-et-

From Esperanto -et-, from French -et/-ette, Italian -etto/-etta, Spanish -ito/-ita, from Latin -ittus.

sigaro (“cigar”) + -et- → sigareto (“cigarette”)

dormar (“to sleep”) + -et- → dormetar (“to doze”)

suffix forming a diminutive or indicating a smaller degree or qualitative change; also used as an affectionate diminutive


ge-

northern Rhineland, south-eastern Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Brandenburg, Berlin

Inherited from Middle High German ge-, from Old High German ga-, gi-, from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm.
Cognate with Low German ge-, e-, je- (Ermländisch), Yiddish גע־ (ge-), Dutch ge-, Old English ġe- (obsolete English y-, i-, a-), Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-).
The umlaut in the collective nouns formed with this affix reflects the presence of the collective suffix *-ją at the Proto-Germanic level.

-t

for verbs not stressed on the very first syllable

ge- + Ader (“vein”) → Geäder (“veins collectively”)

ge- + Ast (“branch”) → Geäst (“all the branches of a tree”)

ge- + Berg (“mountain”) → Gebirge (“mountain range”)

ge- + Busch (“bush”) → Gebüsch (“brush”)

ge- + Rippe (“rib”) → Gerippe (“skeleton”)

ge- + Stein (“stone”) → Gestein (“rock”)

ge- + Strauch (“bush, shrub”) → Gesträuch (“shrubbery”)

ge- + Wasser (“water”) → Gewässer (“body of water”)

ge- + Wolke (“cloud”) → Gewölk (“cloud formation”) (modern: Wolkenformation)

Forms collective nouns, almost always neuter gender. Whenever possible, the root vowel is modified as well.

ge- + ächzen (“groan (verb)”) → Geächze (“groan (noun)”)

ge- + heulen (“to cry like a wolf”) → Geheule (“the howl of a wolf”)

ge- + reden (“talk”) → Gerede (“chatter”)

ge- + seufzen (“sigh (verb)”) → Geseufze (“sigh (noun)”)

Forms action nouns, usually with a sense of repetition or continuation. All of these nouns are neuter and have no plural.

ge- + schenken (“to gift”) → Geschenk (“gift”)

ge- + legen (“to lay”) → Gelege (“clutch of eggs”)

ge- + prägen (“to stamp a coin”) → Gepräge (“the pattern on a coin”)

nomina rei actae
nomen rei actae#English

Forms nomina rei actae, verbal nouns that refer to the result of an action, always of neuter gender.


ge-

Derived from Esperanto ge-, from German ge-.

avi (“grandparents, grandfathers and/or grandmothers”) → geavi (“grandfathers and grandmothers”)

prefix used with the plural to indicate both sexes together


ge-

Middle English: ȝe-, i-, y-

English: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ge-
Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm. Cognate with Latin cum (“with”).

etymon

past participles
past participle#English

forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs


-i

-i (nominative singular)
-id (nominative plural)
-i (accusative nominative singular)
-id (accusative nominative plural)
-i (accusative genitive singular)
-id (accusative genitive plural)
-i (genitive singular)
-ite (genitive plural)
-it (partitive singular)
-eid (partitive plural)
-isse (illative singular)
-itesse (illative plural)
-eisse (illative plural)
-is (inessive singular)
-ites (inessive plural)
-eis (inessive plural)
-ist (elative singular)
-itest (elative plural)
-eist (elative plural)
-ile (allative singular)
-itele (allative plural)
-eile (allative plural)
-il (adessive singular)
-itel (adessive plural)
-eil (adessive plural)
-ilt (ablative singular)
-itelt (ablative plural)
-eilt (ablative plural)
-iks (singular translative)
-iteks (plural translative)
-eiks (plural translative)
-ini (singular terminative)
-iteni (plural terminative)
-ina (essive singular)
-itena (essive plural)
-ita (abessive singular)
-iteta (abessive plural)
-iga (comitative singular)
-itega (comitative plural)
-i (nominative singular)
-med (nominative plural)
-i (accusative nominative singular)
-med (accusative nominative plural)
-me (accusative genitive singular)
-med (accusative genitive plural)
-me (genitive singular)
-mete (genitive plural)
-it (partitive singular)
-meid (partitive plural)
-messe (illative singular)
-metesse (illative plural)
-meisse (illative plural)
-mes (inessive singular)
-metes (inessive plural)
-meis (inessive plural)
-mest (elative singular)
-metest (elative plural)
-meist (elative plural)
-mele (allative singular)
-metele (allative plural)
-meile (allative plural)
-mel (adessive singular)
-metel (adessive plural)
-meil (adessive plural)
-melt (ablative singular)
-metelt (ablative plural)
-meilt (ablative plural)
-meks (singular translative)
-meteks (plural translative)
-meiks (plural translative)
-meni (singular terminative)
-meteni (plural terminative)
-mena (essive singular)
-metena (essive plural)
-meta (abessive singular)
-meteta (abessive plural)
-mega (comitative singular)
-metega (comitative plural)

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.


-i

Amerika (“America”) + -i → amerikai (“American”)

(adjective-forming suffix) Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:

Freud (“Freud”) + -i → freudi (“Freudian”)

names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms)

város (“city”) + -i → városi (“urban”)

kémia (“chemistry”) + -i → kémiai (“chemical”)

az ablak alatt (“under the window”) + -i → az ablak alatti szék (“the chair under the window”)

postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)


-i

is-noun

-i f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -i, no plural)

-i (indefinite nominative singular)
-in (definite nominative singular)
-i (accusative indefinite singular)
-ina (accusative definite singular)
-i (dative indefinite singular)
-inni (dative definite singular)
-i (genitive indefinite singular)
-innar (definite genitive singular)

From Old Norse -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).

a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns


-i

olo-decl

Type 19/<i class="Latn mention" lang="olo">lugii</i>, no gradation

Type 20/<i class="Latn mention" lang="olo">keittäi</i>, no gradation

-i (nominative singular)
-jat (nominative plural)
-jan (genitive singular)
-join (genitive plural)
-jiin (genitive plural)
-jua (partitive singular)
-joi (partitive plural)
-jii (partitive plural)
-jah (illative singular)
-joih (illative plural)
-jiih (illative plural)
-jas (inessive singular)
-jois (inessive plural)
-jiis (inessive plural)
-jaspäi (elative singular)
-joispäi (elative plural)
-jiispäi (elative plural)
-jale (allative singular)
-joile (allative plural)
-jiile (allative plural)
-jal (adessive singular)
-joil (adessive plural)
-jiil (adessive plural)
-jalpäi (ablative singular)
-joilpäi (ablative plural)
-jiilpäi (ablative plural)
-jakse (singular translative)
-joikse (plural translative)
-jiikse (plural translative)
-jannu (essive singular)
-joinnu (essive plural)
-jiinnu (essive plural)
-jattah (abessive singular)
-joittah (abessive plural)
-jiittah (abessive plural)
-janke (comitative singular)
-joinke (comitative plural)
-jiinke (comitative plural)
-join (instructive plural)
-jiin (instructive plural)
-jači (prolative singular)
-i (nominative singular)
-jät (nominative plural)
-jän (genitive singular)
-jöin (genitive plural)
-jiin (genitive plural)
-jiä (partitive singular)
-jöi (partitive plural)
-jii (partitive plural)
-jäh (illative singular)
-jöih (illative plural)
-jiih (illative plural)
-jäs (inessive singular)
-jöis (inessive plural)
-jiis (inessive plural)
-jäspäi (elative singular)
-jöispäi (elative plural)
-jiispäi (elative plural)
-jäle (allative singular)
-jöile (allative plural)
-jiile (allative plural)
-jäl (adessive singular)
-jöil (adessive plural)
-jiil (adessive plural)
-jälpäi (ablative singular)
-jöilpäi (ablative plural)
-jiilpäi (ablative plural)
-jäkse (singular translative)
-jöikse (plural translative)
-jiikse (plural translative)
-jänny (essive singular)
-jöinny (essive plural)
-jiinny (essive plural)
-jättäh (abessive singular)
-jöittäh (abessive plural)
-jiittäh (abessive plural)
-jänke (comitative singular)
-jöinke (comitative plural)
-jiinke (comitative plural)
-jöin (instructive plural)
-jiin (instructive plural)
-jäči (prolative singular)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er


-i

suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’


-i

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i, from Proto-Austronesian *-i.


-i

Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns


-i

Used to give the prospective aspect to verbs


-i

From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.

(Jersey) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.


-i

Polish: -i

forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive


-i

-y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also -eri.


-i

Wil + -i → Wili

Siân + -i → Siani

mam (“mother, mum”) + -i → mami (“mummy”)


-igi

-igas (present)
-igis (past)
-igos (future)
-iganta (active participle present singular)
-igantaj (active participle plural present)
-iginta (active participle past singular)
-igintaj (active participle past plural)
-igonta (active future participle singular)
-igontaj (active future participle plural)
-igantan (accusative active participle present singular)
-igantajn (accusative active participle plural present)
-igintan (accusative active participle past singular)
-igintajn (accusative active participle past plural)
-igontan (accusative active future participle singular)
-igontajn (accusative active future participle plural)
-igata (participle passive present singular)
-igataj (participle passive plural present)
-igita (participle passive past singular)
-igitaj (participle passive past plural)
-igota (future participle passive singular)
-igotaj (future participle passive plural)
-igatan (accusative participle passive present singular)
-igatajn (accusative participle passive plural present)
-igitan (accusative participle passive past singular)
-igitajn (accusative participle passive past plural)
-igotan (accusative future participle passive singular)
-igotajn (accusative future participle passive plural)
-iganto (active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-igantoj (active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-iginto (active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-igintoj (active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-igonto (active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-igontoj (active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-iganton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle present singular)
-igantojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle plural present)
-iginton (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past singular)
-igintojn (accusative active noun-from-verb participle past plural)
-igonton (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle singular)
-igontojn (accusative active future noun-from-verb participle plural)
-igato (noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-igatoj (noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-igito (noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-igitoj (noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-igoto (future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-igotoj (future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)
-igaton (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive present singular)
-igatojn (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive plural present)
-igiton (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive past singular)
-igitojn (accusative noun-from-verb participle passive past plural)
-igoton (accusative future noun-from-verb participle passive singular)
-igotojn (accusative future noun-from-verb participle passive plural)
-igante (active adverbial participle present)
-iginte (active adverbial participle past)
-igonte (active adverbial future participle)
-igate (adverbial participle passive present)
-igite (adverbial participle passive past)
-igote (adverbial future participle passive)
-igi (infinitive)
-igu (imperative)
-igus (conditional)

Ido: -igar

Perhaps from German -igen or Latin -igāre.

manĝi (“to eat”) + -igi → manĝigi (“to feed”)

bruli (“to burn (intr)”) + -igi → bruligi (“to burn (tr)”)

(with verbal roots) makes transitive verbs out of intransitive ones


-iĝi

From Italian -eggiare, and probably intended to resemble -igi.

komenci (“to begin”, transitive verb) + -iĝi → komenciĝi (“to begin”, intransitive verb)

La spegulo rompiĝis.

makes intransitive verbs out of transitive ones


-ingo

Uncertain. Both André Cherpillod and Ebbe Vilborg suggest German -ling, by metanalysis of Fingerling ("fingercot").

kandelo (“candle”) + -ingo → kandelingo (“candlestick”)


-ingo

it-adj

-ingo (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -inga, masculine plural -inghi, feminine plural -inghe)

it-noun

-ingo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -inghi)

-inga (feminine)
-inghi (masculine plural)
-inghe (feminine plural)
-inghi (plural)

Via Vulgar Latin *-ingus, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (“belonging to; coming from”).

der

solo (“alone”) + -ingo → solingo (“solitary”)

used to derive adjectives and nouns indicating a state or condition


-ingo

es-noun

-ingo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ingos, feminine -inga, feminine plural -ingas)

-ingos (plural)
-inga (feminine)
-ingas (feminine plural)

chica (“girl”) + -ingo → chiquitinga (“little girl”)

señorito (“young master”) + -ingo → señoritingo (“little brat”)


-is

András (“Andrew”) + -is → Andris (“Andy”)

(diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun to form a shortened diminutive name.


