-fald

fald (masculine nominative singular strong)
falde (masculine nominative plural strong)
fald (neuter nominative singular strong)
falde (neuter nominative plural strong)
fald (feminine nominative singular strong)
faldu (feminine nominative plural strong)
faldana (accusative masculine singular strong)
falde (accusative masculine plural strong)
fald (accusative neuter singular strong)
falde (accusative neuter plural strong)
falda (accusative feminine singular strong)
faldu (accusative feminine plural strong)
faldes (genitive masculine singular strong)
faldarō (genitive masculine plural strong)
faldes (genitive neuter singular strong)
faldarō (genitive neuter plural strong)
faldaro (feminine genitive singular strong)
faldarō (feminine genitive plural strong)
faldumu (dative masculine singular strong)
faldum (dative masculine plural strong)
faldumu (dative neuter singular strong)
faldum (dative neuter plural strong)
faldaro (dative feminine singular strong)
faldum (dative feminine plural strong)
faldo (masculine nominative singular weak)
faldu (masculine nominative plural weak)
falda (neuter nominative singular weak)
faldu (neuter nominative plural weak)
falda (feminine nominative singular weak)
faldu (feminine nominative plural weak)
faldun (accusative masculine singular weak)
faldun (accusative masculine plural weak)
falda (accusative neuter singular weak)
faldun (accusative neuter plural weak)
faldun (accusative feminine singular weak)
faldun (accusative feminine plural weak)
faldun (genitive masculine singular weak)
faldonō (genitive masculine plural weak)
faldun (genitive neuter singular weak)
faldonō (genitive neuter plural weak)
faldun (feminine genitive singular weak)
faldonō (feminine genitive plural weak)
faldun (dative masculine singular weak)
faldum (dative masculine plural weak)
faldun (dative neuter singular weak)
faldum (dative neuter plural weak)
faldun (dative feminine singular weak)
faldum (dative feminine plural weak)
faldoro (comparative masculine nominative singular)
faldoru (comparative masculine nominative plural)
faldora (comparative neuter nominative singular)
faldoru (comparative neuter nominative plural)
faldora (comparative feminine nominative singular)
faldoru (comparative feminine nominative plural)
faldorun (accusative comparative masculine singular)
faldorun (accusative comparative masculine plural)
faldora (accusative comparative neuter singular)
faldorun (accusative comparative neuter plural)
faldorun (accusative comparative feminine singular)
faldorun (accusative comparative feminine plural)
faldorun (comparative genitive masculine singular)
faldoronō (comparative genitive masculine plural)
faldorun (comparative genitive neuter singular)
faldoronō (comparative genitive neuter plural)
faldorun (comparative feminine genitive singular)
faldoronō (comparative feminine genitive plural)
faldorun (comparative dative masculine singular)
faldorum (comparative dative masculine plural)
faldorun (comparative dative neuter singular)
faldorum (comparative dative neuter plural)
faldorun (comparative dative feminine singular)
faldorum (comparative dative feminine plural)
faldost (masculine nominative singular strong superlative)
faldoste (masculine nominative plural strong superlative)
faldost (neuter nominative singular strong superlative)
faldoste (neuter nominative plural strong superlative)
faldost (feminine nominative singular strong superlative)
faldostu (feminine nominative plural strong superlative)
faldostana (accusative masculine singular strong superlative)
faldoste (accusative masculine plural strong superlative)
faldost (accusative neuter singular strong superlative)
faldoste (accusative neuter plural strong superlative)
faldosta (accusative feminine singular strong superlative)
faldostu (accusative feminine plural strong superlative)
faldostes (genitive masculine singular strong superlative)
faldostarō (genitive masculine plural strong superlative)
faldostes (genitive neuter singular strong superlative)
faldostarō (genitive neuter plural strong superlative)
faldostaro (feminine genitive singular strong superlative)
faldostarō (feminine genitive plural strong superlative)
faldostumu (dative masculine singular strong superlative)
faldostum (dative masculine plural strong superlative)
faldostumu (dative neuter singular strong superlative)
faldostum (dative neuter plural strong superlative)
faldostaro (dative feminine singular strong superlative)
faldostum (dative feminine plural strong superlative)
faldosto (masculine nominative singular superlative weak)
faldostu (masculine nominative plural superlative weak)
faldosta (neuter nominative singular superlative weak)
faldostu (neuter nominative plural superlative weak)
faldosta (feminine nominative singular superlative weak)
faldostu (feminine nominative plural superlative weak)
faldostun (accusative masculine singular superlative weak)
faldostun (accusative masculine plural superlative weak)
faldosta (accusative neuter singular superlative weak)
faldostun (accusative neuter plural superlative weak)
faldostun (accusative feminine singular superlative weak)
faldostun (accusative feminine plural superlative weak)
faldostun (genitive masculine singular superlative weak)
faldostonō (genitive masculine plural superlative weak)
faldostun (genitive neuter singular superlative weak)
faldostonō (genitive neuter plural superlative weak)
faldostun (feminine genitive singular superlative weak)
faldostonō (feminine genitive plural superlative weak)
faldostun (dative masculine singular superlative weak)
faldostum (dative masculine plural superlative weak)
faldostun (dative neuter singular superlative weak)
faldostum (dative neuter plural superlative weak)
faldostun (dative feminine singular superlative weak)
faldostum (dative feminine plural superlative weak)

Low German: -foolt

From Proto-Germanic *-falþaz (“-fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *-pel-to- (“-fold”). Cognate with Old Frisian -fald, Old English -feald (English -fold), Old High German -falt (German -falt), Old Norse -faldr, Gothic -𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 (-falþs).

ēnfald "simple", "consisting of a single aspect", "onefold"

managfald "manifold"

suffix denoting multiplication, or consisting of so many parts; -fold


-aty

-aty (masculine nominative singular)
-ata (feminine nominative singular)
-ate (neuter nominative singular)
-aci (nominative plural virile)
-ate (nominative plural)
-atego (genitive masculine singular)
-atej (feminine genitive singular)
-atego (genitive neuter singular)
-atych (genitive plural)
-atych (genitive plural virile)
-atemu (dative masculine singular)
-atej (dative feminine singular)
-atemu (dative neuter singular)
-atym (dative plural)
-atym (dative plural virile)
-atego (accusative animate masculine singular)
-aty (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
-atą (accusative feminine singular)
-ate (accusative neuter singular)
-atych (accusative plural virile)
-ate (accusative plural)
-atym (instrumental masculine singular)
-atą (feminine instrumental singular)
-atym (instrumental neuter singular)
-atymi (instrumental plural)
-atymi (instrumental plural virile)
-atym (locative masculine singular)
-atej (feminine locative singular)
-atym (locative neuter singular)
-atych (locative plural)
-atych (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-atъ. Cognate with Latin -atus.

broda → brodaty

forms adjectives meaning: made of, equipped with; -ed


-aty

żwama + -aty → żwamaty

forms adjectives meaning "similar to", "like" -y, -like


-aŕ

equivalent -arka (feminine)
-aŕ (nominative singular)
-arja (dual nominative)
-arje (nominative plural)
-arja (genitive singular)
-arjowu (dual genitive)
-arjow (genitive plural)
-arjoju (dative singular)
-arjoma (dative dual)
-arjam (dative plural)
-arja (accusative singular)
-arjowu (accusative dual)
-arje (accusative plural)
-arjow (accusative plural)
-arjom (instrumental singular)
-arjoma (dual instrumental)
-arjami (instrumental plural)
-arju (locative singular)
-arjoma (dual locative)
-arjach (locative plural)

-er, -or (appended to words to create an agent noun, indicating a person’s profession)


-ë

mjaft (“enough”) + -ë → i mjaftë (“sufficient”)


bili-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Latin bīlis (“bile”).

(anatomy, medicine) Relating to bile ducts.


-eo

it-adj

-eo (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ea, masculine plural -ei, feminine plural -ee)

-ea (feminine)
-ei (masculine plural)
-ee (feminine plural)

ferro (“iron”) + -eo → ferreo (“made of iron”)

argento (“silver”) + -eo → argenteo (“made of silver”)

acqua (“water”) + -eo → acqueo (“made of water, watery”)

used to form adjectives referring to the qualities of the root noun; -en, -eous, -ean

used to form adjectives from materials or substances, indicating material composition:

Cesare (“Caesar”) + -eo → cesareo (“Caesarean, of or pertaining to Julius Caesar”)

Medici + -eo → mediceo (“of or pertaining to the Medici family”)

used to form relational adjectives from proper nouns:


-eo

it-noun

-eo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ei, feminine -ea)

-eo -eo (canonical masculine)
-ea (feminine)
-ei (masculine plural)
-ee (feminine plural)
-ei (plural)

Borrowed from Latin -aeus, from Ancient Greek -αῖος (-aîos).

Etna + -eo → etneo (“of or pertaining to mount Etna; person from or inhabitant of the Etna region”)

Ragusa (city in Croatia) + -eo → raguseo (“of or pertaining to the city of Ragusa; person from or inhabitant of Ragusa”)

used to form adjectives and nouns expressing relation to the root noun; -an, -ean

Euclide (“Euclid”) + -eo → euclideo (“Euclidean, pertaining to Euclid”)

Augusto (“Augustus”) + -eo → augusteo (“Augustan, pertaining to emperor Augustus or his time”)

forming relational adjectives from proper nouns:

carotide (“carotid”) + -eo → carotideo (“pertaining to a carotid”)

faringe (“pharynx”) + -eo → faringeo (“pharyngeal, pertaining to the pharynx”)

forming relational adjectives from body parts:


-eo

-eō (canonical)
supine stems (canonical)
-ēre (infinitive present)
-eō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-ēs (active indicative present second-person singular)
-et (active indicative present singular third-person)
-ēmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-ētis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-ent (active indicative plural present third-person)
-ēbam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-ēbās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-ēbat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-ēbāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-ēbātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-ēbant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ēbō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-ēbis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-ēbit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-ēbimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-ēbitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-ēbunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-uī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-uistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-uistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-uēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ueram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-uerās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-uerat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-uerāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-uerātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-uerant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-uerō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-ueris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-uerit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-uerimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-ueritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-uerint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-ēssō (active first-person future sigmatic singular)
-ēssis (active future second-person sigmatic singular)
-ēssit (active future sigmatic singular third-person)
-ēssimus (active first-person future plural sigmatic)
-ēssitis (active future plural second-person sigmatic)
-ēssint (active future plural sigmatic third-person)
-eor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-ēris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ēre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-ētur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-ēmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-ēminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-entur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-ēbar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-ēbāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēbāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-ēbāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēbantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-ēbor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-ēberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-ēbitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-ēbimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-ēbiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-ēbuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-itus + future active indicative of sum (future indicative passive perfect)
-ēssor (first-person future passive sigmatic singular)
-ēsseris (future passive second-person sigmatic singular)
-ēssitur (future passive sigmatic singular third-person)
-eam (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-eās (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-eat (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-eāmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-eātis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-eant (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ērem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-ērēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-ēret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-ērēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-ērētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-ērent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uerim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-uerīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uerit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uerīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-uerītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uerint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-uissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-uissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-uisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-uissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-uissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-uissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-ēssim (active aorist first-person sigmatic singular)
-ēssīs (active aorist second-person sigmatic singular)
-ēssīt (active aorist sigmatic singular third-person)
-ēssīmus (active aorist first-person plural sigmatic)
-ēssītis (active aorist plural second-person sigmatic)
-ēssint (active aorist plural sigmatic third-person)
-ear (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-eāris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-eāre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-eātur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-eāmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-eāminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-eantur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ērer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-ērēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ērēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-ērētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-ērēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-ērēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-ērentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-ē (active imperative present second-person singular)
-ēte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-ētō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-ētō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-ētōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-entō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-ēre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-ēminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-ētor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-ētor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-entor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-ēre (active imperative infinitive present)
-uisse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-itūrum esse (active future imperative infinitive)
-ērī (imperative infinitive passive present)
-itum esse (imperative infinitive passive perfect)
-itum īrī (future imperative infinitive passive)
-ēns (active imperative participle present)
-itūrus (active future imperative participle)
-itus (imperative participle passive perfect)
-endus (future imperative participle passive)
-endī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-endō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-itum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-itū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.
Proto-Italic *-ēō
Latin -eō
From Proto-Italic *-ēō, from earlier *-ējō, from verbs with Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti (stative suffix) in which the first person singular always ended in *-éh₁yoh₂.

