para-

Borrowed from English para-, French para-, Italian para-, Spanish para-. Decision no. 105, Progreso III.

io-bor

para- + pluvo (“rain”) → parapluvo (“umbrella”)

para- + moskito (“mosquito”) → paramoskito (“mosquito net”)

prefix denoting protection against, something to ward off


para-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-).


para-

See English para-, from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-).

para- + meddyg (“doctor”) → parafeddyg (“paramedic”)

para- + normal (“normal”) → paranormal (“paranormal”)

para- + ymatebol (“responsive, reactive”) → paraymatebol (“parasympathetic”)


seleno-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-seleno-.wav

seleno- + -centric → selenocentric


-ion

Possibly reanalysed from inion, which is of Ancient Greek origin. In many cases also analysable as the neuter form of an Ancient Greek adjective in -ιος (-ios).

dactylion

gnathion

A anthropometric reference point.
Especially craniometric points


-ion

From Ancient Greek ἀπόγειον (apógeion, “apogee”), containing -ιον (-ion). Compare also -ium.

der

periareion

Together with apo- and peri-, forms names of specific apoapsides and periapsides.


-ion

From Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Cornish -yon, Breton -ien.

seiciatrydd (“psychiatrist”) + -ion → seiciatryddion (“psychiatrists”)

cymydog (“neighbour”) + -ion → cymdogion (“neighbours”)

mab (“son”) + -ion → meibion (“sons”)


-ion

tir (“land”) + -ion → tirion (“territory, plain, grassland”)


copro-

From Ancient Greek κόπρος (kópros, “excrement”).

uder

Treatises have been written on the glories of Slavic swearing and the difference between Russian (genitalia-focused) and Ukrainian (more copro-centric) swear words.

2022 March 2, Philippe Naughton, “A Guide to Ukraine’s Swear Words So You Can Follow the Viral Videos”, in The Daily Beast:


nitro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-nitro-.wav

From Ancient Greek νίτρον (nítron). See niter.


nitro-

(organic chemistry) nitro- (containing nitrogen)


-faction

Borrowed from French -faction, from Latin -factiō. This is the ending that arises when forming action nouns using -tiō (equivalent to English -tion) from compound verbs ending in -faciō (“to make, to do”), which carry a causative meaning. For example, liqueō (“to be liquid”) + faciō > liquefaciō (“to make (something) liquid”) > liquefactiō > English liquefaction.
The suffix was later applied to other Latin stems where no Latin verb in -faciō existed (e.g. lubrifaction) and, eventually, even more freely (but see usage notes).
Compare -ification.

lith- (“stone”) + -i- + -faction → lithifaction (“the compaction and cementation of sediment into rock”)

aer- (“air”) + -i- + -faction → aerifaction (“aeration, hyperinflation of the lungs”)

The act of creating something, or (more broadly) any process involving the specified thing.


-ĉjo

From Russian -ша (-ša), an ending of Russian diminutives of personal names (male and female: Паша (Paša), Саша (Saša), Миша (Miša) etc; formed by analogy with -njo.

Johano (“John”) + -ĉjo → Joĉjo (“Johnny”)

Miĥaelo (“Michael”) + -ĉjo → Miĉjo (“Mike”)

patro (“father”) + -ĉjo → paĉjo (“daddy”)

Petro (“Peter”) + -ĉjo → Peĉjo (“Pete, Petey”)

(informal, endearing) Forms affectionate derivatives of masculine names.


grand-

From Middle English, probably modelled after use of grand in Middle French (e.g., grandpere); see also grand.

Seth is Amal's grandfather.

of a generation removed from the original noun


A-

Pronunciation of Norwegian Bokmål «A», «a».ogg

From the first letter of the Norwegian alphabet, A, from Latin A, from Ancient Greek Α (A, “alpha”), likely through the Etruscan language, from Phoenician 𐤀 (ʾ), from Proto-Canaanite , from Proto-Sinaitic , from Egyptian 𓃾.

A-lag
A-team

A-kjendis

indicating the first or best in something


Ah

Ah Ming moved out of Chinatown last year.

I was called, at about an hour's notice, to take Ah Quai (the girl rescued in the spring), and go with Mr. Gardiner to Seattle, and give evidence in the case of one of the women brought over on the same ship with Ah Quai.

1893 July 4, “Chinese Work in British Columbia”, in Missionary Leaflet, volume 9, number 10, page 2:

A prefix of Chinese origin used with a shortened form of given names to express familiarity, roughly equivalent to a nickname.


Franco-

The Paris portion will include a first and second class sleeping car, ordinary Paris-Copenhagen coach and a second class Paris-Puttgarden couchette car, besides vehicles for Hamburg and Hanover and restaurant facilities between Paris and Jeumont, on the Franco-Belgian frontier.

1962 December, “Beyond the Channel: European timetables: Prospects for 1963”, in Modern Railways, page 413:

Relating to France or the French people, language, or culture.


acro-

From international scientific vocabulary, per above.

acrophony is the naming of letters in an alphabetic writing system using words whose initial sounds are represented by the respective letters, acronym is an abbreviation formed by the initial letters of other words, acrography is an organizing principle for written lists based on initial glyphs


acro-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros).


acro-

From Ancient Greek ἄκρος (ákros, “highest”).


epithelium

en-noun

epithelium (plural epitheliums or epithelia)

/ˌɛpɪˈθiːlɪəm/

the passenger's roving eyes paused for a moment as he listened inwardly to a nether itch, which he supposed to be (correctly, thank Log) only a minor irritation of the epithelium.

1969, Vladimir Nabokov, Ada or Ardor, Penguin, published 2011, page 25:

The sap of this species was able to cause loss of corneal epithelium 16 h after direct exposure to the sap in a 60-year-old male.

2014 May 30, Victor Kuete, Toxicological Survey of African Medicinal Plants, Elsevier, →ISBN, page 505:

(anatomy) A membranous tissue composed of one or more layers of cells which forms the covering of most internal and external surfaces of the body and its organs: internally including the lining of vessels and other small cavities, and externally being the skin.


-stan

From Classical Persian ـستان (-istān), from Middle Persian -stʾn' (-estān), from Old Persian 𐎿𐎫𐎠𐎴 (s-t-a-n /stāna/), from Proto-Iranian *stáHnam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *stʰáHnam, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- (“to stand”).
Compare Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (stāna), Sanskrit स्थान (sthā́na), Russian стан (stan) (< Proto-Slavic *stanъ), English stay, stand, state.

der

London + -i- + -stan → Londonistan

Dearborn + -i- + -stan → Dearbornistan

Sweden + -i- + -stan → Swedistan

Middle Easterner
Middle Easterner#English

(derogatory, ethnic slur) Used after European and American place names to emphasize that there are many Middle Easterners or Muslims there.

-स्तान

connected with diacritic -i- after consonants


retro-

→ Esperanto: retro-

Borrowed from English retro-, Italian retro-.

io-bor

jetar (“to throw”) + retro- → retrojetar (“to throw back”)

prefix used with a verbal root to indicate: back, backwards, inverse action, return: retro-, re-


psychro-

From Ancient Greek ψυχρός (psukhrós, “cold, frozen”).


Anglo-

From New Latin Anglo-, from Late Latin Anglī, Anglus (“Anglo-Saxon(s)”), derived from Latin Anglia (“England”), ultimately from Germanic. Influenced by French anglo-. Displaced native Old English Angel-.

ইঙ্গ-

prefix: relating to England, English, or the English

Automatically generated listed of words beginning with

Japanese anglophones—but not Chinese ones—often struggle with distinguishing /r/ and /l/.

A combining form relating to the English language.


κλέος

grc-noun

κλέος • (kléos) n (genitive *κλέεος); third declension

From Proto-Hellenic *kléwos (whence Mycenaean Greek 𐀐𐀩𐀺 (ke-re-wo)), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱléwos.
Cognates include Sanskrit श्रवस् (śrávas), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬭𐬯 (havars), Old Armenian լու (lu), լսեմ (lsem), Old Church Slavonic слово (slovo), Old Irish clú, Welsh clywed. Compare κλύω (klúō, “I hear”) and κλέω (kléō).


на-

From Proto-Slavic *na- prefix, from Proto-Slavic *na.

на- (na-) + пити (piti, “to drink”) → напити (napiti, “to drink to the full; to quench one’s thirst; to get drunk”)

(used with verbs) to repletion, to satiation, to the full, enough, too much


на-

на- (na-) + пить (pitʹ, “to drink”) + -ся (-sja, reflexive suffix) → напи́ться (napítʹsja, “to drink to the full; to quench one’s thirst; to get drunk”)

(with verbs) to repletion, to satiation, to the full, enough, too much


с-

с- + пу̀стити → спу̀стити

с- + зна̏ти → са̀знати

с- + ло̀мити → сло̀мити

с- + гле̏дати → са̀гледати

с- + ку̏пити → ску̏пити

с- + кло̀нити → скло̀нити

с- + на́ћи → сна̑ћи

Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.

са-

before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters


до-

Inherited from Old Ruthenian до- (do-), from Old East Slavic до- (do-), from Proto-Slavic *do.

до- (do-) + роби́ти impf (robýty, “to do, to make, to work”) → дороби́ти pf (dorobýty, “to finish doing, to finish working, to complete”)

до- (do-) + би́ти impf (býty, “to hit, to strike”) → доби́ти pf (dobýty, “to finish off, to kill off, to finish”)

до- (do-) + гра́ти impf (hráty, “to play”) → догра́ти pf (dohráty, “to finish playing, to be done playing”)

до- (do-) + ї́сти impf (jísty, “to eat”) → дої́сти pf (dojísty, “to finish (meal), to eat (up)”)

до- (do-) + істо́рія f (istórija, “to history”) → доісто́рія f (doistórija, “prehistory”)

до- (do-) + пото́п m (potóp, “flood, deluge”) + -ний (-nyj) → допото́пний (dopotópnyj, “antediluvian”)

до- (do-) + індустріа́льний (industriálʹnyj, “industrial”) → доіндустріа́льний (doindustriálʹnyj, “preindustrial”)

(added to nouns and adjectives) pre-, ante- (prior to in time)


за-

за- (za-) + гото́вить impf (gotóvitʹ, “to prepare”) → загото́вить pf (zagotóvitʹ, “to prepare”)

(used with verbs) in advance (describing an action of doing something ahead of time)


над-

над- (canonical)
на́д- (canonical)
nad- (romanization)
nád- (romanization)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to extend, add

над- (nad-) + -зира́ть (-zirátʹ, “to look at”) → надзира́ть (nadzirátʹ, “to oversee”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action or measure

над- (nad-) + куси́ть (kusítʹ, “to bite”) → надкуси́ть (nadkusítʹ, “to take a bite, nibble”)

takes verbs, produces verbs: to apply an action in incomplete manner

над- (nad-) + писа́ть (pisátʹ, “to write”) → надписа́ть (nadpisátʹ, “to superscribe, to inscribe”)

над- (nad-) + вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ный (-nyj, adjective-forming suffix) → надво́дный (nadvódnyj, “above-water”)

над- (nad-) + гроб (grob, “grave”) (poetic) + -ие (-ije, noun-forming suffix) → надгро́бие (nadgróbije, “tombstone”, literally “thing over the grave”)

takes nouns, produces nouns and adjectives: over, above


воз-

Traditionally explained as borrowing from Old Church Slavonic въз- (vŭz-); compare inherited cognate вз- (vz-). However, there is an opinion about independent development, compare the words взойти (vzojti), взобраться (vzobratʹsja), взорвать (vzorvatʹ), which indicate the presence of a second /ъ/ in the prefix, which makes it possible to create a strong position for /ъ/ and transition to /o/. Also compare възогъловие (*възъголовие) in birch bark manuscript №469. Per Zaliznyak, prefix възъ- arose by analogy with the Old East Slavic prefixes like отъ- and подъ-.