-is

-isen (definite singular)
-iser (indefinite plural)
-isene (definite plural)

From Swedish -is (diminutive suffix), from Latin -is.

Used to form nouns from adjectives, verbs and other nouns


-is

Inherited from Proto-Algonquian *-ehs. Cognate to Ojibwe -s.


-is

-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-is (genitive singular)
é-is (genitive singular)
-yoHom (genitive plural)
é-yoHom (genitive plural)
-is (ablative singular)
é-is (ablative singular)
-imos (ablative plural)
é-imos (ablative plural)
-ibʰos (ablative plural)
é-ibʰos (ablative plural)
-yey (dative singular)
é-yey (dative singular)
-imos (dative plural)
é-imos (dative plural)
-ibʰos (dative plural)
é-ibʰos (dative plural)
-i (locative singular)
é-i (locative singular)
-isu (locative plural)
é-isu (locative plural)
-imis (instrumental plural)
é-imis (instrumental plural)
-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
é-ibʰis (instrumental plural)
-is (nominative singular)
ó-is (nominative singular)
ó₁ (dual nominative)
ó₁e (dual nominative)
-eyes (nominative plural)
ó-eyes (nominative plural)
-i (singular vocative)
ó-i (singular vocative)
ó₁ (dual vocative)
ó₁e (dual vocative)
-eyes (plural vocative)
ó-eyes (plural vocative)
-im (accusative singular)
ó-im (accusative singular)
ó₁ (accusative dual)
ó₁e (accusative dual)
-ims (accusative plural)
ó-ims (accusative plural)
-éys (genitive singular)
Ø-éys (genitive singular)
-éyoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éyoHom (genitive plural)
-éys (ablative singular)
Ø-éys (ablative singular)
-ímos (ablative plural)
Ø-ímos (ablative plural)
-íbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (ablative plural)
-éyey (dative singular)
Ø-éyey (dative singular)
-ímos (dative plural)
Ø-ímos (dative plural)
-íbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-íbʰos (dative plural)
-éy (locative singular)
Ø-éy (locative singular)
-ḗy (locative singular)
Ø-ḗy (locative singular)
-ísu (locative plural)
Ø-ísu (locative plural)
-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-íh₁ (instrumental singular)
-ímis (instrumental plural)
Ø-ímis (instrumental plural)
-íbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-íbʰis (instrumental plural)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-is

Lithuanian: -is

Old Prussian: -is

Proto-Slavic: *-ь

Proto-Germanic: *-iz

Proto-Italic: *-is

Latin: -is

Proto-Hellenic: *-is

Ancient Greek: -ις (-is) (possibly; Furnée and Beekes consider it Pre-Greek)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-iš

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-iṣ

Sanskrit: -इ (-i) (nom. sg. इः (iḥ))

Proto-Iranian: *-iš

Avestan: -𐬌 (-i) (nom. sg. -𐬌𐬱 (-iš))


-isto

ŝteli (“to steal”) + -isto → ŝtelisto (“thief”)

kuraci (“to treat, heal”) + -isto → kuracisto (“doctor, physician”)

maro (“sea”) + -isto → maristo (“sailor”)

scienco (“science”) + -isto → sciencisto (“scientist”)

Esperanto + -isto → esperantisto (“Esperantist”)

a person who is occupied with, often but not necessarily implying a professional occupation

anarĥio (“anarchy”) + -isto → anarĥiisto (“anarchist”)

Budho (“Buddha”) + -isto → budhisto (“Buddhist”)

fundamento (“foundation”) + -isto → fundamentisto (“fundamentalist”)

a person who follows an ideology or doctrine (often following a corresponding -ismo)


-j

a → działać → dzialaj

e → bieleć → bielej

i → bić → bij

u → kuć → kuj

y → gaworzyć → gaworzyj


mal-

From Old French mal- from the Latin adverb male, from malus.

malfed, malnourished, malcirculation


mal-

Borrowed from French mal- in its secondary sense of denoting the opposite.

mal- + alta (“high”) → malalta (“low”)

mal- + ami (“to love”) → malami (“to hate”)

mal- + dekstra (“right”) → maldekstra (“left”)


-obla

du (“two”) + -obla → duobla (“twofold, double”)


on-

From Middle English on-, from Old English on-, an-, from Proto-West Germanic *ana-, from Proto-Germanic *an-, *ana- (“on-”), from Proto-Indo-European *ano-, *nō- (“on”). Cognate with Dutch aan-, German an-, Swedish an-. Doublet of ana-.

oncome, onset, onfall, onlay


on-

Dutch: on-

Afrikaans: on-

Limburgish: ón-

From Old Dutch un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-.


on-

From Proto-West Germanic *an-, *ana-, from Proto-Germanic *an, *ana (“on”).

onhlinian

ondōn

forming verbs and adjectives from participles and nouns, with various senses of on, upon, to, there, thither


on-

onbindan

onfealdan


on-

Oleg Trubachyov
Rick Derksen
ru:Журавлёв, Анатолий Фёдорович
ru:Черных, Павел Яковлевич

* Per Vasmer, Chernykh, Derksen: From Proto-Indo-European *h₁en.
*: Related to *vъ (“in/into”), *ǫtro, *ętro, *ędro.
*: Cognate with Lithuanian į, Old Prussian en (“in”), Ancient Greek ἐν (en), Proto-Italic *en (“in”), *ənter (“between”), Proto-Celtic *en, Proto-Germanic *in (“in/into”), *under.
* Per Vasmer, ?ESSJa: From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.
*: Related to *na. Compare *po : *opakъ, *za.
*: Cognate with Sanskrit अनु (anu), Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Ancient Greek ἀνά (aná) (ἀναβάλλω (anabállō), ἀναβολή (anabolḗ)), Proto-Germanic *ana (“on/onto”), and also possibly Latin an- (anhēlō, anhēlus, compare hālō, animus).

onuťa ⇐ **onuti ⇐ *uti

orǫdьje (possibly)

ǫtъkъ ⇐ *tъkъ, *tъkati

ǫvozъ ⇐ *vozъ, *vesti (> *vъvesti, *navesti, *navozъ)

ǫtorъ ⇐ *torъ, *terti

ǫdolь ⇐ *dolъ

From nouns (like *sъ/*sǫ-, *po/*pa-, *pro/*pra-)


-ope

tri (“three”) + -ope → triope (“by threes, three by three”)


-os

From the traditional Ashkenazi pronunciation of Hebrew ־וֹת (“-ót”), and it's descendant, Yiddish ־ות (-es).

Used to form plurals of some Hebrew and Yiddish loanwords, usually ending in -a or -ah.


-os

head

-os m (feminine singular -oasã, masculine plural -osh, feminine plural -oasi or -oase)

-os m or (canonical)
-oasã (feminine singular)
-osh (masculine plural)
-oasi (feminine plural)
-oase (feminine plural)
-ose (feminine)
-osi (feminine plural)


-os

-os (front vowel harmony variant -ös, linguistic notation -Os)

-ös (front-vowel)
-os (nominative singular)
-okset (nominative plural)
-os (accusative nominative singular)
-okset (accusative nominative plural)
-oksen (accusative genitive singular)
-okset (accusative genitive plural)
-oksen (genitive singular)
-osten (genitive plural)
-oksien (genitive plural)
-osta (partitive singular)
-oksia (partitive plural)
-oksessa (inessive singular)
-oksissa (inessive plural)
-oksesta (elative singular)
-oksista (elative plural)
-okseen (illative singular)
-oksiin (illative plural)
-oksella (adessive singular)
-oksilla (adessive plural)
-okselta (ablative singular)
-oksilta (ablative plural)
-okselle (allative singular)
-oksille (allative plural)
-oksena (essive singular)
-oksina (essive plural)
-okseksi (singular translative)
-oksiksi (plural translative)
-oksetta (abessive singular)
-oksitta (abessive plural)
-oksin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-okseni (nominative singular)
-okseni (nominative plural)
-okseni (accusative nominative singular)
-okseni (accusative nominative plural)
-okseni (accusative genitive singular)
-okseni (accusative genitive plural)
-okseni (genitive singular)
-osteni (genitive plural)
-oksieni (genitive plural)
-ostani (partitive singular)
-oksiani (partitive plural)
-oksessani (inessive singular)
-oksissani (inessive plural)
-oksestani (elative singular)
-oksistani (elative plural)
-okseeni (illative singular)
-oksiini (illative plural)
-oksellani (adessive singular)
-oksillani (adessive plural)
-okseltani (ablative singular)
-oksiltani (ablative plural)
-okselleni (allative singular)
-oksilleni (allative plural)
-oksenani (essive singular)
-oksinani (essive plural)
-oksekseni (singular translative)
-oksikseni (plural translative)
-oksettani (abessive singular)
-oksittani (abessive plural)
-oksineni (comitative plural)
-oksesi (nominative singular)
-oksesi (nominative plural)
-oksesi (accusative nominative singular)
-oksesi (accusative nominative plural)
-oksesi (accusative genitive singular)
-oksesi (accusative genitive plural)
-oksesi (genitive singular)
-ostesi (genitive plural)
-oksiesi (genitive plural)
-ostasi (partitive singular)
-oksiasi (partitive plural)
-oksessasi (inessive singular)
-oksissasi (inessive plural)
-oksestasi (elative singular)
-oksistasi (elative plural)
-okseesi (illative singular)
-oksiisi (illative plural)
-oksellasi (adessive singular)
-oksillasi (adessive plural)
-okseltasi (ablative singular)
-oksiltasi (ablative plural)
-oksellesi (allative singular)
-oksillesi (allative plural)
-oksenasi (essive singular)
-oksinasi (essive plural)
-okseksesi (singular translative)
-oksiksesi (plural translative)
-oksettasi (abessive singular)
-oksittasi (abessive plural)
-oksinesi (comitative plural)
-oksemme (nominative singular)
-oksemme (nominative plural)
-oksemme (accusative nominative singular)
-oksemme (accusative nominative plural)
-oksemme (accusative genitive singular)
-oksemme (accusative genitive plural)
-oksemme (genitive singular)
-ostemme (genitive plural)
-oksiemme (genitive plural)
-ostamme (partitive singular)
-oksiamme (partitive plural)
-oksessamme (inessive singular)
-oksissamme (inessive plural)
-oksestamme (elative singular)
-oksistamme (elative plural)
-okseemme (illative singular)
-oksiimme (illative plural)
-oksellamme (adessive singular)
-oksillamme (adessive plural)
-okseltamme (ablative singular)
-oksiltamme (ablative plural)
-oksellemme (allative singular)
-oksillemme (allative plural)
-oksenamme (essive singular)
-oksinamme (essive plural)
-okseksemme (singular translative)
-oksiksemme (plural translative)
-oksettamme (abessive singular)
-oksittamme (abessive plural)
-oksinemme (comitative plural)
-oksenne (nominative singular)
-oksenne (nominative plural)
-oksenne (accusative nominative singular)
-oksenne (accusative nominative plural)
-oksenne (accusative genitive singular)
-oksenne (accusative genitive plural)
-oksenne (genitive singular)
-ostenne (genitive plural)
-oksienne (genitive plural)
-ostanne (partitive singular)
-oksianne (partitive plural)
-oksessanne (inessive singular)
-oksissanne (inessive plural)
-oksestanne (elative singular)
-oksistanne (elative plural)
-okseenne (illative singular)
-oksiinne (illative plural)
-oksellanne (adessive singular)
-oksillanne (adessive plural)
-okseltanne (ablative singular)
-oksiltanne (ablative plural)
-oksellenne (allative singular)
-oksillenne (allative plural)
-oksenanne (essive singular)
-oksinanne (essive plural)
-okseksenne (singular translative)
-oksiksenne (plural translative)
-oksettanne (abessive singular)
-oksittanne (abessive plural)
-oksinenne (comitative plural)
-oksensa (nominative singular)
-oksensa (nominative plural)
-oksensa (accusative nominative singular)
-oksensa (accusative nominative plural)
-oksensa (accusative genitive singular)
-oksensa (accusative genitive plural)
-oksensa (genitive singular)
-ostensa (genitive plural)
-oksiensa (genitive plural)
-ostaan (partitive singular)
-ostansa (partitive singular)
-oksiaan (partitive plural)
-oksiansa (partitive plural)
-oksessaan (inessive singular)
-oksessansa (inessive singular)
-oksissaan (inessive plural)
-oksissansa (inessive plural)
-oksestaan (elative singular)
-oksestansa (elative singular)
-oksistaan (elative plural)
-oksistansa (elative plural)
-okseensa (illative singular)
-oksiinsa (illative plural)
-oksellaan (adessive singular)
-oksellansa (adessive singular)
-oksillaan (adessive plural)
-oksillansa (adessive plural)
-okseltaan (ablative singular)
-okseltansa (ablative singular)
-oksiltaan (ablative plural)
-oksiltansa (ablative plural)
-okselleen (allative singular)
-oksellensa (allative singular)
-oksilleen (allative plural)
-oksillensa (allative plural)
-oksenaan (essive singular)
-oksenansa (essive singular)
-oksinaan (essive plural)
-oksinansa (essive plural)
-oksekseen (singular translative)
-okseksensa (singular translative)
-oksikseen (plural translative)
-oksiksensa (plural translative)
-oksettaan (abessive singular)
-oksettansa (abessive singular)
-oksittaan (abessive plural)
-oksittansa (abessive plural)
-oksineen (comitative plural)
-oksinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-os. Equivalent to -o + -s, or re-extracted from verbs with stems ending in o.

