-da

-da (nominative singular)
-dy (nominative plural)
-dy (genitive singular)
-d (genitive plural)
-dzie (dative singular)
-dom (dative plural)
-dę (accusative singular)
-dy (accusative plural)
-dą (instrumental singular)
-dami (instrumental plural)
-dzie (locative singular)
-dach (locative plural)
-do (singular vocative)
-dy (plural vocative)

prawy + -da → prawda

krzywy + -da → krzywda

(obsolete) forms feminine nouns meaning the action of a verb


-ose

Borrowed from Latin -ōsus. Doublet of -ous in stressed position.

comatose (full of sleep)


-oso

gl-adj

-oso (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -osa, masculine plural -osos, feminine plural -osas)

-osa (feminine)
-osos (masculine plural)
-osas (feminine plural)

From Old Galician-Portuguese -oso, from Latin -ōsus.

cobiza (“greed”) + -oso → cobizoso (“covetous; greedy”)

verme (“worm, maggot”) + -oso → vermioso (“wormy, maggoty”)


-oso

pt-adj

-oso (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -osa, masculine plural -osos, feminine plural -osas, metaphonic)

-osa (feminine)
-osos (masculine plural)
-osas (feminine plural)
metaphonic (feminine plural)


-oso

Inherited from Old Spanish -oso, from Latin -ōsus.

carne (“flesh”) + -oso → carnoso (“fleshy”)

dolor (“pain”) + -oso → doloroso (“painful”)

gloria (“glory”) + -oso → glorioso (“glorious”)


-th

From Middle English -the, -th, -te, -t (abstract nominal suffix), from Old English -þ, -t, -þu, -tu, -þo, -to (“-th”, abstract nominal suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-iþō, from Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂. Cognate with Scots -th, West Frisian -te, Dutch -te, Danish -de, Swedish -d, Icelandic -ð, -d, Gothic -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), Latin -itās (“-ty, -ity”). See -ity, -t.

breadth, chillth, coolth, dampth, dearth, depth, filth, health, height/heighth, illth, length, roomth, ruth, strength, troth, truth, sloth/slowth, warmth, wealth, width, wrath, wrength, youth/youngth

(no longer productive except jocular coinages) Used to form nouns of quality from adjectives.


-th

From Middle English -the, -th, -te, -t (ordinal suffix), from Old English -þa, -þe, -oþa, -oþe, derived from a Proto-Indo-European superlative suffix. .

the 4th/Fourth of July

Used to form the ordinal numeral when the final term of the spelled number is not “first”, “second”, or “third”.

The nth term of a geometrical progression whose first term is a and common ratio is r is given by arⁿ.

(mathematics) Used to form a term denoting the ordinal numeral corresponding to the value, being a natural number, of a mathematical expression.


-th

From Middle English -eth, -th, from Old English -eþ, -aþ, -þ.

come → cometh

have → hath

do → doth

say → saith

third-person singular
third-person singular#English

(archaic) A variant of -eth, used to form the archaic third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs.


-th

desc

English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Originally two distinct suffixes:
* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.
* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

(non-productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness


-less

From Middle English -les, -leas, from Old English -lēas (“-less”) (compare lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”)), from Proto-West Germanic *-laus, from Proto-Germanic *-lausaz, from *lausaz (“loose”). (Not related to less, which derives from *laisiz, *laisizô.) Cognate with Scots -less, West Frisian -leas, Saterland Frisian -loos, Dutch -loos (“-less”), Low German -los, German -los, Danish -løs, Swedish -lös, Icelandic -laus. More at lease (“false”).

The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.

2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist:

Lacking (something); without (something). Added usually to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun.


-ja

-ja (genitive)
-jat (partitive)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jad (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jad (accusative nominative plural)
-ja (accusative genitive singular)
-jad (accusative genitive plural)
-ja (genitive singular)
-jate (genitive plural)
-jat (partitive singular)
-jaid (partitive plural)
-jasse (illative singular)
-jatesse (illative plural)
-jaisse (illative plural)
-jas (inessive singular)
-jates (inessive plural)
-jais (inessive plural)
-jast (elative singular)
-jatest (elative plural)
-jaist (elative plural)
-jale (allative singular)
-jatele (allative plural)
-jaile (allative plural)
-jal (adessive singular)
-jatel (adessive plural)
-jail (adessive plural)
-jalt (ablative singular)
-jatelt (ablative plural)
-jailt (ablative plural)
-jaks (singular translative)
-jateks (plural translative)
-jaiks (plural translative)
-jani (singular terminative)
-jateni (plural terminative)
-jana (essive singular)
-jatena (essive plural)
-jata (abessive singular)
-jateta (abessive plural)
-jaga (comitative singular)
-jatega (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.

-er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones


-ja

head

-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)

-jä (front-vowel)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jat (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jat (accusative nominative plural)
-jan (accusative genitive singular)
-jat (accusative genitive plural)
-jan (genitive singular)
-joiden (genitive plural)
-joitten (genitive plural)
-jain (genitive plural rare)
-jaa (partitive singular)
-joita (partitive plural)
-jassa (inessive singular)
-joissa (inessive plural)
-jasta (elative singular)
-joista (elative plural)
-jaan (illative singular)
-joihin (illative plural)
-jalla (adessive singular)
-joilla (adessive plural)
-jalta (ablative singular)
-joilta (ablative plural)
-jalle (allative singular)
-joille (allative plural)
-jana (essive singular)
-joina (essive plural)
-jaksi (singular translative)
-joiksi (plural translative)
-jatta (abessive singular)
-joitta (abessive plural)
-join (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jani (nominative singular)
-jani (nominative plural)
-jani (accusative nominative singular)
-jani (accusative nominative plural)
-jani (accusative genitive singular)
-jani (accusative genitive plural)
-jani (genitive singular)
-joideni (genitive plural)
-joitteni (genitive plural)
-jaini (genitive plural rare)
-jaani (partitive singular)
-joitani (partitive plural)
-jassani (inessive singular)
-joissani (inessive plural)
-jastani (elative singular)
-joistani (elative plural)
-jaani (illative singular)
-joihini (illative plural)
-jallani (adessive singular)
-joillani (adessive plural)
-jaltani (ablative singular)
-joiltani (ablative plural)
-jalleni (allative singular)
-joilleni (allative plural)
-janani (essive singular)
-joinani (essive plural)
-jakseni (singular translative)
-joikseni (plural translative)
-jattani (abessive singular)
-joittani (abessive plural)
-joineni (comitative plural)
-jasi (nominative singular)
-jasi (nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative nominative singular)
-jasi (accusative nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative genitive singular)
-jasi (accusative genitive plural)
-jasi (genitive singular)
-joidesi (genitive plural)
-joittesi (genitive plural)
-jaisi (genitive plural rare)
-jaasi (partitive singular)
-joitasi (partitive plural)
-jassasi (inessive singular)
-joissasi (inessive plural)
-jastasi (elative singular)
-joistasi (elative plural)
-jaasi (illative singular)
-joihisi (illative plural)
-jallasi (adessive singular)
-joillasi (adessive plural)
-jaltasi (ablative singular)
-joiltasi (ablative plural)
-jallesi (allative singular)
-joillesi (allative plural)
-janasi (essive singular)
-joinasi (essive plural)
-jaksesi (singular translative)
-joiksesi (plural translative)
-jattasi (abessive singular)
-joittasi (abessive plural)
-joinesi (comitative plural)
-jamme (nominative singular)
-jamme (nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative nominative singular)
-jamme (accusative nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative genitive singular)
-jamme (accusative genitive plural)
-jamme (genitive singular)
-joidemme (genitive plural)
-joittemme (genitive plural)
-jaimme (genitive plural rare)
-jaamme (partitive singular)
-joitamme (partitive plural)
-jassamme (inessive singular)
-joissamme (inessive plural)
-jastamme (elative singular)
-joistamme (elative plural)
-jaamme (illative singular)
-joihimme (illative plural)
-jallamme (adessive singular)
-joillamme (adessive plural)
-jaltamme (ablative singular)
-joiltamme (ablative plural)
-jallemme (allative singular)
-joillemme (allative plural)
-janamme (essive singular)
-joinamme (essive plural)
-jaksemme (singular translative)
-joiksemme (plural translative)
-jattamme (abessive singular)
-joittamme (abessive plural)
-joinemme (comitative plural)
-janne (nominative singular)
-janne (nominative plural)
-janne (accusative nominative singular)
-janne (accusative nominative plural)
-janne (accusative genitive singular)
-janne (accusative genitive plural)
-janne (genitive singular)
-joidenne (genitive plural)
-joittenne (genitive plural)
-jainne (genitive plural rare)
-jaanne (partitive singular)
-joitanne (partitive plural)
-jassanne (inessive singular)
-joissanne (inessive plural)
-jastanne (elative singular)
-joistanne (elative plural)
-jaanne (illative singular)
-joihinne (illative plural)
-jallanne (adessive singular)
-joillanne (adessive plural)
-jaltanne (ablative singular)
-joiltanne (ablative plural)
-jallenne (allative singular)
-joillenne (allative plural)
-jananne (essive singular)
-joinanne (essive plural)
-jaksenne (singular translative)
-joiksenne (plural translative)
-jattanne (abessive singular)
-joittanne (abessive plural)
-joinenne (comitative plural)
-jansa (nominative singular)
-jansa (nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative nominative singular)
-jansa (accusative nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative genitive singular)
-jansa (accusative genitive plural)
-jansa (genitive singular)
-joidensa (genitive plural)
-joittensa (genitive plural)
-jainsa (genitive plural rare)
-jaansa (partitive singular)
-joitaan (partitive plural)
-joitansa (partitive plural)
-jassaan (inessive singular)
-jassansa (inessive singular)
-joissaan (inessive plural)
-joissansa (inessive plural)
-jastaan (elative singular)
-jastansa (elative singular)
-joistaan (elative plural)
-joistansa (elative plural)
-jaansa (illative singular)
-joihinsa (illative plural)
-jallaan (adessive singular)
-jallansa (adessive singular)
-joillaan (adessive plural)
-joillansa (adessive plural)
-jaltaan (ablative singular)
-jaltansa (ablative singular)
-joiltaan (ablative plural)
-joiltansa (ablative plural)
-jalleen (allative singular)
-jallensa (allative singular)
-joilleen (allative plural)
-joillensa (allative plural)
-janaan (essive singular)
-janansa (essive singular)
-joinaan (essive plural)
-joinansa (essive plural)
-jakseen (singular translative)
-jaksensa (singular translative)
-joikseen (plural translative)
-joiksensa (plural translative)
-jattaan (abessive singular)
-jattansa (abessive singular)
-joittaan (abessive plural)
-joittansa (abessive plural)
-joineen (comitative plural)
-joinensa (comitative plural)
-ja (nominative singular)
-jat (nominative plural)
-ja (accusative nominative singular)
-jat (accusative nominative plural)
-jan (accusative genitive singular)
-jat (accusative genitive plural)
-jan (genitive singular)
-jien (genitive plural)
-jain (genitive plural rare)
-jaa (partitive singular)
-jia (partitive plural)
-jassa (inessive singular)
-jissa (inessive plural)
-jasta (elative singular)
-jista (elative plural)
-jaan (illative singular)
-jiin (illative plural)
-jalla (adessive singular)
-jilla (adessive plural)
-jalta (ablative singular)
-jilta (ablative plural)
-jalle (allative singular)
-jille (allative plural)
-jana (essive singular)
-jina (essive plural)
-jaksi (singular translative)
-jiksi (plural translative)
-jatta (abessive singular)
-jitta (abessive plural)
-jin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jani (nominative singular)
-jani (nominative plural)
-jani (accusative nominative singular)
-jani (accusative nominative plural)
-jani (accusative genitive singular)
-jani (accusative genitive plural)
-jani (genitive singular)
-jieni (genitive plural)
-jaini (genitive plural rare)
-jaani (partitive singular)
-jiani (partitive plural)
-jassani (inessive singular)
-jissani (inessive plural)
-jastani (elative singular)
-jistani (elative plural)
-jaani (illative singular)
-jiini (illative plural)
-jallani (adessive singular)
-jillani (adessive plural)
-jaltani (ablative singular)
-jiltani (ablative plural)
-jalleni (allative singular)
-jilleni (allative plural)
-janani (essive singular)
-jinani (essive plural)
-jakseni (singular translative)
-jikseni (plural translative)
-jattani (abessive singular)
-jittani (abessive plural)
-jineni (comitative plural)
-jasi (nominative singular)
-jasi (nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative nominative singular)
-jasi (accusative nominative plural)
-jasi (accusative genitive singular)
-jasi (accusative genitive plural)
-jasi (genitive singular)
-jiesi (genitive plural)
-jaisi (genitive plural rare)
-jaasi (partitive singular)
-jiasi (partitive plural)
-jassasi (inessive singular)
-jissasi (inessive plural)
-jastasi (elative singular)
-jistasi (elative plural)
-jaasi (illative singular)
-jiisi (illative plural)
-jallasi (adessive singular)
-jillasi (adessive plural)
-jaltasi (ablative singular)
-jiltasi (ablative plural)
-jallesi (allative singular)
-jillesi (allative plural)
-janasi (essive singular)
-jinasi (essive plural)
-jaksesi (singular translative)
-jiksesi (plural translative)
-jattasi (abessive singular)
-jittasi (abessive plural)
-jinesi (comitative plural)
-jamme (nominative singular)
-jamme (nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative nominative singular)
-jamme (accusative nominative plural)
-jamme (accusative genitive singular)
-jamme (accusative genitive plural)
-jamme (genitive singular)
-jiemme (genitive plural)
-jaimme (genitive plural rare)
-jaamme (partitive singular)
-jiamme (partitive plural)
-jassamme (inessive singular)
-jissamme (inessive plural)
-jastamme (elative singular)
-jistamme (elative plural)
-jaamme (illative singular)
-jiimme (illative plural)
-jallamme (adessive singular)
-jillamme (adessive plural)
-jaltamme (ablative singular)
-jiltamme (ablative plural)
-jallemme (allative singular)
-jillemme (allative plural)
-janamme (essive singular)
-jinamme (essive plural)
-jaksemme (singular translative)
-jiksemme (plural translative)
-jattamme (abessive singular)
-jittamme (abessive plural)
-jinemme (comitative plural)
-janne (nominative singular)
-janne (nominative plural)
-janne (accusative nominative singular)
-janne (accusative nominative plural)
-janne (accusative genitive singular)
-janne (accusative genitive plural)
-janne (genitive singular)
-jienne (genitive plural)
-jainne (genitive plural rare)
-jaanne (partitive singular)
-jianne (partitive plural)
-jassanne (inessive singular)
-jissanne (inessive plural)
-jastanne (elative singular)
-jistanne (elative plural)
-jaanne (illative singular)
-jiinne (illative plural)
-jallanne (adessive singular)
-jillanne (adessive plural)
-jaltanne (ablative singular)
-jiltanne (ablative plural)
-jallenne (allative singular)
-jillenne (allative plural)
-jananne (essive singular)
-jinanne (essive plural)
-jaksenne (singular translative)
-jiksenne (plural translative)
-jattanne (abessive singular)
-jittanne (abessive plural)
-jinenne (comitative plural)
-jansa (nominative singular)
-jansa (nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative nominative singular)
-jansa (accusative nominative plural)
-jansa (accusative genitive singular)
-jansa (accusative genitive plural)
-jansa (genitive singular)
-jiensa (genitive plural)
-jainsa (genitive plural rare)
-jaansa (partitive singular)
-jiaan (partitive plural)
-jiansa (partitive plural)
-jassaan (inessive singular)
-jassansa (inessive singular)
-jissaan (inessive plural)
-jissansa (inessive plural)
-jastaan (elative singular)
-jastansa (elative singular)
-jistaan (elative plural)
-jistansa (elative plural)
-jaansa (illative singular)
-jiinsa (illative plural)
-jallaan (adessive singular)
-jallansa (adessive singular)
-jillaan (adessive plural)
-jillansa (adessive plural)
-jaltaan (ablative singular)
-jaltansa (ablative singular)
-jiltaan (ablative plural)
-jiltansa (ablative plural)
-jalleen (allative singular)
-jallensa (allative singular)
-jilleen (allative plural)
-jillensa (allative plural)
-janaan (essive singular)
-janansa (essive singular)
-jinaan (essive plural)
-jinansa (essive plural)
-jakseen (singular translative)
-jaksensa (singular translative)
-jikseen (plural translative)
-jiksensa (plural translative)
-jattaan (abessive singular)
-jattansa (abessive singular)
-jittaan (abessive plural)
-jittansa (abessive plural)
-jineen (comitative plural)
-jinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).