etymon

-eō

inh

clārus (“clear”) + -eo → clāreō (“to be clear”)

frīgus (“cold”) + -eo → frīgeō (“to be cold”)


-ιος

-ῐος (canonical)
-ĭos (romanization)
-ῐ́ᾱ (feminine)
-ῐον (neuter)
-ῐος (masculine nominative singular)
-ῐᾱ (feminine nominative singular)
-ῐον (neuter nominative singular)
-ῐω (dual masculine nominative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine nominative)
-ῐω (dual neuter nominative)
-ῐοι (masculine nominative plural)
-ῐαι (feminine nominative plural)
-ῐᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
-ῐου (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐᾱς (feminine genitive singular)
-ῐου (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοιν (dual genitive masculine)
-ῐαιν (dual feminine genitive)
-ῐοιν (dual genitive neuter)
-ῐων (genitive masculine plural)
-ῐων (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐων (genitive neuter plural)
-ῐῳ (dative masculine singular)
-ῐᾳ (dative feminine singular)
-ῐῳ (dative neuter singular)
-ῐοιν (dative dual masculine)
-ῐαιν (dative dual feminine)
-ῐοιν (dative dual neuter)
-ῐοις (dative masculine plural)
-ῐαις (dative feminine plural)
-ῐοις (dative neuter plural)
-ῐον (accusative masculine singular)
-ῐᾱν (accusative feminine singular)
-ῐον (accusative neuter singular)
-ῐω (accusative dual masculine)
-ῐᾱ (accusative dual feminine)
-ῐω (accusative dual neuter)
-ῐους (accusative masculine plural)
-ῐᾱς (accusative feminine plural)
-ῐᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
-ῐε (masculine singular vocative)
-ῐᾱ (feminine singular vocative)
-ῐον (neuter singular vocative)
-ῐω (dual masculine vocative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine vocative)
-ῐω (dual neuter vocative)
-ῐοι (masculine plural vocative)
-ῐαι (feminine plural vocative)
-ῐᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
-ῐως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)
-ῐος (masculine nominative singular)
-ῐη (feminine nominative singular)
-ῐον (neuter nominative singular)
-ῐω (dual masculine nominative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine nominative)
-ῐω (dual neuter nominative)
-ῐοι (masculine nominative plural)
-ῐαι (feminine nominative plural)
-ῐᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
-ῐου (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐοῖο (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐοιο (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐόο (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐοο (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐης (feminine genitive singular)
-ῐου (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοῖο (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοιο (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐόο (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοο (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοιῐν (dual genitive masculine)
-ῐαιν (dual feminine genitive)
-ῐαιῐν (dual feminine genitive)
-ῐῃῐν (dual feminine genitive)
-ĭain (dual feminine genitive)
-ĭaiĭn (dual feminine genitive)
-ĭēiĭn (dual feminine genitive)
-ῐοιῐν (dual genitive neuter)
-ῐων (genitive masculine plural)
-ῐᾱ́ων (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐέ͜ων (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐῶν (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐων (genitive neuter plural)
-ῐῳ (dative masculine singular)
-ῐῃ (dative feminine singular)
-ῐῳ (dative neuter singular)
-ῐοιῐν (dative dual masculine)
-ῐαιν (dative dual feminine)
-ῐαιῐν (dative dual feminine)
-ῐῃῐν (dative dual feminine)
-ĭain (dative dual feminine)
-ĭaiĭn (dative dual feminine)
-ĭēiĭn (dative dual feminine)
-ῐοιῐν (dative dual neuter)
-ῐοισῐ (dative masculine plural)
-ῐοισῐν (dative masculine plural)
-ῐοις (dative masculine plural)
-ĭoisĭ (dative masculine plural)
-ĭoisĭn (dative masculine plural)
-ĭois (dative masculine plural)
-ῐῃσῐ (dative feminine plural)
-ῐῃσῐν (dative feminine plural)
-ῐῃς (dative feminine plural)
-ῐαις (dative feminine plural)
-ĭēisĭ (dative feminine plural)
-ĭēisĭn (dative feminine plural)
-ĭēis (dative feminine plural)
-ĭais (dative feminine plural)
-ῐοισῐ (dative neuter plural)
-ῐοισῐν (dative neuter plural)
-ῐοις (dative neuter plural)
-ĭoisĭ (dative neuter plural)
-ĭoisĭn (dative neuter plural)
-ĭois (dative neuter plural)
-ῐον (accusative masculine singular)
-ῐην (accusative feminine singular)
-ῐον (accusative neuter singular)
-ῐω (accusative dual masculine)
-ῐᾱ (accusative dual feminine)
-ῐω (accusative dual neuter)
-ῐους (accusative masculine plural)
-ῐᾱς (accusative feminine plural)
-ῐᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
-ῐε (masculine singular vocative)
-ῐη (feminine singular vocative)
-ῐον (neuter singular vocative)
-ῐω (dual masculine vocative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine vocative)
-ῐω (dual neuter vocative)
-ῐοι (masculine plural vocative)
-ῐαι (feminine plural vocative)
-ῐᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
-ῐως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)
-ῐος (masculine nominative singular)
-ῐη (feminine nominative singular)
-ῐον (neuter nominative singular)
-ῐω (dual masculine nominative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine nominative)
-ῐω (dual neuter nominative)
-ῐοι (masculine nominative plural)
-ῐαι (feminine nominative plural)
-ῐᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
-ῐου (genitive masculine singular)
-ῐης (feminine genitive singular)
-ῐου (genitive neuter singular)
-ῐοιν (dual genitive masculine)
-ῐαιν (dual feminine genitive)
-ῐοιν (dual genitive neuter)
-ῐων (genitive masculine plural)
-ῐέων (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐῶν (feminine genitive plural)
-ῐων (genitive neuter plural)
-ῐῳ (dative masculine singular)
-ῐῃ (dative feminine singular)
-ῐῳ (dative neuter singular)
-ῐοιν (dative dual masculine)
-ῐαιν (dative dual feminine)
-ῐοιν (dative dual neuter)
-ῐοισῐ (dative masculine plural)
-ῐοισῐν (dative masculine plural)
-ῐοις (dative masculine plural)
-ĭoisĭ (dative masculine plural)
-ĭoisĭn (dative masculine plural)
-ĭois (dative masculine plural)
-ῐῃσῐ (dative feminine plural)
-ῐῃσῐν (dative feminine plural)
-ĭēisĭ (dative feminine plural)
-ĭēisĭn (dative feminine plural)
-ῐοισῐ (dative neuter plural)
-ῐοισῐν (dative neuter plural)
-ῐοις (dative neuter plural)
-ĭoisĭ (dative neuter plural)
-ĭoisĭn (dative neuter plural)
-ĭois (dative neuter plural)
-ῐον (accusative masculine singular)
-ῐην (accusative feminine singular)
-ῐον (accusative neuter singular)
-ῐω (accusative dual masculine)
-ῐᾱ (accusative dual feminine)
-ῐω (accusative dual neuter)
-ῐους (accusative masculine plural)
-ῐᾱς (accusative feminine plural)
-ῐᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
-ῐε (masculine singular vocative)
-ῐη (feminine singular vocative)
-ῐον (neuter singular vocative)
-ῐω (dual masculine vocative)
-ῐᾱ (dual feminine vocative)
-ῐω (dual neuter vocative)
-ῐοι (masculine plural vocative)
-ῐαι (feminine plural vocative)
-ῐᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
-ῐως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
-ῐώτᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)

Greek: -ιος (-ios)

Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to ("of").

ἀπό-γε-ιος

Often added to a combination of preposition and noun (parasynthesis)


-ιος

head

-ιος • (-ios) m (feminine -ια, neuter -ιο)

-ios (romanization)
-ια (feminine)
-ιο (neuter)
-ιος (masculine nominative singular)
-ια (feminine nominative singular)
-ία (feminine nominative singular)
-ιο (neuter nominative singular)
-ιοι (masculine nominative)
-ιες (feminine nominative plural)
-ια (neuter nominative plural)
-ιου (genitive masculine singular)
-ίου (genitive masculine singular)
-ιας (feminine genitive singular)
-ίας (feminine genitive singular)
-ιου (genitive neuter singular)
-ίου (genitive neuter singular)
-ιων (genitive masculine)
-ίων (genitive masculine)
-ιων (feminine genitive plural)
-ίων (feminine genitive plural)
-ιων (genitive neuter plural)
-ίων (genitive neuter plural)
-ιο (accusative masculine singular)
-ια (accusative feminine singular)
-ία (accusative feminine singular)
-ιο (accusative neuter singular)
-ιους (accusative masculine)
-ίους (accusative masculine)
-ιες (accusative feminine plural)
-ια (accusative neuter plural)
-ιε (masculine singular vocative)
-ια (feminine singular vocative)
-ία (feminine singular vocative)
-ιο (neuter singular vocative)
-ιοι (masculine vocative)
-ιες (feminine plural vocative)
-ια (neuter plural vocative)

el-decl-adj-positive

Comparative: <i class="Grek mention" lang="el">πιο</i> + positive forms (e.g. πιο -ιος, etc.)
 Relative superlative: definite article + πιο + positive forms (e.g. ο πιο -ιος, etc.)

From Ancient Greek -ῐος (-ĭos). Found in inherited words, and compositions of formal words.

Κύπρος (Kýpros, “Cyprus”) + -ιος (-ios) → Κύπριος (Kýprios, “Cypriot”) (noun, demonym)

θάλασσα (thálassa, “sea”) + -ιος (-ios) → θαλάσσιος (thalássios, “marine”) (adjective)

αιώνας (aiónas, “century”) + -ιος (-ios) → αιώνιος (aiónios, “eternal”) (adjective)

Used to form nouns and adjectives indicating origin:


-ιος

-ios (romanization)
-ια (feminine)
-ιο (neuter)
-ιος (masculine nominative singular)
-ια (feminine nominative singular)
-ιο (neuter nominative singular)
-ιοι (masculine nominative)
-ιες (feminine nominative plural)
-ια (neuter nominative plural)
-ιου (genitive masculine singular)
-ιας (feminine genitive singular)
-ιου (genitive neuter singular)
-ιων (genitive masculine)
-ιων (feminine genitive plural)
-ιων (genitive neuter plural)
-ιο (accusative masculine singular)
-ια (accusative feminine singular)
-ιο (accusative neuter singular)
-ιους (accusative masculine)
-ιες (accusative feminine plural)
-ια (accusative neuter plural)
-ιε (masculine singular vocative)
-ια (feminine singular vocative)
-ιο (neuter singular vocative)
-ιοι (masculine vocative)
-ιες (feminine plural vocative)
-ια (neuter plural vocative)

Modern formations of derivatives from verbs or adjectives + -ιος (-ios)

σαπίζω (sapízo, “I rot”) + -ιος (-ios) → σάπιος (sápios, “rotten”) /ˈsapços/ (from verb)

καθαρός (katharós, “clean”) + -ιος (-ios) → καθάριος (kathários, “clear”) /kaˈθaɾʝos/ (from adjective)

Used to form adjectives indicating property, characteristic of the prototype word:


