-ia

-ia (nominative singular)
-ie (nominative plural)
-ii (genitive singular)
-ii (genitive plural)
-ij (archaic genitive plural)
-ii (dative singular)
-iom (dative plural)
-ię (accusative singular)
-ie (accusative plural)
-ią (instrumental singular)
-iami (instrumental plural)
-ii (locative singular)
-iach (locative plural)
-io (singular vocative)
-ie (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Latin -ia and/or Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā). Doublet of -a.

akuszer + -ia → akuszeria


-ia

-lipa (“to pay”) + -ia → -lipia (“to pay for”)

-jibu (“to answer”) + -ia → -jibia (“to answer to/for”)

-soma (“to read”) + -ea → -somea (“to read to/for”)

for (directed at, intended to belong to), applicative suffix


or-

From Middle English or-, from Old English or- (“or-”), from Proto-West Germanic *oʀ-, *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”), from Proto-Indo-European *uds- (“up, out”). Cognate with West Frisian oar-, Dutch oor-/oer-, German ur-, Gothic 𐌿𐍃- (us-). Identical with Old English ā- (“a-”), and the German borrowing English ur-. More at a-.

ordalian, ordeal, orlay, ort

(no longer productive) From the outset; original; out; out of; without.


or-

From Old Dutch ur-, or-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-.

A prefix with a variety of meanings, but originally meaning "out" or "original".


or-

Middle English: or-

English: or-

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”), from unstressed Proto-Indo-European *uss-, from *uds- (“up, out”). Cognate with Old High German ur-, ir-, ar-, er-. More at out.


entre-

Inherited from Latin inter-. Doublet of inter-.


entre-

entredonner

(chiefly verbal prefix) reciprocally; to each other


entre-

entreferir


χαλκός

chalkós (romanization)
χαλκοί (plural)
χαλκός (nominative singular)
χαλκοί (nominative plural)
χαλκού (genitive singular)
χαλκών (genitive plural)
χαλκό (accusative singular)
χαλκούς (accusative plural)
χαλκέ (singular vocative)
χαλκοί (plural vocative)

Learnedly, from Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós) & semantic loan from English bronze.


-ums

-ums (nominative singular)
-umi (nominative plural)
-uma (genitive singular)
-umu (genitive plural)
-umam (dative singular)
-umim (dative plural)
-umu (accusative singular)
-umus (accusative plural)
-umu (instrumental singular)
-umim (instrumental plural)
-umā (locative singular)
-umūs (locative plural)
-um (singular vocative)
-umi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-mas. Cognates include Latvian -ums and Lithuanian -umas.

Used to form resultative nouns from verbs: -ion


physio-

From Ancient Greek φύσις (phúsis, “nature”).


δια-

head

δῐᾰ- • (dĭă-)

Prefixing form of the preposition διά (diá).

δια- (dia-) + φωνέω (phōnéō) → διαφωνέω (diaphōnéō, “be dissonant, disagree”)

in different directions
at variance, against


Italo-

Italo- + -phile → Italophile

Italo- + Austrian → Italo-Austrian


ovo-

This being just at the height of the culte de la mayonnaise then sweeping Belgium, oversize exhibits of the ovoöleaginous emulsion were to be encountered at every hand.

2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage 2007, p. 611: [cf. oleaginous]


schizo-

From Ancient Greek σχίζω (skhízō, “I split”).


-itate

Borrowed from Latin -itās. Compare -tate from the same source.

Alternative form of -tate, giving a quality or characteristic of an adjective; -ity


-itate

-ități (plural)
-itate (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
-itatea (accusative definite nominative singular)
-ități (accusative indefinite nominative singular)
-itățile (accusative definite nominative plural)
-ități (indefinite singular)
-ității (definite singular)
-ităților (definite plural)
-itate (singular vocative)
-itateo (singular vocative)
-ităților (vocative)

Borrowed from Latin -itātem. This particular form of the suffix is used in neologisms, and based on French -ité. The inherited form -ătate is found in older words.


-laus

is-adj

-laus (adjective-forming suffix, comparative -lausari, superlative -lausastur)

-lausari (comparative)
-lausastur (superlative)
-laus (masculine nominative strong)
-laus (feminine nominative strong)
-laust (neuter nominative strong)
-lausan (accusative masculine strong)
-lausa (accusative feminine strong)
-laust (accusative neuter strong)
-lausum (dative masculine strong)
-lausri (dative feminine strong)
-lausu (dative neuter strong)
-lauss (genitive masculine strong)
-lausrar (feminine genitive strong)
-lauss (genitive neuter strong)
-lausir (masculine nominative strong)
-lausar (feminine nominative strong)
-laus (neuter nominative strong)
-lausa (accusative masculine strong)
-lausar (accusative feminine strong)
-laus (accusative neuter strong)
-lausum (dative strong)
-lausra (genitive strong)
-lausi (masculine nominative weak)
-lausa (feminine nominative weak)
-lausa (neuter nominative weak)
-lausa (masculine weak)
-lausu (feminine weak)
-lausa (neuter weak)
-lausu (plural weak)
-lausari (comparative masculine singular weak)
-lausari (comparative feminine singular weak)
-lausara (comparative neuter singular weak)
-lausari (comparative plural weak)
-lausastur (masculine nominative strong superlative)
-lausust (feminine nominative strong superlative)
-lausast (neuter nominative strong superlative)
-lausastan (accusative masculine strong superlative)
-lausasta (accusative feminine strong superlative)
-lausast (accusative neuter strong superlative)
-lausustum (dative masculine strong superlative)
-lausastri (dative feminine strong superlative)
-lausustu (dative neuter strong superlative)
-lausasts (genitive masculine strong superlative)
-lausastrar (feminine genitive strong superlative)
-lausasts (genitive neuter strong superlative)
-lausastir (masculine nominative strong superlative)
-lausastar (feminine nominative strong superlative)
-lausust (neuter nominative strong superlative)
-lausasta (accusative masculine strong superlative)
-lausastar (accusative feminine strong superlative)
-lausust (accusative neuter strong superlative)
-lausustum (dative strong superlative)
-lausastra (genitive strong superlative)
-lausasti (masculine nominative superlative weak)
-lausasta (feminine nominative superlative weak)
-lausasta (neuter nominative superlative weak)
-lausasta (masculine superlative weak)
-lausustu (feminine superlative weak)
-lausasta (neuter superlative weak)
-lausustu (plural superlative weak)

From Old Norse -lauss, from Proto-Germanic *-lausaz, from *lausaz (“loose, free”). Cognate with Danish -løs, Norwegian Nynorsk -laus, Swedish -lös, English -less and German -los.


-laus

-laus (nominative singular)
-lausō (nominative plural)
-lausōs (nominative plural)
-laus (accusative singular)
-lausā (accusative plural)
-lausas (genitive singular)
-lausō (genitive plural)
-lausē (dative singular)
-lausum (dative plural)
-lausu (instrumental singular)
-lausum (instrumental plural)

desctree

Old English: -lēas
Middle English: -les, -las, -lasse, -læs, -leas, -lease, -leæs, -lese, -lesse, -lez, -lies, -liese, -lis, -lise, -lyas, -lyese
English: -less
Scots: -less

Old Frisian: -lās

Saterland Frisian: -loos

West Frisian: -leas

Old Saxon: -lōs

Middle Low German: -lōs

Plautdietsch: -looss

Old Dutch: -lōs

Middle Dutch: -loos

Dutch: -loos

Afrikaans: -loos

Old High German: -lōs

Middle High German: -lōs

German: -los

Yiddish: ־לאָז (-loz)


-in-law

Back-formation from mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, etc.

cousin-in-law


-avac

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, follower, age, proper name, feature, plant or animal.


-ač

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer, tool or object.


-aj

Nominal suffix -aj (“-s; he; of/to the/him/his”) denotes tribal/family name patronyms and toponyms; meaning “descendant/inhabitant of”.

(toponymic) inhabitant of; -an (as in Albanian), -ese


-aj

-aj (nominative singular)
-ajok (nominative plural)
-ajt (accusative singular)
-ajokat (accusative plural)
-ajnak (dative singular)
-ajoknak (dative plural)
-ajjal (instrumental singular)
-ajokkal (instrumental plural)
-ajért (causal-final singular)
-ajokért (causal-final plural)
-ajjá (singular translative)
-ajokká (plural translative)
-ajig (singular terminative)
-ajokig (plural terminative)
-ajként (essive-formal singular)
-ajokként (essive-formal plural)
-ajban (inessive singular)
-ajokban (inessive plural)
-ajon (singular superessive)
-ajokon (plural superessive)
-ajnál (adessive singular)
-ajoknál (adessive plural)
-ajba (illative singular)
-ajokba (illative plural)
-ajra (singular sublative)
-ajokra (plural sublative)
-ajhoz (allative singular)
-ajokhoz (allative plural)
-ajból (elative singular)
-ajokból (elative plural)
-ajról (delative singular)
-ajokról (delative plural)
-ajtól (ablative singular)
-ajoktól (ablative plural)
-ajé (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
-ajoké (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
-ajéi (possessed-single possessive predicative singular)
-ajokéi (plural possessed-single possessive predicative)
-ajom (first-person possessed-single possessive singular)
-ajaim (first-person possessed-many possessive singular)
-ajod (possessed-single possessive second-person singular)
-ajaid (possessed-many possessive second-person singular)
-aja (possessed-single possessive singular third-person)
-ajai (possessed-many possessive singular third-person)
-ajunk (first-person plural possessed-single possessive)
-ajaink (first-person plural possessed-many possessive)
-ajotok (plural possessed-single possessive second-person)
-ajaitok (plural possessed-many possessive second-person)
-ajuk (plural possessed-single possessive third-person)
-ajaik (plural possessed-many possessive third-person)

kacaj (“laughter”)

(noun-forming suffix) Added to an onomatopoeic (sound-imitative) root to form a noun. No longer productive.


-aj

From French -age, from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum.


-aj

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a result of an action or an object.


-ak

-ak (nominative singular)
-acy (nominative plural)
-aki (derogatory nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aków (genitive plural)
-akowi (dative singular)
-akom (dative plural)
-aka (accusative singular)
-aków (accusative plural)
-akiem (instrumental singular)
-akami (instrumental plural)
-aku (locative singular)
-akach (locative plural)
-aku (singular vocative)
-acy (plural vocative)
-ak (nominative singular)
-aki (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aków (genitive plural)
-akowi (dative singular)
-akom (dative plural)
-aka (accusative singular)
-aki (accusative plural)
-akiem (instrumental singular)
-akami (instrumental plural)
-aku (locative singular)
-akach (locative plural)
-aku (singular vocative)
-aki (plural vocative)
-ak (nominative singular)
-aki (nominative plural)
-aka (genitive singular)
-aków (genitive plural)
-akowi (dative singular)
-akom (dative plural)
-ak (accusative singular)
-aki (accusative plural)
-akiem (instrumental singular)
-akami (instrumental plural)
-aku (locative singular)
-akach (locative plural)
-aku (singular vocative)
-aki (plural vocative)

Warszawa + -ak → warszawiak

Kraków + -ak → krakowiak

Poznań + -ak → poznaniak


-ak

Nişanyan compares the Iranic diminutive suffix 𐭪 (-ak), whence Persian ـک (-ak).

ogul (“child, son”) + *-ak → *oglak (“kid”)


-anin

-anka (feminine)
-anin (nominative singular)
-anie (nominative plural)
-anina (genitive singular)
-an (genitive plural)
-aninowi (dative singular)
-anom (dative plural)
-anina (accusative singular)
-an (accusative plural)
-aninem (instrumental singular)
-anami (instrumental plural)
-aninie (locative singular)
-anach (locative plural)
-aninie (singular vocative)
-anie (plural vocative)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-aninъ, an alternative form of Proto-Slavic *-janinъ.

Rosja + -anin → Rosjanin


-ičar

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, person who does something or an animal.


-aš

By hybridization of the inherited Proto-Slavic *-ašь (as in bogàtāš (“rich man”), from *bogatašь) and the borrowed Hungarian -ás (as in pȁprikāš, from paprikás).

nȁfta + -aš → nàftāš

lóva + -aš → lòvāš

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a person who does something, performer, age, athlete, or a follower.