liittää (“to join”) + -os → liitos (“joining, joint”)

muuntaa (“to change, convert”) + -os → muunnos (“conversion”)

Forms nouns denoting the result of the action of a verb.


-os

ro-adj

-os m or n (feminine singular -oasă, masculine plural -oși, feminine and neuter plural -oase)

-oasă (feminine singular)
-oși (masculine plural)
-oase (feminine neuter plural)
-os (indefinite masculine neuter singular)
-oasă (feminine indefinite singular)
-oși (indefinite masculine singular)
-oase (feminine indefinite neuter plural)
-osul (definite masculine neuter singular)
-oasa (definite feminine singular)
-oșii (definite masculine singular)
-oasele (definite feminine neuter plural)
-oase (feminine indefinite singular)
-osului (definite masculine neuter singular)
-oasei (definite feminine singular)
-oșilor (definite masculine singular)
-oaselor (definite feminine neuter plural)

Inherited from Latin -ōsus (“full (of)”).


-os

-os (masculine nominative singular)
-ā (feminine nominative singular)
-om (neuter nominative singular)
-e (masculine singular vocative)
-a (feminine singular vocative)
-om (neuter singular vocative)
-om (accusative masculine singular)
-am (accusative feminine singular)
-om (accusative neuter singular)
-osjo (genitive masculine singular)
-ī (genitive masculine singular)
-ās (feminine genitive singular)
-osjo (genitive neuter singular)
-ī (genitive neuter singular)
-ōi (dative masculine singular)
-āi (dative feminine singular)
-ōi (dative neuter singular)
-ōd (ablative masculine singular)
-ād (ablative feminine singular)
-ōd (ablative neuter singular)
-ei (locative masculine singular)
-āi (feminine locative singular)
-ei (locative neuter singular)
-ōs (masculine nominative plural)
-oi (masculine nominative plural)
-ās (feminine nominative plural)
-ā (neuter nominative plural)
-ōs (masculine plural vocative)
-oi (masculine plural vocative)
-ās (feminine plural vocative)
-ā (neuter plural vocative)
-ons (accusative masculine plural)
-ans (accusative feminine plural)
-ā (accusative neuter plural)
-om (genitive masculine plural)
-āzōm (feminine genitive plural)
-om (genitive neuter plural)
-ois (dative masculine plural)
-ais (dative feminine plural)
-ois (dative neuter plural)
-ois (ablative masculine plural)
-ais (ablative feminine plural)
-ois (ablative neuter plural)
-ois (locative masculine plural)
-ais (feminine locative plural)
-ois (locative neuter plural)

Latin: -us


-os

Finnish: -os


-os

-os (masculine nominative singular stem)
-ou (dual masculine nominative stem)
-oi (masculine nominative plural stem)
-e (masculine singular stem vocative)
-ou (dual masculine stem vocative)
-oi (masculine plural stem vocative)
-om (accusative masculine singular stem)
-ou (accusative dual masculine stem)
-oms (accusative masculine plural stem)
-ī (genitive masculine singular stem)
-ous (dual genitive masculine stem)
-om (genitive masculine plural stem)
-ūi (dative masculine singular stem)
-obom (dative dual masculine stem)
-obos (dative masculine plural stem)
-ei (locative masculine singular stem)
-ū (instrumental masculine singular stem)
-obim (dual instrumental masculine stem)
-ūis (instrumental masculine plural stem)

From Proto-Indo-European *(ó)-os, which formed tómos-type event nouns from verbal roots.

rād-ī- + *-os → *rādos (“speech”)

uɸo- (“under-”) + *log-ī- (“to lay”) + *-os → *uɸologos (“hiding”)

Forms verbal nouns corresponding to o-grade causative/iterative verbs.


pra-

Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-, from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.

lbor

prasekolah

prasejarah

prakata

pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand.


pra-

There are two theories as to whence the prefix came:
* From pera- from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-) (either via Thai ประ (bprà) or Old Javanese pra-) from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-; later callibration of spelling in post-independent Malayan and Malaysian standard with Indonesian counterpart which directly borrowed from modern Javanese ꦥꦿ- (pra-)
* Learned borrowing from Latin prae-.
Older Sanskrit loans like perdana (from प्रधान pradhāna) and perkara (from प्रकार prakāra) are more likely to suffix with per-.

prasekolah

Before; earlier in time; beforehand; pre-.


-ujo

Ido: -uyo

Unknown; French étui (“case”) has been suggested.

andaluzo (“Andalusian”) + -ujo → Andaluzujo (“Andalusia”)

flandro (“Fleming”) + -ujo → Flandrujo (“Flanders”)

hindo (“Indian”) + -ujo → Hindujo (“(Zamenhof) the Indian subcontinent; (historical) the British Raj, British India; (dated) modern India, the Republic of India”)

mojosa (“cool”) + -ujo → Mojosujo (“fake country where Esperantistoj come from”)

patro (“father”) + -ujo → patrujo (“fatherland”)

ŝvabo (“Swabian”) + -ujo → Ŝvabujo (“Swabia”)

turko (“Turk”) + -ujo → Turkujo (“Turkey”)

a place, usually a country, inhabited by, or associated with, an ethnic group


-ujo

es-noun

-ujo m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ujos, feminine -uja, feminine plural -ujas)

-ujos (plural)
-uja (feminine)
-ujas (feminine plural)

Inherited from Latin -uculus, an expanded form of -culus.

added to nouns of either gender to denote a diminutive form


-ulo

Probably from Russian -у́ля (-úlja) and Polish -ula, both feminine noun suffixes.

belulo

good-looking person, attractive person, handsome person

avara (“avaricious”) + -ulo → avarulo (“a miser”)

fervora (“zealous”) + -ulo → fervorulo (“a zealot”)

juna (“young”) + -ulo → junulo (“a young person”)

person characterized by the quality expressed in the root


-ulo

Back-formation from maskulo (“male”). Decision no. 714, Progreso V, 1090, Progreso VI.

progreso

avo (“grandparent”) + -ulo → avulo (“grandfather”)

filio (“child, offspring”) + -ulo → filiulo (“son”)

frato (“sibling”) + -ulo → fratulo (“brother”)

kavalo (“horse”) + -ulo → kavalulo (“stallion”)

kuzo (“cousin”) + -ulo → kuzulo (“(male) cousin”)

nepoto (“grandchild”) + -ulo → nepotulo (“grandson”)

nevo (“nephew or niece, nibling”) + -ulo → nevulo (“nephew”)

onklo (“uncle or aunt”) + -ulo → onklulo (“uncle”)

rejo (“monarch”) + -ulo → rejulo (“king”)

spozo (“spouse”) + -ulo → spozulo (“husband”)

yuno (“child”) + -ulo → yunulo (“boy”)


-um-

brako (“arm”) + -um- → brakumi (“to hug”)

dekstra (“right”) + -um- → dekstruma (“clockwise”)

komuna (“common”) + -um- → komunumo (“community”)

mondo (“world”) + -um- → mondumo (“high society”)

proksima (“near”) + -um- → proksimume (“approximately”)

kruco (“cross”) + -um- → krucumi (“to crucify”)

kolo (“neck”) + -um- → kolumo (“collar”)

related in an unspecified way. A lexical suffix with no fixed meaning or part of speech.


-um-

honoro (“honor”) → honorumala (“honorary”)

kruco (“cross”) → krucumar (“to cross (another road etc.)”)

orelo (“ear”) → orelumo (“ear-covering, earlap”)

suffix to be used only in specific cases where the meaning is also specified


-um-

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um-, from Proto-Austronesian *-um-.


-us

(taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.


-us

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion


-us

Welsh: -us

From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us.

-ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns


-us

desctree

Middle French: -eux, -eulx
French: -eux, -ueux
→ Danish: -øs
→ Dutch: -eus
→ German: -ös
→ Norwegian: -øs
→ Swedish: -ös

Norman: -eux

→ Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
English: -ous


-us

-us (nominative singular)
é-us (nominative singular)
é₁ (dual nominative)
é₁e (dual nominative)
-ewes (nominative plural)
é-ewes (nominative plural)
-u (singular vocative)
é-u (singular vocative)
é₁ (dual vocative)
é₁e (dual vocative)
-ewes (plural vocative)
é-ewes (plural vocative)
-um (accusative singular)
é-um (accusative singular)
é₁ (accusative dual)
é₁e (accusative dual)
-ums (accusative plural)
é-ums (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-úmos (ablative plural)
Ø-úmos (ablative plural)
-úbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-úmos (dative plural)
Ø-úmos (dative plural)
-úbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-úbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-úsu (locative plural)
Ø-úsu (locative plural)
-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
Ø-úh₁ (instrumental singular)
-úmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úmis (instrumental plural)
-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-úbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-u (nominative singular)
é-u (nominative singular)
-u (accusative singular)
é-u (accusative singular)
-ús (nominative singular)
Ø-ús (nominative singular)
-úh₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-úes (nominative plural)
Ø-úes (nominative plural)
-ú (singular vocative)
Ø-ú (singular vocative)
-úh₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-úes (plural vocative)
Ø-úes (plural vocative)
-úm (accusative singular)
Ø-úm (accusative singular)
-úh₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-úms (accusative plural)
Ø-úms (accusative plural)
-éws (genitive singular)
Ø-éws (genitive singular)
-éwoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-éwoHom (genitive plural)
-éws (ablative singular)
Ø-éws (ablative singular)
-éwmos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwmos (ablative plural)
-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (ablative plural)
-éwey (dative singular)
Ø-éwey (dative singular)
-éwmos (dative plural)
Ø-éwmos (dative plural)
-éwbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-éwbʰos (dative plural)
-éw (locative singular)
Ø-éw (locative singular)
-éwi (locative singular)
Ø-éwi (locative singular)
-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwsu (locative plural)
Ø-éwh₁ (instrumental singular)
-éwmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwmis (instrumental plural)
-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-éwbʰis (instrumental plural)
-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-ú (nominative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual nominative)
-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (nominative plural)
Ø-úyh₁ (dual vocative)
-úh₂ (plural vocative)
Ø-úh₂ (plural vocative)
-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-ú (accusative singular)
Ø-úyh₁ (accusative dual)
-úh₂ (accusative plural)
Ø-úh₂ (accusative plural)

Forms adjectives from Caland system roots.


-phore

From New Latin -phorus, from Ancient Greek -φόρος (-phóros, “bearing”), a derivative of φέρω (phérō, “to bear, to carry”).


-all

ca-noun

-all m (noun-forming suffix, plural -alls)

amagat + -all → amagatall

fregar + -all → fregall

indicates an object with which or a place where something is done

encetar + -all → encetall

branca + -all → brancall

indicates a collection or large number of something


-all

From -a- (linking vowel) + -ll (verb-forming suffix).

af

fuvall (“to blow (wind)”)

(instantaneous suffix, rare) Added to a verb to form a new verb expressing instantaneous action. It is no longer productive in this sense.

sok (“many”) + -all → sokall (“to find something too much”)

(verb-forming suffix) Added to an adjective to form a verb meaning "to consider/find/think as". In this sense, it is still productive.


rhabdo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ῥάβδος (rhábdos, “rod, wand”).


genocide

en-noun

genocide (countable and uncountable, plural genocides)

Armenian genocide
Terminology of the Armenian genocide
The Holocaust
genocide

Coined by lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent Raphael Lemkin in 1943 or 1944 in reference to the Armenian Genocide (then known by other names; see: Terminology of the Armenian genocide) and the Jewish Holocaust. From the stem of Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, kind”) (cognate with Latin gēns (“tribe, clan”), whence genus) + -cide (“killing, killer”). Doublet of gendercide. Compare genticide.

der

Native Americans in the twentieth century are no longer a "vanishing race" or a silent minority. They have survived centuries of cultural genocide inflicted on them by non-Native Americans— both the well-meaning and the self-seeking— […]

1986, James Stuart Olson, Raymond Wilson, Native Americans in the Twentieth Century, →ISBN:

(by extension) The systematic suppression of ideas or practices on the basis of cultural or ethnic origin; culturicide.


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sur-, over-, and hyper-.

superwavelength, supersynchronous, superrotation


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sobre-.


super-

Internationalism (see English super-), ultimately from Latin super-.


super-

Learned borrowing from Latin super-. Doublet of sur-.


super-

super- + mocarstwo → supermocarstwo


azo-

(inorganic chemistry) Containing aluminum-doped zinc oxide.


chloro-

From Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”).


chloro-

chloro- + aceton → chloroaceton


cephalo-

Meronym: encephalo-

(biology, medicine) Relating to the head; sometimes, particularly, the brain.


deoxy-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-deoxy-.wav

(chemistry) Formally derived from another compound by the replacement of a hydroxy group by a hydrogen atom


dichloro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dichloro-.wav

(chemistry) containing two chlorine atoms


dinitro-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-dinitro-.wav

(chemistry) containing two nitro groups (-NO₂)


histo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).


histo-

From Ancient Greek ἱστός (histós, “web, tissue”).


histo-

histo- + -gen → histogen


benzo-

benzodiazepine, benzoyl

(organic chemistry) Related to benzene or benzoic acid.


cyto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κύτος (kútos, “container, receptacle”).

cyto- + pathology → cytopathology


cyto-

cyto- + -blast → cytoblast


arthro-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek ἄρθρον (árthron, “a joint”).

der

(biology, medicine) articulation = joint (as for example in arthroplasty).

artro-

biology: referring to a joint or meaning articulation

(biology, medicine) articulation = speech (as for example in dysarthrophonia).


aceto-

From Latin acētum (“vinegar”), because acetic acid is a constituent of vinegar.

(organic chemistry) Containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group (CH₃CO-); e.g., acetophenone

aceto-

containing a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl group


-plast

-plast (nominative singular)
-plasty (nominative plural)
-plastu (genitive singular)
-plastów (genitive plural)
-plastowi (dative singular)
-plastom (dative plural)
-plast (accusative singular)
-plasty (accusative plural)
-plastem (instrumental singular)
-plastami (instrumental plural)
-plaście (locative singular)
-plastach (locative plural)
-plaście (singular vocative)
-plasty (plural vocative)

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek -πλαστός (-plastós).

lbor

termo- + -plast → termoplast


helio-

Representing a combining form of Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).


helio-

helio- + -biont → heliobiont


helio-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἡλιο- (hēlio-), combining form of ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).


emo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek αἱμο- (haimo-), from αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


haemo-

From Ancient Greek αἱμο- (haimo-), akin to αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).


hemo-

hemo- + -cyt → hemocyt


-ability

From Middle English -ablete, -iblete, -abilite, -ibilite, from Middle French -ableté, -ibleté, -abilité, -ibilité, from Latin -abilitas, -ibilitas, from -abilis (“able”) or -ibilis (“able”) + -tas. Equivalent to -able + -ity.

vulner(able) → vulnerability

Forms a noun from a verb or an adjective by changing from -able; ability, inclination or suitability for a specified function or condition.


-ier

appended to a word, it yields a noun which signifies the subject who performs something related to that word


-ier

Inherited from Middle French -ier, -er, from Old French -ier, -er, from Latin -ārium, the accusative of -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -aire.

banane (“banana”) + -ier → bananier (“banana tree”)

poire (“pear”) + -ier → poirier (“pear tree”)

forms the names of trees or bushes bearing a particular type of fruit


-ier

Kneipe + -ier → Kneipier

Pleite + -ier → Pleitier

A noun-forming suffix, used especially to render similar suffixes in borrowings from French.


-ier

-an; making a noun, describing a person by nationality, e.g. Indien → indier, Iran, iranier


-are

-àre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
èssere (auxiliary)
-àndo (gerund)
-ànte (participle present)
-àto (participle past)
-o (first-person indicative present singular)
-i (indicative present second-person singular)
-a (indicative present singular third-person)
-iàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
-àte (indicative plural present second-person)
-ano (indicative plural present third-person)
-àvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-àvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-àva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-avàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-avàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-àvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-ài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
-àsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
-ò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
-àmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
-àste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
-àrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
-erò (first-person future indicative singular)
-erài (future indicative second-person singular)
-erà (future indicative singular third-person)
-erémo (first-person future indicative plural)
-eréte (future indicative plural second-person)
-erànno (future indicative plural third-person)
-erèi (conditional first-person singular)
-erésti (conditional second-person singular)
-erèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
-erébbe (conditional singular third-person)
-erémmo (conditional first-person plural)
-eréste (conditional plural second-person)
-erèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
-erébbero (conditional plural third-person)
-i (first-person present singular subjunctive)
-i (present second-person singular subjunctive)
-i (present singular subjunctive third-person)
-iàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
-iàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
-àssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-àssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-àsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-àssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-àste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-àssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-a (imperative second-person singular)
-i (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
-iàmo (first-person imperative plural)
-àte (imperative plural second-person)
-ino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
non -àre (imperative negative second-person singular)
non -i (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
non -iàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
non -àte (imperative negative plural second-person)
non -ino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

the infinitive ending of most regular verbs; also, a productive suffix forming new verbs from nouns


-are

-are (infinitive)
èssere (infinitive multiword-construction)
àere + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
-ende (gerund)
essende (gerund multiword-construction)
appende + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
-adu (participle past)
-o (first-person indicative present singular)
-as (indicative present second-person singular)
-at (indicative present singular third-person)
-amus (first-person indicative plural present)
-ades (indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (indicative plural present third-person)
-aia (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-aio (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-aias (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-aiat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-aìamus (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-aìazis (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-aiant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
apo a -are (first-person future indicative singular)
as a -are (future indicative second-person singular)
at a -are (future indicative singular third-person)
amus a -are (first-person future indicative plural)
azis a -are (future indicative plural second-person)
ant a -are (future indicative plural third-person)
dia -are (conditional first-person singular)
dias -are (conditional second-person singular)
diat -are (conditional singular third-person)
diemus -are (conditional first-person plural)
diedas -are (conditional plural second-person)
diant -are (conditional plural third-person)
present indicative of èssere (indicative multiword-construction perfect present)
àere + past participle (indicative multiword-construction perfect present)
imperfect indicative of èssere (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect)
àere + past participle (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect)
future of èssere (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
àere + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
present conditional of èssere (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
àere + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
-e (first-person present singular subjunctive)
-es (present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (present singular subjunctive third-person)
-emus (first-person plural present subjunctive)
-edas (plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ere (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-eres (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-eret (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-èremus (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-èrezis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
present subjunctive of èssere (multiword-construction past subjunctive)
àere + past participle (multiword-construction past subjunctive)
imperfect subjunctive of èssere (multiword-construction pluperfect subjunctive)
àere + past participle (multiword-construction pluperfect subjunctive)
-a (imperative second-person singular)
-et (imperative singular third-person)
-emus (first-person imperative plural)
-ade (imperative plural second-person)
-ent (imperative plural third-person)
-are (infinitive)
èssere (infinitive multiword-construction)
àere + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
-ende (gerund)
essende (gerund multiword-construction)
aende + past participle (gerund multiword-construction)
-au (participle past)
-o (first-person indicative present singular)
-as (indicative present second-person singular)
-at (indicative present singular third-person)
-amus (first-person indicative plural present)
-aes (indicative plural present second-person)
-ant (indicative plural present third-person)
-abo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-abas (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-abat (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-abamus (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-abazes (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-abant (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
apo a -are (first-person future indicative singular)
as a -are (future indicative second-person singular)
at a -are (future indicative singular third-person)
amus a -are (first-person future indicative plural)
azis a -are (future indicative plural second-person)
ant a -are (future indicative plural third-person)
dia -are (conditional first-person singular)
dias -are (conditional second-person singular)
diat -are (conditional singular third-person)
diamus -are (conditional first-person plural)
diazes -are (conditional plural second-person)
diant -are (conditional plural third-person)
present indicative of èssere (indicative multiword-construction perfect present)
àere + past participle (indicative multiword-construction perfect present)
imperfect indicative of èssere (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect)
àere + past participle (indicative multiword-construction pluperfect)
future of èssere (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
àere + past participle (future indicative multiword-construction perfect)
present conditional of èssere (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
àere + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
-e (first-person present singular subjunctive)
-es (present second-person singular subjunctive)
-et (present singular subjunctive third-person)
-emus (first-person plural present subjunctive)
-ezas (plural present second-person subjunctive)
-ent (plural present subjunctive third-person)
-ere (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-eres (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-eret (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-eremus (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-erezis (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-erent (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
present subjunctive of èssere (multiword-construction past subjunctive)
àere + past participle (multiword-construction past subjunctive)
imperfect subjunctive of èssere (multiword-construction pluperfect subjunctive)
àere + past participle (multiword-construction pluperfect subjunctive)
-a (imperative second-person singular)
-et (imperative singular third-person)
-emus (first-person imperative plural)
-ae (imperative plural second-person)
-ent (imperative plural third-person)

From Latin -āre, present infinitive of -ō (1ˢᵗ-conjugation verbal suffix), from Proto-Italic *-āō. Compare Campidanese -ai.