воз- (voz-) + враща́ть (vraščátʹ, “to turn”) → возвраща́ть (vozvraščátʹ, “to return”)


из-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz-; see *jьz for further information.

из- (iz-) + внутри́ (vnutrí, “interior, inside”) → изнутри́ (iznutrí, “from within, from inside”)

When added to adverbs, it can form an adverb with a sense of direction for an action.


без-

без- (bez-) + болен (bolen, “painful”) → безболен (bezbolen, “painless”)

без- (bez-) + помош (pomoš, “help”) → беспомошен (bespomošen, “helpless”)


в-

Inherited from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én. The /n/ persists in внять (vnjatʹ). See also в (v), Old East Slavic въ (vŭ), Proto-Slavic *vъ(n). Compare the similar development in с- (s-) from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)-.

inh+

во- (vo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → войти́ (vojtí, “to go in, to enter”)

added to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning 'in' or 'into'

в- (v-) + чита́ть (čitátʹ, “to read”) + -ся (-sja) → вчита́ться (včitátʹsja, “to read carefully, delving into the content to better understand”)

added with -ся (-sja) to verbs, forms verbs with the approximate meaning of thoroughness or completeness of action

в- (v-) + нутро́ (nutró, “the inside”) → внутри́ (vnutrí, “inside”)

в- (v-) + низ (niz, “the bottom”) → вниз (vniz, “downwards”)

added to nouns, forms adverbs with the approximate meaning 'in the direction or location of [the noun]'

в- (v-) + дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → вдво́е (vdvóje, “twice, by half”)

в- (v-) + дво́е (dvóje, “two (in a group together)”) → вдвоём (vdvojóm, “as a two”)

added to numerals, forms adverbs based on the numeral


в-

Inherited from Old Ruthenian в-, въ- (v-, v-), from Old East Slavic въ- (vŭ-), from Proto-Slavic *vъ(n)-.

у-

used after consonants or at the beginning of a clause

в- (v-) + чита́ти (čytáty, “to read”) + -ся (-sja) → вчита́тися pf (včytátysja, “to read carefully, study carefully”)

в- (v-) + ду́мати (dúmaty, “to think”) + -ся (-sja) → вду́матися pf (vdúmatysja, “to consider, to think over, to ponder over”)

(added to verbs in combination with -ся (-sja)) indicates thoroughness, profoundness


вы-

head

вы́- • (vý-)

Inherited from Old East Slavic вꙑ- (vy-), from Proto-Slavic *vy- (“out”), from Proto-Indo-European *úd, or Proto-Indo-European *(H)ud (Derksen), or *ūd- : *ūt- (Černyx). In Slavic, the final consonant was dropped.
Cognates include English out, German aus (“out”).

inh+

вы́- (vý-) + кури́ть (kurítʹ, “to smoke”) → вы́курить (výkuritʹ, “to smoke to the end”)

(used with verbs) completion or fulfillment


низ-

низ- (niz-) + ложи́ть(ся) (ložítʹ(sja), “to lie down”) → низложи́ть (nizložítʹ, “to depose, to dethrone”)

низ- (niz-) + вести́ (vestí, “to bring”) → низвести́ (nizvestí, “to bring down”)

низо- (nizo-) + -йти (-jti, “to go”) → низойти́ (nizojtí, “to descend, to go down”)


о-

prefix added to verbs of motion: about, around


о-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *o(b), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi.

See -ить (-itʹ) for examples.

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce factitive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of making (someone or something) the mentioned characteristic or property

о- (o-) + зо́лото (zóloto, “gold”) + -и́ть (-ítʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озолоти́ться (ozolotítʹsja, “to receive gold; (figuratively) to get rich”)

о- (o-) + зелёный (zeljónyj, “green”) + -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) → озелени́ться (ozelenítʹsja, “to become green; to become planted”)

о- (o-) + безлю́дный (bezljúdnyj, “uninhabited, depopulated”) + -еть (-etʹ) → обезлю́деть (obezljúdetʹ, “to become depopulated”)

prefix added to adjectives or nouns to produce fientive verbs in conjunction with -ить (-itʹ) + -ся (-sja) or with -еть (-etʹ), i.e. verbs with the meaning of becoming or receiving the mentioned characteristic or property

обо- (obo-) + -йти́ (-jtí, “to go”) → обойти́ (obojtí, “to go around”)


пере-

пере- (pere-) + лете́ть impf (letétʹ, “to fly”) → перелете́ть pf (pereletétʹ, “to fly (by avoiding unpleasant factors such as bad weathers, falling objects, etc.; as one of its meanings)”)

(used with verbs) over, over again (describing an action of moving by overcoming one or more obstacles)


по-

From Proto-Slavic *po- prefix, from Proto-Slavic *po.

по- (po-) + морѥ (morje, “the Sea”) + -ье (-ĭe) → поморѥ (pomorje, “costal region”)

по- (po-) + Морава (Morava, “the Morava River”) → поморавиѥ (pomoravije, “Morava region”)


по-

по- (canonical)
по́- (canonical)
po- (romanization)
pó- (romanization)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pо-. See по (po, “up to”).

по- (po-) + Во́лга (Vólga, “the Volga River”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Пово́лжье (Povólžʹje, “Volga Region”)

пово́лжские не́мцы

по- (po-) + Ла́ба (Lába, “the Elbe River”) + -ский (-skij) + доли́на (dolína, “basin”) → Пола́бская доли́на (Polábskaja dolína, “Elbe River Basin”)

пола́бские славя́не

Померания


под-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *podъ-; see *podъ for further information.

под- (pod-) + бро́сить pf (brósitʹ, “to throw”) → подбро́сить pf (podbrósitʹ, “to throw upwards”)

(used with verbs) upwards (describing an action of moving from the bottom up)

под- (pod-) + идти́ impf (idtí, “to go (by walking)”) → подойти́ pf (podojtí, “to walk up to, to approach (by walking)”)

(used with verbs) closer (describing an action of approaching to an entity)

под- (pod-) + -ба́вить (-bávitʹ) → подба́вить pf (podbávitʹ, “to add, replenish”)

(used with verbs) adding (describing an action of adding more entity)

под- (pod-) + стричь impf (stričʹ, “to cut”) → подстри́чь pf (podstríčʹ, “to cut up”)

под- (pod-) + писа́ть impf (pisátʹ, “to write”) → подписа́ть pf (podpisátʹ, “to sign, to subscribe (in the sense of writing one's name with a result)”)

(used with verbs) (describing a meaning that shows a finished action or an obtainment of a result)

под- (pod-) + да (da, “yes”) + -кать (-katʹ, suffix forming verbs from expressions) + -ивать (-ivatʹ, imperfectivizing suffix) → подда́кивать impf (poddákivatʹ, “to say yes, to assent (in the sense echoing "yes")”)

(used with verbs) (describing an action of copying or following someone's action)

под- (pod-) + уста́ть pf (ustátʹ, “to get tired”) → подуста́ть pf (podustátʹ, “to get tired slightly or lightly”)

под- (pod-) + слать pf (slatʹ, “to send, dispatch”) → подосла́ть pf (podoslátʹ, “to send something (secretly)”)

(used with verbs) (describing an existence of the certain action that is weak, invisible, hidden or incomplete)


под-

под- (pod-) + земля́ (zemljá, “ground”) + -ный (-nyj) → подзе́мный (podzémnyj, “underground”)

под- (pod-) + гру́ппа (grúppa, “group”) → подгру́ппа (podgrúppa, “subgroup”)

под- (pod-) + власть (vlastʹ, “authority, control”) + -ный (-nyj) → подвла́стный (podvlástnyj, “subjected, dependant”)

под- (pod-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians (mountains)”) + -ье (-ʹje) → Подкарпа́тье (Podkarpátʹje, “Subcarpathia (region surrounding the Carpathian mountains)”)

под- (pod-) + ма́стер (máster, “master”) + -ье (-ʹje) → подмасте́рье (podmastérʹje, “apprentice”)

takes nouns, produces nouns or adjectives: under-, sub- (referring to literal position under something, being under the influence of something, occupying a title or position below a superior, etc.)

под- (pod-) + чи́стый (čístyj, “clean”) + -у́ю (-úju, feminine accusative ending) → подчисту́ю (podčistúju, “without remainder”)

takes adjectives, produces adverbs: completely


у-

у- (u-) + говори́ть impf (govorítʹ, “to say”) → уговори́ть pf (ugovorítʹ, “to persuade”)

у- (u-) + знать impf (znatʹ, “to know”) → узна́ть pf (uznátʹ, “to get to know”)


пред-

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic прѣдъ- (prědŭ-).

bor+

пред- (pred-) + Карпа́ты (Karpáty, “Carpathians”) → Предкарпа́тье (Predkarpátʹje, “Ciscarpathia”)


при-

(used with verbs) denotes direction towards something, arrival


про-

From the Proto-Slavic *pro- prefix, from Proto-Slavic *pro.