-džija

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish ـجی (modern Turkish -ci/-çi) and the Serbo-Croatian suffix -ja.

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.


-ež

-ež (nominative singular)
-eže (nominative plural)
-eže (genitive singular)
-eží (genitive plural)
-eži (dative singular)
-ežím (dative plural)
-ež (accusative singular)
-eže (accusative plural)
-eži (singular vocative)
-eže (plural vocative)
-eži (locative singular)
-ežích (locative plural)
-eží (instrumental singular)
-ežemi (instrumental plural)


-ić

Polish: -ić

ślepy + -ić → zaślepić


-ić

Inherited from Old Polish -ić, from Proto-Slavic *-iti.

powolny + -ić → spowolnić


-ić

Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually to form a diminutive or to denote a family name.


-čić

Re-analysed from diminutives in -ić of nouns words ending in -k, -ac, -ač.


-ik

-iku (genitive)
-ikut (partitive)
-ik (nominative singular)
-ikud (nominative plural)
-ik (accusative nominative singular)
-ikud (accusative nominative plural)
-iku (accusative genitive singular)
-ikud (accusative genitive plural)
-iku (genitive singular)
-ikute (genitive plural)
-ikut (partitive singular)
-ikuid (partitive plural)
-ikusse (illative singular)
-ikutesse (illative plural)
-ikuisse (illative plural)
-ikus (inessive singular)
-ikutes (inessive plural)
-ikuis (inessive plural)
-ikust (elative singular)
-ikutest (elative plural)
-ikuist (elative plural)
-ikule (allative singular)
-ikutele (allative plural)
-ikuile (allative plural)
-ikul (adessive singular)
-ikutel (adessive plural)
-ikuil (adessive plural)
-ikult (ablative singular)
-ikutelt (ablative plural)
-ikuilt (ablative plural)
-ikuks (singular translative)
-ikuteks (plural translative)
-ikuiks (plural translative)
-ikuni (singular terminative)
-ikuteni (plural terminative)
-ikuna (essive singular)
-ikutena (essive plural)
-ikuta (abessive singular)
-ikuteta (abessive plural)
-ikuga (comitative singular)
-ikutega (comitative plural)

kaks (“two”) → kaksik (“twin, group of two”)

kolm (“three”) → kolmik (“triplet, group of three”)

neli (“four”) → nelik (“quadruplet, four of a kind (poker), group of four”)

Derives nouns from numerals, with the meaning "group of".


-ik

Borrowed from Latin -icus and Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós).


-ik

From English -ic, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos.

analitik


-ik

Polish: -ik


-ik

-ik (nominative singular)
-icy (nominative plural)
-iki (derogatory nominative plural)
-ika (genitive singular)
-ików (genitive plural)
-ikowi (dative singular)
-ikom (dative plural)
-ika (accusative singular)
-ików (accusative plural)
-ikiem (instrumental singular)
-ikami (instrumental plural)
-iku (locative singular)
-ikach (locative plural)
-iku (singular vocative)
-icy (plural vocative)
-ik (nominative singular)
-iki (nominative plural)
-ika (genitive singular)
-ików (genitive plural)
-ikowi (dative singular)
-ikom (dative plural)
-ik (accusative singular)
-iki (accusative plural)
-ikiem (instrumental singular)
-ikami (instrumental plural)
-iku (locative singular)
-ikach (locative plural)
-iku (singular vocative)
-iki (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish -ik, from Proto-Slavic *-ikъ.

słodki + -ik → słodzik


-ik

Nishanyan and Clauson suggest that it is a doublet of *-ak. Compare with Sogdian -𐼷𐼸 (-yk, “diminutive suffix”).

kāp (“sack, cup”) + *-ik → *kāpïk (“shell”)


-ik

q

merged with <i class="Latn mention" lang="urj-fin-pro">*-i</i>

Finnish: -i (merged with *-i)

Perhaps *-i (adverbial suffix) + *-k (lative suffix).


-nik

From the Slavic suffix represented by Russian -ник (-nik). This suffix experienced a surge in English coinages for nicknames and diminutives after the 1957 Soviet launch of the first Sputnik satellite. English usage is heavily influenced by Yiddish usage of ־ניק (-nik) and similar borrowed words (nogoodnik, nudnik, kibbutznik).

Creates a nickname for a person who exemplifies, endorses, or is associated with the thing or quality specified (by the base form), often a particular ideology or preference.


-nik

-niku (genitive)
-nikku (partitive)
-nik (nominative singular)
-nikud (nominative plural)
-nik (accusative nominative singular)
-nikud (accusative nominative plural)
-niku (accusative genitive singular)
-nikud (accusative genitive plural)
-niku (genitive singular)
-nike (genitive plural)
-nikkude (genitive plural)
-nikku (partitive singular)
-nikke (partitive plural)
-nikkusid (partitive plural)
-nikku (illative singular)
-nikusse (illative singular)
-nikesse (illative plural)
-nikkudesse (illative plural)
-nikus (inessive singular)
-nikes (inessive plural)
-nikkudes (inessive plural)
-nikust (elative singular)
-nikest (elative plural)
-nikkudest (elative plural)
-nikule (allative singular)
-nikele (allative plural)
-nikkudele (allative plural)
-nikul (adessive singular)
-nikel (adessive plural)
-nikkudel (adessive plural)
-nikult (ablative singular)
-nikelt (ablative plural)
-nikkudelt (ablative plural)
-nikuks (singular translative)
-nikeks (plural translative)
-nikkudeks (plural translative)
-nikuni (singular terminative)
-nikeni (plural terminative)
-nikkudeni (plural terminative)
-nikuna (essive singular)
-nikena (essive plural)
-nikkudena (essive plural)
-nikuta (abessive singular)
-niketa (abessive plural)
-nikkudeta (abessive plural)
-nikuga (comitative singular)
-nikega (comitative plural)
-nikkudega (comitative plural)

Compare Ingrian -nikka, Latvian -nieks and Russian -ник (-nik).

kiri (“text”) + -nik → kirjanik (“writer”)

aed (“garden”) + -nik → aednik (“gardener”)

kunst (“art”) + -nik → kunstnik (“artist”)

Forms occupational agent nouns. (non-productive)


-nik

-nik (nominative singular)
-nika (dual nominative)
-niki (nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-nikowu (dual genitive)
-nikow (genitive plural)
-nikoju (dative singular)
-nikoma (dative dual)
-nikam (dative plural)
-nika (accusative singular)
-nikowu (accusative dual)
-niki (accusative plural)
-nikow (accusative plural)
-nikom (instrumental singular)
-nikoma (dual instrumental)
-nikami (instrumental plural)
-niku (locative singular)
-nikoma (dual locative)
-nikach (locative plural)
-nik (nominative singular)
-nika (dual nominative)
-niki (nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-nikowu (dual genitive)
-nikow (genitive plural)
-nikoju (dative singular)
-nikoma (dative dual)
-nikam (dative plural)
-nik (accusative singular)
-nika (accusative dual)
-niki (accusative plural)
-nikom (instrumental singular)
-nikoma (dual instrumental)
-nikami (instrumental plural)
-niku (locative singular)
-nikoma (dual locative)
-nikach (locative plural)

rězaś (“to cut”) + -nik → rěznik (“butcher”)

Forms masculine nouns referring to a performer of some action, sometimes a device; -er


-nik

Polish: -nik

forms masculine nouns referring to a performer of some action, sometimes a device


-nik

-nik (nominative singular)
-nicy (nominative plural)
-niki (derogatory nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-ników (genitive plural)
-nikowi (dative singular)
-nikom (dative plural)
-nika (accusative singular)
-ników (accusative plural)
-nikiem (instrumental singular)
-nikami (instrumental plural)
-niku (locative singular)
-nikach (locative plural)
-niku (singular vocative)
-nicy (plural vocative)
-nik (nominative singular)
-niki (nominative plural)
-nika (genitive singular)
-ników (genitive plural)
-nikowi (dative singular)
-nikom (dative plural)
-nika (accusative singular)
-niki (accusative plural)
-nikiem (instrumental singular)
-nikami (instrumental plural)
-niku (locative singular)
-nikach (locative plural)
-niku (singular vocative)
-niki (plural vocative)

rola + -nik → rolnik

forms masculine nouns referring to a performer of some action, sometimes a device; -er


-nik

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-nikъ, *-ьnikъ, itself originally by nominalization of adjectives in *-ьnъ with the suffix *-ikъ (whence -ik). The suffix originates from the Proto-Balto-Slavic period; compare with dialectal Lithuanian lauk-inykas (“peasant, farmer”) (from laũkas (“field”)) and Old Prussian lauk-inikis (“vassal”).

Suffix appended to nominal stems to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a professional, performer, adherent, place, object, tool or a feature.


-lac

-lāc (canonical neuter)
-lāc (nominative singular)
-lāc (nominative plural)
-lāc (accusative singular)
-lāc (accusative plural)
-lāces (genitive singular)
-lāca (genitive plural)
-lāce (dative singular)
-lācum (dative plural)

Middle English: -lac, -lec, -laik, -lok

English: -lock (only in wedlock, bridelock)

Scots: -laik, -lok, -locke

From Proto-West Germanic *-laik, from Proto-Germanic *-laiką (“jump, spring, sport”), from *laiką (“play, sport, fight, activity”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“to bounce, shake, tremble”). Related to Proto-Germanic *laikaz (“game, dance, hymn, sport”).
Akin to Old English lāc (“sport, play”). More at English lake (Etymology 2).

cog

feohtlāc

noun suffix denoting activity (compare Modern English -ation)


-lija

From Ottoman Turkish لو (-li, -lı, -lu, -lü) (Turkish -li, -lı, -lu, -lü).

Suffix appended to words to create a noun, usually denoting a feature, person doing something or to form a proper name.


-ara

(dialectal, chiefly central Italy) Alternative form of -aia


-ara

-ara (nominative singular)
-ary (nominative plural)
-ary (genitive singular)
-ar (genitive plural)
-arze (dative singular)
-arom (dative plural)
-arę (accusative singular)
-ary (accusative plural)
-arą (instrumental singular)
-arami (instrumental plural)
-arze (locative singular)
-arach (locative plural)
-aro (singular vocative)
-ary (plural vocative)

typ + -ara → typiara

gówniarz + -ara → gówniara

jesień + -ara → jesieniara

appended to form feminine nouns, often used in slang


-ara

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a performer, a woman with large body parts, or a shop or workshop.


-arina

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting salaries, taxes or fees.


-ava

Used to form nouns from verbs, sometimes from adjectives.


-ava

lakati + -ava → lakava

křikati + -ava → křikava

nadati + -ava → nadava

naplaviti + -ava → náplava

ohaviti + -ava → ohava


-ba

-ba (nominative singular)
-by (nominative plural)
-by (genitive singular)
-b (genitive plural)
-bě (dative singular)
-bám (dative plural)
-bu (accusative singular)
-by (accusative plural)
-bo (singular vocative)
-by (plural vocative)
-bě (locative singular)
-bách (locative plural)
-bou (instrumental singular)
-bami (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech -ba, from Proto-Slavic *-ьba.

chodit + -ba → chodba

sloužit + -ba → služba

forms feminine nouns usually denoting an action, process or its result


-ba

-ba (nominative singular)
-by (nominative plural)
-by (genitive singular)
-b (genitive plural)
-bie (dative singular)
-bom (dative plural)
-bę (accusative singular)
-by (accusative plural)
-bą (instrumental singular)
-bami (instrumental plural)
-bie (locative singular)
-bach (locative plural)
-bo (singular vocative)
-by (plural vocative)

służyć + -ba → służba

(not productive) forms feminine nouns meaning the action of a verb


-ca

Teréz (“Teresa”) + -ca → Teca (“Tessa”)

(diminutive suffix) Added to a noun or a proper noun to form a diminutive.


-ca

mówic + -ca → mówca


-ca

-ca (nominative singular)
-can (nominative plural)
-can (accusative singular)
-can (accusative plural)
-can (genitive singular)
-cena (genitive plural)
-can (dative singular)
-cum (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *-ukō, from Proto-Germanic *-ukô, equivalent to -oc + -a.