-yä

-yn (first-person positive present singular)
en -y (first-person negative present singular)
oon -ynt (first-person perfect positive singular)
oon -ynyt (first-person perfect positive singular)
en oo -ynt (first-person negative perfect singular)
en oo -ynyt (first-person negative perfect singular)
-yt (positive present second-person singular)
et -y (negative present second-person singular)
oot -ynt (perfect positive second-person singular)
oot -ynyt (perfect positive second-person singular)
et oo -ynt (negative perfect second-person singular)
et oo -ynyt (negative perfect second-person singular)
-yy (positive present singular third-person)
ei -y (negative present singular third-person)
ono -ynt (perfect positive singular third-person)
ono -ynyt (perfect positive singular third-person)
ei oo -ynt (negative perfect singular third-person)
ei oo -ynyt (negative perfect singular third-person)
-ymmä (first-person plural positive present)
emmä -y (first-person negative plural present)
oomma -yneet (first-person perfect plural positive)
emmä oo -yneet (first-person negative perfect plural)
-yttä (plural positive present second-person)
että -y (negative plural present second-person)
ootta -yneet (perfect plural positive second-person)
että oo -yneet (negative perfect plural second-person)
-yyt (plural positive present third-person)
-yvät (plural positive present third-person)
-ytää (plural positive present third-person)
evät -y (negative plural present third-person)
ei -ytä (negative plural present third-person)
ovat -yneet (perfect plural positive third-person)
evät oo -yneet (negative perfect plural third-person)
ei oo -ytty (negative perfect plural third-person)
-ytää (impersonal positive present)
ei -ytä (impersonal negative present)
ono -ytty (impersonal perfect positive)
ei oo -ytty (impersonal negative perfect)
-yin (first-person imperfect positive singular)
en -ynt (first-person imperfect negative singular)
en -ynyt (first-person imperfect negative singular)
olin -ynt (first-person pluperfect positive singular)
olin -ynyt (first-person pluperfect positive singular)
en olt -ynt (first-person negative pluperfect singular)
en olt -ynyt (first-person negative pluperfect singular)
-yit (imperfect positive second-person singular)
et -ynt (imperfect negative second-person singular)
et -ynyt (imperfect negative second-person singular)
olit -ynt (pluperfect positive second-person singular)
olit -ynyt (pluperfect positive second-person singular)
et olt -ynt (negative pluperfect second-person singular)
et olt -ynyt (negative pluperfect second-person singular)
-yi (imperfect positive singular third-person)
ei -ynt (imperfect negative singular third-person)
ei -ynyt (imperfect negative singular third-person)
oli -ynt (pluperfect positive singular third-person)
oli -ynyt (pluperfect positive singular third-person)
ei olt -ynt (negative pluperfect singular third-person)
ei olt -ynyt (negative pluperfect singular third-person)
-yimmä (first-person imperfect plural positive)
emmä -yneet (first-person imperfect negative plural)
olimma -yneet (first-person pluperfect plural positive)
emmä olleet -yneet (first-person negative pluperfect plural)
-yittä (imperfect plural positive second-person)
että -yneet (imperfect negative plural second-person)
olitta -yneet (pluperfect plural positive second-person)
että olleet -yneet (negative pluperfect plural second-person)
-yit (imperfect plural positive third-person)
-yivät (imperfect plural positive third-person)
-yttii (imperfect plural positive third-person)
evät -yneet (imperfect negative plural third-person)
ei -ytty (imperfect negative plural third-person)
olivat -yneet (pluperfect plural positive third-person)
evät olleet -yneet (negative pluperfect plural third-person)
ei olt -ytty (negative pluperfect plural third-person)
-yttii (imperfect impersonal positive)
ei -ytty (imperfect impersonal negative)
oli -ytty (impersonal pluperfect positive)
ei olt -ytty (impersonal negative pluperfect)
-yisin (first-person positive present singular)
en -yis (first-person negative present singular)
olisin -ynt (first-person perfect positive singular)
olisin -ynyt (first-person perfect positive singular)
en olis -ynt (first-person negative perfect singular)
en olis -ynyt (first-person negative perfect singular)
-yisit (positive present second-person singular)
-yist (positive present second-person singular)
et -yis (negative present second-person singular)
olisit -ynt (perfect positive second-person singular)
olisit -ynyt (perfect positive second-person singular)
et olis -ynt (negative perfect second-person singular)
et olis -ynyt (negative perfect second-person singular)
-yis (positive present singular third-person)
ei -yis (negative present singular third-person)
olis -ynt (perfect positive singular third-person)
olis -ynyt (perfect positive singular third-person)
ei olis -ynt (negative perfect singular third-person)
ei olis -ynyt (negative perfect singular third-person)
-yisimmä (first-person plural positive present)
emmä -yis (first-person negative plural present)
olisimma -yneet (first-person perfect plural positive)
emmä olis -yneet (first-person negative perfect plural)
-yisittä (plural positive present second-person)
että -yis (negative plural present second-person)
olisitta -yneet (perfect plural positive second-person)
että olis -yneet (negative perfect plural second-person)
-yisiit (plural positive present third-person)
-yisivät (plural positive present third-person)
-yttäis (plural positive present third-person)
evät -yis (negative plural present third-person)
ei -yttäis (negative plural present third-person)
olisivat -yneet (perfect plural positive third-person)
evät olis -yneet (negative perfect plural third-person)
ei olis -ytty (negative perfect plural third-person)
-yttäis (impersonal positive present)
ei -yttäis (impersonal negative present)
olis -ytty (impersonal perfect positive)
ei olis -ytty (impersonal negative perfect)
-y (positive present second-person singular)
elä -y (negative present second-person singular)
oo -ynt (perfect positive second-person singular)
oo -ynyt (perfect positive second-person singular)
elä oo -ynt (negative perfect second-person singular)
elä oo -ynyt (negative perfect second-person singular)
-yköö (positive present singular third-person)
elköö -ykö (negative present singular third-person)
olkoo -ynt (perfect positive singular third-person)
olkoo -ynyt (perfect positive singular third-person)
elköö olko -ynt (negative perfect singular third-person)
elköö olko -ynyt (negative perfect singular third-person)
-ykää (plural positive present second-person)
elkää -ykö (negative plural present second-person)
olkaa -yneet (perfect plural positive second-person)
elkää olko -yneet (negative perfect plural second-person)
-ykööt (plural positive present third-person)
elkööt -ykö (negative plural present third-person)
elköö -yttäkö (negative plural present third-person)
olkoot -yneet (perfect plural positive third-person)
elkööt olko -yneet (negative perfect plural third-person)
elköö olko -ytty (negative perfect plural third-person)
-yttäkköö (impersonal positive present)
elköö -yttäkö (impersonal negative present)
olkoo -ytty (impersonal perfect positive)
elköö olko -ytty (impersonal negative perfect)
-ynen (first-person positive present singular)
en -yne (first-person negative present singular)
-ynet (positive present second-person singular)
et -yne (negative present second-person singular)
-ynöö (positive present singular third-person)
ei -yne (negative present singular third-person)
-ynemmä (first-person plural positive present)
emmä -yne (first-person negative plural present)
-ynettä (plural positive present second-person)
että -yne (negative plural present second-person)
-ynööt (plural positive present third-person)
evät -yne (negative plural present third-person)
ei -yttäne (negative plural present third-person)
-yttännöö (impersonal positive present)
ei -yttäne (impersonal negative present)
-yä (infinitive infinitive-i)
-yvä (active participle present)
-yttävä (participle passive present)
-yjees (inessive infinitive infinitive-ii)
-ynt (active participle past)
-ynyt (active participle past)
-ytty (participle passive past)
-yen (infinitive infinitive-ii instructive)
-ymää (illative infinitive infinitive-iii)
-ymääs (inessive infinitive infinitive-iii)
-ymäst (elative infinitive infinitive-iii)
-ymätä (abessive infinitive infinitive-iii)
-ymiin (infinitive infinitive-iv nominative)
-ymistä (infinitive infinitive-iv partitive)
-ymist (infinitive infinitive-iv partitive)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-ъ

-ъ (nominative singular)
-a (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-a (genitive singular)
-u (dual genitive)
-ъ (genitive plural)
-u (dative singular)
-oma (dative dual)
-omъ (dative plural)
-ъ (accusative singular)
-a (accusative dual)
-y (accusative plural)
-ъmь (instrumental singular)
-omь (instrumental singular)
-oma (dual instrumental)
-y (instrumental plural)
-ě (locative singular)
-u (dual locative)
-ěxъ (locative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-a (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъ (-ŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ъ

Russian: -ъ (Pre-reform orthography (1918))

Old Novgorodian: -е (-e)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ъ (-ŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⱏ (-ŭ)

Since mid-19th century two scenarios for the development of Indo-European *-os in Slavic have been proposed, respectively deriving this desinence:
* immediately from Proto-Indo-European *-os with narrowing of the vowel in the final syllable.
* from the accusative, analogically after other stem classes (u- and i-stems), probably to avoid homonymy with the neuter ending *-o.
A variant of the former view first proposed by Zaliznyak, Dybo and Nikolayev holds that IE *-os became *-ə in Slavic, which developed into *-ъ in mainstream dialects but into -е (-e) in Old Novgorodian. In the latter view, the Old Novgorodian ending can be considered original, with generalisation of the front variant from the soft declension.
Some authors also speculated that *-os could have had both outcomes depending on some other factors, with subsequent generalisation of one or the other in different grammatical categories.

-o

ending for hypocoristic masculine names; real; argued to be the reflex of PIE *-os

(diachronic) Nominative singular desinence for masculine o-stems.

poteťi (“to elapse; start flowing”) → *potokъ (“brook, stream”)

teťi (“to flow (liquid); run (time) etc.”) → *tokъ (“flow, stream”)

gňiti (“to rot”) → *gnojь (“pus”)

vezti (“to drive, take, carry”) → *vozъ (“cart, wagon”)

(synchronic) Deverbative, in combination with o-grade of the root, forming nouns of the form *-CoC-ъ.


hygr-

hygraulic, hygric, hygrine


-rnus

-rnus (masculine nominative singular)
-rna (feminine nominative singular)
-rnum (neuter nominative singular)
-rnī (masculine nominative singular)
-rnae (feminine nominative plural)
-rna (neuter nominative plural)
-rnī (genitive masculine singular)
-rnae (feminine genitive singular)
-rnī (genitive neuter singular)
-rnōrum (genitive masculine singular)
-rnārum (feminine genitive plural)
-rnōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-rnō (dative masculine singular)
-rnae (dative feminine singular)
-rnō (dative neuter singular)
-rnīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-rnum (accusative masculine singular)
-rnam (accusative feminine singular)
-rnum (accusative neuter singular)
-rnōs (accusative masculine singular)
-rnās (accusative feminine plural)
-rna (accusative neuter plural)
-rnō (ablative masculine singular)
-rnā (ablative feminine singular)
-rnō (ablative neuter singular)
-rnīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-rne (masculine singular vocative)
-rna (feminine singular vocative)
-rnum (neuter singular vocative)
-rnī (masculine singular vocative)
-rnae (feminine plural vocative)
-rna (neuter plural vocative)

From earlier *-rinos, from Proto-Italic *-zinos, from -nus or from some -r- or -s- stem + -nus. Metanalysis of this suffix led to its free use.


-ий

-ij (romanization)
-ий (masculine nominative possessive)
-ье (neuter nominative possessive)
-ья (feminine nominative possessive)
-ьи (nominative plural possessive)
-ьего (genitive masculine neuter possessive)
-ьей (feminine genitive possessive)
-ьих (genitive plural possessive)
-ьему (dative masculine neuter possessive)
-ьей (dative feminine possessive)
-ьим (dative plural possessive)
-ьего (accusative animate masculine possessive)
-ье (accusative neuter possessive)
-ью (accusative feminine possessive)
-ьих (accusative animate plural possessive)
-ий (accusative inanimate masculine possessive)
-ьи (accusative inanimate plural possessive)
-ьим (instrumental masculine neuter possessive)
-ьей (feminine instrumental possessive)
-ьею (feminine instrumental possessive)
-ьими (instrumental plural possessive)
-ьем (masculine neuter possessive prepositional)
-ьей (feminine possessive prepositional)
-ьих (plural possessive prepositional)

Reanalysis of Latin and New Latin terms suffixed with Latin -um or -ium.

чугу́н (čugún) + -ий (-ij) → (humorous) чугу́ний (čugúnij, literally “cast ironium”)

forms names of chemical elements, especially metallic ones: -ium


-daş

From Ottoman Turkish ـداش, from Proto-Turkic *-daĺ. Contraction of locative suffix -da/-de and eş “companion”.

A noun-forming suffix frequently denoting a "fellow of", "having in common", "sharing".


-lan

Probably a compound suffix from al (“past, over”) + -an (adverb-forming suffix) meaning past a certain time, space or number.

af

életfogytig + -lan → életfogytiglan

Az egész falu leégett az utolsó háziglan.

The entire village burned down to the last house. (No house was spared in the fire.)

(adverb-forming suffix, rare, archaic) Usually added to words ending in the terminative case suffix -ig (“until, till, up to”) and it means the inclusion of the mentioned boundary (not just up to the boundary).


igul-

From Old Norse ígull, from Proto-Germanic *igilaz.


