all

From Middle English all, from Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz, of uncertain origin but perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with West Frisian al (“all”), Dutch al (“all”), Scots a' (“all”), German all (“all”), Swedish all (“all”), Norwegian all (“all”), Icelandic allur (“all”), Welsh holl (“all”), Irish uile (“all”), Lithuanian aliái (“all, each, every”).
The dialectal sense “all gone” is a calque of German alle. The use in who all, where all etc. also has equivalents in German (see alles).

der

Q. Now, then, when you started to go to stake the claims, who all went along?

1904 October 10, Shea v. Nilima, [US] Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in 1905, Reports Containing the Cases Determined in All the Circuits from the Organization of the Courts, page 266

A. I and Johan Peter Johansen, Otto Greiner, and Thorulf Kjelsberg.

"I mean, you could have called us—collect, o'course—jes' to let us know how-all it's a-goin'."

1998, Paul D. Staudohar, editor, Football's Best Short Stories, section 107:

"Where all did he go? What exactly was his job?" Gary shrugged and produced a weak laugh. "I reckon the Middle East. Ain't that where all the oil is?"

2002, Richard Haddock, Arkalalah, iUniverse, →ISBN, page 73:

"Do you ever ask me what I want to see? Or ask me about where all I've gone, who all I've met, what all I've done? Never. Not for one second. And why? Because you don't give two hoops about me."

2011, Moni Mohsin, Tender Hooks, Random House India, →ISBN:

(chiefly Southern US, South Midland US, Midland US, Scotland, Northern Ireland, India) Used after who, what, where, how and similar words, either without changing their meaning, or indicating that one expects that they cover more than one element, e.g. that "Who all attended?" is more than one person. (Some dialects only allow this to follow some words and not others.)


as

From Middle English as, als(a), alswa, from Old English eallswā (“just so; as”), thus representing a reduced form of also. Compare German Low German as, German als, Dutch als.

The king was not more forward to bestow favours on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors.

1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):

Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their actions were diametricall to their words.

1660, James Howell, Parly of Beasts, page 48:

(rare, now England, Midland US and Southern US, possibly obsolete) Than.


run

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal part of a step”

rise

antonym(s) of “horizontal distance of a set of stairs”

From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen,
yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”) (compare also *rannijaną (“to make run”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).
Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), Dutch rennen (“to run, race”), Alemannic German ränne (“to run”), German rennen (“to run, race”), rinnen (“to flow”), Rhein, Danish rende (“to run”), Swedish ränna (“to run”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), Icelandic renna (“to flow”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”). See random.

The military campaign near that creek was known as "The battle of Bull Run".

(chiefly eastern North Midland US, especially Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia) A small creek or part thereof. (Compare Southern US branch and New York and New England brook.)

chiefly eastern North Midland US; especially Ohio; chiefly eastern North Midland US; especially Ohio


horseshoe

/ˈhɔːɹs.ʃuː/

From Middle English horsscho, horssho, horscho, hors schoo, equivalent to horse + shoe.

almost only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

close only counts in horseshoes and darts

close only counts in horseshoes and hand grenades

(Midland US) An open-faced sandwich originating from Springfield, Illinois, consisting of thick-sliced toasted bread, often Texas toast, a hamburger patty, French fries, and a cheese sauce.


mango

en-noun

mango (countable and uncountable, plural mangoes or mangos)

→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or from Russian манго (mango))

→ Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܡܵܢܓܘܿ (mango)

→ Asturian: mangu

→ Catalan: mango

→ Chichewa: bango

→ Czech: mango

→ Danish: mango

→ Dutch: mango

→ Esperanto: mango

→ Finnish: mango

→ Georgian: მანგო (mango)

→ German: Mango

→ Greek: μάνγκο (mángko)

→ Hebrew: מנגו (mango)

→ Hungarian: mangó

→ Irish: mangó

→ Italian: mango

→ Japanese: マンゴー (mangō)

→ Korean: 망고 (manggo)

→ Macedonian: манго (mango)

→ Norwegian: mango

→ Polish: mango

→ Romanian: mango

desctree

→ Russian: манго (mango)
→ Armenian: մանգո (mango) (or directly from English mango)
→ Kazakh: манго (maño)
→ Mongolian: манго (mango)

