इ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hay-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey-. Cognate with Ancient Greek εἶμι (eîmi, “I go”), Mycenaean Greek 𐀂𐀍𐀳 (i-jo-te), Old Persian 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (aitiy, “goes”), Luwian 𒄿𒋾 (i-ti /iti, idi/, “goes”), Hittite 𒄿𒄿𒀀𒀜𒋫 (i-ya-at-ta /iyatta/, “goes”), Old Church Slavonic ити (iti), Lithuanian eiti, and Latin eo, iter whence English itinerary.

cog

अधी

to turn the mind towards, to mind, know by heart, go over

ए

come near, approach; reach, attain; submit

प्रे

come forth, appear; begin; proceed, advance; go forwards; go out


इ

From Proto-Indo-European *éy. See also अयम् (ayam).

demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative pronoun

base of the nominative and accusative singular dual and plural of the demonstrative pronoun इदम् (idam), ‘this’ or ‘that’


ऋ

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmĭ, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

cog

to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in

to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place

to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver


स्निह्

head

स्निह् • (snih)

sa-root

स्निह् • (snih)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ-
Sanskrit स्निह् (snih)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sneygʷʰ- (“to snow”). The meaning of "to love, be attached" may have evolved from a secondary meaning of snow: "to stick, remain", referring to the nature of snow, as well as "whitish bodily fluids which are compared to snow, notably snot and spit", to stick to itself. Another example in this context is semen.
This offers two senses of development:
* as a simile of companionship, love: "sticking with someone"
* as a euphemism for the act of making love, involving body fluids: "sticky like snow"


स्निह्

snih (romanization)
स्निक् (nominative singular)
स्निहौ (dual nominative)
स्निहा1 (dual nominative)
स्निहः (nominative plural)
स्निक् (singular vocative)
स्निहौ (dual vocative)
स्निहा1 (dual vocative)
स्निहः (plural vocative)
स्निहम् (accusative singular)
स्निहौ (accusative dual)
स्निहा1 (accusative dual)
स्निहः (accusative plural)
स्निहा (instrumental singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्निग्भिः (instrumental plural)
स्निहे (dative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (dative plural)
स्निहः (ablative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
स्निहः (genitive singular)
स्निहोः (dual genitive)
स्निहाम् (genitive plural)
स्निहि (locative singular)
स्निहोः (dual locative)
स्निक्षु (locative plural)
स्निक् (nominative singular)
स्निहौ (dual nominative)
स्निहा1 (dual nominative)
स्निहः (nominative plural)
स्निक् (singular vocative)
स्निहौ (dual vocative)
स्निहा1 (dual vocative)
स्निहः (plural vocative)
स्निहम् (accusative singular)
स्निहौ (accusative dual)
स्निहा1 (accusative dual)
स्निहः (accusative plural)
स्निहा (instrumental singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्निग्भिः (instrumental plural)
स्निहे (dative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (dative plural)
स्निहः (ablative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
स्निहः (genitive singular)
स्निहोः (dual genitive)
स्निहाम् (genitive plural)
स्निहि (locative singular)
स्निहोः (dual locative)
स्निक्षु (locative plural)
स्निक् (nominative singular)
स्निही (dual nominative)
स्निंहि (nominative plural)
स्निक् (singular vocative)
स्निही (dual vocative)
स्निंहि (plural vocative)
स्निक् (accusative singular)
स्निही (accusative dual)
स्निंहि (accusative plural)
स्निहा (instrumental singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्निग्भिः (instrumental plural)
स्निहे (dative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (dative plural)
स्निहः (ablative singular)
स्निग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्निग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
स्निहः (genitive singular)
स्निहोः (dual genitive)
स्निहाम् (genitive plural)
स्निहि (locative singular)
स्निहोः (dual locative)
स्निक्षु (locative plural)


वद्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH-?
Sanskrit वद् (vad)
Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hwad-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hwad-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wedH- (“to utter, to call”). See वद॑ति (vádati) for more discussion.


वच्

From Proto-Indo-European *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Middle Dutch gewāgen (“to speak”), Latin vōx (“voice”), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps, “voice”) and Persian آواز (âvâz, “voice”).


तरंग

taraṃga (romanization)
तरंगः (nominative singular)
तरंगौ (dual nominative)
तरंगाः (nominative plural)
तरंग (singular vocative)
तरंगौ (dual vocative)
तरंगाः (plural vocative)
तरंगम् (accusative singular)
तरंगौ (accusative dual)
तरंगान् (accusative plural)
तरंगेन (instrumental singular)
तरंगाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तरंगैः (instrumental plural)
तरंगाय (dative singular)
तरंगाभ्याम् (dative dual)
तरंगेभ्यः (dative plural)
तरंगात् (ablative singular)
तरंगाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तरंगेभ्यः (ablative plural)
तरंगस्य (genitive singular)
तरंगयोः (dual genitive)
तरंगानाम् (genitive plural)
तरंगे (locative singular)
तरंगयोः (dual locative)
तरंगेषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Masculine a-stem declension of तरंग

/t̪ɐ.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

Probably derived from तॄ (tṝ, “to pass”).

a section of a literary work that contains in its name a word like ‘sea’ or ‘river’

a jumping motion, gallop, waving about, moving to and fro


तरंग

→ Hindi: तरंग (taraṅg)

→ Malayalam: തരംഗം (taraṅgaṁ)

→ Marathi: taraṅga

Devanagari script: तरंग

Modi script: 𑘝𑘨𑘽𑘐

→ Tamil: தரங்கம் (taraṅkam)

→ Telugu: తరంగము (taraṅgamu)

/t̪ɐ.ɾɐŋ.ɡɐ/

(nominal verb) to move like a billow, wave about, move restlessly to and fro


गण्

Derived from Prakrit. Mayrhofer and Turner both reconstruct an original -ṛ- vowel to account for the variance of this root's -a- for -i- and -u- in the descendants.
Beyond this, the derivation is unclear. Turner connects it to गृणाति (gṛṇāti, “calls out, invokes”), from गॄ (gṝ), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH- (“to praise, greet”). Mayrhofer connects it to Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”), whence also ग्राम (grāma). If so, cognates include Ancient Greek ᾰ̓γών (ăgṓn) and ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (ăgorā́), and Latin grex.


तुष्

head

तुष् • (tuṣ)

sa-root

तुष् • (tuṣ)

Punjabi: ਤੁਸ (tus, “sate”)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *tus-, zero-grade of *tews- (“to be happy”).

inh+

to like (with inst.), become calm, be satisfied or pleased with anyone or anything


विन्द्

head

विन्द् • (vind)

sa-root

विन्द् • (vind)

Extracted from विन्दति (vindati), originally a nasal-infix present of Proto-Indo-European *weyd-, but reinterpreted in Sanskrit as a root containing the nasal consonant. Doublet of विद् (vid).


त्विष्

tvíṣ (romanization)
त्विट् (nominative singular)
त्विषौ (dual nominative)
त्विषा1 (dual nominative)
त्विषः (nominative plural)
त्विट् (singular vocative)
त्विषौ (dual vocative)
त्विषा1 (dual vocative)
त्विषः (plural vocative)
त्विषम् (accusative singular)
त्विषौ (accusative dual)
त्विषा1 (accusative dual)
त्विषः (accusative plural)
त्विषा (instrumental singular)
त्विड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
त्विड्भिः (instrumental plural)
त्विषे (dative singular)
त्विड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
त्विड्भ्यः (dative plural)
त्विषः (ablative singular)
त्विड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
त्विड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
त्विषः (genitive singular)
त्विषोः (dual genitive)
त्विषाम् (genitive plural)
त्विषि (locative singular)
त्विषोः (dual locative)
त्विट्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *twayṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *twayš-, from Proto-Indo-European *tweys- (“to shake”).

inh

violent agitation, vehemence, violence, fury, perplexity

light, brilliance, glitter, splendour, beauty, authority


दो

Alternative form of दा (dā, “to divide, mow”)


रुह्

head

रुह् • (ruh)

sa-root

रुह् • (ruh)

From earlier रुध् (rudh), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”). Change of -ध् (-dh) to -ह् (-h) probably to avoid homonymy with रुध् (rudh, “to obstruct”).


