-acchio

it-noun

-acchio m (noun-forming suffix, plural -acchi)

Inherited from Latin -āculum. Partly from the Latin instrument noun suffix -culum in cases where it was attached to first-conjugation verb stems ending in -ā-. Partly from the Latin diminutive suffix -ulus in cases where it was attached to noun stems ending in -āc- (e.g. loquāculus ← loquāx).

spaurare (“to scare”) + -acchio → spauracchio (“scarecrow”)

used to derive nouns with an instrumental connotation


-acchiotto

-acchiotto m (noun-forming suffix, plural -acchiotti)

From -acchio (diminutive suffix) + -otto (diminutive suffix) = -acchiotto (double diminutive suffix).

suf

orso (“bear”) + -acchiotto → orsacchiotto (“bear cub”)

fesso (“fool (person)”) + -acchiotto → fessacchiotto (“little fool”)

lupo (“wolf”) + -acchiotto → lupacchiotto (“wolf cub”)

volpe (“fox”) + -acchiotto → volpacchiotto (“fox cub”)

used to derive diminutive (actually, double diminutive) nouns, usually with a connotation of endearment


-acchiare

it-verb

-acchiàre (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -àcchio, first-person singular past historic -acchiài, past participle -acchiàto, auxiliary avére)

-acchiàre (canonical)
-àcchio (first-person present singular)
-acchiài (first-person historic past singular)
-acchiàto (participle past)
avére (auxiliary)
-acchiàre (infinitive)
avére (auxiliary)
-acchiàndo (gerund)
-acchiànte (participle present)
-acchiàto (participle past)
-àcchio (first-person indicative present singular)
-àcchi (indicative present second-person singular)
-àcchia (indicative present singular third-person)
-acchiàmo (first-person indicative plural present)
-acchiàte (indicative plural present second-person)
-àcchiano (indicative plural present third-person)
-acchiàvo (first-person imperfect indicative singular)
-acchiàvi (imperfect indicative second-person singular)
-acchiàva (imperfect indicative singular third-person)
-acchiavàmo (first-person imperfect indicative plural)
-acchiavàte (imperfect indicative plural second-person)
-acchiàvano (imperfect indicative plural third-person)
-acchiài (first-person historic indicative past singular)
-acchiàsti (historic indicative past second-person singular)
-acchiò (historic indicative past singular third-person)
-acchiàmmo (first-person historic indicative past plural)
-acchiàste (historic indicative past plural second-person)
-acchiàrono (historic indicative past plural third-person)
-acchierò (first-person future indicative singular)
-acchierài (future indicative second-person singular)
-acchierà (future indicative singular third-person)
-acchierémo (first-person future indicative plural)
-acchieréte (future indicative plural second-person)
-acchierànno (future indicative plural third-person)
-acchierèi (conditional first-person singular)
-acchierésti (conditional second-person singular)
-acchierèbbe (conditional singular third-person)
-acchierébbe (conditional singular third-person)
-acchierémmo (conditional first-person plural)
-acchieréste (conditional plural second-person)
-acchierèbbero (conditional plural third-person)
-acchierébbero (conditional plural third-person)
-àcchi (first-person present singular subjunctive)
-àcchi (present second-person singular subjunctive)
-àcchi (present singular subjunctive third-person)
-acchiàmo (first-person plural present subjunctive)
-acchiàte (plural present second-person subjunctive)
-àcchino (plural present subjunctive third-person)
-acchiàssi (first-person imperfect singular subjunctive)
-acchiàssi (imperfect second-person singular subjunctive)
-acchiàsse (imperfect singular subjunctive third-person)
-acchiàssimo (first-person imperfect plural subjunctive)
-acchiàste (imperfect plural second-person subjunctive)
-acchiàssero (imperfect plural subjunctive third-person)
-àcchia (imperative second-person singular)
-àcchi (formal imperative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
-acchiàmo (first-person imperative plural)
-acchiàte (imperative plural second-person)
-àcchino (formal imperative plural second-person-semantically third-person)
non -acchiàre (imperative negative second-person singular)
non -àcchi (formal imperative negative second-person-semantically singular third-person)
non -acchiàmo (first-person imperative negative plural)
non -acchiàte (imperative negative plural second-person)
non -àcchino (formal imperative negative plural second-person-semantically third-person)

From -acchio (diminutive suffix) + -are (1st conjugation verbal suffix).

suffix

bruciare (“to burn”) + -acchiare → bruciacchiare (“to scorch”)

rubare (“to steal”) + -acchiare → rubacchiare (“to pilfer”)

used with verbs to derive verbs with attenuative, diminutive, frequentative and pejorative connotation


-ucolo

head

-ucolo m (plural -ucoli, feminine -ucola)

Perhaps from Latin -ūculus, enlarged form of -culus. Doublet of -ucchio.

paese (“town”, “village”) + -ucolo → paesucolo (“hamlet”, “small village”)

used with nouns to derive diminutives with a pejorative connotation


-ucola

-ucola f (plural -ucole, masculine -ucolo)

used with feminine nouns to derive diminutives with a pejorative connotation


-nás

-nás (nominative singular)
-náH (dual nominative)
-nā́s (nominative plural)
-ná (singular vocative)
-náH (dual vocative)
-nā́s (plural vocative)
-nám (accusative singular)
-náH (accusative dual)
-náns (accusative plural)
-násya (genitive singular)
-nā́m (genitive plural)
-nā́t (ablative singular)
-námas (ablative plural)
-nā́y (dative singular)
-námas (dative plural)
-náy (locative singular)
-náyšu (locative plural)
-náH (instrumental singular)
-nā́š (instrumental plural)
-náH (nominative singular)
-náHa (dual nominative)
-náHas (nominative plural)
-náH (singular vocative)
-náHa (dual vocative)
-náHas (plural vocative)
-náHa (accusative singular)
-náHa (accusative dual)
-náHas (accusative plural)
-náHs (genitive singular)
-náHaHam (genitive plural)
-náHs (ablative singular)
-náHmas (ablative plural)
-náHay (dative singular)
-náHmas (dative plural)
-náH (locative singular)
-náHi (locative singular)
-náHsu (locative plural)
-náHH (instrumental singular)
-náHbʰi (instrumental plural)
-nám (nominative singular)
-náy (dual nominative)
-náyH (dual nominative)
-náH (nominative plural)
-nám (singular vocative)
-náy (dual vocative)
-náyH (dual vocative)
-náH (plural vocative)
-náy (accusative dual)
-náyH (accusative dual)
-náH (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-nás

Sanskrit: -न (-na)

Proto-Iranian: *-nah

Avestan: -𐬥𐬇 (-nə̄)

Old Persian: [script needed] (-náʰ)

Creates nouns and adjectives from verb stems.


-зень

-зень • (-źeń)

The objective template V + IO + IT + -n- + IS with all the slots filled in is expected to yield a Common-Mordvinic *kunda-s-aj²-n-zə (using кундамс (kundams) as an example) "he/she/it caught them." In Erzya this produced кундынзе (kundińźe) and in Moksha — кундазень (kundaźeń). The Erzya suffix preserves the object plurality marker -n-, Moksha does not. A false subject marker (Serebrennikov uses the word ложный (ložnyj)) -нь (-ń) is added to the Moksha suffix.

objective conjugation ending indicating that he/she/it carried out actions involving a plural 3rd person object

-зе

he/she/it carried out actions involving a singular 3rd person object


-зе

The Erzya counterpart -м (-m) traces back to *-mV. The Moksha counterpart is an anomaly. Based on the dialectal form -nze, it is possible that this suffix represents fusion of *-m (or -н (-n)) and ся (śa, “that”).
There is variation in the dative form of this suffix, compare кудозти (kudoźťi) (Poljakov) and прязенди (pŕaźeńďi) (Golenkov), Poljakov also gives кудозенди (kudoźeńďi).

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
кудозе — кудозень — кудозти
kudo źe — kudo źe ń — kudo z ťi
my house — of my house — to/for my house

O. Je. Poljakov, KULʹTURA I JaZYK DRJeVNJeJ MORDVY (PRJeDKOV MOKŠI I ERZI), PDF
датив — мокш. кудозенди/кудозти
daťiv — mokš. kudo źe ńďi/kudo z ťi
dative — to/for my house

1st person singular possessive suffix in nominative, genitive and dative with one possession

-н

the possessive suffix elsewhere in the paradigm, closer to the expected Uralic form


-opoli

Back-formation from Tangentopoli, which was formed from tangente (“kickback”) + -poli (“city”), but was reanalyzed by journalists to produce a suffix analogous to English -gate.

Fermiamo la concorsopoli per i giornalisti negli enti pubblici.

2012, Antonio Giangrande, Concorsopoli ed esamopoli: Concorsi pubblici ed esami di Stato:

Let's end the competitiongate for the journalists in public entities.


-со-

O. Je. Poljakov (1993) Russko-mokšanskij razgovornik [Russian-Moksha phrasebook], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN
кяльса — кяльсот
käľ sa — käľ so t
in tongue — in your tongue


zurecht-

/t͡suːˈʁɛçt/

From Middle High German ze rehte. Modern usage first attested in Luther's writings.

Adverbial and separable verbal prefix indicating an improvement or a correction.

zurecht- + biegen (“to bend”) → zurechtbiegen (“to bend into shape”)

Adverbial and separable verbal prefix indicating putting something into desired place or shape


-ઈ

* For the relational suffix, inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit -𑀇𑀅 (-ia), from Sanskrit -इक (-ika) or Sanskrit -ईय (-īya), from Proto-Indo-European *-iHyos.
* For the possessive suffix, borrowed from Sanskrit -ई (-ī), from Proto-Indo-European *-inos.
* For the feminine suffix, borrowed from Sanskrit -ई (-ī), from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂.
* For the feminine nouns, ultimately Sanskrit -इका (-ikā).
The first two uses were also influenced by the unrelated Classical Persian ـی (-ī) and Arabic ـِيّ (-iyy, nisba suffix).

inh+

જરૂર (jarūr, “necessity”) + -ઈ (-ī) → જરૂરી (jarūrī, “necessary”)

forms nouns and adjectives indicating possession of or having a property or quality


közbe-

Lexicalization of köz (“gap, interval”) + -be (“in”, case suffix).

affix

közbe- + jön (“to come”) → közbejön (“to intervene, to come up”)


helico-

heli-

indirectly related through the root for spiral/helix


-aq

naaja (“seagull”) -> naajaaq (“young seagull”)


-arsuk

kl-suffix

-arsuk (n-n, truncative, uses -v- as interfix)

e.g. tupeq ("tent") to tupaarsuk ("primitive tent", "rag tent")


-kulooq

angut (“man”) -> angutikulooq

nuna (“country”) -> nunakulooq (“very large country”)


-nngor

marluk (“two”) -> marlunngorpoq (“it is 2 o'clock, it is Tuesday”)

(with numerals) it is n o'clock, it is the nth day of the week


-qqusaar

isigaa (“looks at”) -> isigeqqusaarpaa (“tries to get someone to look at”)

(used on transitive verbs) attempts to get someone to [verb] (the object)


роз-

Inherited from Old Ruthenian роз- (roz-), from Old East Slavic роз- (roz-), from Proto-Slavic *orz-.

inh+

роз- (roz-) + кра́сти impf (krásty, “to lose”) → розкра́сти pf (rozkrásty, “to steal all (of) the”)

роз- (roz-) + прода́ти pf (prodáty, “to saw”) → розпрода́ти pf (rozprodáty, “to sell out”)

роз- (roz-) + хапа́ти impf (xapáty, “to grasp, to grab”) → розхапа́ти pf (rozxapáty, “to take all (of) the”)


dat-

head

dat- (class B & C infixed pronoun, triggers lenition)

Alternative form of dot- (“thee, you (singular object pronoun)”)

L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.


-енец

-енец (canonical)
-е́нец (canonical)
-enec (romanization)
-énec (romanization)
-енец (nominative singular)
-е́нец (nominative singular)
-енецы (nominative plural)
-е́нецы (nominative plural)
-енеца (genitive singular)
-е́неца (genitive singular)
-енецев (genitive plural)
-е́нецев (genitive plural)
-енецу (dative singular)
-е́нецу (dative singular)
-енецам (dative plural)
-е́нецам (dative plural)
-енеца (accusative singular)
-е́неца (accusative singular)
-енецев (accusative plural)
-е́нецев (accusative plural)
-енецем (instrumental singular)
-е́нецем (instrumental singular)
-енецами (instrumental plural)
-е́нецами (instrumental plural)
-енеце (prepositional singular)
-е́неце (prepositional singular)
-енецах (plural prepositional)
-е́нецах (plural prepositional)

бе́гать (bégatʹ, “to run”) + -енец (-enec) → бе́женец (béženec, “refugee, asylum seeker”)

младо́й (mladój, “young (poetic)”) + -е́нец (-énec) → младе́нец (mladénec, “newborn, baby”)

Дубна́ (Dubná, “Dubna (city in Russia)”) + -е́нец (-énec) → дубне́нец (dubnénec, “inhabitant of Dubna”)

Suffix added to verbs, adjectives, proper nouns, etc. to form an agent noun.


