de

Etymology tree
Old Spanish de
Ladino de
Inherited from Old Spanish de. Cognate with Spanish de.

etymon

Era el uzo en akeya notche de komer en los balkones o las terrasas.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 163:

It was habitual in that night to dine on the balconies or the flat roofs.

used after certain verbs before an infinitive, often translated into English as a gerund or an infinitive


en

En todas partes del mundo bivi,
i pedasos de mi alma abandoni

2000, David Altabé, “Ay koza triste en ser Sefaradi”, in Esther Benbassa, editor, Les Sépharades en littérature, page 164:

I've lived in all parts of the world,
and abandoned pieces of my soul

Deke la solidaridad es emportante? Porke la solidaridad es lo djusto. Porke; todos bivimos en una sosyetad...

2014, Şeli GAON, “La solidaridad”, in Şalom Gazetesi:

Why is solidarity important? Because solidarity is what is right. Because we all live in a society...


menos

Inherited from Old Spanish menos (“less”), inherited from Latin minus, comparative of parum.

inh+

esta ropa es menos buena ke la ke vites ayer

This clothing is less good than what you saw yesterday.

Uno de los menos konosidos de entre estos livros, el Seder Eliyau Zuta de Rabi Eliyau Kapsali, viene de ser reeditado agora kon el titolo Chronique de l'Expulsion en una traduksion al fransez de Simone Sultan-Bohbot.

1995, Aki Yerushalayim: revista de las emisiones de Israel en djudeo-espaniol, numbers 49-52, page 62:

One of the least known among these books, el Seder Eliyau Zuta, by Rabbi Eliyau Kapsali, is now going to be reedited with the title Chronique de l'Expulsion in a French translation by Simone Sultan-Bohbot.


menos

Sinko menos dos le aze tres


ke

Netanya

Inherited from Old Spanish que (“that”), from Latin quid (“what”), but usurping all the roles of Latin quod. Cognate with English who and Spanish que.

(exclamative) such; what (a) (used to form exclamations indicating that something is remarkable, in either a good or ungood way)


con

Delantre de ti io mi orgolio abato
I mi corason lo razgo con kevranto¹)

1910, Reuben Eliyahu Israel, Traducsion libera de las poezias ebraicas de Roş Aşana i Kipur, Craiova: Institutul Grafic, I. Samitca şi D. Baraş, Socieatate in Comandita, →OCLC, page 10:

I suppress my pride before you, and my heart tears it with despair.


kon

Inherited from Old Spanish con (“with”), from Latin cum (“with”).

La maale de los djudyos se topa en el sentro de la sivdad vyeja, toda la kaleja golyendo al miskle de flores, las plasas kon las pisinas, los arvoles de portokales kon los kortijos finos avyertos para ke los turistos vijiten.

2019, Şeli GAON, “Viyaje A Andalusia - 2”, in Şalom:

The Jewish district is located in the center of the old city, the whole street smelling of a mixture of flowers, the plazas with the swimming pools, the orange trees with the fine open patios for the tourists to visit.


por

Inherited from Old Spanish por, from Late Latin pōr, from Latin prō. Cognate with Spanish por.

I arankarvos ojo por ojo, diente por diente.

2000, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 62–64, page 95:

And settling yourselves eye for eye, tooth for tooth.

for (indicates something given in an exchange)


para

From earlier pora (a combination of por and a, or from Latin prō ad) via assimilation, influenced by the archaic preposition par.

Hanuka linda sta aki; ocho kandelas para mi.

Beautiful Hanukkah is here, so eight candles for me.

Para arebivir el Ladino en el siekolo 21 es menester profitar de lo dijital para dokumentar i ambezar esta lingua en perikolo de ekstinsyon.

In order to revive Ladino in the twenty first century it is necessary to take advantage of digital technology to document and learn this endangered language.

to; in order to; so; for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)


anke

in spite of, moreover, adding to that, nevertheless


segun

La fiesta de Soucoth que el Pentatioco (cinco livros de la ley) llama Hag Aasif, la fiesta de la recolta, es la mas importante y la mas alegre por un pueblo esencialmente agricultor segun era el pueblo de Israel.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 105:

The festival of Sukkot that the Pentateuch calls Hag Aasif, the harvest festival, is the most important and the most joyful for an essentially agricultural people as were the people of Israel.

Su grande oluk eskupia un fumo preto ke bolava de todas partes segun el soplo del ayre.

1982, Enrique Saporta y Beja, En torno de la torre blanca, Editions Vidas Largas, page 52:

It's big chimney was spitting out a black smoke that was hovering everywhere, following the gusting air.

O porke el ke se empresto el livro se olvida, o porke se averguensa de darlo atras manchado o arazgado, o mizmo porke, segun akontese munchas vezes, el es un bibliofil para el kual es difisil de separarse de un livro ke le paso por la mano, el fakto es ke por una o otra de estas razones i munchas mas, los livros emprestados a otros raramente tornan a sus lugar, en la biblioteka del ken los empresto.

