me'eng

tpw-verb

me'eng (first-person singular active indicative aîme'eng, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîme'engi, noun me'enga) (transitive)

aîme'eng (active first-person indicative singular)
n'aîme'engi (active first-person indicative negative singular)
me'enga (noun)
Causative
me'engukar
Causative-comitative
erome'eng
Reflexive
îeme'eng
-ba'e
oîme'engyba'e
emi-
emime'enga
mime'enga
-pyr
-pyra
i me'engymbyra
-sab
-saba
me'engaba
-sar
-sara
me'engara
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
aîme'eng (active)
ereîme'eng (active)
oîme'eng (active)
oroîme'eng (active)
îaîme'eng (active)
peîme'eng (active)
Permissive (active)
t'aîme'eng (active)
t'ereîme'eng (active)
t'oîme'eng (active)
t'oroîme'eng (active)
t'îaîme'eng (active)
ta peîme'eng (active)
Imperative (active)
eîme'eng (active)
Negative indicative (active)
n'aîme'engi (active)
n'ereîme'engi (active)
n'oîme'engi (active)
n'oroîme'engi (active)
n'îaîme'engi (active)
na peîme'engi (active)
Negative permissive (active)
t'aîme'eng umẽ (active)
t'ereîme'eng umẽ (active)
t'oîme'eng umẽ (active)
t'oroîme'eng umẽ (active)
t'îaîme'eng umẽ (active)
ta peîme'eng umẽ (active)
Negative imperative (active)
eîme'eng umẽ (active)
peîme'eng umẽ (active)
Affirmative (infinitive)
me'enga (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
me'enge'yma (infinitive)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe me'enga (gerund)
nde me'enga (gerund)
i me'enga (gerund)
oré me'enga (gerund)
îandé me'enga (gerund)
pe me'enga (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe me'enge'yma (gerund)
nde me'enge'yma (gerund)
i me'enge'yma (gerund)
oré me'enge'yma (gerund)
îandé me'enge'yma (gerund)
pe me'enge'yma (gerund)
xe me'engi (gerund)
i me'engi (gerund)
oré me'engi (gerund)
îandé me'engi (gerund)
xe me'enge'ymi (gerund)
i me'enge'ymi (gerund)
oré me'enge'ymi (gerund)
îandé me'enge'ymi (gerund)
me'ẽ (alternative São-Vicente)

Nheengatu: meẽ


uba

head

uba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tuba, R1 ruba, R2 tuba)

Nheengatu: uba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tup (“father”), from Proto-Tupian *t͡sup (“father”).
Cognate with Guaraní túva.

inh+

(Christianity, Late Tupi) godfather (man present at the christening of a baby)


suí

Nheengatu: suí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani [Term?]. Semantic loan from Portuguese de in senses marked with Late Tupi.
Cognate with Guaraní gui.

Marã, itánhépe, coipó ybyrá, nhäûma çüí imonhanghimbyra nhé pe acé oimoeté?

1686 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, edited by Bartolomeu de Leão, Cateciſmo Braſilico da Doutrina Chriſtãa [Brazilian Catechism of the Christian Doctrine], 2 edition, Cateciſmo […] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Miguel Deslandes, page 15:

What about stone or wood? Do people essentially worship what is made of clay?

(Late Tupi) of, expressing composition, substance


îasy

Nheengatu: yasí

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jat͡sɨ, from Proto-Tupian *watɨ.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní jaxy and Paraguayan Guaraní jasy.

Marã eteĩ raumope amó Anhangarata pôra recou ycô ârapupe oyepe yaci Tupã ebanoĩ çuí omomborû omoingoberememô[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do primeiro nouiſsimo, que he a morte” (chapter I), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n340/mode/1up Livro Oitavo dos quatro novissimos do homen […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 156v:

How would an inhabitant of Hell live in this world if God made him live out of there for a month?

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) month (period into which a year is divided)


taba

Nheengatu: tawa (“city”)

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: taba (“Tupian village”)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *taβ, from Proto-Tupian *tˀap. Cognate with Guaraní táva.

etymon

Tàba Roma yàpe amo caraìba moçacàra rimbaè, cunhâ marãgatù membireima cemirecòramo[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “5. Dedic S. Maria ad Niues”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 6v–7:

In the city called “Rome”, a noble Chirstian had a kind wife with no children.


papera

Nheengatu: papera

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros)bor.
Latin papȳrusslbor.
Old Catalan paperbor.
Old Galician-Portuguese papel
Portuguese papel
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi papera
Adapted borrowing of Portuguese papel (“paper”) + -a.

af

Tereyucaucar benhẽ e serã nhandu ẽdebeco xepapera reracoara Maẽ rae amo Ereyucaucariguá aebae ã aicúgoábiguá[…]derigceira Capitão Diogo da Costa aimondo endebe xepapera reracobo coy ã

1645 October 4, Antônio Filipe Camarão, Letter to Pedro Poti (Camarão Indians' letters; 3):

Are you really going to, as usual, have the deliverer of this letter of mine killed? See, I already know you had the other one killed. Your older brother, Capitão Diogo da Costa, I send carrying my letter now.

Ecemi coxepapera repiaca rupibe

1645 October 17, Diogo da Costa, Letter to Pedro Poti (Camarão Indians' letters; 4):

Just leave, as soon as you see this letter of mine.

Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
w:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius

(Late Tupi) letter (written communication)


itá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ita, from Proto-Tupian *wɨca.
Cognate with Guaraní ita.

(Late Tupi) chains; shackles (restraint fit over a human or animal appendage)


ybyrá

Nheengatu: mirá

→ Portuguese: Ibirá, Iburá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨβɨra. Sense 5 is a semantic loan from Portuguese madeiro.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní and Paraguayan Guaraní yvyra.

cog

yãde anga rauçupape / ibira pupe omanomo / yãde repimeẽgape / anhãgape oyemoiromo / yãde rauçupa / yãde raromo / yãde anga piciromo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Cãtiga & el ſin Vẽtura” (chapter XXV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 26, column 1, lines 8–14; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 61:

Because of his love for our soul, he dies on the cross; to give us the remission, infuriating himself because of the devil, loving us, looking after us, saving our soul.


marakaîá

Nheengatu: marakayá

→ Portuguese: maracajá, ⇒ gato-maracajá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *marakaja. Cognate with Guaraní mbarakaja.

etymon

maragûaó (alternative)
mbarakaîá (alternative)


morubixaba

Nheengatu: muruixawa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: morubixaba

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani [Term?]. By surface analysis, moro- (“people”) + ubixaba (“leader”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní mboruvixa and Paraguayan Guaraní mburuvicha.

surf

(Late Tupi) monarch (ruler of an absolute monarchy)

(Late Tupi) judge (public judicial official)

(Late Tupi) superior (person of higher rank)


ybaka

Nheengatu: iwaka

→ Portuguese: ibaque, Ibaque (learned)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨβa-k (“sky”), from Proto-Tupian *ɨpʷa- (“high”). Doublet of ybaté. The sense of heaven is a semantic loan from Portuguese céu.
Cognate with Guaraní yvága.


etá

Nheengatu: -itá (“plural marker”)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *eta (“too”). Doublet of eté.
Cognate with Guaraní heta, -ete.