про- (pro-) + ждать impf (ždatʹ, “to wait”) → прожда́ть pf (proždátʹ, “to wait (for a while, for some time)”)

про- (pro-) + рабо́тать impf (rabótatʹ, “to work”) → прорабо́тать pf (prorabótatʹ, “to work (for a while, for some time)”)

про- (pro-) + сиде́ть impf (sidétʹ, “to sit”) → просиде́ть pf (prosidétʹ, “to sit (for a while, for some time)”)

(used with verbs) describing an action that lasts for a certain period of time


противо-

та́нковый (tánkovyj, “tank (attributive)”) → противота́нковый (protivotánkovyj, “antitank”)

стоя́ть (stojátʹ, “to stand”) → противостоя́ть (protivostojátʹ, “to resist, to withstand”)


раз-

Inseparable verbal prefix that denotes distribution, destruction, breaking into pieces, undoing or removing.; de-, dis-, un-


раз-

раз- (raz-) + -ити (-iti, “to go”) + сѧ (sę) → разити сѧ (raziti sę, “to go asunder, to disagree”)


раз-

Inherited from Old East Slavic роз- (roz-), from Proto-Slavic *orz-. The spelling "раз-" was reinforced by Old Church Slavonic раз- (raz-), as well as vowel reduction, which is also reflected in Belarusian раз- (raz-).

inh+

не (ne, “not”) + рас- (ras-) + слы́шать (slýšatʹ, “to hear”) → не расслы́шать (ne rasslýšatʹ, “to not quite hear”)

(used with verbs, in the negative) not quite


вз-

Proto-Slavic *vъz-, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *uź-. Cognate with Lithuanian už (“within, instead of, in return for”), Latvian uz (“on, to”). Further etymology disputed. Compare also воз- (voz-), a borrowing from Old Church Slavonic.


ис-

Alternative form of из- (iz-) (before voiceless consonants)


обо-

Alternative form of об- (ob-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


рас-

Alternative form of раз- (raz-) (before voiceless consonants)


со-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n)- (see с- (s-) and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) for more information). The yer sound -ъ- was treated as strong when another yer followed in the next syllable, and was vocalized to -o-, whereas the yer in the next syllable was deleted, producing a consonant cluster.

Alternative form of с- (s-) (used before certain consonant clusters)


-dan

(pharmacology) Used to form names of pimobendan derivatives used as cardiac stimulants.


-lein

head

-lein n (plural -lein or -erlein or -leins)

-lein (plural)
-erlein (plural)
-leins (plural)

From Middle High German -elīn, -līn, from Old High German -ilī, -ilīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ilīn. Cognate to Dutch -lijn.

suffix used to create a diminutive form; e.g. Kind → Kindlein

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


-chen

-chen n (genitive -chens, plural -chen or -erchen)

-chens (genitive)
-chen (plural)
-erchen (plural)

after fricatives like s. Never after a vowel or sonorant.

From Middle High German -echen, -ichen, from Old High German *-ihīn, *-uhīn, from Proto-West Germanic *-ukīn.
Native to the Central German dialects, -chen has widely replaced the southern-based -lein in standard usage. Cognate with German Low German -ken, -ke as well as Dutch -tje and -ken. More at -kin.

Hund (“dog”) + -chen → Hündchen (“little dog”)

Backe (“cheek”) + -chen → Bäckchen (“little cheek”)

Nicker (“nap”) + -chen → Nickerchen (“catnap”)

nowadays the most common suffix to create a diminutive form


-chen

From Proto-West Germanic *-ikīn, *-ukīn, a double diminutive, from *-ik, *-uk + *-īn.

eng Kaz (“a cat”) + -chen → eng Kätzchen (“a little cat, kitten”)


-erl

Uncertain. Perhaps from Middle High German -erlīn, -ærelīn, equivalent to -er + -el (diminutive suffix).

Häfn + -erl → Häferl

(Bavaria, Austria, chiefly informal) suffix used to create a diminutive form


-ation

Inherited from Middle English -acioun, -acion, from Old French -acion, -ation, from Latin -ātiō, an alternative form of -tiō (whence -tion). Equivalent to -ate + -ion.

color + -ation → coloration


-ation

From Old French -ation, borrowed from Latin -ātiōnem. In words inherited through Vulgar Latin, the same suffix yielded -aison.


esi-

esi- (nominative singular)
edes (lative singular)
edessä (inessive singular)
edestä (elative singular)
eteen (illative singular)
esiin (illative plural)
edellä (adessive singular)
esillä (adessive plural)
edeltä (ablative singular)
esiltä (ablative plural)
edelle (allative singular)
esille (allative plural)
editse (prolative singular)
etenkin (instructive singular)
etenkään (instructive singular)

From Proto-Finnic *eci, from Proto-Finno-Ugric *ede. Cognate with Estonian esi and Hungarian elő.


esi-

From Proto-Finnic *eci-. Cognates include Finnish esi- and Veps ezi-.


jälki-

From Proto-Finnic *jälki-. Cognates include Finnish jälki-.


taka-

taka- (nominative singular)
takaa (partitive singular)
taas (lative singular)
taa (lative singular)
takaisin (distributive temporal)
taitse (prolative singular)
takana (essive singular)
taakse (singular translative)


taka-

From Proto-Finnic *taka-. Cognates include Finnish taka-.


-ton

From Middle English -ton, -tone, -tune, from Old English -tūn, derived from Old English tūn (“town”). Doublet of town.

Washington

Place-name suffix, originally denoting a town or enclosure of buildings.


-ton

(appended to nouns) a diminutive suffix; forms nouns denoting smallness, and rarely insignificance.


-ton

-ton (front vowel harmony variant -tön, linguistic notation -tOn)

-tön (front-vowel)
-ton (nominative singular)
-ttomat (nominative plural)
-ton (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomat (accusative nominative plural)
-ttoman (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomat (accusative genitive plural)
-ttoman (genitive singular)
-ttomien (genitive plural)
-tonten (genitive plural rare)
-tonta (partitive singular)
-ttomia (partitive plural)
-ttomassa (inessive singular)
-ttomissa (inessive plural)
-ttomasta (elative singular)
-ttomista (elative plural)
-ttomaan (illative singular)
-ttomiin (illative plural)
-ttomalla (adessive singular)
-ttomilla (adessive plural)
-ttomalta (ablative singular)
-ttomilta (ablative plural)
-ttomalle (allative singular)
-ttomille (allative plural)
-ttomana (essive singular)
-ttomina (essive plural)
-ttomaksi (singular translative)
-ttomiksi (plural translative)
-ttomatta (abessive singular)
-ttomitta (abessive plural)
-ttomin (instructive plural)
-ttomine (comitative plural)
-ttomani (nominative singular)
-ttomani (nominative plural)
-ttomani (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomani (accusative nominative plural)
-ttomani (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomani (accusative genitive plural)
-ttomani (genitive singular)
-ttomieni (genitive plural)
-tonteni (genitive plural rare)
-tontani (partitive singular)
-ttomiani (partitive plural)
-ttomassani (inessive singular)
-ttomissani (inessive plural)
-ttomastani (elative singular)
-ttomistani (elative plural)
-ttomaani (illative singular)
-ttomiini (illative plural)
-ttomallani (adessive singular)
-ttomillani (adessive plural)
-ttomaltani (ablative singular)
-ttomiltani (ablative plural)
-ttomalleni (allative singular)
-ttomilleni (allative plural)
-ttomanani (essive singular)
-ttominani (essive plural)
-ttomakseni (singular translative)
-ttomikseni (plural translative)
-ttomattani (abessive singular)
-ttomittani (abessive plural)
-ttomineni (comitative plural)
-ttomasi (nominative singular)
-ttomasi (nominative plural)
-ttomasi (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomasi (accusative nominative plural)
-ttomasi (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomasi (accusative genitive plural)
-ttomasi (genitive singular)
-ttomiesi (genitive plural)
-tontesi (genitive plural rare)
-tontasi (partitive singular)
-ttomiasi (partitive plural)
-ttomassasi (inessive singular)
-ttomissasi (inessive plural)
-ttomastasi (elative singular)
-ttomistasi (elative plural)
-ttomaasi (illative singular)
-ttomiisi (illative plural)
-ttomallasi (adessive singular)
-ttomillasi (adessive plural)
-ttomaltasi (ablative singular)
-ttomiltasi (ablative plural)
-ttomallesi (allative singular)
-ttomillesi (allative plural)
-ttomanasi (essive singular)
-ttominasi (essive plural)
-ttomaksesi (singular translative)
-ttomiksesi (plural translative)
-ttomattasi (abessive singular)
-ttomittasi (abessive plural)
-ttominesi (comitative plural)
-ttomamme (nominative singular)
-ttomamme (nominative plural)
-ttomamme (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomamme (accusative nominative plural)
-ttomamme (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomamme (accusative genitive plural)
-ttomamme (genitive singular)
-ttomiemme (genitive plural)
-tontemme (genitive plural rare)
-tontamme (partitive singular)
-ttomiamme (partitive plural)
-ttomassamme (inessive singular)
-ttomissamme (inessive plural)
-ttomastamme (elative singular)
-ttomistamme (elative plural)
-ttomaamme (illative singular)
-ttomiimme (illative plural)
-ttomallamme (adessive singular)
-ttomillamme (adessive plural)
-ttomaltamme (ablative singular)
-ttomiltamme (ablative plural)
-ttomallemme (allative singular)
-ttomillemme (allative plural)
-ttomanamme (essive singular)
-ttominamme (essive plural)
-ttomaksemme (singular translative)
-ttomiksemme (plural translative)
-ttomattamme (abessive singular)
-ttomittamme (abessive plural)
-ttominemme (comitative plural)
-ttomanne (nominative singular)
-ttomanne (nominative plural)
-ttomanne (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomanne (accusative nominative plural)
-ttomanne (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomanne (accusative genitive plural)
-ttomanne (genitive singular)
-ttomienne (genitive plural)
-tontenne (genitive plural rare)
-tontanne (partitive singular)
-ttomianne (partitive plural)
-ttomassanne (inessive singular)
-ttomissanne (inessive plural)
-ttomastanne (elative singular)
-ttomistanne (elative plural)
-ttomaanne (illative singular)
-ttomiinne (illative plural)
-ttomallanne (adessive singular)
-ttomillanne (adessive plural)
-ttomaltanne (ablative singular)
-ttomiltanne (ablative plural)
-ttomallenne (allative singular)
-ttomillenne (allative plural)
-ttomananne (essive singular)
-ttominanne (essive plural)
-ttomaksenne (singular translative)
-ttomiksenne (plural translative)
-ttomattanne (abessive singular)
-ttomittanne (abessive plural)
-ttominenne (comitative plural)
-ttomansa (nominative singular)
-ttomansa (nominative plural)
-ttomansa (accusative nominative singular)
-ttomansa (accusative nominative plural)
-ttomansa (accusative genitive singular)
-ttomansa (accusative genitive plural)
-ttomansa (genitive singular)
-ttomiensa (genitive plural)
-tontensa (genitive plural rare)
-tontaan (partitive singular)
-tontansa (partitive singular)
-ttomiaan (partitive plural)
-ttomiansa (partitive plural)
-ttomassaan (inessive singular)
-ttomassansa (inessive singular)
-ttomissaan (inessive plural)
-ttomissansa (inessive plural)
-ttomastaan (elative singular)
-ttomastansa (elative singular)
-ttomistaan (elative plural)
-ttomistansa (elative plural)
-ttomaansa (illative singular)
-ttomiinsa (illative plural)
-ttomallaan (adessive singular)
-ttomallansa (adessive singular)
-ttomillaan (adessive plural)
-ttomillansa (adessive plural)
-ttomaltaan (ablative singular)
-ttomaltansa (ablative singular)
-ttomiltaan (ablative plural)
-ttomiltansa (ablative plural)
-ttomalleen (allative singular)
-ttomallensa (allative singular)
-ttomilleen (allative plural)
-ttomillensa (allative plural)
-ttomanaan (essive singular)
-ttomanansa (essive singular)
-ttominaan (essive plural)
-ttominansa (essive plural)
-ttomakseen (singular translative)
-ttomaksensa (singular translative)
-ttomikseen (plural translative)
-ttomiksensa (plural translative)
-ttomattaan (abessive singular)
-ttomattansa (abessive singular)
-ttomittaan (abessive plural)
-ttomittansa (abessive plural)
-ttomineen (comitative plural)
-ttominensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-t'oin (compare Estonian -tu), from Proto-Uralic *-ktama (compare Northern Sami -heapme and Moksha -фтома (-ftoma), Erzya -(в)томо (-(v)tomo), Udmurt -тэм (-tem)).