-spermia

From Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma, “semen”) + -ia (abstract noun suffix).

used to derive abstract nouns denoting a connection with semen or sperm


atlanto-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Latin Atlas; for more details, compare also Atlantic § Etymology, Atlas § Etymology, and atlas § Etymology.

classical compound
international scientific vocabulary


-niaq

tuttu (“caribou”) -> tuttunniaq (“caribou hunter”)

a hunter of [noun]; someone who attempts to hunt [noun]


-qar

"Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit
Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli

(especially of a place) there is [noun] (in/at [subject])


-rlaaq

tikiuppoq (“has arrived”) -> tikiuterlaaq (“a person who has recently arrived”)


-useq

pisuppoq (“walk”) -> pisuuseq (“gait, manner of walking”)


-ск

-sk (romanization)
-ск (nominative singular)
-ска (genitive singular)
-ску (dative singular)
-ск (accusative singular)
-ском (instrumental singular)
-ске (prepositional singular)

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьskъ, like the adjectival endings -ский (-skij) and -ско́й (-skój).

яку́ты (jakúty, “the Yakuts”) + -ск (-sk) → Яку́тск (Jakútsk, “Yakutsk”)

Му́рман (Múrman, “the Murman Coast”) + -ск (-sk) → Му́рманск (Múrmansk, “Murmansk”)


duš-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *duṣ-

Sanskrit: दुष्- (duṣ-), दुस्- (dus-)

Proto-Iranian: *duš- (see there for further descendants)


duš-

Central Iranian

Avestan: 𐬛𐬎𐬱- (duš-), 𐬛𐬎𐬲- (duž-)

Northestern Iranian:

Khotanese: [script needed] (duṣ-)

Sogdo-Bactrian:

Bactrian: λρου- (lrou-), δρου- (drou-)

Northwestern Iranian:

Kurdish:

Central Kurdish: دژ- (dij-)

Northern Kurdish: dij-, duj-

Southern Kurdish: دژ- (dij-), دش- (diş-)

Proto-Medo-Parthian:

Parthian: (/duž-, dōž-; diž-/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫋 (dwj), 𐫅𐫏𐫋 (dyj)

Proto-Zaza-Gorani:

Gurani: دژ- (diž-), دژە- (diža-)

Zazaki: diş-, dış (deš-)

Southwestern Iranian:

Old Persian: 𐎯𐏁- (duš-)

Middle Persian: (/duš-/)

Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫇𐫢 (dwš)

desc

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dwš)

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭣𐭥𐭱 (dʿš)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duš-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.


-ούλης

-oúlis (romanization)
-ούλα (feminine)
-ούλης (nominative singular)
-ούληδες (nominative plural)
-ούλη (genitive singular)
-ούληδων (genitive plural)
-ούλη (accusative singular)
-ούληδες (accusative plural)
-ούλη (singular vocative)
-ούληδες (plural vocative)

αδελφός (adelfós, “brother”) + -ούλης (-oúlis) → αδελφούλης (adelfoúlis)

Θεός (Theós, “God”) + -ούλης (-oúlis) → θεούλης (theoúlis)

χαζός (chazós, “stupid”) + -ούλης (-oúlis) → χαζούλης (chazoúlis)

εαυτός (eaftós, “self”) + -ούλης (-oúlis) → εαυτούλης (eaftoúlis)

added to a (usually masculine) noun or adjective to create diminutive nouns and adjectives:


-αριά

-ariá (romanization)
-αριά (nominative singular)
-αριές (nominative plural)
-αριάς (genitive singular)
-αριών (genitive plural)
-αριά (accusative singular)
-αριές (accusative plural)
-αριά (singular vocative)
-αριές (plural vocative)

In sense 1, derived from similar -άρι (-ári). In rest of senses, a Byzantine Greek creation.

κλειδί (kleidí, “key”) + -αριά (-ariá) → κλειδαριά (kleidariá, “lock, padlock”)

ζυγός (zygós, “balance, scale”) + -αριά (-ariá) → ζυγαριά (zygariá, “scales”)

ψήνω (psíno, “to roast, to cook”) + -αριά (-ariá) → ψησταριά (psistariá, “rotisserie, barbecue”)

used to indicate a device which uses or causes the noun it is suffixed to:


-αρία

-aría (romanization)
-αρία (nominative singular)
-αρίες (nominative plural)
-αρίας (genitive singular)
-αριών (genitive plural)
-αρία (accusative singular)
-αρίες (accusative plural)
-αρία (singular vocative)
-αρίες (plural vocative)

el-decl-noun

The genitive plural form -αριών is very rare or grammatically incorrect.

-άρης (-áris) + -ία (-ía) or -άρος (-áros) + -ία (-ía)

αλήτης (alítis, “bum, hobo”) + -αρία (-aría) → αληταρία (alitaría, “riff-raff”)

πιτσιρίκι (pitsiríki, “kid, small fry”) + -αρία (-aría) → πιτσιρικαρία (pitsirikaría, “gang of kids”)

(colloquial) used to indicate the sum of a particular quality or type of people:

σνομπ (snomp, “snob”) + -αρία (-aría) → σνομπαρία (snomparía, “snobbery”)

κοκέτα (kokéta, “coquette”) + -αρία (-aría) → κοκεταρία (koketaría, “coquetry”)

(colloquial) used to indicate a particular quality:

τζάμι (tzámi, “window pane”) + -αρία (-aría) → τζαμαρία (tzamaría, “glass panelling”)

(colloquial) used to indicate something made from a particular other thing

πίτσα (pítsa, “pizza”) + -αρία (-aría) → πιτσαρία (pitsaría, “pizzeria”)

μπίρα (bíra, “beer”) + -αρία (-aría) → μπιραρία (biraría, “beerhouse, pub, bar”)

(colloquial) used to indicate a place where something is served or sold


-affin

LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--affin.wav


-ssuseq

naappoq (“is short”) -> naassuseq (“shortness”)


-ο-

linking vowel inserted interconsonantally between two morphemes, to ease pronunciation, without contributing to the meaning.


παιδο-

παιδο- (paido-) + ιατρός (iatrós, “doctor”) → παιδίατρος (paidíatros, “paediatrician”)

παιδο- (paido-) + τόπος (tópos, “place”) → παιδότοπος (paidótopos, “playground”)

παιδο- (paido-) + -κτονία (-ktonía, “-cide”) → παιδοκτονία (paidoktonía, “infanticide”)

παιδο- (paido-) + -λογία (-logía, “-logy”) → παιδολογία (paidología, “paedology”)

παιδο- (paido-) + -φιλος (-filos, “-phile”) → παιδόφιλος (paidófilos, “paedophile”)

added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate something related to children:


παιδό-

παιδο- παιδο-#Greek


παιδ-

παιδο- παιδο-#Greek


नष्ट-

head

नष्ट- • (naṣṭa-)


-ώνω

(from noun) κλειδί (kleidí, “key”) + -ώνω (-óno) → κλειδώνω (kleidóno, “to lock”)

(from adjective) αραιός (araiós, “sparse”) + -ώνω (-óno) → αραιώνω (araióno, “to spread out, to dilute”)

usually produces verbs indicating an action or its result


ἀντι-

→ English: anti-

Greek: αντι- (anti-)


-osť

-osť (nominative singular)
-osti (nominative plural)
-osti (genitive singular)
-ostí (genitive plural)
-osti (dative singular)
-ostiam (dative plural)
-osť (accusative singular)
-osti (accusative plural)
-osti (locative singular)
-ostiach (locative plural)
-osťou (instrumental singular)
-osťami (instrumental plural)


-կերտ

Ստեփան (Stepʻan, “Stepan”) + -ակերտ (-akert) → Ստեփանակերտ (Stepʻanakert, “Stepanakert”)

forming city names after the name of its founder


-nerpaaq

ajorpoq (“is bad”) -> ajornerpaaq (“the worst”)

most [verb]ing; (one) who [verb]s the most (forms superlatives of verbs with adjectival meaning)


బే-

A negative prefix which denotes un-, in-, an-; without.


-nngit

"Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit
Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli

Nammineq tissassarluni inersinnaannginnerluni anisuualu qanoq ililluni anisassava?

1992, “Usuni kipigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit:

I wonder if he will be unable to stimulate himself to an orgasm, and how will the semen leave?


-нкса

Cognate with Moksha инкса (inksa, “because of”) (see there for more).

O. Je. Poljakov (1995) Učimsja govoritʹ po-mokšanski [Let's learn to speak Moksha], Saransk: Mordovskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, →ISBN, page 19
Азан спасиба сембонкса!
Azan spaśiba śembo nksa !
I thank you for everything!


-zki

-zki (masculine nominative singular)
-zka (feminine nominative singular)
-zkie (neuter nominative singular)
-zcy (nominative plural virile)
-zkie (nominative plural)
-zkiego (genitive masculine singular)
-zkiej (feminine genitive singular)
-zkiego (genitive neuter singular)
-zkich (genitive plural)
-zkich (genitive plural virile)
-zkiemu (dative masculine singular)
-zku (archaic dative masculine singular)
-zkiej (dative feminine singular)
-zkiemu (dative neuter singular)
-zku (archaic dative neuter singular)
-zkim (dative plural)
-zkim (dative plural virile)
-zkiego (accusative animate masculine singular)
-zki (accusative inanimate masculine singular)
-zką (accusative feminine singular)
-zkie (accusative neuter singular)
-zkich (accusative plural virile)
-zkie (accusative plural)
-zkim (instrumental masculine singular)
-zką (feminine instrumental singular)
-zkim (instrumental neuter singular)
-zkimi (instrumental plural)
-zkimi (instrumental plural virile)
-zkim (locative masculine singular)
-zkiej (feminine locative singular)
-zkim (locative neuter singular)
-zkich (locative plural)
-zkich (locative plural virile)


-cka

Kowal + -cka → Kowalska


-ettus

-etta (feminine)
-ettum (neuter)
-ettus (masculine nominative singular)
-etta (feminine nominative singular)
-ettum (neuter nominative singular)
-ettī (masculine nominative singular)
-ettae (feminine nominative plural)
-etta (neuter nominative plural)
-ettī (genitive masculine singular)
-ettae (feminine genitive singular)
-ettī (genitive neuter singular)
-ettōrum (genitive masculine singular)
-ettārum (feminine genitive plural)
-ettōrum (genitive neuter plural)
-ettō (dative masculine singular)
-ettae (dative feminine singular)
-ettō (dative neuter singular)
-ettīs (dative feminine masculine neuter)
-ettum (accusative masculine singular)
-ettam (accusative feminine singular)
-ettum (accusative neuter singular)
-ettōs (accusative masculine singular)
-ettās (accusative feminine plural)
-etta (accusative neuter plural)
-ettō (ablative masculine singular)
-ettā (ablative feminine singular)
-ettō (ablative neuter singular)
-ettīs (ablative feminine masculine neuter)
-ette (masculine singular vocative)
-etta (feminine singular vocative)
-ettum (neuter singular vocative)
-ettī (masculine singular vocative)
-ettae (feminine plural vocative)
-etta (neuter plural vocative)

Catalan: -et, -eta

French: -et, -ette

Italian: -etto, -etta

Spanish: -ito, -ita


-neq

ikinngut (“friend”) > ikinngutigiipput (“they are friends”) > ikinngutigiinneq (“friendship”)

substantival suffix, makes abstract nouns out of verbs


plesio-

From Ancient Greek πλησίον (plēsíon, “near”).


lombo-

lombo- + sacrale (“pertaining to the sacrum”) → lombosacrale (“lumbosacral”)

(anatomy) related to the lower back or loin; lumbo-


-онка

-о́нка (canonical)
-ónka (romanization)
-о́нка (nominative singular)
-о́нки (nominative plural)
-о́нки (genitive singular)
-о́нок (genitive plural)
-о́нке (dative singular)
-о́нкам (dative plural)
-о́нку (accusative animate singular)
-о́нок (accusative animate plural)
-о́нку (accusative inanimate singular)
-о́нки (accusative inanimate plural)
-о́нкой (instrumental singular)
-о́нкою (instrumental singular)
-о́нками (instrumental plural)
-о́нке (prepositional singular)
-о́нках (plural prepositional)

мужи́к (mužík, “man”) (usually pejorative) + -о́нка (-ónka) → мужичо́нка (mužičónka, “unimportant little man”) (pejorative)

соба́ка (sobáka, “dog”) + -о́нка (-ónka) → собачо́нка (sobačónka, “nasty little dog, stray dog”) (pejorative)

нога́ (nogá, “leg”) + -о́нка (-ónka) → ножо́нка (nožónka, “nasty leg”) (pejorative)

одёжа (odjóža, “clothing”) (colloquial, dated) + -о́нка (-ónka) → одежо́нка (odežónka, “nasty clothing”) (pejorative)

Alternative form of -ёнка (-jónka) (particularly after hushing consonants, including those caused by the Slavic first palatalization)


be- -et

hår -> behåret

brille -> bebrillet


nidder-

From the adverb down, downwards. Compare German nieder-, English nether-.


uewer-

From Middle High German ober-, from Old High German obaro. Cognate with German ober-.


niewen-

From Middle High German neben. Cognate with German neben-.