2001, Aki Yerushalayim, volume 22, page 82:

Either because he who lent the book forgot it, or because it shames one to give it back stained or torn, or even because, as it happens a lot, he is a bibliophile for whom it is difficult to separate himself from a book that spent time in his hand, the fact is that for one or another of these reasons and many more, books lent to others rarely return to their place: in the library of who borrowed them.


a

Inherited from Old Spanish a (“unto”), from Latin ad (“to”).

Era imposible de tornar atrás a los tiempos onde se eskrivia ladino kon letras ebreas.

It was impossible to go back to when we wrote Ladino with Hebrew letters.

La ciudad de Bursa es fraguada en amphitheatre a los pies del Olympe (Oulou Dağ) y abrasa una vaste y magnifica valle con un hermoso panorama.

1940, La boz de Türkiye, numbers 11–34, page 78:

The city of Bursa has constructed an amphitheatre at the feet of Olympus and embraces a vast and wonderful valley with a beautiful panorama.


verso

No tengo nada verso ti.


basho

lad-adj

basho (Hebrew spelling באשו, feminine basha, masculine plural bashos, feminine plural bashas)

באשו (Hebrew)
basha (feminine)
bashos (masculine plural)
bashas (feminine plural)
bacho (alternative)
bašo (alternative)
baxo (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish baxo, from Latin bassus.

Indo mas adelantre, la mar se izo mas fuerte, i yo empesi a sintir a mi madre dizir a boz basha: “Shemá Israel…”, mientres ke en el korridor de la nave los papazes estavan rogando: “Ora pro nobis…”.

2006, Matilda Koén-Sarano, Por el plazer de kontar, page 107:

Going further, the sea grew stronger, and I started to hear my mother say in [a] low voice, ‘Shemá Israel…’ while in the ship’s corridor the priests were begging, ‘Ora pro nobis…’

low (in pitch, due to being produced by relatively slow vibrations)


según

סיגון (Hebrew)
asegun (alternative)
asegún (alternative)
asigun (alternative)
asigún (alternative)
segun (alternative)
sigun (alternative)
sigún (alternative)

Inherited from Old Spanish segund, segunt, inherited from Latin secundus. Doublet of segundo. Related to seguir (“follow”).

el lavorador deve ser pagado según su valor

The worker should be paid according to his value.


אין

מילייארדאס די איסטרילייאס רילומבראבֿאן איינדה אין איל פירמאמינטו

1910, Ben Yitzhak Saserdoti, Refael i Miriam, page 3:

Billions of stars were still shining in the firmament

Milyardas de estrelyas relumbravan ainda en el firmamento


asta

La primera de eyas es ke el djudeo-espaniol kontiene un grande numero de arkaizmos o sea, palavras ke eran empleadas en Espania asta el siglo XV ma ke dezparesieron dezde entonses de su vokabulario, mientres ke en el djudeo-espaniol kontinuan a existir asta oy.

1979 July, Moshe Shaul, “Istoria i Dezvelopamiento del Djudeo-Espaniol”, in Aki Yerushalayim, archived from the original on 2020-12-03, page 11:

The first of them is that Judeo-Spanish contains a large number of archaisms, or rather, words that were used in Spain until the 15th century but which disappeared after then from its vocabulary, while in Judeo-Spanish they continue to be used until this day.


komo

Inherited from Old Spanish commo, from Latin cōmō̆, a non-literary form of quōmodo (“how”). Cognate with Catalan com, French comme, Italian come, and Spanish como.

Komo no avia elektrisitá, los mosos de boda devian akompanyar o ir delantre la novya, ke la yevavan a pye kon el chalgí tanyendo, kon una menorá de plata kon 5 parmachés.

1999, David M. Bunis, Moshé Cazés, edited by David M. Bunis, קולות משאלוניקי היהודית, Misgav Yerushalayim, →ISBN, page 146:

As they had no electricity, the wedding's servants had to accompany or walk ahead of the bride, who were escorting her by foot with the playing orchestra, and with a silver menorah with five great candles.

Komo dishimos: Estamos akodrando, i nunka mas.

2019 February 13, Metin DELEVİ, “Por ke los nombres de los djudios estan gravados en los trotuares de toda la Evropa?”, in Şalom:

As we said: we remember, and never again.

like; as (in the same way that; according to what)


komo

En esta ensiklopedia es kontado, entre otras, ke en segito a los pogromes echos en Polonia, en los anyos 1648-1649, los djudios de Turkia embezaron⁷ sovre la triste suerte de miles de djudios ke avian kayido en kativerio i ke estavan en peligro de ser vendidos komo esklavos.

2003, Sefárdica: publicación del Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, numbers 14-16, Centro de Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura Sefaradí, pages 101-2:

It says in this encyclopedia that, among other things, following the pogroms committed in Poland from 1648-1649, Turkey's Jews learned of the misfortune of thousands of Jews who fell into captivity and were in danger of being sold as slaves.

El antisemitizmo es un prejudizio, komo un virus.