Attached to a stem, forms the present infinitive of most regular verbs


-re

-re (nominative singular)
-ras (nominative plural)
-re (accusative singular)
-ras (accusative plural)
-res (genitive singular)
-ra (genitive plural)
-re (dative singular)
-rum (dative plural)

English: -er

From Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.

fugol (“fowl, bird”) + -re → fuglre (“fowler”)

(Late West Saxon) masculine agent suffix, originally applied only to nouns


-erie

From Old French -erie. By surface analysis, -ier + -ie.

bijou (“jewel”) + -erie → bijouterie (“jeweler's”)

denotes a shop selling a certain product

huile (“oil”) + -erie → huilerie (“oil refinery”)

denotes an organization specializing in a given field

souffler (“to blow”) + -erie → soufflerie (“blower”)

denotes an object used to perform an action

tricher (“to cheat”) + -erie → tricherie (“cheating”)

denotes nouns describing qualities or properties


-erie

English: -ery, -ry

Scots: -ery, -ry

Borrowed from Old French -erie. Some Middle English uses are new formations from -er + -ie.

Forms nouns denoting an art, craft, or practice.

Forms nouns denoting the place where a practice is done.


-erie

→ Dutch: -erij

desctree

→ Middle English: -erie
English: -ery, -ry
Scots: -ery, -ry

French: -erie

→ German: -erei

→ Gallo: -eriy

Norman: -éthie

→ Swedish: -eri

Etymology tree
Latin -ārius
Old French -ier
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā)der.
Ancient Greek -εύς (-eús)?
Ancient Greek -ιᾰ (-iă)
Ancient Greek -εια (-eia)der.
Latin -ia
Old French -ie
Old French -erie
From -ier + -ie.


paucity

en-noun

paucity (countable and uncountable, plural paucities)

From Middle English paucete, paucite, paucyte, partly from Middle French paucité and partly from its etymon, Latin paucitās (“a small number, fewness, scarcity”), from paucus (“few, little”). Related to few.

der

But when I had crossed the threshold, I was astonished at the paucity of facts to be gleaned from the inmates themselves.

1915, Anna Katharine Green, The Golden Slipper, problem 7:

This paucity of trains helps to explain why electrification is not planned between Paris and Belfort.

1963 January, “Beyond the Channel: France”, in Modern Railways, page 60:

Your tax refund might be late, owing to a paucity of number crunchers.

2006 July 13, Po Bronson, Ashley Merryman, “Uncle Sam Wants You”, in Time, archived from the original on 2009-10-10:

I have always argued that despite my opposition to rail privatisation, I should be grateful that John Major won the 1992 election on a platform to sell off the railways, as otherwise my column would have disappeared given the paucity of things to write about.

2024 January 10, Christian Wolmar, “A time for change? ... just as it was back in issue 262”, in RAIL, number 1000, page 60:


-nomy

From Ancient Greek νόμος (nómos, “law, custom”).

bor

a system of rules, laws, or knowledge about a body of a particular field; distribution, arrangement, management

-nomie

system of rules, laws, or knowledge about a particular field


sexa-

sexa- or (canonical)
before a vowel sex- (canonical)


chilia-

From Latin chilias, itself from Ancient Greek χίλιοι (khílioi, “thousand”).


icosa-

From Ancient Greek εἴκοσι (eíkosi, “twenty”).


twi-

From Middle English twi-, from Old English twi- (“two, double”), from Proto-Germanic *twi- (“two-, double-”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (“two-, double-”) (compare Proto-Germanic *twiz- (“twice”), from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (“twice”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (“two”).
Compare twin, twice, two, and see more details at two.
Cognate with German zwie- (“twice”), Swedish tve- (“twi-, double”), Russian дву- (dvu-), двух- (dvux-) Old Prussian dwi- (“twi-”), Latin bi-, bis (“twice”) (< Old Latin dui-, duis).

inh

twi-headed

twilight, twisexual, twi-tongued

(rare or no longer productive) double, both


twi-

Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-

English: twi-

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *twi-, from Proto-Germanic *twi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dwi-.

inh+

twirǣde


twi-

Proto-West Germanic: *twi-

desctree

Old English: twi-, twio-, twy-
Middle English: twi-, twei-, twy-
English: twi-

Old Saxon: twi-

Low German: twi-

Old Dutch:

Middle Dutch:

Dutch: twee-

Old High German: zwi-

German: zwie-

Old Norse: tví-
Icelandic: tví-
Faroese: tví-
Norwegian Nynorsk: tvi-
Swedish: tve-
Danish: tve-
Norwegian Bokmål: tve-


triskaideka-

From Ancient Greek τρεισκαίδεκα (treiskaídeka, “thirteen”), from τρεῖς (treîs, “three”) + καί (kaí, “and”) + δέκα (déka, “ten”).

uder

τρεισκαίδεκα


septua-

From Latin septua (“seven”), from septem (“seven”).


hendeca-

From Ancient Greek ἕνδεκα (héndeka, “eleven”).


-ad

Irish: -adh

Manx: -ey

Scottish Gaelic: -adh

From the various thematic vowels of verb stems plus Proto-Celtic *-tus, i.e. from *-atus, *-ātus, *-etus, and *-ītus.


-arch

From Late Latin -archa, from Latin -archēs, from Ancient Greek -άρχης (-árkhēs), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “rule, government”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).


-athlon

From Ancient Greek ἆθλον (âthlon, “contest”).


-cracy

From Ancient Greek -κρατία (-kratía), from κράτος (krátos, “power”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kret-
Ancient Greek κρᾰ́τος (krắtos)
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
Ancient Greek -κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ (-krătĭ́ā)bor.
English -cracy


-ectomy

From Ancient Greek ἐκτομή (ektomḗ, “a cutting out of”), from ἐκτέμνω (ektémnō, “to cut out”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) + τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”).

der

-plasty

any surgery, but often one that revises/remodels rather than excises


-fugal

Formed from the stem of Latin fugiō (“flee”), with the suffix -al, from Latin -alis.


-itude

Borrowed from Middle French -itude, from Latin -(i)tūdō.


-itude

From Middle French -itude, borrowed from Latin -(i)tūdō.


-ful

Inherited from Middle English -ful, -full, from Old English -ful, -full (“full of; -ful”), from Proto-Germanic *-fullaz (“-ful”), from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”); see full. Cognate with Scots -fu, Saterland Frisian -ful (“-ful”), West Frisian -fol (“-ful”), Dutch -vol (“-ful”), German -voll (“-ful”), Swedish -full (“-ful”), Danish -fuld (“-ful”), Icelandic -fullur, -fyllur (“-ful”).

sin + -ful → sinful

Used to form adjectives from nouns, with the sense of being full of, tending to, or thoroughly possessing the quality expressed by the noun.


-ful

-ful (masculine nominative singular)
-ful (feminine nominative singular)
-ful (neuter nominative singular)
-fulne (accusative masculine singular)
-fulle (accusative feminine singular)
-ful (accusative neuter singular)
-fulles (genitive masculine singular)
-fulre (feminine genitive singular)
-fulles (genitive neuter singular)
-fullum (dative masculine singular)
-fulre (dative feminine singular)
-fullum (dative neuter singular)
-fulle (instrumental masculine singular)
-fulre (feminine instrumental singular)
-fulle (instrumental neuter singular)
-fulle (masculine nominative plural)
-fulla (feminine nominative plural)
-fulle (feminine nominative plural)
-ful (neuter nominative plural)
-fulle (accusative masculine plural)
-fulla (accusative feminine plural)
-fulle (accusative feminine plural)
-ful (accusative neuter plural)
-fulra (genitive masculine plural)
-fulra (feminine genitive plural)
-fulra (genitive neuter plural)
-fullum (dative masculine plural)
-fullum (dative feminine plural)
-fullum (dative neuter plural)
-fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fullum (instrumental neuter plural)
-fulla (masculine nominative singular)
-fulle (feminine nominative singular)
-fulle (neuter nominative singular)
-fullan (accusative masculine singular)
-fullan (accusative feminine singular)
-fulle (accusative neuter singular)
-fullan (genitive masculine singular)
-fullan (feminine genitive singular)
-fullan (genitive neuter singular)
-fullan (dative masculine singular)
-fullan (dative feminine singular)
-fullan (dative neuter singular)
-fullan (instrumental masculine singular)
-fullan (feminine instrumental singular)
-fullan (instrumental neuter singular)
-fullan (masculine nominative plural)
-fullan (feminine nominative plural)
-fullan (neuter nominative plural)
-fullan (accusative masculine plural)
-fullan (accusative feminine plural)
-fullan (accusative neuter plural)
-fulra (genitive masculine plural)
-fullena (genitive masculine plural)
-fulra (feminine genitive plural)
-fullena (feminine genitive plural)
-fulra (genitive neuter plural)
-fullena (genitive neuter plural)
-fullum (dative masculine plural)
-fullum (dative feminine plural)
-fullum (dative neuter plural)
-fullum (instrumental masculine plural)
-fullum (feminine instrumental plural)
-fullum (instrumental neuter plural)

Middle English: -full, -ful

Scots: -fu

English: -ful

From Proto-Germanic *-fullaz (“-ful”), from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”).


-kinesis

From Ancient Greek κίνησις (kínēsis, “motion, movement”), from κινέω (kinéō, “I move, put in motion”).


-polis

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tpelH-
Proto-Hellenic *ptólis
Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis)bor.
Latin -polislbor.
English -polis
Learned borrowing from Latin -polis, from Ancient Greek πόλις (pólis, “city”).

etymon

Forms names of cities or kinds of cities.


-philia

From Ancient Greek φιλία (philía, “(fraternal) love”).

der

(pathology) Used to form nouns meaning abnormal liking or tendency (for something), e.g. paraphilia.

-fília

forming words denoting abnormal linking towards a given thing


-scope

From Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “examine, inspect, look to or into, consider”).

