tʊŋ⁵¹ tʰiŋ³⁵/

/tʊŋ²² tʰɪŋ²¹/

(～湖) Lake Dongting (a lake northeastern Hunan, China)

(～社區) Dongting (a community in Yiyuan, Jiang'an district, Wuhan, Hubei, China)


華陰

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

/xu̯ä⁵¹ in⁵⁵/

/waː²² jɐm⁵⁵/

Yin (north) of Mount Hua; based on Yin and yang toponymy in which north is associated with yin. Huayin is situated to the north of Mount Hua.

(～市, formerly ～縣) Huayin (a county-level city of Weinan, Shaanxi, China)


宜陽

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

/jiː²¹ jœːŋ²¹/

(～縣) Yiyang (a county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


福建

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (福建):
* → Japanese: 福(ふっ)建(けん) (Fukken)
* → Okinawan: 福(ふ)建(ちゃん) (Fuchan)
* → Korean: 복건(福建) (Bokgeon)
* → Vietnamese: Phúc Kiến (福建)

desc

→ English: Fujian, Fuhkien, Fukien, Fu-chien, Fookien, Fokien, Hokkien

→ Georgian: ფუძიენი (puʒieni)

→ Khmer: ហុកកៀន (hokkiən)

→ Korean: 푸젠 (Pujen)

→ Malay: Fujian, Hokkien, Hokkian

→ Russian: Фуцзя́нь (Fuczjánʹ), фуцзя́нец (fuczjánec)

→ Spanish: Fujian, Fokien, Fukién

→ Tagalog: Fukien, Hokkien

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

→ Thai: ฝูเจี้ยน, ฮกเกี้ยน

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

/fu³⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/huʔ²⁴⁻⁵⁵ kyɔŋ²¹³/

/hɒʔ²¹⁻⁴⁵ kœŋ⁴²/

/hɒʔ²⁻⁴ kyøŋ⁴²/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn¹¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚⁵⁻²⁴ kiɛn⁴¹/

/hɔk̚³⁻⁴ kiɛn²¹/

/hɔk̚³²⁻⁵ kiɛn²¹/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kieŋ²¹³/

/hok̚²⁻⁴ kiaŋ²¹³/

/foʔ³³ t͡ɕi⁴⁴/

/foʔ⁵⁵ t͡ɕie²¹/

Short for 福州 (Fúzhōu) + 建州 (Jiànzhōu), two ancient prefectures in modern Fujian. Coined with the establishment of 福建路 (“Fujian Circuit”) in 985 CE by the Northern Song court.

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

(～省) Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


湖北

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (湖北):
* → Japanese: 湖(こ)北(ほく) (Kohoku)
* → Korean: 호북(湖北) (Hobuk)
* → Vietnamese: Hồ Bắc (湖北)

→ English: Hubei, Hupeh

→ Korean: 후베이 (Hubei)

→ Manchu: ᡥᡡᠪᡝ (hūbe)

→ Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠪᠧᠢ (qubēi)

→ Russian: Хубэ́й (Xubɛ́j)

→ Uyghur: خۇبېي (xubëy)

→ Zhuang: Huzbwz

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

/xu³⁵ peɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/wuː²¹ pɐk̚⁵/

/hu⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βɔyʔ²⁴/

/hɔu¹³⁻⁴² paʔ²¹/

/hɔu²⁴⁻⁴² paʔ²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² pak̚⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² pak̚³²/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ pak̚³²/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ pak̚³²/

/ou⁵⁵⁻¹¹ pak̚²/

/ɦu²² poʔ⁴⁴/

So named as it lies on the north of Lake Dongting.

