Woody Island

According to Japanese sources, Peking has maintained some sort of naval bases on Woody (Yung-hsing) Island and Lincoln (Tung) Island in the eastern Paracels since at least 1958. Several patrol vessels and supply ships were sighted there in mid-1971, along with shore-based radar installations; and the flotilla that clashed with the Vietnamese in 1974 numbered seven ships, including Komar-class gunboats equipped with Styx missiles.

1977, Selig S. Harrison, “Danger Zones in the South China Sea”, in China, Oil and Asia: Conflict Ahead?, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 192:

Initial plans call for ships to visit Woody Island, called Yongxing Island by China, though tourists would not be allowed to leave their boat.

2012 April 10, “China stakes claim to islands with "Princess Coconut" voyage”, in Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-03-18, Business:

Recently, Professor Sam Bateman, a Senior Fellow in the Maritime Security Programme at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, presented another line of argument. He pointed out that China's oil rig is 120 miles from Vietnam's coast, and 80 miles from China's Woody (Yongxing) Island which is unquestionably subject to the island regime under the current UNCLOS provisions, and consequently entitled to its own EEZ and continental shelf.

2014 May 20, Gabriel Domínguez, “Beijing 'prepared to defend rights' in South China Sea”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2019-10-25, Asia:

China has reportedly deployed anti-ship and surface-to-air missiles, along with electronic jammers and other equipment, on islands it built on disputed reefs in the Spratly Islands, some of which have runways.
It also landed a bomber aircraft on Woody Island in the Paracels group, sparking alarm among rival claimants and the United States. Washington has no territorial claims in the region but has declared that freedom of navigation and overflight in the waters is in U.S. national interest.

2018 July 2, “Recent developments surrounding the South China Sea”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2024-03-21:

In April, it created two new administrative districts to govern the islands it controls in the Paracel and Spratly chains. China’s Navy also said that it had succeeded it growing cabbage and other vegetables in the sand of Woody Island, helping to feed the growing number of troops stationed there.

2020 May 24, Steven Lee Myers, “Why China’s Move to Rein in Hong Kong is Just the Start”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2020-05-24, Asia Pacific:

An island of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea administered under Sansha, Hainan, China (claimed by Taiwan (ROC) and Vietnam).


Nam Việt Nam

Either a Sino-Vietnamese word from 南 (“south”) and 越南 (“Vietnam”), or simply clipped from miền Nam (“the South”) + Việt Nam.

vi-etym-sino

Coordinate term: Bắc Việt Nam

Cộng hoà (miền) Nam Việt Nam


Tong-King

From irregular romanization of Vietnamese Đông Kinh (“Hanoi; its former kingdom”), from đông (“east, eastern”) + kinh (“capital”), from Middle Chinese 東 (tuŋ) + 京 (kˠiæŋ), q.v.


Triton Island

THIS was a case of salvage by the master, owners, and crew of the Blakely, against the proceeds of goods and stores saved out of the Martha, a wreck on Triton Island, in lat 15° 47' N., long, 111° 11' E..[…]
The Martha, on a voyage from Liverpool to Canton, with a very valuable cargo, was wrecked in the China Sea, about 500 miles S.S.W. of Macao, on the reef of Triton Island, only a few feet above the level of the sea—surrounded perpendicularly by coral rocks,[…]

1840, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the High Court of Admiralty, volume III, pages 434-435:

TRITON ISLAND, or BANK, in lat. 15° 46ʹ N., lon. 111° 11ʹ E., by chronometers, extends in a N.W. and S.E. direction about 3 or 4 miles, according to a plan of it sent to me by Captain Brown, of the Triton ; the north part is a sandy lump, about 20 feet high, sloping down in a low point to the S. Eastward, with high breakers projecting a great way in that direction ; another reef projects from its N.W. end, and, like the preceding dangers, there are no soundings near it.
This is thought to be the southernmost and westernmost danger of the Paracels ; it bears from Pulo Canton, which is the nearest land of Cochin-China, E. by N., distant 122 miles.

1843, James Horsburgh, “The Paracels, with the Banks and Dangers in the Northern part of the China Sea”, in The India Directory, or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America: comp. Chiefly from Original Journals of the Honourable Company's Ships, and from Observations and Remarks, Resulting from the Experience of Twenty-one Years in the Navigation of those Seas, volume II, London: Wm. H. Allen and Co., →OCLC, page 359:

On the 16th inst., they arrived at the Paracels, where they found the Phra Nang in the same position as before—aground on a coral reef on Triton Island, the south-western unit of the group.