Emonanamo pe acè Yerurèo Sanctos età çupè?

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter III, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 23v:

Aimondo benhe xenheega opamenhe peeme xeraigreta.

1645 August 19, Antônio Filipe Camarão, Letter to Pedro Poti (Camarão Indians' letters; 1):

I send again my words to all of you, my sons.

(Late Tupi) -s; used to form plurals of nouns


ygara

Nheengatu: igara

→ Brazilian Portuguese: igara

⇒ Brazilian Portuguese: igarapé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨar.
Cognate with Guaraní yga.

Jgara rocabigtera.

1622, anonymous author, “Conuês de nauio”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 81; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


Tupã

Nheengatu: Tupana, Tupã, Tupá

→ Kariri: tupan

→ Portuguese: Tupã

Ne mungitta dee Tuppan do Quabe anamaſu y an dee Imme Ranni me ſiſe[…]

1557, Hans Staden, chapter 20, in Warhaftige Hiſtoria [True History], volume 1 (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page:

Ask your God to truly make the storm pass so that it does not harm us.

[…]peẽ Christam ramo pereco roije / Coy peẽ pecanhema rece natecatupe Erimae Chris/tam recou Paitupa raucuba peabo rau

1645 October 21, Diogo Pinheiro Camarão, Letter to Baltazar Araberana, Gaspar Cararu, Jandaia and Pedro Valadin (Camarão Indians' letters; 6), page 2:

You, as Christians, are sick. Now you, for your doom, are the most vunerable. In the past you were Christians, but you sadly left Lord God's love.


peró

Etymology tree
Ancient Greek πέτρος (pétros)
Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros)bor.
Latin Petrus
Old Galician-Portuguese Pedro
Portuguese Pedrobor.
Old Tupi Peró
Old Tupi peró
Nominalization of Peró (“Peter”). The name was so common in Portugal in the 16th century that it became a noun among the Tupi.

etymon

Peros-engaipa

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XIIII, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 221:

(Late Tupi) Portuguese (person native to Portugal)


upaba

head

upaba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tupaba, R1 rupaba, R2 tupaba)

Nheengatu: tupa, tupé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-upaβ, from Proto-Tupian *-upap. By surface analysis, ub (“to lie”) + -ab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a, literally “lying place”.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní upa.


ygarusu

→ Portuguese: Igarassu, Igaraçu

From ygara (“canoe”) + -usu (augmentative suffix).

af

Oñemombeúpe abá guarininamo osó janondé, ygarusúpe oári janondé?

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Confissão]”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Catecismo brasílico, volume 1, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 212, line 33:

Does someone confess themselves before going to war, before boarding a ship?


îagûara

Nheengatu: yawara

→ Portuguese: jaguara

Derived from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jawar.
Cognate with Guaraní jagua.

Canis familiaris
Canis familiaris#Translingual


Anhanga

→ Portuguese: Anhangá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ajaŋ.
Cognate with Guaraní Aña.

(Late Tupi, Christianity) Satan; the Devil


Îurupari

Nheengatu: Yuruparí

→ Brazilian Portuguese: Jurupari

(Christianity, Late Tupi) the Devil; Satan


îub

form îuba (noun)
Causative
moîub
-ba'e
i îuba'e
i îubyba'e
-sab
-saba
îupaba
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
xe îub (active)
i îub (active)
oré îub (active)
îandé îub (active)
Imperative (active)
Permissive (active)
ta xe îub (active)
ta nde îub (active)
t'i îub (active)
t'oré îub (active)
t'îandé îub (active)
ta pe îub (active)
Negative indicative (active)
na xe îubi (active)
na nde îubi (active)
n'i îubi (active)
n'oré îubi (active)
n'îandé îubi (active)
na pe îubi (active)
Negative imperative (active)
nde îub umẽ (active)
pe îub umẽ (active)
Negative permissive (active)
ta xe îub umẽ (active)
ta nde îub umẽ (active)
t'i îub umẽ (active)
t'oré îub umẽ (active)
t'îandé îub umẽ (active)
ta pe îub umẽ (active)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe îubamo (gerund)
nde îubamo (gerund)
o îubamo (gerund)
oré îubamo (gerund)
îandé îubamo (gerund)
pe îubamo (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe îube'ymamo (gerund)
nde îube'ymamo (gerund)
o îube'ymamo (gerund)
oré îube'ymamo (gerund)
îandé îube'ymamo (gerund)
pe îube'ymamo (gerund)
Affirmative (infinitive)
îuba (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
îube'yma (infinitive)
same as gerund (infinitive)
xe îubi (infinitive)
i îubi (infinitive)
oré îubi (infinitive)
îandé îubi (infinitive)
xe îube'ymi (infinitive)
i îube'ymi (infinitive)
oré îube'ymi (infinitive)
îandé îube'ymi (infinitive)

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *juβ (“yellow”), from Proto-Tupian *wup (“red”).
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní ju.


tapi'ira

Nheengatu: tapiira

→ Portuguese: Tapira, tapira, tapiira

desctree

→? French: tapir
→ English: tapir
→ German: Tapir
→ Ottoman Turkish: طاپر
Turkish: tapir
→ Polish: tapir
→ Kashubian: tapir
→? Portuguese: tapir
→? Spanish: tapir
→ Catalan: tapir
→ Dutch: tapir
→ Sundanese: tapir
→ Tagalog: tapir
→ Swedish: tapir

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tapiʔir.
Cognate with Guajajára tapi'ir and Mbyá Guaraní tapi'i.

etymon

tapi'ikaba

Tapijra oço ogoapixara pyri[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Da Prepoſição 5. parte da oração”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 68:


pa'i

Nheengatu: paí

(Christianity, Late Tupi) father (term of address to a priest)

Xe reroketé pa'i

(Christianity, Late Tupi, by extension) priest, clergyman


tupã

Nheengatu: tupã, tupana

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tupã.


seîxu

Nheengatu: siusí

Cei xû yabiõ nhemombeû

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter I, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 17:

Late Tupi; chiefly North Tupi; Late Tupi; chiefly North Tupi


kabará

→ Kariri: kabaɾa

Yara cuapabe / cigoaçume rerecoara / oyoçu pota oiara / cabarareru ixupe. / Çoribĩ tura rece / pitãgĩ morauçubara / yande. ⁓.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “polo Moleiro”, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 318, lines 52–58; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 648:

As soon as they recognize [their] lord, the goatherders wish to visit their lord, bringing goats to him. He is joyful at their coming, the compassionate baby, our father, our lord.

