धृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).

हि॒र॒ण्य॒ग॒र्भः सम॑वर्त॒ताग्रे॑ भू॒तस्य॑ जा॒तः पति॒रेक॑ आसीत् ।
स दा॑धार पृथि॒वीं द्यामु॒तेमां कस्मै॑ दे॒वाय॑ ह॒विषा॑ विधेम ॥
hiraṇyagarbháḥ sámavartatā́gre bhūtásya jātáḥ pátiréka āsīt.
sá dādhāra pṛthivī́ṃ dyā́mutémā́ṃ kásmai devā́ya havíṣā vidhema.

he upheld this earth and heaven-- let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine.

Hiraṇyagarbha was present at the beginning; when born, he was the sole lord of created beings;

दिधारयिषति

didhārayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


मुच्

head

मुच् • (muc)

sa-root

मुच् • (muc)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk-
Sanskrit मुच् (muc)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *mawk-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *(s)mawk-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to release, slip”).

inh

मुमोचयिषु

mumocayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


मुच्

muc (romanization)
मुक् (nominative singular)
मुचौ (dual nominative)
मुचा1 (dual nominative)
मुचः (nominative plural)
मुक् (singular vocative)
मुचौ (dual vocative)
मुचा1 (dual vocative)
मुचः (plural vocative)
मुचम् (accusative singular)
मुचौ (accusative dual)
मुचा1 (accusative dual)
मुचः (accusative plural)
मुचा (instrumental singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
मुचे (dative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
मुचः (ablative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मुचः (genitive singular)
मुचोः (dual genitive)
मुचाम् (genitive plural)
मुचि (locative singular)
मुचोः (dual locative)
मुक्षु (locative plural)
मुक् (nominative singular)
मुचौ (dual nominative)
मुचा1 (dual nominative)
मुचः (nominative plural)
मुक् (singular vocative)
मुचौ (dual vocative)
मुचा1 (dual vocative)
मुचः (plural vocative)
मुचम् (accusative singular)
मुचौ (accusative dual)
मुचा1 (accusative dual)
मुचः (accusative plural)
मुचा (instrumental singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
मुचे (dative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
मुचः (ablative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मुचः (genitive singular)
मुचोः (dual genitive)
मुचाम् (genitive plural)
मुचि (locative singular)
मुचोः (dual locative)
मुक्षु (locative plural)
मुक् (nominative singular)
मुची (dual nominative)
मुञ्चि (nominative plural)
मुक् (singular vocative)
मुची (dual vocative)
मुञ्चि (plural vocative)
मुक् (accusative singular)
मुची (accusative dual)
मुञ्चि (accusative plural)
मुचा (instrumental singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
मुचे (dative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
मुचः (ablative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मुचः (genitive singular)
मुचोः (dual genitive)
मुचाम् (genitive plural)
मुचि (locative singular)
मुचोः (dual locative)
मुक्षु (locative plural)

letting go or letting fall, dropping, discharging, shooting, sending


मुच्

muc (romanization)
मुक् (nominative singular)
मुचौ (dual nominative)
मुचा1 (dual nominative)
मुचः (nominative plural)
मुक् (singular vocative)
मुचौ (dual vocative)
मुचा1 (dual vocative)
मुचः (plural vocative)
मुचम् (accusative singular)
मुचौ (accusative dual)
मुचा1 (accusative dual)
मुचः (accusative plural)
मुचा (instrumental singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
मुचे (dative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
मुचः (ablative singular)
मुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मुचः (genitive singular)
मुचोः (dual genitive)
मुचाम् (genitive plural)
मुचि (locative singular)
मुचोः (dual locative)
मुक्षु (locative plural)


मुच्

head

मुच् • (muc)

sa-root

मुच् • (muc)

Alternative form of मच् (mac, “to cheat, deceive”)


इङ्ग्

head

इङ्ग् • (iṅg)

sa-root

इङ्ग् • (iṅg)


कुट्ट्

head

कुट्ट् • (kuṭṭ)

sa-root

कुट्ट् • (kuṭṭ)

Likely from Dravidian. Compare Tamil குட்டு (kuṭṭu, “knock, pound, strike”).


त्रप्

head

त्रप् • (trap)

sa-root

त्रप् • (trap)

From Proto-Indo-European *trep- (“to turn, bow the head (in shame)”).
Cognates include Latin turpis (“foul, base”) whence English turpitude, Latin trepidus (“nervous, agitated”) whence English intrepid.


त्रै

Related to Avestan 𐬚𐬭𐬁 (θrā, “to protect”, root). Further etymology unclear.

to protect, preserve, cherish, defend, rescue


चुद्

head

चुद् • (cud)

sa-root

चुद् • (cud)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewd- (“to shoot, propel, throw”). Cognate with Persian چست (čost, “quick, active”), Russian кида́ть (kidátʹ), Old English sċēotan (whence English shoot), Greek σπεύδω, σπουδάζω (spévdo, spoudázo), Latin cudo.

cog

σπεύδω, σπουδάζω


इरस्

iras (romanization)
इरः (nominative singular)
इरसी (dual nominative)
इरांसि (nominative plural)
इरः (singular vocative)
इरसी (dual vocative)
इरांसि (plural vocative)
इरः (accusative singular)
इरसी (accusative dual)
इरांसि (accusative plural)
इरसा (instrumental singular)
इरोभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
इरोभिः (instrumental plural)
इरसे (dative singular)
इरोभ्याम् (dative dual)
इरोभ्यः (dative plural)
इरसः (ablative singular)
इरोभ्याम् (ablative dual)
इरोभ्यः (ablative plural)
इरसः (genitive singular)
इरसोः (dual genitive)
इरसाम् (genitive plural)
इरसि (locative singular)
इरसोः (dual locative)
इरःसु (locative plural)


इरस्

to be ill-affected towards (dative case)


वल्

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived directly from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn, wind, round”). However, due to the chronologically late attestation of the root, this is unlikely.
Tedesco derives the root from वृत् (vṛt, “to turn, rotate”); connections to तोरण (toraṇa, “an arch”), वलि (vali, “a wrinkle”), वलय (valaya, “a bracelet, circle”), and वेल्ल् (vell, “to shake about, sway”) have also been proposed.


शू

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”).


गृध्

head

गृध् • (gṛdh)

sa-root

गृध् • (gṛdh)

From Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ- (“to be greedy, hungry”).
Cognates include Proto-Slavic *gȏldъ (“hunger”), whence Russian го́лод (gólod). English greed is a false cognate.


जस्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-
Sanskrit जस् (jas)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *(s)gʷes-.


शुम्भ्

head

शुम्भ् • (śumbh)

sa-root

शुम्भ् • (śumbh)

From a nasal infixed form of Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbʰ- (“pretty”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”).


घिण्ण्

head

घिण्ण् • (ghiṇṇ)

sa-root

घिण्ण् • (ghiṇṇ)

Based on घिण्णते (ghiṇṇate), a sanskritization of a variant form of Prakrit गण्हइ (gaṇhaï) with assimilated gh- (for which compare Marathi घेणे (gheṇe)). Ultimately from Sanskrit गृह्णाति (gṛhṇā́ti).


घुण्

head

घुण् • (ghuṇ)

sa-root

घुण् • (ghuṇ)


घूर्ण्

head

घूर्ण् • (ghūrṇ)

sa-root

घूर्ण् • (ghūrṇ)

Of uncertain origin.
Perhaps from an adjective घूर्ण (ghūrṇa) reanalyzed as a root, with *घूर् (ghūr) being the original form; via this derivation, forms a set of roots with घृ (ghṛ, “to sprinkle, drizzle”) and घ्रा (ghrā, “to smell, perceive”).
Older sources connected the root to Dravidian; compare Kannada ಕುಣಿ (kuṇi, “to dance”). However, this is now considered obsolete.

to waver, move to and fro, shake, be agitated, roll about


पॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πλήθω (plḗthō, “to fill”), πληθώρη (plēthṓrē, “fullness”) whence English plethora, πολῠ́ς (polŭ́s, “many”) whence English poly-; Latin pleō (“fill”), plenus (“full”) whence English replenish etc, Latin plūs, German viel (“a lot”), English fill.


पॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *perh₃- (“to give, provide”). Cognate with Persian پاره (pâre, “torn; piece, part”), Ancient Greek ἔπορον (époron, “give, grant”), Old Irish ernaid (“to bestow, grant”).

cog

to grant abundantly, bestow on, present with


पृ

Likely a specialized usage of पृ in the "fill up" or "further" senses described under Etymologies 2 and 3.

to cause to work, engage upon, entrust with, appoint to (usually with locative case)


निज्

head

निज् • (nij)

sa-root

निज् • (nij)

From Proto-Indo-European *neygʷ- (“to cleanse, wash”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νίζω (nízō), Old Irish nigid.


विज्

head

विज् • (vij)

sa-root

विज् • (vij)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *wayȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyg-.


विष्

head

विष् • (viṣ)

sa-root

विष् • (viṣ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to chase, pursue”). Other theories derive the root from Proto-Indo-European *weys- (“to spread, increase, produce”).

inh

to have done with, i.e. overcome, subdue, rule


घृ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer-
Sanskrit घृ (ghṛ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰer- (“warm, hot”).


एध्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-
Sanskrit एध् (edh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ-.


स्पर्ध्

head

स्पर्ध् • (spardh)

sa-root

स्पर्ध् • (spardh)

स्पृध् स्पृध्#Sanskrit


गाध्

head

गाध् • (gādh)

sa-root

गाध् • (gādh)


नाध्

head

नाध् • (nādh)

sa-root

नाध् • (nādh)

From Proto-Indo-European *neh₃dʰ-, related to आध्र (ādhra, “poor, destitute”) and perhaps Ancient Greek νωθρός (nōthrós, “sluggish, slothful”). Influenced नाथ् (nāth), but not etymologically related to it, contrary to Monier-Williams and Whitney.


नाथ्

head

नाथ् • (nāth)

sa-root

नाथ् • (nāth)

Denominalized root from नाथ (nātha, “refuge; protector”); see there for more.

(causative) to cause a person to ask for anything, i.e. to grant a request


स्कुन्द्

head

स्कुन्द् • (skund)

sa-root

स्कुन्द् • (skund)

स्कन्द् स्कन्द्#Sanskrit


वन्द्

head

वन्द् • (vand)

sa-root

वन्द् • (vand)

Possibly related to वद् (vad, “to speak”).


मन्द्

head

मन्द् • (mand)

sa-root

मन्द् • (mand)

Phonetic variant of मद् (mad, “to rejoice”); see there for more.

to rejoice, be glad or delighted, be drunk or intoxicated


मन्द्

head

मन्द् • (mand)

sa-root

मन्द् • (mand)


स्पन्द्

head

स्पन्द् • (spand)

sa-root

स्पन्द् • (spand)

Uncertain. Probably Proto-Indo-European *sphend- (“to quiver”). Compare Ancient Greek σφενδόνη (sphendónē, “sling”).

cog

to vibrate, quake, palpitate, throb with life


क्लिन्द्

head

क्लिन्द् • (klind)

sa-root

क्लिन्द् • (klind)


मुद्

mud (romanization)
मुद् (root)
मुत् (nominative singular)
मुदौ (dual nominative)
मुदा1 (dual nominative)
मुदः (nominative plural)
मुत् (singular vocative)
मुदौ (dual vocative)
मुदा1 (dual vocative)
मुदः (plural vocative)
मुदम् (accusative singular)
मुदौ (accusative dual)
मुदा1 (accusative dual)
मुदः (accusative plural)
मुदा (instrumental singular)
मुद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मुद्भिः (instrumental plural)
मुदे (dative singular)
मुद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मुद्भ्यः (dative plural)
मुदः (ablative singular)
मुद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मुद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मुदः (genitive singular)
मुदोः (dual genitive)
मुदाम् (genitive plural)
मुदि (locative singular)
मुदोः (dual locative)
मुत्सु (locative plural)

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben

From Proto-Indo-European *mewd- (“to become happy”), whence also Lithuanian mudrùs.


स्वद्

head

स्वद् • (svad)

sa-root

स्वद् • (svad)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂d- (“sweet”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἡδῠ́ς (hēdŭ́s), ἡδονή (hēdonḗ, “delight, taste”) whence English hedonism; Latin suādeō, suavis; English sweet.


स्वर्द्

head

स्वर्द् • (svard)

sa-root

स्वर्द् • (svard)


ऊर्द्

head

ऊर्द् • (ūrd)

sa-root

ऊर्द् • (ūrd)


क्लन्द्

head

क्लन्द् • (kland)

sa-root

क्लन्द् • (kland)


रुध्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *rawdʰ- (“to obstruct”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *lewdʰ- (“idem”); compare Welsh arlludd (“obstacle”).

inh

to shut up, lock or block up, close up, shut or close

(causative) to cause to stop, detain, impede, obstruct


क्षण्

head

क्षण् • (kṣaṇ)

sa-root

क्षण् • (kṣaṇ)

From Proto-Indo-European *tḱen- (“strike”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτείνω (kteínō, “kill, slay”).

cog

क्षन् क्षन्#Sanskrit


क्षिण्

head

क्षिण् • (kṣiṇ)

sa-root

क्षिण् • (kṣiṇ)


तृण्

head

तृण् • (tṛṇ)

sa-root

तृण् • (tṛṇ)


घृण्

head

घृण् • (ghṛṇ)

sa-root

घृण् • (ghṛṇ)


वन्

Often seen as conflation of Proto-Indo-European *wen- (“to conquer, win”) and Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to love, wish”), but whether there really was a semantic difference between the aniṭ- and seṭ-forms is doubtful. Cognate with Latin venus, venēnum whence English venom, Latin venia, veneror (“venerate”); English wish, win, wean, wont, wonder.