inh

katsoa (“to watch”) + -ja → katsoja (“a watcher, spectator”)

tehdä (“to do”) + -ja → tekijä (“a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor”)

syyttää (“to blame”) + -ja → syyttäjä (“prosecutor”)

Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er


-ja

-Vja (nominative singular)
-Vjat (nominative plural)
-Vjan (genitive singular)
-Vjiin (genitive plural)
-Vjaa (partitive singular)
-Vjia (partitive plural)
-Vjaa (illative singular)
-Vjii (illative plural)
-Vjas (inessive singular)
-Vjis (inessive plural)
-Vjast (elative singular)
-Vjist (elative plural)
-Vjalle (allative singular)
-Vjille (allative plural)
-Vjal (adessive singular)
-Vjil (adessive plural)
-Vjalt (ablative singular)
-Vjilt (ablative plural)
-Vjaks (singular translative)
-Vjiks (plural translative)
-Vjanna (essive singular)
-Vjaan (essive singular)
-Vjinna (essive plural)
-Vjiin (essive plural)
-Vjant (exessive singular)
-Vjint (exessive plural)
-ija (nominative singular)
-ijat (nominative plural)
-ijan (genitive singular)
-ijoin (genitive plural)
-ijaa (partitive singular)
-ijoja (partitive plural)
-ijaa (illative singular)
-ijoihe (illative plural)
-ijaas (inessive singular)
-ijois (inessive plural)
-ijast (elative singular)
-ijoist (elative plural)
-ijalle (allative singular)
-ijoille (allative plural)
-ijaal (adessive singular)
-ijoil (adessive plural)
-ijalt (ablative singular)
-ijoilt (ablative plural)
-ijaks (singular translative)
-ijoiks (plural translative)
-ijanna (essive singular)
-ijaan (essive singular)
-ijoinna (essive plural)
-ijoin (essive plural)
-ijant (exessive singular)
-ijoint (exessive plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

kirjuttaa (“to write”) + -ja → kirjuttaja (“writer”)

Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er


-ja

-ja (nominative singular)
-ji (dual nominative)
-ję̇ (nominative plural)
-ję̇ (genitive singular)
-ju (dual genitive)
-jь (genitive plural)
-ji (dative singular)
-jama (dative dual)
-jamъ (dative plural)
-jǫ (accusative singular)
-ji (accusative dual)
-ję̇ (accusative plural)
-jejǫ (instrumental singular)
-jǫ (instrumental singular)
-jama (dual instrumental)
-jami (instrumental plural)
-ji (locative singular)
-ju (dual locative)
-jasъ (locative plural)
-jaxъ (locative plural)
-je (singular vocative)
-ji (dual vocative)
-ję̇ (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-jāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ia and -ja.

sěťi (“to cut, mow, chop”) → *sěča (“chopping, cutting”)

žędati (“to be thirsty”) → *žęďa (“thirst”)

pręsti (“to spin”) → *pręďa (“yarn”)

nomina instrumenti
nomen instrumenti#English

Suffix creating feminine action nouns, usually concretized in nomina instrumenti and nomina acti.

loviti → *lovľa

grabiti → *grabľa

gorditi → *gorďa

xoditi → *xoďa

suxъ (“dry”) → *suša (“drought”)

gǫstъ (“dense”) → *gǫšča (“thicket; slurry, sludge; something dense or densely arranged”)

mok- (“wet”) → *moča (“wetness”)

světъ (“light, brightness”) → *svěťa (“candle”)

koza (“goat”) → *koža (“skin, leather”)

duxъ (“spirit”) → *duša (“soul”)

tьstь (“father in law”) → *tьšča (“mother in law”)

gospodь (“lord, master”) → *gospoďa (“lady, mistress”)

zemь → *zemľa


-ja

Estonian: -ja

Finnish: -ja

Livonian: -ji

Karelian: -ja

Veps: -i

Võro: -ja, -j

Votic: -ja

From Proto-Uralic *-ja, which was originally a participle ending in Proto-Uralic. Related to Proto-Samic *-jē.


