বাংলা

head

বাংলা • (baṅla) (genitive বাংলার (baṅlar), locative বাংলায় (baṅlaẏ))

baṅla (romanization)
বাংলার (genitive)
বাংলায় (locative)

Inherited from Middle Bengali বাঙ্গালা (baṅgala).


বাংলা

head

সবচেয়ে বাংলা

বাংলা • (baṅla) (comparative আরও বাংলা, superlative সবচেয়ে বাংলা)

baṅla (romanization)
আরও বাংলা (comparative)
সবচেয়ে বাংলা (superlative)

Bengali, Bangla (related to Bengal, the Bengali language or the Bengali people)

এই স্টেশনটির নাম বাংলায়।

The name of this station is written in Bengali.


انڈیا

ur-proper noun

اِنْڈِیا • (inḍiyā) m (Hindi spelling इंडिया)

اِنْڈِیا (canonical)
inḍiyā (romanization)
इंडिया (Hindi)

Borrowed from English India. Doublet of ہِنْدِیَہ (hindiya).

ہندوستان ہندوستان#Urdu

(informal) Synonym of ہندوستان (hindūstān)


پنجاب

پَنْجاب • (panjāb) m (Hindi spelling पंजाब)

پَنْجاب (canonical)
panjāb (romanization)
पंजाब (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian پنجاب (panjāb), from پنج (panj, “five”) and آب (āb, “water”), essentially a calque of Sanskrit पञ्चनद (pañcanada, “five rivers”).

cog

Punjab (a province of Pakistan, Western Punjab; capital: Lahore)

Punjab (a state of India, Eastern Punjab; capital: Chandigarh)


বঙ্গ

head

বঙ্গ • (boṅgo)

bn-proper noun

বঙ্গ • (boṅgo)


کشمیر

ur-noun

کَشْمِیر • (kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling कश्मीर)

کَشْمِیر (canonical)
kaśmīr (romanization)
कश्मीर (Hindi)

→ English: Cashmere, cashmere

→ English: Kashmir (learned)

Borrowed from Classical Persian کشمیر (kašmīr), potentially also a learned borrowing from Sanskrit कश्मीर (kaśmīra), which is probably a contraction of कश्यपमीर (kaśyapamīra) or कश्यपमेरु (kaśyapameru). Compare Kashmiri کٔشیٖر (kạśīr).

lbor

Indian subcontinent
Indian subcontinent#English

Kashmir (a region of Indian subcontinent in South Asia).

Azad Kashmir (an autonomous territory administered by Pakistan; capital: Muzaffarabad)

Jammu Kashmir (a union territory of India; capitals: Srinagar and Jammu)


chaiwallah

/ˈtʃaɪˌwɒlə/

/ˈt͡ʃaɪˌwɑlə/

Borrowed from Hindustani چائے والا / चायवाला (cāyvālā); by surface analysis, chai + wallah.


ہند

ہِنْد (canonical)
hind (romanization)
हिंद (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian هند (hind), from Old Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš), ultimately from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu, “stream”). Doublet of سندھ (sindh) and انڈیا (inḍiyā).

doublet

تَعْزِیرَاتِ ہِنْد

آئِینِ ہِنْد


بنگال

ur-proper noun

بَن٘گال • (baṅgāl) m (Hindi spelling बंगाल)

بَن٘گال (canonical)
baṅgāl (romanization)
बंगाल (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بنگال (bangāl), ultimately derived from Sanskrit वङ्ग (vaṅga), the name of the Vanga Kingdom.

bor+

Indian Subcontinent
Indian Subcontinent#English

Bengal (a former province of the Indian Subcontinent, now divided into the modern-day West Bengal in India and Bangladesh)


बंगाल

hi-noun

बंगाल • (baṅgāl) m (Urdu spelling بنگال)

baṅgāl (romanization)
بنگال (Urdu)
बंगाल (direct singular)
बंगाल (direct plural)
बंगाल (oblique singular)
बंगालों (oblique plural)
बंगाल (singular vocative)
बंगालो (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian بَنْگَال (bangāl), ultimately derived from Sanskrit वङ्ग (vaṅga), the name of the Vanga Kingdom.

bor+

Bengal (a geopolitical region comprising West Bengal and Bangladesh)

(colloquial) West Bengal (a state of India)


لداخ

ur-proper noun

لَدّاخ • (laddāx) m (Hindi spelling लद्दाख़)

لَدّاخ (canonical)
laddāx (romanization)
लद्दाख़ (Hindi)

Borrowed from Classical Persian لداخ (ladâx), from Tibetan ལ་དྭགས (la dwags).

bor+

Ladakh (a union territory in northern India; capital: Leh and Kargil)


سندھ

ur-proper noun

سِنْدھ • (sindh) m (Hindi spelling सिंध)

سِنْدھ (canonical)
sindh (romanization)
सिंध (Hindi)

Semi-learned borrowing from Sanskrit सिन्धु (sindhu). Doublet of ہِنْد (hind) and اِنْڈِیا (inḍiyā). Compare Khowar سِن (sin), Saraiki سِنّہہ (sinnh), Ushojo سندھو (sindhō).

doublet

دَرْیَائے سِنْدھ

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa#English

Indus (a river in the provinces of Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the administrative territory of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, the union territory of Ladakh in India and the autonomous region of Tibet in China)


Sundarbans

From Bengali সুন্দরবন (śundorbon); see there for more.