चित्

head

चित् • (cit)

sa-root

चित् • (cit)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeyt- (“to perceive, observe”), t-extension of *kʷey- (whence चि (ci, “to observe”)).


उपसंगम्

to approach together, to join in approaching (someone).


हुर्छ्

head

हुर्छ् • (hurch)

sa-root

हुर्छ् • (hurch)

हूर्छ् हूर्छ्#Sanskrit


ह्वृ

head

ह्वृ • (hvṛ)

sa-root

ह्वृ • (hvṛ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwel- (“to lie, deceive, bend”); cognate with Ancient Greek φῆλος (phêlos, “deceitful”), Proto-Slavic *zъlъ, Avestan 𐬰𐬎𐬭𐬀𐬵 (zurah, “injustice”), Lithuanian žulas (“rough”), Latvian zveļu (“to turn aside”). Doublet of ह्वल् (hval) and हुस् (hus).


स्वृ

head

स्वृ • (svṛ)

sa-root

स्वृ • (svṛ)

स्वर् स्वर्#Sanskrit

Alternative form of स्वर् (svar, “to sound”)


पश्य्

head

पश्य् • (paśy)

Suppletive root of दृश् (dṛś): to see, look


उष्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ews- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek εὕω (heúō), Latin ūrō.


सस्

From Proto-Indo-European *ses-. Cognate to Hittite [Term?] (/šešzi/).


दुह्

dúh (romanization)
दुह् (root)
धुक् (nominative singular)
दुहौ (dual nominative)
दुहा1 (dual nominative)
दुहः (nominative plural)
धुक् (singular vocative)
दुहौ (dual vocative)
दुहा1 (dual vocative)
दुहः (plural vocative)
दुहम् (accusative singular)
दुहौ (accusative dual)
दुहा1 (accusative dual)
दुहः (accusative plural)
दुहा (instrumental singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
दुहे (dative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
दुहः (ablative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
दुहः (genitive singular)
दुहोः (dual genitive)
दुहाम् (genitive plural)
दुहि (locative singular)
दुहोः (dual locative)
धुक्षु (locative plural)
धुक् (nominative singular)
दुहौ (dual nominative)
दुहा1 (dual nominative)
दुहः (nominative plural)
धुक् (singular vocative)
दुहौ (dual vocative)
दुहा1 (dual vocative)
दुहः (plural vocative)
दुहम् (accusative singular)
दुहौ (accusative dual)
दुहा1 (accusative dual)
दुहः (accusative plural)
दुहा (instrumental singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
दुहे (dative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
दुहः (ablative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
दुहः (genitive singular)
दुहोः (dual genitive)
दुहाम् (genitive plural)
दुहि (locative singular)
दुहोः (dual locative)
धुक्षु (locative plural)
धुक् (nominative singular)
दुही (dual nominative)
दुंहि (nominative plural)
धुक् (singular vocative)
दुही (dual vocative)
दुंहि (plural vocative)
धुक् (accusative singular)
दुही (accusative dual)
दुंहि (accusative plural)
दुहा (instrumental singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
दुहे (dative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
दुहः (ablative singular)
धुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
धुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
दुहः (genitive singular)
दुहोः (dual genitive)
दुहाम् (genitive plural)
दुहि (locative singular)
दुहोः (dual locative)
धुक्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰawgʰ- (“to (draw) milk”), traditionally derived further from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewgʰ- (“to yield, to produce”), and compared with German taugen (“to be fit”), though Cheung and Mayrhofer note that the semantic shifts present in the descendants are nontrivial.

inh

(at the end of a compound) yielding, granting


लिह्

head

लिह् • (lih)

lih (romanization)
लिट् (nominative singular)
लिहौ (dual nominative)
लिहा1 (dual nominative)
लिहः (nominative plural)
लिट् (singular vocative)
लिहौ (dual vocative)
लिहा1 (dual vocative)
लिहः (plural vocative)
लिहम् (accusative singular)
लिहौ (accusative dual)
लिहा1 (accusative dual)
लिहः (accusative plural)
लिहा (instrumental singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लिड्भिः (instrumental plural)
लिहे (dative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (dative plural)
लिहः (ablative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
लिहः (genitive singular)
लिहोः (dual genitive)
लिहाम् (genitive plural)
लिहि (locative singular)
लिहोः (dual locative)
लिट्सु (locative plural)
लिट् (nominative singular)
लिहौ (dual nominative)
लिहा1 (dual nominative)
लिहः (nominative plural)
लिट् (singular vocative)
लिहौ (dual vocative)
लिहा1 (dual vocative)
लिहः (plural vocative)
लिहम् (accusative singular)
लिहौ (accusative dual)
लिहा1 (accusative dual)
लिहः (accusative plural)
लिहा (instrumental singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लिड्भिः (instrumental plural)
लिहे (dative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (dative plural)
लिहः (ablative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
लिहः (genitive singular)
लिहोः (dual genitive)
लिहाम् (genitive plural)
लिहि (locative singular)
लिहोः (dual locative)
लिट्सु (locative plural)
लिट् (nominative singular)
लिही (dual nominative)
लिंहि (nominative plural)
लिट् (singular vocative)
लिही (dual vocative)
लिंहि (plural vocative)
लिट् (accusative singular)
लिही (accusative dual)
लिंहि (accusative plural)
लिहा (instrumental singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लिड्भिः (instrumental plural)
लिहे (dative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (dative plural)
लिहः (ablative singular)
लिड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
लिड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
लिहः (genitive singular)
लिहोः (dual genitive)
लिहाम् (genitive plural)
लिहि (locative singular)
लिहोः (dual locative)
लिट्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *líṭṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *líćš, from Proto-Indo-European *líǵʰs, from *leyǵʰ- (“to lick”).


सू

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sawH-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewH- (“to push (forth)”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šu-ú-iz-zi, “to push (away), shove, cast off”), Old Irish soïd (“to turn”).

cog

to set in motion, urge, impel, vivify, create, produce


पुंस्

púṃs (romanization)
पुमान् (nominative singular)
पुमांसौ (dual nominative)
पुमांसा  (Vedic) (dual nominative)
पुमांसः (nominative plural)
पुमन् (singular vocative)
पुमः  (Rigvedic) (singular vocative)
पुमांसौ (dual vocative)
पुमांसा  (Vedic) (dual vocative)
पुमांसः (plural vocative)
पुमांसम् (accusative singular)
पुमांसौ (accusative dual)
पुमांसा  (Vedic) (accusative dual)
पुंसः (accusative plural)
पुंसा (instrumental singular)
पुम्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पुम्भिः (instrumental plural)
पुंसे (dative singular)
पुम्भ्याम् (dative dual)
पुम्भ्यः (dative plural)
पुंसः (ablative singular)
पुम्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
पुम्भ्यः (ablative plural)
पुंसः (genitive singular)
पुंसोः (dual genitive)
पुंसाम् (genitive plural)
पुंसि (locative singular)
पुंसोः (dual locative)
पुंसु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *péwmōs ~ *pumsés. Related to Latin pūbēs.

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


म्ना

head

म्ना • (mnā)

sa-root

म्ना • (mnā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mnaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *mn-eh₂-.


वृत्

head

वृत् • (vṛt)

sa-root

वृत् • (vṛt)

From Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn”).

चक्रवर्तिन्

whose wheels roll everywhere unobstructed; emperor, sovereign of the world

वर्तनि

circumference or felly of a wheel; track of a wheel; path

वर्ती

wrap, bandage, wick, streak, object rolled round

वृत्ति

rolling, way of life, state, existing, being in, business, wages, livelihood

अनुवृत्

follow, pursue, resemble, obey, assent, respect

प्रवृत्

to assume (an office), embrace (a duty), to be promoted


मृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *mar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mar-, from Proto-Indo-European *mer-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬭- (mar-), Persian مردن (mordan), Northern Kurdish mirin, مردن (mirdin), Old Armenian մեռանիմ (meṙanim), Old Church Slavonic мрѣти (mrěti), Lithuanian mirti, Latin morior.

मिमारयिषु

mimārayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

मार

slaying, killing, destroying; pestilence

मारण

death, slaughter, killing; destruction; slayer


परिवृत्

head

परिवृत् • (parivṛt)

sa-root

परिवृत् • (parivṛt)

Compound of परि- (pari-, “around”) + वृत् (vṛt, “to turn”).


अभिज्ञा

abhijñā (romanization)
अभिज्ञा (nominative singular)
अभिज्ञे (dual nominative)
अभिज्ञाः (nominative plural)
अभिज्ञे (singular vocative)
अभिज्ञे (dual vocative)
अभिज्ञाः (plural vocative)
अभिज्ञाम् (accusative singular)
अभिज्ञे (accusative dual)
अभिज्ञाः (accusative plural)
अभिज्ञया (instrumental singular)
अभिज्ञाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अभिज्ञाभिः (instrumental plural)
अभिज्ञायै (dative singular)
अभिज्ञाभ्याम् (dative dual)
अभिज्ञाभ्यः (dative plural)
अभिज्ञायाः (ablative singular)
अभिज्ञाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
अभिज्ञाभ्यः (ablative plural)
अभिज्ञायाः (genitive singular)
अभिज्ञयोः (dual genitive)
अभिज्ञानाम् (genitive plural)
अभिज्ञायाम् (locative singular)
अभिज्ञयोः (dual locative)
अभिज्ञासु (locative plural)

/ɐ.bʱid͡ʑ.ɲɑː/


दम्

dám (romanization)
दन् (nominative singular)
दमी (dual nominative)
दमि (nominative plural)
दन् (singular vocative)
दमी (dual vocative)
दमि (plural vocative)
दन् (accusative singular)
दमी (accusative dual)
दमि (accusative plural)
दमा (instrumental singular)
दन्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
दन्भिः (instrumental plural)
दमे (dative singular)
दन्भ्याम् (dative dual)
दन्भ्यः (dative plural)
दमः (ablative singular)
दन्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
दन्भ्यः (ablative plural)
दमः (genitive singular)
दमोः (dual genitive)
दमाम् (genitive plural)
दमि (locative singular)
दमोः (dual locative)
दन्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dám from Proto-Indo-European *dṓm (“house”). Cognate with Russian дом (dom), Ancient Greek δῶ (dô), Latin domus, English timber.

अस्याजरासो दमामरित्रा अर्चद्धूमासो अग्नयः पावकाः।

His are the fires, eternal, purifying, that make the houses move, whose smoke is shining

asyājarāso damāmaritrā arcaddhūmāso agnayaḥ pāvakāḥ.


दम्

From Proto-Indo-European *demh₂- (“to tame, domesticate”)

der

दम

दान्त (dāntá, “tamed, broken in, restrained, subdued”)


युज्

head

युज् • (yuj)

sa-root

युज् • (yuj)

From Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”). Cognate with Latin iungō whence English junction, join; Ancient Greek ζεύγνῡμῐ (zeúgnūmĭ, “to yoke”); English yoke.

युग

yoke, team, couple, brace; generation, age

योजन

yoking; harnessing; yojana (unit of distance)

योग्या

preparation, contrivance; exercise, practice; straps, traces

to make ready, prepare, arrange, fit out, set to work, use, employ, apply


भस्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes- (“to rub, grind”).


यज्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyaȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyaȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yaǵ- (“to sacrifice, worship”).


जू

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́awH- (“to quicken, to hasten, to impel, hurry”), possibly from a Proto-Indo-European root *ǵewH- (“force, drive”). Cognate with Middle Persian [script needed] (zwt' /zūd/) (whence Persian زود (zud, “early”)), Classical Persian زور (zōr, “force, strength”), and Avestan 𐬰𐬆𐬎𐬎𐬍𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zəuuīštiia, “quickest”). Possible Indo-European cognates include Old Norse keyra (“drive”) and Proto-Slavic *žurìti (“to rage”).