-jä

-jä (nominative singular)
-jät (nominative plural)
-jä (accusative nominative singular)
-jät (accusative nominative plural)
-jän (accusative genitive singular)
-jät (accusative genitive plural)
-jän (genitive singular)
-jien (genitive plural)
-jäin (genitive plural rare)
-jää (partitive singular)
-jiä (partitive plural)
-jässä (inessive singular)
-jissä (inessive plural)
-jästä (elative singular)
-jistä (elative plural)
-jään (illative singular)
-jiin (illative plural)
-jällä (adessive singular)
-jillä (adessive plural)
-jältä (ablative singular)
-jiltä (ablative plural)
-jälle (allative singular)
-jille (allative plural)
-jänä (essive singular)
-jinä (essive plural)
-jäksi (singular translative)
-jiksi (plural translative)
-jättä (abessive singular)
-jittä (abessive plural)
-jin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jäni (nominative singular)
-jäni (nominative plural)
-jäni (accusative nominative singular)
-jäni (accusative nominative plural)
-jäni (accusative genitive singular)
-jäni (accusative genitive plural)
-jäni (genitive singular)
-jieni (genitive plural)
-jäini (genitive plural rare)
-jääni (partitive singular)
-jiäni (partitive plural)
-jässäni (inessive singular)
-jissäni (inessive plural)
-jästäni (elative singular)
-jistäni (elative plural)
-jääni (illative singular)
-jiini (illative plural)
-jälläni (adessive singular)
-jilläni (adessive plural)
-jältäni (ablative singular)
-jiltäni (ablative plural)
-jälleni (allative singular)
-jilleni (allative plural)
-jänäni (essive singular)
-jinäni (essive plural)
-jäkseni (singular translative)
-jikseni (plural translative)
-jättäni (abessive singular)
-jittäni (abessive plural)
-jineni (comitative plural)
-jäsi (nominative singular)
-jäsi (nominative plural)
-jäsi (accusative nominative singular)
-jäsi (accusative nominative plural)
-jäsi (accusative genitive singular)
-jäsi (accusative genitive plural)
-jäsi (genitive singular)
-jiesi (genitive plural)
-jäisi (genitive plural rare)
-jääsi (partitive singular)
-jiäsi (partitive plural)
-jässäsi (inessive singular)
-jissäsi (inessive plural)
-jästäsi (elative singular)
-jistäsi (elative plural)
-jääsi (illative singular)
-jiisi (illative plural)
-jälläsi (adessive singular)
-jilläsi (adessive plural)
-jältäsi (ablative singular)
-jiltäsi (ablative plural)
-jällesi (allative singular)
-jillesi (allative plural)
-jänäsi (essive singular)
-jinäsi (essive plural)
-jäksesi (singular translative)
-jiksesi (plural translative)
-jättäsi (abessive singular)
-jittäsi (abessive plural)
-jinesi (comitative plural)
-jämme (nominative singular)
-jämme (nominative plural)
-jämme (accusative nominative singular)
-jämme (accusative nominative plural)
-jämme (accusative genitive singular)
-jämme (accusative genitive plural)
-jämme (genitive singular)
-jiemme (genitive plural)
-jäimme (genitive plural rare)
-jäämme (partitive singular)
-jiämme (partitive plural)
-jässämme (inessive singular)
-jissämme (inessive plural)
-jästämme (elative singular)
-jistämme (elative plural)
-jäämme (illative singular)
-jiimme (illative plural)
-jällämme (adessive singular)
-jillämme (adessive plural)
-jältämme (ablative singular)
-jiltämme (ablative plural)
-jällemme (allative singular)
-jillemme (allative plural)
-jänämme (essive singular)
-jinämme (essive plural)
-jäksemme (singular translative)
-jiksemme (plural translative)
-jättämme (abessive singular)
-jittämme (abessive plural)
-jinemme (comitative plural)
-jänne (nominative singular)
-jänne (nominative plural)
-jänne (accusative nominative singular)
-jänne (accusative nominative plural)
-jänne (accusative genitive singular)
-jänne (accusative genitive plural)
-jänne (genitive singular)
-jienne (genitive plural)
-jäinne (genitive plural rare)
-jäänne (partitive singular)
-jiänne (partitive plural)
-jässänne (inessive singular)
-jissänne (inessive plural)
-jästänne (elative singular)
-jistänne (elative plural)
-jäänne (illative singular)
-jiinne (illative plural)
-jällänne (adessive singular)
-jillänne (adessive plural)
-jältänne (ablative singular)
-jiltänne (ablative plural)
-jällenne (allative singular)
-jillenne (allative plural)
-jänänne (essive singular)
-jinänne (essive plural)
-jäksenne (singular translative)
-jiksenne (plural translative)
-jättänne (abessive singular)
-jittänne (abessive plural)
-jinenne (comitative plural)
-jänsä (nominative singular)
-jänsä (nominative plural)
-jänsä (accusative nominative singular)
-jänsä (accusative nominative plural)
-jänsä (accusative genitive singular)
-jänsä (accusative genitive plural)
-jänsä (genitive singular)
-jiensä (genitive plural)
-jäinsä (genitive plural rare)
-jäänsä (partitive singular)
-jiään (partitive plural)
-jiänsä (partitive plural)
-jässään (inessive singular)
-jässänsä (inessive singular)
-jissään (inessive plural)
-jissänsä (inessive plural)
-jästään (elative singular)
-jästänsä (elative singular)
-jistään (elative plural)
-jistänsä (elative plural)
-jäänsä (illative singular)
-jiinsä (illative plural)
-jällään (adessive singular)
-jällänsä (adessive singular)
-jillään (adessive plural)
-jillänsä (adessive plural)
-jältään (ablative singular)
-jältänsä (ablative singular)
-jiltään (ablative plural)
-jiltänsä (ablative plural)
-jälleen (allative singular)
-jällensä (allative singular)
-jilleen (allative plural)
-jillensä (allative plural)
-jänään (essive singular)
-jänänsä (essive singular)
-jinään (essive plural)
-jinänsä (essive plural)
-jäkseen (singular translative)
-jäksensä (singular translative)
-jikseen (plural translative)
-jiksensä (plural translative)
-jättään (abessive singular)
-jättänsä (abessive singular)
-jittään (abessive plural)
-jittänsä (abessive plural)
-jineen (comitative plural)
-jinensä (comitative plural)
-jä (nominative singular)
-jät (nominative plural)
-jä (accusative nominative singular)
-jät (accusative nominative plural)
-jän (accusative genitive singular)
-jät (accusative genitive plural)
-jän (genitive singular)
-jöiden (genitive plural)
-jöitten (genitive plural)
-jäin (genitive plural rare)
-jää (partitive singular)
-jöitä (partitive plural)
-jässä (inessive singular)
-jöissä (inessive plural)
-jästä (elative singular)
-jöistä (elative plural)
-jään (illative singular)
-jöihin (illative plural)
-jällä (adessive singular)
-jöillä (adessive plural)
-jältä (ablative singular)
-jöiltä (ablative plural)
-jälle (allative singular)
-jöille (allative plural)
-jänä (essive singular)
-jöinä (essive plural)
-jäksi (singular translative)
-jöiksi (plural translative)
-jättä (abessive singular)
-jöittä (abessive plural)
-jöin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-jäni (nominative singular)
-jäni (nominative plural)
-jäni (accusative nominative singular)
-jäni (accusative nominative plural)
-jäni (accusative genitive singular)
-jäni (accusative genitive plural)
-jäni (genitive singular)
-jöideni (genitive plural)
-jöitteni (genitive plural)
-jäini (genitive plural rare)
-jääni (partitive singular)
-jöitäni (partitive plural)
-jässäni (inessive singular)
-jöissäni (inessive plural)
-jästäni (elative singular)
-jöistäni (elative plural)
-jääni (illative singular)
-jöihini (illative plural)
-jälläni (adessive singular)
-jöilläni (adessive plural)
-jältäni (ablative singular)
-jöiltäni (ablative plural)
-jälleni (allative singular)
-jöilleni (allative plural)
-jänäni (essive singular)
-jöinäni (essive plural)
-jäkseni (singular translative)
-jöikseni (plural translative)
-jättäni (abessive singular)
-jöittäni (abessive plural)
-jöineni (comitative plural)
-jäsi (nominative singular)
-jäsi (nominative plural)
-jäsi (accusative nominative singular)
-jäsi (accusative nominative plural)
-jäsi (accusative genitive singular)
-jäsi (accusative genitive plural)
-jäsi (genitive singular)
-jöidesi (genitive plural)
-jöittesi (genitive plural)
-jäisi (genitive plural rare)
-jääsi (partitive singular)
-jöitäsi (partitive plural)
-jässäsi (inessive singular)
-jöissäsi (inessive plural)
-jästäsi (elative singular)
-jöistäsi (elative plural)
-jääsi (illative singular)
-jöihisi (illative plural)
-jälläsi (adessive singular)
-jöilläsi (adessive plural)
-jältäsi (ablative singular)
-jöiltäsi (ablative plural)
-jällesi (allative singular)
-jöillesi (allative plural)
-jänäsi (essive singular)
-jöinäsi (essive plural)
-jäksesi (singular translative)
-jöiksesi (plural translative)
-jättäsi (abessive singular)
-jöittäsi (abessive plural)
-jöinesi (comitative plural)
-jämme (nominative singular)
-jämme (nominative plural)
-jämme (accusative nominative singular)
-jämme (accusative nominative plural)
-jämme (accusative genitive singular)
-jämme (accusative genitive plural)
-jämme (genitive singular)
-jöidemme (genitive plural)
-jöittemme (genitive plural)
-jäimme (genitive plural rare)
-jäämme (partitive singular)
-jöitämme (partitive plural)
-jässämme (inessive singular)
-jöissämme (inessive plural)
-jästämme (elative singular)
-jöistämme (elative plural)
-jäämme (illative singular)
-jöihimme (illative plural)
-jällämme (adessive singular)
-jöillämme (adessive plural)
-jältämme (ablative singular)
-jöiltämme (ablative plural)
-jällemme (allative singular)
-jöillemme (allative plural)
-jänämme (essive singular)
-jöinämme (essive plural)
-jäksemme (singular translative)
-jöiksemme (plural translative)
-jättämme (abessive singular)
-jöittämme (abessive plural)
-jöinemme (comitative plural)
-jänne (nominative singular)
-jänne (nominative plural)
-jänne (accusative nominative singular)
-jänne (accusative nominative plural)
-jänne (accusative genitive singular)
-jänne (accusative genitive plural)
-jänne (genitive singular)
-jöidenne (genitive plural)
-jöittenne (genitive plural)
-jäinne (genitive plural rare)
-jäänne (partitive singular)
-jöitänne (partitive plural)
-jässänne (inessive singular)
-jöissänne (inessive plural)
-jästänne (elative singular)
-jöistänne (elative plural)
-jäänne (illative singular)
-jöihinne (illative plural)
-jällänne (adessive singular)
-jöillänne (adessive plural)
-jältänne (ablative singular)
-jöiltänne (ablative plural)
-jällenne (allative singular)
-jöillenne (allative plural)
-jänänne (essive singular)
-jöinänne (essive plural)
-jäksenne (singular translative)
-jöiksenne (plural translative)
-jättänne (abessive singular)
-jöittänne (abessive plural)
-jöinenne (comitative plural)
-jänsä (nominative singular)
-jänsä (nominative plural)
-jänsä (accusative nominative singular)
-jänsä (accusative nominative plural)
-jänsä (accusative genitive singular)
-jänsä (accusative genitive plural)
-jänsä (genitive singular)
-jöidensä (genitive plural)
-jöittensä (genitive plural)
-jäinsä (genitive plural rare)
-jäänsä (partitive singular)
-jöitään (partitive plural)
-jöitänsä (partitive plural)
-jässään (inessive singular)
-jässänsä (inessive singular)
-jöissään (inessive plural)
-jöissänsä (inessive plural)
-jästään (elative singular)
-jästänsä (elative singular)
-jöistään (elative plural)
-jöistänsä (elative plural)
-jäänsä (illative singular)
-jöihinsä (illative plural)
-jällään (adessive singular)
-jällänsä (adessive singular)
-jöillään (adessive plural)
-jöillänsä (adessive plural)
-jältään (ablative singular)
-jältänsä (ablative singular)
-jöiltään (ablative plural)
-jöiltänsä (ablative plural)
-jälleen (allative singular)
-jällensä (allative singular)
-jöilleen (allative plural)
-jöillensä (allative plural)
-jänään (essive singular)
-jänänsä (essive singular)
-jöinään (essive plural)
-jöinänsä (essive plural)
-jäkseen (singular translative)
-jäksensä (singular translative)
-jöikseen (plural translative)
-jöiksensä (plural translative)
-jättään (abessive singular)
-jättänsä (abessive singular)
-jöittään (abessive plural)
-jöittänsä (abessive plural)
-jöineen (comitative plural)
-jöinensä (comitative plural)


-jä

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-ksi

From Proto-Finnic *-ksi, from Proto-Uralic *-kse. Related to Erzya -кс (-ks, translative suffix) and Moksha -кс (-ks, translative suffix).

hakata ananas murskaksi

translative case
translative case#English


-lainen

head

-lainen (front vowel harmony variant -läinen, linguistic notation -lAinen)