Creates concrete masculine nouns from adjectives, verbs, or other nouns, usually typifying a condition or state, or characterising a diminutive aspect.


-ca

Polish: -ca

Silesian: -ca

prześladować + -ca → prześladowca


-ca

-ca (nominative singular)
-cy (nominative plural)
-ce (derogatory nominative plural)
-cy (genitive singular)
-ców (genitive plural)
-cy (dative singular)
-com (dative plural)
-cę (accusative singular)
-ców (accusative plural)
-cą (instrumental singular)
-cami (instrumental plural)
-cy (locative singular)
-cach (locative plural)
-co (singular vocative)
-cy (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish -ca, from Proto-Slavic *-ьca. Doublet of -ika and -yka.

dawać + -ca → dawca


-ca

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually a diminutive form expressing endearment.


-ca

mōwić + -ca → mōwca


-ica

From Latin -ica, neuter plural of -icus.
Note that etymologically this is not -ic + -a (“(plural ending)”), as -ic is the English form, having dropped the -um, though adding an -a to an English word ending in -ic does produce a superficial etymologically.

a collection of things that relate to a specific place, person, theme, etc.


-ica

Borrowed from English -ics, French -ique, Italian -ica, Portuguese -ica/Spanish -ica, Russian -ика (-ika), all ultimately from Latin -icum, from -icus.

electron (“electron”) + -ica → electronica (“electronics”)

phonema (“phoneme”) + -ica → phonemica (“phonemics”)

gymnasta (“gymnast”) + -ica → gymnastica (“gymnastics”)

forms nouns from nouns, denoting a science of study; -ics


-ica

Polish: -ica


-ica

-ica (nominative singular)
-ice (nominative plural)
-icy (genitive singular)
-ic (genitive plural)
-icy (dative singular)
-icom (dative plural)
-icę (accusative singular)
-ice (accusative plural)
-icą (instrumental singular)
-icami (instrumental plural)
-icy (locative singular)
-icach (locative plural)
-ico (singular vocative)
-ice (plural vocative)

Inherited from Old Polish -ica, from Proto-Slavic *-ica.

lewo + -ica → lewica

forms feminine nouns, especially pejoratives and augmentatives


-ica

balka + -ica → balczica

forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature


-ica

m (sometimes)
-ica (nominative singular)
-ici (dual nominative)
-icę̇ (nominative plural)
-icę̇ (genitive singular)
-icu (dual genitive)
-icь (genitive plural)
-ici (dative singular)
-icama (dative dual)
-icamъ (dative plural)
-icǫ (accusative singular)
-ici (accusative dual)
-icę̇ (accusative plural)
-icejǫ (instrumental singular)
-icǫ (instrumental singular)
-icama (dual instrumental)
-icami (instrumental plural)
-ici (locative singular)
-icu (dual locative)
-icasъ (locative plural)
-icaxъ (locative plural)
-ice (singular vocative)
-ici (dual vocative)
-icę̇ (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -ица (-ica)

Old Ruthenian: -ица (-ica)

Belarusian: -іца (-ica)

Ukrainian: -иця (-ycja)

Russian: -ица (-ica)

South Slavic:

Old Church Slavonic:

Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱌⰰ (-ica)

Old Cyrillic script: -ица (-ica)

Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: -ица

Latin script: -ica

Slovene: -ica

→ Ottoman Turkish: ـیچه (-içe)

West Slavic:

Czech: -ice

Old Polish: -ica, -yca
Polish: -ica

Slovak: -ica

Pomeranian:

Kashubian: -ica

Slovincian: -ica

Sorbian:

Lower Sorbian: -ica

Upper Sorbian: -ica

By secondary thematicization of older consonant-stem, e.g.
* post-Proto-Indo-European *musī (“fly”) (cf. Ancient Greek μυῖα (muîa), Latin musca) > Pre-Slavic *mus-ī-k- > *mux-ī-k-ā > Common Slavic *mъšica (“fly”).
* post-Proto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷíh₂s (“she-wolf”) (cf. Proto-Germanic *wulgī) > Pre-Slavic *vilk-ī-k- > *vilč-ī-k-ā > Common Slavic *vьlčica (“she-wolf”)
This is comparable to the treatment of ī/ih₂-stems in Latin, in the suffix -trīx, compare:
* Latin genitrīx (“mother”) : Sanskrit जनित्री (jánitrī, “mother”), Ancient Greek γενέτειρα (genéteira).
The primary function in PIE, also retained in Proto-Slavic, was thus to create feminines, substantivized feminine adjectives. The diminutive function is closely related to the structural element */-k-ā/, and has parallels in other suffixes: *-ьka, *-ъka, *-ika, *-ьkъ, *-ъkъ.

-ьnica

with *-ьn- element abstracted away from denominal derivations on *-ьnъ

-avica

with *-av- element abstracted away from agent nouns on *-ava and adjectives on *-avъ

blědъ (“pale”) → *blědica (“paleness”)

blědьnъ (“pale”) → *blědьnica (“paleness”)

(rare) Deadjectival, forming abstract nouns.


-ika

-ika (nominative singular)
-iki (genitive singular)
-ice (dative singular)
-ikę (accusative singular)
-iką (instrumental singular)
-ice (locative singular)
-iko (singular vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -ική (-ikḗ). Doublet of -ca and -yka.

lbor

-ics, typically causing antepenultimate stress, or pentulimate stress colloquially


-ika

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a plant.


-inka

-inka (nominative singular)
-inki (nominative plural)
-inki (genitive singular)
-inek (genitive plural)
-ince (dative singular)
-inkom (dative plural)
-inkę (accusative singular)
-inki (accusative plural)
-inką (instrumental singular)
-inkami (instrumental plural)
-ince (locative singular)
-inkach (locative plural)
-inko (singular vocative)
-inki (plural vocative)

buława + -inka → buławinka


-enka

-enka (nominative singular)
-enky (nominative plural)
-enky (genitive singular)
-enek (genitive plural)
-ence (dative singular)
-enkám (dative plural)
-enku (accusative singular)
-enky (accusative plural)
-enko (singular vocative)
-enky (plural vocative)
-ence (locative singular)
-enkách (locative plural)
-enkou (instrumental singular)
-enkami (instrumental plural)


-enka

-enka (nominative singular)
-enki (nominative plural)
-enki (genitive singular)
-enek (genitive plural)
-ence (dative singular)
-enkom (dative plural)
-enkę (accusative singular)
-enki (accusative plural)
-enką (instrumental singular)
-enkami (instrumental plural)
-ence (locative singular)
-enkach (locative plural)
-enko (singular vocative)
-enki (plural vocative)

trumna + -enka → trumienka


-ovka

Probably from -ový + -ka. For instance, ledovka can be analyzed as ledový + -ka or led + -ovka.

žár + -ovka → žárovka


-inja

Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a profession, social status, kinship or to form a pejorative.


-ost

-ost (nominative singular)
-osti (nominative plural)
-osti (genitive singular)
-ostí (genitive plural)
-osti (dative singular)
-ostem (dative plural)
-ost (accusative singular)
-osti (accusative plural)
-osti (singular vocative)
-osti (plural vocative)
-osti (locative singular)
-ostech (locative plural)
-ostí (instrumental singular)
-ostmi (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech -ost, from Proto-Slavic *-ostь; compare Old Church Slavonic -ость (-ostĭ).

-ness: from adjectives, forms nouns indicating a property


-ost

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ostь; compare Old Church Slavonic -ость (-ostĭ).

Appended to adjectives and verbs to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a feature or quality. Similar to -oća.


-ost

-ost (canonical)
-ọ̑st (canonical feminine)

Forms abstract nouns from adjectives, denoting a quality.


-ština

-ese, -ic, -an, -ish (a language or dialect)


-ština

Žìdov → židóvština

Làtīn → latínština

Talìjān → talijánština

kàjkavac → kajkávština

grȁđanin → građánština

Sàrajevo → sarajévština

Appended to ethnonyms, oikonyms and similar nouns to create an uncountable feminine noun denoting the language / dialect / vernacular and/or ways of said group.


-ština

nominative
-štinae (plural)
genitive
-ština (plural)
dative
-štinaiam (plural)
accusative
locative
-štinaiach (plural)
instrumental
-štinaami (plural)


-ura

ca-noun

-ura f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ures)

-ness (forms nouns of quality from adjectives)


-ura

head

-ura (front vowel harmony variant -yrä, linguistic notation -UrA)

-yrä (front-vowel)
-ura (nominative singular)
-urat (nominative plural)
-ura (accusative nominative singular)
-urat (accusative nominative plural)
-uran (accusative genitive singular)
-urat (accusative genitive plural)
-uran (genitive singular)
-uroiden (genitive plural)
-uroitten (genitive plural)
-urain (genitive plural rare)
-uraa (partitive singular)
-uroita (partitive plural)
-urassa (inessive singular)
-uroissa (inessive plural)
-urasta (elative singular)
-uroista (elative plural)
-uraan (illative singular)
-uroihin (illative plural)
-uralla (adessive singular)
-uroilla (adessive plural)
-uralta (ablative singular)
-uroilta (ablative plural)
-uralle (allative singular)
-uroille (allative plural)
-urana (essive singular)
-uroina (essive plural)
-uraksi (singular translative)
-uroiksi (plural translative)
-uratta (abessive singular)
-uroitta (abessive plural)
-uroin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-urani (nominative singular)
-urani (nominative plural)
-urani (accusative nominative singular)
-urani (accusative nominative plural)
-urani (accusative genitive singular)
-urani (accusative genitive plural)
-urani (genitive singular)
-uroideni (genitive plural)
-uroitteni (genitive plural)
-uraini (genitive plural rare)
-uraani (partitive singular)
-uroitani (partitive plural)
-urassani (inessive singular)
-uroissani (inessive plural)
-urastani (elative singular)
-uroistani (elative plural)
-uraani (illative singular)
-uroihini (illative plural)
-urallani (adessive singular)
-uroillani (adessive plural)
-uraltani (ablative singular)
-uroiltani (ablative plural)
-uralleni (allative singular)
-uroilleni (allative plural)
-uranani (essive singular)
-uroinani (essive plural)
-urakseni (singular translative)
-uroikseni (plural translative)
-urattani (abessive singular)
-uroittani (abessive plural)
-uroineni (comitative plural)
-urasi (nominative singular)
-urasi (nominative plural)
-urasi (accusative nominative singular)
-urasi (accusative nominative plural)
-urasi (accusative genitive singular)
-urasi (accusative genitive plural)
-urasi (genitive singular)
-uroidesi (genitive plural)
-uroittesi (genitive plural)
-uraisi (genitive plural rare)
-uraasi (partitive singular)
-uroitasi (partitive plural)
-urassasi (inessive singular)
-uroissasi (inessive plural)
-urastasi (elative singular)
-uroistasi (elative plural)
-uraasi (illative singular)
-uroihisi (illative plural)
-urallasi (adessive singular)
-uroillasi (adessive plural)
-uraltasi (ablative singular)
-uroiltasi (ablative plural)
-urallesi (allative singular)
-uroillesi (allative plural)
-uranasi (essive singular)
-uroinasi (essive plural)
-uraksesi (singular translative)
-uroiksesi (plural translative)
-urattasi (abessive singular)
-uroittasi (abessive plural)
-uroinesi (comitative plural)
-uramme (nominative singular)
-uramme (nominative plural)
-uramme (accusative nominative singular)
-uramme (accusative nominative plural)
-uramme (accusative genitive singular)
-uramme (accusative genitive plural)
-uramme (genitive singular)
-uroidemme (genitive plural)
-uroittemme (genitive plural)
-uraimme (genitive plural rare)
-uraamme (partitive singular)
-uroitamme (partitive plural)
-urassamme (inessive singular)
-uroissamme (inessive plural)
-urastamme (elative singular)
-uroistamme (elative plural)
-uraamme (illative singular)
-uroihimme (illative plural)
-urallamme (adessive singular)
-uroillamme (adessive plural)
-uraltamme (ablative singular)
-uroiltamme (ablative plural)
-urallemme (allative singular)
-uroillemme (allative plural)
-uranamme (essive singular)
-uroinamme (essive plural)
-uraksemme (singular translative)
-uroiksemme (plural translative)
-urattamme (abessive singular)
-uroittamme (abessive plural)
-uroinemme (comitative plural)
-uranne (nominative singular)
-uranne (nominative plural)
-uranne (accusative nominative singular)
-uranne (accusative nominative plural)
-uranne (accusative genitive singular)
-uranne (accusative genitive plural)
-uranne (genitive singular)
-uroidenne (genitive plural)
-uroittenne (genitive plural)
-urainne (genitive plural rare)
-uraanne (partitive singular)
-uroitanne (partitive plural)
-urassanne (inessive singular)
-uroissanne (inessive plural)
-urastanne (elative singular)
-uroistanne (elative plural)
-uraanne (illative singular)
-uroihinne (illative plural)
-urallanne (adessive singular)
-uroillanne (adessive plural)
-uraltanne (ablative singular)
-uroiltanne (ablative plural)
-urallenne (allative singular)
-uroillenne (allative plural)
-urananne (essive singular)
-uroinanne (essive plural)
-uraksenne (singular translative)
-uroiksenne (plural translative)
-urattanne (abessive singular)
-uroittanne (abessive plural)
-uroinenne (comitative plural)
-uransa (nominative singular)
-uransa (nominative plural)
-uransa (accusative nominative singular)
-uransa (accusative nominative plural)
-uransa (accusative genitive singular)
-uransa (accusative genitive plural)
-uransa (genitive singular)
-uroidensa (genitive plural)
-uroittensa (genitive plural)
-urainsa (genitive plural rare)
-uraansa (partitive singular)
-uroitaan (partitive plural)
-uroitansa (partitive plural)
-urassaan (inessive singular)
-urassansa (inessive singular)
-uroissaan (inessive plural)
-uroissansa (inessive plural)
-urastaan (elative singular)
-urastansa (elative singular)
-uroistaan (elative plural)
-uroistansa (elative plural)
-uraansa (illative singular)
-uroihinsa (illative plural)
-urallaan (adessive singular)
-urallansa (adessive singular)
-uroillaan (adessive plural)
-uroillansa (adessive plural)
-uraltaan (ablative singular)
-uraltansa (ablative singular)
-uroiltaan (ablative plural)
-uroiltansa (ablative plural)
-uralleen (allative singular)
-urallensa (allative singular)
-uroilleen (allative plural)
-uroillensa (allative plural)
-uranaan (essive singular)
-uranansa (essive singular)
-uroinaan (essive plural)
-uroinansa (essive plural)
-urakseen (singular translative)
-uraksensa (singular translative)
-uroikseen (plural translative)
-uroiksensa (plural translative)
-urattaan (abessive singular)
-urattansa (abessive singular)
-uroittaan (abessive plural)
-uroittansa (abessive plural)
-uroineen (comitative plural)
-uroinensa (comitative plural)