→ Slovak: mango

→ Slovene: mango

→ Spanish: mango

→ Swedish: mango

→ Turkish: mango

→ Welsh: mango

Online Etymology Dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary
mango

Borrowed from Portuguese manga, from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa) / Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy), possibly via Malay mangga, ultimately from Proto-South Dravidian *mām-kāy (“unripe mango”), a compound of *mām (“mango tree”) + *kāy (“unripe fruit”). First used for the fruit as early as the 1580s and the tree by the 1670s. The Oxford English Dictionary says it ultimately stems from Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa, “unripe mango”) (മാവ് (māvŭ, “mango tree”) + കായ (kāya, “unripe fruit”)), while the Online Etymology Dictionary points to Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy, “unripe mango”) (மா (mā, “mango”) + காய் (kāy, “unripe fruit”)). The etymology of the -o ending is not certain.

der

Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy)

檨仔

soān-á, soǎiⁿ-á, sōaiⁿ-á, soāiⁿ--á, soān--á

Mango peppers by the dozen, if owned by the careful housewife, would gladden the appetite or disposition of any epicure or scold.

1879, Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, Agriculture of Pennsylvania, page 222:

Best mango peppers

1896, Ohio State Board of Agriculture, Annual Report, page 154:

Cut tops from mangoes; remove seeds.

1943 August 9, Mary Adgate, “Stuffed Mangoes”, in The Lima News, Lima, Ohio, page 5:

Finally, although both the South and North Midlands are not known for their tropical climate, that's where mangoes grow. These aren't the tropical fruit, though, but what are elsewhere called green peppers.

2000, Allan A. Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English Today, page 41:

(US, chiefly southern Midland US, dated) A green bell pepper suitable for pickling.


sack

→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

From Middle English sak, sek, sach, zech (“bag, sackcloth”), from Old English sacc (“sack, bag”) and sæċċ (“sackcloth, sacking”); both from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from late Proto-Germanic *sakkuz (“sack”), borrowed from Latin saccus (“large bag”), from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos, “bag of coarse cloth”), from Semitic, possibly Phoenician or Hebrew.
Cognate with Dutch zak, German Sack, Swedish säck, Danish sæk, Hebrew שַׂק (śaq, “sack, sackcloth”), Aramaic סַקָּא, Classical Syriac ܣܩܐ, Ge'ez ሠቅ (śäḳ), Akkadian 𒆭𒊓 (saqqu), Egyptian sꜣgꜣ. Doublet of sac, saccus, saco, and sakkos.
Černý and Forbes suggest the word was originally Egyptian, a nominal derivative of sꜣq (“to gather or put together”) that also yielded Coptic ⲥⲟⲕ (sok, “sackcloth”) and was borrowed into Greek perhaps by way of a Semitic intermediary. However, Vycichl and Hoch reject this idea, noting that such an originally Egyptian word would be expected to yield Hebrew *סַק rather than שַׂק. Instead, they posit that the Coptic and Greek words are both borrowed from Semitic, with the Coptic word perhaps developing via Egyptian sꜣgꜣ.
Sense evolution
* “Pillage” senses from the use of sacks in carrying off plunder. From Middle French sac, shortened from the phrase mettre à sac (“put it in a bag”), a military command to pillage; also parallel meaning with Italian sacco (“plunder”), from Medieval Latin saccō (“pillage”). From Vulgar Latin saccare (“to plunder”), from saccus (“sack”). See also ransack. American football “tackle” sense from this “plunder, conquer” root.
* “Removal from employment” senses attested since 1825; the original formula was “to give (someone) the sack”, likely from the notion of a worker going off with his tools in a sack, or being given such a sack for his personal belongings as part of an expedient severance. Idiom exists earlier in French (on luy a donné son sac, 17c.) and Middle Dutch (iemand den zak geven). English verb in this sense recorded from 1841. Current verb, to sack (“to fire”) carries influence from the forceful nature of “plunder, tackle” verb senses.
* Slang meaning “bunk, bed” is attested since 1825, originally nautical, likely in reference to sleeping bags. The verb meaning “go to bed” is recorded from 1946.
* Slang meaning "scrotum" is an ellipsis of ballsack.


puny

en-adj

puny (comparative punier, superlative puniest)

punier (comparative)
puniest (superlative)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-puny.wav