-araq

-araq (after-consonant back-vowel-harmony)
-ərək (after-consonant front-vowel-harmony)
-yaraq (after-vowel back-vowel-harmony)
-yərək (after-vowel front-vowel-harmony)

Postconsonantal of -ərək after the vowels A / I / O / U.


-utï

e.g. neqiutaa

His meat (caught or stored/assigned by him), as opposed to neqaa which would mean purely "its or his flesh".

indicating personal possession that is alienable or temporary


-गर्दी

Borrowed from Classical Persian گردی (-gardī).


-tn̥nós

-tn̥nós (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóes (nominative plural)
-tn̥né (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóes (plural vocative)
-tn̥nóm (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóms (accusative plural)
-tn̥nósyo (genitive singular)
-tn̥nóHom (genitive plural)
-tn̥néad (ablative singular)
-tn̥nómos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (ablative plural)
-tn̥nóey (dative singular)
-tn̥nómos (dative plural)
-tn̥nóbʰos (dative plural)
-tn̥néy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóy (locative singular)
-tn̥nóysu (locative plural)
-tn̥nṓys (instrumental plural)
-tn̥nā́m (accusative singular)
-tn̥nóm (nominative singular)
-tn̥nóy (dual nominative)
-tn̥nóm (singular vocative)
-tn̥nóy (dual vocative)
-tn̥nóy (accusative dual)

Proto-Armenian: *-aþayn (< earlier *-aþani < *-eh₂-tn̥n-i-s)

Old Armenian: -այն (-ayn)

Proto-Balto-Slavic:

Lithuanian: -tìnis, -tinas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tanás

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tanás

Sanskrit: -तन (-taná), -त्न (tná)

Proto-Italic: *-tenos

Latin: -tinus

From *ten- (“to extend, stretch”) + *-nós.


-iec

-iec (nominative singular)
-cy (nominative plural)
-ca (genitive singular)
-ców (genitive plural)
-cowi (dative singular)
-com (dative plural)
-ca (accusative singular)
-ców (accusative plural)
-cem (instrumental singular)
-cami (instrumental plural)
-cu (locative singular)
-cach (locative plural)
-cu (singular vocative)
-cy (plural vocative)
-iec (nominative singular)
-ce (nominative plural)
-ca (genitive singular)
-ców (genitive plural)
-cowi (dative singular)
-com (dative plural)
-ca (accusative singular)
-ce (accusative plural)
-cem (instrumental singular)
-cami (instrumental plural)
-cu (locative singular)
-cach (locative plural)
-cu (singular vocative)
-ce (plural vocative)
-iec (nominative singular)
-ce (nominative plural)
-cu (genitive singular)
-ców (genitive plural)
-cowi (dative singular)
-com (dative plural)
-iec (accusative singular)
-ce (accusative plural)
-cem (instrumental singular)
-cami (instrumental plural)
-cu (locative singular)
-cach (locative plural)
-cu (singular vocative)
-ce (plural vocative)
-iec (nominative singular)
-cowie (nominative plural)
-ca (genitive singular)
-ców (genitive plural)
-cowi (dative singular)
-com (dative plural)
-ca (accusative singular)
-ców (accusative plural)
-cem (instrumental singular)
-cami (instrumental plural)
-cu (locative singular)
-cach (locative plural)
-cu (singular vocative)
-cowie (plural vocative)

chudy + -iec → chudziec


-witz

Added to a stem to form a patronymic or matronymic surname.


-ske

(now rare) Denotes a woman occupied with an activity, especially a profession.


-topic

From Latin topica, from Ancient Greek τοπικός (topikós, “pertaining to a place, local, pertaining to a common place, or topic, topical”), from τόπος (tópos, “a place”); equivalent to -topia + -ic.


psammo-

From Ancient Greek ψάμμος (psámmos, “sand”).


steupa-

desctree

Old English: stēop-, stēp-
Middle English: steop-, step-, stappe-, ste-
English: step-
Scots: step-

Old Frisian: stiāp-

Saterland Frisian: stäif- (possibly from Low German)

West Frisian: styp-, styf-

Old Saxon: *stiop-

desc

Middle Low German: stiep-, stip-, stêf-, stîf-

German Low German: steev-, steef-

Old Dutch: *stiop-

Middle Dutch: stiep-, stippe-, stief-

Dutch: stief-

Afrikaans: stief-

Old High German: stiof-

Middle High German: stief-

German: stief-


ombro-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὄμβρος (ómbros).


-𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔

head

-𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌔 • (-elos) (feminine -𐌄𐌋𐌀, neuter -𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌌)

-elos (romanization)
-𐌄𐌋𐌀 (feminine)
-𐌄𐌋𐌏𐌌 (neuter)

From Proto-Italic *-elos, from Proto-Indo-European *-elós, thematized from Proto-Indo-European *-lós. Cognate with Latin -ulus.


-𐌕𐌀𐌔

From Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts, whence also Latin -tās.

-ty, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ship; Used to form nouns indicating a state of being.


-𐌕𐌏𐌔

Cognate with Latin -tus and English -th.


-इयत

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـیت (-iyyat).


𐌐𐌏𐌓-

From Proto-Italic *por-, from Proto-Indo-European *pr-. Cognate with por-.


kai-

(added to verbs) A person that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.


-snō

-snō (nominative singular)
-snôz (nominative plural)
-snō (singular vocative)
-snôz (plural vocative)
-snǭ (accusative singular)
-snōz (accusative plural)
-snōz (genitive singular)
-snǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-snōi (dative singular)
-snōmaz (dative plural)
-snō (instrumental singular)
-snōmiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-snu
Old English: -sn
Old Saxon: *-sna
Old Dutch: *-sna
Old High German: -sna, -nsa

Gothic: -𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-asna), -𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-sna)

Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-snāˀ

desc

Proto-Germanic: *-snō, *-isnō, *-usnō, *-asnjō (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-snā > *-hnā

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-snaH

λάχνη

earlier *λακσνά (*laksná) < *ϝλακσνά (*wlaksná)


-𐍃𐌽𐌰

-sna (romanization)
-𐍃𐌽𐌰 (nominative singular)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
-𐍃𐌽𐌰 (singular vocative)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
-𐍃𐌽𐌰 (accusative singular)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (accusative plural)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (genitive singular)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉 (genitive plural)
-𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 (dative singular)
-𐍃𐌽𐍉𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-snō (*-asnō, *-isnō, *-usnō), from Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂.

Forms feminine ō-stem nouns denoting a tool or instrument.


-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰

-asna (romanization)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (nominative singular)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (nominative plural)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (singular vocative)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (plural vocative)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰 (accusative singular)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (accusative plural)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉𐍃 (genitive singular)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉 (genitive plural)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐌰𐌹 (dative singular)
-𐌰𐍃𐌽𐍉𐌼 (dative plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-asnō, from Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂.

Variant of -𐍃𐌽𐌰 (-sna) when it is attached to an a-stem.


-sna

-sna (nominative singular)
-sně (dual nominative)
-sny (nominative plural)
-sny (genitive singular)
-snu (dual genitive)
-snъ (genitive plural)
-sně (dative singular)
-snama (dative dual)
-snamъ (dative plural)
-snǫ (accusative singular)
-sně (accusative dual)
-sny (accusative plural)
-snojǫ (instrumental singular)
-snǫ (instrumental singular)
-snama (dual instrumental)
-snami (instrumental plural)
-sně (locative singular)
-snu (dual locative)
-snasъ (locative plural)
-snaxъ (locative plural)
-sno (singular vocative)
-sně (dual vocative)
-sny (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-snāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-sneh₂.

dęsna

luna

plesna


-fobi

-fobi (indefinite nominative singular)
-fobien (definite nominative singular)
-fobier (indefinite nominative plural)
-fobierne (definite nominative plural)
-fobis (genitive indefinite singular)
-fobiens (definite genitive singular)
-fobiers (genitive indefinite plural)
-fobiernes (definite genitive plural)

araknofobi, agorafobi

(psychology) denotes a pathological fear


-livik

immulivik


-kos

-kos (nominative singular)
-koes (nominative plural)
-ke (singular vocative)
-koes (plural vocative)
-kom (accusative singular)
-koms (accusative plural)
-kosyo (genitive singular)
-koHom (genitive plural)
-kead (ablative singular)
-komos (ablative plural)
-kobʰos (ablative plural)
-koey (dative singular)
-komos (dative plural)
-kobʰos (dative plural)
-key (locative singular)
-koy (locative singular)
-koysu (locative plural)
-kōys (instrumental plural)
-kām (accusative singular)
-kom (nominative singular)
-koy (dual nominative)
-kom (singular vocative)
-koy (dual vocative)
-koy (accusative dual)

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-kas

Lithuanian: -ingas (with an /n/ infix)

Latvian: -īgs

Proto-Slavic: *-kъ (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Celtic: *-kos

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *-ākos

Proto-Germanic: *-gaz (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-kos

Ancient Greek: -κός (-kós)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-kas (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-kos

Latin: -cus (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Latin: -icus (see there for further descendants)

Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.


-gione

From earlier *-cione, from Latin -tiōnem.

(obsolete, no longer productive) Alternative form of -zione


nepho-

From Ancient Greek νέφος (néphos, “cloud”).


-sn

-sn (nominative singular)
-sna (nominative plural)
-sne (nominative plural)
-sne (accusative singular)
-sna (accusative plural)
-sne (accusative plural)
-sne (genitive singular)
-sna (genitive plural)
-sne (dative singular)
-snum (dative plural)


-lior

kl-suffix

-lior (n-v, truncative, fusioning, replacive)

"Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit
Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli


-gissaar

-gissaar (n-v, truncative except after q and r)


-бина

head

-би́на • (-bína)

-би́на (canonical)
-bína (romanization)
-би́на (nominative singular)
-би́ны (nominative plural)
-би́ны (genitive singular)
-би́н (genitive plural)
-би́не (dative singular)
-би́нам (dative plural)
-би́ну (accusative singular)
-би́ны (accusative plural)
-би́ной (instrumental singular)
-би́ною (instrumental singular)
-би́нами (instrumental plural)
-би́не (prepositional singular)
-би́нах (plural prepositional)

чужо́й (čužój, “foreign, alien”) + -би́на (-bína) → чужби́на (čužbína, “foreign country, foreign land”)

ложи́ться (ložítʹsja, “to lie”) + -би́на (-bína) → ложби́на (ložbína, “shallow ravine, depression”)

Added to verbs and adjectives to form nouns indicating locations (relatively uncommon suffix).


-анье

-а́нье (canonical)
-анье (canonical)
-ánʹje (romanization)
-anʹje (romanization)
-а́нье (nominative singular)
-анье (nominative singular)
-а́нья (nominative plural)
-анья (nominative plural)
-а́нья (genitive singular)
-анья (genitive singular)
-а́ний (genitive plural)
-аний (genitive plural)
-а́нью (dative singular)
-анью (dative singular)
-а́ньям (dative plural)
-аньям (dative plural)
-а́нье (accusative singular)
-анье (accusative singular)
-а́нья (accusative plural)
-анья (accusative plural)
-а́ньем (instrumental singular)
-аньем (instrumental singular)
-а́ньями (instrumental plural)
-аньями (instrumental plural)
-а́нье (prepositional singular)
-анье (prepositional singular)
-а́ньях (plural prepositional)
-аньях (plural prepositional)

купа́ть (kupátʹ, “to bathe”) + -а́нье (-ánʹje) → купа́нье (kupánʹje, “bathing”)

призна́ть (priznátʹ, “to recognize, to acknowledge, to declare”) + -а́нье (-ánʹje) → призна́нье (priznánʹje, “recognition, acknowledgment, declaration (obsolete or poetic)”)

жа́ловать (žálovatʹ, “to reward, to favor”) + -анье (-anʹje) → жа́лованье (žálovanʹje, “wages, salary, stipend”)

ды́хать (dýxatʹ, “to breathe”) + -а́нье (-ánʹje) → дыха́нье (dyxánʹje, “breath, breathing”)

Alternative form of -ание (-anije): -tion, -ence, -ance, -ity, etc. (suffix used to form abstract nouns from verbs; added especially to nouns ending in -ать (-atʹ))


-ильный

-и́льный • (-ílʹnyj)

-и́льный (canonical)
-ílʹnyj (romanization)

кали́ть (kalítʹ, “to heat, to incandesce”) + -и́льный (-ílʹnyj) → кали́льный (kalílʹnyj, “glowing, incandescent”)

роди́ть (rodítʹ, “to give birth”) + -и́льный (-ílʹnyj) → роди́льный (rodílʹnyj, “(relational) childbirth”)

гла́дить (gláditʹ, “to iron”) + -и́льный (-ílʹnyj) → глади́льный (gladílʹnyj, “(relational) ironing”)

холоди́ть (xolodítʹ, “to cool, to make cold”) + -и́льный (-ílʹnyj) → холоди́льный (xolodílʹnyj, “(relational) refrigeration”)

суши́ть (sušítʹ, “to dry”) + -и́льный (-ílʹnyj) → суши́льный (sušílʹnyj, “(relational) drying”)

Used to form adjectives from verbs, especially those in -ить (-itʹ).


xipho-

(anatomy) Relating to the xiphoid process (bottom of sternum).