-кать

Suffix used to create verbs denoting onomatopoeic sounds or an expressive action.


-any

From -a- (linking vowel) + -ny (nominal-forming suffix).

affix

híg (“thin (liquid)”) + -any → higany (“mercury”)

(nominal-forming suffix) Added to a word to form a noun or an adjective.


-any

Polish: -any

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-anъ (in some cases Proto-Slavic *-ěnъ).

forms masculine adjectives or adjectival participles


-any

-any (masculine nominative singular)
-ana (feminine nominative singular)
-ane (neuter nominative singular)
-ani (nominative plural virile)
-ane (nominative plural)
-anego (genitive masculine singular)
-anej (feminine genitive singular)
-anego (genitive neuter singular)
-anych (genitive plural)
-anych (genitive plural virile)
-anemu (dative masculine singular)
-anej (dative feminine singular)
-anemu (dative neuter singular)
-anym (dative plural)
-anym (dative plural virile)
-anego (accusative animate masculine singular)
-any (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
-aną (accusative feminine singular)
-ane (accusative neuter singular)
-anych (accusative plural virile)
-ane (accusative plural)
-anym (instrumental masculine singular)
-aną (feminine instrumental singular)
-anym (instrumental neuter singular)
-anymi (instrumental plural)
-anymi (instrumental plural virile)
-anym (locative masculine singular)
-anej (feminine locative singular)
-anym (locative neuter singular)
-anych (locative plural)
-anych (locative plural virile)

Inherited from Old Polish -any, from Proto-Slavic *-anъ (in some cases Proto-Slavic *-ěnъ).

dobrać + -any → dobrany


-istan

-ıstan (back-vowel-harmony unrounded-harmony)
-istan (front-vowel-harmony unrounded-harmony)
-ustan (back-vowel-harmony rounded-harmony)
-üstan (front-vowel-harmony rounded-harmony)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـِسْتَان (-istān).


-istan

Compare Persian ـِستَان (-estân), from Proto-Iranian *stáHnam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam (“act of standing; place”), from Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂nom, derived from the root *steh₂- (“to stand”).

der

dar (“tree”) + -istan → daristan (“forest”)

Used to form feminine collective nouns, meaning “a place in which to find a great quantity of the object expressed by the root noun”


-öny

From -ö- (linking vowel) + -ny (nominal-forming suffix).

af

ölt (“to stitch”) + -öny → öltöny (“(men's) suit”)


транс-

From Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).


-logija

From Ancient Greek -λογία (-logía) or Latin -logia, from Ancient Greek λέγω (légō, “to speak”).


αεί-

αεί- (aeí-) + κινητός (kinitós, “moving”) → αεικίνητο (aeikínito, “perpetual motion”)


teili-

From Ancient Greek τῆλε (têle, “at a distance, far off, far away, far from”).


-āds

Added to adjectives to derive other adjectives with the meaning 'of this kind' or 'similar to' the original adjective.


теле-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek τῆλε (têle, “at a distance, far off, far away, far from”).

tele- (over a distance; relating to television)


-ат

Suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, meaning "having X".


-ат

From German -at, first from direct loanwords, and later becoming productive on its own.

адрѐса → адрѐса̄т

у̑нија → унѝјат

А̑зија → Азѝјат

Мѝја → Мѝјат

делега́ција → делѐга̄т

кандиди́рати → кандѝда̄т

Used on nominal and verbal stems of loanwords, rarely of native words, to build nouns of various meanings.

дѐка̄н → дека̀на̄т

еко̀ном → еконо̀ма̄т

ка̀лӣф → калѝфа̄т

конзул → конзу̀ла̄т

ма̀рша̄л → маршалат

про̀тектор → протекто̀ра̄т

ре̏ктор → ректо̀ра̄т

до̏ктор → докто̀ра̄т

ђа̏кон → ђако̀на̄т

ле̏ктор → лекто̀ра̄т

па̀тро̄н → патро̀на̄т

на̀дбискуп → надбиску̀па̄т

ѐпископ → еписко̀па̄т

ла̀ик → лаѝка̄т

па̀трӣцӣј → патрицѝја̄т

бикарбо́на → бикарбо̀на̄т

јод → јо̀да̄т

сепарирати → сепа̀ра̄т

цити́рати → цѝта̄т

дикти́рати → дѝкта̄т

хѝсто̄рија → хисторѝја̄т


-erik

From various names, such as Frederik and Diderik.

(informal, no longer particularly productive) denotes persons characterized by ...


-erik

Suffix used with adjectives to indicate a person with a certain quality.


-atъ

-àtъ (canonical)
-atъ (indefinite masculine nominative singular)
-ata (feminine indefinite nominative singular)
-ato (indefinite neuter nominative singular)
-ata (genitive indefinite masculine singular)
-aty (feminine genitive indefinite singular)
-ata (genitive indefinite neuter singular)
-atu (dative indefinite masculine singular)
-atě (dative feminine indefinite singular)
-atu (dative indefinite neuter singular)
-atъ (accusative indefinite masculine singular)
-atǫ (accusative feminine indefinite singular)
-ato (accusative indefinite neuter singular)
-atomь (indefinite instrumental masculine singular)
-atojǫ (feminine indefinite instrumental singular)
-atomь (indefinite instrumental neuter singular)
-atě (indefinite locative masculine singular)
-atě (feminine indefinite locative singular)
-atě (indefinite locative neuter singular)
-ate (indefinite masculine singular vocative)
-ato (feminine indefinite singular vocative)
-ato (indefinite neuter singular vocative)
-ata (dual indefinite masculine nominative)
-atě (dual feminine indefinite nominative)
-atě (dual indefinite neuter nominative)
-atu (dual genitive indefinite masculine)
-atu (dual feminine genitive indefinite)
-atu (dual genitive indefinite neuter)
-atoma (dative dual indefinite masculine)
-atama (dative dual feminine indefinite)
-atoma (dative dual indefinite neuter)
-ata (accusative dual indefinite masculine)
-atě (accusative dual feminine indefinite)
-atě (accusative dual indefinite neuter)
-atoma (dual indefinite instrumental masculine)
-atama (dual feminine indefinite instrumental)
-atoma (dual indefinite instrumental neuter)
-atu (dual indefinite locative masculine)
-atu (dual feminine indefinite locative)
-atu (dual indefinite locative neuter)
-ata (dual indefinite masculine vocative)
-atě (dual feminine indefinite vocative)
-atě (dual indefinite neuter vocative)
-ati (indefinite masculine nominative plural)
-aty (feminine indefinite nominative plural)
-ata (indefinite neuter nominative plural)
-atъ (genitive indefinite masculine plural)
-atъ (feminine genitive indefinite plural)
-atъ (genitive indefinite neuter plural)
-atomъ (dative indefinite masculine plural)
-atamъ (dative feminine indefinite plural)
-atomъ (dative indefinite neuter plural)
-aty (accusative indefinite masculine plural)
-aty (accusative feminine indefinite plural)
-ata (accusative indefinite neuter plural)
-aty (indefinite instrumental masculine plural)
-atami (feminine indefinite instrumental plural)
-aty (indefinite instrumental neuter plural)
-atěxъ (indefinite locative masculine plural)
-ataxъ (feminine indefinite locative plural)
-atěxъ (indefinite locative neuter plural)
-ati (indefinite masculine plural vocative)
-aty (feminine indefinite plural vocative)
-ata (indefinite neuter plural vocative)
-atъjь (definite masculine nominative singular)
-ataja (definite feminine nominative singular)
-atoje (definite neuter nominative singular)
-atajego (definite genitive masculine singular)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine genitive singular)
-atajego (definite genitive neuter singular)
-atujemu (dative definite masculine singular)
-atěji (dative definite feminine singular)
-atujemu (dative definite neuter singular)
-atъjь (accusative definite masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (accusative definite feminine singular)
-atoje (accusative definite neuter singular)
-atyjimь (definite instrumental masculine singular)
-atǫjǫ (definite feminine instrumental singular)
-atyjimь (definite instrumental neuter singular)
-atějemь (definite locative masculine singular)
-atěji (definite feminine locative singular)
-atějemь (definite locative neuter singular)
-atъjь (definite masculine singular vocative)
-ataja (definite feminine singular vocative)
-atoje (definite neuter singular vocative)
-ataja (definite dual masculine nominative)
-atěji (definite dual feminine nominative)
-atěji (definite dual neuter nominative)
-atuju (definite dual genitive masculine)
-atuju (definite dual feminine genitive)
-atuju (definite dual genitive neuter)
-atyjima (dative definite dual masculine)
-atyjima (dative definite dual feminine)
-atyjima (dative definite dual neuter)
-ataja (accusative definite dual masculine)
-atěji (accusative definite dual feminine)
-atěji (accusative definite dual neuter)
-atyjima (definite dual instrumental masculine)
-atyjima (definite dual feminine instrumental)
-atyjima (definite dual instrumental neuter)
-atuju (definite dual locative masculine)
-atuju (definite dual feminine locative)
-atuju (definite dual locative neuter)
-ataja (definite dual masculine vocative)
-atěji (definite dual feminine vocative)
-atěji (definite dual neuter vocative)
-atiji (definite masculine nominative plural)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine nominative plural)
-ataja (definite neuter nominative plural)
-atъjixъ (definite genitive masculine plural)
-atъjixъ (definite feminine genitive plural)
-atъjixъ (definite genitive neuter plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite masculine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite feminine plural)
-atyjimъ (dative definite neuter plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative definite masculine plural)
-atyję̇ (accusative definite feminine plural)
-ataja (accusative definite neuter plural)
-atyjimi (definite instrumental masculine plural)
-atyjimi (definite feminine instrumental plural)
-atyjimi (definite instrumental neuter plural)
-atyjixъ (definite locative masculine plural)
-atyjixъ (definite feminine locative plural)
-atyjixъ (definite locative neuter plural)
-atiji (definite masculine plural vocative)
-atyję̇ (definite feminine plural vocative)
-ataja (definite neuter plural vocative)

sla-decl-adj-table

Indefinite declension of *-atъ (hard)

Definite declension of *-atъ (hard)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -атъ (-atŭ)

Old Ruthenian: -атый (-atyj)

Belarusian: -а́ты (-áty)

Ukrainian: -а́тий (-átyj)

Russian: -а́тый (-átyj)

Old Novgorodian: -ате (-ate)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -а́т (-át)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ат

Latin script: -at

Slovene: -àt

West Slavic:

Czech: -atý

Polish: -aty

Slovak: -atý

Slovincian: -aty

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -aty

Lower Sorbian: -aty

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-āˀtas, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. Technically, could also reflect Proto-Indo-European *-eh₃tós, though, this suffix is encountered only sporadically in lemmas of uncertain origin, e.g. Ancient Greek κῑβωτός (kībōtós, “coffer, wooden box, container”). See also athematic Ancient Greek -ής (-ḗs) (gen. -ῆτος (-êtos)), attested for instance in ἀργής (argḗs, “shiny”), πένης (pénēs, “poor”), βλής (blḗs, “thrown”).
In loanwords, reflects Latin -ātus, Ancient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos) or Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ātas as in demotic Church Slavonic креватъ (krevatŭ, “bed, coach”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κράββατος (krábbatos, “bed”), or Proto-Slavic *xorvatъ from a Scythian ethnonym, rendered as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos) in Ancient Greek.

cog

bordà (“beard”) → *bordàtъ (“bearded”)

čelò (“forehead”) → *čelàtъ (“having large/prominent forehead”)

usta (“mouth”) → *ustàtъ (“having big mouth; figr. chatty, garrulous”)

uxo (“ear”) → *ušàtъ (“having prominent ears”)

From body parts, creates adjectives referring to the respective part


-aard

From Middle Dutch -aert, from Old Dutch *ard, from Frankish *ardi, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“characteristic, quality, nature”). Compare Old French -art. Alternatively from Frankish *-hard (“hardy, bold”), from Proto-Germanic *harduz (“hard”).


sauro-

New Latin prefix (derived from Greek), coined for scientific words such as the infraorder name Sauropoda, from Greek sauros, "lizard" + New Latin suffix (derived from Greek) -poda, "foot(ed)"


-sauce

Probably generalized from awesome sauce.

awesome + -sauce → awesomesauce

weak + -sauce → weaksauce

lame + -sauce → lamesauce

(slang) Used to add emphasis to adjectives, especially those that relate to cool- or uncoolness.