-ura

gl-noun

-ura f (noun-forming suffix, plural -uras)

lento (“damp”) + -ura → lentura (“dampness”)

triste (“sad”) + -ura → tristura (“sadness”)


-ura

la-noun

-ūra f (genitive -ūrae); first declension

-ūra (canonical feminine)
-ūrae (genitive)
-ūra (nominative singular)
-ūrae (nominative plural)
-ūrae (genitive singular)
-ūrārum (genitive plural)
-ūrae (dative singular)
-ūrīs (dative plural)
-ūram (accusative singular)
-ūrās (accusative plural)
-ūrā (ablative singular)
-ūrīs (ablative plural)
-ūra (singular vocative)
-ūrae (plural vocative)

From Classical Latin -tūra, which typically derived abstract nouns from the supine/perfect past participle stem of verb bases (e.g. coniectūra from the verb coniciō (“to throw; foretell; conjecture”) (supine stem coniect-).

(post-Classical) Suffix forming abstract nouns from adjectives.


-ura

-ura (nominative singular)
-ury (nominative plural)
-ury (genitive singular)
-ur (genitive plural)
-urze (dative singular)
-urom (dative plural)
-urę (accusative singular)
-ury (accusative plural)
-urą (instrumental singular)
-urami (instrumental plural)
-urze (locative singular)
-urach (locative plural)
-uro (singular vocative)
-ury (plural vocative)

bździć + -ura → bzdura

administrator + -ura → administratura

forms feminine nouns, often related to offices


-ura

loco (“crazy”) + -ura → locura (“madness”)

attaches to adjectives to form abstract nouns


-uša

djȅver → djevèruša

kȇr → kèruša

krùmpīr → krumpìruša

navláčiti → navlàkuša

namigívati → namìguša

podrigívati → podrìguša

potr̀kati → potr̀kuša

sàčekati → sačèkuša

sȉkter → siktèruša

spȍnzor → sponzòruša

toròkati → toròkuša

čegr̀tati → čegr̀tuša

Appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually denoting a complexion, animal or plant, or to form a pejorative.


-ce

kai (“I”) + -ce → kaice (“we”)

Used to form plurals of personal pronouns.


-ište

Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a place where an action occurs (noćište), and less commonly used to form augmentatives (ljudište).


-ište

-ište (nominative singular)
-ištia (nominative plural)
-išťa (genitive singular)
-ísť (genitive plural)
-išťu (dative singular)
-ištiam (dative plural)
-ište (accusative singular)
-ištia (accusative plural)
-išti (locative singular)
-ištiach (locative plural)
-išťom (instrumental singular)
-išťami (instrumental plural)

noun suffix used to denote a place, similar e.g. to -ary


-ivo

pít (“to drink”) + -ivo → pitivo (“drink, beverages”)

topit (“to heat, stoke”) + -ivo → topivo (“fuel”)

plést (“to weave, knit”) + -ivo → pletivo (“mesh”)

a suffix usually indicating a mass noun derived from a verb, e.g. the stuff needed for or the product of some activity


-ivo

it-adj

-ivo (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -iva, masculine plural -ivi, feminine plural -ive)

it-noun

-ivo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ivi)

-iva (feminine)
-ivi (masculine plural)
-ive (feminine plural)
-ivi (plural)


-ivo

es-adj

-ivo (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -iva, masculine plural -ivos, feminine plural -ivas)

-iva (feminine)
-ivos (masculine plural)
-ivas (feminine plural)


-ivo

-ivo (nominative singular)
-ivě (dual nominative)
-iva (nominative plural)
-iva (genitive singular)
-ivu (dual genitive)
-ivъ (genitive plural)
-ivu (dative singular)
-ivoma (dative dual)
-ivomъ (dative plural)
-ivo (accusative singular)
-ivě (accusative dual)
-iva (accusative plural)
-ivъmь (instrumental singular)
-ivomь (instrumental singular)
-ivoma (dual instrumental)
-ivy (instrumental plural)
-ivě (locative singular)
-ivu (dual locative)
-ivěxъ (locative plural)
-ivo (singular vocative)
-ivě (dual vocative)
-iva (plural vocative)

East Slavic:

Old East Slavic: -иво (-ivo)

Belarusian: -іва (-iva). -ыва (-yva)

Russian: -иво/-ево n (-ivo/-jevo)3, -ива f (-iva)

Ukrainian: -иво/-ево (-yvo/-evo)

South Slavic:

Bulgarian: -иво/-и́во (-ivo/-ívo)

Macedonian: -иво (-ivo)

Serbo-Croatian:

desc

-ӣво/-и̑во/-иво

Cyrillic script: -ӣво/-и̑во/-иво

Latin script: -īvo/-ȋvo/-ivo

Slovene: -ivo/-ȋvo n, -iva f

West Slavic:

Old Czech: -ivo n, -iva f

Czech: -ivo n, -iva f

Old Polish: -iwo

Polish: -iwo n, -iwa f

Slovak: -ivo

Resulted from the fossilization of proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the Caland system's suffixes, attached to yé-denominative (e.g. in the case of *bělivo (“bleach”) ← *běliti ← *bělъ) or éye-causative (e.g. in the case of *gorivo (“fuel”) ← *gorěti) verbs.
The original suffix survives in adjectives like *lěvъ (“left”) (ultimately from the same proto-root as *lajati (“to ambush, to lurk”)) and nouns like *glěvъ (“slime”) or *griva (“mane”).

melivo ← *melti

prędivo ← *pręsti

mazivo ← *mazati?

lazivo ← *laziti

sętivo ← *sętiti

sěčivo ← *sěťi

Forms instrumental and resultant terms from verb stems:


-lo

head

-lo (front vowel harmony variant -lö, linguistic notation -lO)

-lö (front-vowel)
-lo (nominative singular)
-lot (nominative plural)
-lo (accusative nominative singular)
-lot (accusative nominative plural)
-lon (accusative genitive singular)
-lot (accusative genitive plural)
-lon (genitive singular)
-lojen (genitive plural)
-loiden (genitive plural)
-loitten (genitive plural)
-loa (partitive singular)
-loja (partitive plural)
-loita (partitive plural)
-lossa (inessive singular)
-loissa (inessive plural)
-losta (elative singular)
-loista (elative plural)
-loon (illative singular)
-loihin (illative plural)
-lolla (adessive singular)
-loilla (adessive plural)
-lolta (ablative singular)
-loilta (ablative plural)
-lolle (allative singular)
-loille (allative plural)
-lona (essive singular)
-loina (essive plural)
-loksi (singular translative)
-loiksi (plural translative)
-lotta (abessive singular)
-loitta (abessive plural)
-loin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-loni (nominative singular)
-loni (nominative plural)
-loni (accusative nominative singular)
-loni (accusative nominative plural)
-loni (accusative genitive singular)
-loni (accusative genitive plural)
-loni (genitive singular)
-lojeni (genitive plural)
-loideni (genitive plural)
-loitteni (genitive plural)
-loani (partitive singular)
-lojani (partitive plural)
-loitani (partitive plural)
-lossani (inessive singular)
-loissani (inessive plural)
-lostani (elative singular)
-loistani (elative plural)
-looni (illative singular)
-loihini (illative plural)
-lollani (adessive singular)
-loillani (adessive plural)
-loltani (ablative singular)
-loiltani (ablative plural)
-lolleni (allative singular)
-loilleni (allative plural)
-lonani (essive singular)
-loinani (essive plural)
-lokseni (singular translative)
-loikseni (plural translative)
-lottani (abessive singular)
-loittani (abessive plural)
-loineni (comitative plural)
-losi (nominative singular)
-losi (nominative plural)
-losi (accusative nominative singular)
-losi (accusative nominative plural)
-losi (accusative genitive singular)
-losi (accusative genitive plural)
-losi (genitive singular)
-lojesi (genitive plural)
-loidesi (genitive plural)
-loittesi (genitive plural)
-loasi (partitive singular)
-lojasi (partitive plural)
-loitasi (partitive plural)
-lossasi (inessive singular)
-loissasi (inessive plural)
-lostasi (elative singular)
-loistasi (elative plural)
-loosi (illative singular)
-loihisi (illative plural)
-lollasi (adessive singular)
-loillasi (adessive plural)
-loltasi (ablative singular)
-loiltasi (ablative plural)
-lollesi (allative singular)
-loillesi (allative plural)
-lonasi (essive singular)
-loinasi (essive plural)
-loksesi (singular translative)
-loiksesi (plural translative)
-lottasi (abessive singular)
-loittasi (abessive plural)
-loinesi (comitative plural)
-lomme (nominative singular)
-lomme (nominative plural)
-lomme (accusative nominative singular)
-lomme (accusative nominative plural)
-lomme (accusative genitive singular)
-lomme (accusative genitive plural)
-lomme (genitive singular)
-lojemme (genitive plural)
-loidemme (genitive plural)
-loittemme (genitive plural)
-loamme (partitive singular)
-lojamme (partitive plural)
-loitamme (partitive plural)
-lossamme (inessive singular)
-loissamme (inessive plural)
-lostamme (elative singular)
-loistamme (elative plural)
-loomme (illative singular)
-loihimme (illative plural)
-lollamme (adessive singular)
-loillamme (adessive plural)
-loltamme (ablative singular)
-loiltamme (ablative plural)
-lollemme (allative singular)
-loillemme (allative plural)
-lonamme (essive singular)
-loinamme (essive plural)
-loksemme (singular translative)
-loiksemme (plural translative)
-lottamme (abessive singular)
-loittamme (abessive plural)
-loinemme (comitative plural)
-lonne (nominative singular)
-lonne (nominative plural)
-lonne (accusative nominative singular)
-lonne (accusative nominative plural)
-lonne (accusative genitive singular)
-lonne (accusative genitive plural)
-lonne (genitive singular)
-lojenne (genitive plural)
-loidenne (genitive plural)
-loittenne (genitive plural)
-loanne (partitive singular)
-lojanne (partitive plural)
-loitanne (partitive plural)
-lossanne (inessive singular)
-loissanne (inessive plural)
-lostanne (elative singular)
-loistanne (elative plural)
-loonne (illative singular)
-loihinne (illative plural)
-lollanne (adessive singular)
-loillanne (adessive plural)
-loltanne (ablative singular)
-loiltanne (ablative plural)
-lollenne (allative singular)
-loillenne (allative plural)
-lonanne (essive singular)
-loinanne (essive plural)
-loksenne (singular translative)
-loiksenne (plural translative)
-lottanne (abessive singular)
-loittanne (abessive plural)
-loinenne (comitative plural)
-lonsa (nominative singular)
-lonsa (nominative plural)
-lonsa (accusative nominative singular)
-lonsa (accusative nominative plural)
-lonsa (accusative genitive singular)
-lonsa (accusative genitive plural)
-lonsa (genitive singular)
-lojensa (genitive plural)
-loidensa (genitive plural)
-loittensa (genitive plural)
-loaan (partitive singular)
-loansa (partitive singular)
-lojaan (partitive plural)
-loitaan (partitive plural)
-lojansa (partitive plural)
-loitansa (partitive plural)
-lossaan (inessive singular)
-lossansa (inessive singular)
-loissaan (inessive plural)
-loissansa (inessive plural)
-lostaan (elative singular)
-lostansa (elative singular)
-loistaan (elative plural)
-loistansa (elative plural)
-loonsa (illative singular)
-loihinsa (illative plural)
-lollaan (adessive singular)
-lollansa (adessive singular)
-loillaan (adessive plural)
-loillansa (adessive plural)
-loltaan (ablative singular)
-loltansa (ablative singular)
-loiltaan (ablative plural)
-loiltansa (ablative plural)
-lolleen (allative singular)
-lollensa (allative singular)
-loilleen (allative plural)
-loillensa (allative plural)
-lonaan (essive singular)
-lonansa (essive singular)
-loinaan (essive plural)
-loinansa (essive plural)
-lokseen (singular translative)
-loksensa (singular translative)
-loikseen (plural translative)
-loiksensa (plural translative)
-lottaan (abessive singular)
-lottansa (abessive singular)
-loittaan (abessive plural)
-loittansa (abessive plural)
-loineen (comitative plural)
-loinensa (comitative plural)