दिव्

head

दिव् • (div)

sa-root

दिव् • (div)


ह्री

hrī́ (romanization)
ह्रीः (nominative singular)
ह्रियौ (dual nominative)
ह्रियः (nominative plural)
ह्रीः (singular vocative)
ह्रियौ (dual vocative)
ह्रियः (plural vocative)
ह्रियम् (accusative singular)
ह्रियौ (accusative dual)
ह्रियः (accusative plural)
ह्रिया (instrumental singular)
ह्रीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ह्रीभिः (instrumental plural)
ह्रिये (dative singular)
ह्रियै1 (dative singular)
ह्रीभ्याम् (dative dual)
ह्रीभ्यः (dative plural)
ह्रियः (ablative singular)
ह्रियाः1 (ablative singular)
ह्रियै2 (ablative singular)
ह्रीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ह्रीभ्यः (ablative plural)
ह्रियः (genitive singular)
ह्रियाः1 (genitive singular)
ह्रियै2 (genitive singular)
ह्रियोः (dual genitive)
ह्रियाम् (genitive plural)
ह्रीणाम्1 (genitive plural)
ह्रियि (locative singular)
ह्रियाम्1 (locative singular)
ह्रियोः (dual locative)
ह्रीषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreyH- (“to be ashamed”). Cognate with Old High German grīnan.


संख्या

saṃkhyā (romanization)
संख्या (nominative singular)
संख्ये (dual nominative)
संख्याः (nominative plural)
संख्ये (singular vocative)
संख्ये (dual vocative)
संख्याः (plural vocative)
संख्याम् (accusative singular)
संख्ये (accusative dual)
संख्याः (accusative plural)
संख्यया (instrumental singular)
संख्या1 (instrumental singular)
संख्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
संख्याभिः (instrumental plural)
संख्यायै (dative singular)
संख्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
संख्याभ्यः (dative plural)
संख्यायाः (ablative singular)
संख्यायै2 (ablative singular)
संख्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
संख्याभ्यः (ablative plural)
संख्यायाः (genitive singular)
संख्यायै2 (genitive singular)
संख्ययोः (dual genitive)
संख्यानाम् (genitive plural)
संख्यायाम् (locative singular)
संख्ययोः (dual locative)
संख्यासु (locative plural)

desctree

Pali: saṅkhyā
→ Burmese: သင်္ချာ (sanghkya)

→ Hindi: संख्या (saṅkhyā) (learned)

→ Marathi: संख्या (saṅkhyā) (learned)

/s̪ɐŋ.kʰjɑː/


धी

dhī́ (romanization)
धीः (nominative singular)
धियौ (dual nominative)
धियः (nominative plural)
धीः (singular vocative)
धियौ (dual vocative)
धियः (plural vocative)
धियम् (accusative singular)
धियौ (accusative dual)
धियः (accusative plural)
धिया (instrumental singular)
धीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
धीभिः (instrumental plural)
धिये (dative singular)
धियै1 (dative singular)
धीभ्याम् (dative dual)
धीभ्यः (dative plural)
धियः (ablative singular)
धियाः1 (ablative singular)
धियै2 (ablative singular)
धीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
धीभ्यः (ablative plural)
धियः (genitive singular)
धियाः1 (genitive singular)
धियै2 (genitive singular)
धियोः (dual genitive)
धियाम् (genitive plural)
धीनाम्1 (genitive plural)
धियि (locative singular)
धियाम्1 (locative singular)
धियोः (dual locative)
धीषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰayH- (“to perceive”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬌𐬜𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (diδāⁱti, “to see”), Old Persian 𐎮𐎮𐎹 (di-di-y /dīdiy/, “see”, 2nd pers sg imperative), Persian دیدن (didan, “to see”).

cog

(in the plural) Holy Thoughts personified


भू

bhū́ (romanization)
भूः (nominative singular)
भुवौ (dual nominative)
भुवः (nominative plural)
भूः (singular vocative)
भुवौ (dual vocative)
भुवः (plural vocative)
भुवम् (accusative singular)
भुवौ (accusative dual)
भुवः (accusative plural)
भुवा (instrumental singular)
भूभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
भूभिः (instrumental plural)
भुवे (dative singular)
भुवै1 (dative singular)
भूभ्याम् (dative dual)
भूभ्यः (dative plural)
भुवः (ablative singular)
भुवाः1 (ablative singular)
भुवै2 (ablative singular)
भूभ्याम् (ablative dual)
भूभ्यः (ablative plural)
भुवः (genitive singular)
भुवाः1 (genitive singular)
भुवै2 (genitive singular)
भुवोः (dual genitive)
भुवाम् (genitive plural)
भूनाम्1 (genitive plural)
भुवि (locative singular)
भुवाम्1 (locative singular)
भुवोः (dual locative)
भूषु (locative plural)

Pali: bhū

→ Hindi: भू (bhū)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to appear, become, be, grow, rise up”). Cognates include Ancient Greek φύω (phúō), Avestan 𐬠𐬎 (bu), Latin fui, fīō, Proto-Germanic *buskaz, *beuną, and Old English beon (whence English be).

भूधर

'earth-bearing' - dwelling in the earth, a mountain

the earth (as constituting one of the 3 worlds)


आस्

ā́s (romanization)
आसा (instrumental singular)
आ॒स॒या (instrumental singular)
आसः (ablative singular)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHs (“mouth”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁óh₃s (“mouth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬁𐬵 (āh) and Latin ōs (“mouth”) whence English oral and orifice.
Further cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš, “mouth”), Old Church Slavonic оуста (usta, “mouth”), Old Norse óss (“mouth”) (of a river), Old Irish á (“mouth”).

cog

यो हव्यान्यैरयता मनुर्हितो देव आसा सुगन्धिना ।
विवासते वार्याणि स्वध्वरो होता देवो अमर्त्यः ॥
yo havyānyairayatā manurhito deva āsā sugandhinā.

The God, the Friend of man, who bears our gifts to heaven, the God with his sweet-smelling mouth,
Distributes, skilled in sacrifice, his precious things, Invoking Priest, Immortal God.

vivāsate vāryāṇi svadhvaro hotā devo amartyaḥ.


भा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂-.


त्वच्

tvác (romanization)
त्वक् (nominative singular)
त्वचौ (dual nominative)
त्वचा1 (dual nominative)
त्वचः (nominative plural)
त्वक् (singular vocative)
त्वचौ (dual vocative)
त्वचा1 (dual vocative)
त्वचः (plural vocative)
त्वचम् (accusative singular)
त्वचौ (accusative dual)
त्वचा1 (accusative dual)
त्वचः (accusative plural)
त्वचा (instrumental singular)
त्वग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
त्वग्भिः (instrumental plural)
त्वचे (dative singular)
त्वग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
त्वग्भ्यः (dative plural)
त्वचः (ablative singular)
त्वग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
त्वग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
त्वचः (genitive singular)
त्वचोः (dual genitive)
त्वचाम् (genitive plural)
त्वचि (locative singular)
त्वचोः (dual locative)
त्वक्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *twek- (“shield, skin; to cover”). Cognate with Ancient Greek σάκος (sákos, “shield”), Hittite [script needed] (tuekkaš, “body”).

cog

skin (of men, serpents etc.), hide (of goats, cows etc.)

a cow's hide (used in pressing out the soma juice)


स्तृ

stṛ́ (romanization)
स्ता (nominative singular)
स्तारौ (dual nominative)
स्तारा1 (dual nominative)
स्तारः (nominative plural)
स्तः (singular vocative)
स्तारौ (dual vocative)
स्तारा1 (dual vocative)
स्तारः (plural vocative)
स्तारम् (accusative singular)
स्तारौ (accusative dual)
स्तारा1 (accusative dual)
स्तॄन् (accusative plural)
स्त्रा (instrumental singular)
स्तृभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्तृभिः (instrumental plural)
स्त्रे (dative singular)
स्तृभ्याम् (dative dual)
स्तृभ्यः (dative plural)
स्तुः (ablative singular)
स्तृभ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्तृभ्यः (ablative plural)
स्तुः (genitive singular)
स्त्रोः (dual genitive)
स्तॄणाम् (genitive plural)
स्तरि (locative singular)
स्त्रोः (dual locative)
स्तृषु (locative plural)

Khowar: استاری (istári)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hstā́ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭 (star), Latin stella, Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr), Old English steorra (English star).

जुष्टतमासो नृतमासो अञ्जिभिर्व्यानज्रे के चिदुस्रा इव स्तृभिः ॥

They have displayed themselves with glittering ornaments, a few in number only, like the heavens with stars.

juṣṭatamāso nṛtamāso añjibhirvyānajre ke cidusrā iva stṛbhiḥ.


स्तृ

head

स्तृ • (stṛ)


श्री

श्री • (śrī)

sa-root

श्री • (śrī)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱerh₂- (“to mix”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κεράννυμι (keránnumi, “mix, blend”), κρᾱτήρ (krātḗr, “mixing bowl, cup-shaped basin; crater”); English rear.