-ьca

-ьca (nominative singular)
-ьci (dual nominative)
-ьcę̇ (nominative plural)
-ьcę̇ (genitive singular)
-ьcu (dual genitive)
-ьcь (genitive plural)
-ьci (dative singular)
-ьcama (dative dual)
-ьcamъ (dative plural)
-ьcǫ (accusative singular)
-ьci (accusative dual)
-ьcę̇ (accusative plural)
-ьcejǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьcama (dual instrumental)
-ьcami (instrumental plural)
-ьci (locative singular)
-ьcu (dual locative)
-ьcasъ (locative plural)
-ьcaxъ (locative plural)
-ьce (singular vocative)
-ьci (dual vocative)
-ьcę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Belarusian: -ца (-ca)

Russian: -ца (-ca)

Carpathian Rusyn: -ця (-cja)

Ukrainian: -ця́ (-cjá)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьца (-ĭca)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⱌⰰ (-ĭca)

Bulgarian: -ца́ (-cá)

Macedonian: -ца (-ca)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ца

Latin script: -ca

Slovene: -ca

West Slavic:

Czech: -ce

desctree

Old Polish: -ca
Polish: -ca
Silesian: -ca

Slovak: -ca

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ca

Upper Sorbian: -ca

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ca

Slovincian: -ca

From earlier *-ьka, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ikāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-keh₂.

ubiti (“to kill”) → *ubьjьca (“killer”)

ědti > *ěsti (“to eat”) → *ědьca (“eater”)

Deverbal (from the stem), forms agent nouns.


-ъkъ

-ъkъ (nominative singular)
-ъka (dual nominative)
-ъci (nominative plural)
-ъka (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъku (dative singular)
-ъkoma (dative dual)
-ъkomъ (dative plural)
-ъkъ (accusative singular)
-ъka (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkъmь (instrumental singular)
-ъkomь (instrumental singular)
-ъkoma (dual instrumental)
-ъky (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъcěxъ (locative plural)
-ъče (singular vocative)
-ъka (dual vocative)
-ъci (plural vocative)

Nominal suffix, formed by rebracketing of *-kъ, typically appended to ancient u-stems. Can also be attached to o-stems to form derivatives of the specified object/property. Compare Proto-Iranian *-akah and Sanskrit -अक (-aka) formed in the same way.

listъ (“leaf”) → *listъkъ (“leaflet, a small leaf”)

synъ (“son”) → *synъkъ (“boy, little son”)

bebrъ (“beaver”) → *bebrъkъ (“small beaver”)

medъ (“honey”) → *medъkъ (“honey product”)

pominǫti (“to pass”) → *pominъkъ (“livelihood, means to survive”)

do (“to, nearby”) + *jьměti (“to have”) → *nedojьmъkъ (“poverty, lack of income”)

Deverbal, forms abstract nouns of the specified action

strěľati (“to knock, to hew”) → *strělъkъ (“shooter”)

skrebti (“to scrape”) → *skrebъkъ (“scraper”)

gǫděti (“to buzz, to honk”) → *gǫdъkъ (“horn, buzzer”)

pьlzti (“to craw”) → dial. *pьlžьkъ (“slug”)

Deverbal, forms tool or agent nouns for the specified action: -er


-ъka

-ъka (nominative singular)
-ъcě (dual nominative)
-ъky (nominative plural)
-ъky (genitive singular)
-ъku (dual genitive)
-ъkъ (genitive plural)
-ъcě (dative singular)
-ъkama (dative dual)
-ъkamъ (dative plural)
-ъkǫ (accusative singular)
-ъcě (accusative dual)
-ъky (accusative plural)
-ъkojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkǫ (instrumental singular)
-ъkama (dual instrumental)
-ъkami (instrumental plural)
-ъcě (locative singular)
-ъku (dual locative)
-ъkasъ (locative plural)
-ъkaxъ (locative plural)
-ъko (singular vocative)
-ъcě (dual vocative)
-ъky (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Old Ruthenian: -ка (-ka)

Belarusian: -ка (-ka)

Ukrainian: -ка (-ka)

Russian: -ка (-ka)

Solombala English: -ка (-ka)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ъка (-ŭka)

Glagolitic: -ⱏⰽⰰ (-ŭka)

Bulgarian: -ка (-ka)

Macedonian: -ка (-ka)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ка

Latin script: -ka

Slovene: -ka

West Slavic:

Czech: -ka

Polish: -ka

Polabian: -kă

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ka

Slovincian: -ka

Slovak: -ka

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ka

Lower Sorbian: -ka

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kāˀ, from extended version of Proto-Indo-European *-keh₂, appended to thematic roots. The suffix could be attached to any stem (o-, u-, i-, or consonant). Cognate with Sanskrit -क (-ka).

-jьka

when attached to roots ending in *-j- or some i-stems

, *-ъlа (with additional derogatory flair)

mati (“mother”) + *-ъka → *matьka (“mommy”)

teta (“aunt”) + *-ъka → *tetъka (“auntie”)

gora (“mountain”) + *-ъka → *gorъka (“small mountain, hill”)

pǫpъ (“belly button”) + *-ъka → *pǫpъka (“pimple”)

kotъ (“cat”) + *-ъka → *kotъka (“young cat”)

bylьje (“herb plant, medicine”) + *-ъka → *bylьka (“herb”)

lъga (“oval tool”) + *-ъka → *lyžьka (“spoon”) (along with *lъžica)

vidla (“pitchfork”) + *-ъka → *vidlъka (“fork”) (along with *vidlica)

pala (“stake, pole”) + *-ъka → *palъka (“cane, stick”) (along with *palica)

bělъ (“white”) + *-ъka → *bělъka (“something or somebody white”)

čьrnъ (“black”) + *-ъka → *čьrnъka (“something or somebody black”)

bolь (“painful”) + *-ъka → *bolъka (“acute pain”)

polъ (“half”) + *-ъka → *polъka (“one half; type of dance”)

-měrъ (“considerable, great”) + *-ъka → *měrъka (“measure, estimate”)

Deadjectival, denoting a carrier of the specified property.

prositi (“to ask, to beg”) + *-ъka → *prošьka (“remission, pardon”)

dojiti (“to nurse, to give milk”) + *-ъka → *dojьka (“breast, wet-nurse”)

krojiti (“to cut, to shape”) + *-ъka → *krojьka (“embroidery, needlework”)

brojiti (“to count”) + *-ъka → *brojьka (“account, number”)

bьrati (“to gather, to pick”) + *-ъka → *sъbirъka (“gathering, assemblage”)

pьrati (“to propel”) + *-ъka → *perъka (“fin, propeller, vane (of a machine)”)

svirati (“to play a music instrument”) + *-ъka → *svirъka (“flute”)

Deverbal, denoting a (feminine) agent or a tool performing the specified action or a result from the action.

dъva (“two”) + *-ъka → *dvojьka (“pair”)

trьje (“three”) + *-ъka → *trojьka (“triple”)

četyre (“four”) + *-ъka → *četvorъka (“set of four”)

pętь (“five”) + *-ъka → *pętorъka (“set of five”)

desętь (“ten”) + *-ъka → *desętъka (“decade”)

From numerals, denoting a set of the respective number. For numerals between 4 and 8, the supplementary *-orъ is affixed.


-tva

-tva (nominative singular)
-tvě (dual nominative)
-tvy (nominative plural)
-tvy (genitive singular)
-tvu (dual genitive)
-tvъ (genitive plural)
-tvě (dative singular)
-tvama (dative dual)
-tvamъ (dative plural)
-tvǫ (accusative singular)
-tvě (accusative dual)
-tvy (accusative plural)
-tvojǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvǫ (instrumental singular)
-tvama (dual instrumental)
-tvami (instrumental plural)
-tvě (locative singular)
-tvu (dual locative)
-tvasъ (locative plural)
-tvaxъ (locative plural)
-tvo (singular vocative)
-tvě (dual vocative)
-tvy (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)

Belarusian: -тва (-tva)

Russian: -тва (-tva)

Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)

Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)

Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)

Macedonian: -тва (-tva)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -тва

Latin script: -tva

Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -tva

Polish: -twa

Slovak: -tva

Slovincian: -tva

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -twa

Lower Sorbian: -twa

From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem). Or from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂; compare Gothic -𐌸𐍅𐌰 (-þwa), -𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 (-þwōs) and Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), -त्वा (-tvā).
Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà .

pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.

briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.


-tva

Inherited from Old Czech -tva, -tba, from Proto-Slavic *-tva, from Proto-Indo-European *-tweh₂.

bít (“to beat; to fight”) + -tva → bitva (“battle”)

suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting an action


-ežь

-ežь (nominative singular)
-eža (dual nominative)
-eži (nominative plural)
-eža (genitive singular)
-ežu (dual genitive)
-ežь (genitive plural)
-ežu (dative singular)
-ežema (dative dual)
-ežemъ (dative plural)
-ežь (accusative singular)
-eža (accusative dual)
-ežę̇ (accusative plural)
-ežьmь (instrumental singular)
-ežemь (instrumental singular)
-ežema (dual instrumental)
-eži (instrumental plural)
-eži (locative singular)
-ežu (dual locative)
-ežixъ (locative plural)
-ežu (singular vocative)
-eža (dual vocative)
-eži (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ежь (-ežĭ)

Belarusian: -еж (-jež), -ёж (-jož)

desc

Russian: -ёжь (-jóžʹ), -ёж (-jóž), -еж (-ež)

Ukrainian: -іж (-iž)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -єжь (-ežĭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰵⰶⱐ (-ežĭ)

Bulgarian: -еж (-ež)

Macedonian: -еж (-ež)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -еж

Latin script: -ež

Slovene: -ež

West Slavic:

Czech: -ež

Kashubian: -éż, -éżô, -ża

Polish: -eż

Slovak: -ež

Slovincian: -éż

According to Matasović, the origin of the suffix is unclear. He dismisses an old theory due to Vaillant for borrowing ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āgium, because there are not any loanwords in proto-Slavic which display this suffix.

/mętti/ > *męsti (“to mix”) → *mętežь (“chaos, confusion”)
sluti (“to utter”) → *slovežь (“utterance”)
orsti (“to grow, to rise”) → *orstežь (“growth”)

From verbs ending in -C- */padti/ > *pasti (“to fall”) → *padežь (“fall”)

paliti (“to ignite, to set on fire”) → *paležь (“arson”)

From verbs ending in -i- *grabiti (“to grab, to seize”) → *grabežь (“grabbing”)

čьrtati (“to draw”) → *čьrtežь (“sketch”)

From verbs ending in -a- *drapati (“to scratch”) → *drapežь (“plunder”)


-erd

suffix used with adjectives to indicate a person with a certain quality


-išče

-išče (nominative singular)
-išči (dual nominative)
-išča (nominative plural)
-išča (genitive singular)
-išču (dual genitive)
-iščь (genitive plural)
-išču (dative singular)
-iščema (dative dual)
-iščemъ (dative plural)
-išče (accusative singular)
-išči (accusative dual)
-išča (accusative plural)
-iščьmь (instrumental singular)
-iščemь (instrumental singular)
-iščema (dual instrumental)
-išči (instrumental plural)
-išči (locative singular)
-išču (dual locative)
-iščixъ (locative plural)
-išče (singular vocative)
-išči (dual vocative)
-išča (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ище (-išče)

Belarusian: -ішча (-išča), -ышча (-yšča)

Russian: -ище (-išče)

Carpathian Rusyn: -іще (-išče)

Ukrainian: -ище (-yšče)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ище (-ište)

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⰵ (-ište)

Bulgarian: -ище (-ište)

Macedonian: -иште (-ište)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -иште

Latin script: -ište, -išče, -išće

Slovene: -išče

West Slavic:

Czech: -iště

Polabian: -istě

Polish: -yszcze, -iszcze

Slovak: -ište, -iščo (dialectal)

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -išćo

Upper Sorbian: -išćo

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -iszcze, -ëszcze

Slovincian: -iszczô, -ëszczô

From earlier *isk-je. Originally it was probably used exclusively denominally for forming augmentatives, and later a semantic shift to place names occurred. E.g. *bolto (“mud”) → *boltišče (“large mud, a lot of mud”) > "there where is muddy". Deverbal formations from verbs on *-iti are a late innovation.