aika (“time”) + -ton → ajaton (“timeless”)

järki (“sense”) + -ton → järjetön (“senseless”)

maku (“taste”) + -ton → mauton (“tasteless”)

ääri (“border”) + -ton → ääretön (“infinite”)

suola (“salt”) + -ton → suolaton (“unsalted”)

maito (“milk”) + -ton → maidoton (“nondairy”)

syy (“reason, blame”) + -ton → syytön (“innocent”)

Indicates lack of something; -less, un-, in-, non- etc..


-tön

-tön (nominative singular)
-ttömät (nominative plural)
-tön (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömät (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömän (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömät (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömän (genitive singular)
-ttömien (genitive plural)
-tönten (genitive plural rare)
-töntä (partitive singular)
-ttömiä (partitive plural)
-ttömässä (inessive singular)
-ttömissä (inessive plural)
-ttömästä (elative singular)
-ttömistä (elative plural)
-ttömään (illative singular)
-ttömiin (illative plural)
-ttömällä (adessive singular)
-ttömillä (adessive plural)
-ttömältä (ablative singular)
-ttömiltä (ablative plural)
-ttömälle (allative singular)
-ttömille (allative plural)
-ttömänä (essive singular)
-ttöminä (essive plural)
-ttömäksi (singular translative)
-ttömiksi (plural translative)
-ttömättä (abessive singular)
-ttömittä (abessive plural)
-ttömin (instructive plural)
-ttömine (comitative plural)
-ttömäni (nominative singular)
-ttömäni (nominative plural)
-ttömäni (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömäni (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömäni (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömäni (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömäni (genitive singular)
-ttömieni (genitive plural)
-tönteni (genitive plural rare)
-töntäni (partitive singular)
-ttömiäni (partitive plural)
-ttömässäni (inessive singular)
-ttömissäni (inessive plural)
-ttömästäni (elative singular)
-ttömistäni (elative plural)
-ttömääni (illative singular)
-ttömiini (illative plural)
-ttömälläni (adessive singular)
-ttömilläni (adessive plural)
-ttömältäni (ablative singular)
-ttömiltäni (ablative plural)
-ttömälleni (allative singular)
-ttömilleni (allative plural)
-ttömänäni (essive singular)
-ttöminäni (essive plural)
-ttömäkseni (singular translative)
-ttömikseni (plural translative)
-ttömättäni (abessive singular)
-ttömittäni (abessive plural)
-ttömineni (comitative plural)
-ttömäsi (nominative singular)
-ttömäsi (nominative plural)
-ttömäsi (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömäsi (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömäsi (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömäsi (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömäsi (genitive singular)
-ttömiesi (genitive plural)
-töntesi (genitive plural rare)
-töntäsi (partitive singular)
-ttömiäsi (partitive plural)
-ttömässäsi (inessive singular)
-ttömissäsi (inessive plural)
-ttömästäsi (elative singular)
-ttömistäsi (elative plural)
-ttömääsi (illative singular)
-ttömiisi (illative plural)
-ttömälläsi (adessive singular)
-ttömilläsi (adessive plural)
-ttömältäsi (ablative singular)
-ttömiltäsi (ablative plural)
-ttömällesi (allative singular)
-ttömillesi (allative plural)
-ttömänäsi (essive singular)
-ttöminäsi (essive plural)
-ttömäksesi (singular translative)
-ttömiksesi (plural translative)
-ttömättäsi (abessive singular)
-ttömittäsi (abessive plural)
-ttöminesi (comitative plural)
-ttömämme (nominative singular)
-ttömämme (nominative plural)
-ttömämme (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömämme (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömämme (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömämme (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömämme (genitive singular)
-ttömiemme (genitive plural)
-töntemme (genitive plural rare)
-töntämme (partitive singular)
-ttömiämme (partitive plural)
-ttömässämme (inessive singular)
-ttömissämme (inessive plural)
-ttömästämme (elative singular)
-ttömistämme (elative plural)
-ttömäämme (illative singular)
-ttömiimme (illative plural)
-ttömällämme (adessive singular)
-ttömillämme (adessive plural)
-ttömältämme (ablative singular)
-ttömiltämme (ablative plural)
-ttömällemme (allative singular)
-ttömillemme (allative plural)
-ttömänämme (essive singular)
-ttöminämme (essive plural)
-ttömäksemme (singular translative)
-ttömiksemme (plural translative)
-ttömättämme (abessive singular)
-ttömittämme (abessive plural)
-ttöminemme (comitative plural)
-ttömänne (nominative singular)
-ttömänne (nominative plural)
-ttömänne (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömänne (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömänne (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömänne (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömänne (genitive singular)
-ttömienne (genitive plural)
-töntenne (genitive plural rare)
-töntänne (partitive singular)
-ttömiänne (partitive plural)
-ttömässänne (inessive singular)
-ttömissänne (inessive plural)
-ttömästänne (elative singular)
-ttömistänne (elative plural)
-ttömäänne (illative singular)
-ttömiinne (illative plural)
-ttömällänne (adessive singular)
-ttömillänne (adessive plural)
-ttömältänne (ablative singular)
-ttömiltänne (ablative plural)
-ttömällenne (allative singular)
-ttömillenne (allative plural)
-ttömänänne (essive singular)
-ttöminänne (essive plural)
-ttömäksenne (singular translative)
-ttömiksenne (plural translative)
-ttömättänne (abessive singular)
-ttömittänne (abessive plural)
-ttöminenne (comitative plural)
-ttömänsä (nominative singular)
-ttömänsä (nominative plural)
-ttömänsä (accusative nominative singular)
-ttömänsä (accusative nominative plural)
-ttömänsä (accusative genitive singular)
-ttömänsä (accusative genitive plural)
-ttömänsä (genitive singular)
-ttömiensä (genitive plural)
-töntensä (genitive plural rare)
-töntään (partitive singular)
-töntänsä (partitive singular)
-ttömiään (partitive plural)
-ttömiänsä (partitive plural)
-ttömässään (inessive singular)
-ttömässänsä (inessive singular)
-ttömissään (inessive plural)
-ttömissänsä (inessive plural)
-ttömästään (elative singular)
-ttömästänsä (elative singular)
-ttömistään (elative plural)
-ttömistänsä (elative plural)
-ttömäänsä (illative singular)
-ttömiinsä (illative plural)
-ttömällään (adessive singular)
-ttömällänsä (adessive singular)
-ttömillään (adessive plural)
-ttömillänsä (adessive plural)
-ttömältään (ablative singular)
-ttömältänsä (ablative singular)
-ttömiltään (ablative plural)
-ttömiltänsä (ablative plural)
-ttömälleen (allative singular)
-ttömällensä (allative singular)
-ttömilleen (allative plural)
-ttömillensä (allative plural)
-ttömänään (essive singular)
-ttömänänsä (essive singular)
-ttöminään (essive plural)
-ttöminänsä (essive plural)
-ttömäkseen (singular translative)
-ttömäksensä (singular translative)
-ttömikseen (plural translative)
-ttömiksensä (plural translative)
-ttömättään (abessive singular)
-ttömättänsä (abessive singular)
-ttömittään (abessive plural)
-ttömittänsä (abessive plural)
-ttömineen (comitative plural)
-ttöminensä (comitative plural)


techno-

From Ancient Greek τέχνη (tékhnē, “skill”).

tegno-

used to form words relating to technology


ne-

Mám hlad. (“I am hungry.”) → Nemám hlad.

used to negate verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Akin to un-, non-, im-, ir-


ne-

Used to negate verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; non-, un-, in-, im-, ir-.


ne-

From Old Latin ne (“not”) in compositions.

ne- (“not”) + sciō (“I know”) → nesciō (“I don't know”)

absolutely negates the principal meaning


ne-

From the same stem as the general negative particle nē (“no”).

Used on all verb forms to form the negative version of that form (runāju (“I speak”), nerunāju (“I don't speak”)), as well as on nouns and adjectives to indicate negation (like Latin in-, im-; English un-; or Russian не- (ne-)).


ne-

From the same stem as the general negative particle ne (“no”).

ne- + tvarkà 'order' → netvarkà 'disorder, mess'

ne- + ramùs 'calm' → neramùs 'restless, uneasy'

ne- + geraĩ 'well' → negeraĩ 'badly'

ne- + norė́ti 'want' → nenorė́ti 'not want'

Used on all verb forms to form the negative version of that form, as well as on nouns, adjectives and adverbs to indicate negation.


ne-

Probably of Slavic origin, possibly borrowed from Old Church Slavonic не- (ne-) or some other language (cf. Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian не-), from Proto-Slavic *ne. Less likely, originally from Latin ne-, and reinforced or influenced by the Slavic prefix.
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

bor+

ne- + cunoscut (“known”) → necunoscut (“unknown”)

ne- + înțeles (“understood”) → neînțeles (“misunderstood”)

ne- + prietenos (“friendly”) → neprietenos (“unfriendly”)

ne- + folosind → nefolosind (“not using, without using”)

un-; de- (attached to past participles, gerundives and some adjectives to negate them)


ne-

Prefix prepended to adjectives to create an adjective denoting a negative meaning (ne (“not”)). Akin to un-, non-, im-, ir-.


ne-

South Slavic:

Croatian: ne-

Slovene: ne-

West Slavic:

Czech: ne-, ně-

Polish: nie-

Slovak: ne-

(Late Common-Slavic or post-Common-Slavic) none


-urgy

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔργον (érgon, “work”).


opto-

From Ancient Greek ὀπτικός (optikós, “of seeing”).