(～省) Hubei (a province in central China)


孟津

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

/mɤŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕin⁵⁵/

/maːŋ²² t͡sɵn⁵⁵/

Mengjin began as an ancient ferry crossing for the Yellow River. According to legend, King Wu of Zhou crossed the Yellow River at this location, after forming an alliance (盟/méng/alliance + 津/jīn/ferry crossing) with the other nobles. One theory goes that the original name was actually 盟津 (literally: the ferry crossing of the alliance) rather than 孟津 (盟 and 孟 are both rendered as Meng). According to this theory, it was only in later times that the character 盟 was mistakenly replaced by 孟. The ferry crossing was an important strategic location during times of war.

ltc-l

會盟 (MC hwajH mjaeng, “to meet and form an alliance”)

(～區, formerly ～縣) Mengjin (a district and former county of Luoyang, Henan, China)


山西

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

/ʂän⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/saːn⁵⁵ sɐi̯⁵⁵/

/san²⁴⁻¹¹ si²⁴/

/saŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɛ⁵⁵/

/ɬaŋ⁵³³⁻¹¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵³³/

/ɬaŋ⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ ^((ɬ-))ne⁵⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻²² sai⁴⁴/

/suã⁴⁴⁻³³ se⁴⁴/

/sũã³³⁻²³ sai³³/

(～省) Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of the Taihang Mountains

(historical, specifically) a geographical area to the west of Mount Hua


山西

→ English: Shanxi

→ Manchu: ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ (sansi)


高平

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

/kɑʊ̯⁵⁵ pʰiŋ³⁵/

/kou̯⁵⁵ pʰɪŋ²¹/

(～市) Gaoping (a county-level city of Jincheng, Shanxi, China)


襄陽

desc

→ English: Xiangyang, Siangyang, Siang-yang, Hsiang-yang

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵ jɑŋ³⁵/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² iɔŋ¹³/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²⁴/

/siɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ iɔŋ²³/

/ɕiã⁵⁵ ɦiã²¹/

Book of Documents
Fancheng
Han River (Hubei and Shaanxi)
Mount Hua

Surprisingly unclear.
襄 (xiāng) is speculated to imply "tall and prone to floods", which is recorded in the Book of Documents. The city precincts received chronic floods up until the 1930's.
The term 陽／阳 (yáng, “sunny”) is typically used to refer to establishments on the north bank of a river or the south side of a mountain. Xiangyang is, however, situated north of Mount Hua and on the south bank of the Han River. The settlement north of the Han is Fancheng).
Several theories have been proposed, though very little geographical evidence has been found for any of them. Some include:
* The Han River may have flowed south of Xiangyang, hence the modern-day bend just east of the city
* There was a small river called the Xiang that used to flow south of the city
* There was a "Mount Xiang" in the past that was north of Xiangyang

(～市) Xiangyang (a prefecture-level city of Hubei, China)

(～區) (historical) Xiangyang (a district of Xiangfan, Hubei, China)


襄陽

ja-pos

襄(じょう)陽(よう) • (Jōyō)


佳木斯

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ mu⁵¹ sz̩⁵⁵/

/kaːi̯⁵⁵ mʊk̚² siː⁵⁵/

Borrowed from Manchu ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠮᡠᠰᡳ (giyamusi).

(～市) Jiamusi (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


Cachemire

Borrowed from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra).


交州

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/

/kaːu̯⁵⁵ t͡sɐu̯⁵⁵/

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Guangxi and Vietnam)

(historical) Jiaozhou (a province of imperial China, located in modern Gansu)


潮汕

→ English: Chaoshan, Teoswa

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯³⁵ ʂän⁵¹/

/t͡sʰiːu̯²¹ saːn³³/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻²² suã⁴¹/

/tio¹³⁻²² suã²¹/

/tio²⁴⁻¹¹ suã¹¹/

/tiɤ²³⁻³³ suã²¹/

/tie⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

/tio⁵⁵⁻¹¹ sũã³³/

Short for 潮州 (Cháozhōu) + 汕頭／汕头 (Shàntóu).

zh-etym-short

潮汕民系

Chaoshan (a region in northeastern Guangdong, China)


潮汕

ja-pos

潮(ちょう)汕(せん) • (Chōsen) ^(←てうせん (Teusen)?)