2018 February 7, Dora Niyego, “El Antisemitizmo De Oy”, in Şalom:

Antisemitism is a prejudice, like a virus.


kontra

Inherited from Old Spanish contra, from Latin contrā. Old Spanish had cuentra as well, with diphthongization of stressed Latin /ŏ/. As the word was generally atonic, the unstressed variant contra prevailed over time.

Devemos de akodrar i azer akodrar de este kavzo, ke se finalizo kon 11 milyones de viktimas entre eyos 6 milyones de djudios, para luchar kontra el antisemitizmo i el rasizmo.

2020 January 29, Metin Delevi, “El 27 de Enero es el dia de memoria de las viktimas del Nazismo, del Olokosto…”, in Şalom:

We must remember and make others remember this event that ended with 11 million victims, among them 6 million Jews, to fight against antisemitism and racism.


קי

ke (romanization)
קה (alternative)
קֶי (alternative)

Netanya

קי ריזאליט, קי קייפאזיליק איס איסתו!

1937 September 3, La Vara, number 734, New York, page 5:

What a scandal, what a disgrace this is!


detrás de

דיטראס די (Hebrew)
detras de (alternative)


deske

Inherited from Old Spanish desque, from des + que, from Late Latin dē ex and Early Medieval Latin quid (“that”), respectively. Cognate with Spanish desque.

[…] i no digas: fulano es fermozo i yo no, ke bien saves ke deske el ombre es muerto, ke no se kuenta salvo por animalia muerta.

2002, Aki Yerushalayim, numbers 68-72, page 59:

And don't say: so and so is handsome and I'm not; you know well that since the man is dead that he doesn't count except as a dead animal.


קון

From Old Spanish con (“with”), Latin cum (“with”).


אינטרי

אירה אונה די אקילייאס מאדֿרוגאדֿאס פֿריסקאס אי טיירנאס אין איל מיס די סיפטימברי, אינטרי ראש השנה אי יום כפור.

It was one of those fresh, tender early mornings in the month of September, between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

Era una de akelyas maḏrugaḏas freskas i tiernas en el mes de septembre, entre Rosh Ashana i Yom Kippur.


sovre

Inherited from Old Spanish sobre, from Latin super (“above”), from Proto-Italic *super, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”).

inh

Ija de imigrantes djudios rusos ke aviyan sufriyido del aborresimyento i del antisemitizmo, se sintyo ke el aktivizmo sovre este sujeto era su dever.

The daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants who had suffered from hatred and from antisemitism, she felt that activism on this subject was her duty.


achakes de

achákes de (canonical)
אג׳אקיס די (Hebrew)

Inherited from Old Spanish achaque, from Arabic شَكَا (šakā, “to complain”).

Los amigos i los parientes a pareser, avian eksplikado a muestra mama ke, achakes del numero chiko de famiyas de la komunitad djudiya de Pashabahche, no se puedia asperar de tener un ayudo de eya, i ke kalia ke mirara de bushkar otrun remedio.

2002, Gad Nassi, editor, En Tierras Ajenas Yo Me Vo Murir: Tekstos Kontemporanos en Djudeo-espaniol : Leyenda de Una Lingua - Haketia - Kuentos. Memorias - Meliselda - Oki Oki, Isis, →ISBN, page 414:

The friends and relatives in position, they had explained to our mother that, because of the small number of families from Pashabahche’s Jewish community, one could have no hope of getting help from it, and that one shall need to search for one more remedy.

Una konversa se avia mizmo salvado de la muerte, en afirmando ke, achakes de su fervor katoliko avia mojado su rida kon esta sangre.

2005, Aki Yerushalayim, volumes 26–28, page 7:

One convert had saved herself from death by declaring that, because of her Catholic fervour, she had washed her hands of this blood.


ḥatta

Borrowed from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until”). Also proposed etymology of Spanish hasta.

bor+

(Haketia) up to, to the point of, as much as


asegun

Ma, kuando se akodro ke el valiante Amadis no kedo satisfecho de yamarse solo “Amadis” i adjusto el nombre de su reynado i patria para darle fama, i se yamo “Amadis de Gaula”, I el kijo azer lo mizmo, komo un buen kavayero, adjustar al suyo el nombre de la suya, i yamarse “don Kishot de la Mancha”, ke asegun el, deklarava klaramente su linaje i patria, i la onorava en tomandola por alkunya.

2013, Myriam Moscona, Jacobo Sefamí with Martín Fierro, José Hernández, Por mi boka: Textos de la diáspora sefardí en ladino, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, →ISBN, page 222:

Nevertheless, when [someone] remembered that the valiant Amadis was left unsatisfied in merely being called ‘Amadis’, [he] added the name of his kingdom and homeland to make himself famous, and he called himself ‘Amadis of Gaula’, and he kept repeating himself, like a good knight, adding to his name the name of his homeland, and calling himself ‘don Koshot de la Mancha’, as according to him, it was clearly declaring his lineage and homeland, and he was esteeming it in treating it like family.