1902 November 25, “The Return of the 'Phra Nang.'”, in China Mail, number 12,380, →OCLC, page 5, column 4:

Ly Son fishermen confirm they get very close, sometimes working within 10 nautical miles of the islands and reefs inside what China claims as territorial waters.
They seek shellfish and edible seaweeds in shallow water as well as fish such as tuna, mackerel and jacks further out, sometimes on trips that can take 35 days.
Significantly, they confirm not only fishing near Triton Island - the nearest to Vietnam - but also Bombay reef and Lincoln Island further east and up to North Reef, a route that passes the Chinese naval base on Woody Island.

2011 May 30, Greg Torode, “Disputed islands are prized catch”, in South China Morning Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2024-04-16:

The United States vessel, the missile destroyer Curtis Wilbur, entered the waters off Triton Island in the Paracel Islands chain on Saturday without giving China notice in an exercise intended to challenge “excessive maritime claims” by China and two other countries, said Mark Wright, a Pentagon spokesman. Vietnam and Taiwan also claim Triton Island, though the Navy operation appeared to be aimed at China.[…]
Triton Island, known by the Chinese as Zhongjian Island, is close to the area in the South China Sea where the China National Offshore Oil Corporation, a major energy company, moved an oil rig in 2014, resulting in a standoff between vessels of Vietnam and China, and a sharp deterioration in relations between the countries.

2016 January 30, Jane Perlez, “U.S. Challenges China’s Claim of Islands With Maritime Operation”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2016-01-30, Asia Pacific:

The USS Stethem, an American guided-missile destroyer, sailed within 12 nautical miles of Triton Island, a small landmass in the Paracel Islands chain, on Sunday, a U.S. defense official said, marking the second such operation since President Trump took office.[…]
Triton Island is claimed by China, Vietnam and Taiwan.[…]
Many of these nations have laid claim to islands in the South China Sea, some of which are no more than tiny strips of sand and reef. The last time the U.S. Navy sailed near Triton Island was in January 2016, when the USS Curtis Wilbur came within 12 miles of its shores. The Pentagon did not notify any of the island’s claimants before that operation.

2017 July 3, Thomas Gibbons-Neff, Simon Denyer, “China accuses U.S. of ‘serious provocation’ as warship sails near disputed island”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-07-03, World:

In the Paracel Islands, a new helipad, wind turbines and large radar towers have been built. The radar towers on Triton Island could be used in China's disputes with Vietnam and with the US over freedom of navigation operations, which the US Navy has used to back its perceived right to free passage in international waters.

2018 May 19, “China lands nuclear strike-capable bombers on disputed South China Sea island”, in Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 2018-05-20, News:

China appears to be constructing an airstrip on a disputed South China Sea island that is also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan, according to satellite photos analyzed by The Associated Press.
The work on Triton island in the Paracel group mirrors construction on seven human-made islands in the Spratly group to the east which have been equipped with airstrips, docks and military systems, although it currently appears to be somewhat more modest in scale.

2023 August 16, Jon Gambrell, “China appears to be building an airstrip on a disputed South China Sea island”, in AP News, archived from the original on 2023-08-16, World News:


Lincoln Island

LINCOLN ISLAND, in lat. 16° 40ʹ N., lon. 112° 42ʹ E., is about 3 miles in circuit, surrounded by a reef to the distance of a mile ; it is low, covered with small brush-wood, and has a spring of excellent water near three coco-nut trees in its centre. There are 20 fathoms close to the rocks at the south and west sides, and the soundings appear to extend about 2 miles off, but the water is deep on the east side. This is the easternmost island of the Paracels.
PYRAMID ROCK, in lat. 16° 36ʹ N., lon. 112° 37ʹ E., about 6 miles to the S.W. of Lincoln Island, has no soundings close to; but the pilot said that soundings were continued in a narrow line, from the south part of Lincoln Island to the shoal seen by the ship Bombay Merchant in 1800.