ऋच्

ṛ́c (romanization)
ऋक् (nominative singular)
ऋचौ (dual nominative)
ऋचा1 (dual nominative)
ऋचः (nominative plural)
ऋक् (singular vocative)
ऋचौ (dual vocative)
ऋचा1 (dual vocative)
ऋचः (plural vocative)
ऋचम् (accusative singular)
ऋचौ (accusative dual)
ऋचा1 (accusative dual)
ऋचः (accusative plural)
ऋचा (instrumental singular)
ऋग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ऋग्भिः (instrumental plural)
ऋचे (dative singular)
ऋग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
ऋग्भ्यः (dative plural)
ऋचः (ablative singular)
ऋग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
ऋग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
ऋचः (genitive singular)
ऋचोः (dual genitive)
ऋचाम् (genitive plural)
ऋचि (locative singular)
ऋचोः (dual locative)
ऋक्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ŕ̥kʷs, from *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”). Cognate with Old Armenian երգ (erg, “song”), Tocharian A yärk, Tocharian B yarke (“worship, veneration”).

सामन् सामन्#Sanskrit

यजुस् यजुस्#Sanskrit

praise, verse, especially a sacred verse recited in praise of a deity (as opposed to the सामन् (sāman) or verses which were sung and to the यजुस् (yajus) or sacrificial words, formularies, and verses which were muttered)

ऋगयन

going through the Veda, study of the complete Veda

ऋग्ब्राह्मण

the Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the ̣Rgveda, the Aitareya-Brāhmaṇa

the collection of the ṛc verses, i.e. the Rigveda


पद्

pád (romanization)
पात् (nominative singular)
पादौ (dual nominative)
पादा (dual nominative)
पादः (nominative plural)
पात् (singular vocative)
पादौ (dual vocative)
पादा (dual vocative)
पादः (plural vocative)
पादम् (accusative singular)
पादौ (accusative dual)
पादा (accusative dual)
पदः (accusative plural)
पदा (instrumental singular)
पद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
पद्भिः (instrumental plural)
पड्भिः (instrumental plural)
पदे (dative singular)
पद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
पड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
पद्भ्यः (dative plural)
पड्भ्यः (dative plural)
पदः (ablative singular)
पद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
पड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
पद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
पड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
पदः (genitive singular)
पदोः (dual genitive)
पदाम् (genitive plural)
पदि (locative singular)
पदोः (dual locative)
पत्सु (locative plural)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: পা (pa)

Early Assamese: পাৱ (pawo)

Assamese: পা (pa), পাও (paü)

Sylheti: ꠙꠣꠅ (fao)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: پۆد (pod, “foot, position”)

Hindi: पांव (pāmv)

Marathi: पाय (pāy)

Pali: pada, pāda

Urdu: پاؤں (pā̃v)

→ Tamil: பாதம் (pātam)

→ Telugu: పదము (padamu)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ts (“foot”), from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬛 (pad), Hittite 𒉺𒋫 (pa-ta), Ancient Greek πούς (poús), Latin pēs, Persian پا (pâ), Old Armenian ոտն (otn), German Fuß, Old English fōt (whence English foot).


कु

ku (romanization)
कुः (nominative singular)
कू (dual nominative)
कवः (nominative plural)
को (singular vocative)
कू (dual vocative)
कवः (plural vocative)
कुम् (accusative singular)
कू (accusative dual)
कूः (accusative plural)
क्वा (instrumental singular)
कुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
कुभिः (instrumental plural)
क्वै (dative singular)
कवे (dative singular)
कुभ्याम् (dative dual)
कुभ्यः (dative plural)
कुवाः (ablative singular)
कोः (ablative singular)
कुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
कुभ्यः (ablative plural)
कुवाः (genitive singular)
कोः (genitive singular)
क्वोः (dual genitive)
कूनाम् (genitive plural)
क्वाम् (locative singular)
कौ (locative singular)
क्वोः (dual locative)
कुषु (locative plural)

sa-decl-noun

Feminine u-stem declension of कु


हि

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰey- (“to throw, drive, wound”).

inh

to send forth, impel, urge on, hasten on


ईश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HiHś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HiHć-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ-. Compare Avestan 𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬁- (aēšā-, “ability, possessions”), Tocharian B aik- (“to know”) and Proto-Germanic *aiganą (English own), also owe and ought.


द्रु

head

द्रु • (dru)

sa-root

द्रु • (dru)

From Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“to run”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎 (drauu, “to run”), and, outside of Indo-Iranian, possibly Latin Dravus (“the Drava river in southern Central Europe”).


विद्युत्

head

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

sa-root

विद्युत् • (vidyut)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wi
Sanskrit वि- (vi-)
Proto-Indo-European *dyew-der.
Sanskrit द्युत् (dyut)
Sanskrit विद्युत् (vidyut)
वि- (vi-, “away, about, in different directions”) + द्युत् (dyut, “to shine, to flash forth”), an extension of the Proto-Indo-European root *dyew- (“to shine”).

etymon

द्युत्>shine

affix

to flash forth, lighten, shine forth (as the rising sun)


विद्युत्

vidyút (romanization)
विद्युत् (nominative singular)
विद्युतौ (dual nominative)
विद्युता1 (dual nominative)
विद्युतः (nominative plural)
विद्युत् (singular vocative)
विद्युतौ (dual vocative)
विद्युता1 (dual vocative)
विद्युतः (plural vocative)
विद्युतम् (accusative singular)
विद्युतौ (accusative dual)
विद्युता1 (accusative dual)
विद्युतः (accusative plural)
विद्युता (instrumental singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विद्युद्भिः (instrumental plural)
विद्युते (dative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (dative plural)
विद्युतः (ablative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
विद्युतः (genitive singular)
विद्युतोः (dual genitive)
विद्युताम् (genitive plural)
विद्युति (locative singular)
विद्युतोः (dual locative)
विद्युत्सु (locative plural)
विद्युत् (nominative singular)
विद्युतौ (dual nominative)
विद्युता1 (dual nominative)
विद्युतः (nominative plural)
विद्युत् (singular vocative)
विद्युतौ (dual vocative)
विद्युता1 (dual vocative)
विद्युतः (plural vocative)
विद्युतम् (accusative singular)
विद्युतौ (accusative dual)
विद्युता1 (accusative dual)
विद्युतः (accusative plural)
विद्युता (instrumental singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विद्युद्भिः (instrumental plural)
विद्युते (dative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (dative plural)
विद्युतः (ablative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
विद्युतः (genitive singular)
विद्युतोः (dual genitive)
विद्युताम् (genitive plural)
विद्युति (locative singular)
विद्युतोः (dual locative)
विद्युत्सु (locative plural)
विद्युत् (nominative singular)
विद्युती (dual nominative)
विद्युन्ति (nominative plural)
विद्युत् (singular vocative)
विद्युती (dual vocative)
विद्युन्ति (plural vocative)
विद्युत् (accusative singular)
विद्युती (accusative dual)
विद्युन्ति (accusative plural)
विद्युता (instrumental singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विद्युद्भिः (instrumental plural)
विद्युते (dative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (dative plural)
विद्युतः (ablative singular)
विद्युद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
विद्युद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
विद्युतः (genitive singular)
विद्युतोः (dual genitive)
विद्युताम् (genitive plural)
विद्युति (locative singular)
विद्युतोः (dual locative)
विद्युत्सु (locative plural)

etymon

द्युत्>shine

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


विद्युत्

desctree

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼 (vijju)
Gujarati: વીજ (vīj)
Konkani: वीज (vīj̈)
Old Marathi: 𑘪𑘲𑘕𑘳 (vīju)
Marathi: वीज (vīj̈)

Pali: vijju

→ Khmer: វិជ្ជុ (vɨccuʼ)

→ Thai: วิชชุ (wít-chú)

Gujarati: વીજ (vīj)

→ Assamese: বিদ্যুৎ (biiddut)

→ Bengali: বিদ্যুৎ (biddut)

→ Hindi: विद्युत् (vidyut)

→ Kannada: ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ತು (vidyuttu)

→ Khmer: វិទ្យុ (vityuʼ)

→ Lao: ວິທະຍຸ (wi tha nyu)

→ Marathi: विद्युत (vidyut)

→ Odia: ବିଦ୍ୟୁତ (bidyuta)

→ Thai: วิทยุ (wít-tá-yú)

etymon

द्युत्>shine

प्र वाता॒ वान्ति॑ प॒तय॑न्ति वि॒द्युत॒ उदोष॑धी॒र्जिह॑ते॒ पिन्व॑ते॒ स्व॑:।
इरा॒ विश्व॑स्मै॒ भुव॑नाय जायते॒ यत्प॒र्जन्य॑: पृथि॒वीं रेत॒साव॑ति॥
prá vā́tā vā́nti patáyanti vidyúta údóṣadhīrjíhate pínvate svà:.

