けん

/kemu/ → /kem/ → /ken/
Shift from older けむ (kemu, auxiliary suffix for verbs indicating supposition about the past, including supposition about why something may have happened). This phonological shift was apparently already underway during the Heian period (794–1185).

ja-r

じゃが今は内地も不景気でがして、屑屋も駄目じゃけん、内地さ行くなああきらめるがええ

Jaga ima wa naichi mo fukeiki de gashite, kuzuya mo dame ja ken, naichi sa iku nā akirameru ga ee

However the mainland economy is also in a recession now and waste collection business does not pay, so you should give up to go to the mainland.

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū) because, since, so: presents the preceding clause as the reason for the following clause


斧

Toyama, Nagano, Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi (Nagoya), Tottori, Shimane (Izumo), Okayama (Takamatsu)

Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Shinsen Jikyō
Tokyo
ja:明治書院

Attested in the Shinsen Jikyō of circa 898–901 CE, with the man'yōgana spelling 与支. Presumably from Proto-Japonic, but the first attestation in Japanese is too late to precisely reconstruct the vowels. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *yoki.
Despite widespread regional attestations, the lack of pitch accent information in standard Japanese could imply that this word is not used in modern standard Japanese.

(Ibaraki, Nagoya, Hyōgo, Shikoku, Kyūshū) a small hatchet

(southern Tohoku, Kantō, Chūbu, Kansai, Shikoku, Kyūshū) an axe, a hatchet (in general)

a hatchet
an axe, a hatchet (in general)


迫

狭(さ) (sa-, “narrow”) + 処(こ) (-ko, “place”)

(chiefly Gifu, Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, etc.) a small valley on the mountain side


や

ya (romanization)
や (imperfective stem)
ya (imperfective stem)
で (continuative stem)
de (continuative stem)
や (stem terminative)
da (stem terminative)
である (attributive stem)
de aru (attributive stem)
なら (hypothetical stem)
であれ (hypothetical stem)
nara (hypothetical stem)
de are (hypothetical stem)
やろう (volitional)
yarō (volitional)
やない (negative)
ya nai (negative)
やのうて (continuative negative)
やなくて (continuative negative)
ya nōte (continuative negative)
ya nakute (continuative negative)
です (formal)
だす (formal)
どす (formal)
desu (formal)
dasu (formal)
dosu (formal)
やった (perfective)
yatta (perfective)
で (conjunctive)
やって (conjunctive)
de (conjunctive)
yatte (conjunctive)
ならば (conditional hypothetical)
であれば (conditional hypothetical)
やったら (conditional hypothetical)
naraba (conditional hypothetical)
de areba (conditional hypothetical)
yattara (conditional hypothetical)

Phonetic change of じゃ (ja) in the late Edo period

Variation on the Japanese copula だ (da), associated with Kansai dialect, particularly Ōsaka. The use of や (ya) is common in fictional dialogue attributed to characters from Ōsaka.

はよせーや！

まあ、ぼちぼちやなあ。

Well, things are slow. (a stereotypical Ōsaka expression)

もうこんな町嫌や！こんな人生嫌や！

2016, Makoto Shinkai, director, 君の名は。 [your name.], spoken by Mitsuha Miyamizu (Mone Kamishiraishi), Toho:

I'm sick of this town! I'm sick of living like this!

Mō konna machi iya ya! Konna jinsei iya ya!

2020, Osaka Prefectural Police searching yakuza residence, spoken by Osaka Prefectural Police detective:

大阪や！はよ開けんかいゴラァ！

This is [the] Osaka [Prefectural Police]! Hurry up and open the door!

(Kansai, Shikoku, Hokuriku, Fukuoka) is, are


いけん

威権 異見 意見 違憲 遺賢

(The following entry does not have a page created for it yet: 遺賢.)
A shift from いけぬ (ikenu), the classical conjugation of modern いけない (ikenai).
* /ikenu/ → /ikeɴ/

ja-see-kango

あの子はいけん。

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kansai) to be not good, bad, forbidden

お風呂入らないといけん。

まだ食べてはいけんよ。

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kansai) it's bad if, you must not, you should not... (used after a conditional such as ば (-ba) or と (to) or たら (-tara), or after a nominalized verb phrase ending in the て (-te) conjunctive conjugation and often the particle は (ha) or も (mo))