Used to make terms denoting an instrument used for viewing or examination.


-aemia

From Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma, “blood”).

(British spelling, medicine) Blood; presence in blood (of a substance denoted by an affixed combining form); state or condition of the blood.

-uria

urine; presence in urine; state or condition of urine


-phone

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound, voice, speech, language”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₂neh₂, from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”); related to fame and fable.
Some terms ending in phone, such as textphone, are actually compounds made with phone.

Anglophone; Francophone; Germanophone

Forming nouns: a speaker of a certain language.


-ship

From Middle English -schipe, -shippe, from Old English -sċiepe, from Proto-West Germanic *-skapi, from Proto-Germanic *-skapiz.
Compare Scots -schip, West Frisian -skip, Dutch -schap, German -schaft, Swedish -skap, Icelandic -skapur. Related to shape.

fellow → fellowship

owner → ownership

Appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union. In particular, the way a set of social duties associated with a particular role shapes or develop's one's character.

-ություն

suffix denoting a property or state of being


-wise

From Middle English -wis, from Old English -wīs (“-wise”), from Proto-West Germanic *-wīs, from Proto-Germanic *-wīsaz, from Proto-Germanic *wīsaz (“wise, skilled, knowledgeable”), related to Old English wīs, wīse (“manner, way, fashion”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian -wiese, Dutch -wijs, German -weise, Danish -vis, Swedish -vis, Norwegian Bokmål -vis (“-wise”). More at wise (“way, manner”).

Add the reagent dropwise to the solution.


-muche

Ménilmuche

(slang, uncommon) Suffix added to the end of any word to make it more incomprehensible.


oxy-

From Ancient Greek ὀξύς (oxús, “sharp”).


ortho-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-ortho-.wav

E.g. orthorexia is an unhealthy fixation with healthy or righteous eating, an orthotaxon is a true taxon based biological relationships rather than form, orthology is speech which is proper, orthoquartzite is very pure quartz sandstone.

E.g. An orthocousin, unlike a cross-cousin, is on the same side of the family; orthogamy is when a plant's ovules are fertilized by pollen from the same plant; orthochronous is a transformation which preserves the direction of time.

E.g. orthocclusion is normal occlusion, orthodromic is when neurological impulses are passed in the normal direction, orthogravitropism is the ordinary effect of gravity on plants

E.g. orthoconic is a mollusc shell that is straight rather than spiraled, orthodentin is dentin composed of straight tubes, orthognathous is straight-jawed. .

E.g. orthogeriatrics is the combination of orthopaedics and geriatrics, orthosurgeon is an orthopaedic surgeon, orthoroentgenography is orthopedic roentgenography.


-aje

es-noun

-aje m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ajes)

Borrowed from Old French -age or Old Occitan -atge, both from Latin -āticum. Doublet of -azgo. Cognate with French -age, Italian -aggio, Portuguese -agem, Romanian -aj.

aprendiz (“apprentice”) + -aje → aprendizaje (“apprenticeship”)

voltio (“volt”) + -aje → voltaje (“voltage”)

forms masculine nouns expressing an action, quantity, location, period of time, etc.


-ment

From Middle English -ment, from Old French -ment, from Latin -mentum.

Attached to a verb to form a noun meaning the action denoted by the verb or its result.


-ment

ca-noun

-ment m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ments)

patir (“to suffer”) + -ment → patiment (“suffering”)

Forms nouns from verbs, usually indicating a resulting action or state.


-ment

→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ment

Inherited from Middle French -ment, from Old French -ment, from Latin -mentum.

parer + -ment → parement

abandonner + -ment → abandonnement

manier + -ment → maniement


-ment

Borrowed from Sicilian -menti and Italian -mente, both from Latin mente.


-ment

English: -ment

Scots: -ment

From Old French -ment, from Latin -mentum.


-ment

French: -ment
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ment


-ment

From Old Occitan -ment, from Latin -mentum.


-ment

desctree

Middle French: -ment
French: -ment
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ment

→ Middle English: -ment
English: -ment
Scots: -ment


-ment

Occitan: -ment


-ment

-ment; form nouns from verbs. See also -mang.


-ize

From Middle English -isen, from Middle French -iser, from Late Latin -izāre, from Ancient Greek -ίζω (-ízō), from Proto-Indo-European *-idyé- (verbal suffix). Cognate with Old English -ettan (verbal suffix).

der

-化する (-かする, -ka-suru) (化 (-か, -ka) + する (-suru))

cannibal + -ize → cannibalize

Used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives, especially similative verbs

to do what is denoted by the noun/adjective


-ise

Alternative form of -ize used in certain words; see the usage notes.


-ise

Inherited from Old French -ise, a suffix probably derived, by resegmentation, from justise (< Latin iūstitia), whose ending was influenced by the closely-related juïse (< Latin iūdĭcium), whose /i/, in turn, may be the result of influence from -īcius (adjective-forming suffix).

débrouillard + -ise → débrouillardise

franc + -ise → franchise

vantard + -ise → vantardise


-ise

franc + -ise → franchise

cuinte + -ise → cuintise

used to form feminine nouns, often denoting a state or quality


iso-

From Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).

isoeffect, isointense

isorhythm

isotherm, isochrone

(meteorology, geography) Forms terms for specific kinds of isolines.


iso-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἴσος (ísos, “equal”).


-ique

Inherited from Old French -ique, borrowed from Latin -icum.

forms adjectives from nouns: -ic, -ical, -ish, -ly


-plex

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--plex.wav

Comprising a number of parts, as in duplex.


-plex

-plicis (genitive)
-plex (feminine masculine neuter nominative singular)
-plicēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-plicia (neuter nominative plural)
-plicis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-plicium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
-plicī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-plicibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-plicem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-plex (accusative neuter singular)
-plicēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-plicia (accusative neuter plural)
-plicī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-plicibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-plex (feminine masculine neuter singular vocative)
-plicēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-plicia (neuter plural vocative)

→ English: -plex

From plicō (“I fold”) + -s. Compare -plus.

sem- (“one”) → simplex (“onefold, single, simple”)

tri- (“three”) → triplex (“threefold”)

quadri- (“four”) → quadruplex (“fourfold”)

centum (“hundred”) → centiplex (“hundredfold”)

multus (“many”) → multiplex (“manifold”)

Creates adjectives specifying the number of times, -fold


-ico

gl-adj

-ico (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ica, masculine plural -icos, feminine plural -icas)

-ica (feminine)
-icos (masculine plural)
-icas (feminine plural)

Learned borrowing from Latin -icus, which forms adjectives of belonging or origin.


-ico

Borrowed from English -ic, French -ique, Italian -ico, Portuguese -ico, Spanish -ico, Russian -ик (-ik)
all ultimately from Latin -icum, from -icus.

historia (“history”) + -ico → historico (“historian”)

theoria (“theory”) + -ico → theorico (“theoretician”)

forms nouns from nouns, denoting a person occupied with a science or study; -ic, -ician, -ian


-ico

it-adj

-ico (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ica, masculine plural -ici, feminine plural -iche)

-ica (feminine)
-ici (masculine plural)
-iche (feminine plural)


meta-

Pertaining to a level above or beyond; reflexive or recursive; about itself or about other things of the same type. For example, metadata is data that describes data, metalanguage is language that describes language, etc.

meta-

pertaining to a level above or beyond; reflexive or recursive; about itself or about other things of the same type


meta-

(geology) Modified by metamorphosis; analogies and derivatives of metamorphism.

meta-

geology: analogies and derivatives of metamorphism


meta-

Derived from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-).

der+

meta- + jazyk → metajazyk

meta- (pertaining to a level above or beyond)


meta-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μετα- (meta-).


meta-

meta- + fizyka → metafizyka


meta-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek μετά (metá).


-in-

From the oblique stem of Latin -tūdō being -tūdin-.

An epenthetic syllable inserted before Latinate suffixes appended to nouns ending with -itude or -tude.


-in-

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-in-, from Proto-Austronesian *-in-.


um-

From Middle English um-, umbe-, embe-, from Old English ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”).

cog

(rare, now rarely productive, primarily in dialects, chiefly Scotland) Prefix meaning around, about.


um-

From Middle High German um-, umb-, umme-, umbe-, from Old High German umbi- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi- (“around”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“by, near, around”). Cognate with English um-, Dutch om-, Swedish om-, Icelandic um-.


er-

From Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz- in unstressed positions.
The Middle Dutch er- prefix mostly merged with ver- and her- in Modern Dutch.
The current prefix is therefore either a direct continuation of this prefix or loaned from Old High German ir-, Middle High German er-.
A prefix with the same origin but in stressed positions is oor-.

inseparable verbal prefix that indicates the cause or beginning of an action


er-

From Middle High German er-, from Old High German ir-, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀ-, from Proto-Germanic *uz-. Cognate with Old Saxon ā-, English a-.

er- + wachsen (“to grow”) → erwachsen (“to arise”)

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates a successful conclusion, leads to the wanted result.

er- + drücken (“to push, squeeze”) → erdrücken (“to squeeze dead”)

er- + frieren (“to freeze”) → erfrieren (“to freeze to death”)

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates killing or dying.

er- + arbeiten (“to work”) → erarbeiten (“to gain something by means of working for it”)

Prefix signifying a notion of getting something by some means, usually through conscious effort.


er-

From German er-, from Old High German ir-, and/or from Middle Low German er-, from Old Saxon ā-, both from Proto-Germanic *uz-.

Inseparable verbal prefix that indicates an emphasizing meaning


er-

er- + glynu (“to attach”) → erlyn (“to pursue, prosecute”)


-iĉo

Derived by analogy with the masculine suffix -ĉj- and the feminine suffixes -nj- and -ino.


-mobile

Used to form nouns meaning a particular type of vehicle, particularly one to transport the person or thing described by the word to which the suffix is attached.


-ness

From Middle English -nes, -nesse, from Old English -nis, -nes, from Proto-West Germanic *-nassī, from Proto-Germanic *-inassuz.
This suffix was formed already in Proto-Germanic by false division of the final consonant *-n- of the preceding stem + the actual suffix *-assuz. The latter was in turn derived from an earlier *-at(s)-tuz, from the verbal suffix *-at-janą + the noun suffix *-þuz.

calm + -ness → calmness

dark + -ness → darkness

kind + -ness → kindness

one + -ness → oneness

Appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being (the adjective)", "the quality of being (the adjective)", or "the measure of being (the adjective)".

ـِيَّة

appended to adjectives to form nouns meaning "the state of being...", "the quality of being...", or "the measure of being..."

-性

used most frequently in loanwords, as many adjectives may be used as nouns in Chinese


-keit

de-noun

-keit f (genitive -keit, plural -keiten)

-keit (genitive)
-keiten (plural)
-keit (nominative singular)
-keiten (definite nominative plural)
-keit (genitive singular)
-keiten (definite genitive plural)
-keit (dative singular)
-keiten (dative definite plural)
-keit (accusative singular)
-keiten (accusative definite plural)

Result of an etymologically wrong segmentation (rebracketing) of two suffixes in Upper German dialects of Middle High German: -ec (modern -ig) and -heit: -ec-heit was interpreted as -e-keit. Later this phenomenon spread to other suffixes, and even to Central German dialects, in which the equivalents of -ig had never been pronounced with a final [k]-sound. (Compare the modern German Standard German pronunciation of -ig [-ɪç].) However, in some northern dialects of Central German, like Ripuarian, -keit is still absent or has only recently been introduced from standard German. Compare Saterland Frisian -igaid.

wirksam (“effective”) + -keit → Wirksamkeit (“effectiveness”)

Etymological Dictionary of the German Language

de:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache


-het

felejt (“to forget”) + -het → felejthet (“may forget, can forget”)

A hosszan magára hagyott kutya ugathat, nyüszíthet, bepisilhet vagy rombolhat.