-ईच

Borrowed from Marathi -च (-ċ), from Old Marathi -𑘓 (-ca), -𑘓𑘲 (-cī), from Maharastri Prakrit 𑀘𑀺𑀅 (cia), from Ashokan Prakrit 𑀘𑁂𑀯 (ceva), from Sanskrit चैव (caiva), from च (ca) + एव (evá).

यह (yah, “this”) + -ईच (-īc) → यईच (yaīc, “this very thing”)

(Bombay Hindi, Hyderabad, colloquial) intensifying particle


-éyti

-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
Ø-éymi (first-person indicative present singular)
-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
Ø-ḗm (first-person indicative past singular)
-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
Ø-éysi (indicative present second-person singular)
-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
Ø-éys (indicative past second-person singular)
-éy (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-éy (imperative second-person singular)
-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-idʰí (imperative second-person singular)
-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
Ø-éyesi (second-person singular subjunctive)
-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-éyti (indicative present singular third-person)
-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-éyt (indicative past singular third-person)
-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
Ø-éytu (imperative singular third-person)
-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyeti (singular subjunctive third-person)
-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
Ø-iwós (dual first-person indicative present)
-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
Ø-iwé (dual first-person indicative past)
-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyowos (dual first-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present second-person)
-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual indicative past second-person)
-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
Ø-itóm (dual imperative second-person)
-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyetes (dual second-person subjunctive)
-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
Ø-ités (dual indicative present third-person)
-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual indicative past third-person)
-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
Ø-itā́m (dual imperative third-person)
-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetes (dual subjunctive third-person)
-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
Ø-imós (first-person indicative plural present)
-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
Ø-imé (first-person indicative past plural)
-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
Ø-éyomos (first-person plural subjunctive)
-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative plural present second-person)
-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
Ø-ité (indicative past plural second-person)
-ité (imperative plural second-person)
Ø-ité (imperative plural second-person)
-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
Ø-éyete (plural second-person subjunctive)
-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yénti (indicative plural present third-person)
-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yént (indicative past plural third-person)
-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
Ø-yéntu (imperative plural third-person)
-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyonti (plural subjunctive third-person)
-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-yónts (indicative participle present)
Ø-ih₂é (first-person indicative past singular)
-isó (imperative second-person singular)
Ø-isó (imperative second-person singular)
-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-itór (indicative present singular third-person)
-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
Ø-yór (indicative present singular third-person)
-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-itó (indicative past singular third-person)
-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
Ø-yó (indicative past singular third-person)
-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyetor (singular subjunctive third-person)
-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-yn̥tór (indicative plural present third-person)
-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
Ø-irór (indicative plural present third-person)
-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-yn̥tó (indicative past plural third-person)
-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
Ø-iró (indicative past plural third-person)
-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)
Ø-éyontor (plural subjunctive third-person)


skabs-

Combining form of skab (“closet”). Probably abstracted from skabsbøsse (“closeted gay man”). Compare English in the closet.

skabsjøde (“closeted Jew”), skabssocialdemokrat (“closeted social democrat”)


mag-

mag- + lev(itation) → maglev

mag- + slip → magslip

mag- + tape → magtape


-hanga

Inherited from Proto-Polynesian *-saŋa, from a rebracketing of Proto-Oceanic nouns ending in /s/, /c/ and *-aŋa.


-ranga

From a conflation of Proto-Polynesian *-laŋa and *-raŋa, from a rebracketing of Proto-Oceanic nouns ending in /d/, /l/, /ⁿr/, /r/ and *-aŋa.


-qqissaar

Ilisimatusartut GEUS-imeersut Nuugaatsiap qaqqai misissoqqissaarlugit aallartipput.

2017 August 5, Trine Juncher Jørgensen, “Ilisimatusartut qaqqat akissutissarsiorfigaat”, in Sermitsiaq:

Scientists from GEUS have begun to meticulously investigate the fjelds of Nuugaatsiaq.


-अन

-ana (romanization)
-अनः (nominative singular)
-अनौ (dual nominative)
-अना1 (dual nominative)
-अनाः (nominative plural)
-अनासः1 (nominative plural)
-अन (singular vocative)
-अनौ (dual vocative)
-अना1 (dual vocative)
-अनाः (plural vocative)
-अनासः1 (plural vocative)
-अनम् (accusative singular)
-अनौ (accusative dual)
-अना1 (accusative dual)
-अनान् (accusative plural)
-अनेन (instrumental singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
-अनैः (instrumental plural)
-अनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
-अनाय (dative singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
-अनेभ्यः (dative plural)
-अनात् (ablative singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
-अनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
-अनस्य (genitive singular)
-अनयोः (dual genitive)
-अनानाम् (genitive plural)
-अने (locative singular)
-अनयोः (dual locative)
-अनेषु (locative plural)
-अनम् (nominative singular)
-अने (dual nominative)
-अनानि (nominative plural)
-अना1 (nominative plural)
-अन (singular vocative)
-अने (dual vocative)
-अनानि (plural vocative)
-अना1 (plural vocative)
-अनम् (accusative singular)
-अने (accusative dual)
-अनानि (accusative plural)
-अना1 (accusative plural)
-अनेन (instrumental singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
-अनैः (instrumental plural)
-अनेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
-अनाय (dative singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (dative dual)
-अनेभ्यः (dative plural)
-अनात् (ablative singular)
-अनाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
-अनेभ्यः (ablative plural)
-अनस्य (genitive singular)
-अनयोः (dual genitive)
-अनानाम् (genitive plural)
-अने (locative singular)
-अनयोः (dual locative)
-अनेषु (locative plural)

Prakrit: -𑀅𑀡 (-aṇa)

Bengali: -না (-na), -অনা (-ona)

Hindi: -ना (-nā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Sanskrit -अन (-ana)
From Proto-Indo-European *-onom, from:
* *-o- (thematic vowel) + *-nom (verbal noun suffix), cognate with Proto-Germanic *-aną
* *-on- (agent noun suffix) + *-o-s/m.

etymon

सम् + गम् (sam + gam, “to gather”) + -अन (-ana) → संगमन (saṃgamana, “gatherer”)

दृप् (dṛp, “to become/make proud”) + -अन (-ana) → दर्पण (darpaṇa, “mirror < proud-maker”)


-anga

From Proto-Polynesian *-aŋa, from Proto-Oceanic *-aŋa, variant of *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.


-anga

es-noun

-anga f (noun-forming suffix, plural -angas)

frito (“fried”) + -anga → fritanga (“greasy food”)

used with pejorative value in nouns and adjectives


urethro-

/jəˈɹiːθɹoʊ-/

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from Ancient Greek οὐρήθρα (ourḗthra, “the passage for urine”).


-çëm

Gheg dialect, from Proto-Albanian *-(i)sama, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Etymologically cognate with Old High German -sam (“-some”), Old Norse -samr (“-some”).

mend/mendje (mind) — i meçëm (smart)

shnet (health) — i shnetçëm (healthy)

sot (today) — i soçëm (fresh)

mot (time) — i moçëm (old)

Makes masculine adjectives from verbs and nouns. The most common meaning the suffix carries is comparable to -able in English.


-shme

Tosk dialect, from Proto-Albanian *-(i)sama, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós. Etymologically cognate with Old High German -sam (“-some”), Old Norse -samr (“-some”).

këndje (delight) — e këndshme (pleasant, delightful)

zellje (zeal)

Makes feminine adjectives from verbs and nouns. The most common meaning the suffix carries is comparable to -able in English.


बा-

Borrowed from Classical Persian با (bā).


ग़ैर-

Borrowed from Classical Persian غیرـ (ğayr-i-), from Arabic غَيْر (ḡayr).


अनु-

अनु- (anu-) + मस्तिष्क (mastiṣk, “brain”) → अनुमस्तिष्क (anumastiṣk, “cerebellum”)

along, following, according to; subordinate to


कम-

Borrowed from Classical Persian کم (kam, “few, little”). See also कम (kam).

कम- (kam-) + ज़ोर (zor, “strength”) → कमज़ोर (kamzor, “weak”)


-इया

-iyā (romanization)
-इया (direct singular)
-इयाँ (direct plural)
-इया (oblique singular)
-इयों (oblique plural)
-इया (singular vocative)
-इयो (plural vocative)

Ultimately equivalent to Sanskrit -इक (-ika) + -का (-kā). Compare -ई (-ī).


-r̥

-r̥ (canonical)
-r̥ (canonical neuter)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥ (nominative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥ (singular vocative)
ó-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥ (accusative singular)
ó-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-n̥s (genitive singular)
é-n̥s (genitive singular)
-noHom (genitive plural)
é-noHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-n̥s (ablative singular)
é-n̥s (ablative singular)
-n̥mos (ablative plural)
é-n̥mos (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-ney (dative singular)
é-ney (dative singular)
-n̥mos (dative plural)
é-n̥mos (dative plural)
-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
é-n̥bʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-n̥ (locative singular)
é-n̥ (locative singular)
-ni (locative singular)
é-ni (locative singular)
-n̥su (locative plural)
é-n̥su (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
é-n̥h₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥mis (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
é-n̥bʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)
-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥ (nominative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (nominative plural)
-ōr (nominative)
é-ōr (nominative)
-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥ (singular vocative)
é-r̥h₂ (plural vocative)
-ōr (vocative)
é-ōr (vocative)
-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥ (accusative singular)
é-r̥h₂ (accusative plural)
-ōr (accusative)
é-ōr (accusative)
-éns (genitive singular)
Ø-éns (genitive singular)
-énoHom (genitive plural)
Ø-énoHom (genitive plural)
-nés (genitive)
Ø-nés (genitive)
-éns (ablative singular)
Ø-éns (ablative singular)
-énmos (ablative plural)
Ø-énmos (ablative plural)
-énbʰos (ablative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (ablative plural)
-nés (ablative)
Ø-nés (ablative)
-éney (dative singular)
Ø-éney (dative singular)
-énmos (dative plural)
Ø-énmos (dative plural)
-énbʰos (dative plural)
Ø-énbʰos (dative plural)
-néy (dative)
Ø-néy (dative)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-énsu (locative plural)
Ø-énsu (locative plural)
-én (locative)
Ø-én (locative)
-éni (locative)
Ø-éni (locative)
Ø-énh₁ (instrumental singular)
-énmis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énmis (instrumental plural)
-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-énbʰis (instrumental plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental)

Proto-Anatolian:

Hittite: -𒅈 (-ar)

Proto-Hellenic: *-ər

desc

Ancient Greek: -αρ ~ -ατος (-ar ~ -atos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-r̥

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-r̥

Sanskrit: -र् (-r)

Proto-Italic: *-or ~ *-enes

Latin: -or/-ur ~ -inis,-oris,-inoris

Derives nouns from roots, frequently mass nouns.