おる

ja-verb

おる • (oru) ^(←をる (woru)?)intransitive godan (stem おり (ori), past おった (otta))

oru (romanization)
woru (romanization)
おり (stem)
おった (past)
おら
ora
おり
ori
おる
oru
おれ
ore
おられる (passive)
orareru (passive)
おらせる (causative)
おらす (causative)
oraseru (causative)
orasu (causative)
おれる (potential)
oreru (potential)
おろう (volitional)
orō (volitional)
おらない (negative)
oranai (negative)
おらず (continuative negative)
orazu (continuative negative)
おります (formal)
orimasu (formal)
おった (perfective)
otta (perfective)
おって (conjunctive)
otte (conjunctive)
おれば (conditional hypothetical)
oreba (conditional hypothetical)
をら (irrealis stem)
wora (irrealis stem)
をり (continuative stem)
wori (continuative stem)
をり (stem terminative)
wori (stem terminative)
をる (attributive stem)
woru (attributive stem)
をれ (realis stem)
wore (realis stem)
をれ (imperative stem)
wore (imperative stem)
をらず (negative)
worazu (negative)
をれど (contrastive)
woredo (contrastive)
をれば (causative)
woreba (causative)
をらば (conditional)
woraba (conditional)
をりき (past)
woriki (past)
をりけり (past)
worikeri (past)
をりつ (perfect)
woritu (perfect)
をりぬ (perfect)
worinu (perfect)
をりたり (continuative perfect)
woritari (continuative perfect)
をらむ (volitional)
woramu (volitional)

Kojiki
Man'yōshū
Mishima Island, Yamaguchi
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
Tokyo dialect
man'yōgana

/woru/ → /oru/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling of 袁理 (⟨wori⟩). Also attested in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.
Listed in some sources as derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) wi of verb wiru (modern いる (iru)) + ある (aru). The conjugation paradigm for woru is indeed the same as aru for Classical and Old Japanese. However, the resulting compounded *wiaru form would ordinarily become yaru or (w)eru via historical phonetic change, and the vowel shift to /o/ is unexplainable in this hypothesis.
Alternatively, from *wu + ari or *wo + ari, where *wu or *wo is the root of the verb wiru (modern いる (iru), and ari is the Old Japanese form of modern ある (aru).

毎朝、私、観音様にお願を掛けよるんじゃものきっと通るわ。

Maiasa, watashi, Kannon-sama ni o-gan o kakeyoru n ja mono kitto tōru wa.

Since I am making a wish to Kannon every morning, he will certainly pass his exams.

(Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, after a verb in the conjunctive form) to be (doing); a continuous sense; often transformed to よる (yoru)


去ぬ

去(い)ぬ • (inu) intransitive godan (stem 去(い)に (ini), past 去(い)んだ (inda))

去ぬ (canonical)
inu (romanization)
去に (stem)
去んだ (past)
去な
いな
ina
去に
いに
ini
去ぬ
いぬ
inu
去ね
いね
ine
去なれる (passive)
いなれる (passive)
inareru (passive)
去なせる (causative)
去なす (causative)
いなせる (causative)
いなす (causative)
inaseru (causative)
inasu (causative)
去ねる (potential)
いねる (potential)
ineru (potential)
去のう (volitional)
いのう (volitional)
inō (volitional)
去なない (negative)
いなない (negative)
inanai (negative)
去なず (continuative negative)
いなず (continuative negative)
inazu (continuative negative)
去にます (formal)
いにます (formal)
inimasu (formal)
去んだ (perfective)
いんだ (perfective)
inda (perfective)
去んで (conjunctive)
いんで (conjunctive)
inde (conjunctive)
去ねば (conditional hypothetical)
いねば (conditional hypothetical)
ineba (conditional hypothetical)
去な (irrealis stem)
いな (irrealis stem)
ina (irrealis)
去に (continuative stem)
いに (continuative stem)
ini (continuative)
去ぬ (stem terminative)
いぬ (stem terminative)
inu (terminative)
去ぬる (attributive stem)
いぬる (attributive stem)
inuru (attributive)
去ぬれ (realis stem)
いぬれ (realis stem)
inure (realis)
去ね (imperative stem)
いね (imperative stem)
ine (imperative)
去なず (negative)
いなず (negative)
inazu (negative)
去ぬれど (contrastive)
いぬれど (contrastive)
inuredo (contrastive)
去ぬれば (causative)
いぬれば (causative)
inureba (causative)
去なば (conditional)
いなば (conditional)
inaba (conditional)
去にき (past)
いにき (past)
iniki (past)
去にけり (past)
いにけり (past)
inikeri (past)
去につ (perfect)
いにつ (perfect)
initu (perfect)
去にぬ (perfect)
いにぬ (perfect)
ininu (perfect)
去にたり (continuative perfect)
いにたり (continuative perfect)
initari (continuative perfect)
去なむ (volitional)
いなむ (volitional)
inamu (volitional)