潮汕 (canonical)
Chōsen (romanization)
Teusen (romanization)
てうせん (hiragana historical)

[t͡ɕo̞ːsẽ̞ɴ]

潮汕鉄道

潮汕鉄道 ちょうせんてつどう


喀什

→ English: Kashi, K'a-shih, K'o-shih

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～地區) Kashgar, Kashi (a prefecture of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)

(～市) Kashgar, Kashi (a county-level city of Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


喀什

From Mongolian Хаш (Xaš), from Mongolian хаш (xaš, “jade”).

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵⁵ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

/kʰä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/

(～河) Kash (a river in Ili prefecture, Xinjiang, China)

(～鎮, formerly ～鄉) Kashi, Qash (a town and former township on the Kash in Yining, Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


常山

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵ ʂän⁵⁵/

/sœːŋ²¹ saːn⁵⁵/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻²² san³³/

/siɔŋ¹³⁻²² san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ san⁴⁴/

/siɔŋ²³⁻³³ san⁴⁴/

(～縣) Changshan (a county of Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)


Sinan

From the Hanyu Pinyin romanization of the Mandarin 思南.

Commune members of Ssunan County in Kweichow Province have strengthened the management of rape fields, defeated natural disasters and increased rapeseed output by more than 70 percent compared with 1971.

[1972 June 26 [1972 June 23], “Rapeseed Production Increases 20 Percent Over 1971”, in Daily Report: People's Republic of China, volume I, number 124, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, sourced from Peking NCNA Domestic Service, translation of original in Chinese, →ISSN, →OCLC, page B 3:


Amur

Borrowed from Russian Аму́р (Amúr), from an Evenki language such as Solon amur (“river”). Doublet of amur.

If, then, the southern districts of European Russia be exposed to a winter more severe than those of France or Germany, they may boast in their turn a more genial climate than the banks of the Ural and the Amur; while all are subject to a dispensation of nature which extends too far, and acts too uniformly, to be ascribed to any local or temporary causes.

1830, Amelia Shipley Heber, editor, The Life of Reginald Heber, D.D., volume 1, London: John Murray, →OCLC, →OL, page 568:

Foreign trade goes not to Aigun, but to the Chinese town of Taheiho, which is situated about 30 miles distant from Aigun and is directly opposite the Siberian city of Blagovestchensk, on the other side of the Amur River.

1915 August 24, Charles K. Moser, “Harbin”, in Supplement to Commerce Reports, number 52h, →OCLC, page 1:

Just a few days before he was to be sent to the “Great Northern Wilderness” near the Amur, an 18-year-old middle school graduate named Liu Fu-yuan went up to the third floor of the “Hundred Goods Building” (department store) at Peiping’s Wanfunching and asked that a made-in-Red-China watch be brought out of the glass case.

1975 June 22, L. Chen, “Defiant intellectual disobedience”, in Free China Weekly, volume XVI, number 24, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3:

Along the Amur, one of Asia’s great waterways, Russians feel cheated, lied to and ignored. The wild salmon fishery that they once took for granted is gone, they say, because Moscow granted large concessions to enterprises that strung enormous nets across the river’s mouth.
People’s anger over their depleted fish stock is so widespread that it has been a driving force behind the anti-Kremlin protests that have been shaking the Far Eastern city of Khabarovsk, on the Amur, since early July.

2020 August 15, Anton Troianovski, “'The Fish Rots From the Head': How a Salmon Crisis Stoked Russian Protests”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-08-15:

Bordered by small farming towns without large dams, the Amur—the least obstructed of these 10 rivers—is an example of the effects of minimal human influence.

2021 March, “Setting Rivers Free”, in National Geographic, pages 30–31:

The world's ninth-longest river, forming part of the border between the Far East of Russia and Manchuria in Northeastern China, emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.