-ḗn

-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø-ḗn (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-énes (nominative plural)
Ø-énes (nominative plural)
-én (singular vocative)
Ø-én (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-énes (plural vocative)
Ø-énes (plural vocative)
-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-énm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-énm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-énm̥s (accusative plural)
-nés (genitive singular)
Ø-nés (genitive singular)
-nóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-nóHom (genitive plural)
-nés (ablative singular)
Ø-nés (ablative singular)
-n̥mós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (ablative plural)
-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (ablative plural)
-néy (dative singular)
Ø-néy (dative singular)
-n̥mós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥mós (dative plural)
-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥bʰós (dative plural)
-én (locative singular)
Ø-én (locative singular)
-éni (locative singular)
Ø-éni (locative singular)
-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥sú (locative plural)
Ø-néh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥mís (instrumental plural)
-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥bʰís (instrumental plural)


-çme

mend/mendje (mind) — e meçme (smart)

shnet (health) — e shnetçme (healthy)

sot (today) — e soçme (fresh)

mot (time) — e moçme (old)


πετρο-

πετρο- (petro-) + γκάζι (gkázi, “gas”) → πετρογκάζ (petrogkáz, “bottled fuel gas”)

expressing a connection with oil or petroleum


πετρό-

πετρο- πετρο-#Greek


nge-

hapus (“to delete”) > ngehapus

aduk (“to mix”) > ngaduk

cobain (“to try”) > nyobain

peres (“to squeeze”) > meres

tulis (“to write”) > nulis

(colloquial, chiefly Java) Used to mark active subject on a verb. Usually not used in a direct imperative sentence.


nge-

Inherited from Old Javanese (m)aN-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maN-.


νανό-

νανο- νανο-#Greek


νανο-

Ultimately from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos, “dwarf”).

νανο- (nano-) + κύκνος (kýknos, “swan”) → νανόκυκνος (nanókyknos, “Bewick's swan”)


-fob

-fob (nominative singular)
fobi (nominative plural)
fobowie (nominative plural)
-foba (genitive singular)
-fobów (genitive plural)
-fobowi (dative singular)
-fobom (dative plural)
-foba (accusative singular)
-fobów (accusative plural)
-fobem (instrumental singular)
-fobami (instrumental plural)
-fobie (locative singular)
-fobach (locative plural)
-fobie (singular vocative)
fobi (plural vocative)
fobowie (plural vocative)

homo- + -fob → homofob (“homophobe”)

hydro- + -fob → hydrofob (“hydrophobe”)


-tooq

e.g. Kalaallisooq

An element of a language (from the equative case -tut)


χαλκο-

χαλκ- (chalk-) + ορυχείο (orycheío, “mine”) → χαλκωρυχείο (chalkorycheío, “copper mine”)

expressing: made of or connected with copper


-qatï

meeraqat


-φιλία

-filía (romanization)
-φιλία (nominative singular)
-φιλίες (nominative plural)
-φιλίας (genitive singular)
-φιλιών (genitive plural)
-φιλία (accusative singular)
-φιλίες (accusative plural)
-φιλία (singular vocative)
-φιλίες (plural vocative)

From Ancient Greek φῐλία (phĭlía, “friendship, love, affection, fondness”).

der

αίμα (aíma, “blood”) + -φιλία (-filía) → αιμοφιλία (aimofilía, “haemophilia”)

σπασμός (spasmós, “spasm”) + -φιλία (-filía) → σπασμοφιλία (spasmofilía, “spasmophilia”)

(medicine) added to a noun or adjective to create nouns denoting diseases or medical conditions; -philia:


-iego

es-adj

-iego (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -iega, masculine plural -iegos, feminine plural -iegas)

-iega (feminine)
-iegos (masculine plural)
-iegas (feminine plural)

verano (“summer”) + -iego → veraniego (“summer (relational)”)

mujer (“woman”) + -iego → mujeriego (“womanizing”)

andar (“walk”) + -iego → andariego (“restless”)

forms adjectives from nouns and verbs, often indicating a relation, belonging, or origin


-nertooq

"Nalugunanngilara una suminngaanneersuunersoq," Ron oqarpoq aappillerlunilu poortugaq tinupanertooq tikkuaramiuk.

2002, Stephen Hammeken, Harry Potter Ujarallu Inuunartoq, Nuuk: Atuakkiorfik, translation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone by J. K. Rowling, →ISBN, page 248:

"I think I know who that one's from," said Ron, going a bit pink and pointing to a very lumpy parcel.

ilinniarpoq (“to study”) -> ilinniarnertooq (“student”)


-έζος

-ézos (romanization)
-έζα (feminine)
-έζος (nominative singular)
-έζοι (nominative plural)
-έζου (genitive singular)
-έζων (genitive plural)
-έζο (accusative singular)
-έζους (accusative plural)
-έζε (singular vocative)
-έζοι (plural vocative)

Κίνα (Kína, “China”) + -έζος (-ézos) → Κινέζος (Kinézos, “Chinese”)

Ιαπωνία (Iaponía, “Japan”) + -έζος (-ézos) → Γιαπωνέζος (Giaponézos, “Japanese”)

Βιέννη (Viénni, “Vienna”) + -έζος (-ézos) → Βιεννέζος (Viennézos, “Viennese”)

added to a country, region or city to create (proper) nouns denoting a male resident, citizen or native; -ese, -er:


-έζα

-éza (romanization)
-έζος (masculine)
-έζα (nominative singular)
-έζες (nominative plural)
-έζας (genitive singular)
-έζων (genitive plural)
-έζα (accusative singular)
-έζες (accusative plural)
-έζα (singular vocative)
-έζες (plural vocative)

Κίνα (Kína, “China”) + -έζα (-éza) → Κινέζα (Kinéza, “Chinese”)

Ιαπωνία (Iaponía, “Japan”) + -έζα (-éza) → Γιαπωνέζα (Giaponéza, “Japanese”)

Βιέννη (Viénni, “Vienna”) + -έζα (-éza) → Βιεννέζα (Viennéza, “Viennese”)

added to a country, region or city to create (proper) nouns denoting a female resident, citizen or native; -ese, -er:


-ónts

-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø-ónts (nominative singular)
Ø₁ (dual nominative)
Ø₁e (dual nominative)
-óntes (nominative plural)
Ø-óntes (nominative plural)
-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø-ónt (singular vocative)
Ø₁ (dual vocative)
Ø₁e (dual vocative)
-óntes (plural vocative)
Ø-óntes (plural vocative)
-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø-óntm̥ (accusative singular)
Ø₁ (accusative dual)
Ø₁e (accusative dual)
-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
Ø-óntm̥s (accusative plural)
-n̥tés (genitive singular)
Ø-n̥tés (genitive singular)
-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
Ø-n̥tóHom (genitive plural)
-n̥tés (ablative singular)
Ø-n̥tés (ablative singular)
-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (ablative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (ablative plural)
-n̥téy (dative singular)
Ø-n̥téy (dative singular)
-n̥tmós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tmós (dative plural)
-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰós (dative plural)
-ént (locative singular)
Ø-ént (locative singular)
-énti (locative singular)
Ø-énti (locative singular)
-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥tsú (locative plural)
Ø-n̥téh₁ (instrumental singular)
-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tmís (instrumental plural)
-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)
Ø-n̥tbʰís (instrumental plural)

Proto-Hellenic: *-atos

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *gónwatos (< *gonwós (compare γουνός (gounós)) < *ǵonwós)

desc

Ancient Greek: γόνατος (gónatos, “knee”)

Greek: γόνατο (gónato)

q

⇒ Proto-Hellenic: *krāhatos (< *krās (compare κράς (krás)) < *ḱr̥h₂s)

desc

Ancient Greek: κρᾱ́ατος (krā́atos), κρᾱτός (krātós, “shank”)

Proto-Celtic: *-ants m, *-antā f, *-antī f

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *abrants (“eye-lid”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *brāgants (“neck, throat”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *dowsantā (“arm”)

⇒ Proto-Celtic: *sleixsantī (“thigh”)

Proto-Germanic: *-undaz m, *-undō f, *-undą n

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *harundą (“flesh”)

⇒ Proto-Germanic: *waisundaz (“windpipe”)

planta

Proto-Italic: *plantā (“sole of the foot”)


myso-

From Ancient Greek μύσος (músos, “uncleanness”).


amnio-

From Ancient Greek ἀμνίον (amníon, “caul, membrane around the fetus”).


dipso-

From Ancient Greek δίψα (dípsa, “thirst”).


-ssaq

inuunissaq nalunaqaaq

One knows nothing of how long one is going to live.

qarmassaq

future [noun], thing meant to become a [noun]


phragmo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek φραγμός (phragmós).


gnatho-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos).


occipito-

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the occiput.


synchro-

Analyzable as syn- + chrono-, from Ancient Greek σύν (sún)+χρόνος (khrónos)


-πανο

-pano (romanization)
-πανο (nominative singular)
-πανα (nominative plural)
-πανου (genitive singular)
-πανων (genitive plural)
-πανο (accusative singular)
-πανα (accusative plural)
-πανο (singular vocative)
-πανα (plural vocative)

καράβι (karávi, “ship”) + -πανο (-pano) → καραβόπανο (karavópano)

Used to form a noun derivative related to cloth:


anthraco-

From international scientific vocabulary, reflecting a New Latin combining form, from New Latin anthracites, from Ancient Greek ἄνθραξ (ánthrax), whence also Latin anthrax, whence English anthrax (because the black eschars of that disease are named for their resemblance to coals).

anthrax

etymologically related but semantically never overlapping; no anthraco-derived English terms have reference to anthrax


horo-

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra, “time, hour”).


-ίτιδα

-ítida (romanization)
-ίτιδα (nominative singular)
-ίτιδας (genitive singular)
-ίτιδα (accusative singular)
-ίτιδα (singular vocative)

αμφιβληστροειδής (amfivlistroeidís, “retin”) + -ίτιδα (-ítida) → αμφιβληστροειδίτιδα (amfivlistroeidítida, “retinitis”)

κόλπος (kólpos, “vagina”) + -ίτιδα (-ítida) → κολπίτιδα (kolpítida, “vaginitis”)

(pathology) -itis, a suffix denoting inflammation of the affixed organ.


cholecysto-

(medicine) Relating to the gall bladder.


stër-

Originally possibly Vulgar Latin, from Latin extra, whence the synonymous Romanian stră-, regularly reflected in the archaic form shtër-. The modern form in s- might have arose by influence of Proto-Slavic *stàrъ (“old”), especially given sense 3, which is indeed also attested in Romanian, as for example in stră-bunic (“great-grandfather”), but not in other Romance cognates.

stër- + i madh (“big”) → i stërmadh (“very big”)

stër- + dhëmb (“tooth”) → stërdhëmb (“crooked tooth”)

stër- + qokë (“brood hen”) → stërqokë (“jackdaw”)

stër- + gjysh (“grandfather”) → stërgjysh (“great-grandfather”)

augments kinship terms by one generation. great-


ⲣⲉⲙ-

ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ#Coptic

(Bohairic) man of, person of (nominal form of ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (rōmi))


ⲣⲉϥ-

From Demotic rmt jw.f (“one who”), from Egyptian rmṯ jw.f (“a person – he …”).

(Akhmimic, Bohairic, Lycopolitan, Sahidic) forms agent nouns from verbs; one who …, one that …


ⲙⲉⲧ-

From Demotic mt (“speech, matter”), from Egyptian md-d:t-A2 (mdwt, “words, speech, matter”).

inh

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egy">mdwt</i>

(Bohairic, Fayyumic) denominative prefix forming abstract nouns


-आ

-ā (alternative)
-आ (direct singular)
-ए (direct plural)
-ए (oblique singular)
-ओं (oblique plural)
-ए (singular vocative)
-ओ (plural vocative)
-आ (direct masculine singular)
-ए (direct masculine plural)
-ई (direct feminine singular)
-ई (direct feminine plural)
-ए (masculine oblique singular)
-ए (masculine oblique plural)
-ई (feminine oblique singular)
-ई (feminine oblique plural)
-ए (masculine singular vocative)
-ए (masculine plural vocative)
-ई (feminine singular vocative)
-ई (feminine plural vocative)

From a merger of a few sources, but in all cases from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-kas, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos:
* Inherited from Old Hindi -आ (-ā), from older -औ (-au), from Apabhramsa -अउ m (-aü, nominative), from Prakrit -𑀅𑀑 (-ao), -𑀅𑀬𑁄 (-ayo), -𑀅𑀕𑁄 m (-ago, nominative), from Sanskrit -अकः ~ -अको m (-akaḥ ~ -ako, agentive suffix, variant nominative forms based on sandhi). Doublet of -अक (-ak).
* From historic a-stems extended by Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-), from Sanskrit -क (-ka). Doublet of -क (-ka).
* Borrowed from Classical Persian ـه (-â), from Middle Persian -k' (-ag), from Proto-Iranian *-akah.

suffix found in many masculine nouns of both Indo-Aryan and Perso-Arabic origin


-आ

-ā (alternative)
-आ (direct singular)
-आएँ (direct plural)
-आ (oblique singular)
-आओं (oblique plural)
-आ (singular vocative)
-आओ (plural vocative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian ـه (-â), from Arabic ـَة (-a).