A mangrove area in the delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers in the Bay of Bengal.


جموں و کشمیر

ur-proper noun

جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر

जम्मू और कश्मीर

جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر • (jammūṉ o kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling जम्मू और कश्मीर)

جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر (canonical)
jammūṉ o kaśmīr (romanization)
जम्मू और कश्मीर (Hindi)

LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-جموں و کشمیر.wav

From جَمُّوں (jammū̃, “Jammu”) + و (o, “and/&”) + کَشْمِیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”), likely a calque of English Jammu and Kashmir. Compare Hindi जम्मू और कश्मीर (jammū aur kaśmīr).

noncog

जम्मू और कश्मीर

(now historical) Jammu and Kashmir, a princely state which governed the region of Kashmir, the territory of which is now de facto divided between China, India, and Pakistan.


دیسی

ur-adj

دیسی • (desī) (indeclinable, Hindi spelling देसी)

local, native, indigenous (to the Indian subcontinent)


ہمالیہ

ur-proper noun

ہِمالِیَہ • (himāliya) m (Hindi spelling हिमालय)

ہِمالِیَہ (canonical)
himāliya (romanization)
हिमालय (Hindi)

→ Arabic: هِمَالِيَة (himāliya)

Semi-learned borrowing from Classical Sanskrit हिमालय (himālaya).

slbor

Himalayas (a mountain range across the entire Indian subcontinent).


مظفر آباد

ur-proper noun

مُظَفَّر آباد

मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद

مُظَفَّر آباد • (muz̤affar ābād) m (Hindi spelling मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद)

مُظَفَّر آباد (canonical)
muz̤affar ābād (romanization)
मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद (Hindi)

desc

مُظَفَّر أَبَاد

→ Arabic: مُظَفَّر أَبَاد (muẓaffar ʔabād)

→ English: Muzaffarabad

मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद

→ Hindi: मुज़फ़्फ़राबाद (muzaffarābād)

From مُظَفَّر (muz̤affar) + آباد (-ābād), named after Sultan Muzaffar Khan who founded the city.

Muzaffarabad (the capital city of the region of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan).

Muzaffarabad District
Muzaffarabad District#English

(by extension) Muzaffarabad District (a district of Azad Kashmir)

Muzaffarabad Division
Muzaffarabad Division#English

(by extension) Muzaffarabad Division (a division of Azad Kashmir)


সুন্দরবন

head

সুন্দরবন • (śundorbon)

bn-prop

সুন্দরবন • (śundorbon)

A compound of সুন্দর (śundor, “beautiful”) + বন (bon, “forest”), literally meaning "beautiful forest", referring to the natural beauty of the forest as well the abundance of sundari trees (Bengali: সুন্দরী; from the first element) in it.

the Sundarbans (a mangrove area in the Ganges delta)


جموں اور کشمیر

ur-proper noun

जम्मू और कश्मीर

جموں اور کشمیر • (jammū̃ aur kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling जम्मू और कश्मीर)

jammū̃ aur kaśmīr (romanization)
जम्मू और कश्मीर (Hindi)

/d͡ʒəm.mũː ɔːɾ kəʃ.miːɾ/

جموں و کشمیر
جموں و کشمیر#Urdu

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir#English

Alternative form of جموں و کشمیر (jammū̃-o-kaśmīr): Jammu and Kashmir (a union territory in northern India; capital: Jammu and Srinagar)


آزاد جموں و کشمیر

آزاد جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر

आज़ाद जम्मू-ओ-कश्मीर

آزاد جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر • (āzād jammū̃-o-kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling आज़ाद जम्मू-ओ-कश्मीर)

آزاد جَمُّوں و کَشْمِیر (canonical)
āzād jammū̃-o-kaśmīr (romanization)
आज़ाद जम्मू-ओ-कश्मीर (Hindi)

/ɑː.zɑːd̪ d͡ʒəm.mũː oː kəʃ.miːɾ/

LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-آزاد جموں و کشمیر.wav

From آزاد (āzād, “free”) + جموں (jmõ, “Jammu”) + کشمیر (o, “and”) + [Term?] (“Kashmir”).

af

Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Azad Jammu and Kashmir#English

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (an autonomous territory of Pakistan; capital: Muzaffarabad)


مقبوضہ کشمیر

ur-proper noun

مَقْبُوضَہ کَشْمِیر

مَقْبُوضَہ کَشْمِیر • (maqbūẓa kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling मक़्बूज़ा कश्मीर)

مَقْبُوضَہ کَشْمِیر (canonical)
maqbūẓa kaśmīr (romanization)
मक़्बूज़ा कश्मीर (Hindi)

From مقبوضہ (maqbūẓa, “occupied”) + کشمیر (kaśmīr, “Kashmir”)

com

(Pakistan) the de facto India union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh collectively called "Indian-Administered Kashmir", one of three parts that together form the dejure province of Kashmir, the other being Azad Kashmir and Aksai Chin.