Capra aegagrus hircus
Capra aegagrus hircus#Translingual

(Late Tupi) goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)


kaûĩ

Nheengatu: kawĩ

→ Portuguese: cauim

→ French: caouin

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kawĩ (“fermented drink, corn drink”).
Compare Mbyá Guaraní kaguijy and Paraguayan Guaraní kaguy.


tupãoka

Nheengatu: tupauku

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tupã
Old Tupi tupã
Old Tupi Tupã
Proto-Tupian *ekʷ
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ok
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi oka
Old Tupi tupãoka
From Tupã (“God”) + oka (“house”), coined by Jesuits in the 16th century. Piecewise doublet of Tupã roka.
Compare Paraguayan Guaraní tupão.

etymon

Xe pô, xepi, abâ pô, y pi, ara o membira ragoera coabirè, S. Maria o membira IeSVS reraçou T. oc-ipe T. tubape y coabeenga, iudeos recomonhangába rupi.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Februarius”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 3v:

Forty days after the birth of her son, Saint Mary took her son Jesus to the synagogue to present him to God the Father, following the Jewish law.

Putunamorecê y querpe xererijara T. òca eimonhang, ey S Maria y xupê; cò moçauçûba xeremimotaramo cecó cuapàba[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Augustus”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 7:

On a certain night, in their sleep, Saint Mary said to them: "Make a church in my name. This dream is a sign of my will."

house of worship (mosque, church, synagogue, temple, or similar place where believers go to practice their faith)


abaré

→ Kariri: waré

→ Portuguese: abaré, Abaré, Avaré

Unknown. Some sources point to a compound meaning “different man”, but that would be abaé, without ⟨r⟩.

Angari / ayoçub aba coti, / taxererobiar, uyabo. / Outenhe xe peabo / abare yaba cori / Tupã reco mombeguabo.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 61, lines 62–67; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 113:

Because of that I visit the people's rooms, saying: “You shall believe in me.” The so-called “priests” come in vain to drive me away today, announcing the law of God.

Xeanãma erimbae / teco ipiramo cecou / yxuperanhe Abare / tupã mõbegoabo ixou.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter XXXI, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 31, column 2, lines 38–40; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 70:

Long ago, my people followed the initial culture. To them, firstly, the priests went announcing God.

Tupã é abaré oimojaók / guekóbiáramo, / omoñyrosáramo, / omoingóbo ko ára pupé.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “[Acolhimento e instrução inicial]”, in [Doutrina Cristã]; republished as Armando Cardoso, compiler, Doutrina Cristã: Doutrina autógrafa e confessionário, volume 2, São Paulo: Loyola, 1992, →ISBN, page 77, line 5:

God Himself has distinguished the priest as His own substitute, His own forgiver, placing him on this world.

AIpô nderèmicuacugoera recè nde reimonhiroim Tupã ndeyoupè, nderemimombeû puára recè tiruã. Ereyabí etè Tûpãnheenga ndeangaipàba cuacûpa Anhãga çupè enhemeeng-etêbo: teûmè ang-iré emonã eicôbo; abarê, Tûpã recôbîara çupeê / acè nhemõbeû[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter I, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n227/mode/1up Livro Sexto do Confessionário […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 97v–98:

Because of that which you omited you didn't let God forgive you, even though you've confessed. You've strayed so much from the word of God by hiding your malice, handing yourself over to the Devil. Refrain from acting like that from now on. To the priest, God's substitute, one confesses.

Mbäétepe coé tinga acẽ remipiâca, Abaré Hostia rupíreme, acẽ iurupebé imohdebme: nã miape ruã?

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo II”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Da Communhão, page 84, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

But what is that white thing that is seen, when the priest rises the host, and when put in people's mouths: isn't it bread?


paîé

head

paîé (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute maîé)

Nheengatu: payé

→ Portuguese: pajé, pagé

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *paje.
Cognate with Guaraní paje.


karaíba

Caraiba naçetai, / ſ. ſebaſtiaõ ae / omondic tata çeçe / imondija, nopitai / amo aba maranape.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 64, lines 202–206; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 119:

The Christians weren't many, but Saint Sebastian set fire on [the canoes], making them flee. There was no one left at the place of battle.


itaîuba

Nheengatu: itayúa

From itá (“metal”) + îub (“yellow”) + -a.

Opâ combô moçapı̣r miçã àra cic-eme apı̣abamo ôcı̣ riguè çuî. T. taìra ârirê, moçàpîr Murubixaba Reys, yàba, coaracîcẽbâba còti çuî ô urbae, yacı̣tatâ cerecòarama recê T. remimonhang piçâçû pê jàramo y xupê, goerú yetanongàbamo, itajùba, icicatã ciapuábae, mirra, moçâg too çuî: itajúba murubixàba Reyamo cecõ mombeguâba ici catâcia puãna Tupanamo cecô cuàpâba, toô çuî Mirra moroecê ceõ agoama mombeguàba.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “6. Epiphania Domini. G.”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 3–3v:

At the thirteenth day, after God the Son being born as a man from His mother's womb, three chieftains called Kings came from the east, following the guardian star, which God had just made to show the way, and brought Him as gifts gold, frankincense and myrrh, heartwood's medicine: the gold was the way of telling He was a chieftain, a King; the frankincense was the way of knowing He was God; the heartwood myrrh was the way of telling He would die for the people.

Itajucoara.

1622, anonymous author, “Uea, ou mina de ouro ou prata”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 142; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Aimõdar ahẽ xeitajubari[…]

1622, anonymous author, “Sospeitar mal de alguẽ”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 19; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


Îesu

Etymology tree
Hebrew ישועbor.
Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs)bor.
Latin Iēsūs
Old Galician-Portuguese Jesu
Portuguese Jesusbor.
Old Tupi Îesu
Borrowed from Portuguese Jesus, from Old Galician-Portuguese Jesu, from Latin Iēsūs, borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), borrowed from Hebrew ישוע.
Compare Guaraní Hesu.


so'ogûasurãîgûera

From so'o (“beast of venery”) + -gûasu (“big”) + rãî (“tooth”) + gûer (“former”) + -a, literally “big beast of venery's former tooth”.

af

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) ivory (hard white form of dentin which forms the tusks of elephants)


'ybaremusu

From 'ybarema (“garlic”) + -usu (“big”).

'ybanemusu (alternative)
'ybarema usu (alternative)


'ybaaîa

→ Portuguese: uvaia


Tupã Tuba

(Christianity, Late Tupi) God the Father


Tupã Ta'yra

M. Cetépe Tupã Tûba, Tupã Täŷra, Tupã Espirito Santo? acẽ iabé?
D. Natecëí: Tupã Täŷra äé, iande iabé, apyâbamo onhemonhanghiré é, cetéramo cöyté, acẽ iabẽ.