10th century, chapter 1, in Ise Monogatari, page 79:

昔、男、初冠して、平城の京、春日の里にしるよしして、狩に往にけり。

Mukashi, otoko, uikōburi shite, Heijō no kyō, Kasuga no sato ni shiruyoshishite, kari ni inikeri.

A long time ago, a man came of age. In order to acquaint himself with Kasuga Village in Heijō-kyō, he left to hunt.

(Classical Japanese or Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku) to go; to leave

古

the past; ancient times; that which has passed


偉い

ja-adj

偉(えら)い • (erai) -i (adverbial 偉(えら)く (eraku))

偉い (canonical)
erai (romanization)
偉く (adverbial)
偉かろ (imperfective stem)
えらかろ (imperfective stem)
erakaro (imperfective)
偉く (continuative stem)
えらく (continuative stem)
eraku (continuative)
偉い (stem terminative)
えらい (stem terminative)
erai (terminative)
偉い (attributive stem)
えらい (attributive stem)
erai (attributive)
偉けれ (hypothetical stem)
えらけれ (hypothetical stem)
erakere (hypothetical)
偉かれ (imperative stem)
えらかれ (imperative stem)
erakare (imperative)
偉くない (informal negative)
えらくない (informal negative)
eraku nai (informal negative)
偉かった (informal past)
えらかった (informal past)
erakatta (informal past)
偉くなかった (informal negative past)
えらくなかった (informal negative past)
eraku nakatta (informal negative past)
偉いです (formal)
えらいです (formal)
erai desu (formal)
偉くないです (formal negative)
えらくないです (formal negative)
eraku nai desu (formal negative)
偉かったです (formal past)
えらかったです (formal past)
erakatta desu (formal past)
偉くなかったです (formal negative past)
えらくなかったです (formal negative past)
eraku nakatta desu (formal negative past)
偉くて (conjunctive)
えらくて (conjunctive)
erakute (conjunctive)
偉ければ (conditional)
えらければ (conditional)
erakereba (conditional)
偉かったら (conditional past)
えらかったら (conditional past)
erakattara (conditional past)
偉かろう (volitional)
えらかろう (volitional)
erakarō (volitional)
偉く (adverbial)
えらく (adverbial)
eraku (adverbial)
偉さ (noun-from-adj)
えらさ (noun-from-adj)
erasa (noun-from-adj)

1939, Miyamoto Yuriko, Sono toshi (その年):

ちいと仕事がえらかった時には間にパンなり買ってやれ

Chīto shigoto ga erakatta toki ni wa aida ni pan nari katte yare

When he gets a little tired with work, buy bread or something for him in his spare moments

(dialectal, Chūbu, Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku) tired, hard


炊く

ja-verb

炊(た)く • (taku) transitive godan (stem 炊(た)き (taki), past 炊(た)いた (taita))