-läinen (front-vowel)
-lainen (nominative singular)
-laiset (nominative plural)
-lainen (accusative nominative singular)
-laiset (accusative nominative plural)
-laisen (accusative genitive singular)
-laiset (accusative genitive plural)
-laisen (genitive singular)
-laisten (genitive plural)
-laisien (genitive plural)
-laista (partitive singular)
-laisia (partitive plural)
-laisessa (inessive singular)
-laisissa (inessive plural)
-laisesta (elative singular)
-laisista (elative plural)
-laiseen (illative singular)
-laisiin (illative plural)
-laisella (adessive singular)
-laisilla (adessive plural)
-laiselta (ablative singular)
-laisilta (ablative plural)
-laiselle (allative singular)
-laisille (allative plural)
-laisena (essive singular)
-laisina (essive plural)
-laiseksi (singular translative)
-laisiksi (plural translative)
-laisetta (abessive singular)
-laisitta (abessive plural)
-laisin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-laiseni (nominative singular)
-laiseni (nominative plural)
-laiseni (accusative nominative singular)
-laiseni (accusative nominative plural)
-laiseni (accusative genitive singular)
-laiseni (accusative genitive plural)
-laiseni (genitive singular)
-laisteni (genitive plural)
-laisieni (genitive plural)
-laistani (partitive singular)
-laisiani (partitive plural)
-laisessani (inessive singular)
-laisissani (inessive plural)
-laisestani (elative singular)
-laisistani (elative plural)
-laiseeni (illative singular)
-laisiini (illative plural)
-laisellani (adessive singular)
-laisillani (adessive plural)
-laiseltani (ablative singular)
-laisiltani (ablative plural)
-laiselleni (allative singular)
-laisilleni (allative plural)
-laisenani (essive singular)
-laisinani (essive plural)
-laisekseni (singular translative)
-laisikseni (plural translative)
-laisettani (abessive singular)
-laisittani (abessive plural)
-laisineni (comitative plural)
-laisesi (nominative singular)
-laisesi (nominative plural)
-laisesi (accusative nominative singular)
-laisesi (accusative nominative plural)
-laisesi (accusative genitive singular)
-laisesi (accusative genitive plural)
-laisesi (genitive singular)
-laistesi (genitive plural)
-laisiesi (genitive plural)
-laistasi (partitive singular)
-laisiasi (partitive plural)
-laisessasi (inessive singular)
-laisissasi (inessive plural)
-laisestasi (elative singular)
-laisistasi (elative plural)
-laiseesi (illative singular)
-laisiisi (illative plural)
-laisellasi (adessive singular)
-laisillasi (adessive plural)
-laiseltasi (ablative singular)
-laisiltasi (ablative plural)
-laisellesi (allative singular)
-laisillesi (allative plural)
-laisenasi (essive singular)
-laisinasi (essive plural)
-laiseksesi (singular translative)
-laisiksesi (plural translative)
-laisettasi (abessive singular)
-laisittasi (abessive plural)
-laisinesi (comitative plural)
-laisemme (nominative singular)
-laisemme (nominative plural)
-laisemme (accusative nominative singular)
-laisemme (accusative nominative plural)
-laisemme (accusative genitive singular)
-laisemme (accusative genitive plural)
-laisemme (genitive singular)
-laistemme (genitive plural)
-laisiemme (genitive plural)
-laistamme (partitive singular)
-laisiamme (partitive plural)
-laisessamme (inessive singular)
-laisissamme (inessive plural)
-laisestamme (elative singular)
-laisistamme (elative plural)
-laiseemme (illative singular)
-laisiimme (illative plural)
-laisellamme (adessive singular)
-laisillamme (adessive plural)
-laiseltamme (ablative singular)
-laisiltamme (ablative plural)
-laisellemme (allative singular)
-laisillemme (allative plural)
-laisenamme (essive singular)
-laisinamme (essive plural)
-laiseksemme (singular translative)
-laisiksemme (plural translative)
-laisettamme (abessive singular)
-laisittamme (abessive plural)
-laisinemme (comitative plural)
-laisenne (nominative singular)
-laisenne (nominative plural)
-laisenne (accusative nominative singular)
-laisenne (accusative nominative plural)
-laisenne (accusative genitive singular)
-laisenne (accusative genitive plural)
-laisenne (genitive singular)
-laistenne (genitive plural)
-laisienne (genitive plural)
-laistanne (partitive singular)
-laisianne (partitive plural)
-laisessanne (inessive singular)
-laisissanne (inessive plural)
-laisestanne (elative singular)
-laisistanne (elative plural)
-laiseenne (illative singular)
-laisiinne (illative plural)
-laisellanne (adessive singular)
-laisillanne (adessive plural)
-laiseltanne (ablative singular)
-laisiltanne (ablative plural)
-laisellenne (allative singular)
-laisillenne (allative plural)
-laisenanne (essive singular)
-laisinanne (essive plural)
-laiseksenne (singular translative)
-laisiksenne (plural translative)
-laisettanne (abessive singular)
-laisittanne (abessive plural)
-laisinenne (comitative plural)
-laisensa (nominative singular)
-laisensa (nominative plural)
-laisensa (accusative nominative singular)
-laisensa (accusative nominative plural)
-laisensa (accusative genitive singular)
-laisensa (accusative genitive plural)
-laisensa (genitive singular)
-laistensa (genitive plural)
-laisiensa (genitive plural)
-laistaan (partitive singular)
-laistansa (partitive singular)
-laisiaan (partitive plural)
-laisiansa (partitive plural)
-laisessaan (inessive singular)
-laisessansa (inessive singular)
-laisissaan (inessive plural)
-laisissansa (inessive plural)
-laisestaan (elative singular)
-laisestansa (elative singular)
-laisistaan (elative plural)
-laisistansa (elative plural)
-laiseensa (illative singular)
-laisiinsa (illative plural)
-laisellaan (adessive singular)
-laisellansa (adessive singular)
-laisillaan (adessive plural)
-laisillansa (adessive plural)
-laiseltaan (ablative singular)
-laiseltansa (ablative singular)
-laisiltaan (ablative plural)
-laisiltansa (ablative plural)
-laiselleen (allative singular)
-laisellensa (allative singular)
-laisilleen (allative plural)
-laisillensa (allative plural)
-laisenaan (essive singular)
-laisenansa (essive singular)
-laisinaan (essive plural)
-laisinansa (essive plural)
-laisekseen (singular translative)
-laiseksensa (singular translative)
-laisikseen (plural translative)
-laisiksensa (plural translative)
-laisettaan (abessive singular)
-laisettansa (abessive singular)
-laisittaan (abessive plural)
-laisittansa (abessive plural)
-laisineen (comitative plural)
-laisinensa (comitative plural)
-lainen (nominative singular)
-laiset (nominative plural)
-lainen (accusative nominative singular)
-laiset (accusative nominative plural)
-laisen (accusative genitive singular)
-laiset (accusative genitive plural)
-laisen (genitive singular)
-laisten (genitive plural)
-laisien (genitive plural)
-laista (partitive singular)
-laisia (partitive plural)
-laisessa (inessive singular)
-laisissa (inessive plural)
-laisesta (elative singular)
-laisista (elative plural)
-laiseen (illative singular)
-laisiin (illative plural)
-laisella (adessive singular)
-laisilla (adessive plural)
-laiselta (ablative singular)
-laisilta (ablative plural)
-laiselle (allative singular)
-laisille (allative plural)
-laisena (essive singular)
-laisina (essive plural)
-laiseksi (singular translative)
-laisiksi (plural translative)
-laisetta (abessive singular)
-laisitta (abessive plural)
-laisin (instructive plural)
-laisine (comitative plural)
-laiseni (nominative singular)
-laiseni (nominative plural)
-laiseni (accusative nominative singular)
-laiseni (accusative nominative plural)
-laiseni (accusative genitive singular)
-laiseni (accusative genitive plural)
-laiseni (genitive singular)
-laisteni (genitive plural)
-laisieni (genitive plural)
-laistani (partitive singular)
-laisiani (partitive plural)
-laisessani (inessive singular)
-laisissani (inessive plural)
-laisestani (elative singular)
-laisistani (elative plural)
-laiseeni (illative singular)
-laisiini (illative plural)
-laisellani (adessive singular)
-laisillani (adessive plural)
-laiseltani (ablative singular)
-laisiltani (ablative plural)
-laiselleni (allative singular)
-laisilleni (allative plural)
-laisenani (essive singular)
-laisinani (essive plural)
-laisekseni (singular translative)
-laisikseni (plural translative)
-laisettani (abessive singular)
-laisittani (abessive plural)
-laisineni (comitative plural)
-laisesi (nominative singular)
-laisesi (nominative plural)
-laisesi (accusative nominative singular)
-laisesi (accusative nominative plural)
-laisesi (accusative genitive singular)
-laisesi (accusative genitive plural)
-laisesi (genitive singular)
-laistesi (genitive plural)
-laisiesi (genitive plural)
-laistasi (partitive singular)
-laisiasi (partitive plural)
-laisessasi (inessive singular)
-laisissasi (inessive plural)
-laisestasi (elative singular)
-laisistasi (elative plural)
-laiseesi (illative singular)
-laisiisi (illative plural)
-laisellasi (adessive singular)
-laisillasi (adessive plural)
-laiseltasi (ablative singular)
-laisiltasi (ablative plural)
-laisellesi (allative singular)
-laisillesi (allative plural)
-laisenasi (essive singular)
-laisinasi (essive plural)
-laiseksesi (singular translative)
-laisiksesi (plural translative)
-laisettasi (abessive singular)
-laisittasi (abessive plural)
-laisinesi (comitative plural)
-laisemme (nominative singular)
-laisemme (nominative plural)
-laisemme (accusative nominative singular)
-laisemme (accusative nominative plural)
-laisemme (accusative genitive singular)
-laisemme (accusative genitive plural)
-laisemme (genitive singular)
-laistemme (genitive plural)
-laisiemme (genitive plural)
-laistamme (partitive singular)
-laisiamme (partitive plural)
-laisessamme (inessive singular)
-laisissamme (inessive plural)
-laisestamme (elative singular)
-laisistamme (elative plural)
-laiseemme (illative singular)
-laisiimme (illative plural)
-laisellamme (adessive singular)
-laisillamme (adessive plural)
-laiseltamme (ablative singular)
-laisiltamme (ablative plural)
-laisellemme (allative singular)
-laisillemme (allative plural)
-laisenamme (essive singular)
-laisinamme (essive plural)
-laiseksemme (singular translative)
-laisiksemme (plural translative)
-laisettamme (abessive singular)
-laisittamme (abessive plural)
-laisinemme (comitative plural)
-laisenne (nominative singular)
-laisenne (nominative plural)
-laisenne (accusative nominative singular)
-laisenne (accusative nominative plural)
-laisenne (accusative genitive singular)
-laisenne (accusative genitive plural)
-laisenne (genitive singular)
-laistenne (genitive plural)
-laisienne (genitive plural)
-laistanne (partitive singular)
-laisianne (partitive plural)
-laisessanne (inessive singular)
-laisissanne (inessive plural)
-laisestanne (elative singular)
-laisistanne (elative plural)
-laiseenne (illative singular)
-laisiinne (illative plural)
-laisellanne (adessive singular)
-laisillanne (adessive plural)
-laiseltanne (ablative singular)
-laisiltanne (ablative plural)
-laisellenne (allative singular)
-laisillenne (allative plural)
-laisenanne (essive singular)
-laisinanne (essive plural)
-laiseksenne (singular translative)
-laisiksenne (plural translative)
-laisettanne (abessive singular)
-laisittanne (abessive plural)
-laisinenne (comitative plural)
-laisensa (nominative singular)
-laisensa (nominative plural)
-laisensa (accusative nominative singular)
-laisensa (accusative nominative plural)
-laisensa (accusative genitive singular)
-laisensa (accusative genitive plural)
-laisensa (genitive singular)
-laistensa (genitive plural)
-laisiensa (genitive plural)
-laistaan (partitive singular)
-laistansa (partitive singular)
-laisiaan (partitive plural)
-laisiansa (partitive plural)
-laisessaan (inessive singular)
-laisessansa (inessive singular)
-laisissaan (inessive plural)
-laisissansa (inessive plural)
-laisestaan (elative singular)
-laisestansa (elative singular)
-laisistaan (elative plural)
-laisistansa (elative plural)
-laiseensa (illative singular)
-laisiinsa (illative plural)
-laisellaan (adessive singular)
-laisellansa (adessive singular)
-laisillaan (adessive plural)
-laisillansa (adessive plural)
-laiseltaan (ablative singular)
-laiseltansa (ablative singular)
-laisiltaan (ablative plural)
-laisiltansa (ablative plural)
-laiselleen (allative singular)
-laisellensa (allative singular)
-laisilleen (allative plural)
-laisillensa (allative plural)
-laisenaan (essive singular)
-laisenansa (essive singular)
-laisinaan (essive plural)
-laisinansa (essive plural)
-laisekseen (singular translative)
-laiseksensa (singular translative)
-laisikseen (plural translative)
-laisiksensa (plural translative)
-laisettaan (abessive singular)
-laisettansa (abessive singular)
-laisittaan (abessive plural)
-laisittansa (abessive plural)
-laisineen (comitative plural)
-laisinensa (comitative plural)

From Proto-Finnic *-lainën; equivalent to -la (toponym suffix) + -inen. Cognate with Estonian -lane, Veps -laine.
Attested since at least the Bible translation of 1548, which uses it in Mark 7.26 (Grekilainen) and Luke 4.27 (Syrialainen), among other places.

Viro (“Estonia”) + -lainen → virolainen (“Estonian”)

Savo (“Savonia”) + -lainen → savolainen (“Savonian”)

Combined with a place name, forms the noun for the inhabitant of a place; or an adjective meaning "of or relating to (the place)".


-si

Inherited from Old Czech -si, from Proto-Slavic *si. Cognate with Slovak -si.

indicates that something is indefinite or uncertain


-si

From -s (adjective-forming suffix) + -i (adjective-forming suffix).

af

falu (“village”) + -si → falusi (“rural”)

(adjective-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form an adjective expressing “belonging somewhere, originating from, coming from”.


-si

From Dutch -tie, from Latin -tiō. Cognate to Afrikaans -sie.


-en

From Middle High German -en, a merger of various terminations in Old High German reflecting different conjugational patterns, namely -an, -ōn, -en (-ien), and -nen, from Proto-Germanic *-aną, *-ōną, *-janą, *-āną, and *-naną.

-n

after -er, -el; in sein, tun, and some dated/poetic/colloquial forms such as gehn, stehn

-'n

alternatively in the dated/poetic/colloquial forms

wir kommen

sie kommen

A suffix indicating the 1st and 3rd person plural forms (except the present indicative sind of sein).


-en

head

-en (Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling -ن, Indonesian Jawi spelling -ين)

* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
** From English -ent, from Middle English -ent, also -ant, -aunt, etc., from Old French -ent and its source Latin -ēns (accusative singular -entem), suffix of present participles of verbs in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugations.
* (Indonesia)
** From Dutch -ent.

residen

presiden

insiden


-en

-en (nominative singular)
-enu (genitive singular)
-enowi (dative singular)
-en (accusative singular)
-enem (instrumental singular)
-enie (locative singular)
-enie (singular vocative)

Derived from Ancient Greek -ηνός (-ēnós).

der+

acetyl + -en → acetylen


-en

Suffix appended to words to create an adjective.


-on

-on (nominative singular)
-ony (nominative plural)
-onu (genitive singular)
-ona (genitive singular)
-onów (genitive plural)
-onowi (dative singular)
-onom (dative plural)
-on (accusative singular)
-ony (accusative plural)
-onem (instrumental singular)
-onami (instrumental plural)
-onie (locative singular)
-onach (locative plural)
-onie (singular vocative)
-ony (plural vocative)
-on (nominative singular)
-oni (nominative plural)
-ony (derogatory nominative plural)
-ona (genitive singular)
-onów (genitive plural)
-onowi (dative singular)
-onom (dative plural)
-ona (accusative singular)
-onów (accusative plural)
-onem (instrumental singular)
-onami (instrumental plural)
-onie (locative singular)
-onach (locative plural)
-onie (singular vocative)
-oni (plural vocative)

kuć + -on → kujon


-un

is-noun

-un f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -unar, no plural)

-unar (genitive singular)
-un (indefinite nominative singular)
-unin (definite nominative singular)
-un (accusative indefinite singular)
-unina (accusative definite singular)
-un (dative indefinite singular)
-uninni (dative definite singular)
-unar (genitive indefinite singular)
-unarinnar (definite genitive singular)

U-mutated variant of -an, from Old Norse -an, from Proto-Germanic *-ōniz.