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), page 43, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

Does God the Son, God the Father, God the Holy Ghost have a body like us? / He has no body: God the Son, however, after making Himself man like us, had, in the end, a body like us.


opakombó

From opá (“both”) + kó (“these”) + pó (“hands”).


xepoxepy

[ʃɛˌpɔ.ʃɛˈpɨ]

Coined by Portuguese missionary Luís Figueira in the 17th century. Literally, “my hands, my feet”.

coinage

Xepo xepyg[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Nomes adjectivos do ſingular, & plurar”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 3:


obyeté

head

obyeté (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute tobyeté, R1 robyeté, R2 sobyeté)

[ɔˌβ̞ɨ.ɛˈtɛ]

From oby (“blue, green, purple”) + eté (“true”), as to differentiate it from the other colors.


obyeté

head

obyeté (IIa class pluriform, R1 robyeté, R2 sobyeté, noun form obyeté)

form obyeté (noun)
Causative
moobyeté
-ba'e
sobyeteba'e
-sab
-saba
obyeteaba
obyetesaba
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
xe robyeté (active)
sobyeté (active)
oré robyeté (active)
îandé robyeté (active)
Imperative (active)
Permissive (active)
ta xe robyeté (active)
ta nde robyeté (active)
ta sobyeté (active)
t'oré robyeté (active)
t'îandé robyeté (active)
ta pe robyeté (active)
Negative indicative (active)
na xe robyetéî (active)
na nde robyetéî (active)
na sobyetéî (active)
n'oré robyetéî (active)
n'îandé robyetéî (active)
na pe robyetéî (active)
Negative imperative (active)
nde robyeté umẽ (active)
pe robyeté umẽ (active)
Negative permissive (active)
ta xe robyeté umẽ (active)
ta nde robyeté umẽ (active)
ta sobyeté umẽ (active)
t'oré robyeté umẽ (active)
t'îandé robyeté umẽ (active)
ta pe robyeté umẽ (active)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe robyetéramo (gerund)
nde robyetéramo (gerund)
o obyetéramo (gerund)
oré robyetéramo (gerund)
îandé robyetéramo (gerund)
pe robyetéramo (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe robyetee'ymamo (gerund)
nde robyetee'ymamo (gerund)
o obyetee'ymamo (gerund)
oré robyetee'ymamo (gerund)
îandé robyetee'ymamo (gerund)
pe robyetee'ymamo (gerund)
Affirmative (infinitive)
obyeté (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
obyetee'yma (infinitive)
same as gerund (infinitive)
xe robyetéû (infinitive)
sobyetéû (infinitive)
oré robyetéû (infinitive)
îandé robyetéû (infinitive)
xe robyetee'ymi (infinitive)
sobyetee'ymi (infinitive)
oré robyetee'ymi (infinitive)
îandé robyetee'ymi (infinitive)

[ɔˌβ̞ɨ.ɛˈtɛ]


anhanga ratá

Literally, “devil's fire”. Coined by Jesuits in the 16th century.


anhanga

Nheengatu: anhanga, ananga, anhangá

(Christianity, Late Tupi) devil; demon (evil spirit resident in or working for Hell)


'yba

(Late Tupi) conductor (person who conducts an orchestra, choir or other music ensemble)


mokõî oîoirundyk

Coined by Portuguese-Brazilian missionary Antônio de Araújo in 1618. Literally, “two four”, or more loosely translated as “two times four”.

lit

Mocôy oyòirundìc oito àra cìc-eme, T. taira oci, çuîy àrirê, iudeos ecômonhangàbo yapîra mondòc-i[…]

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Ianuarius”, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 3:

When the day eight came, after the birth of God the Son from his mother, his foreskin was cut following the Jewish law.


emirekoeté

head

emirekoeté (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute temirekoeté, R1 remirekoeté, R2 semirekoeté)

From emirekó (“wife”) + eté (“true, legitimate, authentic, genuine”), literally “legitimate wife, true wife”.

affix

Clara, y xè Gonçalo orogoàr xeremirecò etéramo Sancta Madre Igreja de Roma tecômonhangába rupi.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter V, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n269/mode/1up Livro Setimo da ordem de baptizar, […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 134:

Clara, I Gonçalo take you as my legitimate wife, according to the regulations of the Holy Mother Church of Rome.

(Late Tupi) legitimate wife, with whom someone got married in the church


xe pó, xe py, abá pó, i py

[ʃɛˈpɔ ʃɛˈpɨ aˈβa ˈpɔ iˈpɨ]

Coined by Portuguese-Brazilian missionary Antônio de Araújo in 1618. Literally, “my hands, my feet, someone's hands, their feet”.

lit

Xe pô, xepi, abâ pô, y pi, ara o membira ragoera coabirè, S. Maria o membira IeSVS reraçou T. oc-ipe T. tùbape y coabeenga, iudeos recomonhangába rupi.


'ybarema

From 'ybá (“fruit”) + rem (“stinky”) + -a.


karaibebé

Nheengatu: karaiwewé

[ka.ɾaˌi.β̞ɛˈβ̞ɛ]

Coined by Jesuits in the 16th century, from karaíba (“Christian”) + bebé (“flying”).

Peyôri apiàbetà
Oyepé tiay moêté
Yandé caraîbèbê

1618, Cristóvão Valente, compiled by Antônio de Araújo, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Cantigas na lingoa pera os mininos da Sancta Doctrina (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 6:

Come, men. We shall honor in unisson our angel.

Pe îabi'õ Pa'i Tupã karaibebé moingóû. A'e pe mopyatã; a'e kó pe sumarã pe 'anga suí i mondóû.

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói, page 50; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

For each one of you, Lord God has charged an angel. He makes you strong; he shoos away your enemies from your souls.


taîasu

head

taîasu (unpossessable, female equivalent taîasukunhã)

Nheengatu: tayasú

→ Brazilian Portuguese: taiaçu

→ Translingual: Tayassu, Pecari tajacu

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *tajat͡ʃu.
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní tajaxu.

inh+

white-lipped peccary
white-lipped peccary

Tayassu pecari
Tayassu pecari#Translingual

Historia Naturalis Brasiliae
w:Historia Naturalis Brasiliae

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari)

Endete, derecemõ / ariama, tayaçu

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter LXVIII, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 167v, column 2, lines 27–28; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 313:

But you, chickens and pigs are plentiful.

Tajaçu remiuru.

1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 76; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

(Late Tupi) domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica)


Îandé Îara

Nheengatu: Yané Yara

Calque of Portuguese Nosso Senhor.
Compare Guaraní Ñandejára.

Nde reriyarabê eimõgetâ igbac-igoâra catûpabê abè: peimonhirom Tupã yande jara y xêbo, eyâ, taxe reraço corî oangaturama recèm xerecè ogeõ agoêra recêbè, yxe ogoerobiararecê, oyoêcê xeyerobiâara recêbê goripâpe, eyâ.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Ordem que ſe guarda no dar da Sancta Vnção” (chapter VII), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n269/mode/1up Livro Setimo da ordem de baptizar, […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 141v–142:

The bearer of Thy name also prays, the multitude that inhabits the skies too, saying: “make Our Lord God pardon me” and “may He take me with Him today, because of His goodness, because of His belief on me as well as my belief on Him, to His Heaven.”