Forth burst the winds, down come the lightning-flashes: the plants shoot up, the realm of light is streaming.
Food springs abundant for all living creatures, when Parjanya quickens earth with moisture.

írā víśvasmai bhúvanāya jāyate yátparjánya: pṛthivī́ṃ rétasā́vati.

vijjullatā

विद्युल्लता (vidyullatā), विद्युल्लतिका (vidyullatikā, “forked lightning”) (compounded with लता (latā), लतिका (latikā, “creeper, vine”))

बिजुली

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀚𑁆𑀚𑀼𑀮𑀺𑀆 (vijjuliā); Nepali


संज्ञा

head

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

sa-root

संज्ञा • (saṃjñā)

/sɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

/s̪ɐɲd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

From सम्- (sam-, “with”) + ज्ञा (jñā, “to know”).

pre

to cause to be of the same opinion or agree together

to cause to acquiesce or agree in (euphemistically said of a sacrificial victim, which ought not to be led forcibly to its death but made to resign itself)

to make to be understood or known, cause to understand


कृप्

kṛ́p (romanization)
कृपा (instrumental singular)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kŕ̥ps, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kŕ̥ps, from Proto-Indo-European *kérp-s ~ *kr̥p-é-s, from *krep- (“body”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬐𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬞𐬇𐬨 (kəhrpə̄m), Middle Persian klp (kirb, “body, form”), Latin corpus, Old Armenian որովայն (orovayn) and Old English hrif (whence English riff).

पावकया यश्चितयन्त्या कृपा क्षामन्रुरुच उषसो न भानुना ।

Who with his purifying, eye-attracting form hath shone upon the earth as with the light of Dawn

pāvakayā yaścitayantyā kṛpā kṣāmanruruca uṣaso na bhānunā.


विराज्

virā́j (romanization)
विराज्ञी (nominative singular)
विराज्ञ्यौ (dual nominative)
विराज्ञी1 (dual nominative)
विराज्ञ्यः (nominative plural)
विराज्ञीः1 (nominative plural)
विराज्ञि (singular vocative)
विराज्ञ्यौ (dual vocative)
विराज्ञी1 (dual vocative)
विराज्ञ्यः (plural vocative)
विराज्ञीः1 (plural vocative)
विराज्ञीम् (accusative singular)
विराज्ञ्यौ (accusative dual)
विराज्ञी1 (accusative dual)
विराज्ञीः (accusative plural)
विराज्ञ्या (instrumental singular)
विराज्ञीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विराज्ञीभिः (instrumental plural)
विराज्ञ्यै (dative singular)
विराज्ञीभ्याम् (dative dual)
विराज्ञीभ्यः (dative plural)
विराज्ञ्याः (ablative singular)
विराज्ञ्यै2 (ablative singular)
विराज्ञीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
विराज्ञीभ्यः (ablative plural)
विराज्ञ्याः (genitive singular)
विराज्ञ्यै2 (genitive singular)
विराज्ञ्योः (dual genitive)
विराज्ञीनाम् (genitive plural)
विराज्ञ्याम् (locative singular)
विराज्ञ्योः (dual locative)
विराज्ञीषु (locative plural)

Compound of वि (ví, “apart, asunder”) + राज् (rā́j, “to rule”).

com+

/ʋi.ɾɑ́ːd͡ʑ/


क्रुञ्च्

head

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)

sa-root

क्रुञ्च् • (kruñc)


उपनिषद्

upaniṣád (romanization)
उपनिषत् (nominative singular)
उपनिषदौ (dual nominative)
उपनिषदा1 (dual nominative)
उपनिषदः (nominative plural)
उपनिषत् (singular vocative)
उपनिषदौ (dual vocative)
उपनिषदा1 (dual vocative)
उपनिषदः (plural vocative)
उपनिषदम् (accusative singular)
उपनिषदौ (accusative dual)
उपनिषदा1 (accusative dual)
उपनिषदः (accusative plural)
उपनिषदा (instrumental singular)
उपनिषद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
उपनिषद्भिः (instrumental plural)
उपनिषदे (dative singular)
उपनिषद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
उपनिषद्भ्यः (dative plural)
उपनिषदः (ablative singular)
उपनिषद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
उपनिषद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
उपनिषदः (genitive singular)
उपनिषदोः (dual genitive)
उपनिषदाम् (genitive plural)
उपनिषदि (locative singular)
उपनिषदोः (dual locative)
उपनिषत्सु (locative plural)

Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀡𑀺𑀲𑀆 (uvaṇisaā)

→ Hindustani:

Hindi: उपनिषद (upniṣad)

desc

Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)

Urdu: اُپْنِیشَد (upnīśad)

→ Nepali: उपनिषद् (upaniṣad)

→ Old Marathi: (semi-learned)

Devanagari script: उपनिखेद (upanikheda)

Modi script: 𑘄𑘢𑘡𑘱𑘏𑘹𑘟 (upanikheda)

q

→ Persian: اپنکهت (opnekhat) (likely through Early New Indo-Aryan with ṣa to kha)

→ Telugu: ఉపనిషత్తు (upaniṣattu)

From उप- (upa-, “near, towards”) + नि (ní, “down”) + सद् (sad, “to sit”).

af

मुखानि पञ्च्ओपनिषदस्तवेश यैस्त्रिंशदष्टोत्तरमन्त्रवर्गः।
यत्तच्छिवाख्यं परमात्मतत्त्वं देव स्वयंज्योतिरवस्थितिस्ते॥
mukhāni pañcopaniṣadastaveśa yaistriṃśadaṣṭottaramantravargaḥ.
yattacchivākhyaṃ paramātmatattvaṃ deva svayaṃjyotiravasthitiste.

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 8.7.29

O lord, the five important Vedic mantras are represented by your five faces, from which the thirty-eight most celebrated Vedic mantras have been generated. Your Lordship, being celebrated as Lord Śiva, is self-illuminated. You are directly situated as the supreme truth, known as Paramātman.


सद्

From Proto-Indo-European *sed-. Cognates include Latin sedeō, Old Church Slavonic сѣдѣти (sěděti), Old English sittan (whence English sit).

सिसादयिषु

sisādayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


प्रज्ञा

prajñā́ (romanization)
प्रज्ञा (nominative singular)
प्रज्ञे (dual nominative)
प्रज्ञाः (nominative plural)
प्रज्ञे (singular vocative)
प्रज्ञे (dual vocative)
प्रज्ञाः (plural vocative)
प्रज्ञाम् (accusative singular)
प्रज्ञे (accusative dual)
प्रज्ञाः (accusative plural)
प्रज्ञया (instrumental singular)
प्रज्ञा1 (instrumental singular)
प्रज्ञाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्रज्ञाभिः (instrumental plural)
प्रज्ञायै (dative singular)
प्रज्ञाभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्रज्ञाभ्यः (dative plural)
प्रज्ञायाः (ablative singular)
प्रज्ञायै2 (ablative singular)
प्रज्ञाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्रज्ञाभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्रज्ञायाः (genitive singular)
प्रज्ञायै2 (genitive singular)
प्रज्ञयोः (dual genitive)
प्रज्ञानाम् (genitive plural)
प्रज्ञायाम् (locative singular)
प्रज्ञयोः (dual locative)
प्रज्ञासु (locative plural)

→ Assamese: প্রজ্ঞা

→ Bengali: প্রজ্ঞা (projna)

→ English: Progya, Pragya

→ Sylheti: ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎ꠆ꠘꠣ (frozna)

→ Hindi: प्रज्ञा (prajñā)

→ English: Pragya

→ Kannada: ಪ್ರಜ್ಞಾ (prajñā)

→ Malayalam: പ്രജ്ഞ (prajña)

→ Marathi: प्रज्ञा (pradnyā)

→ Nepali: प्रज्ञा (pragyā)

desctree

Pali: paññā
→ Burmese: ပညာ (pa.nya)
→ Khün: ᨷᨬ᩠ᨬᩣ
→ Lao: ປັນຍາ (pan nyā)
→ Lü: ᦔᧃᦍᦱ (ṗanyaa)
→ Middle Chinese: 般若 (MC paen nyaeX)
Mandarin: 般若 (bōrě)
Cantonese: 般若 (bo1 je5, but3 je5)
Hakka: 般若 (pat-ngiâ)
Min Nan: 般若 (poa̍t-jiá, poa̍t-ché, pat-jé)
→ Japanese: 般若(はんにゃ) (hannya)
→ Korean: 반야(般若) (banya)
→ Vietnamese: bát nhã (般若)
→ Mon: ပညာ (pɔnɲa)
→ Northern Thai: ᨷᨬ᩠ᨬᩣ
→ Old Khmer:
Khmer: បញ្ញា (paññaa)
→ Shan: ပိင်ႇၺႃႇ (pìng nyàa)
→ Thai: ปัญญา (bpan-yaa)

→ Sinhalese: ප්රඥ්ඥාව (pragngnāwa)

→ Tamil: பிரக்யா (pirakyā)

→ English: Pirakya

→ Malayalam: പിരക്യാ (pirakyā)

→ Telugu: ప్రజ్ఞా (prajñā)

desc

→ Urdu: پرگیہ

→ Urdu: پرگیہ

/pɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑ́ː/

/pɾɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *per-
Proto-Indo-European *pró
Proto-Indo-European *pro-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-
Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Sanskrit ज्ञा (jñā)
Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajñā)
From प्र- (pra-, “towards, pro-”) + ज्ञा (√jñā, “to know”).