炊く (canonical)
taku (romanization)
炊き (stem)
炊いた (past)
炊か
たか
taka
炊き
たき
taki
炊く
たく
taku
炊け
たけ
take
炊かれる (passive)
たかれる (passive)
takareru (passive)
炊かせる (causative)
炊かす (causative)
たかせる (causative)
たかす (causative)
takaseru (causative)
takasu (causative)
炊ける (potential)
たける (potential)
takeru (potential)
炊こう (volitional)
たこう (volitional)
takō (volitional)
炊かない (negative)
たかない (negative)
takanai (negative)
炊かず (continuative negative)
たかず (continuative negative)
takazu (continuative negative)
炊きます (formal)
たきます (formal)
takimasu (formal)
炊いた (perfective)
たいた (perfective)
taita (perfective)
炊いて (conjunctive)
たいて (conjunctive)
taite (conjunctive)
炊けば (conditional hypothetical)
たけば (conditional hypothetical)
takeba (conditional hypothetical)
炊か (irrealis stem)
たか (irrealis stem)
taka (irrealis)
炊き (continuative stem)
たき (continuative stem)
taki (continuative)
炊く (stem terminative)
たく (stem terminative)
taku (terminative)
炊く (attributive stem)
たく (attributive stem)
taku (attributive)
炊け (realis stem)
たけ (realis stem)
take (realis)
炊け (imperative stem)
たけ (imperative stem)
take (imperative)
炊かず (negative)
たかず (negative)
takazu (negative)
炊けど (contrastive)
たけど (contrastive)
takedo (contrastive)
炊けば (causative)
たけば (causative)
takeba (causative)
炊かば (conditional)
たかば (conditional)
takaba (conditional)
炊きき (past)
たきき (past)
takiki (past)
炊きけり (past)
たきけり (past)
takikeri (past)
炊きつ (perfect)
たきつ (perfect)
takitu (perfect)
炊きぬ (perfect)
たきぬ (perfect)
takinu (perfect)
炊けり (continuative perfect)
炊きたり (continuative perfect)
たけり (continuative perfect)
たきたり (continuative perfect)
takeri (continuative perfect)
takitari (continuative perfect)
炊かむ (volitional)
たかむ (volitional)
takamu (volitional)

(Chubu, Kansai, Shikoku, Chūgoku, Kyūshū) to boil


ほんま

本真: (Kansai, Shikoku, Chūgoku) truth, reality


ほたえる

ほたえる • (hotaeru) intransitive ichidan (stem ほたえ (hotae), past ほたえた (hotaeta))

hotaeru (romanization)
ほたえ (stem)
ほたえた (past)
ほたえ
hotae
ほたえる
hotaeru
ほたえれ
hotaere
ほたえよ (imperative literary)
ほたえろ (colloquial imperative)
hotaeyo (imperative literary)
hotaero (colloquial imperative)
ほたえられる (passive)
hotaerareru (passive)
ほたえさせる (causative)
ほたえさす (causative)
hotaesaseru (causative)
hotaesasu (causative)
ほたえられる (potential)
ほたえれる (colloquial potential)
hotaerareru (potential)
hotaereru (colloquial potential)
ほたえよう (volitional)
hotaeyō (volitional)
ほたえない (negative)
ほたえぬ (negative)
ほたえん (negative)
hotaenai (negative)
hotaenu (negative)
hotaen (negative)
ほたえず (continuative negative)
hotaezu (continuative negative)
ほたえます (formal)
hotaemasu (formal)
ほたえた (perfective)
hotaeta (perfective)
ほたえて (conjunctive)
hotaete (conjunctive)
ほたえれば (conditional hypothetical)
hotaereba (conditional hypothetical)

From early modern form ほたゆ (hotayu). Compare Kantō dialect ほだく (hodaku, “(derogatory) to say; to make noise; to joke around”), ほざく (hozaku, “(derogatory) to say”) and Old Japanese 呪く ( → hosaku, “to curse”).

(dialectal, chiefly Kansai, Chūgoku and Shikoku) to be noisy, to clown around, to cut up


根際

(dialectal, Tōkai–Tōsan, Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku and Eastern Kyūshū) (one's) side


おらぶ

おらぶ • (orabu) godan (stem おらび (orabi), past おらんだ (oranda))

orabu (romanization)
おらび (stem)
おらんだ (past)
おらば
oraba
おらび
orabi
おらぶ
orabu
おらべ
orabe
おらばれる (passive)
orabareru (passive)
おらばせる (causative)
おらばす (causative)
orabaseru (causative)
orabasu (causative)
おらべる (potential)
oraberu (potential)
おらぼう (volitional)
orabō (volitional)
おらばない (negative)
orabanai (negative)
おらばず (continuative negative)
orabazu (continuative negative)
おらびます (formal)
orabimasu (formal)
おらんだ (perfective)
oranda (perfective)
おらんで (conjunctive)
orande (conjunctive)
おらべば (conditional hypothetical)
orabeba (conditional hypothetical)

(obsolete or Yamagata, Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū) to shout


おしろ

From non-central dialects of Old Japanese that haven't undergone the vowel rising <*o → u> for some reason, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *osirə.
In written Japanese, first cited in a text from 1529.

後ろ: (now rare, Iwate, Kansai, Shikoku, Izumo, etc.) Alternative form of 後ろ (ushiro, “back, behind, rear”)


おぼこ

(Yamagata, Kanagawa, Niigata, Wakayama, Chūgoku, Shikoku) daughter