साहिर (sāhir, “enchanter”) + -आ (-ā) → साहिरा (sāhirā, “enchantress”)

forms the feminine form of some Perso-Arabic agent nouns


-আ

For:
* Sanskritic borrowings and formations, from Sanskrit -आ (-ā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-aH, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂.
* Arabic and Persian borrowings, from Arabic ـَة (-a) (and some via Classical Persian ـه (-a)), from Proto-Semitic *-at, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-Vt.

অনাঘ্রাত (onaghrat) + -আ (-a) → অনাঘ্রাতা (onaghrata)


-ঈয়

ভাৰত (bharot, “India”) + -ঈয় (-io) → ভাৰতীয় (bharotio, “Indian”, adjective)

(in adjectives) coming from, related to, like


-ঈয়

ভারত (bharot, “India”) + -ঈয় (-iẏo) → ভারতীয় (bharotiẏo, “Indian”, adjective)


πυρο-

Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πυρο- (puro-), from πῦρ n (pûr) [modern, formal πυρ (pyr, “fire”)] + interfix -ο-.
The form πυρι- (pyri-), from the ancient dative singular πυρί (purí).

lbor

πυρο (pyro) + -μανής (-manís, “maniac”) → πυρομανής (pyromanís, “pyromaniac”)

πυρό- (pyró-) + -λυση (-lysi, “chemical breakdown”) → πυρόλυση (pyrólysi, “pyrolysis”)

πυρί- (pyrí-) + -μαχος (-machos, “resisting”) → πυρίμαχος (pyrímachos, “fireproof”)

πυρ- (pyr-) + -πολώ (-poló) → πυρπολώ (pyrpoló, “set fire to”)

πύρ- (pýr-) + -αρχος (-archos, “-arch”) → πύραρχος (pýrarchos, “fire colonel”)

expressing a connection with fire or flame(s), or the colours produced


-शुदा

Borrowed from Classical Persian شده (šuda).

bor+

शादी (śādī) + -शुदा (-śudā) → शादीशुदा (śādīśudā, “married”)

तलाक़ (talāq) + -शुदा (-śudā) → तलाक़शुदा (talāqśudā, “divorced”)

गुम (gum) + -शुदा (-śudā) → गुमशुदा (gumśudā, “lost”)


ⲉⲣ-

ⲉⲓⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲣⲉ#Coptic

(Sahidic, Bohairic) Nominal state of ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (eire), ⲓⲣⲓ (iri), forming verbs derived from nouns or adjectives.


ϫⲉⲙ-

(Bohairic) Added to verbs to signify finding.


utriculo-

(anatomy) Of or pertaining to the utricle.


-inassuz

-inassuz (nominative singular)
-inassiwiz (nominative plural)
-inassu (singular vocative)
-inassiwiz (plural vocative)
-inassų (accusative singular)
-inassunz (accusative plural)
-inassauz (genitive singular)
-inassiwǫ̂ (genitive plural)
-inassiwi (dative singular)
-inassumaz (dative plural)
-inassū (instrumental singular)
-inassumiz (instrumental plural)

desctree

Proto-West Germanic: *-nassī, *-nassi, *-nussi (feminine jo-stem)
Old English: -nes, -ness, -nis, -niss, -nys, -nyss
Middle English: -nesse, -ness, -nes, -nece, -nesce, -nisse, -nis, -næse, -næs, -nez
English: -ness
Scots: -nes
Old Frisian: -nisse, -ense
Saterland Frisian: -nisse, -nis
West Frisian: -ens
Old Saxon: -nessi, -nissi, -nussi
Middle Low German: -nisse
Low German: -nis
Old Dutch: -nissi, -nussi
Middle Dutch: -nisse
Dutch: -nis
Afrikaans: -nis
Old High German: -nissi, -nussi
Middle High German: -nisse, -nusse, -nüsse (at least in rhyme)
German: -nis, -niß -nüß, -nuß
Yiddish: ־ניש (-nish)

Gothic: -𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 (-inassus)


antar-

From Sanskrit अन्तर् (antar, “within, between, amongst”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁entér (“between”). Doublet of inter-.

der

antarbenua

antarkota

antarbangsa


-tteamē

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: -hts

Northern Sami: -heapme

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: -ttem

Kildin Sami: -хэмь (-xem’)

Forms adjectives indicating a lack of something.


-tteattē

Western Samic:

Lule Sami: -dahtte

Northern Sami: -hahtti

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: -ttettee

Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating ability to have the verb's action performed on it.


-jēlē

Western Samic:

Lule Sami: -el

Northern Sami: -il

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: -eel

Skolt Sami: -âl

Kildin Sami: -эль (-el’)

Forms adjectives from verbs, indicating an inclination or tendency to perform the verb's action.


-mëtēk

Western Samic:

Southern Sami: -nidh

Northern Sami: -nit

Eastern Samic:

Inari Sami: -niđ

Forms verbs indicating change into a state.


heksa-

From Latin hexa-, from Ancient Greek ἑξα- (hexa-), from ἕξ (héx, “six”).


heksa-

heksa- + -metr → heksamtr


anheim-

separable verb prefix that indicates movement to someone’s area of control


yhdys-

yhdyshenkilö

yhdyskunta

yhdyskäytävä

yhdyssana

Yhdysvallat

yhdysviiva

Indicated unity or connection, English translations vary.


empor-

From empor. Can also be analyzed as empor (adverb) forming compounds.

empor- + kommen (“arrive”) → emporkommen (“ascent”)

Separable verb prefix that indicates movement to the top of something.


entgegen-

/ɛntˈɡeːɡən/

[ʔɛntˈɡeːɡŋ̩]

From entgegen. Can also be analyzed as the adverb entgegen forming compounds.

Separable verb prefix that indicates movement towards or against something.


χρυσό-

From Ancient Greek χρυσός (khrusós, “gold”).

χρυσό- (chrysó-) + μαλλιά (malliá, “hair”) → χρυσόμαλλος (chrysómallos, “golden haired”)

χρυσό- (chrysó-) + ορυχείο (orycheío, “mine”) → χρυσωρυχείο (chrysorycheío, “gold mine”)

χρυσό- (chrysó-) + κόκκινος (kókkinos, “red”) → χρυσοκόκκινος (chrysokókkinos, “golden-red”)


isco-

From Ancient Greek ἴσχο- (ískho-), derived from ἴσχω (ískhō, “I restrain, hold”).


arithmo-

From Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number, counting, arithmetic”).


-palaarsuaq

accursed [noun], [noun] which the speaker dislikes


cholangio-

From Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ, “bile”) and ἀγγεῖον (angeîon, “vessel”).


stibo-

From stibio-, itself derived from Latin stibium (“antimony”).


-яга

head

-я́га • (-jága) m anim or m inan or f anim or f inan

-я́га (canonical)
-jága (romanization)
-я́га (nominative singular)
-я́ги (nominative plural)
-я́ги (genitive singular)
-я́г (genitive plural)
-я́ге (dative singular)
-я́гам (dative plural)
-я́гу (accusative singular)
-я́ги (accusative plural)
-я́гой (instrumental singular)
-я́гою (instrumental singular)
-я́гами (instrumental plural)
-я́ге (prepositional singular)
-я́гах (plural prepositional)

бе́дный (bédnyj, “poor”) + -я́га (-jága) → бедня́га (bednjága, “poor little thing, wretch”)

броди́ть (brodítʹ, “to wander”) + -я́га (-jága) → бродя́га (brodjága, “tramp, vagabond”)

двор (dvor, “yard”) + -я́га (-jága) → дворня́га (dvornjága, “mutt, mongrel”)

рабо́тать (rabótatʹ, “to work”) + -я́га (-jága) → работя́га (rabotjága, “hard worker”)

Suffix forming nouns denoting a possessor of a certain quality, often intensifying, and usually colloquial or informal.


-às

ca-noun

-às m (noun-forming suffix, plural -asos, feminine -asa)

ca-adj

-às (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -asa, masculine plural -asos, feminine plural -ases)

-asos (plural)
-asa (feminine)
-asa (feminine)
-asos (masculine plural)
-ases (feminine plural)

Inherited from Latin -āceus. Doublet of -aci, which was borrowed.

forms augmentatives of nouns and adjectives


kʷetwr̥-

head

*kʷ(e)twr̥- (before cons.) or *kʷ(e)tur- (before vow.) or *kʷ(e)tru- (with metathesis)

kʷtwr̥- (canonical)
kʷtur- (canonical)
kʷtru- (canonical)

Proto-Germanic: *feþur-

Hellenic:

Ancient Greek: τετρα- (tetra-)

Italic:

Latin: quadr-, quadri-, quadru-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwr̥-

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćatwr̥-

Sanskrit: चतुर्- (catur-)


feþur-

Old English: fiþer-

Old Norse: fer-

Icelandic: fer-

Danish: fjer-

Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍂- (fidur-)

From pre-Germanic *kʷétwr̥-, probably resegmented as *kʷétur-, combining form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷetwóres.


-ngaar

Qanittukkut aviisini eqqartorneqarpoq qallunaap usuni kipisimagaa nuliama itigartitsiuarnera naalliuutigingaaramiuk.

1992 August 21, “Usuni kipigaa”, in Atuagagdliutit, page 11:

Recently, there was a story in the papers about a Dane who cut off his penis because he was very pained by his wife's persistent rejections.


-traí

nominative (indefinite)
-traí (indefinite singular)
-traithe (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a -traí (indefinite singular)
a -traithe (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -traí (definite singular)
na -traithe (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
na -traí (definite singular)
dative (definite)
leis an -traí (definite singular)
don -traí (definite singular)
leis na -traithe (definite plural)

Forms nouns indicating a kind of music that induces something.


-the

English: -th

Scots: -t

Inherited from Old English -þa (ordinal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-dō, from Proto-Germanic *-dô.

inh+

Forms ordinal numerals, except for first, seconde, thridde; -th.


-ulaz

-ulaz (masculine nominative singular strong)
-ulai (masculine nominative plural strong)
-ulō (feminine nominative singular strong)
-ulôz (feminine nominative plural strong)
-ulą (neuter nominative singular strong)
-at (neuter nominative singular strong)
-atō (neuter nominative singular strong)
-ulō (neuter nominative plural strong)
-ulanǭ (accusative masculine singular strong)
-ulanz (accusative masculine plural strong)
-ulǭ (accusative feminine singular strong)
-ulōz (accusative feminine plural strong)
-ulą (accusative neuter singular strong)
-at (accusative neuter singular strong)
-atō (accusative neuter singular strong)
-ulō (accusative neuter plural strong)
-ulas (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ulis (genitive masculine singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural strong)
-ulaizōz (feminine genitive singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural strong)
-ulas (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ulis (genitive neuter singular strong)
-ulaizǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural strong)
-ulammai (dative masculine singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative masculine plural strong)
-ulaizōi (dative feminine singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative feminine plural strong)
-ulammai (dative neuter singular strong)
-ulaimaz (dative neuter plural strong)
-ulanō (instrumental masculine singular strong)
-ulaimiz (instrumental masculine plural strong)
-ulaizō (feminine instrumental singular strong)
-ulaimiz (feminine instrumental plural strong)
-ulanō (instrumental neuter singular strong)
-ulaimiz (instrumental neuter plural strong)
-ulô (masculine nominative singular weak)
-ulaniz (masculine nominative plural weak)
-ulǭ (feminine nominative singular weak)
-ulōniz (feminine nominative plural weak)
-ulô (neuter nominative singular weak)
-ulōnō (neuter nominative plural weak)
-ulanų (accusative masculine singular weak)
-ulanunz (accusative masculine plural weak)
-ulōnų (accusative feminine singular weak)
-ulōnunz (accusative feminine plural weak)
-ulô (accusative neuter singular weak)
-ulōnō (accusative neuter plural weak)
-uliniz (genitive masculine singular weak)
-ulanǫ̂ (genitive masculine plural weak)
-ulōniz (feminine genitive singular weak)
-ulōnǫ̂ (feminine genitive plural weak)
-uliniz (genitive neuter singular weak)
-ulanǫ̂ (genitive neuter plural weak)
-ulini (dative masculine singular weak)
-ulammaz (dative masculine plural weak)
-ulōni (dative feminine singular weak)
-ulōmaz (dative feminine plural weak)
-ulini (dative neuter singular weak)
-ulammaz (dative neuter plural weak)
-ulinē (instrumental masculine singular weak)
-ulammiz (instrumental masculine plural weak)
-ulōnē (feminine instrumental singular weak)
-ulōmiz (feminine instrumental plural weak)
-ulinē (instrumental neuter singular weak)
-ulammiz (instrumental neuter plural weak)

Old English: -ol

Middle English: -el

English: -le

Old Norse: -ull

Gothic: -𐌿𐌻𐍃 (-uls)

From pre-Germanic *-(V)los. Presumably the *-u- is anaptyctic or was carried over from the non-singular past indicative stem. Compare Latin -ulus in tremulus (“trembling”), crēdulus (“believing”).