-isko

West Slavic, partially Belarusian and Ukrainian

gnojь (“manure, pus, dung”) → *gnojišče (“midden, cesspool, manure pile”)

ogňь (“fire”) → *ogňišče (“fireplace”)

sǫdъ (“judgement, trial”) → *sǫdišče (“court”)

lovъ (“hunting, hunt”) → *lovišče (“hunting area/ground”)

dvorъ (“court, courtyard”) → *dvorišče (“yard”)

tъrgъ (“commodity, wares; market”) → *tъržišče (“market, fairground”)

Denominal, forming augmentatives, denoting increase or growth of quality.

baba (“old woman”) → *babišče (“hag”)

čudo (“wonder”) → *čudovišče (“monster”)

Denominal, forming emotionally colored nouns, mostly augmentatives (usually with pejorative connotation), rarely diminutives.

kosa (“scythe”) → *kosišče (“scythe handle”)

toporъ (“axe, hatchet”) → *toporišče (“axe handle”)

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a handle of a tool.


-išče

Czech: -iště

bydliti + -išče → bydlišče

oheň + -išče → ohnišče

noun suffix used to denote a place, similar e.g. to -ery


-išče

Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a place where an action occurs, and less commonly used to form augmentatives.


-ьje

-ьje (nominative singular)
-ьji (dual nominative)
-ьja (nominative plural)
-ьja (genitive singular)
-ьju (dual genitive)
-ьjь (genitive plural)
-ьju (dative singular)
-ьjema (dative dual)
-ьjemъ (dative plural)
-ьje (accusative singular)
-ьji (accusative dual)
-ьja (accusative plural)
-ьjьmь (instrumental singular)
-ьjemь (instrumental singular)
-ьjema (dual instrumental)
-ьji (instrumental plural)
-ьji (locative singular)
-ьju (dual locative)
-ьjixъ (locative plural)
-ьje (singular vocative)
-ьji (dual vocative)
-ьja (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ие (-ije)

Belarusian: -е (-je), -а (-a)

Carpathian Rusyn: -а (-a), -я (-ja)

Russian: -ьё (-ʹjó), -ие (-ije), -ье (-ʹje)

Ukrainian: -я (-ja)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Cyrillic: -ьѥ (-ĭje), -иѥ (-ije)

Glagolitic: -ⱐⰵ (-ĭe), -ⰻⰵ (-ie)

Macedonian: -ие (-ie), -је (-je)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -је; allomorphic: -ће (<* -t-ьje), -шће (<* -st-ьje) -ње (< *-n-ьje), -ље (< *-l-ьje)

Latin: -je; allomorphic: -će (<* -t-ьje), -šće (<* -st-ьje) -nje (< *-n-ьje), -lje (< *-l-ьje)

Slovene: -je

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ie

Czech: -í

Kashubian: -ié

Polish: -e, -ė, -ie

Slovak: -ie

Slovincian: -é

From the neuter form of *-ьjь (See Etymology 2), from *-ь + *-jь.
Akin to deverbal suffixes *-nьje and *-tьje. However, comparison with other Indo-European languages indicates archaicity of denominal formations, which are most likely substantivized adjectives. Compare
* Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “dream”) → ἐνύπνιον (enúpnion, “dreaming”) = Common Slavic *sъnъ → *sъnьje
* Latin ōs, ōris (“mouth”) → ōstium (“estuary, river mouth”) = Common Slavic *usta → *ustьje

-nьje

deverbal, with a *-n- suffix taken from past passive participle

-tьje

deverbal, with a *-t- suffix taken from past passive participle

ostrovъ (“island”) → *ostrovьje (“archipelago”)

jedla (“spruce, fir”) → *jedlьje (“fir forest”)

dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbьje (“oaks”)

kamy, *kamene- (“stone”) → *kamenьje (“stones, rocks”)


-ьba

-ьba (nominative singular)
-ьbě (dual nominative)
-ьby (nominative plural)
-ьby (genitive singular)
-ьbu (dual genitive)
-ьbъ (genitive plural)
-ьbě (dative singular)
-ьbama (dative dual)
-ьbamъ (dative plural)
-ьbǫ (accusative singular)
-ьbě (accusative dual)
-ьby (accusative plural)
-ьbojǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbǫ (instrumental singular)
-ьbama (dual instrumental)
-ьbami (instrumental plural)
-ьbě (locative singular)
-ьbu (dual locative)
-ьbasъ (locative plural)
-ьbaxъ (locative plural)
-ьbo (singular vocative)
-ьbě (dual vocative)
-ьby (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ьба (-ĭba)

Belarusian: -ба (-ba)

Russian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

Ukrainian: -ьба (-ʹba), -ба (-ba)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -ьба (-ĭba)

Glagolitic script: -ⱐⰱⰰ (-ĭba)

Bulgarian: -ба (-ba)

Macedonian: -ба (-ba)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ба

Latin script: -ba

Slovene: -ba

West Slavic:

Czech: -ba

Polish: -ba

Slovak: -ba

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ba

Lower Sorbian: -ba

Originally the suffix proper is *-ba, with *-ь and *-o abstracted from i- and o-stem basewords, respectively. Sometimes the original abstract noun in *-ь is still preserved, e.g.
* *bornь (“defense; fight; dispute”) → *bornьba
* *rězь (“cut, cutting”) → *rězьba
Further, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ba, from Proto-Indo-European *-bʰo-, *-bʰeh₂ found in nouns and adjectives.
Cognate with Lithuanian -ýba, -ỹbė and Latvian -ība.

družьba (“company”) ⇐ *družiti sę (“to socialize, get together”) ⇐ *drugъ

služьba (“service, serving”) ⇐ *služiti (“to serve”) ⇐ *sluga

gǫdьba (“band”) ⇐ *gǫsti (“to play a string instrument”) < *gǫdti

-ьda

in *pravьda; *prěmьda, *krivьda, *voržьda, *bajьda


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tloy (dual nominative)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tloy (dual vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tloy (accusative dual)
-tlosyo (genitive singular)
-tloHom (genitive plural)
-tlead (ablative singular)
-tlomos (ablative plural)
-tlobʰos (ablative plural)
-tloey (dative singular)
-tlomos (dative plural)
-tlobʰos (dative plural)
-tley (locative singular)
-tloy (locative singular)
-tloysu (locative plural)
-tlōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tla(s)

Proto-Baltic: *-tla

Lithuanian: *-kla

Proto-Slavic: *-slo

Proto-Celtic: *-tlom

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-dʰlom via Verner's law) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tlon

Ancient Greek: -τλον (-tlon)

Proto-Italic: *-klom

Latin: -clum

Latin: -culum (by anaptyxis)

Latin: -crum

Latin: -ulum


-tlom

-tlom (nominative singular)
-tlou (dual nominative)
-tlā (nominative plural)
-tlom (singular vocative)
-tlou (dual vocative)
-tlā (plural vocative)
-tlom (accusative singular)
-tlou (accusative dual)
-tlā (accusative plural)
-tlī (genitive singular)
-tlous (dual genitive)
-tlom (genitive plural)
-tlūi (dative singular)
-tlobom (dative dual)
-tlobos (dative plural)
-tlei (locative singular)
-tlū (instrumental singular)
-tlobim (dual instrumental)
-tlūis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Brythonic: *-tl, *-dl and *-θl

Gaulish: *-tlon

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


-dʰrom

-dʰrom (nominative singular)
-dʰroy (dual nominative)
-dʰrom (singular vocative)
-dʰroy (dual vocative)
-dʰrom (accusative singular)
-dʰroy (accusative dual)
-dʰrosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰroHom (genitive plural)
-dʰread (ablative singular)
-dʰromos (ablative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰroey (dative singular)
-dʰromos (dative plural)
-dʰrobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰrey (locative singular)
-dʰroy (locative singular)
-dʰroysu (locative plural)
-dʰrōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-tʰron, *-tʰrē

Ancient Greek: -θρον (-thron), -θρη (-thrē)

Proto-Italic: *-ðrom, *-ðrā

Latin: -brum, -bra

Variant of *-trom.
Sometimes hypothesized to have developed from assimilation to a preceding voiced aspirate (compare Bartholomae's law in Indo-Iranian). Sihler describes this as the usual explanation and considers it "the only remotely plausible" one if the *t- forms of the suffix are original, but says it is problematic, noting that this form of the suffix is not attested in contexts like Greek λέκτρον (léktron) (from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ-) even though, under this hypothesis, the *-dʰ-initial variants would have originated in words like this.
Based on the contexts in which it occurs, Olsen 1988 argues that it actually originated from coalescence of a voiceless laryngeal (*h₁ or *h₂) with the following *-t-, initially resulting in a voiceless aspirate, which is proposed to have merged with the outcome of voiced aspirates in the languages in which this allomorph is attested.


-dʰlom

-dʰlom (nominative singular)
-dʰloy (dual nominative)
-dʰlom (singular vocative)
-dʰloy (dual vocative)
-dʰlom (accusative singular)
-dʰloy (accusative dual)
-dʰlosyo (genitive singular)
-dʰloHom (genitive plural)
-dʰlead (ablative singular)
-dʰlomos (ablative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (ablative plural)
-dʰloey (dative singular)
-dʰlomos (dative plural)
-dʰlobʰos (dative plural)
-dʰley (locative singular)
-dʰloy (locative singular)
-dʰloysu (locative plural)
-dʰlōys (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-dla < *-dʰlom or *-tlom

Proto-Slavic: *-dlo (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *-ilaz (merged with *-tlóm) (see there for further descendants)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -θλον (-thlon)

Ancient Greek: -θλη (-thlē)

Italic:

Latin: -bulum (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -bula (by anaptyxis) (see there for further descendants)

Latin: -ula (when compounded as *-gdʰl-)


-iťь

-iťь (nominative singular)
-iťa (dual nominative)
-iťi (nominative plural)
-iťa (genitive singular)
-iťu (dual genitive)
-iťь (genitive plural)
-iťu (dative singular)
-iťema (dative dual)
-iťemъ (dative plural)
-iťь (accusative singular)
-iťa (accusative dual)
-iťę̇ (accusative plural)
-iťьmь (instrumental singular)
-iťemь (instrumental singular)
-iťema (dual instrumental)
-iťi (instrumental plural)
-iťi (locative singular)
-iťu (dual locative)
-iťixъ (locative plural)
-iťu (singular vocative)
-iťa (dual vocative)
-iťi (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ичь (-ičĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič)

Russian: -ич (-ič)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč)

Old Novgorodian: -иць (-ićĭ)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱋⱐ (-ištĭ)

Old Cyrillic script: -ищь (-ištĭ)

Bulgarian: -ич (-ič), -ичко (-ičko)

Macedonian: -иќ (-iḱ)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ић

Latin script: -ić

Slovene: -ič

West Slavic:

Czech: -ic

Kashubian: -ëc

Old Polish: -ic, -yc

Polish: -ic, -yc

→ Yiddish: ־יץ (-its)

Slovak: -ic

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ic

Upper Sorbian: -ic

Balto-Slavic innovation. Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īt-jas. Cognates include Lithuanian -ytis, Latvian -ītis.

inh+

kъrma, *kъrmľa (“fodder, breast milk”) → *kъrmiťь (“nursling”)

batę (“elder brother”), *baťa (“father”) → *baťiťь (“son who resembles his father”)

Denominal, forming masculine attributables from action or agent nouns.