þróa (“to develop”) + -un → þróun (“development”)

hafna (“to reject”) + -un → höfnun (“rejection”)

forms nouns from verbs (generally class 4 weak verbs) denoting the action or state described by the verb


-un

non-decl-blank-full

-un

-un (indefinite nominative singular)
-unin (definite nominative singular)
-anir (indefinite nominative plural)
-anirnar (definite nominative plural)
-un (accusative indefinite singular)
-unina (accusative definite singular)
-anir (accusative indefinite plural)
-anirnar (accusative definite plural)
-un (dative indefinite singular)
-uninni (dative definite singular)
-unum (dative indefinite plural)
-ununum (dative definite plural)
-anar (genitive indefinite singular)
-anarinnar (definite genitive singular)
-ana (genitive indefinite plural)
-ananna (definite genitive plural)

Variant of -an f, from Proto-Germanic *-ōniz. Unlike "-an", "-un" is affected by u-umlaut in the nominative, accusative and dative singular forms.

(deverbative suffix) Used to derive nouns from class 2 weak verbs.


-un

bieg + -un → biegun


-än

used as the suffix for a country, land (in its multiple senses), notional land, state, kingdom, empire, province or region


-graph

From Ancient Greek suffix -γράφος (-gráphos, “that writes, describes”), from γράφω (gráphō, “to scratch, to scrape, to graze”), whence also -graphy.

photograph


-graph

LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--graph.wav

Originally in borrowings from Latin terms ending in -graphus such as Geograph from geōgraphus


paucal

From Latin paucālis (“few, little”), from paucus, plural paucī (“few, little, a few, the select few, the oligarchs”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w- (“few, little”), + Latin adjective suffix -ālis.

der

(grammar) A language form referring to a few of something (three to around ten), as a small group of people; contrast singular, dual, trial, and plural.


-abilis

-ābilis (canonical)
-ābile (neuter)
-ābilis (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ābile (neuter nominative singular)
-ābilēs (feminine masculine nominative singular)
-ābilia (neuter nominative plural)
-ābilis (feminine genitive masculine neuter singular)
-ābilium (feminine genitive masculine neuter)
-ābilī (dative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ābilibus (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-ābilem (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ābile (accusative neuter singular)
-ābilēs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ābilīs (accusative feminine masculine singular)
-ābilia (accusative neuter plural)
-ābilī (ablative feminine masculine neuter singular)
-ābilibus (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-ābilis (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ābile (neuter singular vocative)
-ābilēs (feminine masculine singular vocative)
-ābilia (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: -able

English: -able

French: -able

Galician: -ábel, -able

Interlingua: -abile

Italian: -abile, -evole

Norwegian Bokmål: -abel

Portuguese: -ável

Romanian: -bil

desc

комфортабельный

Russian: читабельный (čitabelʹnyj), комфортабельный (komfortabelʹnyj)

Sicilian: -àbbili

Spanish: -able

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -abilis
By rebracketing of words such as amābilis (which comes from amāre, amō), where -ā- is part of the stem of a first conjugation verb. The word habilis (“proper, apt”) is sometimes incorrectly stated as being the origin of the suffix, but instead came from earlier *habibilis, from habeō + -ibilis, and was reduced by haplology.

etymon

exitium + -abilis → exitiābilis

ratiō + -abilis → ratiōnābilis

amīcus + -abilis → amīcābilis

capiō + -abilis → capābilis

perniciēs + -abilis → perniciābilis


-o

Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.


-o

-ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)


-o

barzy + -o → barzo


-o

primjeran + -o → primjerno

naporan + -o → naporno

budan + -o → budno


eddy

From Middle English eddy, from Old English edēa, from ed- (“turning, back, reverse”) + ēa (“water”), equivalent to ed- + ea. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁é, and, consequently, cognate with Latin et. Related also to Danish ide (“eddy”), Swedish eda (“eddy”), Norwegian ida, ia, ea (“eddy”), Icelandic iða (“eddy”).

In the bow old Dobbs fought the stream cunningly, twisting the nose into eddies and backwaters, taking advantage when he could of set of current, and when he could not, paddling doggedly, not so powerfully, perhaps, as his partner, but with equal steadiness.

1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:

A current of air or water running back, or in an opposite direction to the main current.

warrelstrome

air or water running in an opposite direction to the main current


acrophobia

en-noun

acrophobia (countable and uncountable, plural acrophobias)

You know, being elevated to the position of Chairman has given me rather a bad attack of acrophobia.

1888, Association of American Railroads Accounting Division, Association of American Railroads, Accounting Division, Report of the Railway Accounting Officers:

But it's no place for anyone with acrophobia, what with its myriad drop-offs and switchbacks.

1956, Information Access Company, ProQuest Direct, Road and Track:

You know, acrophobia? I get nervous just standing this close to the edge.

Acrophobia describes an intense fear of heights that can cause significant anxiety and panic.

2019 March 27, Understanding Acrophobia, or Fear of Heights:

The definition of acrophobia is, simply put, a phobia of heights.

2019 September 12, Rosemary Black, Acrophobia (The Fear of Heights): Are You Acrophobic?:

Acrophobia is a persistent and intense fear of heights. People with acrophobia will experience panic and sudden anxiety in a variety of situations involving heights.

2021 March 3, Sarah Bence, Steven Gans, MD (medical reviewer), What Is Acrophobia?:

Acrophobia is an intense fear of heights. If a person has acrophobia, being high up or thinking about heights may cause them to have a panic attack.

2020 July 27, What to know about acrophobia:

phobia or strong fear of being high above ground level

höjdskräck

possibly less severe/pathological, like "fear of heights"


mid-

a mid-shoulder stretch


patrimony

First attested in 1513. From earlier patrimoyne, from patremoyne, from Middle French patrimoine/patremoine, semi-learned borrowing from Latin patrimōnium, from pater (“father”) + -mōnium (“state, condition”). By surface analysis, patri- + -mony. Compare matrimony.

A right or estate inherited from one's father; or, in a larger sense, from any male ancestor.


-ö

-ö (nominative singular)
-öt (nominative plural)
-ön (genitive singular)
-öin (genitive plural)
-ölöin (genitive plural)
-öä (partitive singular)
-öjä (partitive plural)
-ölöjä (partitive plural)
-öö (illative singular)
-öi (illative plural)
-ölöihe (illative plural)
-ös (inessive singular)
-öis (inessive plural)
-ölöis (inessive plural)
-öst (elative singular)
-öist (elative plural)
-ölöist (elative plural)
-ölle (allative singular)
-öille (allative plural)
-ölöille (allative plural)
-öl (adessive singular)
-öil (adessive plural)
-ölöil (adessive plural)
-ölt (ablative singular)
-öilt (ablative plural)
-ölöilt (ablative plural)
-öks (singular translative)
-öiks (plural translative)
-ölöiks (plural translative)
-önnä (essive singular)
-öön (essive singular)
-öinnä (essive plural)
-ölöinnä (essive plural)
-öin (essive plural)
-ölöin (essive plural)
-önt (exessive singular)
-öint (exessive plural)
-ölöint (exessive plural)

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


-sti

hää "good" → hästi "well"

uus "new" → uuesti "again"

kaunis "beautiful" → kaunisti "beautifully"

kerge "easy" → kergesti "easily"


-t

period + -t → periodt

good + -t → goodt

I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'm SADT

2018 May 29, @chave1y, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-01-19:

Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh my godt

2021 November 24, @NalediMOfficial, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-01-19:

They ate this SO BADT

2023 April 23, @mingiiki, Twitter, archived from the original on 2024-01-19:

(African-American Vernacular, slang) An intensifier added to the end of words ending in , representing a change in pronunciation from /d/ to /t/.


-t

From Middle Dutch -t a merger of a variety of verbal noun forming suffixes:
# Old Dutch -t, -thi, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz
# Old Dutch -t, -thu, Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz
# Old Dutch ot, Proto-West Germanic *-ōþu, from Proto-Germanic *-ōþuz

geven

forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs


-t

From Middle High German -et, from a merger of several Old High German conjugational endings, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.

lachen (“to laugh”) + -t → gelacht (“laughed”)

passieren (“to happen”) + -t → passiert (“happened”)

verurteilen (“to convict”) + -t → verurteilt (“convicted”)

Verb suffix for the past participle of weak verbs, together with the prefix ge- if the first syllable of the verb stem is stressed. See ge- -t for more.


-t

suffix forming a verbal noun, typically from verbs ending in -(a)il, -(a)in, or -(a)ir


myria-

From French myria-, ultimately from Ancient Greek μυρίος (muríos, “ten thousand”).


mini-

Shortened from miniature, ultimately from Latin minium (“red lead”). Influenced by similarity to minimum and minus.

(diminutive) Smaller version of an item than usual.


mini-

Internationalism (see English mini-), ultimately from Latin minium.


mini-

mini- + spódniczka → minispódniczka


-in'

Alternate pronunciation of -ing with /n/ instead of /ŋ/. It is derived from two sources:
* the Old English present participle suffix -ende;
* the Old English verbal noun suffix -ung/-ing.
The two Old English suffixes became confused in Modern English, due at least partly to the practice of spelling them both as -ing.

"Jesus Christ! Was my folks refined. My mam she wouldn't think-a lettin' us young'uns call a pee pot a pee pot. A chamber's what she called it... And by God! Us young'uns had ter call the pee pot a chamber or git our God damn necks wrang."

1946, Elizabeth Metzger Howard, Before the Sun Goes Down, page 31:

(Mid-Ulster, colloquial, pronunciation spelling) Alternative form of -ing


-tar

head

-tar m (indefinite plural -tarë, definite singular -tari, feminine equivalent -tare)

-tar ë (indefinite plural)
-tar i (definite singular)
equivalent -tare (feminine)

ar (“gold”) + -tar → artar (“goldsmith”)

shkencë (“science”) + -tar → shkencëtar (“scientist”)

gjellë (“food”) + -tar → gjellëtar (“cook”)

shqip (“Albanian”, adjective) + -tar → shqiptar (“an Albanian”, noun)

komb (“nation”) + -tar → kombëtar (“national”)

qeveri (“government”) + -tar → qeveritar (“governmental”)

shqip (“Albanian”, adjective) + -tar → shqiptar (“Albanian”, adjective)

relational adjective
relational adjective#English


-tar

Used to create adjectives and nouns that denote demonyms.


-tar

-tari (genitive)
-tari (partitive)
-tar (nominative singular)
-tarid (nominative plural)
-tar (accusative nominative singular)
-tarid (accusative nominative plural)
-tari (accusative genitive singular)
-tarid (accusative genitive plural)
-tari (genitive singular)
-taride (genitive plural)
-tari (partitive singular)
-tare (partitive plural)
-tarisid (partitive plural)
-tari (illative singular)
-tarisse (illative singular)
-taridesse (illative plural)
-taresse (illative plural)
-taris (inessive singular)
-tarides (inessive plural)
-tares (inessive plural)
-tarist (elative singular)
-taridest (elative plural)
-tarest (elative plural)
-tarile (allative singular)
-taridele (allative plural)
-tarele (allative plural)
-taril (adessive singular)
-taridel (adessive plural)
-tarel (adessive plural)
-tarilt (ablative singular)
-taridelt (ablative plural)
-tarelt (ablative plural)
-tariks (singular translative)
-tarideks (plural translative)
-tareks (plural translative)
-tarini (singular terminative)
-tarideni (plural terminative)
-tarina (essive singular)
-taridena (essive plural)
-tarita (abessive singular)
-tarideta (abessive plural)
-tariga (comitative singular)
-taridega (comitative plural)

Clipped from the ending of tütar. Cognate to Finnish -tar.

kaunis "beautiful" → kaunitar "beautiful woman"

laulja "singer" → lauljatar "female singer"

Forms feminine agent or occupational nouns


-tar

-tar (front vowel harmony variant -tär, linguistic notation -tAr)