जू

jū́ (romanization)
जूः (nominative singular)
जुवौ (dual nominative)
जुवः (nominative plural)
जूः (singular vocative)
जुवौ (dual vocative)
जुवः (plural vocative)
जुवम् (accusative singular)
जुवौ (accusative dual)
जुवः (accusative plural)
जुवा (instrumental singular)
जूभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जूभिः (instrumental plural)
जुवे (dative singular)
जुवै1 (dative singular)
जूभ्याम् (dative dual)
जूभ्यः (dative plural)
जुवः (ablative singular)
जुवाः1 (ablative singular)
जुवै2 (ablative singular)
जूभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जूभ्यः (ablative plural)
जुवः (genitive singular)
जुवाः1 (genitive singular)
जुवै2 (genitive singular)
जुवोः (dual genitive)
जुवाम् (genitive plural)
जूनाम्1 (genitive plural)
जुवि (locative singular)
जुवाम्1 (locative singular)
जुवोः (dual locative)
जूषु (locative plural)
जूः (nominative singular)
जुवौ (dual nominative)
जुवः (nominative plural)
जूः (singular vocative)
जुवौ (dual vocative)
जुवः (plural vocative)
जुवम् (accusative singular)
जुवौ (accusative dual)
जुवः (accusative plural)
जुवा (instrumental singular)
जूभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जूभिः (instrumental plural)
जुवे (dative singular)
जुवै1 (dative singular)
जूभ्याम् (dative dual)
जूभ्यः (dative plural)
जुवः (ablative singular)
जुवाः1 (ablative singular)
जुवै2 (ablative singular)
जूभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जूभ्यः (ablative plural)
जुवः (genitive singular)
जुवाः1 (genitive singular)
जुवै2 (genitive singular)
जुवोः (dual genitive)
जुवाम् (genitive plural)
जूनाम्1 (genitive plural)
जुवि (locative singular)
जुवाम्1 (locative singular)
जुवोः (dual locative)
जूषु (locative plural)
जु (nominative singular)
जुनी (dual nominative)
जूनि (nominative plural)
जु1 (nominative plural)
जू1 (nominative plural)
जु (singular vocative)
जो (singular vocative)
जुनी (dual vocative)
जूनि (plural vocative)
जु1 (plural vocative)
जू1 (plural vocative)
जु (accusative singular)
जुनी (accusative dual)
जूनि (accusative plural)
जु1 (accusative plural)
जू1 (accusative plural)
जुना (instrumental singular)
ज्वा1 (instrumental singular)
जुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जुभिः (instrumental plural)
जुने (dative singular)
जवे1 (dative singular)
ज्वे1 (dative singular)
जुभ्याम् (dative dual)
जुभ्यः (dative plural)
जुनः (ablative singular)
जोः1 (ablative singular)
ज्वः1 (ablative singular)
जुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जुभ्यः (ablative plural)
जुनः (genitive singular)
जोः1 (genitive singular)
ज्वः1 (genitive singular)
जुनोः (dual genitive)
जूनाम् (genitive plural)
जुनि (locative singular)
जौ1 (locative singular)
जुनोः (dual locative)
जुषु (locative plural)


जू

jū (romanization)
जूः (nominative singular)
जुवौ (dual nominative)
जुवः (nominative plural)
जूः (singular vocative)
जुवौ (dual vocative)
जुवः (plural vocative)
जुवम् (accusative singular)
जुवौ (accusative dual)
जुवः (accusative plural)
जुवा (instrumental singular)
जूभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
जूभिः (instrumental plural)
जुवे (dative singular)
जुवै1 (dative singular)
जूभ्याम् (dative dual)
जूभ्यः (dative plural)
जुवः (ablative singular)
जुवाः1 (ablative singular)
जुवै2 (ablative singular)
जूभ्याम् (ablative dual)
जूभ्यः (ablative plural)
जुवः (genitive singular)
जुवाः1 (genitive singular)
जुवै2 (genitive singular)
जुवोः (dual genitive)
जुवाम् (genitive plural)
जूनाम्1 (genitive plural)
जुवि (locative singular)
जुवाम्1 (locative singular)
जुवोः (dual locative)
जूषु (locative plural)

a spot on the forehead (?) of horses and oxen


वी

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wíH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wíH, from Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁-.

to go, move, approach (either as a friend i.e. ‘seek or take eagerly, grasp, seize, accept, enjoy’, or as an enemy i.e. ‘fall upon, attack, assail, visit, punish, avenge’)

to set in motion, arouse, excite, impel, move, push


वी

vī́ (romanization)
वीः (nominative singular)
वियौ (dual nominative)
वियः (nominative plural)
वीः (singular vocative)
वियौ (dual vocative)
वियः (plural vocative)
वियम् (accusative singular)
वियौ (accusative dual)
वियः (accusative plural)
विया (instrumental singular)
वीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वीभिः (instrumental plural)
विये (dative singular)
वियै1 (dative singular)
वीभ्याम् (dative dual)
वीभ्यः (dative plural)
वियः (ablative singular)
वियाः1 (ablative singular)
वियै2 (ablative singular)
वीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वीभ्यः (ablative plural)
वियः (genitive singular)
वियाः1 (genitive singular)
वियै2 (genitive singular)
वियोः (dual genitive)
वियाम् (genitive plural)
वीनाम्1 (genitive plural)
वियि (locative singular)
वियाम्1 (locative singular)
वियोः (dual locative)
वीषु (locative plural)
वीः (nominative singular)
वियौ (dual nominative)
वियः (nominative plural)
वीः (singular vocative)
वियौ (dual vocative)
वियः (plural vocative)
वियम् (accusative singular)
वियौ (accusative dual)
वियः (accusative plural)
विया (instrumental singular)
वीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वीभिः (instrumental plural)
विये (dative singular)
वियै1 (dative singular)
वीभ्याम् (dative dual)
वीभ्यः (dative plural)
वियः (ablative singular)
वियाः1 (ablative singular)
वियै2 (ablative singular)
वीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वीभ्यः (ablative plural)
वियः (genitive singular)
वियाः1 (genitive singular)
वियै2 (genitive singular)
वियोः (dual genitive)
वियाम् (genitive plural)
वीनाम्1 (genitive plural)
वियि (locative singular)
वियाम्1 (locative singular)
वियोः (dual locative)
वीषु (locative plural)
वीः (nominative singular)
वियौ (dual nominative)
वियः (nominative plural)
वीः (singular vocative)
वियौ (dual vocative)
वियः (plural vocative)
वियम् (accusative singular)
वियौ (accusative dual)
वियः (accusative plural)
विया (instrumental singular)
वीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
वीभिः (instrumental plural)
विये (dative singular)
वियै1 (dative singular)
वीभ्याम् (dative dual)
वीभ्यः (dative plural)
वियः (ablative singular)
वियाः1 (ablative singular)
वियै2 (ablative singular)
वीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
वीभ्यः (ablative plural)
वियः (genitive singular)
वियाः1 (genitive singular)
वियै2 (genitive singular)
वियोः (dual genitive)
वियाम् (genitive plural)
वीनाम्1 (genitive plural)
वियि (locative singular)
वियाम्1 (locative singular)
वियोः (dual locative)
वीषु (locative plural)

going to, eager for, desirous or fond of (genitive)


प्सा

head

प्सा • (psā)

From भस् (bhas), whence बप्सति (bápsati).


राध्

राध् • (rādh)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HraHdʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁dʰ- (“to think, arrange, accomplish”).

inh

to succeed, accomplish, perform, be accomplished, prosper, thrive, flourish

राद्ध

accomplished, perfected; successful, fortunate

राधस्

favor, bounty; munificence; success; wealth, power

राध्य

to be accomplished, won, propitiated, worshipped


टङ्क्

head

टङ्क् • (ṭaṅk)

sa-root

टङ्क् • (ṭaṅk)

(with उद् (ud)) to scrape, scratch, bore out, or pierce through.


जॄ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-
Sanskrit जॄ (jṝ)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́arH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂-.


सु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saw-, from Proto-Indo-European *sewh₁- (“to press, push forth; juice, liquid, rain”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (šu-ú-ez-zi /šuwezi/, “to push (away), shove, cast off”), Younger Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoⁱti, “to press”), Lithuanian sáuja (handful), Proto-West Germanic *sauw (“juice”), Old Irish suth (“juice, milk”).

cog

to press out, extract (especially the juice from the soma plant for libations)

to distill, prepare (wines, spirits, etc.)


सम्पद्

to be produced, be brought forth, be born, arise


गुह्

head

गुह् • (guh)

sa-root

गुह् • (guh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰawȷ́ʰ- (“to hide, conceal”). See गूहति (gūhati) for cognates.


गुह्

gúh (romanization)
घुट् (nominative singular)
गुहौ (dual nominative)
गुहा1 (dual nominative)
गुहः (nominative plural)
घुट् (singular vocative)
गुहौ (dual vocative)
गुहा1 (dual vocative)
गुहः (plural vocative)
गुहम् (accusative singular)
गुहौ (accusative dual)
गुहा1 (accusative dual)
गुहः (accusative plural)
गुहा (instrumental singular)
घुड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
घुड्भिः (instrumental plural)
गुहे (dative singular)
घुड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
घुड्भ्यः (dative plural)
गुहः (ablative singular)
घुड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
घुड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
गुहः (genitive singular)
गुहोः (dual genitive)
गुहाम् (genitive plural)
गुहि (locative singular)
गुहोः (dual locative)
घुट्सु (locative plural)

प्रि॒या प॒दानि॑ प॒श्वो नि पा॑हि वि॒श्वायु॑रग्ने गु॒हा गुहं॑ गाः ॥

O Agni, guard the spots which cattle love: thou, life of all, hast gone from lair to lair.

priyā́ padā́ni paśvó ní pāhi viśvā́yuragne guhā́ gúhaṃ gāḥ.


आजि

ājí (romanization)
अज् (root)
आजिः (nominative singular)
आजी (dual nominative)
आजयः (nominative plural)
आजे (singular vocative)
आजी (dual vocative)
आजयः (plural vocative)
आजिम् (accusative singular)
आजी (accusative dual)
आजीन् (accusative plural)
आजिना (instrumental singular)
आज्या1 (instrumental singular)
आजिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आजिभिः (instrumental plural)
आजये (dative singular)
आजिभ्याम् (dative dual)
आजिभ्यः (dative plural)
आजेः (ablative singular)
आज्यः1 (ablative singular)
आजिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आजिभ्यः (ablative plural)
आजेः (genitive singular)
आज्यः1 (genitive singular)
आज्योः (dual genitive)
आजीनाम् (genitive plural)
आजौ (locative singular)
आजा1 (locative singular)
आज्योः (dual locative)
आजिषु (locative plural)
आजिः (nominative singular)
आजी (dual nominative)
आजयः (nominative plural)
आजे (singular vocative)
आजी (dual vocative)
आजयः (plural vocative)
आजिम् (accusative singular)
आजी (accusative dual)
आजीः (accusative plural)
आज्या (instrumental singular)
आजी1 (instrumental singular)
आजिभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आजिभिः (instrumental plural)
आजये (dative singular)
आज्यै2 (dative singular)
आजी1 (dative singular)
आजिभ्याम् (dative dual)
आजिभ्यः (dative plural)
आजेः (ablative singular)
आज्याः2 (ablative singular)
आज्यै3 (ablative singular)
आजिभ्याम् (ablative dual)
आजिभ्यः (ablative plural)
आजेः (genitive singular)
आज्याः2 (genitive singular)
आज्यै3 (genitive singular)
आज्योः (dual genitive)
आजीनाम् (genitive plural)
आजौ (locative singular)
आज्याम्2 (locative singular)
आजा1 (locative singular)
आज्योः (dual locative)
आजिषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ- (“to drive”).


फल्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- (“to swell”); see Etymology 1 for more.


दह्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn”).


समि

From सम्- (sam-, “together with”) + इ (i, “to go”).

pre

to come together in sexual union, cohabit


अञ्च्

head

अञ्च् • (añc)

sa-root

अञ्च् • (añc)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enk-.

अन्वञ्च्

→ अनूक (anūka)


संदिह्

head

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

sa-root

संदिह् • (saṃdih)

From Proto-Indo-European *som- (“together, wholly”) + *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Equivalent to सम्- (sam-) + दिह् (dih).

inh

to make indistinct or uncertain, confuse, perplex


शम्

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱemh₂- (“to toil, to exert oneself”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κάμνω (kámnō, “to labour, to work hard”).

cog

to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet, calm, satisfied or contented

(middle voice) to toil at, fatigue or exert one's self (especially in performing ritual acts)

(causative) to appease, allay, alleviate, pacify, calm, soothe, settle


दिह्

head

दिह् • (dih)

sa-root

दिह् • (dih)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayǰʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, shape”). Cognates include Latin fingō (“shape, fashion”) whence English figment, figure, fiction etc., Proto-Iranian *paridayjah whence (via Ancient Greek) English paradise, and dough.


प्रेष्

head

प्रेष् • (preṣ)

sa-root

प्रेष् • (preṣ)

to send word, send a message to a person


मूर्छ्

head

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

sa-root

मूर्छ् • (mūrch)

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥H-tó-, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *mr̥tós (“mortal”), and often compared to Ancient Greek βρότος (brótos, “blood from a wound”); blood (a sign of mortality) spreads out from a wound and coagulates (congeals) on the wound. Mayrhofer accepts that the laryngeal dropped under special phonetic conditions in the root's supposed descendants. According to Machek, also related to Czech smrksnouti se (“to shrink”).