-rama

A libfix, a modification of -orama, influenced by diorama and panorama, and thus indirectly derived from Ancient Greek ὅρᾱμᾰ (hórāmă, “sight, spectacle”).

camera → camerarama or

future → futurama (formed by eliding the e and merging the two rs into one)

Alteration of -orama, used in suffixing a word ending with an r or vowel sound.

a kind of voting session in the US Senate


-orama

Back-formation from panorama and cyclorama (which are modern coinages, not Greek words), and thus from Ancient Greek ὅρᾱμᾰ (hórāmă, “sight”, “spectacle”), in turn evolved from the Proto-Indo-European *wer-, meaning to perceive or look out for.

Used to form, from one noun, a second meaning "wide view of" the first, or (with ironic reference to the preceding sense) "surfeit of", "overattention to", or "exaggerated praise of" the first.


epä-

From Proto-Finnic *epä. Originally active present participle (-pä) of the negative verb stem *e-; see ei. Cognate with Estonian eba-, Livonian äb, Moksha аф (af), Erzya апак (apak).

epä- + selvä (“clear”) → epäselvä (“unclear”)

Used to invert the meaning of a word: in-, non-, un-, dis-, mis-, mal-


epä-

From Proto-Finnic *epä-. Cognates include Finnish epä- and Estonian eba-.

Used to invert the meaning of a word: un-, non-


-cade

Back-formed from cavalcade, inferred to be a suffix


-morph

From Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”).


-person

superperson

Someone who has special characteristics relating to a topic or area.


zymo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek ζύμη (zúmē, “leaven”).


zym-

Alternative form of zymo- (before a vowel).


-heid

From Dutch -heid, from Middle Dutch -heit, from Old Dutch -heid, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz.

-ness, -ity, -hood; forms nouns from adjectives, denoting the abstract quality of the adjective.


-heid

Afrikaans: -heid

From Middle Dutch -heit, from Old Dutch -heid, from Proto-West Germanic *-haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz. Cognate with German -heit, English -hood.


mis-

From Middle English mys-, mis-, from Old English mis- (“mis-”), from Proto-West Germanic *missa-, from Proto-Germanic *missa- (“wrongly, badly, mis-”), from the adjective *missaz (whence also miss), from Proto-Indo-European *mitˢtós (“mutual, reciprocal”), from *meyt(h₂)- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”), extended from the root *mey- (“to change”).
Cognate with Scots mis- (“mis-”), Dutch mis- (“mis-”), German miss-, mis- (“mis-”), Danish mis- (“mis-”), Swedish mis- (“mis-”), Icelandic mis- (“mis-”). Compare also French més-, mé- (“mis-”), from Old French mes- (“mis-”), from Frankish *mis-, *missa- (“mis-”), from the same Proto-Germanic source above.

der

misidentification

bad or wrong; badly or wrongly
incorrectly

misaccusation


mis-

mis- + koncepce → miskoncepce


mis-

Afrikaans: mis-

From Middle Dutch mis-, from Old Dutch mis-, from Proto-West Germanic *missa-.


mis-

mis- + kompreni (“understand”) → miskompreni (“misunderstand”)

mis- + paroli (“to speak”) → misparoli (“misspeak”)


mis-

From Old Norse mis-, from Proto-Germanic *missa- (“wrongly, badly”), from Proto-Indo-European *mitto (“mutual, reciprocal”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyt- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”).


mis-

From Old Norse mis- (“mis-”), from Proto-Germanic *missa- (“wrongly, badly”), from Proto-Indo-European *mitto (“mutual, reciprocal”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyt- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”).


mis-

Borrowed from English mis-, from Proto-Germanic *missa-.

uzar (“to use”) → misuzar (“to misuse”).


mis-

Probably a confluence of Latin minus and Old High German missa-.

mis- + fatto (“fact; deed”) → misfatto (“misdeed”)


mis-

Icelandic: mis-

Faroese: mis-

Norwegian Bokmål: mis-

Swedish: miss-

Danish: mis-

From Proto-Germanic *missa- (“wrongly, badly”), from Proto-Indo-European *mitto (“mutual, reciprocal”), from Proto-Indo-European *meyt- (“to replace, switch, exchange, swap”).


miso-

Combining form of Ancient Greek μῑσέω (mīséō, “to hate”), μῖσος (mîsos, “hatred”).


over-

From Middle English over-, from Old English ofer-, from Proto-Germanic *uber, from Proto-Indo-European *upér. Cognate with Dutch over-, German über-, Swedish över-, Welsh gor-, Spanish sobre-, Armenian վեր- (ver-), Persian ابر (abar-). Doublet of super-, sur-, and hyper-. More at over.

overkind, overloud, overstate


over-

From Proto-Germanic *ubar- (“over-”). Cognate with Dutch over-, German über-, English over-, Swedish över-. More at over.


over-

Hij oversproeide de planten.

prepended to verbs; denotes that action takes place over the object

De man overeet zich.

prepended to verbs, nouns and adjectives; denotes that the action or state takes place excessively


-ejo

Ido: -eyo

Borrowed from German -ei, Greek -είο (-eío).

advokato (“lawyer, barrister, attorney”) + -ejo → advokatejo (“law office”)

ermito (“hermit”) + -ejo → ermitejo (“hermitage”)

frenezulo (“lunatic, madman”) + -ejo → frenezulejo (“insane asylum, madhouse”)

labori (“to work”) + -ejo → laborejo (“workplace”)

preĝi (“to pray”) + -ejo → preĝejo (“house of worship, place of worship”)

indicates a place designed for the purpose expressed by the root


-ejo

pt-noun

-ejo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ejos)


-ejo

es-noun

-ejo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ejos, feminine -eja, feminine plural -ejas)

-ejos (plural)
-eja (feminine)
-ejas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Latin -culus. Doublet of -ículo.

animal (“animal”) + -ejo → animalejo (“creepy-crawly; disgusting little creature; bicho”)

güera (“blonde (in Mexico)”) + -ejo → güereja (“nasty blonde”)

forms diminutives; applies a detestable or vile quality to the root


ĉef-

From English chief, French chef, among others. Doublet of ĉapitro and kapo.


kona

konu (genitive)
konur (plural)
kona (indefinite nominative singular)
konan (definite nominative singular)
konur (indefinite nominative plural)
konurnar (definite nominative plural)
konu (accusative indefinite singular)
konuna (accusative definite singular)
konur (accusative indefinite plural)
konurnar (accusative definite plural)
konu (dative indefinite singular)
konunni (dative definite singular)
konum (dative indefinite plural)
konunum (dative definite plural)
konu (genitive indefinite singular)
konunnar (definite genitive singular)
kvenna (genitive indefinite plural)
kvennanna (definite genitive plural)

non-decl-f-on

Note the form kvenna in genitive plural.

non-decl-blank-full

kona

Icelandic: kona

Faroese: kona; kvinna

desc

Norwegian Nynorsk: kona, konu, kone; kvinna, kvinne

Old Swedish: kona, kuna (gen. plur. kvinna, kvænna)

Swedish: kona; kvinna

Danish: kone; kvinde

Norwegian Bokmål: kone; kvinne

→ Norman: guênipe, guénipe (Jèrriais)

→ French: guenipe

From Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”).


meso-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-meso-.wav

From Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”). Doublet of mid- and medio-.

mesoendemic is having some transmission in an area, mesoeutrophic is having a medium amount of nutrients and minerals, mesohaline is moderately salty; brackish


meso-

From Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”).


meso-

meso- (located in or relating to the middle)


-burger

Rebracketing of hamburger, as if it were ham + burger.

Used to make the names of hamburgers served in buns with the addition of the specified foodstuff, or with that foodstuff used in place of the usual meat.

-burger

suffix used to make names for hamburger-like dishes


paleo-

From Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós, “old”).

Used to form informal names of taxa; basal.


paleo-

paleo- + botaniko (“botany”) → paleobotaniko (“paleobotany”)

paleo- + ekologio (“ecology”) → paleoekologio (“paleoecology”)

paleo- + magnetismo (“magnetism”) → paleomagnetismo (“paleomagnetism”)

paleo- + grundo (“soil”) → paleogrundo (“paleosol”)


paleo-

Internationalism (see English paleo-), ultimately from Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós).


paleo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek παλαιός (palaiós, “old”).


paleo-

paleo-; prehistoric, pertaining to paleontology


-morphic

From Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”) + -ic, equivalent to -morph + -ic.


-morphism

From Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”) + -ism, equivalent to -morph + -ism.

af

The state of having a specified shape or form.


-ome

Back-formation from mitome, reinforced by chromosome. Early examples include biome (1916) and genome, from German Genom (1920). Some association with genetics due to occurrence in chromosome and genome.

(biology) The complete whole of a class of substances for a species or an individual.


gymno-

From Ancient Greek γυμνός (gumnós, “naked”).


-lös

From Old Swedish lös, from Old Norse lauss (Norwegian Bokmål -løs, Danish -løs, Icelandic laus), from Proto-Germanic *lausaz.

tyngd -> tyngdlös

ljud -> ljudlös

Added on a noun to yield an adjective denoting a lack of. Compare English -less.


chalco-

From New Latin, from Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós, “copper”). Despite the appearance in English of a possible relation of chalco- to chalk, and any plausible semantic and cognate connections between limestones and ores in ancient times, the terms are not related by any known cognation. Note also the hard ch sound (/k/) in chalco- and words generated therefrom, which differs from the soft ch sound in chalk.

der

Copper; relatedly, also bronze or brass.