آمُور

the river between the Far East Russia and China


Amur

cs-proper noun

Amur m inan (relational adjective amurský)

amurský (adjective relational)
Amur (nominative singular)
Amury (nominative plural)
Amuru (genitive singular)
Amurů (genitive plural)
Amuru (dative singular)
Amurům (dative plural)
Amur (accusative singular)
Amury (accusative plural)
Amure (singular vocative)
Amury (plural vocative)
Amuru (locative singular)
Amurech (locative plural)
Amurem (instrumental singular)
Amury (instrumental plural)

Amur (long river forming the border between the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)


Amur

de-proper noun

der Amur m (proper noun, strong, usually definite, definite genitive des Amur or des Amurs)

der Amur (canonical masculine)
des Amur (definite genitive)
des Amurs (definite genitive)


Amur

Amur (nominative singular)
Amuru (genitive singular)
Amurowi (dative singular)
Amur (accusative singular)
Amurem (instrumental singular)
Amurze (locative singular)
Amurze (singular vocative)

Borrowed from Russian Аму́р (Amúr), of unknown origin.


Amur

Amur (nominative singular)
Amur'u (accusative singular)
Amur'a (dative singular)
Amur'da (locative singular)
Amur'dan (ablative singular)
Amur'un (genitive singular)


아무르강

[a̠muɾɯɡa̠ŋ]

Compound of Russian Амур (Amur) + 강(江) (gang, “river”).

compound+

Amur (a river forming the border between China and Russia in the Far East)


Forbidden City

Calque of Chinese 紫禁城 (Zǐjìnchéng, literally “Purple Forbidden City”, or “Imperial Forbidden City”).

calque

The northern division of Peking consists of three inclosures one within another, each surrounded by its own wall. The first contains the imperial palace and the abodes of the different members of the imperial household ;[...]
The first inclosure, which is called the forbidden city, being the seat of ‘ the dragon’s throne,’ the place from which emanates the authority that governs one-third of mankind, is the most splendid, as well as the most important part of Peking. According to the notions of a Chinese, all within its walls is gold and silver.

1834 February, “Description of the City of Peking.”, in The Chinese Repository, volume II, number 10, Canton, →OCLC, page 438:

And within the Imperial city was the moated Forbidden city, with walls two and one-quarter miles long, plastered with a violet-coloured mortar, whence comes the popular name of the Purple city. The Forbidden city contained the Imperial palaces, which have been converted into a museum.

1968, “PEKING (PEIPING)”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 17, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 532, columns 1, 2:

During the Tang Dynasty 12 centuries ago, even the Forbidden City in Peiping would stay open for three days to allow ordinary citizens to observe the Lantern Festival.

1979 February 11, “Lantern festival enchantment”, in Free China Weekly, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 2:

Finally, in October, P'eng was moved from his quarters in the Chungnanhai area of the Forbidden City, where Mao, Liu Shao-ch’i and other Politburo members lived, to a dilapidated house in the Wu Chia Hua Yuan (Wu Family Garden), a compound within the Yuan Ming Park on the northern outskirts of Peking.

1983, Roderick MacFarquhar, The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960 (The Origins of the Cultural Revolution), volume 2, Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 235:

The wall surrounding the Chung Nan Hai is high and wide, painted vermilion in keeping with the decor of the Forbidden City. It has a circumference of many miles, intersected at intervals by gates guarded day and night by armed soldiers.

1991, Chris Mullin, The Year of the Fire Monkey (Fiction), London: Chatto & Windus, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 252:

After we toured the Forbidden City and the Great Wall, I held a question-and-answer session with students at Beijing University.

2005, Bill Clinton, My Life, volume II, New York: Vintage Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 435:

Those lucky visitors may be able to discover whether there is any truth to the legend that the Forbidden City, which was the home of China's emperors between 1420 and 1912, is haunted by ghosts who come out just at night.
Usually only VIPs — such as President Trump in 2017 — get to venture into the Forbidden City at night.

2019 February 19, Anna Fifield, “China’s Forbidden City to open to the general public at night for the first time in 94 years”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-02-19, WorldViews:

A palace of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty located in Dongcheng district, Beijing, China.


흑룡강

Heungnyonggang (romanization)
黑龍江 (hanja)

[xɯŋɲoŋɡa̠ŋ]

Sino-Korean word from 黑龍江. A calque of Amur, as likely as Manchu ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ (sahaliyan ula, “black river”) and Mongolian ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠦᠷᠡᠨ (qaramüren, “black river”).

cog

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)