मुर्छ्

head

मुर्छ् • (murch)

sa-root

मुर्छ् • (murch)

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


मूर्च्छ्

head

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

sa-root

मूर्च्छ् • (mūrcch)

[muːɾt̚t͡ɕʰ]

/muːɾt̪t͡ɕʰ/

[muːɾt̪̚t͡ɕʰ]

मूर्छ् मूर्छ्#Sanskrit


केल्

head

केल् • (kel)

sa-root

केल् • (kel)


व्यायम्

head

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

sa-root

व्यायम् • (vyāyam)

to cause to stretch out or struggle, make great effort or exertion, take exercise


आयम्

head

आयम् • (āyam)

sa-root

आयम् • (āyam)

to stretch one's self or be stretched or strained


पराशॄ

head

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

sa-root

पराशॄ • (parāśṝ)

/pɐ.ɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/

/pɐ.ɾɑː.ɕr̩ː/


शॄ

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to break”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀 (asar^əta, “unbroken”), 𐬯𐬀𐬭𐬌 (sari, “piece, fragment”), Ancient Greek κεραΐζω (keraḯzō, “I tear, destroy”), ακέραιος (akéraios, “whole, intact”), Old Irish do·cer (“he fell”), Tocharian B kärnau (“disabled”).

cog

to be crushed, broken, rent or shattered


संयुज्

head

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

sa-root

संयुज् • (saṃyuj)

to cause to join together, bring together, unite


अर्ह्

head

अर्ह् • (arh)

sa-root

अर्ह् • (arh)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂elgʷʰ- (“to be worth; value; gain”). See अर्हति (arhati) and अर्घ (argha, “price, value”) for more.

अर्ह

meriting, deserving, worthy of; obliged, allowed; proper, fit


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “throw”).

pre

to throw or put together, add, combine, compound, mix, mingle, connect

to be put together or combined (passive voice)

(grammar) to be compounded, form a compound


समस्

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + अस् (as, “to be”).


कम्

Denominative based on काम॑ (kā́ma, “wish”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *káHmas, from Proto-Indo-European *kóh₂-mo-s, from *keh₂- (“to desire, wish”), whence also का (kā) and कन् (kan, “to be satisfied”). Compare also चक् (cak, “to be satisfied”).


उद्गॄ

head

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)

sa-root

उद्गॄ • (udgṝ)


अर्ज्

head

अर्ज् • (arj)

sa-root

अर्ज् • (arj)

Unknown. Original meaning elusive, something like “to allow, carry” and therefore hard to etymologize. Also prone to confusion with Sanskrit ऋज् (ṛj, “to stretch, attain”).


यम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yam-, from Proto-Indo-European *yem- (“to hold”).


अलंकृ

head

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

sa-root

अलंकृ • (alaṃkṛ)

to impede, check, violate (genitive case)


शप्

Likely cognate with Hittite [Term?] (/kappilalli-/, “to curse; hated, loathed”).


खिद्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂eyd- (“to cut, hew”), whence also Latin caedō (“to cut, strike”).


भर्त्स्

head

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

sa-root

भर्त्स् • (bharts)

to menace, threaten, abuse, revile, deride


खेल्

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀔𑁂𑀮𑁆 (khĕl), of substrate origin. See there for more. Related to क्ष्वेल् (kṣvel, “to leap, jump, play”), क्रीड् (krīḍ, “to play; to jest”), and केल् (kel, “to sport”).

to shake, move to and fro, swing, tremble


खिट्

head

खिट् • (khiṭ)

sa-root

खिट् • (khiṭ)

to terrify, alarm, frighten, surprise, scare away


आञ्छ्

head

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

sa-root

आञ्छ् • (āñch)

Uncertain. Artificial coinage, maybe abstracted from a *-sḱéti present of the root अम् (am, “to seize”).

to stretch, draw into the right position, set (a bone or leg)


लाञ्छ्

head

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)

sa-root

लाञ्छ् • (lāñch)


प्यै

to increase, enlarge, make fat or comfortable


प्याय्

head

प्याय् • (pyāy)

sa-root

प्याय् • (pyāy)


पी

to fatten, cause to swell or be exuberant, surfeit


श्वस्

head

श्वस् • (śvas)

sa-root

श्वस् • (śvas)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant, puff, sigh”). Cognate with Old Norse hvæsa (“to hiss”), English wheeze, and Latin queror (“to complain”), whence English quarrel.


आरिफ्

head

आरिफ् • (āriph)

sa-root

आरिफ् • (āriph)


ज्युत्

head

ज्युत् • (jyut)

sa-root

ज्युत् • (jyut)


द्युत्

head

द्युत् • (dyut)

sa-root

द्युत् • (dyut)

Sanskrit: ज्युत् (jyut) (via Prakrit)

An extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to be bright, shine”).

to cause to appear, make clear or manifest, express, mean


हिक्क्

head

हिक्क् • (hikk)

sa-root

हिक्क् • (hikk)


सञ्ज्

head

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

sa-root

सञ्ज् • (sañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *seg-, *seng- (“to fasten, attach, touch”). Cognate with Lithuanian sègti (“to fasten, to pin”), Latvian segt (“to cover”), Proto-Slavic *sę̄gnǫ̀ti (“to reach”).

to cause to stick or cling to, unite or connect with


तड्

(astronomy) to obscure or eclipse partially


किट्

head

किट् • (kiṭ)

sa-root

किट् • (kiṭ)


प्रतिमन्

to render back in return or in reply, contrast with


यत्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yat- (“to reach, take position”), from Proto-Indo-European *yet- (“to bring, conform, support”); cognate with Persian فریاد (faryâd, “cry, shout”), Latin nītor (“support oneself, brace oneself”), Tocharian A yät- (“to adorn”), Ancient Greek ὅσιος (hósios, “just, fair”).


तल्

Probably invented as a source for तल (tála), which is from Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“bottom, ground”).


तल्

From earlier Vedic Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-.


कठ्

head

कठ् • (kaṭh)

sa-root

कठ् • (kaṭh)

Has been compared to Ancient Greek κρατερός (kraterós, “strong”) and Old Irish calath (“firm”), but the phonetic variation of the words grouped under this root is difficult to reconcile. In light of this, perhaps borrowed from Dravidian; compare Tamil கட்டு (kaṭṭu, “to build, harden”). Note also Nepali करा (karā, “hard, rough”).


चम्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷem- (“to swallow”).


भञ्ज्

head

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

sa-root

भञ्ज् • (bhañj)

→ Punjabi: ਭਾਂਜ (bhāñj)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeng-, nasal-infixed form of *bʰeg- (“to break”).

to break into, make a breach in (a fortress, with accusative)

to rout, put to flight, defeat (an army)


सज्ज्

head

सज्ज् • (sajj)

sa-root

सज्ज् • (sajj)


कम्प्

head

कम्प् • (kamp)

sa-root

कम्प् • (kamp)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kh₂em-p- (“to bend”) from *kh₂em- (“to bend, curve”).


उच्छ्वस्

head

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

sa-root

उच्छ्वस् • (ucchvas)

/ut̪.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪/

[ut̪̚.t͡ɕʰʋɐs̪]

Derived from उद्- (ud-, “upwards”) + श्वस् (śvas, “to breathe”).


उन्नम्

head

उन्नम् • (unnam)

sa-root

उन्नम् • (unnam)

to bend upwards, raise one's self, rise, ascend


संलक्ष्

head

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

sa-root

संलक्ष् • (saṃlakṣ)

/s̪ɐ̃.l̪ɐkʂ/

to distinguish by a mark, characterise, mark distinctly

to observe, see, perceive, feel, hear, learn

to be marked or observed or perceived, appear


पठ्

head

पठ् • (paṭh)

sa-root

पठ् • (paṭh)

From पठति (paṭhati, “reads”). See there for more.

to read or repeat aloud, recite, rehearse

to repeat or pronounce the name of a god, to invoke

to read or repeat or recite to one's self, to peruse, study

to teach, cite, quote, mention, express, declare


क्षुभ्

head

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

sa-root

क्षुभ् • (kṣubh)

From Proto-Indo-European *k⁽ʷ⁾sewbʰ- (“shake”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *xybàti (“to sway, perturb”).

cog

to shake, tremble, be agitated or disturbed, be unsteady, waver, stumble

चुक्षोभयिषु

*चुक्षोभयिषति (cukṣobhayiṣati, “to wish/intend to disturb/shake/waver”, desiderative)


आयत्

head

आयत् • (āyat)

sa-root

आयत् • (āyat)


संलग्

head

संलग् • (saṃlag)

sa-root

संलग् • (saṃlag)


संस्कृ

head

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

sa-root

संस्कृ • (saṃskṛ)

संस्कार

putting together, forming well, making perfect

संस्कृत

put together, well constructed; Sanskrit

to put together, form well, join together, compose

to prepare, make ready, dress, cook (food)

to form or arrange according to sacred precept, consecrate, hallow

to adorn, embellish, refine, elaborate, make perfect


खणखणाय

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐ.ɳɑː.jɐ/

/kʰɐ.ɳɐ.kʰɐ.ɳɑː.jɐ/

to utter or give out any peculiar sound, tick, tinkle, crack


संधा

head

संधा • (saṃdhā)

sa-root

संधा • (saṃdhā)

From सम्- (sam-, “together”) + धा (dhā, “to put, place”, root). Related to Proto-Balto-Slavic *sámdas, whence Proto-Slavic *sǫdъ (court of law).


सन्धा

head

सन्धा • (sandhā)

sa-root

सन्धा • (sandhā)


आशी

From आ- (ā-) + शी (śī, “to sleep”, root).


छृद्

head

छृद् • (chṛd)

sa-root

छृद् • (chṛd)


शिष्

head

शिष् • (śiṣ)

sa-root

शिष् • (śiṣ)

No certain cognates outside of Indo-Iranian. Compare Avestan 𐬯𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬀𐬝 (siiazdat̰, “should move away”). Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱeys- (“to leave behind”).


विशिष्

head

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

sa-root

विशिष् • (viśiṣ)

to distinguish, make distinct or different, particularise, specify, define

to be pre-eminent, excel, be better than or best among


लिङ्ग्

head

लिङ्ग् • (liṅg)

sa-root

लिङ्ग् • (liṅg)


परिणी

head

परिणी • (pariṇī)

sa-root

परिणी • (pariṇī)

to lead a bride and bridegroom round the sacrificial fire


आविश्

head

आविश् • (āviś)

sa-root

आविश् • (āviś)

From आ- (ā-) + विश् (viś, “to enter, to be absorbed”, root).


समाविश्

head

समाविश् • (samāviś)

sa-root

समाविश् • (samāviś)

to sit or settle down in or on (with accusative or locative case)

to go or fall into any state or condition

to apply one's self to, begin, undertake


दु

From Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“to burn”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δαίω (daíō, “kindle”), and perhaps related to Latin duellum, bellum (“war”).


आपद्

head

आपद् • (āpad)

sa-root

आपद् • (āpad)


आपद्

āpad (romanization)
आपत् (nominative singular)
आपदौ (dual nominative)
आपदा1 (dual nominative)
आपदः (nominative plural)
आपत् (singular vocative)
आपदौ (dual vocative)
आपदा1 (dual vocative)
आपदः (plural vocative)
आपदम् (accusative singular)
आपदौ (accusative dual)
आपदा1 (accusative dual)
आपदः (accusative plural)
आपदा (instrumental singular)
आपद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
आपद्भिः (instrumental plural)
आपदे (dative singular)
आपद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
आपद्भ्यः (dative plural)
आपदः (ablative singular)
आपद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
आपद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
आपदः (genitive singular)
आपदोः (dual genitive)
आपदाम् (genitive plural)
आपदि (locative singular)
आपदोः (dual locative)
आपत्सु (locative plural)

→ Malayalam: ആപത്ത് (āpattŭ)

→ Tamil: ஆபத்து (āpattu)

Pali: āpadā (with locative singular Pali: āpāsu)

Prakrit: 𑀆𑀯𑀬𑀸 f (āvayā), 𑀆𑀯𑀇 (āvaï)

Central Indo-Aryan:

Old Hindi: आई (āī, “doom, destruction”)

(in the instrumental आपदा (āpadā)) through mistake or error, unintentionally


भिद्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyd- (“to split”).

बिभेदयिषु

bibhedayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


व्यध्

Related to Proto-Iranian *vaiδa-, and traditionally considered to be inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwyadʰH- (“to cut, pierce”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wyedʰh₁- (“to separate, divide”). However, considered by Cheung and, with reservation, Mayrhofer, to be from Proto-Indo-European *wyedʰ- (“to shoot, take aim, hit, wound”). Compare Old Armenian վէրք (vērkʻ, “wound”), an Iranian borrowing, as well as certain Germanic forms like Old English wītan (“to blame, reproach”) and German entwischen (“to escape, flee”), which Cheung derives from *wyedʰ- rather than *h₁wyedʰh₁-.


शुभ्

head

शुभ् • (śubh)

sa-root

शुभ् • (śubh)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćubʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewbʰ- (“pretty”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”). See शुभ्र (śubhra, “bright, beautiful”) for more.


शुभ्

śúbh (romanization)
शुप् (nominative singular)
शुभौ (dual nominative)
शुभा1 (dual nominative)
शुभः (nominative plural)
शुप् (singular vocative)
शुभौ (dual vocative)
शुभा1 (dual vocative)
शुभः (plural vocative)
शुभम् (accusative singular)
शुभौ (accusative dual)
शुभा1 (accusative dual)
शुभः (accusative plural)
शुभा (instrumental singular)
शुब्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
शुब्भिः (instrumental plural)
शुभे (dative singular)
शुब्भ्याम् (dative dual)
शुब्भ्यः (dative plural)
शुभः (ablative singular)
शुब्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
शुब्भ्यः (ablative plural)
शुभः (genitive singular)
शुभोः (dual genitive)
शुभाम् (genitive plural)
शुभि (locative singular)
शुभोः (dual locative)
शुप्सु (locative plural)


रु

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewH- (“to shout, roar”). Cognate with Latin rūmor (“noise”), raucus.