(by extension) Jammu and Kashmir (a union territory in northern India; capital: Jammu and Srinagar)


آزاد کشمیر

ur-proper noun

آزاد کَشْمِیر

आज़ाद कश्मीर

آزاد کَشْمِیر • (āzād kaśmīr) m (Hindi spelling आज़ाद कश्मीर)

آزاد کَشْمِیر (canonical)
āzād kaśmīr (romanization)
आज़ाद कश्मीर (Hindi)

/ɑː.zɑːd̪ kəʃ.miːɾ/

From آزاد (āzād, “free”) + کشمیر (“Kashmir”)

آزاد جموں و کشمیر
آزاد جموں و کشمیر#Urdu

Alternative form of آزاد جموں و کشمیر (āzād jammū̃-o-kaśmīr)


گلگت بلتستان

گِلْگِت بَلْتِسْتان

गिलगित-बल्तिस्तान

گِلْگِت بَلْتِسْتان • (gilgit baltistān) m (Hindi spelling गिलगित-बल्तिस्तान)

گِلْگِت بَلْتِسْتان (canonical)
gilgit baltistān (romanization)
गिलगित-बल्तिस्तान (Hindi)

LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-گلگت بلتستان.wav

From گلگت (“Gilgit”) + بلتستان (“Baltistan”), the latter borrowed from Classical Persian بلتستان (baltistân), equivalent to بلتی (“Balti people”) + ـستان (“-land”).

Gilgit-Baltistan (an autonomous territory of Pakistan; capital: Gilgit)


میرپور

مِیرْپُور • (mīrpūr) m (Hindi spelling मीरपुर)

مِیرْپُور (canonical)
mīrpūr (romanization)
मीरपुर (Hindi)

Mirpur (the second largest city in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, located in the Mirpur district).


सुंदरबन

hi-proper noun

सुंदरबन • (sundarban) m (Urdu spelling سندربن)

Borrowed from Bengali সুন্দরবন (sundôrbôn).


हिंदिया

hi-proper noun

हिंदिया • (hindiyā) f (Urdu spelling ہِنْدِیَہ)

Borrowed from Arabic هِنْدِيَّة (hindiyya)

bor+

(historical) official name of Mughal Empire in Arabic language.


ہندیہ

(historical) official name of the Mughal Empire in Arabic.


Hindiyyah

Borrowed from Arabic هِنْدِيَّة (hindiyya).

(historical) The official name of the Mughal Empire in Arabic.


হিন্দীয়া

head

হিন্দীয়া • (hindiẏa)

bn-proper noun

হিন্দীয়া • (hindiẏa)


Rooh Afza

Borrowed from Hindustani رُوح اَفْزا / रूह अफ़ज़ा (Rūh Afzā, literally “Soul Refresher”).

“Extending Rooh Afza consumption beyond the summer months, the drink is being promoted as an additive to increase at-home sales,” says Arshad Siddiqui, chief marketing officer. ¶ The company, which was established as a small Unani clinic in 1906 in old Delhi, developed Rooh Afza a year later.

2010 June 28, Sachin Kumar, “Across South Asia, this sweet drink is synonymous with summertime refreshment”, in Hindustan Times, archived from the original on 2018-01-05:

The Indian subcontinent has been drinking Rooh Afza for over a century.[…]Many South Asian desserts are flavoured with Rooh Afza, including kheer (a milky rice pudding) and falooda, which takes on a rose-coloured tint when its vermicelli and basil seeds are soaked overnight in Rooh Afza.

2018 June 4, Aina Khan, “How I Learned to Love Rooh Afza, the Pungent Rose Syrup of My Childhood”, in Vice, archived from the original on 2023-11-03:

Hakim Abdul Majeed named this drink Rooh Afza – the soul refresher.[…]That in the decades to come, Rooh Afza would travel far beyond the lanes of Old Delhi to 37 countries.[…]That moment in Times Square was a bold announcement: Hamdard had global aspirations for Rooh Afza.

2022 April 25, Sanam Maher, “In Pakistan, Rooh Afza scents memories and refreshes souls”, in Al Jazeera, archived from the original on 2022-04-25:

(trademark) A brand of concentrated syrup generally diluted with water or milk to create a widely popular squash in South Asia of the same name; produced by the pharmaceutical companies Hamdard India, Hamdard Pakistan, and Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf) Bangladesh.


nankhatai

Borrowed from Hindustani नानख़टाई (nānxaṭāī)/نان خَطائی (nān xatāī), from Classical Persian نَانِ خَطَائِی (nān-i xatā'ī, “Cathayan bread, bread of Cathay”).

der

نَانِ خَطَائِی

Shortbread biscuit popular in the Indian subcontinent.