From -la + -i (with later labialization).


-alo

The reason for the -a- is not well understood.


-alo

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀆𑀮 (-āla), from Sanskrit -आल (-āla).

inh+

baxt (“luck”) + -alo → baxtalo (“lucky”)

Added to a noun to form an adjective meaning "having the quality of".


-ilo

From Proto-Slavic *-dlo and Proto-Germanic *-ilaz. Compare Russian -ло (-lo) and Polish -dło, English, Dutch, and German -el, as well as Old Norse -ill.

pafi (“to shoot”) + -ilo → pafilo (“firearm”)

piki (“to sting, prick”) + -ilo → pikilo (“stinger”)

segi (“to saw”) + -ilo → segilo (“saw”)

tondi (“to shear”) + -ilo → tondilo (“scissors”)

tranĉi (“to cut, slice”) + -ilo → tranĉilo (“knife”)

an instrument, a tool for performing the action of the root


-ilo

Back-formation from utensilo (“utensil, tool, instrument”).

back-form

fotografar (“to photograph”) + -ilo → fotografilo (“camera”)

A suffix used with a verbal root to denote an instrument, tool, or means of performing an action.


-nje

Suffix appended to verb stems to create a verbal noun


-enje

let(j)eti (“to fly”) → letenje (“(the act of) flying”).

Suffix appended to verb roots to create a neuter verbal noun denoting an action or the result of an action. Analogous to English gerund suffix -ing.


-stvo

-stvo (nominative singular)
-stva (nominative plural)
-stva (genitive singular)
-stev (genitive plural)
-stvu (dative singular)
-stvům (dative plural)
-stvo (accusative singular)
-stva (accusative plural)
-stvo (singular vocative)
-stva (plural vocative)
-stvu (locative singular)
-stvech (locative plural)
-stvem (instrumental singular)
-stvy (instrumental plural)

Inherited from Old Czech -stvo, from Proto-Slavic *-ьstvo.


-stvo

Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, quality or a state. Corresponding to English -hood or -ness.


-stvo

nominative
-stvo (singular)
-stvá (plural)
genitive
-stva (singular)
-stiev (plural)
dative
-stvu (singular)
-stvám (plural)
accusative
locative
-stve (singular)
-stvách (plural)
instrumental
-stvom (singular)
-stvami (plural)

suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, quality or a state. Corresponding to English -hood or -ness


af-

From Old Norse af-. Compare German ab-, Swedish av-.

rive (“rip”) -> afrive (“rip off”)

skrælle (“peel”) -> afskrælle


af-

From Old Norse af-, from Proto-Germanic *aba-.


af-

From Proto-Brythonic *aβ̃-, from Proto-Celtic *am-, allophonic variant of *an- before *b and *ɸ.

af- + glân (“clean; honest”) → aflan (“corrupt, evil”)

af- + llwyddiannus (“successful”) → aflwyddiannus (“unsuccessful”)

af- + rhwydd (“easy”) → afrwydd (“difficult”)

af- + iechyd (“health”) → afiechyd (“sickness, illness”)

not, un-, non-, an-, dis-, negative prefix


-idine

Derived from the ending of pyridine, which comes from German Pyridin which in turn comes from a combination of pyro- -id and -in (-ide and -ine)

alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

(pharmacology) alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists.


-osin

An alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist


-terol

(pharmacology) Used to form names of phenethylamine derivatives used as bronchodilators.


huvud-

Huvud (“head”) used as a prefix. Compare similar prefixal use with Danish hoved-, Norwegian Bokmål hoved-, Norwegian Nynorsk hovud-, English head (the adjective), German haupt- and Dutch hoofd-.


-inn

-in (feminine)
-it (neuter)
-inn (masculine nominative singular)
-in (feminine nominative singular)
-it (neuter nominative singular)
-inn (accusative masculine singular)
-na (accusative feminine singular)
-it (accusative neuter singular)
-num (dative masculine singular)
-inni (dative feminine singular)
-nu (dative neuter singular)
-ins (genitive masculine singular)
-innar (feminine genitive singular)
-ins (genitive neuter singular)
-nir (masculine nominative plural)
-nar (feminine nominative plural)
-in (neuter nominative plural)
-na (accusative masculine plural)
-nar (accusative feminine plural)
-in (accusative neuter plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-inna (genitive masculine plural)
-inna (feminine genitive plural)
-inna (genitive neuter plural)
-ni (masculine nominative singular)
-na (feminine nominative singular)
-na (neuter nominative singular)
-na (accusative masculine singular)
-nu (accusative feminine singular)
-na (accusative neuter singular)
-na (dative masculine singular)
-nu (dative feminine singular)
-na (dative neuter singular)
-na (genitive masculine singular)
-nu (feminine genitive singular)
-na (genitive neuter singular)
-nu (masculine nominative plural)
-nu (feminine nominative plural)
-nu (neuter nominative plural)
-nu (accusative masculine plural)
-nu (accusative feminine plural)
-nu (accusative neuter plural)
-num (dative masculine plural)
-num (dative feminine plural)
-num (dative neuter plural)
-nu (genitive masculine plural)
-nu (feminine genitive plural)
-nu (genitive neuter plural)
-nari (comparative masculine nominative singular)
-nari (comparative feminine nominative singular)
-nara (comparative neuter nominative singular)
-nara (accusative comparative masculine singular)
-nari (accusative comparative feminine singular)
-nara (accusative comparative neuter singular)
-nara (comparative dative masculine singular)
-nari (comparative dative feminine singular)
-nara (comparative dative neuter singular)
-nara (comparative genitive masculine singular)
-nari (comparative feminine genitive singular)
-nara (comparative genitive neuter singular)
-nari (comparative masculine nominative plural)
-nari (comparative feminine nominative plural)
-nari (comparative neuter nominative plural)
-nari (accusative comparative masculine plural)
-nari (accusative comparative feminine plural)
-nari (accusative comparative neuter plural)
-nurum (comparative dative masculine plural)
-nurum (comparative dative feminine plural)
-nurum (comparative dative neuter plural)
-nari (comparative genitive masculine plural)
-nari (comparative feminine genitive plural)
-nari (comparative genitive neuter plural)
-nastr (masculine nominative singular superlative)
-nust (feminine nominative singular superlative)
-nast (neuter nominative singular superlative)
-nastan (accusative masculine singular superlative)
-nasta (accusative feminine singular superlative)
-nast (accusative neuter singular superlative)
-nustum (dative masculine singular superlative)
-nastri (dative feminine singular superlative)
-nustu (dative neuter singular superlative)
-nasts (genitive masculine singular superlative)
-nastrar (feminine genitive singular superlative)
-nasts (genitive neuter singular superlative)
-nastir (masculine nominative plural superlative)
-nastar (feminine nominative plural superlative)
-nust (neuter nominative plural superlative)
-nasta (accusative masculine plural superlative)
-nastar (accusative feminine plural superlative)
-nust (accusative neuter plural superlative)
-nustum (dative masculine plural superlative)
-nustum (dative feminine plural superlative)
-nustum (dative neuter plural superlative)
-nastra (genitive masculine plural superlative)
-nastra (feminine genitive plural superlative)
-nastra (genitive neuter plural superlative)
-nasti (masculine nominative singular superlative)
-nasta (feminine nominative singular superlative)
-nasta (neuter nominative singular superlative)
-nasta (accusative masculine singular superlative)
-nustu (accusative feminine singular superlative)
-nasta (accusative neuter singular superlative)
-nasta (dative masculine singular superlative)
-nustu (dative feminine singular superlative)
-nasta (dative neuter singular superlative)
-nasta (genitive masculine singular superlative)
-nustu (feminine genitive singular superlative)
-nasta (genitive neuter singular superlative)
-nustu (masculine nominative plural superlative)
-nustu (feminine nominative plural superlative)
-nustu (neuter nominative plural superlative)
-nustu (accusative masculine plural superlative)
-nustu (accusative feminine plural superlative)
-nustu (accusative neuter plural superlative)
-nustum (dative masculine plural superlative)
-nustum (dative feminine plural superlative)
-nustum (dative neuter plural superlative)
-nustu (genitive masculine plural superlative)
-nustu (feminine genitive plural superlative)
-nustu (genitive neuter plural superlative)

non-decl-adj-base

Strong declension of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">-inn</i>

Weak declension of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">-inn</i>

Declension of comparative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">-inn</i>

Strong declension of superlative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">-inn</i>

Weak declension of superlative of <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">-inn</i>

Icelandic: -inn

Faroese: -in

Norwegian Nynorsk: -en

Norwegian Bokmål: -en

Swedish: -en

Danish: -en

From Proto-Norse *-īna-, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Originally, this suffix was used to create adjectives that refer to materials, such as Old Norse eikinn (“oaken”), from eik (“oak”) and gullinn (“golden”), from gull (“gold”).
Later, use of this suffix was extended to create adjectives from verbs, such as Old Norse lyginn (“prone to lying”), from ljúga (“to lie”).

used to create adjectives from nouns, meaning "made from"

used to create adjectives from verbs, meaning "prone to"


-nar

qasuvoq (“is tired”) -> qasunarpoq (“is tiring, is boring”)

annerpoq (“feels pain”) -> annernarpoq (“is painful, hurts”)


iz-

Usually found on verbs (and their derived nouns or adjectives) with the meaning 'out', 'out of' (like German aus- or Russian из- (iz-)).