-tär (front-vowel)
-tar (nominative singular)
-ttaret (nominative plural)
-tar (accusative nominative singular)
-ttaret (accusative nominative plural)
-ttaren (accusative genitive singular)
-ttaret (accusative genitive plural)
-ttaren (genitive singular)
-ttarien (genitive plural)
-tarten (genitive plural)
-tarta (partitive singular)
-ttaria (partitive plural)
-ttaressa (inessive singular)
-ttarissa (inessive plural)
-ttaresta (elative singular)
-ttarista (elative plural)
-ttareen (illative singular)
-ttariin (illative plural)
-ttarella (adessive singular)
-ttarilla (adessive plural)
-ttarelta (ablative singular)
-ttarilta (ablative plural)
-ttarelle (allative singular)
-ttarille (allative plural)
-ttarena (essive singular)
-ttarina (essive plural)
-ttareksi (singular translative)
-ttariksi (plural translative)
-ttaretta (abessive singular)
-ttaritta (abessive plural)
-ttarin (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-ttareni (nominative singular)
-ttareni (nominative plural)
-ttareni (accusative nominative singular)
-ttareni (accusative nominative plural)
-ttareni (accusative genitive singular)
-ttareni (accusative genitive plural)
-ttareni (genitive singular)
-ttarieni (genitive plural)
-tarteni (genitive plural)
-tartani (partitive singular)
-ttariani (partitive plural)
-ttaressani (inessive singular)
-ttarissani (inessive plural)
-ttarestani (elative singular)
-ttaristani (elative plural)
-ttareeni (illative singular)
-ttariini (illative plural)
-ttarellani (adessive singular)
-ttarillani (adessive plural)
-ttareltani (ablative singular)
-ttariltani (ablative plural)
-ttarelleni (allative singular)
-ttarilleni (allative plural)
-ttarenani (essive singular)
-ttarinani (essive plural)
-ttarekseni (singular translative)
-ttarikseni (plural translative)
-ttarettani (abessive singular)
-ttarittani (abessive plural)
-ttarineni (comitative plural)
-ttaresi (nominative singular)
-ttaresi (nominative plural)
-ttaresi (accusative nominative singular)
-ttaresi (accusative nominative plural)
-ttaresi (accusative genitive singular)
-ttaresi (accusative genitive plural)
-ttaresi (genitive singular)
-ttariesi (genitive plural)
-tartesi (genitive plural)
-tartasi (partitive singular)
-ttariasi (partitive plural)
-ttaressasi (inessive singular)
-ttarissasi (inessive plural)
-ttarestasi (elative singular)
-ttaristasi (elative plural)
-ttareesi (illative singular)
-ttariisi (illative plural)
-ttarellasi (adessive singular)
-ttarillasi (adessive plural)
-ttareltasi (ablative singular)
-ttariltasi (ablative plural)
-ttarellesi (allative singular)
-ttarillesi (allative plural)
-ttarenasi (essive singular)
-ttarinasi (essive plural)
-ttareksesi (singular translative)
-ttariksesi (plural translative)
-ttarettasi (abessive singular)
-ttarittasi (abessive plural)
-ttarinesi (comitative plural)
-ttaremme (nominative singular)
-ttaremme (nominative plural)
-ttaremme (accusative nominative singular)
-ttaremme (accusative nominative plural)
-ttaremme (accusative genitive singular)
-ttaremme (accusative genitive plural)
-ttaremme (genitive singular)
-ttariemme (genitive plural)
-tartemme (genitive plural)
-tartamme (partitive singular)
-ttariamme (partitive plural)
-ttaressamme (inessive singular)
-ttarissamme (inessive plural)
-ttarestamme (elative singular)
-ttaristamme (elative plural)
-ttareemme (illative singular)
-ttariimme (illative plural)
-ttarellamme (adessive singular)
-ttarillamme (adessive plural)
-ttareltamme (ablative singular)
-ttariltamme (ablative plural)
-ttarellemme (allative singular)
-ttarillemme (allative plural)
-ttarenamme (essive singular)
-ttarinamme (essive plural)
-ttareksemme (singular translative)
-ttariksemme (plural translative)
-ttarettamme (abessive singular)
-ttarittamme (abessive plural)
-ttarinemme (comitative plural)
-ttarenne (nominative singular)
-ttarenne (nominative plural)
-ttarenne (accusative nominative singular)
-ttarenne (accusative nominative plural)
-ttarenne (accusative genitive singular)
-ttarenne (accusative genitive plural)
-ttarenne (genitive singular)
-ttarienne (genitive plural)
-tartenne (genitive plural)
-tartanne (partitive singular)
-ttarianne (partitive plural)
-ttaressanne (inessive singular)
-ttarissanne (inessive plural)
-ttarestanne (elative singular)
-ttaristanne (elative plural)
-ttareenne (illative singular)
-ttariinne (illative plural)
-ttarellanne (adessive singular)
-ttarillanne (adessive plural)
-ttareltanne (ablative singular)
-ttariltanne (ablative plural)
-ttarellenne (allative singular)
-ttarillenne (allative plural)
-ttarenanne (essive singular)
-ttarinanne (essive plural)
-ttareksenne (singular translative)
-ttariksenne (plural translative)
-ttarettanne (abessive singular)
-ttarittanne (abessive plural)
-ttarinenne (comitative plural)
-ttarensa (nominative singular)
-ttarensa (nominative plural)
-ttarensa (accusative nominative singular)
-ttarensa (accusative nominative plural)
-ttarensa (accusative genitive singular)
-ttarensa (accusative genitive plural)
-ttarensa (genitive singular)
-ttariensa (genitive plural)
-tartensa (genitive plural)
-tartaan (partitive singular)
-tartansa (partitive singular)
-ttariaan (partitive plural)
-ttariansa (partitive plural)
-ttaressaan (inessive singular)
-ttaressansa (inessive singular)
-ttarissaan (inessive plural)
-ttarissansa (inessive plural)
-ttarestaan (elative singular)
-ttarestansa (elative singular)
-ttaristaan (elative plural)
-ttaristansa (elative plural)
-ttareensa (illative singular)
-ttariinsa (illative plural)
-ttarellaan (adessive singular)
-ttarellansa (adessive singular)
-ttarillaan (adessive plural)
-ttarillansa (adessive plural)
-ttareltaan (ablative singular)
-ttareltansa (ablative singular)
-ttariltaan (ablative plural)
-ttariltansa (ablative plural)
-ttarelleen (allative singular)
-ttarellensa (allative singular)
-ttarilleen (allative plural)
-ttarillensa (allative plural)
-ttarenaan (essive singular)
-ttarenansa (essive singular)
-ttarinaan (essive plural)
-ttarinansa (essive plural)
-ttarekseen (singular translative)
-ttareksensa (singular translative)
-ttarikseen (plural translative)
-ttariksensa (plural translative)
-ttarettaan (abessive singular)
-ttarettansa (abessive singular)
-ttarittaan (abessive plural)
-ttarittansa (abessive plural)
-ttarineen (comitative plural)
-ttarinensa (comitative plural)

Clipped from tytär (“daughter”) and then adapted to vowel harmony.

kuningas (“king”) + -tar → kuningatar (“queen”)

näyttelijä (“actor”) + -tar → näyttelijätär (“actress”)

Saksa (“Germany”) + -tar → saksatar (“a German female”)

Forms the female counterpart of nouns indicating a person.


-tar

atuarpoq (“attends school (once)”) -> atuartarpoq (“attends school (is a student)”)

Nammineq tissassarluni inersinnaannginnerluni anisuualu qanoq ililluni anisassava?

1992, “Usuni kipigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit:

I wonder if he will be unable to stimulate himself to an orgasm, and how will the semen leave?


-gramme

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γράμμα (grámma).


-pedia

-pedia (nominative singular)
-pedii (genitive singular)
-pedii (dative singular)
-pedię (accusative singular)
-pedią (instrumental singular)
-pedii (locative singular)
-pedio (singular vocative)

From Ancient Greek παιδεία (paideía), from παῖς (paîs).

hipno- + -pedia → hipnopedia


xeno-

From Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “alien”).

xenophilia, xenophobia


xeno-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ξένος (xénos, “foreign, of a stranger”).


-holic

Trump was also a horndog, a braggart, and a social-media-holic—just like voters were.

2017, David Friend, The Naughty Nineties:

Denotes addiction to or indulgence in the substance or activity of the stem word.


-mas

From Middle English -masse, -messe, from Old English -mæsse, the second element in several ritual and holiday names (e.g. Candelmæsse, Cristes mæsse, hlāfmæsse, etc.), from Old English mæsse (“the mass, church festival”). Compare Dutch mis, German Messe, Danish messe, Swedish mässa, Icelandic messa.


אל

he-m

אייל / אַיִל

אֵיל איל#Hebrew

אַיִל איל#Hebrew

defective spelling of אֵיל: singular construct state form of אַיִל (“pillar of an archway”) (Ezekiel 40:48).


baro-

baro- + -graf → barograf


baro-

From Ancient Greek βάρος (báros, “weight”), from βαρύς (barús, “heavy”).


-speak

Probably originally from Newspeak, coined by George Orwell in his book Nineteen Eighty-Four.

On the American side, one motive for this is usually couched in the most delicate diplomat-speak.

2006, "The great Indian hope trick", The Economist (Feb. 25)

Indicates a manner of speech or writing typical of or characterized by the root term.


hyper-

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”) (English over), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Doublet of over-, super-, and sur-.

der

hyper- → hypersonic

Used to create forms that are found beyond the root.


hyper-

[ˈhyːˀb̥ɐˌ-]

[ˈhyːˀb̥ɐˈ-]

From Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over”).


-ward

From Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”) (compare -wards, from -weardes).
Cognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs), Latin vertere (“to turn”) or versus (“toward”), and Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”). Also related to worth (“to become”). Compare verse.

Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in "backward", "toward", "forward", etc.

Forming adjectives, as in "a backward look", "the northward road", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs.


-ward

-ward (masculine nominative singular)
-wardu (feminine nominative singular)
-ward (neuter nominative singular)
-wardanā (accusative masculine singular)
-wardā (accusative feminine singular)
-ward (accusative neuter singular)
-wardas (genitive masculine singular)
-wardeʀā (feminine genitive singular)
-wardas (genitive neuter singular)
-wardumē (dative masculine singular)
-wardeʀē (dative feminine singular)
-wardumē (dative neuter singular)
-wardu (instrumental masculine singular)
-wardeʀu (feminine instrumental singular)
-wardu (instrumental neuter singular)
-wardē (masculine nominative plural)
-wardō (feminine nominative plural)
-wardu (neuter nominative plural)
-wardā (accusative masculine plural)
-wardā (accusative feminine plural)
-wardu (accusative neuter plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive masculine plural)
-wardeʀō (feminine genitive plural)
-wardeʀō (genitive neuter plural)
-wardēm (dative masculine plural)
-wardum (dative masculine plural)
-wardēm (dative feminine plural)
-wardum (dative feminine plural)
-wardēm (dative neuter plural)
-wardum (dative neuter plural)
-wardēm (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardum (instrumental masculine plural)
-wardēm (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardum (feminine instrumental plural)
-wardēm (instrumental neuter plural)
-wardum (instrumental neuter plural)

desctree

Old English: -weard
Middle English: -warde, -ward
English: -ward
Scots: -wart, -art, -it

Old Frisian: -ward, -werd

Old Saxon: -ward

Middle Low German: -ward

Low German: -ward, -wart

Old Dutch: *-ward, *-werd

Middle Dutch: -wert, -weert, -waert

Old High German: -wart, -wert

Middle High German: -wert

-ward. Forms adverbs from nouns and adjectives denoting in the direction of, facing.


-wards

From Middle English -wardes, from Old English -weardes, a variant of -weard; equivalent to -ward + -s (adverbial suffix).

(Katisha:) At once I go Mikado-wards!

1885, W[illiam] S[chwenck] Gilbert, Arthur Sullivan, composer, “The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu”, in […] The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu, London: Chappel & Co., […], →OCLC:

Forming adjectives and adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in "backwards", "towards", etc.


arc-

From Latin arcus (“bow, arc”), as they represent an angle or arc. Compare etymology of arch.

arc-sine (British), arcsine (US)

arctan

inverse trigonometric function
inverse trigonometric function#English

(mathematics) Used to form the names of inverse trigonometric functions, and the symbols for these functions.

inverse hyperbolic function
inverse hyperbolic function#English

(mathematics, sometimes proscribed) Alternative form of ar- used to form the names of inverse hyperbolic functions, and the symbols for these functions.

arkusz-

forms the names of inverse trigonometric and hyperbolic functions


chrono-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos).


chrono-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos, “time”).


chrono-

Derived from Ancient Greek χρόνος (khrónos).

der+

biologia + chrono- → chronobiologia


-cidal

Used to make adjectives corresponding to nouns ending in -cide.


proto-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).