A dog left alone for a long time may bark, whimper, wet itself, or destroy things.

(expressing possibility) may (having the potential to do or be something)

Ebbe a házba bemehet a kutya.

Ezt én nem írhatom alá helyetted.

I cannot (= am not allowed to) sign it instead of you.

(expressing permission) may, can, being permitted, allowed, or enabled to


-het

From Middle Low German -hēt, -heit, from Old Saxon -hēd, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (“manner, way; state”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keyt-, *(s)keydʰ- (“clear, bright, shining”).
Cognate with Danish -hed, Swedish -het, German -heit, Dutch -heid and English -hood.

der

kjølig - kjølighet (cool - coolness)

Suffix giving an adjective a nounal meaning; -ness -ity.


-het

From Old Swedish -het, which is borrowed from Middle Low German -heit, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz. Cognate with Danish -hed, German -heit, Dutch -heid, English -hood.

nödvändig - nödvändighet (necessary - necessity)

Productive suffix giving an adjective a nounal meaning; -ness, -ity


-athon

A greatly extended period of any activity, usually for the purpose of fundraising.


ا

اـ (canonical)
a- (romanization)
अ- (Hindi)

A negating prefix. non-, un-, a-, an-, etc.


-let

From Middle English -let, -elet, from Old French -elet, a double diminutive from Old French -el + -et.

bracelet, the "arm piece" or "arm protector"

gauntlet, the "glove piece" or "glove protector"

epaulet, the "shoulder piece" or "shoulder protector"

Piece; as in a suit of armor; for example:


-let

From -l (verb-forming suffix) + -et (noun-forming suffix), created during the Hungarian language reform, which took place in the 18th–19th centuries. The neologists popularized it based on verbs ending in -l and further derived with -at/-et.

hu-langref

rész (“part”) + -let → részlet (“detail”)

keres (“to search”) + -let → kereslet (“demand (in economics)”)

egy (“one”) + -let → egylet (“society, association, club”)

(noun-forming suffix) Added to different parts of speech to form a noun.


cyano-

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-cyano-.wav

From Ancient Greek κυάνεος (kuáneos, “dark blue”).


semper-

From the Latin adverb semper (“always”).


vice-

From Latin vice (“in place of”), ablative form of vicis.

Taking the place or rank of (another person); deputy.


vice-

From Latin vice (“in place of”), from the ablative of vicis (“alternation, turn”).


-mancy

From Latin -mantīa, ultimately from Ancient Greek μᾰντείᾱ (mănteíā, “divination”).

-mance: to carry out a specified form of magic

-mancer: a person who employs a specified form of magic

(fantasy) Variety of magic, especially that controlling or related to a specific element, substance, or theme.


sub-

From Latin sub (“under”). Doublet of hypo-.

subterranean

submarine

subconical

subequatorial


sub-

sub- + optimální → suboptimální


-ify

From Middle English -ifien, from Old French -ifier, from Latin -ificare, from -ficus, from facio,
"make" or "do". For example, purify from purificare, from purificus.


-ir

-ir (infinitive)
-int (gerund)
-it (masculine participle past singular)
-ida (feminine participle past singular)
-its (masculine participle past plural)
-ides (feminine participle past plural)
-eixo (indicative present singular)
-eixes (indicative present second-person singular)
-eix (indicative present singular)
-im (indicative plural present)
-iu (indicative plural present)
-eixen (indicative plural present)
-ia (imperfect indicative singular)
-ies (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-íem (imperfect indicative plural)
-íeu (imperfect indicative plural)
-ien (imperfect indicative plural)
-iré (future indicative singular)
-iràs (future indicative second-person singular)
-irà (future indicative singular)
-irem (future indicative plural)
-ireu (future indicative plural)
-iran (future indicative plural)
-í (indicative preterite singular)
-ires (indicative preterite second-person singular)
-írem (indicative plural preterite)
-íreu (indicative plural preterite)
-iren (indicative plural preterite)
-iria (conditional indicative singular)
-iries (conditional indicative second-person singular)
-iríem (conditional indicative plural)
-iríeu (conditional indicative plural)
-irien (conditional indicative plural)
-eixi (present singular subjunctive)
-eixis (present second-person singular subjunctive)
-im (plural present subjunctive)
-iu (plural present subjunctive)
-eixin (plural present subjunctive)
-ís (imperfect singular subjunctive)
-issis (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-íssim (imperfect plural subjunctive)
-íssiu (imperfect plural subjunctive)
-issin (imperfect plural subjunctive)
-eix (imperative positive second-person singular)
-eixi (imperative positive singular)
-im (imperative plural positive)
-iu (imperative plural positive)
-eixin (imperative plural positive)
no -eixis (imperative negative second-person singular)
no -eixi (imperative negative singular)
no -im (imperative negative plural)
no -iu (imperative negative plural)
no -eixin (imperative negative plural)

Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs, which merged with -ēscere, -īscere, from which come the -eix- infix.


-ir

(literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present indicative/future


-abile

it-adj

-abile (adjective-forming suffix, plural -abili)

Borrowed from Latin -ābilis. See also -evole.


ت

head

ت / ت / ت / ت

ت / ت / ت / ت • (tā’)

The fourth letter of the Punjabi (Shahmukhi) abjad. It is preceded by پ and followed by ٹ


ت

ـَت (canonical)
-at (romanization)
-ਅਤ (Gurmukhi)

پنجابی (panjābī, “Punjabi”) + ـَت (-at) → پنجابیت (panjābiyat, “Punjabi culture, Punjabi-ness”)

Forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality.


ت

ـت (canonical)
-at (romanization)
-अत (Hindi)

etymon

ـَت

چاہ (cāh, “liking, wish”) + ت (t) → چاہت (cāhat, “desire, fondness”)


-hood

From Middle English -hod, from Old English -hād, from Proto-West Germanic *-haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz (compare -head).
Cognate with German -heit, -keit, Dutch -heid, Afrikaans -heid, Swedish -het, Elfdalian -iet, Norwegian Bokmål -het, Norwegian Nynorsk -heit, Danish -hed. The Swedish, Elfdalian, Norwegian and Danish endings were borrowed from Middle Low German.

child - childhood

A substantive suffix denoting a condition or state of being.


-son

From Middle English -son, Nordic/North Germanic patronyms of the form (name) + son.

(Hong Kong) Added to a stem (usually a given name or surname) to form a given name.


-son

is-noun

-son m (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -sonar, nominative plural -synir)

-sonar (genitive singular)
-synir (nominative plural)
-son (indefinite nominative singular)
-soninn (definite nominative singular)
-synir (indefinite nominative plural)
-synirnir (definite nominative plural)
-son (accusative indefinite singular)
-soninn (accusative definite singular)
-syni (accusative indefinite plural)
-synina (accusative definite plural)
-syni (dative indefinite singular)
-syninum (dative definite singular)
-sonum (dative indefinite plural)
-sonunum (dative definite plural)
-sonar (genitive indefinite singular)
-sonarins (definite genitive singular)
-sona (genitive indefinite plural)
-sonanna (definite genitive plural)

From sonur, from Nordic patronymic traditions.

added to a given name (the father's or mother's) to form a patronymic or matronymic last name for the son of the person whose given name is used


-son

Ivarsson


-à

ca-adj

-à (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ana, masculine plural -ans, feminine plural -anes)

-ana (feminine)
-ans (masculine plural)
-anes (feminine plural)


-à

From Classical Latin -āre (1ˢᵗ conjugation verbal suffix).

inh

Used, with a stem, to form the infinitive of most regular verbs.


Brit-

Britart, Britpop


preter-

Zurich is the capital of the preter-modern, preter-futurist movement called Dadaism, the home of its organ, of the literary and artistic group of Dadaists.

1919 June 8, “Intolerance at Zurich”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:


caco-

From Ancient Greek κακός (kakós, “bad”).


cis-

From the Latin preposition cis (“on this side of”). The earliest known sexuality-related use of the prefix in any language was in a 1914 German-language book on sexology. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest use of the prefix in the context of gender in English dates from 1994.

quote-book

Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens

1914, Ernst Burchard, Lexikon Des Gesamten Sexuallebens, Berlin, BV047570799, page 32:
Cisvestitismus, die Neigung, die Kleidung einer anderen Altersstufe, Volks- oder Berufsklasse des gleichen Geschlechts zum Zwecke sexueller Entspannung anzulegen, dem Transvestitismus verwandt (s. Verkleidungstrieb).
Cisvestism, the tendency to don the clothes of a different age group, ethnic group, or profession of the same sex for the purpose of sexual relaxation, related to transvestism (see disguise instinct).

cis- + diazene → cis-diazene

(physical chemistry) Forming names of chemical compounds in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound.


trans-

cis-

antonym(s) of “chemistry, other side/beyond, gender”

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).

bor

trans- + national → transnational

trans- + regional → transregional

trans- + American → transamerican

trans- + alpine → transalpine

trans- + uranic → transuranic

To or on the other side of, beyond; outside of.

անդր

across, through, over, beyond, to or on the other side of, outside of

transacetylase, tranexamic acid, transaldolase

(physical chemistry) A compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on opposite sides of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound. (Also used without the hyphen as an adjective; see trans.)


trans-

bor+

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”)


trans-

Internationalism (see English trans-), ultimately from Latin trāns.


trans-

Learned borrowing from Latin trāns. Doublet of très and trans.


trans-

Internationalism, borrowed from Dutch trans-, from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”).


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of tra-, which was inherited.


trans-

etymon

trāns-


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of trás, which was inherited.


trans-

Borrowed from Latin trāns (“across, on the far side, beyond”). Doublet of tras-, which was inherited.


-worthy

Partly from worthy (combining form), and partly continuing Middle English -wurthe (“-able”), from Old English -wierþe (“-able”), from Proto-West Germanic -*wirþī, from Proto-West Germanic *wirþī, from Proto-Germanic *wirþijaz (“worthy”), from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, bend”). Cognate with Dutch -waardig (“-worthy”), German -würdig (“-worthy”).

inh

fareworthy

Having the right, power, permission, or freedom to.

having the right, power, permission, or freedom to

vapaa (tekemään jotakin: "to do something")


neuro-

New Latin, from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combining form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”)

nerves, nerve tissue, or the nervous system.


neuro-

From Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combining form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).

neuropathy, neurospinal, neurodynamics

There's been a proliferation of “neuro-” fields. Some, like neuroendocrinology and neuroimmunology, are stodgy old institutions by now.

2017, Robert Sapolsky, chapter 2, in Behave, Penguin, →ISBN:

Nerves, nervous tissue, or the nervous system.

невро-

relating to nerves or the nervous system


neuro-

Internationalism (see English neuro-), ultimately from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-).


neuro-

(anatomy) neuro- (relating to nerves or the nervous system)


neuro-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek νευρο- (neuro-), combing form of νεῦρον (neûron, “sinew, tendon, cord”).