-ul

csoportos (“collective”) + -ul → csoportosul (“to form a group”)

azonos (“identical”) + -ul → azonosul (“to identify; to associate oneself with some group”)

von (“to pull”) + -ul → vonul (“to go along, to stalk, to march”, literally “to pull oneself”)

alak (“shape”) + -ul → alakul (“to take shape”)

(verb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an intransitive verb with a middle-voice meaning.


-ul

-ül (canonical)
case suffix (essive-modal)

rossz (“bad”) + -ul → rosszul (“badly”)

angol (“English”) + -ul → angolul (“in English”)

(modal sense, adverb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form an adverb.

modal sense; adverb-forming suffix; modal sense; adverb-forming suffix


-ul

-ul (masculine nominative singular)
-ulu (feminine nominative singular)
-ul (neuter nominative singular)
-ulanā (accusative masculine singular)
-ulā (accusative feminine singular)
-ul (accusative neuter singular)
-ulas (genitive masculine singular)
-uleʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-ulas (genitive neuter singular)
-ulumē (dative masculine singular)
-uleʀē (dative feminine singular)
-ulumē (dative neuter singular)
-ulu (instrumental masculine singular)
-uleʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-ulu (instrumental neuter singular)
-ulē (masculine nominative plural)
-ulō (feminine nominative plural)
-ulu (neuter nominative plural)
-ulā (accusative masculine plural)
-ulā (accusative feminine plural)
-ulu (accusative neuter plural)
-uleʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-uleʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-uleʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-ulēm (dative masculine plural)
-ulum (dative masculine plural)
-ulēm (dative feminine plural)
-ulum (dative feminine plural)
-ulēm (dative neuter plural)
-ulum (dative neuter plural)
-ulēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulum (instrumental masculine plural)
-ulēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulum (feminine instrumental plural)
-ulēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-ulum (instrumental neuter plural)

Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating a tendency or proneness to do the verb.


-ya

red- + -ya → redya (“to read”)

rewl (“rule”) + -ya → rewlya (“to rule”)

urdh (“order”) + -ya → urdhya (“to initiate”)


-ya

Cognates include Minica Huitoto -ya and Nüpode Huitoto -ya.


-ya

tuta (“night, darkness”) → tutayay (“to become dark”)

unu (“water, liquid”) → unuyay (“to become liquid ＝ to melt”)


-ya

-chemka (“to boil”) + -ya → -chemsha (“to bring to a boil”)

(often with spirantization of the preceding consonant) causative suffix

used after verbs stems ending -k- (but not in -ek- or -ik-) with spirantization of the -k- to -sh-

-ogopa (“to fear”) + -ya → -ogofya (“to frighten”)

used in some verbs interchangeably with -isha/-esha

-ona (“to see”) + -ya → -onya (“to warn”)

-lala (“to sleep”) + -ya → -laza (“to put to bed”)

(nonproductive) used to construct a causative verb with slightly different meaning

Near-synonyms: -isha/-esha, -iza/-eza


hin-

hin- + fahren (“to drive”) → hinfahren (“to drive there”)

hin- + fallen (“to fall”) → hinfallen (“to fall over, to fall down”)

hin- + werfen (“to throw”) → hinwerfen (“to throw (somewhere or towards someone who is not the speaker)”)

hin- + sehen (“to see, to look”) → hinsehen (“to look somewhere, to look (as opposed to looking away”)

(stressed) Separable verbal prefix that indicates a movement or direction to a location that is not where the speaker is

hin- + unter (“below, under”) → hinunter (“down (away from one's own location)”)

hin- + über (“over”) → hinüber (“across, over (to the other side)”)

(unstressed) Adverbial prefix that indicates a movement or direction to a location that is not where the speaker is


hin-

alternative form of hing-, if the stem starts with the letter ⟨d⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨t⟩.


-ra

-a (absolutive indefinite singular)
-ak (absolutive indefinite plural)
-ok (absolutive plural proximal)
-(e)k (ergative indefinite)
-ak (ergative indefinite singular)
-ek (ergative indefinite plural)
-ok (ergative plural proximal)
-(r)i (dative indefinite)
-ari (dative indefinite singular)
-ei (dative indefinite plural)
-oi (dative plural proximal)
-(r)en (genitive indefinite)
-aren (genitive indefinite singular)
-en (genitive indefinite plural)
-on (genitive plural proximal)
-(r)ekin (comitative indefinite)
-arekin (comitative indefinite singular)
-ekin (comitative indefinite plural)
-okin (comitative plural proximal)
-(r)engatik (causative indefinite)
-arengatik (causative indefinite singular)
-engatik (causative indefinite plural)
-ongatik (causative plural proximal)
-(r)entzat (benefactive indefinite)
-arentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
-entzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
-ontzat (benefactive plural proximal)
-(e)z (indefinite instrumental)
-az (indefinite instrumental singular)
-ez (indefinite instrumental plural)
-oz (instrumental plural proximal)
-(r)engan (animate indefinite inessive)
-arengan (animate indefinite inessive singular)
-engan (animate indefinite inessive plural)
-ongan (animate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tan (inanimate indefinite inessive)
-an (inanimate indefinite inessive singular)
-etan (inanimate indefinite inessive plural)
-otan (inanimate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tako (inanimate indefinite locative)
-(e)ko (inanimate indefinite locative singular)
-etako (inanimate indefinite locative plural)
-otako (inanimate locative plural proximal)
-(r)engana (allative animate indefinite)
-arengana (allative animate indefinite singular)
-engana (allative animate indefinite plural)
-ongana (allative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tara (allative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)ra (allative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etara (allative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otara (allative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganaino (animate indefinite terminative)
-arenganaino (animate indefinite singular terminative)
-enganaino (animate indefinite plural terminative)
-onganaino (animate plural proximal terminative)
-(e)taraino (inanimate indefinite terminative)
-(e)raino (inanimate indefinite singular terminative)
-etaraino (inanimate indefinite plural terminative)
-otaraino (inanimate plural proximal terminative)
-(r)enganantz (animate directive indefinite)
-arenganantz (animate directive indefinite singular)
-enganantz (animate directive indefinite plural)
-onganantz (animate directive plural proximal)
-(e)tarantz (directive inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rantz (directive inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarantz (directive inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarantz (directive inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganako (animate destinative indefinite)
-arenganako (animate destinative indefinite singular)
-enganako (animate destinative indefinite plural)
-onganako (animate destinative plural proximal)
-(e)tarako (destinative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rako (destinative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarako (destinative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarako (destinative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)engandik (ablative animate indefinite)
-arengandik (ablative animate indefinite singular)
-engandik (ablative animate indefinite plural)
-ongandik (ablative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tatik (ablative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)tik (ablative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etik (ablative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otik (ablative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)ik (indefinite partitive)
-tzat (indefinite prolative)

ibai (“river”) + -ra → ibaira (“to the river”)


-ra

head

-ra (front vowel harmony variant -rä, linguistic notation -rA)

From Proto-Finnic *-ra, from Proto-Finno-Ugric [Term?].

Forms nouns or adjectives, mostly from nominal stems.


-ra

nominative (indefinite)
-ra (indefinite singular)
-raí (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a -ra (indefinite singular)
a -raí (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -ra (definite singular)
na -raí (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
dative (definite)
leis an -ra (definite singular)
don -ra (definite singular)
leis na -raí (definite plural)

milseog (“dessert”) + -ra → milseogra (“confectionery”)

glas (“green”) + -ra → glasra (“vegetable; originally “greenery”)

Collective suffix, attached to nouns or adjectives, used to form nouns: -ry, -y


-ra

cobba (“head”) + -ra → cóbaꞌara (“big-headed”)


-ra

-ra (nominative singular)
-ry (nominative plural)
-ry (genitive singular)
-ier (genitive plural)
-or (genitive plural)
-re (dative singular)
-rám (dative plural)
-ram (dative plural)
-ru (accusative singular)
-ry (accusative plural)
-re (locative singular)
-rách (locative plural)
-rach (locative plural)
-rou (instrumental singular)
-rami (instrumental plural)


-ra

Finnish: -ra, -r


-avo

doze (“twelve”) + -avo → dozeavo (“one twelfth”)


bes-

before; used to form words meaning "two times"


sve-

Prefix prepended to adjectives to create an adjective of a more general meaning. (sve (“all”)).


vele-

Prefix prepended to adjectives to create an adjective denoting an intensified feature, generally meaning well, very or highly.


za-

Polish: za-

za- + ślepy → zaślepić


za-

Inherited from Old Polish za-, from Proto-Slavic *za-.

za- + kryć → zakryć

forms perfective semelfactive verbs, usually indicating a thorough or irreversible action


za-

Prefix prepended to adjectives to create an adjective denoting a finished action.


za-

From Proto-Slavic *za-. Prefixed form of the preposition za.

za- + brésti (“to wade”) → zabrésti (“to wade into”)

Forms perfective verbs with the following meanings:


-ok

-ok (nominative singular)
-oki (nominative plural)
-oka (genitive singular)
-oków (genitive plural)
-okowi (dative singular)
-okom (dative plural)
-ok (accusative singular)
-oki (accusative plural)
-okiem (instrumental singular)
-okami (instrumental plural)
-oku (locative singular)
-okach (locative plural)
-oku (singular vocative)
-oki (plural vocative)
-ok (nominative singular)
-oki (nominative plural)
-oka (genitive singular)
-oków (genitive plural)
-okowi (dative singular)
-okom (dative plural)
-oka (accusative singular)
-oki (accusative plural)
-okiem (instrumental singular)
-okami (instrumental plural)
-oku (locative singular)
-okach (locative plural)
-oku (singular vocative)
-oki (plural vocative)

jabłko + -ok → jabcok

forms masculine nouns, sometimes with a derogatory connotation


-ek

douar (“earth”) + -ek → douarek (“earthy, earthly”)

dour (“water”) + -ek → dourek (“watery, humid”)

houarn (“iron”) + -ek → houarnek (“ferrous”)


-ek

cs-noun

-ek m inan or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

-ek (nominative singular)
-ky (nominative plural)
-ku (genitive singular)
-ků (genitive plural)
-ku (dative singular)
-kům (dative plural)
-ek (accusative singular)
-ky (accusative plural)
-ku (singular vocative)
-ky (plural vocative)
-ku (locative singular)
-cích (locative plural)
-kem (instrumental singular)
-ky (instrumental plural)
-ek (nominative singular)
-ci (nominative plural)
-ka (genitive singular)
-ků (genitive plural)
-kovi (dative singular)
-ku (dative singular)
-kům (dative plural)
-ka (accusative singular)
-ky (accusative plural)
-ku (singular vocative)
-ci (plural vocative)
-kovi (locative singular)
-ku (locative singular)
-cích (locative plural)
-kem (instrumental singular)
-ky (instrumental plural)

stůl + -ek → stolek


-ek

-ek (nominative singular)
-kowie (nominative plural)
-ki (nominative plural)
-ka (genitive singular)
-ków (genitive plural)
-kowi (dative singular)
-kom (dative plural)
-ka (accusative singular)
-ków (accusative plural)
-kiem (instrumental singular)
-kami (instrumental plural)
-ku (locative singular)
-kach (locative plural)
-ku (singular vocative)
-kowie (plural vocative)
-ki (plural vocative)
-ek (nominative singular)
-ki (nominative plural)
-ka (genitive singular)
-ków (genitive plural)
-kowi (dative singular)
-kom (dative plural)
-ka (accusative singular)
-ki (accusative plural)
-kiem (instrumental singular)
-kami (instrumental plural)
-ku (locative singular)
-kach (locative plural)
-ku (singular vocative)
-ki (plural vocative)
-ek (nominative singular)
-ki (nominative plural)
-ka (genitive singular)
-ku (genitive singular)
-ków (genitive plural)
-kowi (dative singular)
-kom (dative plural)
-ek (accusative singular)
-ki (accusative plural)
-kiem (instrumental singular)
-kami (instrumental plural)
-ku (locative singular)
-kach (locative plural)
-ku (singular vocative)
-ki (plural vocative)

dół + -ek → dołek

Jarosław + -ek → Jarek


-ek

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـك (-ek), from Proto-Turkic *-gek.

küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).

gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).