Proto-

proper names of protolanguages and their associated people

protoderm, protocneme


proto-

From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).


proto-

Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).

der+

proto- + -liza → protoliza


proto-

From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) "first", superlative of πρό (pró) "before".


proto-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).


syn-

From Ancient Greek συν- (sun-), from σύν (sún, “with, in company with, together with”). Compare Sanskrit सम्- (sam-).

syn- + -onym → synonym


syn-

From Ancient Greek σύν (sún, “with, together”).


syn-

syn- + -onim → synonim


s-

Abbreviation of scalar (“particle with spin 0”).

abbrev

(physics) Subatomic particles with a spin (quantum angular momentum) of 0, predicted by supersymmetry; the bosonic equivalent of known fermions.


s-

From Proto-Afroasiatic *s- (causative prefix).

inh

Used to form a causative verb from a non-causative verb.


s-

Inherited from Old Javanese sa-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.


s-

privative or negative affix that attaches to verbs


s-

head

s- (class A infixed pronoun, triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others)

in some texts but not in others (triggers-mutation-nasal)

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


s-

s- + pùstiti → spùstiti

s- + znȁti → sàznati

s- + lòmiti → slòmiti

s- + glȅdati → sàgledati

s- + kȕpiti → skȕpiti

s- + klòniti → sklòniti

s- + náći → snȃći

Prepended to verbs, usually forming a perfective from an imperfective verb.

sa-

before affricates, fricatives and certain consonant clusters


phono-

From Ancient Greek φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice, sound”). The word φωνή primarily referred to articulated human or animal sounds. This is in contrast to ἠχή -- from which echo is derived -- which referred to sounds in general.

der

phonograph


lipo-

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Greek combining form, from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos, “animal fat”).

bor

Fat tissue or fat cells, which contain such lipids.


lipo-

Derived from Ancient Greek λῐ́πος (lĭ́pos).

der+

lipo- + proteina → lipoproteina


ad-

Borrowed from Latin ad-. Doublet of at-.

adnominal, adverb, assoil


ad-

Prefix form of ad. Also based on Latin ad-.

portar (“carry, bear”) → adportar (“bring, carry (to a person or place)”)

ube (“where”) → adube (“where to (with motion), whither”)

to (indicating that to which there is movement, tendency or position, with or without arrival)


ad-

Latin: ad-

Sabellic:

desc

Oscan: 𐌀𐌃- (ad-) (base form), a- (before /s/)

South Picene: 𐌀𐌃- (ad-)

Umbrian: 𐌀𐌛- (ař-)

Volscian: ar-

Effectively the preposition *ad (“to”) used as a prefix.


-aĵo

Common Romance, ultimately from Vulgar Latin -āticum. Compare French -age, Spanish -aje, Italian -aggio.

seka (“dry”) + -aĵo → sekaĵo (“dry goods”)

frukto (“fruit”) + -aĵo → fruktaĵo (“something made of fruit”)

nova (“new”) + -aĵo → novaĵo (“[a] novelty”), novaĵoj (“news”)

Something made from or possessing the quality of.


ant-

antacid

A variant form of anti- used before a vowel.

antumbra

A variant form of ante- used before a vowel.


-aro

From Latin -arium (“-arium”) and Russian -арь (-arʹ).

arbo (“tree”) + -aro → arbaro (“forest”)

vorto (“word”) + -aro → vortaro (“dictionary”)

ŝtupo (“step”) + -aro → ŝtuparo (“staircase”)

amiko (“friend”) + -aro → amikaro (“circle of friends”)


-aro

it-noun

-aro m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ari, feminine -ara)

(dialectal, chiefly central Italy) Alternative form of -aio


-as

-as (nominative singular)
-asat (nominative plural)
-asa (accusative singular)
-asiid (accusative plural)
-asa (genitive singular)
-asiid (genitive plural)
-asii (illative singular)
-asiidda (illative plural)
-asis (locative singular)
-asiin (locative plural)
-asiin (comitative singular)
-asiiguin (comitative plural)
-asin (essive)
-asan (first-person possessive singular)
-aseamẹ (dual first-person possessive)
-aseamẹt (first-person plural possessive)
-asat (possessive second-person singular)
-aseattẹ (dual possessive second-person)
-aseattẹt (plural possessive second-person)
-asis (possessive singular third-person)
-aseaskkạ (dual possessive third-person)
-aseasẹt (plural possessive third-person)

From Proto-Samic *-ës. Cognate of Finnish -e, Estonian -e.

vuoidat (“to smear”) + -as → vuoiddas (“ointment”)

Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something used for performing the verb.


-as

Irish: -as

Manx: -ys

Scottish Gaelic: -as

From Proto-Celtic *-assus, from Proto-Indo-European *-ad-tus.

óclach (“young man”) + -as → óclachas (“youth”)

muinter (“family”) + -as → muinteras (“familiarity”)

Nominal suffix, used to form abstract ideas or nouns


-as

-as (nominative singular)
-asy (nominative plural)
-asowie (nominative plural)
-asa (genitive singular)
-asów (genitive plural)
-asowi (dative singular)
-asom (dative plural)
-asa (accusative singular)
-asów (accusative plural)
-asem (instrumental singular)
-asami (instrumental plural)
-asie (locative singular)
-asach (locative plural)
-asie (singular vocative)
-asy (plural vocative)
-asowie (plural vocative)


bo-

From Middle High German bi-, be-, from Old High German bi-, from Proto-Germanic *bi-. Cognate with German be-.

graaban (“to dig”) → bograaban (“to bury”)

hüutan (“to watch”) → bohüutan (“to protect”)

(Sette Comuni) Inseparable verbal prefix that signifies working on something or change of state.


bo-

From French beau- (used to indicate a male relation by marriage, as in beau-père, beau-frère, or beau-fils), used in Esperanto regardless of gender.

bo- + patrino (“mother”) → bopatrino (“mother-in-law”)

bo- + filo (“son”) → bofilo (“son-in-law”)


-e

-e (nominative singular)
-eet (nominative plural)
-e (accusative nominative singular)
-eet (accusative nominative plural)
-een (accusative genitive singular)
-eet (accusative genitive plural)
-een (genitive singular)
-eiden (genitive plural)
-eitten (genitive plural)
-etta (partitive singular)
-eita (partitive plural)
-eessa (inessive singular)
-eissa (inessive plural)
-eesta (elative singular)
-eista (elative plural)
-eeseen (illative singular)
-eisiin (illative plural)
-eihin (illative plural)
-eella (adessive singular)
-eilla (adessive plural)
-eelta (ablative singular)
-eilta (ablative plural)
-eelle (allative singular)
-eille (allative plural)
-eena (essive singular)
-eina (essive plural)
-eeksi (singular translative)
-eiksi (plural translative)
-eetta (abessive singular)
-eitta (abessive plural)
-ein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-eeni (nominative singular)
-eeni (nominative plural)
-eeni (accusative nominative singular)
-eeni (accusative nominative plural)
-eeni (accusative genitive singular)
-eeni (accusative genitive plural)
-eeni (genitive singular)
-eideni (genitive plural)
-eitteni (genitive plural)
-ettani (partitive singular)
-eitani (partitive plural)
-eessani (inessive singular)
-eissani (inessive plural)
-eestani (elative singular)
-eistani (elative plural)
-eeseeni (illative singular)
-eisiini (illative plural)
-eihini (illative plural)
-eellani (adessive singular)
-eillani (adessive plural)
-eeltani (ablative singular)
-eiltani (ablative plural)
-eelleni (allative singular)
-eilleni (allative plural)
-eenani (essive singular)
-einani (essive plural)
-eekseni (singular translative)
-eikseni (plural translative)
-eettani (abessive singular)
-eittani (abessive plural)
-eineni (comitative plural)
-eesi (nominative singular)
-eesi (nominative plural)
-eesi (accusative nominative singular)
-eesi (accusative nominative plural)
-eesi (accusative genitive singular)
-eesi (accusative genitive plural)
-eesi (genitive singular)
-eidesi (genitive plural)
-eittesi (genitive plural)
-ettasi (partitive singular)
-eitasi (partitive plural)
-eessasi (inessive singular)
-eissasi (inessive plural)
-eestasi (elative singular)
-eistasi (elative plural)
-eeseesi (illative singular)
-eisiisi (illative plural)
-eihisi (illative plural)
-eellasi (adessive singular)
-eillasi (adessive plural)
-eeltasi (ablative singular)
-eiltasi (ablative plural)
-eellesi (allative singular)
-eillesi (allative plural)
-eenasi (essive singular)
-einasi (essive plural)
-eeksesi (singular translative)
-eiksesi (plural translative)
-eettasi (abessive singular)
-eittasi (abessive plural)
-einesi (comitative plural)
-eemme (nominative singular)
-eemme (nominative plural)
-eemme (accusative nominative singular)
-eemme (accusative nominative plural)
-eemme (accusative genitive singular)
-eemme (accusative genitive plural)
-eemme (genitive singular)
-eidemme (genitive plural)
-eittemme (genitive plural)
-ettamme (partitive singular)
-eitamme (partitive plural)
-eessamme (inessive singular)
-eissamme (inessive plural)
-eestamme (elative singular)
-eistamme (elative plural)
-eeseemme (illative singular)
-eisiimme (illative plural)
-eihimme (illative plural)
-eellamme (adessive singular)
-eillamme (adessive plural)
-eeltamme (ablative singular)
-eiltamme (ablative plural)
-eellemme (allative singular)
-eillemme (allative plural)
-eenamme (essive singular)
-einamme (essive plural)
-eeksemme (singular translative)
-eiksemme (plural translative)
-eettamme (abessive singular)
-eittamme (abessive plural)
-einemme (comitative plural)
-eenne (nominative singular)
-eenne (nominative plural)
-eenne (accusative nominative singular)
-eenne (accusative nominative plural)
-eenne (accusative genitive singular)
-eenne (accusative genitive plural)
-eenne (genitive singular)
-eidenne (genitive plural)
-eittenne (genitive plural)
-ettanne (partitive singular)
-eitanne (partitive plural)
-eessanne (inessive singular)
-eissanne (inessive plural)
-eestanne (elative singular)
-eistanne (elative plural)
-eeseenne (illative singular)
-eisiinne (illative plural)
-eihinne (illative plural)
-eellanne (adessive singular)
-eillanne (adessive plural)
-eeltanne (ablative singular)
-eiltanne (ablative plural)
-eellenne (allative singular)
-eillenne (allative plural)
-eenanne (essive singular)
-einanne (essive plural)
-eeksenne (singular translative)
-eiksenne (plural translative)
-eettanne (abessive singular)
-eittanne (abessive plural)
-einenne (comitative plural)
-eensa (nominative singular)
-eensa (nominative plural)
-eensa (accusative nominative singular)
-eensa (accusative nominative plural)
-eensa (accusative genitive singular)
-eensa (accusative genitive plural)
-eensa (genitive singular)
-eidensa (genitive plural)
-eittensa (genitive plural)
-ettaan (partitive singular)
-ettansa (partitive singular)
-eitaan (partitive plural)
-eitansa (partitive plural)
-eessaan (inessive singular)
-eessansa (inessive singular)
-eissaan (inessive plural)
-eissansa (inessive plural)
-eestaan (elative singular)
-eestansa (elative singular)
-eistaan (elative plural)
-eistansa (elative plural)
-eeseensa (illative singular)
-eisiinsa (illative plural)
-eihinsa (illative plural)
-eellaan (adessive singular)
-eellansa (adessive singular)
-eillaan (adessive plural)
-eillansa (adessive plural)
-eeltaan (ablative singular)
-eeltansa (ablative singular)
-eiltaan (ablative plural)
-eiltansa (ablative plural)
-eelleen (allative singular)
-eellensa (allative singular)
-eilleen (allative plural)
-eillensa (allative plural)
-eenaan (essive singular)
-eenansa (essive singular)
-einaan (essive plural)
-einansa (essive plural)
-eekseen (singular translative)
-eeksensa (singular translative)
-eikseen (plural translative)
-eiksensa (plural translative)
-eettaan (abessive singular)
-eettansa (abessive singular)
-eittaan (abessive plural)
-eittansa (abessive plural)
-eineen (comitative plural)
-einensa (comitative plural)
-e (nominative singular)
-eet (nominative plural)
-e (accusative nominative singular)
-eet (accusative nominative plural)
-een (accusative genitive singular)
-eet (accusative genitive plural)
-een (genitive singular)
-eiden (genitive plural)
-eitten (genitive plural)
-että (partitive singular)
-eitä (partitive plural)
-eessä (inessive singular)
-eissä (inessive plural)
-eestä (elative singular)
-eistä (elative plural)
-eeseen (illative singular)
-eisiin (illative plural)
-eihin (illative plural)
-eellä (adessive singular)
-eillä (adessive plural)
-eeltä (ablative singular)
-eiltä (ablative plural)
-eelle (allative singular)
-eille (allative plural)
-eenä (essive singular)
-einä (essive plural)
-eeksi (singular translative)
-eiksi (plural translative)
-eettä (abessive singular)
-eittä (abessive plural)
-ein (instructive plural)
See the possessive forms below. (comitative)
-eeni (nominative singular)
-eeni (nominative plural)
-eeni (accusative nominative singular)
-eeni (accusative nominative plural)
-eeni (accusative genitive singular)
-eeni (accusative genitive plural)
-eeni (genitive singular)
-eideni (genitive plural)
-eitteni (genitive plural)
-ettäni (partitive singular)
-eitäni (partitive plural)
-eessäni (inessive singular)
-eissäni (inessive plural)
-eestäni (elative singular)
-eistäni (elative plural)
-eeseeni (illative singular)
-eisiini (illative plural)
-eihini (illative plural)
-eelläni (adessive singular)
-eilläni (adessive plural)
-eeltäni (ablative singular)
-eiltäni (ablative plural)
-eelleni (allative singular)
-eilleni (allative plural)
-eenäni (essive singular)
-einäni (essive plural)
-eekseni (singular translative)
-eikseni (plural translative)
-eettäni (abessive singular)
-eittäni (abessive plural)
-eineni (comitative plural)
-eesi (nominative singular)
-eesi (nominative plural)
-eesi (accusative nominative singular)
-eesi (accusative nominative plural)
-eesi (accusative genitive singular)
-eesi (accusative genitive plural)
-eesi (genitive singular)
-eidesi (genitive plural)
-eittesi (genitive plural)
-ettäsi (partitive singular)
-eitäsi (partitive plural)
-eessäsi (inessive singular)
-eissäsi (inessive plural)
-eestäsi (elative singular)
-eistäsi (elative plural)
-eeseesi (illative singular)
-eisiisi (illative plural)
-eihisi (illative plural)
-eelläsi (adessive singular)
-eilläsi (adessive plural)
-eeltäsi (ablative singular)
-eiltäsi (ablative plural)
-eellesi (allative singular)
-eillesi (allative plural)
-eenäsi (essive singular)
-einäsi (essive plural)
-eeksesi (singular translative)
-eiksesi (plural translative)
-eettäsi (abessive singular)
-eittäsi (abessive plural)
-einesi (comitative plural)
-eemme (nominative singular)
-eemme (nominative plural)
-eemme (accusative nominative singular)
-eemme (accusative nominative plural)
-eemme (accusative genitive singular)
-eemme (accusative genitive plural)
-eemme (genitive singular)
-eidemme (genitive plural)
-eittemme (genitive plural)
-ettämme (partitive singular)
-eitämme (partitive plural)
-eessämme (inessive singular)
-eissämme (inessive plural)
-eestämme (elative singular)
-eistämme (elative plural)
-eeseemme (illative singular)
-eisiimme (illative plural)
-eihimme (illative plural)
-eellämme (adessive singular)
-eillämme (adessive plural)
-eeltämme (ablative singular)
-eiltämme (ablative plural)
-eellemme (allative singular)
-eillemme (allative plural)
-eenämme (essive singular)
-einämme (essive plural)
-eeksemme (singular translative)
-eiksemme (plural translative)
-eettämme (abessive singular)
-eittämme (abessive plural)
-einemme (comitative plural)
-eenne (nominative singular)
-eenne (nominative plural)
-eenne (accusative nominative singular)
-eenne (accusative nominative plural)
-eenne (accusative genitive singular)
-eenne (accusative genitive plural)
-eenne (genitive singular)
-eidenne (genitive plural)
-eittenne (genitive plural)
-ettänne (partitive singular)
-eitänne (partitive plural)
-eessänne (inessive singular)
-eissänne (inessive plural)
-eestänne (elative singular)
-eistänne (elative plural)
-eeseenne (illative singular)
-eisiinne (illative plural)
-eihinne (illative plural)
-eellänne (adessive singular)
-eillänne (adessive plural)
-eeltänne (ablative singular)
-eiltänne (ablative plural)
-eellenne (allative singular)
-eillenne (allative plural)
-eenänne (essive singular)
-einänne (essive plural)
-eeksenne (singular translative)
-eiksenne (plural translative)
-eettänne (abessive singular)
-eittänne (abessive plural)
-einenne (comitative plural)
-eensä (nominative singular)
-eensä (nominative plural)
-eensä (accusative nominative singular)
-eensä (accusative nominative plural)
-eensä (accusative genitive singular)
-eensä (accusative genitive plural)
-eensä (genitive singular)
-eidensä (genitive plural)
-eittensä (genitive plural)
-ettään (partitive singular)
-ettänsä (partitive singular)
-eitään (partitive plural)
-eitänsä (partitive plural)
-eessään (inessive singular)
-eessänsä (inessive singular)
-eissään (inessive plural)
-eissänsä (inessive plural)
-eestään (elative singular)
-eestänsä (elative singular)
-eistään (elative plural)
-eistänsä (elative plural)
-eeseensä (illative singular)
-eisiinsä (illative plural)
-eihinsä (illative plural)
-eellään (adessive singular)
-eellänsä (adessive singular)
-eillään (adessive plural)
-eillänsä (adessive plural)
-eeltään (ablative singular)
-eeltänsä (ablative singular)
-eiltään (ablative plural)
-eiltänsä (ablative plural)
-eelleen (allative singular)
-eellensä (allative singular)
-eilleen (allative plural)
-eillensä (allative plural)
-eenään (essive singular)
-eenänsä (essive singular)
-einään (essive plural)
-einänsä (essive plural)
-eekseen (singular translative)
-eeksensä (singular translative)
-eikseen (plural translative)
-eiksensä (plural translative)
-eettään (abessive singular)
-eettänsä (abessive singular)
-eittään (abessive plural)
-eittänsä (abessive plural)
-eineen (comitative plural)
-einensä (comitative plural)