श्नथ्

head

श्नथ् • (śnath)

sa-root

श्नथ् • (śnath)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćnatʰ- (“to strike, pierce”).


वृध्

head

वृध् • (vṛdh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwardʰ-
Sanskrit वृध् (vṛdh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwardʰ-, from a possible Proto-Indo-European root *Hwerdʰ- of uncertain further origin.
Schindler, citing Krisch, takes the root as a metathesis of Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow, rise”), whence रोधति (rodhati, “to grow, sprout”). Alternative theories include a connection to Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule; strong”). The root may have been contaminated by semantically similar roots such as the one underlying अर्ध् (ardh, “to prosper”). See rose for more.


मंह्

head

मंह् • (maṃh)

sa-root

मंह् • (maṃh)


वीज्

head

वीज् • (vīj)

sa-root

वीज् • (vīj)

Denominal root from व्यजन (vyajana, “fan”); see there for more.


शिक्ष्

head

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

sa-root

शिक्ष् • (śikṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-der.
Sanskrit शिक्ष् (śikṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćikš-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able, capable”). Desiderative of शक् (śak, “to be able”); see there for more.


क्रीड्

head

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

sa-root

क्रीड् • (krīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kriẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *križd-, of uncertain further origin. Mayrhofer traces the root back to a Proto-Indo-European *krisd- (“to move about, frolic”), and tentatively compares Old Norse hrista (“to shake”), but this is semantically tenuous.


अट्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂et-
Sanskrit अत् (at)
Sanskrit अट् (aṭ)
Sanskritization of a popular pronunciation of the Vedic root अत् (at, “to go constantly, walk, run”). अण्ठ् (aṇṭh) is a Buddhist-preferred variant of अट् (aṭ).

etymon

(frequently used of religious mendicants) to roam, wander about

अटन

roaming about, act or habit of wandering about

अटाय

to enter upon a roaming life, become a religious mendicant

अट्या

roaming about, one of the ten faults resulting from an excessive fondness for pleasure


अर्थ्

head

अर्थ् • (arth)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ert-.

अत्यर्थ

beyond the proper worth: exorbitant, excessive

अन्वर्थ

following in meaning; intelligible, clear

अर्थ

cause, motive, reason; advantage, utility; thing, object; substance, wealth; etc

अर्थघ्न

destroying advantage, causing loss or damage

अर्थचर्या

doing business, promoting another's affais

अर्थतस्

in fact, really, truly; for the profit of

अर्थद

conferring advantage, profitable, munificent

अर्थदान

donation of money, present; a present given with a (selfish) purpose

अर्थबन्ध

a word or sentence (binding the sense together)

अर्थमात्र

property, money; being only the matter itself

अर्थहीन

deprived of wealth, poor; meaningless, nonsensical

अर्थात्

according to the sense, that is to say, as a matter of fact

गुर्वर्थ

deep meaning, important; anything related to one's guru

गुर्वर्थम्

for or on account of one's guru; for one's parents

व्यर्थ

useless, unprofitable, vain, unavailing; devoid of property or money; unmeaning, inconsistent

समर्थ

connected in se+nse, having a similar object; ability


अधी

head

अधी • (adhī́)

sa-root

अधी • (adhī́)


शास्

head

शास् • (śās)

sa-root

शास् • (śās)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₁s- (“to teach, indicate; instruct”). Compare Albanian them (“to say”).

शास्त्र

order, command, precept, rule; instruction, teaching


गद्

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷet- (“to say, speak”). Cognate with English quoth.


भज्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-
Sanskrit भज् (bhaj)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰag-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g- (“to divide, distribute, allot”). See also भजति (bhájati) and भग (bhága).

inh

to divide, distribute, allot, apportion, share


कन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to love, take pleasure in”), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kenh₂- (“to be pleased, enjoy”), infixed nasal stem of *keh₂- (“to like, wish”).


अम्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃emh₃- (“to seize, take hold; swear”). Cognate with Old Norse ama (“to bother, wound”) and possibly Latin amō (“to love”).


अव्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ewH- (“to help, protect”). Cognate with Latin iuvō (“to help”), Old Irish con·oí (“to protect, preserve”).


आप्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-
Sanskrit आप् (āp)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hap-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep- (“to take, seize”); compare perhaps Hittite 𒂊𒅁𒍣 (e-ep-zi /ʔéptsi/, “seizes”), 𒉺𒀀𒄿 (pa-a-i /pāi/, “gives, hands over, pays”), as well as Latin apīscor (“I try to seize”) and co-epī (“I have started, undertaken”).


इल्

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elh₂- (“to drive, move, go”). Compare Ancient Greek ἐλαύνω (elaúnō, “to drive”), Latin alacer (“lively, active, brisk”), Proto-Germanic *alaną (“to spurn, drive”), *lanō (“lane”)).


ईक्ष्

head

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

sa-root

ईक्ष् • (īkṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷsder.
Sanskrit ईक्ष् (īkṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃i-h₃kʷs, a secondary present formation of *h₃ókʷs (“eye”), the latter whence अक्षि (akṣi, “eye”).

ईक्षेण्य

to be seen, to be beheld; deserving of notice


उक्ष्

head

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

sa-root

उक्ष् • (ukṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *wegʷ- (“wet, moist”).


कल्

From Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”). Cognate with Latin celer (“fast”) whence English accelerate, and possibly English hold.


कष्

A colloquial form of the root कृष् (kṛṣ, “to draw, pull, drag”). Pokorny's original derivation from a supposed Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”) (for which he cites Proto-Slavic *korsta (“scab”), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”), and English harsh) is obsolete.


कास्

head

कास् • (kās)

sa-root

कास् • (kās)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂s- (“to cough”). Compare कासते (kāsate, “to cough”).
Cognate with Latvian kāss, Russian ка́шель (kášelʹ), Irish casacht, Old English hwōsan.


कृष्

head

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

sa-root

कृष् • (kṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *karṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *karš-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷels- (“to pull, drag, turn”).

inh

to pull to and fro; to cause pain, torture, torment


क्रन्द्

head

क्रन्द् • (krand)

sa-root

क्रन्द् • (krand)

Backformed from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krándati, from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₁-nd-, from *kelh₁- (“to call, cry, shout”).


क्रुश्

head

क्रुश् • (kruś)

sa-root

क्रुश् • (kruś)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *krawć- (“to cry, to call out”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Persian خروشیدن (xorušidan).


क्लिद्

head

क्लिद् • (klid)

sa-root

क्लिद् • (klid)


क्वथ्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kwh₂et- (“to boil, foam”). Cognate with Latvian kūsāt (“to boil”), Old English hwaþerian (“to foam, surge, roar”), Swedish hvå (“foam”), Latin cāseus (“cheese”). See also kvass.


क्षद्

head

क्षद् • (kṣad)

sa-root

क्षद् • (kṣad)

क्षत्तृ

a carver, one who cuts or carves or divides anything


क्षर्

head

क्षर् • (kṣar)

sa-root

क्षर् • (kṣar)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰer-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-
Sanskrit क्षर् (kṣar)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰar-.


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

From Proto-Indo-European *tk-éh₁- (“acquisition”), from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to take by the hand; to receive, obtain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτάομαι (ktáomai, “to get, acquire”), Persian شاه (šâh, “king, shah”).

cog

to possess, have power over, rule, govern, be master of


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tḱey- (“to settle, dwell”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κτίζω (ktízō, “to people; to establish”), English home.


क्षि

head

क्षि • (kṣi)

sa-root

क्षि • (kṣi)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gẓʰi-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gžʰi-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰgʷʰey- (“to perish, destroy”).


क्षिप्

head

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

sa-root

क्षिप् • (kṣip)

From Proto-Indo-European *ksweybʰ- (“to throw”).

inh

to utter abusive words, insult, revile, abuse


ख्या

head

ख्या • (khyā)

sa-root

ख्या • (khyā)

Phonetic variant of *क्शा (kśā), itself a metathesis of काश् (kāś, “to appear”).


गर्ह्

head

गर्ह् • (garh)

sa-root

गर्ह् • (garh)


गै

From Proto-Indo-European *geH- (“to sing, cry”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬁𐬚𐬁 (gāθā, “form of strophe, metre, namely the collections of Zarathustra's songs, the Gathas”).


गाह्

head

गाह् • (gāh)

sa-root

गाह् • (gāh)

Primarily inherited from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ- / *gʷʰāh₂ǵʰ- (“to wade”); cognate with Persian آغاز (âğâz, “beginning, start”), Slovene gáziti (“to wade”). Forms with गभ्- (gabh-) or गम्भ्- (gambh-) are from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂bʰ- (“to submerge”).

inh

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-

inh+

*g⁽ʷʰ⁾eh₂ǵʰ-


गुप्

gup (romanization)
गुप् (nominative singular)
गुपौ (dual nominative)
गुपा1 (dual nominative)
गुपः (nominative plural)
गुप् (singular vocative)
गुपौ (dual vocative)
गुपा1 (dual vocative)
गुपः (plural vocative)
गुपम् (accusative singular)
गुपौ (accusative dual)
गुपा1 (accusative dual)
गुपः (accusative plural)
गुपा (instrumental singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गुब्भिः (instrumental plural)
गुपे (dative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (dative plural)
गुपः (ablative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (ablative plural)
गुपः (genitive singular)
गुपोः (dual genitive)
गुपाम् (genitive plural)
गुपि (locative singular)
गुपोः (dual locative)
गुप्सु (locative plural)
गुप् (nominative singular)
गुपौ (dual nominative)
गुपा1 (dual nominative)
गुपः (nominative plural)
गुप् (singular vocative)
गुपौ (dual vocative)
गुपा1 (dual vocative)
गुपः (plural vocative)
गुपम् (accusative singular)
गुपौ (accusative dual)
गुपा1 (accusative dual)
गुपः (accusative plural)
गुपा (instrumental singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गुब्भिः (instrumental plural)
गुपे (dative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (dative plural)
गुपः (ablative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (ablative plural)
गुपः (genitive singular)
गुपोः (dual genitive)
गुपाम् (genitive plural)
गुपि (locative singular)
गुपोः (dual locative)
गुप्सु (locative plural)
गुप् (nominative singular)
गुपी (dual nominative)
गुम्पि (nominative plural)
गुप् (singular vocative)
गुपी (dual vocative)
गुम्पि (plural vocative)
गुप् (accusative singular)
गुपी (accusative dual)
गुम्पि (accusative plural)
गुपा (instrumental singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
गुब्भिः (instrumental plural)
गुपे (dative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (dative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (dative plural)
गुपः (ablative singular)
गुब्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
गुब्भ्यः (ablative plural)
गुपः (genitive singular)
गुपोः (dual genitive)
गुपाम् (genitive plural)
गुपि (locative singular)
गुपोः (dual locative)
गुप्सु (locative plural)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit गोपायति (gopāyati)
Sanskrit गुप् (gup)
Back-formation from गोपायति (gopāyáti, “to guard”), from गोपा (gopā́, “protector of cows; protector, guardian”).

etymon

गोपायति>guard

back-formation

being on one's guard or preserving one's self from


ग्रन्थ्

head

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

sa-root

ग्रन्थ् • (granth)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grantH- (“to tie (a knot)”), cognate to Persian گره (gereh, “knot”), with further origin uncertain. The traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *gre(n)tH- (“to tie”) (itself a hypothetical extension of Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to twist”)) would make the root cognate with Proto-Germanic *kradô (“wicker basket”), whence English cradle; however, this is not certain, as the Germanic word could very well be of substrate origin instead.

inh

to string together, arrange, connect in a regular series

to string words together, compose (a literary work)


ग्रस्

head

ग्रस् • (gras)

sa-root

ग्रस् • (gras)

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷerh₃- (“to swallow, devour”).


ग्लै

Unclear. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelH-.

to languid or weary, feel tired or exhausted


घस्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰas- (“to eat, gorge”), of unknown origin, with numerous unconvincing attempts to connect the root to terms including Latin hostia (“sacrifice”) and Tocharian B kest (“hunger”). Within Iranian, cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵 (gah, “to gorge”), Pashto غاښ (ǧâx̌, “tooth”).


घुष्

head

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

sa-root

घुष् • (ghuṣ)

Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾ʰew-.


घ्रा

head

घ्रा • (ghrā)

sa-root

घ्रा • (ghrā)

Of uncertain origin.
Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *gʰʷreh₂, whence Ancient Greek ὀσφραινομαι (osphrainomai, “I smell, perceive”) (compare Greek όσφρηση (ósfrisi, “(sense of) smell”); however, this is controversial.
Alternatively, Seebold compares the root to Old English brǣþ (“smell; steam”), whence English breath.
Another theory compares the root to Latin frōns (“brow, front”); noses are frontal organs responsible for smelling and breathing.


चिन्त्

head

चिन्त् • (cint)

sa-root

चिन्त् • (cint)

A nasal-infixed variant of चित् (cit); see there for more.