-ek

Proto-Samic: *-ëk (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Finnic: *-ëk (see there for further descendants)


-metry

From Old French -métrie, from Latin -metria, from Ancient Greek -μετρία (-metría), from μέτρον (métron, “measurement”) + -ίᾱ (-íā, “-y: forming abstract nouns”). Equivalent to -meter + -y.

Forming nouns relating to measures and measurement.

-metria

forming nouns relating to measures and measurement


-metre

(nonstandard, British) Alternative form of -meter (suffix used to form the names of measuring devices).


-metre

ca-noun

-metre m (noun-forming suffix, plural -metres)


gamo-

Combining form of Ancient Greek γάμος (gámos).

e.g. gamodeme, gamogenesis, gamophyte


gynaeco-

From Ancient Greek γυναικός (gunaikós), genitive of γυνή (gunḗ).


-nis

From Old Dutch -nissi, -nussi, from Proto-West Germanic *-nassī.


-illo

-illō (canonical)
-illāre (infinitive present)
-illāvī (active perfect)
-illātum (supine)
-illō (active first-person indicative present singular)
-illās (active indicative present second-person singular)
-illat (active indicative present singular third-person)
-illāmus (active first-person indicative plural present)
-illātis (active indicative plural present second-person)
-illant (active indicative plural present third-person)
-illābam (active first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-illābās (active imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-illābat (active imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-illābāmus (active first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-illābātis (active imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-illābant (active imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-illābō (active first-person future indicative singular)
-illābis (active future indicative second-person singular)
-illābit (active future indicative singular third-person)
-illābimus (active first-person future indicative plural)
-illābitis (active future indicative plural second-person)
-illābunt (active future indicative plural third-person)
-illāvī (active first-person indicative perfect singular)
-illāvistī (active indicative perfect second-person singular)
-illāvit (active indicative perfect singular third-person)
-illāvimus (active first-person indicative perfect plural)
-illāvistis (active indicative perfect plural second-person)
-illāvērunt (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illāvēre (active indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illāveram (active first-person indicative pluperfect singular)
-illāverās (active indicative pluperfect second-person singular)
-illāverat (active indicative pluperfect singular third-person)
-illāverāmus (active first-person indicative pluperfect plural)
-illāverātis (active indicative pluperfect plural second-person)
-illāverant (active indicative pluperfect plural third-person)
-illāverō (active first-person future indicative perfect singular)
-illāveris (active future indicative perfect second-person singular)
-illāverit (active future indicative perfect singular third-person)
-illāverimus (active first-person future indicative perfect plural)
-illāveritis (active future indicative perfect plural second-person)
-illāverint (active future indicative perfect plural third-person)
-illor (first-person indicative passive present singular)
-illāris (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-illāre (indicative passive present second-person singular)
-illātur (indicative passive present singular third-person)
-illāmur (first-person indicative passive plural present)
-illāminī (indicative passive plural present second-person)
-illantur (indicative passive plural present third-person)
-illābar (first-person imperfect indicative passive singular)
-illābāris (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābāre (imperfect indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābātur (imperfect indicative passive singular third-person)
-illābāmur (first-person imperfect indicative passive plural)
-illābāminī (imperfect indicative passive plural second-person)
-illābantur (imperfect indicative passive plural third-person)
-illābor (first-person future indicative passive singular)
-illāberis (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābere (future indicative passive second-person singular)
-illābitur (future indicative passive singular third-person)
-illābimur (first-person future indicative passive plural)
-illābiminī (future indicative passive plural second-person)
-illābuntur (future indicative passive plural third-person)
-illem (active first-person present singular subjunctive)
-illēs (active present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illet (active present singular subjunctive third-person)
-illēmus (active first-person plural present subjunctive)
-illētis (active plural present second-person subjunctive)
-illent (active plural present subjunctive third-person)
-illārem (active first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-illārēs (active imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāret (active imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illārēmus (active first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-illārētis (active imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illārent (active imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-illāverim (active first-person perfect singular subjunctive)
-illāverīs (active perfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāverit (active perfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illāverīmus (active first-person perfect plural subjunctive)
-illāverītis (active perfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illāverint (active perfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-illāvissem (active first-person pluperfect singular subjunctive)
-illāvissēs (active pluperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-illāvisset (active pluperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-illāvissēmus (active first-person pluperfect plural subjunctive)
-illāvissētis (active pluperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-illāvissent (active pluperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-iller (first-person passive present singular subjunctive)
-illēris (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illēre (passive present second-person singular subjunctive)
-illētur (passive present singular subjunctive third-person)
-illēmur (first-person passive plural present subjunctive)
-illēminī (passive plural present second-person subjunctive)
-illentur (passive plural present subjunctive third-person)
-illārer (first-person imperfect passive singular subjunctive)
-illārēris (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-illārēre (imperfect passive second-person singular subjunctive)
-illārētur (imperfect passive singular subjunctive third-person)
-illārēmur (first-person imperfect passive plural subjunctive)
-illārēminī (imperfect passive plural second-person subjunctive)
-illārentur (imperfect passive plural subjunctive third-person)
-illā (active imperative present second-person singular)
-illāte (active imperative plural present second-person)
-illātō (active future imperative second-person singular)
-illātō (active future imperative singular third-person)
-illātōte (active future imperative plural second-person)
-illantō (active future imperative plural third-person)
-illāre (imperative passive present second-person singular)
-illāminī (imperative passive plural present second-person)
-illātor (future imperative passive second-person singular)
-illātor (future imperative passive singular third-person)
-illantor (future imperative passive plural third-person)
-illāre (active imperative infinitive present)
-illāvisse (active imperative infinitive perfect)
-illātūrum esse (active future imperative infinitive)
-illārī (imperative infinitive passive present)
-illārier (imperative infinitive passive present)
-illātum esse (imperative infinitive passive perfect)
-illātum īrī (future imperative infinitive passive)
-illāns (active imperative participle present)
-illātūrus (active future imperative participle)
-illātus (imperative participle passive perfect)
-illandus (future imperative participle passive)
-illandī (genitive gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandō (dative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandum (accusative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illandō (ablative gerund noun-from-verb)
-illātum (accusative noun-from-verb supine)
-illātū (ablative noun-from-verb supine)

focilō (“I refresh, resuscitate”), less commonly focillō, from the noun focus.

cantillō (“I hum, warble”), from the verb cantō


-illo

es-noun

-illo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -illos)

rural northern Spain, Andes Mountains, Paraguay, Philippines

Inherited from Old Spanish -iello, from Latin -ellus, an extension of -lus.

Coordinate term: -illa

added to masculine nouns to denote a diminutive form


-illa

head

-illa (front vowel harmony variant -illä, stem -ile-, linguistic notation -ile- or -illA)

-illä (front-vowel)
-ile- (stem)
-ilen (first-person indicative positive present singular)
en -ile (first-person indicative negative present singular)
olen -illut (first-person indicative perfect positive singular)
en ole -illut (first-person indicative negative perfect singular)
-ilet (indicative positive present second-person singular)
et -ile (indicative negative present second-person singular)
olet -illut (indicative perfect positive second-person singular)
et ole -illut (indicative negative perfect second-person singular)
-ilee (indicative positive present singular third-person)
ei -ile (indicative negative present singular third-person)
on -illut (indicative perfect positive singular third-person)
ei ole -illut (indicative negative perfect singular third-person)
-ilemme (first-person indicative plural positive present)
emme -ile (first-person indicative negative plural present)
olemme -illeet (first-person indicative perfect plural positive)
emme ole -illeet (first-person indicative negative perfect plural)
-ilette (indicative plural positive present second-person)
ette -ile (indicative negative plural present second-person)
olette -illeet (indicative perfect plural positive second-person)
ette ole -illeet (indicative negative perfect plural second-person)
-ilevat (indicative plural positive present third-person)
eivät -ile (indicative negative plural present third-person)
ovat -illeet (indicative perfect plural positive third-person)
eivät ole -illeet (indicative negative perfect plural third-person)
-illaan (indicative passive positive present)
ei -illa (indicative negative passive present)
on -iltu (indicative passive perfect positive)
ei ole -iltu (indicative negative passive perfect)
-ilin (first-person indicative past positive singular)
en -illut (first-person indicative negative past singular)
olin -illut (first-person indicative pluperfect positive singular)
en ollut -illut (first-person indicative negative pluperfect singular)
-ilit (indicative past positive second-person singular)
et -illut (indicative negative past second-person singular)
olit -illut (indicative pluperfect positive second-person singular)
et ollut -illut (indicative negative pluperfect second-person singular)
-ili (indicative past positive singular third-person)
ei -illut (indicative negative past singular third-person)
oli -illut (indicative pluperfect positive singular third-person)
ei ollut -illut (indicative negative pluperfect singular third-person)
-ilimme (first-person indicative past plural positive)
emme -illeet (first-person indicative negative past plural)
olimme -illeet (first-person indicative pluperfect plural positive)
emme olleet -illeet (first-person indicative negative pluperfect plural)
-ilitte (indicative past plural positive second-person)
ette -illeet (indicative negative past plural second-person)
olitte -illeet (indicative pluperfect plural positive second-person)
ette olleet -illeet (indicative negative pluperfect plural second-person)
-ilivat (indicative past plural positive third-person)
eivät -illeet (indicative negative past plural third-person)
olivat -illeet (indicative pluperfect plural positive third-person)
eivät olleet -illeet (indicative negative pluperfect plural third-person)
-iltiin (indicative passive past positive)
ei -iltu (indicative negative passive past)
oli -iltu (indicative passive pluperfect positive)
ei ollut -iltu (indicative negative passive pluperfect)
-ilisin (conditional first-person positive present singular)
en -ilisi (conditional first-person negative present singular)
olisin -illut (conditional first-person perfect positive singular)
en olisi -illut (conditional first-person negative perfect singular)
-ilisit (conditional positive present second-person singular)
et -ilisi (conditional negative present second-person singular)
olisit -illut (conditional perfect positive second-person singular)
et olisi -illut (conditional negative perfect second-person singular)
-ilisi (conditional positive present singular third-person)
ei -ilisi (conditional negative present singular third-person)
olisi -illut (conditional perfect positive singular third-person)
ei olisi -illut (conditional negative perfect singular third-person)
-ilisimme (conditional first-person plural positive present)
emme -ilisi (conditional first-person negative plural present)
olisimme -illeet (conditional first-person perfect plural positive)
emme olisi -illeet (conditional first-person negative perfect plural)
-ilisitte (conditional plural positive present second-person)
ette -ilisi (conditional negative plural present second-person)
olisitte -illeet (conditional perfect plural positive second-person)
ette olisi -illeet (conditional negative perfect plural second-person)
-ilisivat (conditional plural positive present third-person)
eivät -ilisi (conditional negative plural present third-person)
olisivat -illeet (conditional perfect plural positive third-person)
eivät olisi -illeet (conditional negative perfect plural third-person)
-iltaisiin (conditional passive positive present)
ei -iltaisi (conditional negative passive present)
olisi -iltu (conditional passive perfect positive)
ei olisi -iltu (conditional negative passive perfect)
-ile (imperative positive present second-person singular)
älä -ile (imperative negative present second-person singular)
-ilkoon (imperative positive present singular third-person)
älköön -ilko (imperative negative present singular third-person)
olkoon -illut (imperative perfect positive singular third-person)
älköön olko -illut (imperative negative perfect singular third-person)
-ilkaamme (first-person imperative plural positive present)
älkäämme -ilko (first-person imperative negative plural present)
-ilkaa (imperative plural positive present second-person)
älkää -ilko (imperative negative plural present second-person)
-ilkoot (imperative plural positive present third-person)
älkööt -ilko (imperative negative plural present third-person)
olkoot -illeet (imperative perfect plural positive third-person)
älkööt olko -illeet (imperative negative perfect plural third-person)
-iltakoon (imperative passive positive present)
älköön -iltako (imperative negative passive present)
olkoon -iltu (imperative passive perfect positive)
älköön olko -iltu (imperative negative passive perfect)
-illen (first-person positive potential present singular)
en -ille (first-person negative potential present singular)
lienen -illut (first-person perfect positive potential singular)
en liene -illut (first-person negative perfect potential singular)
-illet (positive potential present second-person singular)
et -ille (negative potential present second-person singular)
lienet -illut (perfect positive potential second-person singular)
et liene -illut (negative perfect potential second-person singular)
-illee (positive potential present singular third-person)
ei -ille (negative potential present singular third-person)
lienee -illut (perfect positive potential singular third-person)
ei liene -illut (negative perfect potential singular third-person)
-illemme (first-person plural positive potential present)
emme -ille (first-person negative plural potential present)
lienemme -illeet (first-person perfect plural positive potential)
emme liene -illeet (first-person negative perfect plural potential)
-illette (plural positive potential present second-person)
ette -ille (negative plural potential present second-person)
lienette -illeet (perfect plural positive potential second-person)
ette liene -illeet (negative perfect plural potential second-person)
-illevat (plural positive potential present third-person)
eivät -ille (negative plural potential present third-person)
lienevät -illeet (perfect plural positive potential third-person)
eivät liene -illeet (negative perfect plural potential third-person)
-iltaneen (passive positive potential present)
ei -iltane (negative passive potential present)
lienee -iltu (passive perfect positive potential)
ei liene -iltu (negative passive perfect potential)
-illa (infinitive infinitive-i)
-ileva (active participle present)
-iltava (participle passive present)
-illakseni (first-person possessive singular)
-illaksemme (first-person plural possessive)
-illaksesi (possessive second-person singular)
-illaksenne (plural possessive second-person)
-illakseen (possessive third-person)
-illaksensa (possessive third-person)
-illut (infinitive-i-long past)
-iltu (infinitive-i-long past)
-illessa (inessive second-person)
-iltaessa (inessive second-person)
-ilema (agent)
-illessani (first-person possessive singular)
-illessamme (first-person plural possessive)
-illessasi (possessive second-person singular)
-illessanne (plural possessive second-person)
-illessaan (possessive third-person)
-illessansa (possessive third-person)
-ilematon (inessive negative second-person)
-illen (instructive second-person)
-ilemassa (inessive third-person)
-ilemasta (elative third-person)
-ilemaan (illative third-person)
-ilemalla (adessive third-person)
-ilematta (abessive third-person)
-ileman (instructive third-person)
-iltaman (instructive third-person)
-ileminen (fourth-person noun-from-verb)
-ilemaisillani (first-person possessive singular)
-ilemaisillamme (first-person plural possessive)
-ilemaisillasi (possessive second-person singular)
-ilemaisillanne (plural possessive second-person)
-ilemaisillaan (possessive third-person)
-ilemaisillansa (possessive third-person)