-z

-a (absolutive indefinite singular)
-ak (absolutive indefinite plural)
-ok (absolutive plural proximal)
-(e)k (ergative indefinite)
-ak (ergative indefinite singular)
-ek (ergative indefinite plural)
-ok (ergative plural proximal)
-(r)i (dative indefinite)
-ari (dative indefinite singular)
-ei (dative indefinite plural)
-oi (dative plural proximal)
-(r)en (genitive indefinite)
-aren (genitive indefinite singular)
-en (genitive indefinite plural)
-on (genitive plural proximal)
-(r)ekin (comitative indefinite)
-arekin (comitative indefinite singular)
-ekin (comitative indefinite plural)
-okin (comitative plural proximal)
-(r)engatik (causative indefinite)
-arengatik (causative indefinite singular)
-engatik (causative indefinite plural)
-ongatik (causative plural proximal)
-(r)entzat (benefactive indefinite)
-arentzat (benefactive indefinite singular)
-entzat (benefactive indefinite plural)
-ontzat (benefactive plural proximal)
-(e)z (indefinite instrumental)
-az (indefinite instrumental singular)
-ez (indefinite instrumental plural)
-oz (instrumental plural proximal)
-(r)engan (animate indefinite inessive)
-arengan (animate indefinite inessive singular)
-engan (animate indefinite inessive plural)
-ongan (animate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tan (inanimate indefinite inessive)
-an (inanimate indefinite inessive singular)
-etan (inanimate indefinite inessive plural)
-otan (inanimate inessive plural proximal)
-(e)tako (inanimate indefinite locative)
-(e)ko (inanimate indefinite locative singular)
-etako (inanimate indefinite locative plural)
-otako (inanimate locative plural proximal)
-(r)engana (allative animate indefinite)
-arengana (allative animate indefinite singular)
-engana (allative animate indefinite plural)
-ongana (allative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tara (allative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)ra (allative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etara (allative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otara (allative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganaino (animate indefinite terminative)
-arenganaino (animate indefinite singular terminative)
-enganaino (animate indefinite plural terminative)
-onganaino (animate plural proximal terminative)
-(e)taraino (inanimate indefinite terminative)
-(e)raino (inanimate indefinite singular terminative)
-etaraino (inanimate indefinite plural terminative)
-otaraino (inanimate plural proximal terminative)
-(r)enganantz (animate directive indefinite)
-arenganantz (animate directive indefinite singular)
-enganantz (animate directive indefinite plural)
-onganantz (animate directive plural proximal)
-(e)tarantz (directive inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rantz (directive inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarantz (directive inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarantz (directive inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)enganako (animate destinative indefinite)
-arenganako (animate destinative indefinite singular)
-enganako (animate destinative indefinite plural)
-onganako (animate destinative plural proximal)
-(e)tarako (destinative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)rako (destinative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etarako (destinative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otarako (destinative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)engandik (ablative animate indefinite)
-arengandik (ablative animate indefinite singular)
-engandik (ablative animate indefinite plural)
-ongandik (ablative animate plural proximal)
-(e)tatik (ablative inanimate indefinite)
-(e)tik (ablative inanimate indefinite singular)
-etik (ablative inanimate indefinite plural)
-otik (ablative inanimate plural proximal)
-(r)ik (indefinite partitive)
-tzat (indefinite prolative)

autobus (“bus”) + -z → autobusez (“by bus”)


-z

From Proto-Uralic *-ta-. The preceding vowel, if any, is from the original stem of the root word.

(obsolete noun-forming suffix) Found in igaz, száraz. See the main variant -sz.


afro-

New Latin, from stem of Latin Afer (“African”), noun and adjective


afro-

Afro-, African (of or pertaining to Africa)


afro-

afro- + amerykański → afroamerykański


-ung

-ung (genitive)
-ungen (plural)
-ung (nominative singular)
-ungen (definite nominative plural)
-ung (genitive singular)
-ungen (definite genitive plural)
-ung (dative singular)
-ungen (dative definite plural)
-ung (accusative singular)
-ungen (accusative definite plural)

From Middle High German -ung, -unge, from Old High German -unga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō. More at English -ing.

rechnen (“to reckon”) + -ung → die Rechnung (“the reckoning, the bill”)

entdecken (“to discover”) + -ung → die Entdeckung (“the discovery”)

erinnern (“to remind”) + -ung → die Erinnerung (“the reminder, the remembrance, the memory”)

-ing; forms nouns from verbs, usually describing either an event in which an action is carried out, or the result of that action.


-ung

From Old High German -unga, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō. Cognate with German -ung, English -ing.


-ung

-ung (nominative singular)
-unga (nominative plural)
-unge (nominative plural)
-unge (accusative singular)
-unga (accusative plural)
-unge (accusative plural)
-unge (genitive singular)
-unga (genitive plural)
-unge (dative singular)
-ungum (dative plural)

desc

Middle English: -ung, -unge, -unge, -inge, -ing

English: -ing

From Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.
Cognate with Old Saxon -unga (Low German -inge, -ing), Old Dutch -inga, -unga (Dutch -ing), Old High German -unga (German -ung), Old Norse -ung, -ing (Swedish -ing).

forming nouns from verbs, denoting verbal action or an instance of it; or denoting a substance involved in the verbal action


-þ

-þ (nominative singular)
-þa (nominative plural)
-þe (nominative plural)
-þe (accusative singular)
-þa (accusative plural)
-þe (accusative plural)
-þe (genitive singular)
-þa (genitive plural)
-þe (dative singular)
-þum (dative plural)

desctree

Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth, -t, -te (following fricatives)
English: -th, -t
Scots: -th, -t

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-iþu, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō.

inh+

fūl (“foul, polluted”) + -þ → fȳlþ (“filth, foulness”)

earm (“poor”) + -þ → iermþ (“poverty”)

þēof (“thief”) + -þ → þīefþ (“theft”)

forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels


-had

-hād (canonical masculine)
-hād (nominative singular)
-hādas (nominative plural)
-hād (accusative singular)
-hādas (accusative plural)
-hādes (genitive singular)
-hāda (genitive plural)
-hāde (dative singular)
-hādum (dative plural)

Middle English: -had, -hod, -hed, -hede

English: -hood; -head

Scots: -heid

From Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“state, condition”) (originally a noun, represented by Old English hād). Cognate with Old Saxon -hēd, Dutch -heid, Old High German -heit (German -heit).

der

ċild (“child”) + -had → ċildhād (“childhood”)

mæġeþ (“virgin”) + -had → mæġeþhād (“virginity”)

forming nouns of condition or quality, from nouns or adjectives


-leptic

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--leptic.wav

From Ancient Greek λῆψις (lêpsis, “taking hold, seizing”) + -ic, as in Ancient Greek ληπτικός (lēptikós).

coordination compound
coordination compound

(chemistry) Describing a coordination compound having some type(s) of ligand.


pro-

From Latin pro (“in favour of, on behalf of”).

uder

Police said that 289 people had been arrested, mostly for unlawful assembly. One woman was arrested in the Kowloon district of Yau Ma Tei on charges of assault and spreading pro-independence slogans, the police department said on its Facebook page. It said such slogans are illegal under a newly enacted national security law.

2020 September 6, “Hong Kong police arrest 289 at protests over election delay”, in The Washington Post, Associated Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-19, Asia & Pacific:


pro-

Borrowed from Latin prō (“in front of”).


pro-

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pra-

Lithuanian: *pra-

Proto-Slavic: *pro-

Proto-Celtic: *ɸro- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Germanic: *fra- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *pro-

Ancient Greek: προ- (pro-) (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pra- (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *pro-

Latin: pro- (see there for further descendants)


pro-

Latin: prō-, pro-

Oscan: 𐌐𐌓𐌞- (prú-), 𐌐𐌓𐌖- (pru-)

Umbrian: 𐌐𐌓𐌖- (pru-), pro-

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“towards, forwards”).

inh

pro- (see the Latin entry for further meanings)


exo-

From Ancient Greek ἔξω (éxō, “outer; external”).

der

exo- + planet → exoplanet

exo- + biology → exobiology

(astronomy) extrasolar; beyond the Solar System (our solar system)


exo-

Derived from Ancient Greek ἔξω (éxō, “outer, external”).


بان

From Middle Persian [script needed] (-pʾn' /-bān/, “-keeper, -guard”), ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to protect”). Related to پاییدن (pâyidan). Also compare Old Armenian -պան (-pan).


tropism

en-noun

tropism (countable and uncountable, plural tropisms)

From -tropism (suffix meaning ‘growth towards; movement, turning’) (possibly based on geotropism and heliotropism), from Latin tropus + English -ism (suffix forming nouns of action, process, or result). Tropus is derived from Ancient Greek τρόπος (trópos, “a turn; a manner, style, way; figure of speech, trope; etc.”), from τρέπω (trépō, “to turn; to divert; to rotate or change orientation”) (from Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns of result or abstract nouns of action).
Sense 1 (“turning of an organism or part of an organism towards or away from a stimulus”) is modelled after German Tropismus.

der

host tropism    tissue tropism

Studies similar to those describe above for cells cultivated in vitro were performed using homogenates of tissues and organs from humans and rhesus monkeys to investigate tissue tropisms in susceptible species […] McLaren (personal communication) found an excellent correlation between poliovirus tissue tropisms and presence or absence of receptor activity in human and rhesus tissues and organs.

1964, J. J. Holland, “Viruses in Animals and in Cell Culture”, in Joan Taylor, editor, Microbial Behaviour, ‘in Vivo’ and ‘in Vitro’: Fourteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at the Royal Institution, London, April 1964, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →OCLC, page 271:

Virus tropism can be defined at two levels: host tropism being the range of host species that a virus can productively infect, and tissue tropism reflecting the particular tissues or organs within the host that are the site(s) of virus replication. […] The primary determinant of virus tropism is the presence on the cell surface of a suitable receptor which the virus can utilize to gain entry to the cell.

1977, D. J. Evans, “Picornavirus Receptors, Tropism and Pathogenesis”, in M. A. McCrae, J. R. Saunders, C. J. Smyth, N. D. Stow, editors, Molecular Aspects of Host–pathogen Interactions: Fifty-fifth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology Held at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, March 1997, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press for the Society for General Microbiology, →ISBN, page 23:

HBLV [human B-cell lymphotropic virus] has a broad range of cell tropisms, and it infects B cells, T cells, megakaryocytes, and glioblastoma cells.

1989 January 4, Susan P. Spring, Ann Scluederberg, William P. Allen, Jack Gruber, “Commentary: Pathogenic Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus”, in Robert E. Wittes, editor, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, volume 81, number 1, Bethesda, Md.: National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health & Human Services, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 19, column 1:

A very wide spectrum of tissue tropism among the animal adenoviruses is evident, e.g. porcine adenovirus type 3 shows a tropism for columnar epithelial cells whereas bovine adenoviruses prefer capillary endothelial cells; however, it is not clear how far tissue tropism relates to pathogenesis and disease.

