to

in that case, then (used in if-constructions)


ba

Expresses negation or disagreement; obviously not


by

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt
Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-
Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti
Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei
Proto-Slavic *byti
Proto-Slavic *by
Old Polish by
Silesian by
Inherited from Old Polish by.

etymon

forms the conditional mood; would, would've


bo

emphasizes the statement, usually in phrases of opposite meanings, or introduces a rhetorical question, denying its literal meaning


sie

expresses that the action is done without restriction, freely


nie

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ale

used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis


ani

Inherited from Old Polish ani. By surface analysis, univerbation of a + ni


abo

introduces a tag question; right? isn't it?


tam

(expressive) particle that highlights the similarities of something


coś

something (uncertain or unspecified thing)


chyba

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *xybati
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti
Proto-Slavic *-iti
Proto-Slavic *xybiti
Proto-Slavic *xyba
Old Polish *chyba
Silesian chyba
Inherited from Old Polish *chyba.

etymon

introduces a rhetorical question; I should think


że

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ís
Proto-Balto-Slavic *is
Proto-Slavic *jь
Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge
Proto-Slavic *že
Proto-Slavic *jь že
Old Polish że
Silesian że
Inherited from Old Polish że.

used to create the periphrastic aorist tense


aż

Straciōł ech aż tysiōnc litrōw miodu skuli tych pierōńskich chrobŏkōw.

I lost a thousand litres of honey because of these bloody bugs.

Ôbejzdrzij sie na niego, ôn je aż bioły ze strachu.

Look at him, he's so scared he even turned white.

emphasizes the scale of a quality; so, almost; even, actually

Tōż trzeba bōło aż do połednia czekać.

So we had to wait all the way up 'til noon.

emphasizes the length of time; all the way

Mōm aż tam zōńś?!


aż

Tak sie tyn synek wyuczōł, aż ôstoł farŏrzym.

This chap learnt so much that he became a local pastor.

Babie bōło głupio, aż sie borŏka cołkŏ czerwiōnŏ zrobiyła.

The lady was so embarrassed that she went all red.

emphasizes the extent or degree; so much so that, to the point that


no

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now


nawet

even (in reality; implying an extreme example in the case mentioned, as compared to the implied reality)


czyli

clarifying or connective particle; in other words, i.e., or, that is to say


także

From tak + -że.
West Slavic cognates include Czech takže, Kashubian także, Polish także, and Slovak takže.
East Slavic cognates include Russian та́кже (tákže).


prawie

Inherited from Old Polish prawie. By surface analysis, prawy + -ie.


jeszcze

denotes an action that happened a long time ago in the past


jednak

expressing an unexpected situation; after all


choć

Inherited from Old Polish choć. By surface analysis, clipping of chocia.


pra

Clipping of Old Polish prawda, from Proto-Slavic *pravьda.

clipping

Old Polish <i class="Latn mention" lang="zlw-opl">prawda</i>

Takech słyszoł – ôdpedzioł drugi . – Zima dzisiej, pra?

2017, Charles Dickens, translated by Grzegorz Kulik, Godniŏ pieśń [A Christmas Carol], 1 edition, Opole: Silesia Progress, →ISBN, page 94:

"That's what I heard", said the other, "Winter is today, right?"


niy

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *né
Proto-Balto-Slavic *ne
Proto-Slavic *ne
Old Polish nie
Silesian niy
Inherited from Old Polish nie.


ać

Inherited from Old Polish ać. By surface analysis, a + -ć.


tyż

Inherited from Old Polish też. By surface analysis, ty(n) + -że.


rzeczywiście

/ʐɛ.t͡ʂɪˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

actually, forsooth, indeed, really, sure enough, verily


atoli

Denotes surprise or previously known information; after all


aspōń

Pogoda była raczyj na herbate z rómym niż na chłódzóne piwo, ale aspóń nie padało.

2018 July 3, “O pohár starostky: V Písku řádili Hurikáni z Východu”, in Gorolweb, retrieved 2024-09-10:

The weather was rather for rum tea than chilled beer, but at least it wasn't raining.


ależ

Inherited from Old Polish ależ. By surface analysis, ale + -ż.

(emphatic) used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis


dyć

Compare Greater Polish and Masovian Polish dyć.

but (used to introduce a new, conflicting fact)


przecã

Inherited from Old Polish przedsie. By surface analysis, univerbation of przed + siã.

surf

but used to introduce a new, conflicting fact


rychtig

Borrowed from German richtig. Compare Kashubian richtich and dialectal Polish rychtyk.


dopiyro

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *topьrvo with a change of t -> d under influence of do and a loss of v due to how often the word was used.

dziepro (alternative)
dziepiyro (alternative)

Jorguś, jeszcze ni mieli my okazje pogodać, bo dopiyro w nocy żech z lotniska przijechoł.

2016, Waldemar Szymczyk, editor, Bydzie lepij, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2022-11-12, page 106:

Jorguś, we still haven't had the opportunity to talk, because only at night did I arrive from the airport.


możno

(intransitive) denotes uncertainty; maybe

(intransitive) used for suggestions; maybe


możno

denotes possibility to do something; may, it is possible to

denotes permission to do something; may, it is possible to


mōno

Phonological reduction of możno with compensatory lengthening due to frequency of length.

(intransitive) alternative form of możno


niych

expresses optative meaning; had better, may


ôczywiście

/wɔ.t͡ʂɪˈviɕ.t͡ɕɛ/

Inherited from Old Polish oczywiście. By surface analysis, ôczywisty + -ie.


ôkoło

Etymology tree
Proto-Slavic *o(b)
Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Slavic *kolo
Proto-Slavic *okolo
Old Polish około
Silesian ôkoło
Inherited from Old Polish około.

etymon

denotes inexactitude of time; near, about, around, circa [with genitive]


zōwizō

Borrowed from German sowieso. Compare Kashubian zówizó

zowizoł (alternative)
zōł wi zōł (alternative)
zōuwizōu (alternative)
zōu wi zōu (alternative)


przinojmnij

Inherited from Old Polish przynamniej. By surface analysis, univerbation of przi + nojmnij.

surf

(focus) at least (at the least; at a minimum or lower limit)


corŏz

Borrowed from Polish coraz. By surface analysis, univerbation of co + rŏz.

used with comparatives to show a growing rate of change; more and more, increasingly, ever


czasym

Instrumental singular of czas. Compare Polish czasem.

every now and then, from time to time, occasionally, sometimes


bezto

Univerbation of bez + to. Compare Masovian Polish bezto.