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *pós
Proto-Indo-European *-ti
Proto-Indo-European *pós-ti
Proto-Italic *posti
Latin poste
Latin post
Proto-Indo-European *íh₂
Latin ea
Latin posteā
Vulgar Latin *postius
Old French puis
Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₁tós
Proto-Italic *gnātos
Latin gnātus
Latin nātus
Old French né
Old French puisné
Middle French puisnébor.
English puisne
English puny
 PIE word
 *pós
A respelling of puisne, from Anglo-Norman puisné (“later, more recent; junior; weakly”) [and other forms] and Middle French puisné (“born after (a specified person); younger, youngest; one who is born after (a specified person)”) (modern French puîné (“cadet (born after a sibling); a cadet (someone born after a sibling)”)), from puis (“after; since”) + né (“born”). Puis is derived from Old French pois (“after; since”), from Vulgar Latin *postius (“afterward”), from Latin posteā (“afterwards; hereafter; thereafter; next, then”), from post (“after; since”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *pós (“afterwards”)) + ea (“these (things)”); and né from Latin nātus (“born”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget; to give birth; to produce”).

der

(chiefly Southern US, south Midland US) (Frequently) ill; poorly, sickly.


barnburner

From barn + burner, from the idea of burning down a barn to get rid of a rat infestation.

Those deathless twin barnburners return to the Metropolitan Opera tonight.

2007 January 26, The New York Times, “Classical Music/Opera Listings”, in New York Times:

It is hard to know what could convince the barnburners to change their ways. The Maga base rewards them with money and the media lavishes them with airtime.

2023 October 7, Edward Luce, “The unending Republican revolution”, in FT Weekend, page 6:

en:sensationally exciting or successful event or person

(Midland US, idiomatic) A sensationally exciting or successful event or person.


skillet

→ Missouri French: esquilette

From Old French escuëlette, diminutive of escuëlle (“a porringer”), (French écuelle), from Vulgar Latin scutella, diminutive of scutra, scuta (“tray, dish”). Compare scuttle (“basket”).

Heat some oil in a cast-iron skillet and add the onions.

Inside this paper plane
Note my words are Navy sealed
So here and I quote
Taboo and I are in the same boat
What's said from Pennywise
I guess we all float
Sky is the limit, I could die in a minute
Got my mind in a skillet
Suicide not a mission
See the vibe very timid
I'm timid and very sad
Translated my thoughts and feelings
I pivot into the pad

2018, “Black Balloons”, performed by Denzel Curry:

A pan for frying, generally large and heavy.

This is an easy skillet with potatoes and bacon.

Can you make up a quick skillet hash?

(sometimes attributive) A dish or meal cooked in such a pan.


skillet

en-verb

skillet (third-person singular simple present skillets, present participle skilleting, simple past and past participle skilleted)

skillets (present singular third-person)
skilleting (participle present)
skilleted (participle past)
skilleted (past)

Now that the season has arrived in many parts of the country for the nimrods to load their trusty Thirty-Thirties and go forth in quest of the elusive deer, it seems an appropriate time to say a word about the skilleting of venison — which can be a pretty tough and dry proposition if not properly handled.

1960, The Cattleman, volume 47, page 46:

That said, Danton in manhood is probed and skilleted, admired and reviled in a multitude of memoirs written by contemporaries who love him, loathe him or simply stand and watch as the Danton tempest roars past.

2010, David Lawday, The Giant of the French Revolution: Danton, A Life:


crawdad

Alteration of crawfish (dialectal alternative of crayfish), with influence from dad.


carryout

en-noun

carryout (countable and uncountable, plural carryouts)

(Midland US, Scotland) Food that is intended to be eaten outside the establishment from which it is bought.

(Midland US, Scotland) An establishment that prepares and sells food to be taken away on demand; a takeaway.


short sweetening

He was a little taller than a hogshead of sugar, but not quite so round, consequently when his head and hands were at the bottom of the hogshead, into which he had slipped while surreptitiously filling his haversack with short sweetening, his feet hanging over the top, gave unimpeachable evidence of his whereabouts.

1898, Ben LaBree, editor, Camp Fires of the Confederacy, page 405:

Made our molasses into long sweetening and tapped the sugartrees for short sweetening.

1959, Leonard W. Roberts, “Jim Couch, His Family Story”, in Up Cutshin & down Greasy: folkways of a Kentucky mountain family, page 8:

Sorghum and sugarcane provided molasses and sugar. The slaves called syrup "long sweetening" and sugar "short sweetening." Their sweetening was more often long than short.

1986, Elizabeth Silverthorne, Plantation life in Texas:

Even at the end of the century, a country hostess might inquire, on serving coffee, if the guest preferred "long or short sweetening."

1999, Rhoda C. Ellison, Bibb County, Alabama: The First Hundred Years, page 51:


long sweetening

Long Sweetening is its just and proper name, but by Molasses better known to fame.