चेष्ट्

head

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)

sa-root

चेष्ट् • (ceṣṭ)


च्यु

head

च्यु • (cyu)

sa-root

च्यु • (cyu)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *kyew-
Sanskrit च्यु (cyu)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čyaw-, from Proto-Indo-European *kyew- (“to set in motion”). Cognate with Old Armenian չու (čʻu, “journey, road”) and չուեմ (čʻuem, “to set out”), whence Armenian չվել (čʻvel, “to migrate (of birds, a group)”), Northern Kurdish çûn (“to go”), Classical Persian شدن (šudan, “to go”), and Ancient Greek σεύω (seúō, “put in quick motion, drive”).

cog

to move to and fro, stir, go away, turn off


च्युत्

head

च्युत् • (cyut)

sa-root

च्युत् • (cyut)

Etymology tree
Sanskrit श्चुत् (ścut)
Sanskrit च्युत् (cyut)
Post-Vedic variant of श्चुत् (ścut). See there for more.

etymon

श्चुत् श्चुत्#Sanskrit


छद्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćad-, related to Prasuni vëzëlë (“goatskin boot, shoe”) (< *upascada), with further origin uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness”); compare English shade and shadow. Compare also Old English hæteru (“clothing”).


छन्द्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *śćand-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *śćand-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱend-.


जप्

to whisper, mutter, utter in a low voice, especially prayers or incantations


जम्भ्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵembʰ- (“to bite”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *zǫ̑bъ (“tooth”) whence Polish ząb, and English comb.


जुष्

head

जुष् • (juṣ)

sa-root

जुष् • (juṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to taste, try”). Cognates include Latin gustus, Persian دوست (dust, “friend”), Old English ċēosan (whence English choose).

जुष्ट

juṣṭá or júṣṭa


जृम्भ्

head

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)

sa-root

जृम्भ् • (jṛmbh)


तक्ष्

head

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

sa-root

तक्ष् • (takṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *teḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ-
Sanskrit तक्ष् (takṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *taṭṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *taćš-, from Proto-Indo-European *tetḱ- (“to hew, create”). Cognate with Latin texō (“to weave”) (whence English text, textile), Ancient Greek τέχνη (tékhnē) (whence English techno-), and Serbo-Croatian те̏сла (tesla, “adze”). See also तक्षन् (takṣan, “carpenter”).


तुज्

head

तुज् • (tuj)

sa-root

तुज् • (tuj)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tewg- (“to push, hit”).
Cognate with Proto-Germanic *stukkaz (“stump, stick”) whence English stock.


तुल्

head

तुल् • (tul)

sa-root

तुल् • (tul)

From Proto-Indo-European *telh₂- (“to bear, undergo, endure”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek τᾰ́λαντον (tắlanton, “balance, scale”) whence English talent, Latin tolerō (“bear, endure”) whence English tolerate. Further possible cognates include Ancient Greek Ἄτλας (Átlas, “the 'bearer' of heaven”) and therefore Ἀτλαντίς (Atlantís).


तृद्

head

तृद् • (tṛd)

sa-root

तृद् • (tṛd)

From Proto-Indo-European *terd- (“to drill, bore, split”); compare Lithuanian trandė́ti (“to thresh, grind, (of worms) to bite”) and trandìs (“woodworm”), as well as Old Church Slavonic тродь (trodĭ, “tree sponge”).


तृप्

head

तृप् • (tṛp)

sa-root

तृप् • (tṛp)

From Proto-Indo-European *terp- (“to satisfy”).


तृष्

head

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

sa-root

तृष् • (tṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ters- (“dry”). Cognates include Latin torrēns (“scorching”) whence English torrent, Latin terra and English thirst.


तृह्

head

तृह् • (tṛh)

sa-root

तृह् • (tṛh)

Probably from Proto-Indo-Aryan *(s)tarjʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *sterģʰ; compare Hittite [script needed] (istark-, “to become sick”) and [script needed] (istarni(n)k-, “to torment, make sick”). Also compare Latin tergeō.


त्यज्

head

त्यज् • (tyaj)

sa-root

त्यज् • (tyaj)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tyegʷ- (“to leave alone, give up; retreat”).


त्यज्

tyaj (romanization)
त्यक् (nominative singular)
त्यजौ (dual nominative)
त्यजा1 (dual nominative)
त्यजः (nominative plural)
त्यक् (singular vocative)
त्यजौ (dual vocative)
त्यजा1 (dual vocative)
त्यजः (plural vocative)
त्यजम् (accusative singular)
त्यजौ (accusative dual)
त्यजा1 (accusative dual)
त्यजः (accusative plural)
त्यजा (instrumental singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
त्यग्भिः (instrumental plural)
त्यजे (dative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (dative plural)
त्यजः (ablative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
त्यजः (genitive singular)
त्यजोः (dual genitive)
त्यजाम् (genitive plural)
त्यजि (locative singular)
त्यजोः (dual locative)
त्यक्षु (locative plural)
त्यक् (nominative singular)
त्यजौ (dual nominative)
त्यजा1 (dual nominative)
त्यजः (nominative plural)
त्यक् (singular vocative)
त्यजौ (dual vocative)
त्यजा1 (dual vocative)
त्यजः (plural vocative)
त्यजम् (accusative singular)
त्यजौ (accusative dual)
त्यजा1 (accusative dual)
त्यजः (accusative plural)
त्यजा (instrumental singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
त्यग्भिः (instrumental plural)
त्यजे (dative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (dative plural)
त्यजः (ablative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
त्यजः (genitive singular)
त्यजोः (dual genitive)
त्यजाम् (genitive plural)
त्यजि (locative singular)
त्यजोः (dual locative)
त्यक्षु (locative plural)
त्यक् (nominative singular)
त्यजी (dual nominative)
त्यञ्जि (nominative plural)
त्यक् (singular vocative)
त्यजी (dual vocative)
त्यञ्जि (plural vocative)
त्यक् (accusative singular)
त्यजी (accusative dual)
त्यञ्जि (accusative plural)
त्यजा (instrumental singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
त्यग्भिः (instrumental plural)
त्यजे (dative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (dative plural)
त्यजः (ablative singular)
त्यग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
त्यग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
त्यजः (genitive singular)
त्यजोः (dual genitive)
त्यजाम् (genitive plural)
त्यजि (locative singular)
त्यजोः (dual locative)
त्यक्षु (locative plural)

तनु (tanu, “body”) + त्यज् (tyaj) → तनुत्यज् (tanutyaj, “giving up one's body, dying”)

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

(at the end of a compound) leaving, abandoning, giving up, offering


त्रस्

head

त्रस् • (tras)

sa-root

त्रस् • (tras)

From Proto-Indo-European *tres- (“to tremble (with fear)”). Cognate with Latin terreō whence English terror, terrible, etc.


त्वर्

head

त्वर् • (tvar)

sa-root

त्वर् • (tvar)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)twerH- (“to stir, agitate”). Cognate with English stir, steer and possibly storm, as well as perhaps Ancient Greek ὀτρῡ́νω (otrū́nō, “to stir up, rouse; to hasten”).


दक्ष्

head

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

sa-root

दक्ष् • (dakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- (“right side, dexter”).
Cognates include Ancient Greek δεξῐός (dexĭós, “right(hand), fortunate, able”), Old Church Slavonic деснъ (desnŭ, “right(side)”).


दभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰebʰ- (“to harm, deceive”). Cognate with Persian فریفتن (fariftan, “to deceive”), Old Armenian դաւ (daw, “deceit, conspiracy”) (an Iranian borrowing), Hittite [script needed] (tepnu-, “to decrease, to humble”), and perhaps Ancient Greek ἀτέμβω (atémbō, “to maltreat; to be bereft of”).


दाश्

head

दाश् • (dāś)

sa-root

दाश् • (dāś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxă, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógmă), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”), Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.


दिश्

head

दिश् • (diś)

sa-root

दिश् • (diś)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to point out, show”). Cognates include Ancient Greek δείκνῡμῐ (deíknūmĭ, “show, point out”), δεῖγμᾰ (deîgmă, “sample, pattern”) whence English paradigm, Ancient Greek δῐ́κη (dĭ́kē, “custom; order, law”), Latin dicō and dictum whence English dictate etc., Latin index (“pointer, indicator”), Latin digitus (“pointer, finger”), English token and teach.


दीक्ष्

head

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

sa-root

दीक्ष् • (dīkṣ)

A desiderative form of दाश् (dāś) from Proto-Indo-European *deḱ- (“to take, offer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δόξᾰ (dóxă, “opinion, judgement”) whence English orthodox etc., Ancient Greek δόγμᾰ (dógmă), Latin decet (“fitting”) whence English decent, Latin decus whence decorum, Latin discō (“learn”) whence English disciple etc., Latin doceō (“teach”) whence English doctrine etc., Latin dignus.

दीक्षितृ

consecrator, initiator; instructor; spiritual father


दी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂-
Sanskrit दी (dī)
From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible, conspicuous”) and possibly Lithuanian dìdis (“large”).


दी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁-
Sanskrit दी (dī)
From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase (away)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δῐ́ω (dĭ́ō, “flee”), Lithuanian dainà (“song”).


दुष्

head

दुष् • (duṣ)

sa-root

दुष् • (duṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δυσ- (dus-) whence English dys-.


दृप्

head

दृप् • (dṛp)

sa-root

दृप् • (dṛp)

to be extravagant, wild, arrogant, proud


दृभ्

head

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

sa-root

दृभ् • (dṛbh)

From Proto-Indo-European *derbʰ- (“to spin, twist”). Cognate with Lithuanian darbas (“bunch of leaves”), Proto-Germanic *tarbijaną (“to wind, spin”) whence English (topsy)-turvy, and turf.

cog

to string or tie together, tie in a bunch


द्रा

head

द्रा • (drā)

sa-root

द्रा • (drā)

From Proto-Indo-European *dreh₂- (“to run”); compare Ancient Greek αποδιδράσκω (apodidráskō, “to depart secretly, escape”), as well as Proto-Germanic *trudaną (“to tread”).

cog

दरिद्र

running hither and thither, in need or poor


द्विष्

sa-adj

द्विष् • (dvíṣ) stem

dvíṣ (romanization)
द्विट् (nominative singular)
द्विषौ (dual nominative)
द्विषा1 (dual nominative)
द्विषः (nominative plural)
द्विट् (singular vocative)
द्विषौ (dual vocative)
द्विषा1 (dual vocative)
द्विषः (plural vocative)
द्विषम् (accusative singular)
द्विषौ (accusative dual)
द्विषा1 (accusative dual)
द्विषः (accusative plural)
द्विषा (instrumental singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
द्विड्भिः (instrumental plural)
द्विषे (dative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (dative plural)
द्विषः (ablative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
द्विषः (genitive singular)
द्विषोः (dual genitive)
द्विषाम् (genitive plural)
द्विषि (locative singular)
द्विषोः (dual locative)
द्विट्सु (locative plural)
द्विट् (nominative singular)
द्विषौ (dual nominative)
द्विषा1 (dual nominative)
द्विषः (nominative plural)
द्विट् (singular vocative)
द्विषौ (dual vocative)
द्विषा1 (dual vocative)
द्विषः (plural vocative)
द्विषम् (accusative singular)
द्विषौ (accusative dual)
द्विषा1 (accusative dual)
द्विषः (accusative plural)
द्विषा (instrumental singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
द्विड्भिः (instrumental plural)
द्विषे (dative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (dative plural)
द्विषः (ablative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
द्विषः (genitive singular)
द्विषोः (dual genitive)
द्विषाम् (genitive plural)
द्विषि (locative singular)
द्विषोः (dual locative)
द्विट्सु (locative plural)
द्विट् (nominative singular)
द्विषी (dual nominative)
द्विंषि (nominative plural)
द्विट् (singular vocative)
द्विषी (dual vocative)
द्विंषि (plural vocative)
द्विट् (accusative singular)
द्विषी (accusative dual)
द्विंषि (accusative plural)
द्विषा (instrumental singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
द्विड्भिः (instrumental plural)
द्विषे (dative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (dative plural)
द्विषः (ablative singular)
द्विड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
द्विड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
द्विषः (genitive singular)
द्विषोः (dual genitive)
द्विषाम् (genitive plural)
द्विषि (locative singular)
द्विषोः (dual locative)
द्विट्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *dweys- from *dwey- (“to fear”). Cognate with Ancient Greek δεινός (deinós, “fearful”) whence English dino-, Latin dīrus whence English dire.


धम्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰemH- (“to smoke, blow”). Cognate with Lithuanian dùmti (“to blow”), Polish dąć (“to blow”), and perhaps Proto-Germanic *dimbaną (“to fog, smoke”).


धृष्

head

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

sa-root

धृष् • (dhṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold, dare”) from an *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *dьrzъ (“daring”), Ancient Greek θρᾰσῠ́ς (thrăsŭ́s, “daring, reckless”) and English dare.


ध्वंस्

head

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

sa-root

ध्वंस् • (dhvaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwe-n-s-, nasal-infixed form of *dʰwes- (“to breathe”), probably with influence from the possibly related term *dʰewh₂- (“(to produce) smoke, mist, haze”), with further semantic shift to mean destruction (perhaps as allusions to natural phenomena like volcanism or storms, which involve smoke and haze).

to fall to pieces or to dust, decay, be ruined, perish


ध्वन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen- (“to make a noise, sound”). Cognate with English din.


ध्वृ

head

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

sa-root

ध्वृ • (dhvṛ)

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“to harm, injure, damage”); cognate with Hittite [script needed] (duwarne-, “to break, injure”).