Yarîbo omanomo yande jara / Yande repîmeongaggoera recê, / Anhanga rata çui / Yande picîrõ recebè.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do ſinal da Sacta Cruz” (chapter II), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 21:

Over it Our Lord died to redeem us, as well as to save us from Hell.


reîa

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs
Proto-Italic *rēks
Latin rex
Old Galician-Portuguese rei
Portuguese rei
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi reîa
Adapted borrowing of Portuguese rei (“king”) + -a.

af

Orirẏ nde iucare / tupã çumarã reya / eiori ore requÿa / toroico nde ipipenhe / ore çumarã mõdia

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, Auto de São Lourenço [Play of Saint Lawrence], Niterói, page 124, lines 1476–1480; republished in Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, transl., compiled by Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, Teatro, 2nd edition, São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2006, →ISBN:

They tremble after killing you, the kings enemy to God. Come to rapture us, so we can be at your side, and frighten our enemies.

monarch (ruler of an absolute monarchy; king or queen)


ubixaba

head

ubixaba (IIa class pluriform, absolute tubixaba, R1 rubixaba, R2 subixaba)

ubixaba (possessable, IIb class pluriform, absolute tubixaba, R1 rubixaba, R2 tubixaba)

Nheengatu: uixawa

→ Brazilian Portuguese: tuxaua

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani [Term?].
Cognate with Mbyá Guaraní uvixa.

inh+

(Late Tupi) monarch (ruler of an absolute monarchy)


'ybagûasu

desctree

Nheengatu: babasú, iwawasá, wawasú (obsolete)
→ Brazilian Portuguese: babaçu
→ English: babassu
→ French: babaçu, babassu
→ Italian: babaco

[ɨˌβ̞a.ɡʷaˈsu]

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔɨβ
Proto-Tupian *ʔa
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔa
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ɨˀβa
Old Tupi 'ybá
Proto-Tupian *-at͡ʃu
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-wat͡ʃu
Old Tupi -gûasu
Old Tupi 'ybagûasu
From 'ybá (“fruit”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix).

af

Vua ouaſſouran[…]

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, chapter XXXVIII, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 222v:

(Late Tupi) citron (fruit of the citron tree)


mãîa

tlb

(Língua Geral Amazônica, rare in Late Tupi)

Nheengatu: manha

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr
Proto-Italic *mātēr
Latin māter
Old Galician-Portuguese madre
Old Galician-Portuguese mãy
Portuguese mãe
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi mãîa
Adapted borrowing of Portuguese mãe (“mother”) + -a (nominal suffix).

af

— Abápe erimbäé Tupã oimonhangypŷ ybŷ pôramo? — Acẽ rûbypŷ Adã acẽ mãy ypŷ Eva bé, cecómonhânga, toïcüáb oiâramo, omonhangâramo xe recó oiâbo.

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo I”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Do que pertence á Fé, page 38, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

— Whom did God once make in the condition of inhabitant of earth? — The first father of the people Adam, the first mother of the people Eve as well, giving them laws, saying "may they know I am their own lord, their own creator".


nhe'engerekoara

[ɲɛˌʔɛ̃.ŋɛ.ɾɛˌkɔˈa.ɾa]

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupian *weʔeŋ
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *jeʔeŋ
Old Tupi nhe'eng
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi nhe'enga
Old Tupi erekó
Proto-Tupian *-at
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-ar
Old Tupi -sar
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi nhe'engerekoara
From nhe'enga (“language”) + erekó (“to have”) + -ar (deverbalizer suffix) + -a, literally “language haver”.

af

Abarê nheengerecoara.

1622, anonymous author, “Lingoa, o q. disso serue a outro”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 22; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

(Late Tupi) interpreter (person who converts spoken language in real time)


pyapasaba

head

pyapasaba (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute myapasaba)

From py (“foot”) + apar (“to bend”) + -sab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a, literally “foot-bending tool”.

af

Aipigapaça mondeb.

1622, anonymous author, “Calçar assi a outrem”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 63; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:


gûyrasapukaîa

From gûyrá (“bird”) + sapukaî (“to scream”) + -a.


muruanha

desc

→ Brazilian Portuguese: beruanha, meruanha, muruanha

Navarro derives it from meru (“fly”) + ãî (“toothed”) + -a, but the E>U change is unexplained. Possibly an alternative form *mberuanha existed, as seen in the Portuguese borrowing beruanha, but wasn't recorded.

(hapax legomenon, Late Tupi) stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)


tupãrorypaba

From Tupã (“God”) + rorypaba (“place of happiness”).

af

Arobia ychegnuam pupé catou toupan rorupape ycaraïcatouäe gognugnangaue

1586, André Thevet, “Du Goulphre ou Riviere de Ganabara”, in Le Grand Insulaire et Pilotage d’André Thevet [The Great Islander and Piloting of André Thevet], page 253:

I believe deeply in my heart that in paradise those who are truly virtuous gather together.

Emonanamo pemendârirè peteûme pemendàragoêra rerecômemoammo, peîcôcatu, tecó catú repenhãdàpe peicôbo: igbacupe Tupã roripápe, pereõroirè, peçòyanondè.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Exortação antes do recebimento & bençoens” (chapter 5), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n269/mode/1up Livro Setimo da ordem de baptizar, […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 133v:

Therefore, after your marriage, be careful not to mistreat the one you married. Live well, behaving to embrace virtue, before going to heaven, to paradise, after your deaths.


orypaba

head

orypaba (possessable, IIa class pluriform, absolute torypaba, R1 rorypaba, R2 sorypaba)

From oryb (“happy”) + -sab (circumstantial suffix) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “place of happiness”.

affix

M. Doimoacijpe amo onheengaîbagoêra, y yaorè?
D. Oimoacî, ye catuâba cotí oicob aè ndeiteè oâpixâra cacàpa cepîca
M. Aèpe yandejâra çupê marã eỹ?
D. Nde maenduar xerecè nde rorîpape nde recô roirè, ey?
M. Mara ey pe yandejàra ynheeng obaixoa?
D. Cori ereicô xe roripape xe pirine, ey.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, “Do que paſsou na Cruz” (chapter 10), in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 62v–63:

M. Did anyone regret their own evil words, after insulting him?
D. The one who was on his right regretted. It is no wonder he rebuked his fellow, making reparations.
M. And to Our Lord, what did he say?
D. He said: "Remember me after you are in paradise".
M. What did Our Lord say in response to his words?
D. He said: "Today you will be in paradise with me".

(Christianity, Late Tupi) paradise (when possessor is God)


Anhanga retama

From Anhanga (“Devil”) + retama (“land”), literally “land of the Devil”.
Compare Guaraní añaretã.

af

yanga oso ognanga retam


takûare'ẽ

From takûara (“bamboo”) + e'ẽ (“sweet”).