Originally a variant of -ella used on verbs ending in -ata, -ota, -ätä, having developed by vowel contraction: -Aðele- (-oðele-) > -A.ele- (-o.ele-) > -Aile- (-oile-). Denominal use has been innovated in literary Finnish in the 20th century.

auto (“car”) + -illa → autoilla (“to drive a car”) (but not ˣautota)

maja (“hut”) + -illa → majailla (“to stay temporarily”) (but not ˣmajata)

pallo (“ball”) + -illa → palloilla (“to play a ball game”) (but not ˣpallota)

Forms action verbs which denote an activity closely related with a noun.


-illa

es-noun

-illa f (noun-forming suffix, plural -illas)

Inherited from Old Spanish -iella, from Latin -ella.

Coordinate term: -illo

added to feminine nouns to denote a diminutive form


euro-

euro- + biurokrata → eurobiurokrata


euro-

Euro- (forms words relating to Europe and the European Union)


-waarts

From Middle Dutch -waerts < -weerts < -werts, from an adverbial genitive of Proto-Germanic *werdaz, byform of *wardaz (“turned to, facing”). Cognate with German -wärts, English -wards.

in or towards the direction referred to by the stem onto which this suffix has been appended; the resulting word is an adverb or adjective


-hlaðningur

is-noun

-hlaðningur m (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -hlaðnings, nominative plural -hlaðningar)

-hlaðnings (genitive singular)
-hlaðningar (nominative plural)
-hlaðningur (indefinite nominative singular)
-hlaðningurinn (definite nominative singular)
-hlaðningar (indefinite nominative plural)
-hlaðningarnir (definite nominative plural)
-hlaðning (accusative indefinite singular)
-hlaðninginn (accusative definite singular)
-hlaðninga (accusative indefinite plural)
-hlaðningana (accusative definite plural)
-hlaðningi (dative indefinite singular)
-hlaðningnum (dative definite singular)
-hlaðningum (dative indefinite plural)
-hlaðningunum (dative definite plural)
-hlaðnings (genitive indefinite singular)
-hlaðningsins (definite genitive singular)
-hlaðninga (genitive indefinite plural)
-hlaðninganna (definite genitive plural)

fram (“forth”) + -hlaðningur → framhlaðningur (“musket, muzzleloader”)

aftur (“back”) + -hlaðningur → afturhlaðningur (“a gun loaded from the back”)

a suffix denoting "where" a gun is loaded


-ass

tlb

(originally African-American Vernacular, chiefly Canada, US, slang, vulgar)

Partially from ass, and partially from a corruption or simplification of assed.

That's some Nixon-ass shit he's pulling.

What's that formal-ass language you're using? We're at a party!

-like

resembling; forms adjectives from nouns only


petro-

* From Latin petra (“stone, rock”), from Ancient Greek πέτρα (pétra, “stone, rock”).


zer-

more common; except when provided with emphatic stress

Middle High German zer-, ze-, zu-
Assumed to be fused from er- and an old prefix ze-, already denoting an aspect of dissolvement and asunderness. The latter is probably cognate with Middle Low German to- of the same meaning. All are ultimately from Proto-Germanic *twiz-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwís, thus further cognate with Latin dis- as in English dissolve.

(inseparable verbal prefix) asunder, to pieces, to bits


ent-

From Middle High German ent-, int-, ant-, from Old High German int-, -ant, -anta, from Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *andi-, *anþi-, representative of a combining form of "and". Doublet of anti-.
Cognate with Middle Dutch ont- (Dutch ont-), Old English and-, ond- (English un-), Old Norse and- (Swedish an-), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-), Danish und-.

Inseparable verb prefix indicating removing something from the object, from, away from, off.

Inseparable verb prefix indicating a conversion to the opposite, a reversion.

Inseparable verb prefix indicating the beginning of something.


C-

Chinese; used to denote nouns relating to the (popular) culture of China.


-aza

-aza (nominative singular)
-azy (nominative plural)
-azy (genitive singular)
-az (genitive plural)
-azie (dative singular)
-azom (dative plural)
-azę (accusative singular)
-azy (accusative plural)
-azą (instrumental singular)
-azami (instrumental plural)
-azie (locative singular)
-azach (locative plural)
-azo (singular vocative)
-azy (plural vocative)

amyl + -aza → amylaza


-ery

From Middle English -erie, from Anglo-Norman -erie, which is from -ier + -ie; a suffix forming abstract nouns.
The suffix first occurs in loans from Old French into Middle English, but becomes productive within English by the 16th century, in some instances properly a combination of the agent suffix -er with -y as in bakery, brewery, but also as a single suffix in terms like slavery, machinery (which are not derived from slaver or machiner). By surface analysis, -er + -y.

midwife + -ery → midwifery

cook + -ery → cookery

Added to occupational etc. nouns to form other nouns meaning the "art, craft, or practice of."

bake + -ery → bakery

distill + -ery → distillery

join + -ery → joinery

Added to verbs to form nouns meaning "place of" (an art, craft, or practice).

crock + -ery → crockery

hose + -ery → hosiery

shrub + -ery → shrubbery

Added to nouns to form other nouns meaning "a class, group, or collection of."

snob + -ery → snobbery

tomfool + -ery → tomfoolery

Added to nouns to form other nouns meaning "behavior characteristic of."


-n't

Univerbation of not and some preceding words (see usage notes) and following elision of medial vowel, or univerbation of n't and some preceding words. Compare n't.

It is a beautiful bouquet! You needn't've bothered, thank you.

(no longer productive, unless humorous) Negates the meaning of the clause in which it occurs.


-ость

-ostĭ (romanization)
-ость (nominative singular)
-ости (dual nominative)
-ости (nominative plural)
-ости (genitive singular)
-остью (dual genitive)
-остию (dual genitive)
-остьи (genitive plural)
-остии (genitive plural)
-ости (dative singular)
-остьма (dative dual)
-остьмъ (dative plural)
-ость (accusative singular)
-ости (accusative dual)
-ости (accusative plural)
-остьѭ (instrumental singular)
-остиѭ (instrumental singular)
-остьма (dual instrumental)
-остьми (instrumental plural)
-ости (locative singular)
-остью (dual locative)
-остию (dual locative)
-остьхъ (locative plural)
-ости (singular vocative)
-ости (dual vocative)
-остьѥ (plural vocative)
-остиѥ (plural vocative)

cu-decl-noun

-остьѭ, -остиѭ

-остью, -остию

-остью, -остию

-остьи, -остии

-остьѥ, -остиѥ

From Proto-Slavic *-ostь. Some authors claim that the suffix -ость (-ostĭ) is merged from double suffixation *-ot-tь, but there much evidence that the suffix *-ostь already existed in Late Proto-Slavic. Also, compare Old Armenian -ստ (-st).

чистъ (čistŭ, “clean, pure”) → чистость (čistostĭ, “purity”)

крѣпъ (krěpŭ, “strong”) → крѣпость (krěpostĭ, “strength”)

мѫдръ (mǫdrŭ, “wise”) → мѫдрость (mǫdrostĭ, “wisdom”)

боуи (bui, “stupid”) → боуѥсть (bujestĭ, “stupidity”)

добль (doblĭ, “valiant”) → доблѥсть (dobljestĭ, “valor”)

горькъ (gorĭkŭ, “bitter”) → горѥсть (gorjestĭ, “bitterness”)

-ness, -ity; deadjectival nominalizing suffix used to create an i-stem feminine noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a quality.


-ость

-ostʹ (romanization)
-ость (nominative singular)
-ости (nominative plural)
-ости (genitive singular)
-остей (genitive plural)
-ости (dative singular)
-остям (dative plural)
-ость (accusative singular)
-ости (accusative plural)
-остью (instrumental singular)
-остями (instrumental plural)
-ости (prepositional singular)
-остях (plural prepositional)

твёрдый (tvjórdyj, “hard”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → твёрдость (tvjórdostʹ, “hardness”)

бе́дный (bédnyj, “poor”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → бе́дность (bédnostʹ, “poorness, poverty”)

лихо́й (lixój, “daring”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → ли́хость (líxostʹ, “bravery, daring”)

гла́сный (glásnyj, “open”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → гла́сность (glásnostʹ, “openness”)

ста́рый (stáryj, “old”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → ста́рость (stárostʹ, “old age”)

безгра́мотный (bezgrámotnyj, “illiterate”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → безгра́мотность (bezgrámotnostʹ, “illiteracy”)

безнадёжный (beznadjóžnyj, “hopeless”) + -ость (-ostʹ) → безнадёжность (beznadjóžnostʹ, “hopelessness”)

-ness, -ity (used to form abstract nouns from adjectives)


-kunde

From the unattested suffix *-kun (compare -kuntza).

hazi (“to grow”) + -kunde → hazkunde (“growth”)

eratu (“to create”) + -kunde → erakunde (“organization”)

(non-productive) Forms abstract nouns, usually related to actions of verbs; -tion


-kunde

Forms nouns indicating a science, study or branch of knowledge.


-есть

-estʹ (romanization)
-есть (nominative singular)
-ести (nominative plural)
-ести (genitive singular)
-естей (genitive plural)
-ести (dative singular)
-естям (dative plural)
-есть (accusative singular)
-ести (accusative plural)
-естью (instrumental singular)
-естями (instrumental plural)
-ести (prepositional singular)
-естях (plural prepositional)

плаву́чий (plavúčij, “floating”) + -есть (-estʹ) → плаву́честь (plavúčestʹ, “floatability”)


she-

hun

the prefix she- for a female animal or a woman


-iser

(British spelling) alternative form of -izer


-iser

From Old French -iser, borrowed from Late Latin -izāre. Doublet of -oyer, which was inherited.


-iser

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin -izare, from Ancient Greek -ίζειν (-ízein).