नद्

From Proto-Indo-European *ned- (“to sound, roar, bellow”), which might be sound-symbolic. Mayrhofer adduces Proto-Indo-European *nedo- (“reed”) (that is, a "resonator (plant)" > "reed"), whence नड (naḍa, “reed”) and its relatives, as descendants. Other derivatives include नदी (nadī, “river”).


नभ्

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *nebh- (“to burst”).


नर्द्

head

नर्द् • (nard)

sa-root

नर्द् • (nard)


नुद्

head

नुद् • (nud)

sa-root

नुद् • (nud)

From Proto-Indo-European *newd- (“to push”), a *-d- extension of *new- (“to push, nod”).

8. ප්රමාදමප්රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ්ඩිතඃ
ප්රඥාප්රසාදමාරුහ්ය ත්වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්රජාම්
පර්වතස්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්ෂතෙ

(Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:

8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.

8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate


नेद्

head

नेद् • (ned)

sa-root

नेद् • (ned)

From Proto-Indo-European *neyd- (“to flow, stream”).


पण्

From Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to buy, make money”).


पर्द्

head

पर्द् • (pard)

sa-root

पर्द् • (pard)

From Proto-Indo-European *perd- (“to fart (loudly)”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πέρδομαι (pérdomai), Lithuanian pérsti, Russian пердеть (perdetʹ), English fart.


पा

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *peh₃-
Sanskrit पा (pā)
From Proto-Indo-European *peh₃- (“to drink”).
Cognate with Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis) whence symposium (“drinking together”); Latin pōtō whence English potion and poison; Proto-Slavic *pivo (“beer”).


पिश्

head

पिश् • (piś)

sa-root

पिश् • (piś)

From Proto-Indo-European *peyḱ- (“to hew, cut out; adorn; paint”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьsati (“to write”); Latin pingō (“paint”) whence pigment, picture, paint.

पिशान

piśāná, Root-aorist mediopassive participle

to hew out, carve, prepare, especially meat


पिष्

head

पिष् • (piṣ)

sa-root

पिष् • (piṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *peys- (“to grind, crush”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *pьxati (“push, shove”), Lithuanian pìsti (“to fuck”); Latin pinsō (“beat, pound”) whence ultimately English pestle (via a French borrowing), pesto.


पीड्

head

पीड् • (pīḍ)

sa-root

पीड् • (pīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *pisd- (“to squeeze”) from *pi- + the zero-grade of *sed- (“to sit”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῐέζω (pĭézō, “to squeeze”) whence English piezo-.

cog

to hurt, harm, injure, oppress, vex, torment, harass

(astrology) to cover (esp. with something inauspicious), to eclipse, obscure


पूज्

head

पूज् • (pūj)

sa-root

पूज् • (pūj)

Of unclear origin. Possibly from an early Prakritic form of the root पृच् (pṛc, “to mix, fill, give lavishly”), via a series of sound changes (illustrated for its derivatives) पृच् (pṛc) > *पृञ्चा (pṛñcā, “presentation of the mixed potion”) > पूजा (pūjā, “worship, respect, reverence”), as well as *पृञ्चन (pṛñcana, “mixing (for a guest of honor)”) > पूजन (pūjana, “honoring, hospitable reception”). This derivation has the advantage of not having to derive पूजन (pūjana) from the later-attested पूजा (pūjā). Other less likely theories derive the root from Dravidian (unlikely given the root's Vedic presence and high usage frequency), or from an unattested *पूर्या (pūryā), from the root पॄ (pṝ, “to give, grant”), which is likely related to पृच् (pṛc) regardless.


पूय्

head

पूय् • (pūy)

sa-root

पूय् • (pūy)

From Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“to be foul, rotten; stink”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πῦον (pûon), Latin pūs (“pus”), Latin putridus (“putrid”), Lithuanian pū́ti (“to rot”), Old English fūl whence English foul.


पृच्

head

पृच् • (pṛc)

sa-root

पृच् • (pṛc)

Of uncertain origin. Probably an extension of पॄ (pṝ, “to fill”).

to mix, mingle, put together with, unite, join


प्रछ्

From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask”). Cognate with Russian (во)прос ((vo)pros, “question”), Latin prex whence, via French, English pray.


प्रथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *pleth₂- (“flat”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πλᾰτῠ́ς (plătŭ́s, “flat, broad”) whence ultimately place, plaza, plate, platter, plateau; Lithuanian plėsti (“to expand”); Proto-Slavic *pleťè (“shoulder”); English flat, fold, field.

cog

to spread, extend, become larger or wider


प्रुष्

head

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

sa-root

प्रुष् • (pruṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to sprinkle, radiate, freeze”). Cognate with Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


प्लुष्

head

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

sa-root

प्लुष् • (pluṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to fry, burn, radiate, sprinkle”). Cognate with some or all of Latin pruina (“rime, hoarfrost”), pruna (“burning coal”), pruriō (“to itch”) whence English prurient; English freeze, frost.


फण्

head

फण् • (phaṇ)

sa-root

फण् • (phaṇ)


भाष्

head

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

sa-root

भाष् • (bhāṣ)

Origin uncertain. Theories include:
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-s- (“to sound”), compare Lithuanian balsas (“voice”) and Latvian balss (“voice”). The retroflexion is in this case due to Fortunatov's Law.
* From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”), compare Latin fās (“divine law”). The retroflex ṣ could either be onomatopoeic or to avoid homonymy with root भास् (bhās, “to shine”) (compare originally fully homonymous English flower and flour or German küssen and Kissen).

भाष्य

speaking, talking; exposition, commentary


भ्रज्ज्

[bʱɾɐd̪̚d͡ʑ]

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵ- (“to fry, roast”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φρῡ́γω (phrū́gō) and Latin frigō whence fry. The double -jj- is irregular and probably influenced Middle Indo-Aryan (where bhajja- < *bharjya-).

inh+

(at the end of a compound) roasting, frying


भ्राज्

head

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

sa-root

भ्राज् • (bhrāj)

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₁ǵ- (“to shine”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬭𐬁𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (brāzaⁱti), Persian برازیدن (barâzidan), Lithuanian brėkšti, Proto-Slavic *brězgъ (“dawn”), Albanian bardhë, English bright, Welsh berth.


मज्ज्

head

मज्ज् • (majj)

sa-root

मज्ज् • (majj)

From Proto-Indo-European *mesg- (“to dip, sink”). Cognate with Latin mergō (“dip, immerse”), Lithuanian mazgóti (“to wash”), Latvian mazgât (“to wash”), Russian Москва́ (Moskvá, “Moscow”).


मथ्

A conflation of two Proto-Indo-European roots *menth₂- (“to stir, mix up”) (whence also Proto-Slavic *męstì (“to stir”)) and *meth₂- (“to tear away”).


मिश्

head

मिश् • (miś)

sa-root

मिश् • (miś)

From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मिक्ष्

head

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

sa-root

मिक्ष् • (mikṣ)

Probably desiderative of मिश् (miś). From Proto-Indo-European *meyḱ- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μίγνυμι (mígnumi, “to mix”), Proto-Slavic *mě̄sìti, Lithuanian mišti and maišyti (“to mix”); Latin misceō whence English mixture, miscellaneous; English mix, mash.


मिथ्

From Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”) an extension of *mey- (“to exchange”). Cognate with Latin mutō whence English mutate, mutual; Latin mittō (“send”) whence English emit, mission, etc.; Proto-Slavic *mьstь (“revenge, vengeance”); English mis-, miss.
Also cf. Mitra, the Indo-Iranian god of contracts.


मोक्ष्

head

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

sa-root

मोक्ष् • (mokṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk-
Sanskrit मुच् (muc)
Sanskrit मोक्ष् (mokṣ)
Desiderative of मुच् (muc), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewk- (“to release, slip”).


मुष्

head

मुष् • (muṣ)

sa-root

मुष् • (muṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mewsH- (“to pick up, take away”). Connected with Sanskrit मूष (mūṣa, “mouse, i.e., stealer”).


मृज्

head

मृज् • (mṛj)

sa-root

मृज् • (mṛj)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ-
Sanskrit मृज् (mṛj)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃merǵ- (“to wipe”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμόργνῡμῐ (omórgnūmĭ, “to wipe”).


मृड्

head

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

sa-root

मृड् • (mṛḍ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥žd- (“to forgive, spare, to pity”).


मृध्

head

मृध् • (mṛdh)

sa-root

मृध् • (mṛdh)

Uncertain. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *méldʰ-e-ti (“to abandon”); or from *mel-dʰeh₁- an extension of *(s)mel- (“false, bad”); or from an extension of *melh₂- (“to grind, crush”) (see there).

inh

Monier Williams
w:Monier Monier-Williams

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


मृश्

head

मृश् • (mṛś)

sa-root

मृश् • (mṛś)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *melk- or *melǵ-; compare Latin mulceō (“to stroke, touch lightly”).

cog

to touch mentally, consider, reflect, deliberate


मृष्

head

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

sa-root

मृष् • (mṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *mers- (“to bother, anger, forget”). Cognate with Lithuanian miršti (“to forget, lose, become oblivious”), Latvian aizmirst (“to forget”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 (marzjan, “to annoy, bother, disturb, offend”), Tocharian A märs- (“to forget”), Lithuanian miršti, Old Armenian մոռանամ (moṙanam), English mar.


म्रुच्

head

म्रुच् • (mruc)

sa-root

म्रुच् • (mruc)


म्लुच्

head

म्लुच् • (mluc)

sa-root

म्लुच् • (mluc)


म्लेछ्

head

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

sa-root

म्लेछ् • (mlech)

Thought to be from a substrate language. Possibly related to Akkadian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luḫ-ḫa) or Sumerian 𒈨𒈛𒄩𒆠 (Me-luh-haᴷᴵ /Melukhkha, Meluḫḫa/).

cog

to speak indistinctly (like a barbarian, one who does not speak Sanskrit)


याच्

head

याच् • (yāc)

sa-root

याच् • (yāc)

An enlargement of the root या (yā, “to request, implore”). Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“to utter”).


यु

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaw- (“to bind, hold”).

inh

to draw towards one's self, take hold or gain possession of, hold fast


रभ्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *rabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to profit, gain”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (lắphūră, “war spoils, booty”).


रा

From Proto-Indo-European *reh₁- (“to give”). Cognate with Latin rēs.


रास्

head

रास् • (rās)

sa-root

रास् • (rās)

From an extension of Proto-Indo-European *rey- (“to cry, bellow”). Cognate with English roar.


रुज्

head

रुज् • (ruj)

sa-root

रुज् • (ruj)

From Proto-Indo-European *lewǵ- (“to break off, shatter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek λῠγρός (lŭgrós, “mournful”), Latin lugeō whence English lugubrious; Old English lūcan (“to pluck out, pull up”), whence English louk.


रुष्

head

रुष् • (ruṣ)

sa-root

रुष् • (ruṣ)

Uncertain. Compare λύσσα (lússa, “rage, fury”).


लिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyḱ- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *h₁rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row, Ancient Greek ἐρείκω (ereíkō, “to rend, bruise, pound”), Lithuanian riekti (“to slice”).


रिख्

From Proto-Indo-European *reyk- (“scratch, line”), an extension of *rey- (“scratch”). Cognate with English row.


लोच्

head

लोच् • (loc)

sa-root

लोच् • (loc)


वक्ष्

head

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

sa-root

वक्ष् • (vakṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to grow, increase”). Cognate with Lithuanian áukštas (“high, tall”); Latin augustus, augur, augeō whence English augment; English eke.


वज्

From a merger of:
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“fresh, strong”). Compare Latin vegeō (“excite, arouse; be lively”) whence English vegetation; Latin vigeō (“thrive, be alive”) whence vigil, vigor; English wake, watch.
* Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hawǰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ewg- (“to increase”). Compare Latin augeō and English augment.


वध्

From Proto-Indo-European *wedʰ- (“to push, hit, strike”). Possibly cognate with Ancient Greek ὠθέω (ōthéō, “to push”).


वाञ्छ्

head

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

sa-root

वाञ्छ् • (vāñch)

From an *-sk- extension of Proto-Indo-European *wenh₁- (“to wish, love”). Cognate with English wish.


विच्

head

विच् • (vic)

sa-root

विच् • (vic)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayč- (“to sift, separate”) (compare Persian بیختن (bixtan, “to sift, sieve”)), traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to separate, choose, set aside”), an extension of *wey- (“to separate”) (though Cheung and Mayrhofer find this doubtful). If so, then cognate with Proto-Germanic *wīhaz (“sacred, holy”), Old Norse vé (“temple, sanctuary”), Latin victima, English witch.

inh

to sift, separate (esp. grain from chaff by winnowing)


विप्

head

विप् • (vip)

sa-root

विप् • (vip)

From Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to shake, tremble, agitate; swing away; turn”). Cognate with Old Norse veifa (“flag”), Old English wifer (“missile”), Latin vibrō whence English vibrate, veer; English weave (“to wander”), wave, wipe.

inh

to tremble, shake, shiver, vibrate, quiver, be stirred, etc.


वृज्

head

वृज् • (vṛj)

sa-root

वृज् • (vṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂werg- (“to turn”). Cognate with Latin vergō, the source of English converge etc.


वृष्

head

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

sa-root

वृष् • (vṛṣ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁wers- (“to rain”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρση (hérsē).