1843, James Horsburgh, “The Paracels, with the Banks and Dangers in the Northern part of the China Sea”, in The India Directory, or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America: comp. Chiefly from Original Journals of the Honourable Company's Ships, and from Observations and Remarks, Resulting from the Experience of Twenty-one Years in the Navigation of those Seas, volume II, London: Wm. H. Allen and Co., →OCLC, page 358:

LINCOLN ISLAND, the S.E. point of which is in lat. 16° 39ʹ 34" N., long. 112° 44ʹ 23" E., is 1¼ mile long, N.W. and S.E., three-quarters of a mile wide, and about 20 ft. high ; it is covered with brushwood, and surrounded by a coral reef, dry at low water, which extends 1¼ mile from its S.E. point, half a mile from its North and East sides, and about a cable's length from its S.W. side. A narrow coral shoal runs off to the southward from its S.E. point, which is said by Horsburgh to extend 11 miles ; time did not admit of its being properly examined by the Rifleman, but judging from the soundings that were obtained, the dangerous part of this shoal does not appear to extend farther than 3 miles from the island. Grood anchorage can be obtained in the N.E. monsoon under its lee in 8 to 10 fathoms, coral, about half a mile from the shore. The spring of excellent water in the centre of this island, mentioned by Horsburgh, is merely a well dug by the Hainan fishermen close to a stunted cocoa-nut tree, into which the salt water filters.
PYRAMID ROCK bears S.W. ¼ W., distant 7½ miles, from the S.E. point of Lincoln Island, and 10½ miles N.W. by W. from the South end of the bank extending southwards from that island. Between Lincoln Island and the Pyramid there are depths of 27 to 31 fathoms.
H.M.S. Dido, in 1844, observed a shoal about 10 miles to the eastward of Lincoln Island. It is shown on the chart as a doubtful danger in lat. 16° 45ʹ N., long. 112° 54ʹ E.

1878, Alexander George Findlay, A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan, 2nd edition, Richard Holmes Laurie, page 643:

The Captain was extremely anxious, as the Typhoon struck him when his ship was between the Paracels and Macclesfield Bank. After the weather cleared he found himself in soundings about 20 miles South of Lincoln Island.

1912 October 16, “THE LAST TYPHOON.”, in The China Mail, number 15,485, →OCLC, page 5, column 3:

LINCOLN ISLAND
LATITUDE 16° 40ʹ N., LONGITUDE 112° 44ʹ E.
The eastern island of the Paracel group, about 2 kilometers long, with a maximum elevation of about 5 meters. It is covered with bushes and has a well in its center. Lincoln Island, according to Aso, has an area of 1,720,000 m², of which 756,000 m² are covered by phosphate.

1950, George Evelyn Hutchinson, “Guano Islands in the South China Sea, in the Seas of the East Indian Archipelago, and in the Adjacent Parts of the Indian Ocean”, in Survey of Existing Knowledge of Biogeochemistry. 3, The Biogeochemistry of Vertebrate Excretion (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History), volume 96, →OCLC, page 280, column 1:

According to Japanese sources, Peking has maintained some sort of naval bases on Woody (Yung-hsing) Island and Lincoln (Tung) Island in the eastern Paracels since at least 1958. Several patrol vessels and supply ships were sighted there in mid-1971, along with shore-based radar installations; and the flotilla that clashed with the Vietnamese in 1974 numbered seven ships, including Komar-class gunboats equipped with Styx missiles.

1977, Selig S. Harrison, “Danger Zones in the South China Sea”, in China, Oil and Asia: Conflict Ahead?, New York: Columbia University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 192:

However, with the potential for oil and the presence of fish in the vicinity, jurisdiction over these resources under an EEZ or Continental Shelf claim would be valuable. Macclesfield Bank would fall within such a claim radiating from Lincoln Island in the Paracel Group.

1985, Daniel J. Dzurek, “Boundary and Resource Disputes in the South China Sea”, in Ocean Yearbook 5, University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 272:

1. The U.S. side has made a full investigation of the incidents that the Chinese side brought to its attention on March 24, 1972.²
The U.S. side has verified that the ship and aircraft in question on the dates cited went within twelve nautical miles of the Paracel Islands but at no time moved closer to the Islands than three nautical miles. The ship and aircraft were conducting surveillance on an infiltration trawler engaged in carrying contraband in the vicinity of Lincoln (Tung) Island in the Paracels.
In the interest of U.S.-Chinese relations the U.S. side has issued instructions that henceforth a distance of at least twelve nautical miles should be maintained from the Paracel Islands. This is without prejudice to the U.S. positions either on the territorial sea question or the various claims to the Paracel Islands.