1994, William C. Russell, Mária Benkö, “Animal Viruses”, in Robert G[ordon] Webster, Allan Granoff, editors, Encyclopedia of Virology, volume 1, London; San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press, →ISBN, pages 16–17:

The capacity of a virus to selectively infect cells in particular organs is referred to as tropism[…]. Viral tropism depends on viral and host factors.

1999, Frederick A. Murphy, E. Paul J. Gibbs, Marian C. Horzinek, Michael J. Studdert, “Mechanisms of Infection and Viral Spread through the Body”, in Veterinary Virology, 3rd edition, San Diego, Calif.; London: Academic Press, →ISBN, part I (Principles of Virology), page 97, column 1:

Orthoreovirus has primary tropisms associated with its acquisition and transmission as an upper respiratory infection and those include the facial sinuses, lungs, pharynx, and tonsils, presumably its tropism towards the intestines represents a secondary tropism (assuming that fecal-oral transmission does not also represent a primary route of disease spread, in which case the intestines would have to be considered a primary tropism), […]

2011, Christon J. Hurst, “The Relationship between Humans, Their Viruses, and Prions”, in Christon J. Hurst, editor, Studies in Viral Ecology: Animal Host Systems, volume 2, Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, section II (Viruses of Macroscopic Animals), page 361, column 1:

(countable, by extension, chiefly virology) A capability or tendency for a pathogen (chiefly a virus) to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism.

tropismi

capability or tendency for a pathogen to infect a type of cell, tissue, organ, or host organism


-scopy

From Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “to see”).


-wch

teg (“fair”) + -wch → tegwch (“fairness”)

tawel (“quiet”) + -wch → tawelwch (“quietness, silence”)

hyfryd (“lovely”) + -wch → hyfrydwch (“loveliness”)


co-

From Latin co-, allomorph of Latin con-.

cointense is equal in intensity, codominant is equally dominant, coextension is being equally extended

Having commonality, similarity with respect to the root.

Equally, equal with respect to the root.

coseasonal is during a season, coseismic is during an earthquake, cotemporality is the state or characteristic of existing or occurring during the same period of time

During the same time period as the root.


co-

co- (mutation mutation-radical)
cho- (lenition mutation)
go- (eclipsis mutation)


co-

co- + dzienny → codzienny (“daily”)

co- + godzinny → cogodzinny (“hourly”)

co- + miesięczny → comiesięczny (“monthly”)

co- + roczny → coroczny (“yearly”)

forms adjectives and adverbs specifying how often something happens: -ly


co-

Usually (but not always) designates mutuality or reciprocity.


-x

From a medieval ligature for -us, which looked similar to the letter x and was ultimately treated as identical to it. Thus Old French voyeus (“vowel”) was also spelt voyex, for instance. Later on the u was reinserted before the -x and this latter thus became an alternative spelling of -s in said position.

dieu → dieux

noyau → noyaux

hébreu → hébreux

Used to form the regular plurals of nouns and adjectives in -au and -eu.

pou → poux

Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns in -ou (which regularly add -s).


-x

Bats: -ხ (-x)

Vainakh:

Chechen: -х (-x)

Ingush: -х (-x)


-form

From Latin -fōrmis (“having the form of”), from fōrma (“a form, contour, figure, shape, appearance, looks”).

vermiform (“shaped like a worm”)

Having the shape or form of; looking like.

-ass

looking like; restricted to casual registers

-like

looking like; forms adjectives from nouns only


apico-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from apex.

e.g. apicocardiac, apicolateral, apicomedial

usage note: For organisms that are attached to a substrate (e.g. sponges, protists), the side attached to the substrate is referred to as the basal end, and the end furthest from attachment is referred to as apical

(anatomy) The side of a body part (or organism) that is futher away from the substrate it is attached to.


apico-

Borrowed from Latin apicem (“point, tip”).


chron-

(prevocalic) Alternative form of chrono-.


-gram

From Ancient Greek suffix -γραμμα (-gramma), from γράμμα (grámma, “written character, letter, that which is drawn”), from γράφω (gráphō, “to scratch, to scrape, to graze”).

Something written, drawn or otherwise recorded.

meteogram

a time cross-section producing and using data for a specific weather station on the ground

n-gram

a type of probabilistic model for predicting the next item in a sequence


-gram

From Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma, “written character, letter, that which is drawn”), from γράφω (gráphō, “to scratch, to scrape, to graze”).

der

-gram (something written, drawn or otherwise recorded)


-gram

-gram (nominative singular)
-gramy (nominative plural)
-gramu (genitive singular)
-gramów (genitive plural)
-gramowi (dative singular)
-gramom (dative plural)
-gram (accusative singular)
-gramy (accusative plural)
-gramem (instrumental singular)
-gramami (instrumental plural)
-gramie (locative singular)
-gramach (locative plural)
-gramie (singular vocative)
-gramy (plural vocative)

idea + -gram → ideogram


-gram

-gram; same use and etymology as in English


-ide

it-noun

-ide f (noun-forming suffix, plural -idi)

alligatore (“alligator”) + -ide → alligatoride (“alligatorid”)

(biology) -id; forms families of organisms


-ide

-idɨkue (affirmative feminine first-person masculine singular)
-iñedɨkue (feminine first-person masculine negative singular)
-iitɨkue (affirmative feminine first-person masculine singular)
-iñeitɨkue (feminine first-person masculine negative singular)
-ido (affirmative feminine masculine second-person singular)
-iñedo (feminine masculine negative second-person singular)
-iito (affirmative feminine masculine second-person singular)
-iñeito (feminine masculine negative second-person singular)
-idɨmɨe (affirmative masculine)
-idɨñaiño (affirmative feminine)
-iñedɨmɨe (masculine negative)
-iñedɨñaiño (feminine negative)
-iitɨmɨe (affirmative masculine)
-iitɨñaiño (affirmative feminine)
-iñeitɨmɨe (masculine negative)
-iñeitɨñaiño (feminine negative)
-idɨkoko (affirmative masculine)
-idɨkaɨñaɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñedɨkoko (masculine negative)
-iñedɨkaɨñaɨ (feminine negative)
-iitɨkoko (affirmative masculine)
-iitɨkaɨñaɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñeitɨkoko (masculine negative)
-iñeitɨkaɨñaɨ (feminine negative)
-idomɨko (affirmative masculine)
-idomɨñoɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñedomɨko (masculine negative)
-iñedomɨñoɨ (feminine negative)
-iitomɨko (affirmative masculine)
-iitomɨñoɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñeitomɨko (masculine negative)
-iñeitomɨñoɨ (feminine negative)
-idaɨmaiaɨ (affirmative masculine)
-idaɨñuaɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñedaɨmaiaɨ (masculine negative)
-iñedaɨñuaɨ (feminine negative)
-iitaɨmaiaɨ (affirmative masculine)
-iitaɨñuaɨ (affirmative feminine)
-iñeitaɨmaiaɨ (masculine negative)
-iñeitaɨñuaɨ (feminine negative)
-idɨkaɨ (affirmative feminine first-person masculine plural)
-iñedɨkaɨ (feminine first-person masculine negative plural)
-iitɨkaɨ (affirmative feminine first-person masculine plural)
-iñeitɨkaɨ (feminine first-person masculine negative plural)
-idomoɨ (affirmative feminine masculine plural second-person)
-iñedomoɨ (feminine masculine negative plural second-person)
-iitomoɨ (affirmative feminine masculine plural second-person)
-iñeitomoɨ (feminine masculine negative plural second-person)
-idɨmakɨ (affirmative feminine masculine)
-iñedɨmakɨ (feminine masculine negative)
-iitɨmakɨ (affirmative feminine masculine)
-iñeitɨmakɨ (feminine masculine negative)
-ide (affirmative feminine masculine)
-iñede (feminine masculine negative)
-iite (affirmative feminine masculine)
-iñeite (feminine masculine negative)
-iño! (imperative)
-iñokai! (affirmative imperative)
-iñeno! (affirmative imperative prohibitive)
-iza! (negative)
-iye (negative)
-iga (passive)
-iyɨ (affirmative future passive)
-iñega (affirmative)
-iñeyɨ (future negative)
-ikana (negative)
-ia (conditional)
-ina (conditional)
-ikaina (conditional)


bromo-

(organic chemistry) bromo- (containing bromine)


-ig

From -ugr, Old Norse -igr (“-y”), from *-ugaz, Proto-Germanic *-īgaz (“-y”), from *-gaz (“-y”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos (“-y”).
Certain words also from Low German -ig (“-y”) or German -ig (“-y”), from Middle High German -ec, -ic, from Old High German -ig, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz (“-y”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos (“-y”).


cosmo-

From Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “universe”).


cosmo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “universe”).


cosmo-

From cosmos, from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “universe”).


-crat

From Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “power, might”), modelled after words of Ancient Greek origin such as democrat and aristocrat. From Proto-Indo-European *kret- (English hard).

bor

An advocate of a specified form of government.


chemo-

Back-formation from compounds built on New Latin chēmicus (“pertaining to alchemy or chemistry”) and chēmia (“chemistry”), ultimately of Ancient Greek origin.

der

Relating to or using chemicals or chemistry.

chemo-

relating to or using chemicals or chemistry


chemo-

chemo- + autotrofia → chemoautotrofia


-tropic

Borrowed from Ancient Greek τροπικός (tropikós, “of or pertaining to a turn or change; or the solstice; or a trope or figure; tropic; tropical; etc.”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “turn; solstice; trope”). Compare trope and tropic.

bor

psycho- (“mind”) + -tropic (“altering”) → psychotropic (“mind-altering”)

(sciences) Affecting or attracted to the thing specified.

-trópach

affecting or attracted to the thing specified


-oma

From Ancient Greek -ωμα (-ōma), from verbs in -όω (-óō) + -μα (-ma) (from Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥), which lengthens a preceding vowel.

(pathology, specifically) Forming nouns indicating tumors or masses, which may be non-neoplastic or (more often) neoplastic, and (if the latter) either benign or cancerous (malignant); in accord with present-day understanding of histopathology, the suffix is now nonproductive for non-neoplastic senses.

-oma

suffix forming nouns indicating tumors or masses


-oma

ca-noun

-oma m (noun-forming suffix, plural -omes)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ωμα (-ōma).