स्वर्

svàr (romanization)
स्वः (nominative singular)
स्वः (singular vocative)
स्वः (accusative singular)
स्वरा (instrumental singular)
सूरे (dative singular)
स्वः (ablative singular)
सूरः (genitive singular)
स्वः (locative singular)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *súHar (“sun”), from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥ (“sun”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭 (huuar), Ancient Greek ἥλιος (hḗlios), Latin sōl, Persian خور (xvar), English sun. Doublet of हेलि (heli).

c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

व्याहृति व्याहृति#Sanskrit

space between the sun and the polar star, as the third of the व्याहृति (vyāhṛti, “names of the upper worlds used as mystical utterance”)

स्वर्वैद्य

physician of heaven; either of the two Aśvins


स्वर्

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata


कृत्

a suffix which makes nouns from roots (VPrāt., Pāṇ.)


कृ

Likely from Proto-Indo-European *kreH- (“to shout”); cognate with Proto-Germanic *hrōmiz (“fame”), whence German Ruhm (“fame, glory”).

to commemorate, honor, treat with respect, make mention of, praise, speak highly of


वह्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́ʰ-
Sanskrit वह् (vah)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *waźʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *waȷ́ʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ-.


दृश्

head

दृश् • (dṛś)

sa-root

दृश् • (dṛś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-
Sanskrit दृश् (dṛś)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *darś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *darć-, from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).

etymon

दिदर्शयिषति

didarśayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


विश्

head

विश् • (viś)

sa-root

विश् • (viś)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-
Sanskrit विश् (viś)
From Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“to settle”), related to Etymology 1.

inh

(astronomy) to come into conjunction with


भी

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to fear”). Cognate with Old English bifian (whence English bive), Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬫𐬈𐬥𐬙𐬈 (bayente, “they are afraid”), Persian بیم (bim, “fear”).

cog

मृत्योर्बिभेषि किं बाल न स भीतं विमुञ्चति; रावणाद्बिभ्यतीं भृशम् Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

Boy, why are you afraid of death ? Death does not release this anger; he was scared of Ravana.

mṛtyorbibheṣi kiṃ bāla na sa bhītaṃ vimuñcati; rāvaṇādbibhyatīṃ bhṛśam Bk.8.7; Śi.3.45.

(parasmaipada) to fear, dread, be afraid of

(ātmanepada) to be anxious or solicitous about


चुर्

head

चुर् • (cur)

sa-root

चुर् • (cur)


तन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ten- (“to stretch”). Compare Ancient Greek τείνω (teínō), Latin tendō, German dehnen.

inh

continuation, uninterrupted succession Lit. RV.


लुण्ट्

head

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

sa-root

लुण्ट् • (luṇṭ)

Sanskrit: *लुट्ट् (luṭṭ)

→ Baluchi: لُٹّ (luṭ), لُٹّگ (luṭag)

desc

Bengali: লুট (luṭ), লুটা (luṭa), লুটেরা (luṭera), লুন্ঠন (lunṭhon)

Hindustani:

desctree

Hindi: लूट (lūṭ)
→ English: loot
→ Portuguese: loot
→ Telugu: లూటీ (lūṭī)
→ Pashto: لوټ

Urdu: لوٹ (lūṭ)

Marathi: लूट (lūṭ)

Punjabi:

Gurmukhi script: ਲੁੱਟ (luṭṭa)

Shahmukhi script: لٹ (lṭ)

Given the large number of alternative forms, probably a substrate word.

*लुट्टति

लुण्टति (luṇṭati)


प्रतिज्ञा

head

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

sa-root

प्रतिज्ञा • (pratijñā)

From प्रति- (prati-) + ज्ञा (jñā, root).

/pɾɐ.t̪id͡ʑ.ɲɑː/

to admit, own, acknowledge, acquiesce in, consent to, approve

to perceive, notice, learn, become aware of


स्था

head

स्था • (sthā)

sa-root

स्था • (sthā)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *staH-, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-.
Cognates include Polish stać (literally, “to stand”), Russian стать (statʹ), Bulgarian ста́на (stána) (literally, “to stand”, compare with the Polish word), Latin stō, Ancient Greek ἵστημι (hístēmi), Old English standan (English stand).

to cause to stand still, stop, arrest, check, hold, keep in, restrain


अस्

From the Proto-Indo-Iranian root *Has- (“to throw, shoot, hurl”), with further origin uncertain. See अस्यति (asyati) for cognates.


गम्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *gam-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gam-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬨 (gam), Latin veniō, Ancient Greek βαίνω (baínō), Old English cuman (whence English come).


ज्ञा

head

ज्ञा • (jñā)

sa-root

ज्ञा • (jñā)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃-
Sanskrit ज्ञा (jñā)
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ȷ́naH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰnaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”). Cognate with Latin gnōscō, Ancient Greek γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō), Old English cnawan (English know), and Russian знать (znatʹ).

etymon

अज्ञ

ignorant; inexperienced; unconscious; stupid


विद्

vid (romanization)
वित् (nominative singular)
विदौ (dual nominative)
विदा1 (dual nominative)
विदः (nominative plural)
वित् (singular vocative)
विदौ (dual vocative)
विदा1 (dual vocative)
विदः (plural vocative)
विदम् (accusative singular)
विदौ (accusative dual)
विदा1 (accusative dual)
विदः (accusative plural)
विदा (instrumental singular)
विद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विद्भिः (instrumental plural)
विदे (dative singular)
विद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
विद्भ्यः (dative plural)
विदः (ablative singular)
विद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
विद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
विदः (genitive singular)
विदोः (dual genitive)
विदाम् (genitive plural)
विदि (locative singular)
विदोः (dual locative)
वित्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayd-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”); figuratively "to know". Cognate with Latin videō (“to see”), Ancient Greek οἶδα (oîda, “to know”), Belarusian ве́даць (vjédacʹ, “to know”), Russian ве́дать (védatʹ, “to know”), Old Church Slavonic вѣдѣти (věděti, “to know, see”). Compare also English wit, Bulgarian ви́дя (vídja, “I see”), Russian ви́деть (vídetʹ, “to see”).


स्कृ

head

स्कृ • (√skṛ)


नम्

From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to bend”).


बुध्

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰúdʰs, from *bʰewdʰ- (“to wake”).

बुबोधयिषु

bubodhayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

बिबोधयिषु

bibodhayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

to cause to observe or attend, admonish, advise


वा

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HwaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to be extinguished”). Cognate with Latin vānus. Often considered one root with 'Etymology 2'.


तॄ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-
Sanskrit तॄ (tṝ)
From Proto-Indo-European *terh₂-. Cognates include Ancient Greek τέρθρον (térthron), Latin terminus, Old English þurh (“through”). More at through.


सिव्

head

सिव् • (siv)

sa-root

सिव् • (siv)

From Proto-Indo-European *syuh₁- (“to sew”). Cognate with Latin suō, Old English siwian (English sew).

to sew, sew on, darn, stitch, stitch together


हा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁-. This root is not always easily distinguishable from the one below, and some derived terms of that root are perhaps originally derived from this one.

inh+

शर्धम् शर्धम्

to cause to emit (with शर्धम्, ‘to cause to break wind’)


भुज्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy, consume”). Cognate with Latin fungor, whence English function and fungible.


वृ

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”). Cognate with Latin volo (“to wish, want”), English will.