Conflated:
* Proto-Finnic *-ëk, from Proto-Uralic *-ek
* Proto-Finnic *-ëh, from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës
Historically, *-ëk was deverbal, while *-ëh was denominal.

ottaa (“to take (hold of)”) + -e → ote (“grip”)

paha (“bad, evil”) + -e → pahe (“vice”)

ääntää (“to pronounce, enunciate”) + -e → äänne (“sound (in phonetics)”)

Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.


-e

-e (nominative singular)
-eet (nominative plural)
-een (genitive singular)
-ein (genitive plural)
-etta (partitive singular)
-eita (partitive plural)
-eesse (illative singular)
-eisse (illative plural)
-ees (inessive singular)
-eis (inessive plural)
-eest (elative singular)
-eist (elative plural)
-eelle (allative singular)
-eille (allative plural)
-eel (adessive singular)
-eil (adessive plural)
-eelt (ablative singular)
-eilt (ablative plural)
-eeks (singular translative)
-eiks (plural translative)
-eenna (essive singular)
-een (essive singular)
-einna (essive plural)
-ein (essive plural)
-eent (exessive singular)
-eint (exessive plural)
-e (nominative singular)
-eet (nominative plural)
-een (genitive singular)
-ein (genitive plural)
-että (partitive singular)
-eitä (partitive plural)
-eesse (illative singular)
-eisse (illative plural)
-ees (inessive singular)
-eis (inessive plural)
-eest (elative singular)
-eist (elative plural)
-eelle (allative singular)
-eille (allative plural)
-eel (adessive singular)
-eil (adessive plural)
-eelt (ablative singular)
-eilt (ablative plural)
-eeks (singular translative)
-eiks (plural translative)
-eennä (essive singular)
-een (essive singular)
-einnä (essive plural)
-ein (essive plural)
-eent (exessive singular)
-eint (exessive plural)
back-vocalic
front-vocalic

Conflated:
* From Proto-Finnic *-ëk.
* From Proto-Finnic *-ëh.
Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.
The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.

lähtiä (“to begin”) + -e → lähe (“spring”)

Used to form nouns from either verbs or adjectives.


-e

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-iyā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.

Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives


-e

Dutch: -e

From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.


-e

Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.


-e

-e (nominative singular)
-i (dual nominative)
-i (nominative plural)
-e (singular vocative)
-i (dual vocative)
-i (plural vocative)
-i (accusative singular)
-i (accusative dual)
-i (accusative plural)
-e (genitive singular)
-e (dual genitive)
-e (genitive plural)
-i (dative singular)
-ib (dative dual)
-ib (dative plural)

Irish: -e

From Proto-Celtic *-iyā (whence also Welsh -edd and Cornish -edh), from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. Cognate with Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) and Latin -ia.

cathach (“bellicose”) + -e → cathaige (“warlike spirit”)

sáer (“free”) + -e → saíre (“freedom, liberty”)

Forms concrete or abstract nouns from adjectives.


-e

-e
tou -en (infinitive)
-e (first-person infinitive present singular)
-e (first-person plural present)
-de (first-person past singular)
-den (first-person past plural)
-st (infinitive present second-person singular)
-e (present)
-dest (past second-person singular)
-den (past)
-t (infinitive present singular third-person)
-de (past singular third-person)
häbe (auxiliary singular)
-d (participle past singular)
-et (imperative plural present)
häbe (auxiliary plural)
-d (participle past plural)

From Old Frisian -a, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.

Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.


-eco

Borrowed from Italian -ezza, as in altezza (“height”) (Esperanto alteco). Compare French -esse.

bona (“good”) + -eco → boneco (“goodness”)


-eco

pt-noun

-eco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ecos)

pt-adj

-eco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -eca, masculine plural -ecos, feminine plural -ecas)

-ecos (plural)
-eca (feminine)
-ecos (masculine plural)
-ecas (feminine plural)

livro (“book”) + -eco → livreco (“bad book”)

sono (“sleepiness, sleep”) + -eco → soneca (“nap”)

travesti (“cross-dresser”) + -eco → traveco (“cross-dresser (derogatory)”)

creates diminutives from nouns or adjectives (mainly pejorative)


-eco

es-noun

-eco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ecos, feminine -eca, feminine plural -ecas)

-eca (feminine)
-ecos (masculine plural)
-ecas (feminine plural)
-ecos (plural)
-eca (feminine)
-ecas (feminine plural)

Sonsonate + -eco → sonsonateco


-eg-

From Russian -яга (-jaga) and Ancient Greek μέγᾰς (mégăs).

varma (“warm”) + -eg- → varmega (“hot”)

ridi (“laugh”) + -eg- → ridegi (“guffaw”)

pafilo (“gun”) + -eg- → pafilego (“cannon”)


-eg-

From Esperanto -eg-, from Russian -яга (-jaga).

domo (“house”) + -eg- → domego (“mansion”)

bela (“beautiful”) + -eg- → belega (“gorgeous”)

blamar (“to blame”) + -eg- → blamegar (“to vituperate”)

suffix denoting augmentation, intensity, a higher or extreme degree


ek-

ek- + krii (“to cry”) → ekkrii (“to cry out”)

ek- + kanti (“to sing”) → ekkanti (“to begin to sing”)

The prefix ek- indicates that the action it modifies is momentary or just beginning. It marks the inceptive aspect of verbs.


ek-

Prefix form of ek (“out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of), out from, out (forth from), of (made of)”).

ek- + irar (“to go”) → ekirar (“to go out; exit”)


eks-

From Dutch ex-, from French ex-, from Latin ex-, from Proto-Indo-European *eǵ-, *eǵs- (“out”), *eǵʰs.


eks-

eks- + mąż → eksmąż


-er-

Originally the plural ending of those nouns.

kindertaal

interfix used in compounds after certain neuter nouns with a plural on -eren


-er-

Added before various suffixes (especially -ole and -on, but also sometimes -elle, -et, -ette, -eau, by analogy to or mistaken division of other words which end in erole, eron, ereau, etc, where the er was part of the first element (e.g. fougerolle, fougerole, from fougère + -ole) or the entire word was borrowed from another language such as Italian (e.g. muserole, muserolle, from Italian museruola).

-erelle (coquerelle), -eret (coqueret), -erette (collerette), -ereau (poétereau), -erole (èverole), -eron (laideron)

used before various noun-forming suffixes


-estro

Perhaps from the endings of Italian maestro, German Meister and Bürgermeister, and French bourgmestre.

ŝipo (“ship”) + -estro → ŝipestro (“captain”)


-et-

Borrowed from French -et, -ette and Italian -etto, -etta, ultimately from Latin -ittus.

domo (“house”) + -et- → dometo (“cottage”)

urbo (“city”) + -et- → urbeto (“town”)

tranĉilo (“knife”) + -et- → tranĉileto (“penknife”)

plugilo (“plough”) + -et- → plugileto (“spade”)

globo (“ball”) + -et- → globeto (“marble”)