-some

From some in its "approximately" sense; more at some § Etymology.

twenty-some identifiable factors affecting the outcome

one-hundred-and-fifty-some spectators in the bleachers

Plus some indeterminate fraction not amounting to the next higher round number or significant digit; and change; -odd.


-tastic

I don't get out to the movies that much, but "Bluntman and Chronic" was blunt-tastic.

2001, Kevin Smith, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, spoken by Whillenholly (Will Ferrell):

(slang, sometimes sarcastic) Fantastic; used to form adjectives conveying praise or celebration.


-algia

From New Latin -algia, from Ancient Greek ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”).


-algia

it-noun

-algia f (noun-forming suffix, plural -algie)

Borrowed from Latin -algia, from Ancient Greek ἄλγος (álgos, “pain”).


-algia

pt-noun

-algia f (noun-forming suffix, plural -algias)

From Latin -algia, from Ancient Greek ἄλγος (álgos, “pain, sorrow”).

der

(pathology) -algia; -algy (pain in the suffixed region)


-algia

Borrowed from New Latin -algia, from Ancient Greek ἄλγος (álgos, “pain, sorrow”).


-et

Inherited from Middle English -et, from Old French -et.

Used to form diminutives, loosely construed.


-et

Forms past participles of some verbs, like -t.


-et

→? Galician: -ete, -eta

→ Spanish: -ete

Inherited from Middle French -et, from Old French -et, from Late Latin -ittus.

suffix indicating diminution or affection


-et

English: -et

Borrowed from Old French -et, and its feminine variant -ette, from Late Latin -ittus (and the other gender forms -itta, -ittum).

Forms diminutive nouns from nouns; in some words, it has lost its original meaning.


-et

-et (infinitive)
-en (noun-from-verb)
-ejeaddji (participle present)
-emin (inessive noun-from-verb)
-eme (inessive noun-from-verb)
-en (participle past)
-emis (elative noun-from-verb)
-emiin (comitative noun-from-verb)
-ekeahttá (abessive)
-en (first-person indicative present singular)
-ejin (first-person indicative past singular)
-ejēhkon (first-person imperative singular)
-et (indicative present second-person singular)
-ejit (indicative past second-person singular)
-e (imperative second-person singular)
-e (indicative present singular third-person)
-ii (indicative past singular third-person)
-ejēhkos (imperative singular third-person)
-ejetne (dual first-person indicative present)
-iime (dual first-person indicative past)
-ejeadnu (dual first-person imperative)
-ejeahkku (dual first-person imperative)
-ebeahtti (dual indicative present second-person)
-iide (dual indicative past second-person)
-ejeahkki (dual imperative second-person)
-eba (dual indicative present third-person)
-iiga (dual indicative past third-person)
-ejēhkoska (dual imperative third-person)
-et (first-person indicative plural present)
-iimet (first-person indicative past plural)
-ejētnot (first-person imperative plural)
-ejēhkot (first-person imperative plural)
-ejeahkkot (first-person imperative plural)
-ejeadnot (first-person imperative plural)
-ebēhtet (indicative plural present second-person)
-iidet (indicative past plural second-person)
-ejēhket (imperative plural second-person)
-ejit (indicative plural present third-person)
-ejedje (indicative past plural third-person)
-ejēhkoset (imperative plural third-person)
-e (connegative indicative present)
-en (connegative indicative past)
-e (connegative imperative)
-ešin (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-ešedjen (conditional conditional-i first-person singular)
-elin (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-eledjen (conditional conditional-ii first-person singular)
-ežan (first-person potential singular)
-ešit (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-ešedjet (conditional conditional-i second-person singular)
-elit (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-eledjet (conditional conditional-ii second-person singular)
-ežat (potential second-person singular)
-ešii (conditional conditional-i singular third-person)
-elii (conditional conditional-ii singular third-person)
-eža (potential singular third-person)
-eš (potential singular third-person)
-ešeimme (conditional conditional-i dual first-person)
-eleimme (conditional conditional-ii dual first-person)
-ežetne (dual first-person potential)
-ešeidde (conditional conditional-i dual second-person)
-eleidde (conditional conditional-ii dual second-person)
-ežeahppi (dual potential second-person)
-ešeigga (conditional conditional-i dual third-person)
-eleigga (conditional conditional-ii dual third-person)
-ežeaba (dual potential third-person)
-ešeimmet (conditional conditional-i first-person plural)
-eleimmet (conditional conditional-ii first-person plural)
-ežit (first-person plural potential)
-ežat (first-person plural potential)
-ešeiddet (conditional conditional-i plural second-person)
-eleiddet (conditional conditional-ii plural second-person)
-ežēhpet (plural potential second-person)
-eše (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ešedje (conditional conditional-i plural third-person)
-ele (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-eledje (conditional conditional-ii plural third-person)
-ežit (plural potential third-person)
-eše (conditional conditional-i connegative)
-ele (conditional conditional-ii connegative)
-eš (connegative potential)

njuikut (“to jump around”) + -et → njuiket (“to jump once”)


-et

Used to indicate a consequential or concrete example.


-et

(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular conditional


cryo-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κρύος (krúos, “ice, icy cold, chill, frost”).


-trophy

From Ancient Greek τροφή (trophḗ, “food, nourishment”), from τρέφω (tréphō, “I congeal, thicken”).


-logical

Used to form adjectival forms of nouns ending in -logy.


arch-

From Middle English arch-, arche-, from Old English arċe-, ærċe-, erċe- (“arch-”), borrowed from Latin archi-, this stemming from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-).

archmage is a very powerful mage; archvillain is the most evil or powerful villain; archwife is a big, masculine wife and/or a dominating woman. Note that the archwife is a powerful woman who is a wife, rather than being intensely wifely.


arch-

From Latin archi- or English arch-. Cognate with Cornish argh-.

arch- + angel (“angel”) → archangel (“archangel”)

arch- + marchnad (“market”) → archfarchnad (“supermarket”)

arch- + esgobaeth (“bishopric”) → archesgobaeth (“archbishopric, primacy”)


archi-

Late Latin archi- (“arch-, chief, first”), from Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-, “chief, leading”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin, lead, rule, govern”)


archi-

From Ancient Greek prefix ἀρχι- (arkhi-), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I begin, lead, rule, govern”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ergʰ- (“to begin, rule, command”).


archi-

→ Portuguese: arqui-, arce-, arci-

desc

→ Spanish: arqui-, archi-, arce-, arci-, arz-

→ Russian: арцы- (arcy-), арци- (arci-), архи- (arxi-)

→ Proto-West Germanic: *arci- (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Old English: arċe-, ærċe-, erċe-
Middle English: arche-
English: arch-

From the Ancient Greek ἀρχι- (arkhi-). Productive from Late Latin on.


archi-

archi- + diecezja → archidiecezja


-trix

From numerous Latinate feminine agent nouns.

Most of these derived terms were borrowed directly from Latin

(dated, plural usually -trices) Found on the end of words, chiefly female agent nouns.


-free

From Middle English -fre, -freo (as in scotfre, gauelfre, gafolfreo, etc.), from Old English -frēo ("free; free from"; as in scotfrēo, gafolfrēo), from Proto-West Germanic *-frī (“-free”). Compare Dutch -vrij (“-free”), German -frei (“-free”), Danish -fri (“-free”), Swedish -fri (“-free”), Norwegian -fri (“-free”). More at free.


ob-

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ob, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ebʰi. See o.

omission (obden = ob + den (day) = every other day)

surrounding (objet = ob + jet (drive) = to drive around)

a prefix with various functions, e.g. expressing:


ob-

Prefixation of preposition ob (“towards; against”).


-phile

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰílos
Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos)bor.
Latin -philalbor.
English -phile
Learned borrowing from Latin -phila, from Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).

der

Scott is such a bibliophile that he won't even put that book down.

Forming nouns and adjectives meaning "loving", "friendly", or "friend".

-fil

Forming nouns and adjectives denoting "friend"


-phile

→ Turkish: -fil

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰil-
Proto-Indo-European *-os
Proto-Hellenic *pʰílos
Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos)bor.
Latin -philalbor.
French -phile
From Latin -phila, from Ancient Greek φίλος (phílos, “dear, beloved”).


-ologist

Alternative spelling of -logist (“one who studies a subject”)


-bot

Voltbot: 'WE HAVE PREPARED YOU, STRIPPED YOU OF YOUR WEAK STEAMBOT SHELL. YOU ARE ALREADY MORE PART OF US THAN YOU ARE YOURSELF. *BZZT* WE WILL BE INVINCIBLE! THE VOLTBOT WILL RISE AND RULE.'

2013 August 7, Image & Form, SteamWorld Dig, level/area: Vectron:

automatic system, computer program or machine


-ilis

-ile (neuter)
-ilior (comparative)
-illimus (superlative)
-ilissimus (superlative)
-ilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ile (neuter nominative singular)
-ilēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ilia (neuter nominative plural)
-ilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
-ilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-ilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ile (accusative neuter singular)
-ilēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ilīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ilia (accusative neuter plural)
-ilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-ilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ile (neuter singular vocative)
-ilēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ilia (neuter plural vocative)

Aromanian: -ilji

Catalan: -il

English: -ile

French: -ile

Italian: -ile

Portuguese: -il

Romanian: -il, -ie

Sicilian: -ili

Spanish: -il

From Proto-Italic *-elis, from Proto-Indo-European *-elis, probably from *-lós. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (“-le”, adjective-forming suffix).

cog

agō (“to act”) + -ilis → agilis (“that may be acted”)

frangō (“to break”) + -ilis → fragilis (“that may be broken”)

-ile; used to form an adjective of relation, frequently passive, to the verb or root.

sedeō (“to sit”) + -ilis → sessilis (“of sitting”)

pendeō (“to hang”) + -ilis → pēnsilis (“hanging”)

flectō (“to ply”) + -ilis → flexilis (“pliable”)

often attached to the perf. pass. part. stem:

humus (“ground, earth”) + -ilis → humilis (“lowly, humble”)

pār, par- (“even, equal”) + -ilis → parilis (“equal, like”)

herba (“grass”) + -ilis → herbilis (“fed on grass”)

(rare) used to form an adjective from a noun or adjective stem, sometimes with passive meaning


-ilis

-īlis (canonical)
-īle (neuter)
-īlis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-īle (neuter nominative singular)
-īlēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-īlia (neuter nominative plural)
-īlis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-īlium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
-īlī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-īlibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-īlem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-īle (accusative neuter singular)
-īlēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-īlīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-īlia (accusative neuter plural)
-īlī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-īlibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-īlis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-īle (neuter singular vocative)
-īlēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-īlia (neuter plural vocative)

Originally from the above -ilis added to i stems, later used freely.

aedis (“building”) + -ilis → aedīlis (“of buildings”) (attested as substantive)

hostis (“enemy”) + -ilis → hostīlis (“of the enemy, unfriendly, hostile”)

puer (“boy”) + -ilis → puerīlis (“of boys, boyish, immature”)

erus (“master”) + -ilis → erīlis (“of the master”)

-ile; used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to.


para-

From Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).

der

paranal (near the anus), parepididymis ((body part) near the epididymis), parethmoid (near the ethmoid bone)

paradox (beyond expectation), paranormal (beyond normal) paraclival (beyond the clivus)

paradiorthosis (false correction)


para-

Internationalism, ultimately from Ancient Greek παρα- (para-, “beside, next to”).