ज्या

jyā́ (romanization)
ज्या (nominative singular)
ज्ये (dual nominative)
ज्याः (nominative plural)
ज्ये (singular vocative)
ज्ये (dual vocative)
ज्याः (plural vocative)
ज्याम् (accusative singular)
ज्ये (accusative dual)
ज्याः (accusative plural)
ज्यया (instrumental singular)
ज्या1 (instrumental singular)
ज्याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ज्याभिः (instrumental plural)
ज्यायै (dative singular)
ज्याभ्याम् (dative dual)
ज्याभ्यः (dative plural)
ज्यायाः (ablative singular)
ज्यायै2 (ablative singular)
ज्याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
ज्याभ्यः (ablative plural)
ज्यायाः (genitive singular)
ज्यायै2 (genitive singular)
ज्ययोः (dual genitive)
ज्यानाम् (genitive plural)
ज्यायाम् (locative singular)
ज्ययोः (dual locative)
ज्यासु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Kalasha: ǰi

Pali: jiyā

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰyáH, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷyéH (“bow-string, string”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬘𐬌𐬌𐬁 (jiiā), Persian زه (zeh), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”), Middle Welsh gieu (“tendon”).

cog

व॒क्ष्यन्ती॒वेदा ग॑नीगन्ति॒ कर्णं॑ प्रि॒यं सखा॑यं परिषस्वजा॒ना।
योषे॑व शिङ्क्ते॒ वित॒ताधि॒ धन्व॒ञ्ज्या इ॒यं सम॑ने पा॒रय॑न्ती॥
vakṣyántīvédā́ ganīganti kárṇaṃ priyáṃ sákhāyaṃ pariṣasvajānā́.

Close to his chariot, as fain to speak, She presses, holding her well-loved Friend in her embraces.
Strained on the Bow, She whispers like a woman-this Bowstring that preserves us in the combat.

yóṣeva śiṅkte vítatā́dhi dhánvañjyā́ iyáṃ sámane pāráyantī.

प्रमुञ्च॒ धन्व॑न॒स्त्वमु॒भयो॒रार्त्नि॑यो॒र्ज्याम्।
याश्च॑ ते॒ हस्त॒ इष॑वः॒ परा॒ ता भ॑गवो वप॥
prámúñca dhánvanastvámubháyorā́rtniyorjyā́m.

c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) IV.5.1.11

Unfasten the bowstring from the two notches of thy bow,
And cast thou down the arrows in thy hand.

yā́śca te hásta íṣavaḥ párā tā́ bhagavo vapa.


निन्द्

head

निन्द् • (nind)

sa-root

निन्द् • (nind)

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃neyd-. Cognate with Gothic 𐌽𐌴𐌹𐌸 (neiþ, “hatred, spite”), Latvian naids (“hatred”), Ancient Greek ὄνειδος (óneidos, “reproach”).


धन्

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰenh₂- (“to set in motion, flow”). Cognate with Persian دنیدن (danidan, “to walk pompously”), Latin fōns (“fountain”), Tocharian A tsän- (“to flow”).


स्मृ

head

स्मृ • (smṛ)

sa-root

स्मृ • (smṛ)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *smar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *smar-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to remember”).


मन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *man-, from Proto-Indo-European *men-.

मिमामिषते

mimāmiṣate, Desiderative of Desiderative

मिमानयिषु

mimānayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative

मनीषा́

thought, intelligence, concept, prayer, wish

मनन

thoughtful, careful; thinking, reflection, reverence

मति

thought, idea, belief, mind, worship, memory

मन्तु

advisor, arbiter; counsel; understanding

मन्मन्

understanding, intellect, thought, prayer

मन्य

thinking oneself to be, passing for, appearing as

सुम्न

benevolence, grace; devotion, prayer; peace

to remember (especially of forms with mnā-)


कीर्त्

head

कीर्त् • (√kīrt)

to mention, make mention of, tell, name, call,


वीर्

वीर् • (vīr)

sa-root

वीर् • (vīr)

to be powerful or valiant, display heroism.


हृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰárH- (“vex; to be upset”), and cognate with Persian آزردن (âzordan, “to annoy, torment”).


नश्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *naś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nać-, from Proto-Indo-European *neḱ- (“to perish, disappear”). Cognate with Latin noceō (“to harm, hurt”), Ancient Greek νεκρός (nekrós), Old Irish éc.


अज्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “to lead”), Latin agō (“to do”), whence English agent, act and many more.


अञ्ज्

head

अञ्ज् • (añj)

sa-root

अञ्ज् • (añj)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ-. Cognates include Latin ung(u)ō (“I anoint”), Old Armenian օծ (ōc, “chrism”) and Old High German ancho (“butter”).
The meaning of the root in the Rigveda has also been suggested to be "to cause to appear, reveal, make bright", presumably with a different etymology.

ब॒भ्रुरेको॒ विषु॑णः सू॒नरो॒ युवा॒ञ्जिअ॒ङ्क्ते हिर॒ण्यय॑म्॥

One (Soma) is a youth brown, active, manifold he decks the golden ornament

babhrúréko víṣuṇaḥ sūnáro yúvāñjíaṅkté híraṇyáyam.

आज्य

butter or an oil and milk mixture used at a sacrifice


अद्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Had-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Had-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed-. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬛 (ad), Hittite 𒂊𒀉𒈪 (e-id-mi, “I eat”), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō), Latin edō, Old Armenian ուտեմ (utem, “to eat”), Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan), Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), Old Irish estir (“he may eat”), English eat.


अन्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe”). Cognates include Ancient Greek ἄνεμος (ánemos, “wind, breeze”), Latin animus (“life force”), Old Armenian հողմ (hołm, “wind”), Tocharian B āñme, Old English anda (“zeal, anger”), English anime, Old Irish anál (“breath”).


अर्च्

árc (romanization)
अर्क् (nominative singular)
अर्चौ (dual nominative)
अर्चा1 (dual nominative)
अर्चः (nominative plural)
अर्क् (singular vocative)
अर्चौ (dual vocative)
अर्चा1 (dual vocative)
अर्चः (plural vocative)
अर्चम् (accusative singular)
अर्चौ (accusative dual)
अर्चा1 (accusative dual)
अर्चः (accusative plural)
अर्चा (instrumental singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अर्ग्भिः (instrumental plural)
अर्चे (dative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (dative plural)
अर्चः (ablative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
अर्चः (genitive singular)
अर्चोः (dual genitive)
अर्चाम् (genitive plural)
अर्चि (locative singular)
अर्चोः (dual locative)
अर्क्षु (locative plural)
अर्क् (nominative singular)
अर्चौ (dual nominative)
अर्चा1 (dual nominative)
अर्चः (nominative plural)
अर्क् (singular vocative)
अर्चौ (dual vocative)
अर्चा1 (dual vocative)
अर्चः (plural vocative)
अर्चम् (accusative singular)
अर्चौ (accusative dual)
अर्चा1 (accusative dual)
अर्चः (accusative plural)
अर्चा (instrumental singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अर्ग्भिः (instrumental plural)
अर्चे (dative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (dative plural)
अर्चः (ablative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
अर्चः (genitive singular)
अर्चोः (dual genitive)
अर्चाम् (genitive plural)
अर्चि (locative singular)
अर्चोः (dual locative)
अर्क्षु (locative plural)
अर्क् (nominative singular)
अर्ची (dual nominative)
अर्चि (nominative plural)
अर्क् (singular vocative)
अर्ची (dual vocative)
अर्चि (plural vocative)
अर्क् (accusative singular)
अर्ची (accusative dual)
अर्चि (accusative plural)
अर्चा (instrumental singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
अर्ग्भिः (instrumental plural)
अर्चे (dative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (dative plural)
अर्चः (ablative singular)
अर्ग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
अर्ग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
अर्चः (genitive singular)
अर्चोः (dual genitive)
अर्चाम् (genitive plural)
अर्चि (locative singular)
अर्चोः (dual locative)
अर्क्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hark-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁erkʷ- (“to praise”). See ऋच् (ṛc) for more.


इध्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Haydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eydʰ- (“to burn, kindle”). Cognate with Ancient Greek αἴθω (aíthō, “I kindle, burn”), Latin aestus (“heat, fire”), Old Irish áed (“fire”), Old English ād (“pyre”), āl (“fire”).


रुद्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH-
Sanskrit रुद् (rud)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HrawdH-, from Proto-Indo-European *HrewdH- (“to weep”).