-akъ

-akъ (nominative singular)
-aka (dual nominative)
-aci (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aku (dual genitive)
-akъ (genitive plural)
-aku (dative singular)
-akoma (dative dual)
-akomъ (dative plural)
-akъ (accusative singular)
-aka (accusative dual)
-aky (accusative plural)
-akъmь (instrumental singular)
-akomь (instrumental singular)
-akoma (dual instrumental)
-aky (instrumental plural)
-acě (locative singular)
-aku (dual locative)
-acěxъ (locative plural)
-ače (singular vocative)
-aka (dual vocative)
-aci (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -акъ (-akŭ)

Belarusian: -ак (-ak)

Russian: -ак (-ak)

Ukrainian: -ак (-ak)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -акъ (-akŭ)

Glagolitic script: -ⰰⰽⱏ (-akŭ)

Bulgarian: -ак (-ak)

Macedonian: -ак (-ak)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ак

Latin script: -ak

Slovene: -ak

West Slavic:

Czech: -ák, -ak

Kashubian: -ôk

Polish: -ak

Slovak: -ák, -ak

Slovincian: -ók, -ok

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ak

Lower Sorbian: -ak

Yiddish:

Yiddish: ־אַק (-ak)

Deverbal derivations are easily secondary, motivated by parallel formations, e.g.
* North Slavic *ědakъ (“greedy man”) ← *est < *ed-ti (“to eat”) : *ěda (“food”).
Comparison with cognates in other Indo-European languages indicates antiquity of deadjectival formations:
* Ancient Greek νέος (néos, “new, young”) → νέᾱξ (néāx), νέᾱκος (néākos, “young man”) : Slavic *novъ (“new”) → *novakъ (“novice”)
* Lithuanian naũjas (“new”) → naujõkas (“novice”)
Cognate with Proto-Celtic *-ākos (see Etymology 2).

-jakъ

causing iotation of the preceding consonant

prositi (“to ask; beg”) → *prosjakъ >*prošakъ (“beggar; asker”)

Deverbal, from the root, forming agent nouns.


-jakъ

-jakъ (nominative singular)
-jaka (dual nominative)
-jaci (nominative plural)
-jaka (genitive singular)
-jaku (dual genitive)
-jakъ (genitive plural)
-jaku (dative singular)
-jakoma (dative dual)
-jakomъ (dative plural)
-jakъ (accusative singular)
-jaka (accusative dual)
-jaky (accusative plural)
-jakъmь (instrumental singular)
-jakomь (instrumental singular)
-jakoma (dual instrumental)
-jaky (instrumental plural)
-jacě (locative singular)
-jaku (dual locative)
-jacěxъ (locative plural)
-jače (singular vocative)
-jaka (dual vocative)
-jaci (plural vocative)

(causing iotation of the preceding consonant) Alternative form of *-akъ


-čь

-čь (nominative singular)
-ča (dual nominative)
-či (nominative plural)
-ča (genitive singular)
-ču (dual genitive)
-čь (genitive plural)
-ču (dative singular)
-čema (dative dual)
-čemъ (dative plural)
-čь (accusative singular)
-ča (accusative dual)
-čę̇ (accusative plural)
-čьmь (instrumental singular)
-čemь (instrumental singular)
-čema (dual instrumental)
-či (instrumental plural)
-či (locative singular)
-ču (dual locative)
-čixъ (locative plural)
-ču (singular vocative)
-ča (dual vocative)
-či (plural vocative)

After the loss of word-final jer, daughter languages have reinterpreted the thematic ending of the verb -i- and -a- as a part of the suffix itself.

In most of the daughters *-ačь merged with the reflex of *-čь which was preceded by the thematic vowel -a.

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -чь (-čĭ)

Belarusian: -іч (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Russian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Ukrainian: -ич (-yč), -ач (-ač)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Church Slavonic: -чь (-čĭ), -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Church Slavonic: -ⱍⱐ (-čĭ), -ⰰⱍⱐ (-ačĭ)

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač); -ич (-ič) (rare)

Macedonian: -ич (-ič), -ач (-ač)

Serbo-Croatian:

Serbo-Croatian: -ич, -ач

Serbo-Croatian: -ič, -ač

desc/sl-tonal

Slovene: -ič, -ȉč, -áč (tonal orthography)

West Slavic:

Czech: -č, -ač, -áč

Kashubian: -ëcz, -ôcz

Polish: -icz, -acz

Slovak: -ič, -áč

Slovincian: -icz, -acz, -ocz

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ič, -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ic, -ac

Underlyingly reflecting Proto-Balto-Slavic *-kias, *-kis, from Proto-Indo-European *-k-yos, formed by agglutination of *-yos (Proto Slavic *-jь, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ias) onto the element *-kъ.
Cognate with Lithuanian -kis and Latvian -ķis.

kopati (“to dig”) → *kopačь (“digger”)

kovati (“to forge”) → *kovačь (“smith, blacksmith”)

běgati (“to run”) → *běgačь (“runner”)

jьgrati (“to play”) → *jьgračь (“player”)

vьrati (“to lie”) → *vьračь (“sorcerer, soothsayer, charlatan”)

pogoniti (“to pursue, observe”) → *pogoničь (“drover”)

roditi (“to give birth”) → *rodičь (“father”)

voditi (“to lead”) → *vodičь (“leader”)

badati\*bodati or *bodti > *bosti (“to sting, stab, butt”) → *bodačь (“that which stings, stabs, butts”)

biti (“to beat”) → *bičь (“whip”)

briti (“to shave, cut hair/beard”) → *bričь (“cutting tool, razor”)

nomina instrumenti
nomina instrumenti#English


-ačь

-ačь (nominative singular)
-ača (dual nominative)
-ači (nominative plural)
-ača (genitive singular)
-aču (dual genitive)
-ačь (genitive plural)
-aču (dative singular)
-ačema (dative dual)
-ačemъ (dative plural)
-ačь (accusative singular)
-ača (accusative dual)
-ačę̇ (accusative plural)
-ačьmь (instrumental singular)
-ačemь (instrumental singular)
-ačema (dual instrumental)
-ači (instrumental plural)
-ači (locative singular)
-aču (dual locative)
-ačixъ (locative plural)
-aču (singular vocative)
-ača (dual vocative)
-ači (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ачь (-ačĭ)

Old Ruthenian: -ачъ (-ač)

Belarusian: -а́ч (-áč)

Ukrainian: -а́ч (-áč)

Russian: -а́ч (-áč)

Old Novgorodian: -аць (-aćĭ)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Macedonian: -ач (-ač) (rare)

Serbo-Croatian: (rare?)

Cyrillic script: -а̄ч

Latin script: -ȃč

Slovene: -áč

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -áč

Czech: -áč, -ač

desctree

Old Polish: -acz
Polish: -acz
Silesian: -ŏcz

Polabian: -ăc

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ôcz

Slovincian: -ócz

Slovak: -áč

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -ač

Lower Sorbian: -ac

* Morphologically possibly from reinterpreting of some deverbal agent nouns (e.g. *kovačь ← *kovati + *-čь : *kovъ + *-ačь). Synchronically it is an independent suffix.
* Semantically it's close to denominal suffix *-atъ. But in this case form **-aťь is expected, though compare *porťa : *porkъ.

kolo (“wheel”) → *kolačь (“cake”)

bogъ (“wealth, fortune”) → *bogačь (“a wealthy man”) (compare *bogatъ (“wealthy”))

borda (“beard”) → *bordačь (“a bearded man”) (compare *bordatъ (“bearded”))

golva (“head”) → *golvačь (“one having a big head”) (compare *golvatъ)

rogъ (“horn”) → *rogačь (“horned animal”) (compare *rogatъ (“horned”))

Denominal, forming nouns denoting a carrier of a property.


не-

не- (ne-) + кој (koj, “who”) → некој (nekoj, “someone”)

A prefix used to derive indefinite forms of interrogative adverbs, determiners, and pronouns.


не-

Prefix to create a negative meaning. Akin to un-, non-, im-, ir-.


не-

не- (canonical)
не́- (canonical)
ne- (romanization)
né- (romanization)

→ Kildin Sami: ни- (ni-)

un-, non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, mis- (not)


не-

Prefix prepended to adjectives to create an adjective denoting a negative meaning (не (“not”)). Akin to un-, non-, im-, ir-.


не-

Prefix to create a negative meaning: un-, non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-, mis-


αλληλό-

αλληλο- αλληλο-#Greek


-slo

-slo (nominative singular)
-slě (dual nominative)
-sla (nominative plural)
-sla (genitive singular)
-slu (dual genitive)
-slъ (genitive plural)
-slu (dative singular)
-sloma (dative dual)
-slomъ (dative plural)
-slo (accusative singular)
-slě (accusative dual)
-sla (accusative plural)
-slъmь (instrumental singular)
-slomь (instrumental singular)
-sloma (dual instrumental)
-sly (instrumental plural)
-slě (locative singular)
-slu (dual locative)
-slěxъ (locative plural)
-slo (singular vocative)
-slě (dual vocative)
-sla (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -сло (-slo)

Belarusian: -сло (-slo)

Russian: -сло (-slo)

Ukrainian: -сло (-slo)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Old Cyrillic script: -сло (-slo)

Glagolitic script: -ⱄⰾⱁ (-slo)

Bulgarian: -сло (-slo)

Macedonian: -сло (-slo)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -сло

Latin script: -slo

Slovene: -slo

West Slavic:

Czech: -slo

Polish: -sło

Slovak: -slo

Kashubian: -sło

Sorbian:

Upper Sorbian: -sło

Lower Sorbian: -sło

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-sla(s). Probably from *(s)-tlo, from *(d/t/s/z)-tlo, from Proto-Indo-European *-tlom.
Inherited, but becoming productive only in Proto-Slavic. There are many direct cognates, e.g.
* *veslo (“oar, paddle”) = Latin vēlum (“sail”)
* *čerslo = Lithuanian ker̃slas (“tool for drawing blood”)
* *krěslo = Lithuanian krė́slas
Exact match to *-lo and *-slo are Lithuanian -las and -slas, forming instrument nouns as well as action nouns (> nomina acti).

čitti > *čisti (“to read; respect”) → *čittlo/*čitslo > *čislo (“number”)

(rare) Deverbal, creating action nouns, usually becoming nomina acti.


cirkum-

irar (“to go”) → cirkumirar (“go around, wind around”)


-agar

-agar (infinitive present)
-agir (infinitive past)
-agor (future infinitive)
-agas (present)
-agis (past)
-agos (future)
-agus (conditional present)
-agez (imperative present)
-aganta (active adjective participle present)
-aginta (active adjective participle past)
-agonta (active adjective future participle)
-agante (active adverbial participle present)
-aginte (active adverbial participle past)
-agonte (active adverbial future participle)
-aganto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-aginto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-agonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-aganti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-aginti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-agonti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-agata (adjectival participle passive present)
-agita (adjectival participle passive past)
-agota (adjectival future participle passive)
-agate (adverbial participle passive present)
-agite (adverbial participle passive past)
-agote (adverbial future participle passive)
-agato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-agito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-agoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-agati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-agiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-agoti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

martelo (“hammer”) + -agar → martelagar (“to hammer”)

suffix used with names of instruments and the like to indicate the action done with the instrument


-eskar

Borrowed from Latin -ēscere. Was probably adopted before Progreso, probably through Idiom Neutral -eskar.

sidar (“to sit; be sitting”) + -eskar → sideskar (“sit down, take a seat”)

richa (“rich”) + -eskar → richeskar (“to become rich”)


-igar

-igar (infinitive present)
-igir (infinitive past)
-igor (future infinitive)
-igas (present)
-igis (past)
-igos (future)
-igus (conditional present)
-igez (imperative present)
-iganta (active adjective participle present)
-iginta (active adjective participle past)
-igonta (active adjective future participle)
-igante (active adverbial participle present)
-iginte (active adverbial participle past)
-igonte (active adverbial future participle)
-iganto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-iginto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-igonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-iganti (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-iginti (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-igonti (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-igata (adjectival participle passive present)
-igita (adjectival participle passive past)
-igota (adjectival future participle passive)
-igate (adverbial participle passive present)
-igite (adverbial participle passive past)
-igote (adverbial future participle passive)
-igato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-igito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-igoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-igati (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-igiti (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-igoti (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)

Considered a modified version of -agar. Also from Esperanto -igi, Latin -igō and German -igen.

with a transitive verbal root, gives it a causative sense, usually followed by the preposition da


toe-

From Middle Dutch toe-, from Old Dutch *tō-, from Proto-West Germanic *twiʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *twiz-.