1822, John Davis, The American Mariners: Or, The Atlantic Voyage. A Moral Poem ..., US: Brodie and Dowding, page 162, lines 332-3:

Mr. Hurst made the best of the situation and drank his molasses-sweetened coffee with seeming relish, as though he had been raised on long sweetening.

1974, John Quincy Wolf, Life in the Leatherwoods:

Reach me some of that long sweetening, honey, she'd say at the breakfast table.

1989, Lee Smith, Fair and Tender Ladies:

(Southern US, Midland US) A viscous, syrupy sweetener, generally molasses, but sometimes table syrup.


bismarck

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-bismarck.wav

Named for the German statesman Otto von Bismarck.

(Midland US) A fried cruller, or a sort of pancake.

A dessert pastry:
A fried cruller, or a sort of pancake.


mirate

en-verb

mirate (third-person singular simple present mirates, present participle mirating, simple past and past participle mirated)

mirates (present singular third-person)
mirating (participle present)
mirated (participle past)
mirated (past)

Related to miration. Ultimately from Latin mīror (“marvel at”).

With Bud in her arms and Babe at her heels, she rushed from one part of the court to another, laughing boisterously at Paulo's monkey pranks, and "mirating" over Francesca's tawdry finery.

1893, M.E.M. Davis, “Judy's Mardi Gras”, in Wide Awake:

I should have sensed the waves of embarrassment she was radiating. But I didn't. I went right on “mirating” till I finally got around to saying they were “lovely.” Well, that was all my wife could take. “You've said enough,” she remarked, drily.

1960, “My Affair with a Weekly”, in The North Carolina Miscellany, published 2012, →ISBN, page 209:

That paper-doll mother was still mirating at her own flesh and blood having lice. Rosacoke smiled and thought, "That is the one funny thing since Heywood Betts and his Honolulu shirt."

1999, Reynolds Price, A Singular Family: Rosacoke and Her Kin, →ISBN, page 312:

(Southern US, Midland US, uncommon) To marvel at.


lay by

lay by (third-person singular simple present lays by, present participle laying by, simple past and past participle laid by)

lays by (present singular third-person)
laying by (participle present)
laid by (participle past)
laid by (past)

(Southern US, Midland US) To tend (a crop) for the last time, leaving it to mature without further cultivation.


bogue

From Cajun French, from Choctaw bok (“creek, stream”). Doublet of bayou.

(especially Southern US, Midland US) A bayou or waterway.


bumfuzzle

bumfuzzle (third-person singular simple present bumfuzzles, present participle bumfuzzling, simple past and past participle bumfuzzled)

bumfuzzles (present singular third-person)
bumfuzzling (participle present)
bumfuzzled (participle past)
bumfuzzled (past)

(transitive, chiefly South Midland US, Southern US) To confuse or fluster.


Old Scratch

Probably an alteration of scrat, from Middle English scrat, skratt, scratte, ultimately from Old Norse skratti (“a type of demon”).

“Lisieux is a little town in Normandy,” she said. “I was there a few days with your father, one summer, long ago. It’s a country full of old stories, folklore, and traditions; and the people still believe in the Old Scratch pretty literally. […]”

1913, Booth Tarkington, The Flirt, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, →OCLC:

w:The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
w:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

(chiefly Midland US, Southern US) The Devil.


oncet

If we could see the last of that man, Didenhover, oncet, I'd take hold of the plough myself, and see if I couldn't make a living out of it.

1854, Elizabeth Wetherell, Queechy, Volume I:

"I seen 'im oncet, in the spring, I s'pose," said Jim, "what there was left of 'im.

Jest tuk the best rooms in that new hotel, got a hoss and buggy, dressed ourselves, you and me, fit to kill, and made them Fort people take a back seat in the Lord's Tabernacle, oncet for all.

1889, Bret Harte, The Heritage of Dedlow Marsh and Other Tales:

Why, Judith, Granny Peavey, our maw's mother, told us oncet about a dumb supper that her and two other gals made when she was but sixteen year old, and her sweetheart away from her in Virginny, and she didn't know whar he was at, an' they brought her tales agin him."

1908, Alice MacGowan, Judith of the Cumberlands:

He meets oncet in a while people, Mr. Redman; while, with us, what is it?