Saccharum officinarum
Saccharum officinarum#Translingual

(Late Tupi) sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum)


xe pó, xe py, amõ abá pó, i py

[ʃɛˈpɔ ʃɛˈpɨ ãˈmɔ̃ aˈβa ˈpɔ iˈpɨ]

Coined by Portuguese-Brazilian missionary Antônio de Araújo in 1618. Literally, “my hands, my feet, someone's hands, their feet”.

lit

XE pò, xepi.amoabâ pô, y pi 40.ara yandejara IESV Chriſto recou co àra pupe goecobè yebiriré, oci, obojâeta moapicica: y pàbìrê, ibitira Oliuète ceribae apiraribo^([sic]) oci, obojà reraçou, çobaquê, çuîmbeguè, mbeguè y xou oyeupi o beràporanga reraçôbo-igbacupe

1618, Antônio de Araújo, Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], 1 edition, Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 4v:

Forty days Our Lord Jesus Christ was in this world after coming back to life, comforting his own mother, his own many disciples. After they ended, on the summit of a mountain called Olivet, he took his own mother, his own disciples. Before them, and departing from them, little by little he ascended, along with his own beautiful radiance going to heaven.


xe pó, xe py, amõ abá pó, i py abé

[ʃɛˈpɔ ʃɛˈpɨ ãˈmɔ̃ aˈβa ˈpɔ iˈpɨ aˈβɛ]

Coined by Brazilian missionary Bartolomeu de Leão in 1686. Literally, “my hands, my feet, someone's hands, their feet as well”.

lit

Xe pò, xe py, amo abá pó, ipy abé, quarenta âra iandé iâra JESUS Chriſto recóu có âra pupé goecobé iebyriré, ocy, oboiá etá möapycyca. Ipabiré ybytyra Olivete ceríbäé apytéribo ocy, oboiá reraçóu; çobaké çüí begué, begué ixóu oieupîbo^([sic]) oberáporânga reraçóbo ybakype.

1686 [1618], Antônio de Araújo, edited by Bartolomeu de Leão, Cateciſmo Braſilico da Doutrina Chriſtãa [Brazilian Catechism of the Christian Doctrine], 2 edition, Catalogo dos dias Santos de guarda, & de jejum (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Miguel Deslandes, page 127:


karaíb

form karaíba (noun)
Causative
mongaraíb
-ba'e
i karaiba'e
i karaibyba'e
-sab
-saba
karaipaba
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
xe karaíb (active)
i karaíb (active)
oré karaíb (active)
îandé karaíb (active)
Imperative (active)
Permissive (active)
ta xe karaíb (active)
ta nde karaíb (active)
t'i karaíb (active)
t'oré karaíb (active)
t'îandé karaíb (active)
ta pe karaíb (active)
Negative indicative (active)
na xe karaíbi (active)
na nde karaíbi (active)
n'i karaíbi (active)
n'oré karaíbi (active)
n'îandé karaíbi (active)
na pe karaíbi (active)
Negative imperative (active)
nde karaíb umẽ (active)
pe karaíb umẽ (active)
Negative permissive (active)
ta xe karaíb umẽ (active)
ta nde karaíb umẽ (active)
t'i karaíb umẽ (active)
t'oré karaíb umẽ (active)
t'îandé karaíb umẽ (active)
ta pe karaíb umẽ (active)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe karaíbamo (gerund)
nde karaíbamo (gerund)
o karaíbamo (gerund)
oré karaíbamo (gerund)
îandé karaíbamo (gerund)
pe karaíbamo (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
nde karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
o karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
oré karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
îandé karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
pe karaibe'ymamo (gerund)
Affirmative (infinitive)
karaíba (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
karaibe'yma (infinitive)
same as gerund (infinitive)
xe karaíbi (infinitive)
i karaíbi (infinitive)
oré karaíbi (infinitive)
îandé karaíbi (infinitive)
xe karaibe'ymi (infinitive)
i karaibe'ymi (infinitive)
oré karaibe'ymi (infinitive)
îandé karaibe'ymi (infinitive)
karaí (alternative)

M[estre]. marãgatupeacerecou Tupã oc-îpe oiquiabo?
D[isciple]. Oye î piî igcaraiba pupè.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter III, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 24:

Master: How do the people behave entering the church?
Disciple: They sprinkle themselves with holy water.


'ykaraíba

Calque of Portuguese água benta, from 'y + karaíb + -a.

Anhanga nhegoacẽbâba igcaraiba.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter VII, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n269/mode/1up Livro Setimo da ordem de baptizar, […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 142:

The holy water is the reason of Devil's fleeing.


Tupã sy

Calque of Portuguese Mãe de Deus (“Mother of God”).
Compare Guaraní Tupãsy.


mongaraíb

tpw-verb

mongaraíb (first-person singular active indicative aîmongaraíb, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîmongaraíbi, noun mongaraíba) (transitive)

aîmongaraíb (active first-person indicative singular)
n'aîmongaraíbi (active first-person indicative negative singular)
mongaraíba (noun)
Causative
mongaraibukar
Reflexive
îemongaraíb
-ba'e
oîmongaraiba'e
emi-
emimongaraíba
mimongaraíba
-pyr
-pyra
i mongaraibypyra
-sab
-saba
mongaraipaba
-sar
-sara
mongaraipara
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
aîmongaraíb (active)
ereîmongaraíb (active)
oîmongaraíb (active)
oroîmongaraíb (active)
îaîmongaraíb (active)
peîmongaraíb (active)
Permissive (active)
t'aîmongaraíb (active)
t'ereîmongaraíb (active)
t'oîmongaraíb (active)
t'oroîmongaraíb (active)
t'îaîmongaraíb (active)
ta peîmongaraíb (active)
Imperative (active)
eîmongaraíb (active)
Negative indicative (active)
n'aîmongaraíbi (active)
n'ereîmongaraíbi (active)
n'oîmongaraíbi (active)
n'oroîmongaraíbi (active)
n'îaîmongaraíbi (active)
na peîmongaraíbi (active)
Negative permissive (active)
t'aîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
t'ereîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
t'oîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
t'oroîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
t'îaîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
ta peîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
Negative imperative (active)
eîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
peîmongaraíb umẽ (active)
Affirmative (infinitive)
mongaraíba (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
mongaraibe'yma (infinitive)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe mongaraípa (gerund)
nde mongaraípa (gerund)
i mongaraípa (gerund)
oré mongaraípa (gerund)
îandé mongaraípa (gerund)
pe mongaraípa (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
nde mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
i mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
oré mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
îandé mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
pe mongaraibe'yma (gerund)
xe mongaraíbi (gerund)
i mongaraíbi (gerund)
oré mongaraíbi (gerund)
îandé mongaraíbi (gerund)
xe mongaraibe'ymi (gerund)
i mongaraibe'ymi (gerund)
oré mongaraibe'ymi (gerund)
îandé mongaraibe'ymi (gerund)

Causative of karaíb, from mo- (causative prefix) + karaíb (“holy”).


moting

tpw-verb

moting (first-person singular active indicative aîmoting, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîmotingi, noun motinga) (transitive)

aîmoting (active first-person indicative singular)
n'aîmotingi (active first-person indicative negative singular)
motinga (noun)

motinga:

Nheengatu: mutinga

From mo- (causative voice prefix) + ting (“white”).

af

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) to whitewash; to lime


-sab

Nheengatu: -sawa

From Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ, from Proto-Tupian *-ap.

etymon

-ab (alternative)
-b (alternative)
-á (alternative)
-ndab (alternative)

nhemoŷrõ (“to become angry”) + -sab + -a → nhemoŷrõndaba (“wrath”)

(Late Tupi) forms abstract nouns from verbs and adjectives


oré-ruba

[ɔ.ɾɛˈɾu.βa]

Calque of Portuguese pai-nosso, from oré (“our”) + ruba (“father”).
Compare Guaraní Ore Ru.