(pathology) -oma (forms the names of tumours or masses)


-oma

es-noun

-oma m (noun-forming suffix, plural -omas)


-st

From Proto-Germanic *-þiz. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch vorst (“frost”) could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts), from *𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*unnan)).

appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing


-st

From Middle High German -est, from older -es through rebracketing in inverted forms like sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”). Further from a merger of various Old High German conjugation suffixes, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.

lachen (“to laugh”) + -st → du lachst (“you laugh, thou laughest”)

spielen (“to play”) + -st → du spielst (“you play, thou playest”)

second-person singular
second-person singular#English

Verb suffix for the second-person singular.


-st

From Middle High German -est, from a merger of Old High German -ist and -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz and *-ōstaz.

klein (“small”) + -st → der kleinste (“the smallest”)

lang (“long”) + -st → der längste (“the longest”)

herzlich (“cordially”) + -st → am herzlichsten (“most cordially”)

schleunig (“speedily”) + -st → schleunigst (“straight away”)

Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut.


-st

From -s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix) in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix -t can be shown only in this -st morpheme.

affix

(adverb-forming suffix) Forms an adverb of manner.


-st

Uncertain:
* Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal Finnish -sta.
* Alternatively, from Proto-Finnic *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to Finnish -sti and Estonian -sti.

Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly


-st

-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
ḗ-sm̥ (first-person indicative singular)
-s (indicative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (indicative second-person singular)
-s (imperative second-person singular)
ḗ-s (imperative second-person singular)
-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
é-sdʰi (imperative second-person singular)
-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
ḗ-sesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-st (indicative singular third-person)
ḗ-st (indicative singular third-person)
-stu (imperative singular third-person)
ḗ-stu (imperative singular third-person)
-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-seti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-swe (dual first-person indicative)
é-swe (dual first-person indicative)
-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-stom (dual indicative second-person)
é-stom (dual indicative second-person)
-stom (dual imperative second-person)
é-stom (dual imperative second-person)
-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-setes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-stām (dual indicative third-person)
é-stām (dual indicative third-person)
-stām (dual imperative third-person)
é-stām (dual imperative third-person)
-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-sme (first-person indicative plural)
é-sme (first-person indicative plural)
-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
ḗ-somos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ste (indicative plural second-person)
é-ste (indicative plural second-person)
-ste (imperative plural second-person)
é-ste (imperative plural second-person)
-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
ḗ-sete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥t (indicative plural third-person)
-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
é-sn̥tu (imperative plural third-person)
-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
é-sn̥ts (indicative participle)
-so (imperative second-person singular)
é-so (imperative second-person singular)
-sto (indicative singular third-person)
é-sto (indicative singular third-person)
-so (indicative singular third-person)
é-so (indicative singular third-person)
-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-setor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
é-sn̥to (indicative plural third-person)
-sro (indicative plural third-person)
é-sro (indicative plural third-person)
-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
ḗ-sontor (plural subjunctive third-person)

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)

Proto-Italic: *-sai

Latin: -sī


-lysis

From Ancient Greek λύσις (lúsis, “a loosening”); compare lysis.


eka-

From Malay eka-, from Sanskrit एक (eka).


Greco-

Greco-Roman wrestling is an Olympic sport bringing back the style of the Ancient Greeks and Roman physicality.

Greek, often in reference to ancient Greece.


cyclo-

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cyclo-

From Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos, “circle”).


geno-

From the stem of Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, kind”), also Ancient Greek γεννάω (gennáō, “to produce”) and
From Latin gēns (“tribe, clan”).


geno-

Internationalism (see English geno-), ultimately from Ancient Greek γένος (génos).


bez-

Polish: bez-

Silesian: bez-

bez- + prawo → bezprawny


bez-

bez- + prawo → bezprawny


hydr-

Alternative form of hydro- used before a vowel.


hydr-

Alternative form of hydro-, used before a vowel


hydro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-hydro-.wav

From Ancient Greek ὑδρο- (hudro-), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”).


hydro-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὑδρο- (hudro-), from ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”).


hydro-

Internationalism (see English hydro-), ultimately from Ancient Greek ὑδρο- (hudro-).


hydro-

hydro- + -logia → hydrologia


boro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-boro-.wav


carb-

Alternative form of carbo- used before a vowel.


carbo-

carbide, carbohydrate

(inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry) Representing carbon, carbonic, carbonyl, carbonylic, carboxyl or carboxylic.


vaso-

(medicine, pathology) Pertaining to blood vessels or the vascular system.

vaso-

pertaining to blood vessels or the vascular system


vaso-

(medicine, pathology) vaso- (pertaining to blood vessels or the vascular system)


lepto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek λεπτός (leptós, “thin”).


tox-

Alternative form of toxi- before a vowel


zinco-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-zinco-.wav

(chemistry) containing, or combined with, or using zinc


silico-

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phospho-

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cupro-

From Late Latin cuprum (“copper”) through its compound form in -o-.

(inorganic chemistry) Of or pertaining to copper.


nitr-

(organic chemistry) alternative form of nitro- (“containing nitrogen”), used before a vowel


télé-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek τῆλε (têle, “far away”).


uran-

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urano-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-urano-.wav


-heit

From Middle Norwegian -heit, a borrow from Middle Low German -heit. Compare with Norwegian Bokmål -het, Swedish -het and Danish -hed. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *haiduz.


-sam

From Middle High German -sam, from Old High German -sam, from Proto-West Germanic *-sam, from Proto-Germanic *-samaz, from Proto-Germanic *samaz, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Cognate with English -some and Dutch -zaam. Related also to Old High German samo (“the same”) and sama (“similary”).

biegen (“to bend”) + -sam → biegsam (“flexible, bendable”)

Used to form adjectives from verbs; expressing the ability to undergo some action.


-sam

From Old Norse -samr, from Proto-Germanic *-samaz, a suffix form of *samaz (“same”).

-some; creating adjectives, mostly out of nouns


-sam

-sam (masculine nominative singular)
-samu (feminine nominative singular)
-sam (neuter nominative singular)
-samanā (accusative masculine singular)
-samā (accusative feminine singular)
-sam (accusative neuter singular)
-samas (genitive masculine singular)
-sameʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-samas (genitive neuter singular)
-samumē (dative masculine singular)
-sameʀē (dative feminine singular)
-samumē (dative neuter singular)
-samu (instrumental masculine singular)
-sameʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-samu (instrumental neuter singular)
-samē (masculine nominative plural)
-samō (feminine nominative plural)
-samu (neuter nominative plural)
-samā (accusative masculine plural)
-samā (accusative feminine plural)
-samu (accusative neuter plural)
-sameʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-sameʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-sameʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-samēm (dative masculine plural)
-samum (dative masculine plural)
-samēm (dative feminine plural)
-samum (dative feminine plural)
-samēm (dative neuter plural)
-samum (dative neuter plural)
-samēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-samum (instrumental masculine plural)
-samēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-samum (feminine instrumental plural)
-samēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-samum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -sum
Middle English: -sum, -som, -some
English: -some
Scots: -some

Old Frisian: -sam

Saterland Frisian: -soam

West Frisian: -sum

Old Saxon: -sam

Middle Low German: -sam

German Low German: -saam

Old Dutch: -sam

Middle Dutch: -sam

Dutch: -zaam

Old High German: -sam

Middle High German: -sam

German: -sam

-some. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives expressing similarity or the possession of a quality.


sulpho-

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(UK, chemistry) Alternative spelling of sulfo-


sulfo-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-sulfo-.wav


-tide

(pharmacology) Used to form names of peptides and glycopeptides.


-tta

Finnish: -tta

From Proto-Uralic *-pta, *-ptak (abessive suffix).

Alternative forms: *-t'ak, (front vowel harmony) *-ttä, *-t'äk


ver-

From Dutch ver-, a merger of two Middle Dutch prefixes:
* Middle Dutch er-, an unstressed variant of or- (modern oor- from Dutch oor-, not from Dutch over), from Old Dutch ur-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-.
* Middle Dutch ver-, from Old Dutch fir-, itself from a merger of Proto-Germanic *firi-, *furi-, *fra- and other similar particles.

to do or to become what the stem (following this prefix) refers to


ver-

Afrikaans: ver-

Javindo: fer-

Sranan Tongo: fer-, fru-, fri-

The result of a merger of two Middle Dutch prefixes:
* Middle Dutch er-, an unstressed variant of ur-, or- (modern oor-), from Old Dutch ur-, ir-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-.
* Middle Dutch ver-, from Old Dutch fir-, far-, itself from a mixture of Proto-Germanic *firi-, *furi-, *fra- and other similar particles.
The first origin is cognate with Old High German ur-, ir- (German ur-, er-), Old English ā-, Gothic 𐌿𐌶- (uz-).
The second origin is cognate with Old English for- (English for-), Old High German fir-, far- (German ver-), Gothic 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- (fair-), 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂- (faur-), 𐍆𐍂𐌰- (fra-).

ver- + minder (“less, fewer”) → verminderen (“to reduce”)


-ware

From software. See also ware and warehouse.

(computing) Used to form mass nouns denoting specific classes of computer software, based on use, function, or method of distribution.


-wear

worn on a particular part of the body (e.g., neckwear).


-escent

From Latin -ēscēns, present participle of -ēscō (“I become”).


post-

Latin post (“after, behind”). Cognate with Spanish pues (“well, so, then”)


post-

pos-

before t, or before any consonant in commonly used words

forms terms relating to post / mail (especially in Swiss Italian)


-ez

kazh (“tomcat”) + -ez → kazhez (“female cat”)

-ess; suffix forming the feminine of a noun


-ez

From -e- (linking vowel) + -z (verb-forming suffix).

hely (“place”, noun) + -ez → helyez (“to place”)

fél (“half”, numeral) + -ez → felez (“to halve”)

te (“you”, pronoun, informal) + -ez → tegez (“to use the informal te form”)

ellen (“against”, postposition) + -ez → ellenez (“to oppose”)

éljen (“long live”, interjection) + -ez → éljenez (“to cheer, applaud”)

(verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb. Less frequently, it can also be found added onto other parts of speech.


-cyte

From Latin cyta, from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “vessel, jar”). Compare cyte.

der

Used to form cell names and classifications for mature cells.


-cyte

From Latin cyta, from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “vessel”).


magneto-

Derived from Ancient Greek μαγνῆτις (magnêtis).

der+

magneto- + wid → magnetowid


-metric

/ˈmɛ.t͡ʃɹɪk/

Borrowed from French -métrique, from Latin metricus.


dichlor-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dichlor-.wav

(chemistry) Alternative form of dichloro- used mainly before a vowel.


-sol

(soil science) Forming the names of different kinds of soil.