1912, Montague Glass, Elkan Lubliner, American:

(Southern US, South Midland US, nonstandard) Once.


chess pie

en-noun

chess pie (countable and uncountable, plural chess pies)

/ˈt͡ʃɛs ˌpaɪ/

/ˈt͡ʃɛs ˌpaɪ/

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chess pie.wav

Uncertain; most likely from cheese pie; early versions were similar in texture to British lemon curd pies or cheesecakes, and earlier "cheesecakes" often lacked cheese, instead resembling modern chess pies or chess cakes.
Other theories include:
* from a Southern pronunciation of (it's) jes' pie, as it contrasts with flavored pies like pecan, cherry, chocolate, etc.
* from chest pie, as the high sugar content means it can be stored in a "pie chest" (pie safe) rather than needing refrigeration.
* from some association with the game of chess.
* from Chester, England.

(Southern US, Midland US) A pie made with eggs, sugar, butter, vanilla, and cornmeal.

Dictionary of American Regional English
chess pie


runza

Trade name, said to have been introduced by Sally Everett (née Brening), who began selling them in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1949. Possibly from Krautrunz, an older German name for the bierock, or Low German runsa, "belly", alluding to its rounded shape; compare modern German Ranzen (“belly”).

(Midland US) A yeast dough bread pocket with a filling of beef, pork, cabbage or sauerkraut, onions, and seasonings.


if'n

Uncertain. The spelling ef'n is attested since at least 1909. Perhaps a compound of if and an (“if”) (a variant, attested since Middle English, of and (“if”); compare an if and gin (“if”)); if an is attested since at least the 1700s. Alternatively, perhaps a compound of if and -in', generalized from conjunctional uses of considering, excepting, and so on, or of if and -en as in offen (“off”), outen (“out”) (which goes back to Old English ūtan), etc. Compare less'n. Lastly, as with the etymology above, it may be a contraction of if (and) when.

We'll^([sic]) I'm try'n to cooperate and let you know where I'll be if n you need me!

2007, Robert H. Henry, Bowden's South Pass Justice, page 311:

(chiefly Southern US, South Midland US, and some dialects in British) If.


nearabout

nearabout the library

nearabout ten o'clock

I nearabout fell out my chair.

(now chiefly Southern US, Midland US) Near, nearly, almost.


twicet

Only thing was, Beulah and me kissed twicet, oncet when her and Dory come over to the campfire place that mornin', and oncet when I was ready to ride away. And she felt of my face and neck like she wanted to recollect how they felt to her hand. Doin' that, she smiled that crooked smile of hers that had got me in trouble. Well, I cain't say for certain it was any trouble. She was a different kind of a woman than I'd ever knowed and I loved that about her.

2005, Hughlett Morris, Luther's Women: A Differnt Civil War Story, →ISBN, page 199:

(Southern US, South Midland US, regional) Twice.


counterpin

(informal, US, chiefly Southern US and South Midland US) A bedspread.


quirl

en-verb

quirl (third-person singular simple present quirls, present participle quirling, simple past and past participle quirled)

quirls (present singular third-person)
quirling (participle present)
quirled (participle past)
quirled (past)

Attested since the 18th century. Considered by other dictionaries to be related to curl. Compare German Quirl, said to be related to twirl.

Ephraim clapped his hand to his side, and rolled his eyes agonizingly towards his mother, but she took no notice. She got some paper out of the cupboard, and Ephraim sat down and began quirling it into long spirals with a wretched sulky air.

1894, Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, Pembroke: A Novel, page 215:

(chiefly dialectal, Southern US, Midland US) To curl or twirl, or twist or coil (up).


miration

Related to mirate. Usually said to be a shortening of admiration. Ultimately from Latin mīrātiō, mīror (“marvel at”).

Reaching the foot of the hill I landed in the midst of an Indian village. I almost jumped out of that buggy when all the dogs in that village commenced barking at once — the women and children came out, stared and "made mirations."

Everybody make a lot of miration over Tashi. People look at her and Adam’s scars like that’s they business.

1982, Alice Walker, The Color Purple, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, page 244:

(Southern US, Midland US, uncommon) Display of surprise or wonderment, of marvelling at something; commotion.


chess cake

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-chess cake.wav

Most likely a variant of cheesecake (formerly pronounced /ˈt͡ʃɛzˌkeɪk/, /ˈt͡ʃɪzˌkeɪk/). Compare chess pie, chess tart.

w:Dictionary of American Regional English

(Southern US, Midland US) A tart made with eggs, sugar, and butter.


Ellenyard

(Southern US, South Midland US, Appalachia) The three stars in the belt of the constellation Orion.


Sam Scratch

I tell you-alls the whole camp hits up the Yukon for Dawson jes' like Sam Scratch was after them,—wimmen, children, babes in arms, the whole shebang.