2006 [1972 April 3], “Message From the Government of the United States to the Government of the People's Republic of China”, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1972, volume XVII, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 873:

The Chinese research team first found evidence of a destructive historical wave on Lincoln Island (Hewu Island, 和五島) located in the middle of the South China Sea, in 2013.
They discovered rocks and corals that had been moved 200m from the shoreline and concluded only a major force of water could have been responsible.

2019 January 5, “Huge tsunami struck China in 1076”, in Taipei Times, sourced from AFP, HONG KONG, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2019-01-04, World News, page 5:

Tuoi Tre (Youth) newspaper reported that Wednesday’s incident happened near Lincoln Island, a rock in the Paracels that is occupied by China but claimed by both China and Vietnam.[…]
Lincoln Island is roughly 25 nautical miles southeast of Woody Island, China’s largest military base in the Paracels and one of China’s main administrative centers in the South China Sea.

2020 June 12, Drake Long, “China Rams Vietnamese Fishing Vessel Near Paracel Islands”, in Radio Free Asia, archived from the original on 2020-06-13:

Ma, who did not give his full name, said he filmed Liaoning's operational drills on the morning and afternoon of April 16 before his trawler left the Paracel Islands ahead of a planned live-fire exercise the next day.
"All the fishing vessels in the area left on the evening of April 16," he said, adding that he lost signal on his phone after the Chinese military shut down the cell towers on Lincoln Island, which he referenced with the Chinese name "Dong Dao."

2021 April 21, John Feng, “U.S. Navy Warship Shadows China Aircraft Carrier in Video”, in Newsweek, archived from the original on 2021-04-21:


CIVETS

(geopolitics, economics) Acronym of Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa: an international economic organization comprising these fast-growing economies.


Tree Island

The Paracel Islands stretch 105-nm from northeastern Tree Island to southwestern Triton Island and 100-nm from northwestern North Reef to southeastern Herald Bank.

2014 June, Clarence J. Bouchat, “Introduction”, in The Paracel Islands and U.S. Interests and Approaches in the South China Sea, Carlisle, PA: United States Army War College Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 3:

The pictures, provided by private satellite firm Planet Labs, follow reports in January showing work undertaken on nearby Tree Island (Jhaoshu Island, 趙述島) and other features in the Paracels, which are also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.

2017 March 16, “China begins new construction work in Paracel Islands”, in Taipei Times, sourced from Reuters, HONG KONG, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2017-03-15, Front Page, page 1:

Smaller-scale work had continued in the Paracel Islands, including a new helipad and wind turbines on Tree Island and two large radar towers on Triton Island.

2017 December 15, David Brunnstrom, Sue-Lin Wong, “While focus is on North Korea, China continues South China Sea buildup: think tank”, in James Dalgleish, editor, Reuters, archived from the original on 2024-05-02, World:


tứ trụ

[tɨ˧˦ t͡ɕu˧˨ʔ]

[tɨ˨˩˦ ʈʊw˨˩ʔ]

[tɨ˦˥ ʈʊw˨˩˨]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 四柱, composed of 四 (“four”) and 柱 (“pillar”).

vi-etym-sino

the four highest-ranking court officials in imperial Vietnam and China


ܒܝܛܢܡ

aii-proper noun

ܒ̮ܝܼܛܢܵܡ or ܒ̮ܝܹܛܢܵܡ • (vīṭnām or vyēṭnām) f

ܒ̮ܝܼܛܢܵܡ (canonical)
ܒ̮ܝܹܛܢܵܡ (canonical)
vīṭnām (romanization)
vyēṭnām (romanization)

Internationalism from Vietnamese Việt Nam.


chùa Một Cột

[t͡ɕuə˨˩ mot̚˧˨ʔ kot̚˧˨ʔ]

[t͡ɕuə˦˩ mok̚˨˩ʔ kok̚˨˩ʔ]

[cuə˨˩ mok̚˨˩˨ kok̚˨˩˨]

chùa (“temple”) + một (“one”) + cột (“pillar”).

com

the One Pillar Pagoda (a temple in Đội Cấn, Ba Đình district, Hanoi, Vietnam)


베트남 전쟁

[ˈpe̞(ː)tʰɯna̠m t͡ɕʌ̹ɲd͡ʑɛŋ]

[ˈpe̞(ː)tʰɯna̠m t͡ɕʌ̹ɲd͡ʑe̞ŋ]

베트남 (Beteunam, “Vietnam”) + 전쟁(戰爭) (jeonjaeng, “war”).


越式

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/ɥɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

越式春捲／越式春卷