शंस्

head

शंस् • (śaṃs)

sa-root

शंस् • (śaṃs)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱens- (“to announce, declare solemnly”). Cognate with Persian سخن (soxan, “speech”), Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “order, honor; mankind; world”), Latin cēnseō (“recommend, decree; reckon”) (whence cēnsus), as well as possibly Latin carmen (“composition, tune”) and English herry (“praise, honor”).


शा

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱeh₃(i)- (“to sharpen”). Cognate with Latin catus (“clever, cunning, sharp”), cuneus (“wedge”) whence English coin; Ancient Greek κῶνος (kônos) whence English cone; English hone.


शुन्ध्

head

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

sa-root

शुन्ध् • (śundh)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱew-n-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *ḱew- (“to shine”).


शुष्

head

शुष् • (śuṣ)

sa-root

शुष् • (śuṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews-
Sanskrit शुष् (śuṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hsaws-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂sews- (“dry”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sȗxъ (“dry”), Lithuanian sausas (“dry”), Proto-Germanic *sauzaz (“dry”) whence English sear.


श्रि

head

श्रि • (śri)

sa-root

श्रि • (śri)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱley-
Sanskrit श्रि (śri)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “lean”), giving κλῖμᾰξ (klîmăx, “ladder, staircase; climax”), κλῐ́μᾰ (klĭ́mă, “slope”) whence English climate; Latin clīnō (“lean”) whence English incline etc; English lean, Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō whence English ladder.


श्लाघ्

head

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

sa-root

श्लाघ् • (ślāgh)

desc

→ Malayalam: ശ്ലാഘിക്കുക (ślāghikkuka) (learned)

→ Tamil: சிலாகி (cilāki)


श्लिष्

head

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

sa-root

श्लिष् • (śliṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćRayš (“to adhere, attach”); cognate with Persian سِریشُم (serišom, “glue”). Further origin is uncertain; perhaps related to Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean, incline”).

inh

to result, be the consequence of anything


श्वित्

head

श्वित् • (śvit)

sa-root

श्वित् • (śvit)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱweyt- (“bright, shine; white”), an extension of *ḱwey-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬀 (spaēta), Persian سفید (safêd), Proto-Slavic *světъ (“light, world”), Old English hwīt (whence English white).


ष्ठीव्

head

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

sa-root

ष्ठीव् • (ṣṭhīv)

From Proto-Indo-European *sp(t)yewH- (“to spit, spew”) (with metathesis of *-iwH- to *-iHw-, thus reflecting a pre-form *sp(t)iHw-), compare *(s)ptyēw-. Cognate with Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Persian تف (tof, “spittle”), Ancient Greek πτύω (ptúō, “I spit out”), Latin spuo (whence English sputum), Old Church Slavonic пльвати (plĭvati), Russian плевать (plevatʹ), Old English spīwan (whence English spew).


सच्

From Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Cognate with Old Persian 𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁 (haxamaniš, “friendly mannered (the ruler Achaemenes)”), Latin sequor (“follow”) whence English sequence etc., Latin socius, Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“warrior, retainer”).

cog

to be associated with, familiar with, have to do with


सह्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ-
Sanskrit सह् (sah)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *saźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *seǵʰ- (“to hold, posess, overcome, overpower”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἔχω (ékhō, “have, possess, hold”), σχῆμᾰ (skhêmă, “form, shape, figure”), σχολή (skholḗ, “leisure, free time; philosophy”) whence Latin schola (“leisure time for learning, schooltime, school”); Latin sēverus (“severe, strict, harsh”).


सिच्

head

सिच् • (sic)

sa-root

सिच् • (sic)

From Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to spill, pour; moisten, filter”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἰκμᾰ́ς (ikmắs, “moisture, wetness”), Proto-Slavic *sьcati (“to piss”); Proto-Germanic *saiwiz whence English sea.


सृ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *sar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sar-, from a merger of Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to spring, jump”) and *ser- (“to flow”).
Not to be confused with स्रु (sru, “to flow, leak”) from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).


सृज्

head

सृज् • (sṛj)

sa-root

सृज् • (sṛj)

From Proto-Indo-European *selǵ- (“to throw away, pour out, release, set free”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *selkaną (“to trickle, drip; languish”) whence probably English sulk.


सृप्

head

सृप् • (sṛp)

sa-root

सृप् • (sṛp)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *serp-
Sanskrit सृप् (sṛp)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *sarp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sarp-, from Proto-Indo-European *serp- (“to creep, crawl”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō, “creep, crawl”) whence ἕρπης (hérpēs), Proto-Albanian *serpena, Latin serpō whence serpēns (“serpent”).


सेव्

head

सेव् • (sev)

sa-root

सेव् • (sev)

Of uncertain origin. Traditionally derived from सेप्- (sep-), the perfect stem of the root सप् (sap, “to follow or seek after, honor, serve”); however, this presents formal difficulties. Other theories connect the root to Proto-Iranian *haiva- or Proto-Germanic *sainijaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (sainjan, “to tarry”).

to remain or stay at, live in, frequent, inhabit


स्कन्द्

head

स्कन्द् • (skand)

sa-root

स्कन्द् • (skand)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *skand- or *skend- (“to jump, leap”). Cognate with Latin scandō (“climb, ascend”), Ancient Greek σκᾰ́νδᾰλον (skắndălon, “trap, snare; stumbling block; scandal”).


स्कभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *skebʰH- (“to hold up, support”). Cognate with Latin scamnum (“bench, stool, step”).


स्तभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff; Proto-Finnic *sambas (“pillar”) (whence sampo).


स्तम्भ्

head

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

sa-root

स्तम्भ् • (stambh)

From Proto-Indo-European *stebʰ- (“to stand still, harden; prop up, support; pole”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *stьbъ (“stem, stalk”), Old Church Slavonic степень (stepenĭ, “stair”); English step, stop, stamp, stomp, stump, staff, stiff.

स्तभ् स्तभ्#Sanskrit


स्तिघ्

head

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

sa-root

स्तिघ् • (stigh)

From Proto-Indo-European *steygʰ- (“to go,climb”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στοῖχος (stoîkhos), στῐ́χος (stĭ́khos); Proto-Slavic *stignǫti; English sty, stile, stair.


स्तु

head

स्तु • (stu)

sa-root

स्तु • (stu)

From Proto-Indo-European *stew- (“to praise”). Cognate with Persian ستودن (setudan, “to praise, extol”), Ancient Greek στεῦται (steûtai, “to promise or threaten that one will”), Hittite [script needed] (istuwa-, “to become public”).

cog

to praise, laud, eulogize, extol, celebrate in song or hymns


स्तॄ

head

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

sa-root

स्तॄ • (stṝ)

From Proto-Indo-European *sterh₃- (“to spread, stretch, extend”), an extension of *ster- (“spread”). Cognate with Ancient Greek στόρνῡμι (stórnūmi, “spread”), Latin sternō (“spread”), Proto-Slavic *stornà (“side, land”), *stérti (“to extend”); English strew.


स्ना

head

स्ना • (snā)

sa-root

स्ना • (snā)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)neh₂- (“to swim, float”). Cognate with Ancient Greek νέω (néō, “swim”), Proto-Italic *snāō.


स्पृ

head

स्पृ • (spṛ)

sa-root

स्पृ • (spṛ)

From Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to release, rescue, deliver, secure”). Cognate with English spare (“to show mercy”).
Some derive the "win" meanings from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pel- (“to make money”), connecting them with पण् (paṇ, “to barter”), Ancient Greek πωλέω (pōléō, “I sell”), Old Irish renim (“I sell”), and Lithuanian pel̃nas (“profit, benefit”), and separate these from the "release, deliver" meanings; however, this is uncertain.
Turner alternatively suggests the root to be an s-extension of पृ (pṛ, “to bring”), with original meaning "to convey".

inh

(causative स्पारयति) to attract to one's self, win


स्पृश्

sa-adj

स्पृश् • (spṛś) stem

(at the end of a compound) touching, coming into contact with


स्पृह्

head

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

sa-root

स्पृह् • (spṛh)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperǵʰ- (“to move energetically, hurry, spring”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπέρχω (spérkhō, “to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry”), English spring.
Other possible cognates include Lithuanian spreñgti (“to push”), Proto-Slavic *pręsti (“to spin”).


स्फट्

head

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

sa-root

स्फट् • (sphaṭ)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)pʰel- or *(s)pel- (“to split”) with a *-t- extension. Cognate with Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”), Old English speld (“splinter”), English split.


स्फुट्

head

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

sa-root

स्फुट् • (sphuṭ)

Sanskritization of Middle Indo-Aryan, whence Pali phuṭita (“burst open”) and Prakrit 𑀨𑀼𑀟𑀇 (phuḍaï, “bursts open”), from an older unattested root *स्फॢत् (sphḷt) or *फॢत् (phḷt), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)bʰel- with a -t- enlargement. Compare फल (phala), though a Dravidian etymology is also proposed for that term. Compare Old Church Slavonic рас-плитати (ras-plitati, “to cleave, split”), Old English speld (“splinter”), and English split. It is also possible that this root is related to फल् (phal, “to burst, cleave open”) instead, or is of onomatopoeic origin.


स्फुर्

head

स्फुर् • (sphur)

sa-root

स्फुर् • (sphur)

From Proto-Indo-European *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σπαίρω (spaírō, “to hammer, make rapid movements”), Latin spernō (“move aside, push away”), English spur, spurn.


स्फूर्ज्

head

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

sa-root

स्फूर्ज् • (sphūrj)

/s̪pʰuːɾd͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-European *spreHg- (“to crackle, splutter, scatter”), a *-g- extension of *sperH- (“to kick, push away, make a rash movement”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σφαραγέομαι (spharagéomai, “crackle, sizzle”), Lithuanian sprógti (“explode, blow, shatter”), and Proto-Germanic *sprekaną whence English speak.


स्मि

head

स्मि • (smi)

sa-root

स्मि • (smi)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mey- (“to laugh, be glad”). Cognate with Ancient Greek μειδᾰ́ω (meidắō, “smile”), Proto-Slavic *smьjàti (“to laugh”), Latin mīrus (“wonderful”) the source of English admire etc.; Latvian smieties (“laugh”); English smile and possibly smirk.


स्रु

head

स्रु • (sru)

sa-root

स्रु • (sru)

From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow, stream”).
Cognate with Proto-Slavic *strujiti (“to gush out, jet”), *strumy (“stream”); Lithuanian srū́ti (“to stream, flow”); Ancient Greek ῥέω (rhéō, “flow, stream, gush”), ῥῠθμός (rhŭthmós) whence English rhythm; English stream.
Not to be confused with सृ (sṛ) from Proto-Indo-European *sel-.


स्वञ्ज्

head

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

sa-root

स्वञ्ज् • (svañj)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *sweng-, *swengʷʰ- (“to bend, swing”), in which case, cognate with a complex of Germanic words represented by Proto-Germanic *swinganą (“to swing”) and related terms, including English swing, swank, sway, and via Old Norse, swag, swagger.


स्वन्

head

स्वन् • (svan)

sa-root

स्वन् • (svan)

From Proto-Indo-European *swenh₂- (“to sound”). Cognate with Latin sonō the source of English sound, sonic etc.; Old English swinn (“melody”), English swan.


स्वप्

head

स्वप् • (svap)

sa-root

स्वप् • (svap)

From Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to sleep”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos) (compare English hypno-); Latin somnus; Lithuanian sãpnas (“dream”), Proto-Slavic *sъpati (“to sleep”); Old English swefan (“to sleep”) (compare English sweven (“dream, vision”)).


स्विद्

head

स्विद् • (svid)

sa-root

स्विद् • (svid)

From Proto-Indo-European *sweyd- (“sweat”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ῑ̔δρώς (hīdrṓs); Latin sūdō, sūdor; English sweat.


हिंस्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeys- (“fright”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). See also हेष् (heṣ, “to be strong”).
Compare the semantic development of English thrust and threat, both from Proto-Indo-European *trewd- (“to push, thrust”).


हीड्

head

हीड् • (hīḍ)

sa-root

हीड् • (hīḍ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeysd- (“fright, anger”), an extension of *ǵʰey- (“wound, thrust”). Cognate with Proto-Germanic *gaistaz, whence English ghost.


हृष्

head

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

sa-root

हृष् • (hṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰers- (“rigid, stiff; surprised”). Cognate with Latin horreō, horror, Ancient Greek χέρσος (khérsos, “dry land”).


ह्नु

head

ह्नु • (hnu)

sa-root

ह्नु • (hnu)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰnew- (“to be ashamed”).


रह्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *raȷ́ʰ-, with further origin uncertain. Mayrhofer tentatively derived the root from Proto-Indo-European *legʰ- (“to lay”) originally, but later doubts this derivation. Cognate with Persian راز (râz).


निष्कल्

head

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)

sa-root

निष्कल् • (niṣkal)


कथ्

Created as a root for the noun कथा (kathā).

to tell, narrate, report, describe, relate


अङ्ग्

head

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

sa-root

अङ्ग् • (aṅg)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hang-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eng- (“curve, bend”). Occasionally, the zero-grade appears as अग् (ag), derived from the zero-grade Proto-Indo-European *h₂n̥g-.


वञ्च्

head

वञ्च् • (vañc)

sa-root

वञ्च् • (vañc)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wanč-, from Proto-Indo-European *wenk-. Cf. वच् (vac).