राज्

rā́j (romanization)
राट् (nominative singular)
राजौ (dual nominative)
राजा1 (dual nominative)
राजः (nominative plural)
राट् (singular vocative)
राजौ (dual vocative)
राजा1 (dual vocative)
राजः (plural vocative)
राजम् (accusative singular)
राजौ (accusative dual)
राजा1 (accusative dual)
राजः (accusative plural)
राजा (instrumental singular)
राड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
राड्भिः (instrumental plural)
राजे (dative singular)
राड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
राड्भ्यः (dative plural)
राजः (ablative singular)
राड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
राड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
राजः (genitive singular)
राजोः (dual genitive)
राजाम् (genitive plural)
राजि (locative singular)
राजोः (dual locative)
राट्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrā́ṭṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrā́ćš, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗḱs (“king”). Cognate with Latin rēx (“king”), Welsh rhi (“king”).

मध्ये॒ होता॑ दुरो॒णे ब॒र्हिषो॒ राळ् अग्निस् तो॒दस्य॒ रोद॑सी॒ यज॑ध्यै।
अ॒यं स सू॒नुः सह॑स ऋ॒तावा॑ दू॒रात् सूर्यो॒ न शो॒चिषा॑ ततान॥
mádhye hótā duroṇé barhíṣo rā́ḷ ágnís todásya ródasī yájadhyai.

May Agni, the king of trimmed grass, Herald within the Impeller's dwelling, offer worship to heaven and earth.
He, Son of Strength, the Holy, from a distance hath spread himself abroad with light like the sun.

ayáṃ sá sūnúḥ sáhasa ṛtā́vā dūrā́t sū́ryo ná śocíṣā tatāna.

(Rigvedic) a king, sovereign, chief, lord


राज्

head

राज् • (rāj)

sa-root

राज् • (rāj)


प्री

prī (romanization)
प्री (root)
प्रीः (nominative singular)
प्रियौ (dual nominative)
प्रियः (nominative plural)
प्रीः (singular vocative)
प्रियौ (dual vocative)
प्रियः (plural vocative)
प्रियम् (accusative singular)
प्रियौ (accusative dual)
प्रियः (accusative plural)
प्रिया (instrumental singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्रीभिः (instrumental plural)
प्रिये (dative singular)
प्रियै1 (dative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (dative plural)
प्रियः (ablative singular)
प्रियाः1 (ablative singular)
प्रियै2 (ablative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्रियः (genitive singular)
प्रियाः1 (genitive singular)
प्रियै2 (genitive singular)
प्रियोः (dual genitive)
प्रियाम् (genitive plural)
प्रीणाम्1 (genitive plural)
प्रियि (locative singular)
प्रियाम्1 (locative singular)
प्रियोः (dual locative)
प्रीषु (locative plural)
प्रीः (nominative singular)
प्रियौ (dual nominative)
प्रियः (nominative plural)
प्रीः (singular vocative)
प्रियौ (dual vocative)
प्रियः (plural vocative)
प्रियम् (accusative singular)
प्रियौ (accusative dual)
प्रियः (accusative plural)
प्रिया (instrumental singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्रीभिः (instrumental plural)
प्रिये (dative singular)
प्रियै1 (dative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (dative plural)
प्रियः (ablative singular)
प्रियाः1 (ablative singular)
प्रियै2 (ablative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्रियः (genitive singular)
प्रियाः1 (genitive singular)
प्रियै2 (genitive singular)
प्रियोः (dual genitive)
प्रियाम् (genitive plural)
प्रीणाम्1 (genitive plural)
प्रियि (locative singular)
प्रियाम्1 (locative singular)
प्रियोः (dual locative)
प्रीषु (locative plural)
प्रीः (nominative singular)
प्रियौ (dual nominative)
प्रियः (nominative plural)
प्रीः (singular vocative)
प्रियौ (dual vocative)
प्रियः (plural vocative)
प्रियम् (accusative singular)
प्रियौ (accusative dual)
प्रियः (accusative plural)
प्रिया (instrumental singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्रीभिः (instrumental plural)
प्रिये (dative singular)
प्रियै1 (dative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (dative plural)
प्रियः (ablative singular)
प्रियाः1 (ablative singular)
प्रियै2 (ablative singular)
प्रीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्रीभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्रियः (genitive singular)
प्रियाः1 (genitive singular)
प्रियै2 (genitive singular)
प्रियोः (dual genitive)
प्रियाम् (genitive plural)
प्रीणाम्1 (genitive plural)
प्रियि (locative singular)
प्रियाम्1 (locative singular)
प्रियोः (dual locative)
प्रीषु (locative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *preyH-.

inh+

घृत (ghṛta, “ghee”) + -प्री (-prī) → घृतप्री (ghṛtaprī, “enjoying ghee”)

(at the end of a compound) loving, delighting [in], pleasing [in], lover [of], enjoying


रक्ष्

head

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

sa-root

रक्ष् • (rakṣ)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek-
Sanskrit रक्ष् (rakṣ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrakṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrakš-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂lek- (“to protect”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀλέξω (aléxō, “I defend”), Old Armenian երաշխիք (erašxikʻ) (an Iranian loanword), Old English ealgian (“to protect, defend”).

cog

to guard against, ward off, keep away, prevent, frustrate, injure


रच्

A late-attested root, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rak- (“to prepare”), and related to Persian رخت (raxt, “tapestry, rugs, goods”), Khotanese [script needed] (raha-, “dress”). The Indo-Iranian root is traditionally derived further from Proto-Indo-European *rek- (“to prepare”), and connected to Gothic 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rahnjan, “to reckon, count”), Proto-Slavic *reťi (“to say”), and Lithuanian rė̃kti (“to cry out”). However, some of these potential cognates (particularly 𐍂𐌰𐌷𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽) are formally and semantically doubtful.

cog

to cause to move, put in motion (a horse) MBh.


नन्द्

head

नन्द् • (nand)

Of uncertain origin. Leumann derives the root from a phonetic dissimilation of मन्द् (mand, “to rejoice, gladden”) after a labial prefix, for example, अभिमन्द् (abhimand, “to gladden”) > अभिनन्द् (abhinand, “to please, rejoice at”).


रण्

to rejoice, be pleased, take pleasure in (loc., rarely acc.) RV.


मह्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂s.

inh+

to rejoice; delight in (with instrumental or accusative cases)


भृ

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰar-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-.


रस्

to praise Naigh. iii, 14 : Caus. रासयति (aor. अरीरसत्), Gr.: Desid. रिरसिषति ib. : Intens. रारस्यते (or रारस्ति, Gr.), to cry out loudly, scream aloud Bhaṭṭ.


क्री

head

क्री • (krī)

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷreyh₂-. Cognate with Welsh prynu, Old Irish crenaid, Ancient Greek ἐπριάμην (epriámēn), Proto-Slavic *krьnǫti, Tocharian B käry- (“to buy”), karyor (“buying”).


ग्रभ्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebʰ-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).


ग्रह्

head

ग्रह् • (grah)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *grabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrebh₂-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡 (gar^əβ, “to seize”), English grab (a borrowing from another Germanic language), and Proto-Slavic *gràbiti (“to grab, seize”).

ग्रहणीय

to be accepted as a rule or law, to be taken to heart


चर्

From Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁- (“to move; to turn (around)”). Cognates include Ancient Greek πέλω (pélō), Latin colō and Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬭𐬁𐬥𐬍 (carānī, “I move, approach”).

चराचर

movable and immovable, locomotive and stationary

चरित्र

acting, behaving, behaviour, habit, practice, acts

चर्या

going about, wandering, walking or roaming about

चार

movement, motion; one who moves about, spy

चारिन्

moving, walking or wandering about, living, being


रिच्

head

रिच् • (ric)

sa-root

रिच् • (ric)

From zero grade of Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ-.


रुच्

rúc (romanization)
रुक् (nominative singular)
रुचौ (dual nominative)
रुचा1 (dual nominative)
रुचः (nominative plural)
रुक् (singular vocative)
रुचौ (dual vocative)
रुचा1 (dual vocative)
रुचः (plural vocative)
रुचम् (accusative singular)
रुचौ (accusative dual)
रुचा1 (accusative dual)
रुचः (accusative plural)
रुचा (instrumental singular)
रुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
रुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
रुचे (dative singular)
रुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
रुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
रुचः (ablative singular)
रुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
रुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
रुचः (genitive singular)
रुचोः (dual genitive)
रुचाम् (genitive plural)
रुचि (locative singular)
रुचोः (dual locative)
रुक्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *rúkṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *rúkš, from Proto-Indo-European *léwks, from *lewk- (“light; to be bright”). Cognate with Latin lūx, Russian луч (luč, “light”), Persian روشن (rowšan), Old English lēoht (whence English light).