M. Marã iabêpe iarobia^([sic]) cüácatú Tupã recé, ixupébé iande recotebẽçâba pabẽ recé ıâieruré cüa catúne?
D. Orerûba cüacatuâbo.
M. Aépe Virgem MARIA Senhora nossa, marã iabe iaierurecüacatúne?
D. Ave MARIA, Salve Rainha abe cüâcatûreme: iepi memébe çäânga ixupé cecẽ oierobiá étébo.

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo II”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Do que pertence á Esperança, e Caridade, &c., pages 64–65, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

M. In what way will we know well to trust in God and ask him for all our needs?
D. By knowing the Lord's Prayer well.
M. And as for the Virgin Mary Our Lady, in what way will we know well to ask her?
D. By knowing the Hail Mary and the Salve Regina well, always pronouncing them and trusting in her a lot.

(Christianity, Late Tupi) Lord's Prayer, Our Father (the prayer taught by Jesus Christ to his disciples)


itamembeka

Nheengatu: itá-membeka

From itá (“rock”) + membek (“soft”) + -a.


itaekobé

From itá (“metal”) + ekobé (“living”), literally “living metal”.


itanema

From itá (“metal”) + nema (“stinking”), literally “stinking metal”.
Compare Guaraní itane.


itaîunema

From itaîuba (“gold”) + nema (“stinking”), literally “stinking gold”.


abaeté

Nheengatu: awaeté

→ Brazilian Portuguese: abaetê, Abaeté

(Late Tupi, Christianity) layman (man who is not an ordained cleric)


itaîngapema

→ Brazilian Portuguese: tangapema

S. Pedro y tãgapema ocequij / morubixàba rembiauçuba / Malco ceribaè rapixapa, / ynambi mondôra

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter III, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, page 54v:

Saint Peter drew the sword and struck a servant of the high priest named Malchus, cutting off his ear.

Enhonong de itaingapema ndecuaì[…]

c. 1628, Luís Figueira, “Da Prepoſição 5. parte da oração”, in Arte da lingua Braſilica [Art of the Brasílica Language]^(https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Galeria:Arte_da_l%C3%ADngua_bras%C3%ADlica_(circa_1628).pdf) (overall work in Portuguese), Lisbon: Manuel da Silva, page 68:


saraûaîa

Borrowed from Portuguese salvage (“savage”).

bor+

ſarauayamo oroico
caape oroyemonhãga
oroju nde momorãga
ore aiba reropo.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter 27, in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 27v, lines 37–40; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 569:

Savages we are,
for being born in the woods.
We came to celebrate you,
casting away our wickedness.


akanetá

→ Portuguese: canitar


tupãok

form tupãoka (noun)
Causative
motupãok
-ba'e
i tupãokyba'e
-sab
-saba
tupãokaba
Singular
Singular & Plural
Plural
1ˢᵗ person
2ⁿᵈ person
3ʳᵈ person
1ˢᵗ person exclusive
1ˢᵗ person inclusive
Indicative (active)
xe tupãok (active)
i tupãok (active)
oré tupãok (active)
îandé tupãok (active)
Imperative (active)
Permissive (active)
ta xe tupãok (active)
ta nde tupãok (active)
t'i tupãok (active)
t'oré tupãok (active)
t'îandé tupãok (active)
ta pe tupãok (active)
Negative indicative (active)
na xe tupãoki (active)
na nde tupãoki (active)
n'i tupãoki (active)
n'oré tupãoki (active)
n'îandé tupãoki (active)
na pe tupãoki (active)
Negative imperative (active)
nde tupãok umẽ (active)
pe tupãok umẽ (active)
Negative permissive (active)
ta xe tupãok umẽ (active)
ta nde tupãok umẽ (active)
t'i tupãok umẽ (active)
t'oré tupãok umẽ (active)
t'îandé tupãok umẽ (active)
ta pe tupãok umẽ (active)
Affirmative (gerund)
xe tupãokamo (gerund)
nde tupãokamo (gerund)
o tupãokamo (gerund)
oré tupãokamo (gerund)
îandé tupãokamo (gerund)
pe tupãokamo (gerund)
Negative (gerund)
xe tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
nde tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
o tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
oré tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
îandé tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
pe tupãoke'ymamo (gerund)
Affirmative (infinitive)
tupãoka (infinitive)
Negative (infinitive)
tupãoke'yma (infinitive)
same as gerund (infinitive)
xe tupãoki (infinitive)
i tupãoki (infinitive)
oré tupãoki (infinitive)
îandé tupãoki (infinitive)
xe tupãoke'ymi (infinitive)
i tupãoke'ymi (infinitive)
oré tupãoke'ymi (infinitive)
îandé tupãoke'ymi (infinitive)

Back-formation from tupãoka (“house of worship”).

back-formation

Maene, Tupinãba
Paraguaçupe ndaroera,
ytupã ocibae puera
opacatu yamomba
nitibetei çembiroera

c. 1583, Joseph of Anchieta, “Na feſta de .ſ. L^(ço) [At the Saint Lawrence Festival]” (chapter XLIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Niterói, page 63, lines 142–146; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 691:

Look, the Tupinambás
who were in Paraguaçu
and had their churches,
we destroyed them all.
Not even their remains are left.

(Late Tupi, religion) to have a house of worship (usually a Catholic church)


'anga

Nheengatu: anga

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔaŋ (“shadow”).

inh+

yanderubete Ieſu
yande recobe meẽgara
oimõboreauçucatu
yãde amotareimbara
anhãga aiba
morapitiara
yãde anga iucaçara

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Cãtiga & el ſin Vẽtura” (chapter XXV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 26, column 1, lines 1-7; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 61:

Our true father Jesus, donor of our souls. Our enemy, the devil's wickedness, the slaughterer, the killer of our souls, has aflicted him so much.

(Late Tupi, Christianity) soul (spirit or essence of a person)


angaîpaba

Nheengatu: angaipawa

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *ʔaŋ
Old Tupi 'anga
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *aiβ
Old Tupi aíb
Proto-Tupian *-ap
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ?
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi aíba
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *-aβ
Old Tupi -sab
Old Tupi -a
Old Tupi angaîpaba
From 'anga (“soul”) + aíba (“wickedness”) + -sab (instrumentalizer suffix) + -a. Coined by Jesuits in the 16th century.


inaîagûasu

From inaîá (“inajá”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix).

Cocos nucifera
Cocos nucifera#Translingual


inaîagûasu'yba

From inaîagûasu (“coconut”) + 'yba (“tree”).

(Late Tupi) coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)


kuriboka

desctree

→ Brazilian Portuguese: caboclo, caboco
→ English: caboclo
→ Hunsrik: Kabock

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) person of mixed Indigenous Brazilian and African descent


maxaru

Borrowed from Portuguese machado (“axe”).


tybypoîa

Nheengatu: teyupuya, tipipuya, tiyipuya

From tyby (“grave”) + poî (“to offer”) + -a, literally “grave offering”.


missa-pytuna

Nheengatu: misa-pituna

Literally, “Mass night”.
The first part is an unadapted borrowing from Portuguese missa, which is why the final syllable was not dropped in the compound. A proper adaptation would result in *mixá, following the same rules seen in kamixá: palatalization of /s/ into /ʃ/ after /i/ and change of stress from a paroxytone to an oxytone, as no stems could end in ⟨s⟩ or ⟨x⟩.