трёх-

трёх- (trjox-) + сторона́ (storoná, “side”) + -ний (-nij) → трёхсторо́нний (trjoxstorónnij, “trilateral”)

трёх- (trjox-) + струна́ (struná, “string”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхстру́нный (trjoxstrúnnyj, “three-stringed”)

трёх- (trjox-) + колесо́ (kolesó, “wheel”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхколё́сный (trjoxkoljósnyj, “three-wheeled”)

трёх- (trjox-) + неде́ля (nedélja, “week”) + -ный (-nyj) → трёхнеде́льный (trjoxnedélʹnyj, “three-week”)

трёх- (trjox-) + ли́ния (línija, “line”) + -ка (-ka) → трёхлине́йка (trjoxlinéjka, “three-line rifle (Mosin-Nagant)”)


четырёх-

head

четырёх- • (četyrjóx-)

[t͡ɕɪtɨrʲɵx]

[t͡ɕɪtɨˌrʲɵx]

[t͡ɕɪtɨrʲɪx]

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + колесо́ (kolesó, “wheel”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырёхколёсный (četyrjoxkoljósnyj, “four-wheeled”)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + эта́ж (etáž, “floor, story”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырёхэта́жный (četyrjoxɛtážnyj, “four-story”) (relational)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + звезда́ (zvezdá, “star”) + -ный (-nyj) → четырё̀хзвё́здный (četyrjòxzvjózdnyj, “four-star”) (relational)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + у́гол (úgol, “corner, angle”) + -ник (-nik) → четырёхуго́льник (četyrjoxugólʹnik, “quadrilateral”)

четырёх- (četyrjóx-) + грань (granʹ, “face”) + -ник (-nik) → четырёхгра́нник (četyrjoxgránnik, “tetrahedron”)


-ligr

Icelandic: -legur

Faroese: -ligur

Norwegian:

Norwegian Bokmål: -lig

Norwegian Nynorsk: -leg

Old Swedish: -līker

Swedish: -lig

Old Danish: -lig

Danish: -lig

From Proto-Germanic *-līkaz (“having the body or form of”), from *līką (“body”).

inh

suffix used to create adjectives, having the sense of -y, -ly, -like

(weak neuter accusative singular) used to create adverbs from these adjectives


logico-

/ˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəʊ/

Yet what is to be the status of a law of optimality to the effect that “whatever possibility is for the best is ipso facto the possibility that is actualized.” It is certainly not a logico-conceptually necessary truth; from the angle of theoretical logic it has to be seen as a contingent fact — albeit one not about nature as such, but rather one about the manifold of real possibility that underlies it. Insofar as it is necessary at all it obtains as a matter of ontological rather than logico-conceptual necessity, while the realm of possibility as a whole is presumably constituted by considerations of logico-metaphysical necessity alone.¹⁴
¹⁴ The operative perspective envisions a threefold order of necessity/possibility: the logico-conceptual, the ontological or proto-physical, and the physical.

2000 June, Nicholas Rescher, “Optimalism and Axiological Metaphysics”, in The Review of Metaphysics, LIII, № 4, § iii, page 815:

logic and —, logical and —, logically and —


־דיק

Likely from rebracketing of ־ד (-d, inherited present participle ending from Middle High German) (compare say German sehen and sehend) + ־יק (-ik).


-utur

-utur (masculine nominative singular)
-ut (feminine nominative singular)
-ut (neuter nominative singular)
-utan (accusative masculine singular)
-uta (accusative feminine singular)
-ut (accusative neuter singular)
-utum (dative masculine singular)
-utari (dative feminine singular)
-utum (dative neuter singular)
-uts (genitive masculine singular)
-utar (feminine genitive singular)
-utrar (feminine genitive singular)
-uts (genitive neuter singular)
-utir (masculine nominative plural)
-utar (feminine nominative plural)
-ut (neuter nominative plural)
-utar (accusative masculine plural)
-utar (accusative feminine plural)
-ut (accusative neuter plural)
-utum (dative masculine plural)
-utum (dative feminine plural)
-utum (dative neuter plural)
-uta (genitive masculine plural)
-utra (genitive masculine plural)
-uta (feminine genitive plural)
-utra (feminine genitive plural)
-uta (genitive neuter plural)
-utra (genitive neuter plural)

suffix used to create adjectives describing the appearance, the looks, the aspect of some kind of object, related to shape, structure, pattern etc.. Sometimes combined with a color.


-rrhagia

From Latin -rrhagia, from Ancient Greek -ραγία (-ragía), from the stem of ῥήγνυμι (rhḗgnumi, “to break, burst”).

(medicine) Forms nouns indicating excessive discharge or haemorrhage from an organ.


-ifar

Borrowed from English -ify, French -ifier, German -fizieren, Italian -ificare, Russian -ифици́ровать (-ificírovatʹ), Spanish -ificar. From the same origin as facar.

bor

-ифици́ровать

io-bor

-ифици́ровать

floro (“flower”) + -ifar → florifar (“to blossom, bloom”)

nesto (“nest”) + -ifar → nestifar (“to build a nest”)

sango (“blood”) + -ifar → sangifar (“to bleed”)

Suffix added to a nominal root to form an intransitive verb denoting: to generate, produce (naturally or artificially) or secrete.


hagio-

From combining form of Ancient Greek ἅγιος (hágios, “holy, saintly”).

uder

e.g. hagiolatry, hagiology, hagiomania


hagio-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἅγιος (hágios, “saintly”).


hagio-

From Ancient Greek ἅγιος (hágios, “holy, saintly”).


keto-

(organic chemistry) Derived from, substituted with, or involving a ketone.


-ician

From French -icien, from -ique f sg + -ien. By surface analysis, -ic + -ian.


anoplo-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἄνοπλος (ánoplos, “without shield”)


aphano-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek ἀφανής (aphanḗs, “unseen”)


blepharo-

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek βλέφαρον (blépharon, “eyelid”).


phaeo-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek φαιός (phaiós, “gray”)


nippono-

From English Nippono-, from Japanese 日本(にっぽん) (Nippon, “Japan”).


eury-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek εὐρύς (eurús, “wide”).


eury-

From Ancient Greek εὐρύς (eurús, “wide”).


eury-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek εὐρύ- (eurú-).

lbor

eury- + -fag → euryfag


galacto-

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek stem γάλακτ- (gálakt-) of γάλα (gála, “milk, milky sap, the Milky Way”).

galacto- + -centric → galactocentric

Used to form astronomical terms related to galaxies


papillo-

From the noun papilla and the interfix -o-.


-ч

Mongolian Cyrillic
 ᠊ᠴᠢ
(-či) -ч
(-č)
Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᠊ᠴᠢ (-či, denominal agent suffix), from Middle Mongol ᠊ᠴᠢ (-ṣy /-či/, indefinite denominal agent suffix). Compare Proto-Turkic *-či.

inh

Forms agent nouns from nouns and verbal nouns in -г (-g)


-ailler

forms verbs with frequentative effect, often somewhat pejorative


-yś

From Old High German -isc, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.

-ish, -ian; of a nationality, or the language associated with a nationality.


-лаг

mn-suffix

-лаг • (-lag) (Mongolian spelling ᠯᠢᠭ (lig))

From Proto-Turkic *-lïg forming possessive adjectives, compare Turkish -li.

(uses nouns to form adjectives and nouns denoting abundance of the base term)


-ança

ca-noun

-ança f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ances)

Inherited from Latin -antia. Doublet of -ància, a learned or semi-learned form.


-idão

pt-noun

-idão f (noun-forming suffix, usually uncountable, plural -idões)

From Old Galician-Portuguese -idõe, from Latin -(i)tūdinem. Doublet of -itude.

grato (“grateful”) + -idão → gratidão (“gratitude”)

pronto (“ready”) + -idão → prontidão (“readiness”)

-itude; -ness (forms abstract nouns, from adjectives, indicating a state or condition)


-ização

-ização f (noun-forming suffix, plural -izações)

-ization (act, process, or result of doing something)


-ível

pt-adj

-ível m or f (adjective-forming suffix, plural -íveis)

mover (“to move”) + -ível → movível (“moveable”)

esquecer (“to forget”) + -ível → esquecível (“forgetable”)

transpor (“to transpose, to transverse”) + -ível → transponível (“transposable, transversable”)

dispor (“to dispose, to arrange”) + -ível → disponível (“available”)

Alternative form of -ável (“able”), used to form adjectives from 2nd- and 3rd-conjugation verbs


-ês

-ês (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esa, masculine plural -eses, feminine plural -esas)

-esa (feminine)
-eses (masculine plural)
-esas (feminine plural)

From Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis. Compare the borrowed doublet -ense.

Holanda (“Netherlands”) + -ês → holandês (“Dutch”)

-ese (forms adjectives describing a particular place)


dors-

(anatomy, relational) back dors-, dorso-


-teľ

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-teľь. Cognate to Old Church Slavonic -тєль (-telĭ), Serbo-Croatian -telj/-тељ, Russian -тель (-telʹ) and Czech -tel.

-er (a suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer of an action or a human relation)


-l-

(pharmacology) Alternative form of -lim-.


-l-

Coordinate term: -t-

togolais

congolais

bralette

used to break up certain vowel sequences, when certain suffixes—particularly -ais—follow certain vowels, especially o


-l-

chá (“tea”) + -l- + -eira → chaleira (“teakettle”)

tecer (“to weave”) + -l- + -ão → tecelão (“weaver”)

used as a linking consonant between two vowels, usually between a stem and a suffix


-l-

kurtarmak (“to save, rescue”) + -l- → kurtarılmak (“to be saved of”)

aldatmak (“to cheat, deceive”) + -l- → aldatılmak (“to be cheated”)

Passive suffix. Used to form verbs that affected by event(s).


-su

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-su (front vowel harmony variant -sy, linguistic notation -sU)


-su

Irish: -sa

Manx: -s

Scottish Gaelic: -sa

Cía techtid nach aile ní ad·chobrai-siu ⁊ ní techtai-siu ón immurgu, ní étaigther-su immanísin, .i. ní ascnae ⁊ ní charae; is sí indala ch[í]all les isindí as emulari in sin.

Though another may possess what you may desire and you do however not possess, you should not be jealous of that thing, i.e. you should not seek after and love it; that is one of the two meanings that he finds in emulari.

Emphatic suffixes are added to nouns modified by a possessive determiner to emphasize the possessor

and predicate nouns to emphasize the subject

and to inflected prepositions to emphasize the object


-suchus

New Latin, from Ancient Greek Σοῦχος (Soûkhos, “the crocodile god Sobek”), from Egyptian Demotic sbk (“Sobek”), from Egyptian sbk (“Sobek”).

der

Used to form genus names of extinct crocodyliforms or reptiles resembling crocodiles.


muco-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from mucus; more at mucus § Etymology.


współ-

Potentially from ws- + pół. Compare with pospołu.

współ- + praca → współpraca


anty-

Derived from Ancient Greek ἀντι- (anti-, “against”).

der+

anty- + proton → antyproton


-yzm

-yzm (nominative singular)
-yzmy (nominative plural)
-yzmu (genitive singular)
-yzmów (genitive plural)
-yzmowi (dative singular)
-yzmom (dative plural)
-yzm (accusative singular)
-yzmy (accusative plural)
-yzmem (instrumental singular)
-yzmami (instrumental plural)
-yzmie (locative singular)
-yzmach (locative plural)
-yzmie (singular vocative)
-yzmy (plural vocative)


-czyk

-czyk (nominative singular)
-czycy (nominative plural)
-czyki (derogatory nominative plural)
-czyka (genitive singular)
-czyków (genitive plural)
-czykowi (dative singular)
-czykom (dative plural)
-czyka (accusative singular)
-czyków (accusative plural)
-czykiem (instrumental singular)
-czykami (instrumental plural)
-czyku (locative singular)
-czykach (locative plural)
-czyku (singular vocative)
-czycy (plural vocative)

Adam + -czyk → Adamczyk


trój-

trój- + głowa → trójgłowy


-ати

A suffix appended to words to form a verb.


-ати

head

-а́ти • (-áty)

вмісти́ти (vmistýty) + -ати (-aty) → вміща́ти (vmiščáty)

розлучи́ти (rozlučýty) + -ати (-aty) → розлуча́ти (rozlučáty)

уті́шити (utíšyty) + -ати (-aty) → утіша́ти (utišáty)

заряди́ти (zarjadýty) + -ати (-aty) → заряджа́ти (zarjadžáty)

лягти́ (ljahtý) + -ати (-aty) → ляга́ти (ljaháty)

досягти́ (dosjahtý) + -ати (-aty) → досяга́ти (dosjaháty)

Suffix added to some perfective verbs of to produce imperfective equivalents.

-я́ти — with class 4 verbs with stems not ending in ж