Forms adjectives from verbs meaning “doing” or “pertaining to doing” the verb.


-𐌴𐌹𐌽

-ein (romanization)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽 (nominative singular)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (nominative plural)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽 (singular vocative)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (plural vocative)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽 (accusative singular)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (accusative plural)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃 (genitive singular)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌴 (genitive plural)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (dative singular)
-𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼 (dative plural)

→ Old Galician-Portuguese: -ỹo (diminutive sense)

Portuguese: -inho

From Proto-Germanic *-īną. Cognate with Old High German -īn, Old English -en (whence English -en).


-ein

(chemistry) Used in a compound distinguished from a compound with a name ending in -in or -ine.


-maker

From Old Norse -makari and Low German -maker, also from English maker in certain loanwords such as bookmaker and pacemaker. Compare with Danish -mager and German Macher.


-tøy

used in compound words derived from the noun tøy, relating to tools and equipment, also foods.


-tit

(on transitive verbs) to cause to be [verb]ed by something else (which is placed in the allative)


-ῖνος

-înos (romanization)
-ῑ́νη (feminine)
-ῖνον (neuter)
-ῖνος (masculine nominative singular)
-ῑ́νη (feminine nominative singular)
-ῖνον (neuter nominative singular)
-ῑ́νω (dual masculine nominative)
-ῑ́νᾱ (dual feminine nominative)
-ῑ́νω (dual neuter nominative)
-ῖνοι (masculine nominative plural)
-ῖναι (feminine nominative plural)
-ῖνᾰ (neuter nominative plural)
-ῑ́νου (genitive masculine singular)
-ῑ́νης (feminine genitive singular)
-ῑ́νου (genitive neuter singular)
-ῑ́νοιν (dual genitive masculine)
-ῑ́ναιν (dual feminine genitive)
-ῑ́νοιν (dual genitive neuter)
-ῑ́νων (genitive masculine plural)
-ῑ́νων (feminine genitive plural)
-ῑ́νων (genitive neuter plural)
-ῑ́νῳ (dative masculine singular)
-ῑ́νῃ (dative feminine singular)
-ῑ́νῳ (dative neuter singular)
-ῑ́νοιν (dative dual masculine)
-ῑ́ναιν (dative dual feminine)
-ῑ́νοιν (dative dual neuter)
-ῑ́νοις (dative masculine plural)
-ῑ́ναις (dative feminine plural)
-ῑ́νοις (dative neuter plural)
-ῖνον (accusative masculine singular)
-ῑ́νην (accusative feminine singular)
-ῖνον (accusative neuter singular)
-ῑ́νω (accusative dual masculine)
-ῑ́νᾱ (accusative dual feminine)
-ῑ́νω (accusative dual neuter)
-ῑ́νους (accusative masculine plural)
-ῑ́νᾱς (accusative feminine plural)
-ῖνᾰ (accusative neuter plural)
-ῖνε (masculine singular vocative)
-ῑ́νη (feminine singular vocative)
-ῖνον (neuter singular vocative)
-ῑ́νω (dual masculine vocative)
-ῑ́νᾱ (dual feminine vocative)
-ῑ́νω (dual neuter vocative)
-ῖνοι (masculine plural vocative)
-ῖναι (feminine plural vocative)
-ῖνᾰ (neuter plural vocative)
-ῑ́νως (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
-ῑνότερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
-ῑνότᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)


-τός

-tós (romanization)
-τή (feminine)
-τόν (neuter)
-τός (masculine nominative singular)
-τή (feminine nominative singular)
-τόν (neuter nominative singular)
-τώ (dual masculine nominative)
-τᾱ́ (dual feminine nominative)
-τώ (dual neuter nominative)
-τοί (masculine nominative plural)
-ταί (feminine nominative plural)
-τᾰ́ (neuter nominative plural)
-τοῦ (genitive masculine singular)
-τῆς (feminine genitive singular)
-τοῦ (genitive neuter singular)
-τοῖν (dual genitive masculine)
-ταῖν (dual feminine genitive)
-τοῖν (dual genitive neuter)
-τῶν (genitive masculine plural)
-τῶν (feminine genitive plural)
-τῶν (genitive neuter plural)
-τῷ (dative masculine singular)
-τῇ (dative feminine singular)
-τῷ (dative neuter singular)
-τοῖν (dative dual masculine)
-ταῖν (dative dual feminine)
-τοῖν (dative dual neuter)
-τοῖς (dative masculine plural)
-ταῖς (dative feminine plural)
-τοῖς (dative neuter plural)
-τόν (accusative masculine singular)
-τήν (accusative feminine singular)
-τόν (accusative neuter singular)
-τώ (accusative dual masculine)
-τᾱ́ (accusative dual feminine)
-τώ (accusative dual neuter)
-τούς (accusative masculine plural)
-τᾱ́ς (accusative feminine plural)
-τᾰ́ (accusative neuter plural)
-τέ (masculine singular vocative)
-τή (feminine singular vocative)
-τόν (neuter singular vocative)
-τώ (dual masculine vocative)
-τᾱ́ (dual feminine vocative)
-τώ (dual neuter vocative)
-τοί (masculine plural vocative)
-ταί (feminine plural vocative)
-τᾰ́ (neuter plural vocative)
-τῶς (adverbial feminine masculine neuter)
-τότερος (comparative feminine masculine neuter)
-τότᾰτος (feminine masculine neuter superlative)

From Proto-Indo-European *-tós. Related to -τος (-tos).

τεσσαράκοντα (tessarákonta, “forty”) + -τός (-tós) → τεσσαρακοστός (tessarakostós, “fortieth”)


hand-

hand when used as the first part of compound words.


Copto-

Copto-Arabic; Copto-Greek


-éize

From Latin -ēnsis (“of or from a place”).


-ectomía

es-noun

-ectomía f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ectomías)

From the Ancient Greek ἐκτομή (ektomḗ, “a cutting out of”), from ἐκτέμνω (ektémnō, “to cut out”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) + τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”).


-յակ

եռյակ

տասնյակ


-esar

grantar (“to grant”) + -esar → grantesar (“to be granted”)

passive suffix used with transitive verbs to form an intransitive verb with the transitive object as subject


ներ-

Learned borrowing from Old Armenian ներ- (ner-).


-étto

From Latin -ittum, form of -ittus, derived from Proto-Italic *-tos (“suffix creating verbal adjectives”), from Proto-Indo-European *-tós.


ail-

ail- + creu (“to create”) → ail-greu (“to recreate”)

ail- + cylchu (“to circle”) → ailgylchu (“to recycle”)

ail- + gwerthusiad (“appraisal”) → ailwerthusiad (“reappraisal”)


-𐌽𐌰𐌽

-nan (romanization)
-𐌽𐌰𐌽 (infinitive)
-𐌽𐌰 (first-person present singular)
-na (first-person present singular)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 (first-person past singular)
-𐌽𐌹𐍃 (present second-person singular)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐍃 (past second-person singular)
-𐌽𐌹𐌸 (present singular third-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌰 (past singular third-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐍃 (dual first-person present)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 (dual first-person past)
-𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 (dual present second-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 (dual past second-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌼 (first-person plural present)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 (first-person past plural)
-𐌽𐌹𐌸 (plural present second-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 (past plural second-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳 (plural present third-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (past plural third-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌿 (first-person present singular)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 (first-person past singular)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍃 (present second-person singular)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (past second-person singular)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹 (present singular third-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 (past singular third-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (dual first-person present)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 (dual first-person past)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (dual present second-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (dual past second-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 (first-person plural present)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (first-person past plural)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌸 (plural present second-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 (past plural second-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 (plural present third-person)
-𐌽𐍉𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (past plural third-person)
-𐌽 (imperative present second-person singular)
-𐌽𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 (imperative present singular third-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐍄𐍃 (dual imperative present second-person)
-𐌽𐌹𐌸 (imperative plural present second-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (imperative plural present third-person)
-𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (imperative participle present)

Forms fientive verbs, with a sense of 'to become (the base)'.


-nan

tl-verb

-nan (verb-forming suffix, noun-forming suffix, adverb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜈᜈ᜔)

talo (“defeat”) + -nan → talunan (“loser”)

tawa (“laugh”) + -nan → tawanan (“laughter; to laugh”)

sapupo (“the act of sitting on the lap”) + -nan → sinapupunan (“lap”)

kuha (“take”) + -nan → kunan (“to take a picture or video”)


-त्व

Borrowed from Sanskrit -त्व (-tva). Doublet of -पन (-pan).

गुरु (guru, “heavy, weighty”) + -त्व (-tva) → गुरुत्व (gurutva, “gravity; heft”)

forms abstract nouns from Sanskrit-borrowed words


-त्व

दायी (dāyī, “responsible”) + -त्व (-tva) → दायित्व (dāyitva, “responsibility”)


-त्व

-tva (romanization)
-त्वम् (nominative singular)
-त्वे (dual nominative)
-त्वानि (nominative plural)
-त्वा1 (nominative plural)
-त्व (singular vocative)
-त्वे (dual vocative)
-त्वानि (plural vocative)
-त्वा1 (plural vocative)
-त्वम् (accusative singular)
-त्वे (accusative dual)
-त्वानि (accusative plural)
-त्वा1 (accusative plural)
-त्वेन (instrumental singular)
-त्वाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
-त्वैः (instrumental plural)
-त्वेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
-त्वाय (dative singular)
-त्वाभ्याम् (dative dual)
-त्वेभ्यः (dative plural)
-त्वात् (ablative singular)
-त्वाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
-त्वेभ्यः (ablative plural)
-त्वस्य (genitive singular)
-त्वयोः (dual genitive)
-त्वानाम् (genitive plural)
-त्वे (locative singular)
-त्वयोः (dual locative)
-त्वेषु (locative plural)

→ Bengali: -ত্ব (-tto) (learned)

Hindi: -पन (-pan)

→ Hindi: -त्व (-tva) (learned)

→ Marathi: -त्व (-tva)

Punjabi: -تّ (-att) / -ਅੱਤ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *-twam, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *-twam, from Proto-Indo-European *-twom, thematicized from *-tu.
Compare Proto-Balto-Slavic *-istwas (“-hood, -ness”) and Proto-Slavic *-ьstvo.


-आऊ

टिकना (ṭiknā, “to remain, stay; be affixed”) + -आऊ (-āū) → टिकाऊ (ṭikāū, “lasting, durable”)

forms qualitative adjectives from verb stems


-ónn-a

fìggia (“girl”) + -ónn-a → figiónn-a (“large, tall or strapping girl”)

Emphasizes that something is large, grand, intense, important


-makar

From Old Norse -makari and Low German -maker. Compare with Danish -mager and German Macher.

-maker is also used in Nynorsk in certain English loanwords


-𐌲𐍃

-gs (romanization)
-𐌲𐍃 (masculine nominative singular)
-𐌲𐌰 (feminine nominative singular)
-𐌲 (neuter nominative singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰 (neuter nominative singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰 (accusative masculine singular)
-𐌲𐌰 (accusative feminine singular)
-𐌲 (accusative neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌰 (accusative neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐍃 (genitive masculine singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (feminine genitive singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐍃 (genitive neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (dative masculine singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹 (dative feminine singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (dative neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹 (masculine nominative plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐍃 (feminine nominative plural)
-𐌲𐌰 (neuter nominative plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (accusative masculine plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐍃 (accusative feminine plural)
-𐌲𐌰 (accusative neuter plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 (genitive masculine plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐍉 (feminine genitive plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌴 (genitive neuter plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 (dative masculine plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 (dative feminine plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌼 (dative neuter plural)
-𐌲𐌰 (masculine nominative singular)
-𐌲𐍉 (feminine nominative singular)
-𐌲𐍉 (neuter nominative singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽 (accusative masculine singular)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽 (accusative feminine singular)
-𐌲𐍉 (accusative neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (genitive masculine singular)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃 (feminine genitive singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐌽𐍃 (genitive neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐌽 (dative masculine singular)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽 (dative feminine singular)
-𐌲𐌹𐌽 (dative neuter singular)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍃 (masculine nominative plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃 (feminine nominative plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐌰 (neuter nominative plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃 (accusative feminine plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐌰 (accusative neuter plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌴 (genitive masculine plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍉 (feminine genitive plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌴 (genitive neuter plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌼 (dative masculine plural)
-𐌲𐍉𐌼 (dative feminine plural)
-𐌲𐌰𐌼 (dative neuter plural)

From Proto-Germanic *-gaz (“-y, -ic”), from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos (“-y, -ic”).

-y, -ic; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having, or doing'.