'ykaraiburu

From 'ykaraíba (“holy water”) + uru (“vessel, container”).

af

(Christianity, hapax legomenon) stoup (holy water font)


gûyrasapukaîusu

From gûyrasapukaîa (“rooster”) + -usu (augmentative suffix), literally “big rooster”.

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) turkey (any bird in the genus Meleagris)


komandá

Nheengatu: kumandá

→ Brazilian Portuguese: comandá

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *kumana.

etymon

Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgaris#Translingual

(Late Tupi) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)


gûarugûá

desctree

Nheengatu: waruá
→ Emerillon: waruwa
→ Wayampi: warua

Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from Middle French miroir. First attested in 1578.

arugûá (alternative)
aruá (alternative)
ûaruá (alternative)

(Late Tupi) mirror (smooth reflecting surface)


krusá

→ Kariri: kɾudza

Old Tupi: (LGA, LGP) kurusá
Nheengatu: kurusá
→ Brazilian Portuguese: Curuçá

Borrowed from Portuguese cruz, from Old Galician-Portuguese cruz, from Latin crux, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.
Compare Paraguayan Guaraní kurusu.

etymon

O atijbari / Cruça oçupi / Membeca çuj / Ieſu ceroari, / cece abapoari / ndereçape nhe / Abape ⁓. // Y aipo açaça / ypi recebe / Cruça çoce nhe / Xejara moja / oique itapigua / nde angapupe / Abap arapora / oico nde yabe.

16th century, Joseph of Anchieta, “Doſ Miſterioſ do Rozairo de noſsa ſar̃” (chapter XXXIV), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], page 37v, lines 69–84; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 83:

On his own shoulder, he lifts the cross. Out of weakness, Jesus falls with it. Men strike him before your eyes. What inhabitant of the world is like you? They pierce his hands along with his feet, upon the cross nailing my lord. The nails sink deep into your soul. What inhabitant of the world is like you?

Cruſſa chépopé ſecoremé, ouyiemo cruſſaue tooure Ieropary oycoue aermé, naſſequeie chouéne ichouy

1614, Claude d'Abbeville, “De la mort de trois Indiens Topinamba qui eſtoient venus en France” (chapter LVII), in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L'Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 357:

If the cross is in my hands, while I am blessing myself—let the devils come at that moment—I will not fear them.


pokaku'i

head

pokaku'i (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mokaku'i)

Old Tupi: pokaba ku'i (LGA)

Nheengatu: mukawakuí

From pokaba (“firearm”) + ku'i (“powder”).

T. — Esse non bat
F. — Coromo
T. — Neîn.
F. — Mocap[…]Mororocap[…]Mocap-coui[…]Mocap-couiourou[…]

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, pages 124–125:

T. — Name everything.
F. — Just a moment.
T. — Alright.
F. — Firearms, bombards, gunpowder, gunpowder containers.

gunpowder (explosive mixture used in gunnery)


po'ykaraíba

po'ykaraíba (possessable, Ib class pluriform, absolute mo'ykaraíba)

(Christianity) prayer beads, rosary beads


ybyrapararanga

→ Kariri: wirapararã

From ybyrá (“wood”) + pararang (“to roll”) + -a (nominal suffix), literally “wood that rolls”.


ytá

Aobigtâ

1622, anonymous author, “Tear”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 125; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

Inĩitâ


Krusá

Nheengatu: Kurusá

From krusá, borrowed from Portuguese cruz, from Old Galician-Portuguese cruz, from Latin crux, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker-.
Certainly a calque, possibly of Portuguese Crux. The native term, if it ever existed, is unknown.

etymon

(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon, astronomy) Southern Cross (constellation)


pirakabaru

Etymology tree
Proto-Tupi-Guarani *pira
Old Tupi pirá
Proto-Celtic *kaballosder.?
Latin caballus
Old Galician-Portuguese cavalo
Portuguese cavalobor.
Old Tupi kabaru
Old Tupi pirakabaru
From pirá (“fish”) + kabaru (“horse”), possibly a calque of Portuguese cavalo-marinho (“sea horse”).


tabusu

From taba (“village”) + -usu (augmentative suffix).

af

Tau-ouſcou-pe-ouim

1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 361:

D. Oiucâ agoera repiramo amoa piâba tobajára maranari tecoára irã âcoè tabuçu Ieruſalem y aba pôra mõbebaoâma cuapanhe, aipo y eû.

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter IX, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], [https://archive.org/details/catecismo-na-lingoa-brasilica-1618/page/n137/mode/1up Livro Terceiro do Cathecismo, e summa da Doctrina Christam […] ] (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, pages 61v–62:


abaregûasu

→ Brazilian Portuguese: abaré-guaçu

From abaré (“priest”) + -gûasu (augmentative suffix), literally “big priest”.

Angari / abare goaçu cori / aroguata

c. 1589, Joseph of Anchieta, “Recebimẽto, q̃ fezeraõ oſ Jndioſ de guaraparĩ ao Pᵉ Prouĩcial Marçal Belliarte [Reception that the Guaraparim's Indians made for the provincial priest Marçal Beliarte]” (chapter XXI), in [livrinho de variaſ poeziaſ] [Booklet of various poems], Guarapari, page 23v, column 2, lines 194–199; republished as Maria de Lourdes de Paula Martins, compiler, Poesias, São Paulo, 1956, page 56:

2. Acê cibâpe Abârè goaçûnhandî caraîba nonga

1618, Antônio de Araújo, chapter I, in Cateciſmo na Lingoa Braſilica [Catechism in the Brazilian Language], Livro Primeiro da Doctrina Christam (overall work in Old Tupi, Portuguese, and Latin), Lisbon: Pedro Crasbeeck, Sete Santa Madre Igreja Sacramentos [Seven Holy Mother Church Sacraments], page 17v:

2. On the people's forehead, the bishop puts the holy oil.

Iecatúpe: Abaré goaçu Papa angaipâba recé nhirõ mëênga acêbo, Tupã recobiâramo oecó pupé?

1687, João Filipe Bettendorff, “Dialogo I”, in Compendio da Doutrina Christãa Na lingua Portugueza, e Brasilica [Compendium of the Christian Doctrine in the Portuguese and Brasílica Language] (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), page 57, column 2; republished as José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo, editor, Lisbon: Offic. de Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, 1800:

Can the supreme pontiff Pope give us the pardon for our sins, as the substitute of God?

(Christianity) Any clergyman of a rank higher than a priest, such as a bishop or prelate.


head

o eopakatu mba'e tetiruã monhanga e'ikatuba'e

opakatu mba'e tetiruã monhanga e'ikatuba'e (unpossessable)

Literally, “that which shows itself well making all and any things”.