-𐌾𐌰𐌽

-jan (romanization)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽 (class-1 infinitive weak)
-𐌾𐌰 (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person passive present singular weak)
-𐌴𐌹𐍃 (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 (class-1 passive present second-person singular weak)
-𐌴𐌹𐌸 (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌰 (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐍉𐍃 (class-1 dual first-person present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 (class-1 dual first-person past weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual past second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌼 (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person passive plural present weak)
-𐌴𐌹𐌸 (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive plural present third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person passive present singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive present second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹 (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (class-1 dual first-person present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 (class-1 dual first-person past weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual past second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person passive plural present weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive plural present third-person weak)
-𐌴𐌹 (class-1 imperative present second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 imperative present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual imperative present second-person weak)
-𐌴𐌹𐌸 (class-1 imperative plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 imperative plural present third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (class-1 imperative participle present weak)
-𐌹𐌸𐍃 (class-1 imperative participle past weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽 (class-1 infinitive weak)
-𐌾𐌰 (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person passive present singular weak)
-𐌾𐌹𐍃 (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌶𐌰 (class-1 passive present second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌹𐌸 (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌰 (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐍉𐍃 (class-1 dual first-person present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 (class-1 dual first-person past weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual past second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌼 (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 first-person passive plural present weak)
-𐌾𐌹𐌸 (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳 (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 (class-1 passive plural present third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person passive present singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍃 (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive present second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹 (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 (class-1 dual first-person present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 (class-1 dual first-person past weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual past second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 first-person passive plural present weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌸 (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 passive plural present third-person weak)
-𐌴𐌹 (class-1 imperative present second-person singular weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 imperative present singular third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐍄𐍃 (class-1 dual imperative present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌹𐌸 (class-1 imperative plural present second-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 (class-1 imperative plural present third-person weak)
-𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (class-1 imperative participle present weak)
-𐌹𐌸𐍃 (class-1 imperative participle past weak)

Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.


-jan

-jan (class-1 infinitive weak)
-jannjas (class-1 genitive infinitive weak)
-jannjē (class-1 dative infinitive weak)
-jannju (class-1 infinitive instrumental weak)
-ju (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idā (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-isi (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idēs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-idōs (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-iþi (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idē (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-idā (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jum (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idum (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idud (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-janþ (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idun (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-jē (class-1 first-person present singular weak)
-idī (class-1 first-person past singular weak)
-jēs (class-1 present second-person singular weak)
-idī (class-1 past second-person singular weak)
-jē (class-1 present singular third-person weak)
-idī (class-1 past singular third-person weak)
-jēm (class-1 first-person plural present weak)
-idīm (class-1 first-person past plural weak)
-jēþ (class-1 plural present second-person weak)
-idīd (class-1 past plural second-person weak)
-jēn (class-1 plural present third-person weak)
-idīn (class-1 past plural third-person weak)
-i (class-1 present singular weak)
-iþ (class-1 plural present weak)
-jandī (class-1 participle present weak)
-id (class-1 participle past weak)

Old English: -an (merged with strong verb ending), -ian (after r).

Middle English: -en, -ien

English: -y (only after r, as in ferry, herry, etc.)

Old Frisian: -a (merged with strong verb ending), -ia (after r)

Saterland Frisian: -e, -je

West Frisian: -e, -je

Old Saxon: -ian

Middle Low German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German Low German: -en

Old Dutch: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle Dutch: -en (merged with all other verbs)

Dutch: -en

Old High German: -en, -ien (after r)

Middle High German: -en (merged with all other verbs)

German: -en

Creates factitive verbs from adjectives.


𐍄𐌿𐌶-

From Proto-Germanic *tuz-, from Proto-Indo-European *dus-.

dys-; Verbal prefix indicating negativity or difficulty.


undervass-

underwater, adjective as used in compound words.


-ìn

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Italic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

ænn-a (“fine sand”) + -ìn → ænìn (“very fine sand”)


-tm̥mós

-tm̥mós (nominative singular)
-tm̥móes (nominative plural)
-tm̥mé (singular vocative)
-tm̥móes (plural vocative)
-tm̥móm (accusative singular)
-tm̥móms (accusative plural)
-tm̥mósyo (genitive singular)
-tm̥móHom (genitive plural)
-tm̥méad (ablative singular)
-tm̥mómos (ablative plural)
-tm̥móbʰos (ablative plural)
-tm̥móey (dative singular)
-tm̥mómos (dative plural)
-tm̥móbʰos (dative plural)
-tm̥méy (locative singular)
-tm̥móy (locative singular)
-tm̥móysu (locative plural)
-tm̥mṓys (instrumental plural)
-tm̥mā́m (accusative singular)
-tm̥móm (nominative singular)
-tm̥móy (dual nominative)
-tm̥móm (singular vocative)
-tm̥móy (dual vocative)
-tm̥móy (accusative dual)

q

Proto-Germanic: *-umô (< *-m̥mō < *-m̥mós, see there for further descendants)

Proto-Hellenic: *-təmos

Ancient Greek: -τᾰτος (-tătos) (contamination from *-istos)

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tamás (see there for further descendants)

Proto-Italic: *-temos

Latin: -timus

Unknown. Possibly from an original *-m̥mós with an intrusive -t- from *-teros. Alternatively, Kroonen derives the suffix from *meh₂- (“good; opportune”).

-em

Proto-Celtic: *-samos, *-isamos; Old Irish

-issimus

Proto-Italic: *-isemos, *-semos, *-ismos


-òu

acatâ (“to buy”) + -òu → acatòu (“buyer”)


-â

From Latin -āre (1ˢᵗ conjugation verbal suffix).

der

Used, with a stem, to form the infinitive of most regular verbs.


-â

From Latin -āta, feminine singular of -ātus (1ˢᵗ conjugation past participle suffix).

aruxentâ (“to rinse”) + -â → aruxentâ (“rinsing”, noun)

Used to form feminine verbal nouns expressing an instance of the action expressed by the verb.

giórno (“daytime”) + -â → giornâ (“day”, the space of a day)

Used to form words, derived from nouns, meaning a period of time.

fórno (“oven”) + -â → fornâ (“batch (of baked goods)”)


-â

carêga (“chair”) + -â → caregâ (“chairmaker”)

Used to form a masculine agent noun indicating a person who makes or sells a specified article


-â

From Portuguese -ar, the first-conjugation verb-forming suffix.

English tiffin + -â → tifinâ (“to have lunch”)

-ê

other verb-forming suffixes from Portuguese


-tamás

-tamás (nominative singular)
-tamáH (dual nominative)
-tamā́s (nominative plural)
-tamá (singular vocative)
-tamáH (dual vocative)
-tamā́s (plural vocative)
-tamám (accusative singular)
-tamáH (accusative dual)
-tamáns (accusative plural)
-tamásya (genitive singular)
-tamā́m (genitive plural)
-tamā́t (ablative singular)
-tamámas (ablative plural)
-tamā́y (dative singular)
-tamámas (dative plural)
-tamáy (locative singular)
-tamáyšu (locative plural)
-tamáH (instrumental singular)
-tamā́š (instrumental plural)
-tamáH (nominative singular)
-tamáHa (dual nominative)
-tamáHas (nominative plural)
-tamáH (singular vocative)
-tamáHa (dual vocative)
-tamáHas (plural vocative)
-tamáHa (accusative singular)
-tamáHa (accusative dual)
-tamáHas (accusative plural)
-tamáHs (genitive singular)
-tamáHaHam (genitive plural)
-tamáHs (ablative singular)
-tamáHmas (ablative plural)
-tamáHay (dative singular)
-tamáHmas (dative plural)
-tamáH (locative singular)
-tamáHi (locative singular)
-tamáHsu (locative plural)
-tamáHH (instrumental singular)
-tamáHbʰi (instrumental plural)
-tamám (nominative singular)
-tamáy (dual nominative)
-tamáyH (dual nominative)
-tamáH (nominative plural)
-tamám (singular vocative)
-tamáy (dual vocative)
-tamáyH (dual vocative)
-tamáH (plural vocative)
-tamáy (accusative dual)
-tamáyH (accusative dual)
-tamáH (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tamás

Sanskrit: -तम (-tama)

Proto-Iranian: *-tamáh

Avestan: -𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬀 (-təma)

Old Persian: [script needed] (-tama)

Middle Persian: -twm (-tom)

absolute superlative
absolute superlative#English


-achán

nominative (indefinite)
-achán (indefinite singular)
-acháin (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a -acháin (indefinite singular)
a -achána (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
-acháin (indefinite singular)
-achán (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -achán (definite singular)
na -acháin (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an -acháin (definite singular)
na -achán (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an -achán (definite singular)
don -achán (definite singular)
leis na -acháin (definite plural)


-achas

nominative (indefinite)
-achas (indefinite singular)
-achais (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a -achais (indefinite singular)
a -achasa (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
-achais (indefinite singular)
-achas (indefinite plural)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -achas (definite singular)
na -achais (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
an -achais (definite singular)
na -achas (definite plural)
dative (definite)
leis an -achas (definite singular)
don -achas (definite singular)
leis na -achais (definite plural)


-óma

nominative (indefinite)
-óma (indefinite singular)
-ómaí (indefinite plural)
vocative (indefinite)
a -óma (indefinite singular)
a -ómaí (indefinite plural)
genitive (indefinite)
dative (indefinite)
nominative (definite)
an -óma (definite singular)
na -ómaí (definite plural)
genitive (definite)
dative (definite)
leis an -óma (definite singular)
don -óma (definite singular)
leis na -ómaí (definite plural)


ste-

Apparently from Low German stef-, but compare also with etymology at English step- and at “stedbarn” in Den Danske Ordbog.


ste-

Apparently from Low German stef-, and as above.


méso-

From Ancient Greek μέσος (mésos, “middle”).


-tás

-tás (nominative singular)
-táH (dual nominative)
-tā́s (nominative plural)
-tá (singular vocative)
-táH (dual vocative)
-tā́s (plural vocative)
-tám (accusative singular)
-táH (accusative dual)
-táns (accusative plural)
-tásya (genitive singular)
-tā́m (genitive plural)
-tā́t (ablative singular)
-támas (ablative plural)
-tā́y (dative singular)
-támas (dative plural)
-táy (locative singular)
-táyšu (locative plural)
-táH (instrumental singular)
-tā́š (instrumental plural)
-táH (nominative singular)
-táHa (dual nominative)
-táHas (nominative plural)
-táH (singular vocative)
-táHa (dual vocative)
-táHas (plural vocative)
-táHa (accusative singular)
-táHa (accusative dual)
-táHas (accusative plural)
-táHs (genitive singular)
-táHaHam (genitive plural)
-táHs (ablative singular)
-táHmas (ablative plural)
-táHay (dative singular)
-táHmas (dative plural)
-táH (locative singular)
-táHi (locative singular)
-táHsu (locative plural)
-táHH (instrumental singular)
-táHbʰi (instrumental plural)
-tám (nominative singular)
-táy (dual nominative)
-táyH (dual nominative)
-táH (nominative plural)
-tám (singular vocative)
-táy (dual vocative)
-táyH (dual vocative)
-táH (plural vocative)
-táy (accusative dual)
-táyH (accusative dual)
-táH (accusative plural)

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tás, *-dás

Sanskrit: -त (-tá), -द (-dá)

Proto-Iranian: *-táh, *-dáh

Avestan: -𐬙𐬀 (-ta)

q

Ossetian: -д (-d) (i.e тагъд (taǧd, “quick; flowed, leaked”) from тӕзун (tæzun, “to flow; to leak, drip”))

Bactrian: -το (-to /-t/)

Parthian: (/-tag, -dag/) (>*táh-káh)

desc

Inscriptional Parthian script: -𐭕𐭊𐭉 (-tky)

Manichaean script: -𐫤𐫃 (-tg), -𐫅𐫃 (-dg)

Old Persian: -𐎫 (-t /-ta/, past participle)

Middle Persian: [Term?] (/-tag, -dag/) (>*táh-káh)

Manichaean script: -𐫤𐫃 (-tg), -𐫅𐫃 (-dg)

Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (-tk')

Inscriptional Pahlavi script: -𐭲𐭪𐭩 (-tky)

Psalter Pahlavi script: -𐮑𐮉𐮈 (-tky)

Pazend script: -𐬙𐬀 (-ta), -𐬛𐬀 (-da)

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems.


-aço

pt-noun

-aço m (noun-forming suffix, plural -aços)

From Latin -āceus. Cognate to Galician and Spanish -azo, French -asse and Italian -accio. Doublet of -áceo.

panela (“pan”) + -aço → panelaço (“a protest in which pans are struck to make noise”)

apito (“whistle”) + -aço → apitaço (“a forceful blow of a whistle”)

canhão (“cannon”) + -aço → canhonaço (“cannon shot”)

added to the names of objects to indicade an action made with it, especially violent or vigorous action


-gjengar

Probably from the old verb gange (gå - to go)

added to nouns and adjectives, sometimes it can mean -goer in English.