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda

c. 700 BCE, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa

c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata

550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa


रुच्

head

रुच् • (ruc)


रूप्

रूप् • (rūp)

sa-root

रूप् • (rūp)

Dardic:

Kashmiri: رٟپ (rụ̄p), روٗپ (rūp)

Abstracted from Sanskrit रूप n (rūpá-, “form”).


भ्रम्

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰram-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem- (“to make noise”). Compare Ancient Greek βρέμω (brémō), Latin fremō, Old English brim (whence English brim).


क्रुध्

head

क्रुध् • (krudh)


लक्ष्

लक्ष् • (lakṣ)

Perhaps an l-form of रक्ष् (rakṣ, “to protect”).

to be perceived or seen, appear, seem, look like


लग्

Of uncertain origin.
Burrow derives the root from an earlier form *स्लग्न (slagna), *स्रग्न (sragna), and connects it to *स्रक (sraka, “wreath, garland”), which is usually attested as स्रज (sraja). Mayrhofer tentatively favors these hypothetical proto-forms, though seems to have rejected their connection to स्रज (sraja) by the time of writing the EWAia. He does not, however, propose a particular Indo-European root that the Sanskrit would trace back to.
The root that most closely matches formally is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leg- (“to tire out, slacken”), with semantic shift "to be limp, slack" > "to 'lazily' cling onto" (perhaps in a similar way to how dripping slime tends to not separate easily) > "to adhere". If from this root, then cognate with Latin langueō, Ancient Greek λᾰ́γνος (lắgnos), and Proto-Germanic *slakaz (whence English slack). However, the semantic shift required for this is far from trivial.
Another phonetically similar root is Proto-Indo-European *(s)leh₂gʷ- (“to seize, latch onto”), whence Ancient Greek λάζομαι (lázomai, “to seize, grasp”) and Old English læċċan (whence English latch). This is semantically attractive, as well as temporospatially so given the root's attestation in both an eastern and western branch of Indo-European. However, Indo-European *-eh₂- should become आ (ā) in Sanskrit, while the root displays only a short vowel अ (a) in its various forms. That said, some relatives in modern Indo-Aryan, like Nepali लाग्नु (lāgnu, “to be attached”), show a long ā vowel, lending some feasibility to the derivation.
Older theories tentatively connected the root to रज् (raj), रञ्ज् (rañj, “to redden, dye”); under this derivation, रज् (raj) took on a more specific sense from "to attach" > "to attach color (i.e. to dye)". This is semantically tenuous and without textual evidence. Other theories connecting the word to लक्ष् (lakṣ, “to recognize; mark”) are similarly unconvincing.
It is also worth noting that the root bears a very strong semantic similarity to Proto-Indo-European *leyǵ- (“to bind”), whence English ligand. However, the phonetics are mismatched, particularly the palatal *ǵ in the Proto-Indo-European root, and would have to be sufficiently explained, in addition to the existence of *leyǵ- being under question.


लज्ज्

head

लज्ज् • (lajj)

Sanskritization of Prakrit 𑀮𑀚𑁆𑀚𑁆 (lajj), from an l-variant of Sanskrit रज्यते (rajyate, “is reddened”), from the root रज् (raj, “to redden”).


लम्ब्

head

लम्ब् • (lamb)

Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)lembʰ- (“to hang loosely, hang limply”); compare English limp and Latin limbus (“border; hem”). Not related to Lithuanian rambüs (“dull, lazy”). The "support" meanings may have been influenced by the separate root रम्भ् (rambh), a byform of रभ् (rabh).


बाध्

head

बाध् • (bādh)

sa-root

बाध् • (bādh)

Probably inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰaydʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeydʰ-. The forms with long ā can be explained as an irregular development of earlier *ay < *ey/*oy.


व्यस्

head

व्यस् • (vyas)

sa-root

व्यस् • (vyas)

to throw or cast asunder or about or away, throw (effort) into, divide, separate, dispose, arrange.


परीक्ष्

head

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

sa-root

परीक्ष् • (parīkṣ)

From परि- (pari-, “around”) + ईक्ष् (īkṣ, “to see”, root).

pre

to examine, look at or scrutinize carefully


खन्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH-der.
Sanskrit खन् (khan)
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kanH- (“to dig”), though the aspiration is unexplained: probably either spurious/onomatopoeic or due to contamination from the unrelated root of खा (khā́, “spring, source”).

etymon

to dig, dig up, delve, turn up the soil, excavate, root up


क्लिश्

head

क्लिश् • (kliś)

sa-root

क्लिश् • (kliś)

From Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)leyḱ- (“to press, squeeze; suffer”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *klěšča (“claw, pincer”).


या

yā (romanization)
याः (nominative singular)
यौ (dual nominative)
या1 (dual nominative)
याः (nominative plural)
याः (singular vocative)
यौ (dual vocative)
या1 (dual vocative)
याः (plural vocative)
याम् (accusative singular)
यौ (accusative dual)
या1 (accusative dual)
याः (accusative plural)
यः2 (accusative plural)
या (instrumental singular)
याभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
याभिः (instrumental plural)
ये (dative singular)
याभ्याम् (dative dual)
याभ्यः (dative plural)
यः (ablative singular)
याभ्याम् (ablative dual)
याभ्यः (ablative plural)
यः (genitive singular)
योः (dual genitive)
यानाम् (genitive plural)
याम्2 (genitive plural)
यि (locative singular)
योः (dual locative)
यासु (locative plural)

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *yaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₂- (“to go”).


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

Sanskritization of a vernacular form of ग्रथ् (grath), ग्रन्थ् (granth, “to arrange, string together”), via a series of sound changes ग्रथ् (grath) > *गठ् (gaṭh) > घट् (ghaṭ), with a metathesis of the consonant being aspirated.

to be intently occupied, strive, effect, impel

to happen, take place, be possible, suit


घट्

head

घट् • (ghaṭ)

sa-root

घट् • (ghaṭ)

घट्ट् घट्ट्#Sanskrit


दीप्

head

दीप् • (dīp)

From Proto-Indo-European *deyh₂p-, an extension of *deyh₂- (“to shine, be bright”). Related to दय् (day, “to shine”); outside of Indic, compare Persian دیبا (dêbâ, “brocade”), Old Armenian դէպ (dēp, “accident, case, suitable”) (an Iranian borrowing), Ancient Greek δῆλος (dêlos, “visible”), Lithuanian dìdelis (“big, large”).

cog

to blaze, flare, shine, be luminous or illustrious


हस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ).
Further etymology
There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-. This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.
* Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
* Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
*: PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-
*: → PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)
*: → PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)
*: → OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)
*: → Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
* Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
*: PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-
*: → pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-
*: → PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-
*: → PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-
*: → Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
* Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root, given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial. Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
* Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya) but this interpretation is uncertain. Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.

DP 01.0822

Grassmann's law
Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


विधा

head

विधा • (vidhā)

sa-root

विधा • (vidhā)

Compound of वि- (vi-, “apart”) + धा (dhā, “to place”).

com+

to perform, effect, produce, cause, occasion, make, do


विधा

vidhā (romanization)
विधा (nominative singular)
विधे (dual nominative)
विधाः (nominative plural)
विधे (singular vocative)
विधे (dual vocative)
विधाः (plural vocative)
विधाम् (accusative singular)
विधे (accusative dual)
विधाः (accusative plural)
विधया (instrumental singular)
विधा1 (instrumental singular)
विधाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
विधाभिः (instrumental plural)
विधायै (dative singular)
विधाभ्याम् (dative dual)
विधाभ्यः (dative plural)
विधायाः (ablative singular)
विधायै2 (ablative singular)
विधाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
विधाभ्यः (ablative plural)
विधायाः (genitive singular)
विधायै2 (genitive singular)
विधयोः (dual genitive)
विधानाम् (genitive plural)
विधायाम् (locative singular)
विधयोः (dual locative)
विधासु (locative plural)


मूल

mū́la (romanization)
मूलम् (nominative singular)
मूले (dual nominative)
मूलानि (nominative plural)
मूला1 (nominative plural)
मूल (singular vocative)
मूले (dual vocative)
मूलानि (plural vocative)
मूला1 (plural vocative)
मूलम् (accusative singular)
मूले (accusative dual)
मूलानि (accusative plural)
मूला1 (accusative plural)
मूलेन (instrumental singular)
मूलाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मूलैः (instrumental plural)
मूलेभिः1 (instrumental plural)
मूलाय (dative singular)
मूलाभ्याम् (dative dual)
मूलेभ्यः (dative plural)
मूलात् (ablative singular)
मूलाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
मूलेभ्यः (ablative plural)
मूलस्य (genitive singular)
मूलयोः (dual genitive)
मूलानाम् (genitive plural)
मूले (locative singular)
मूलयोः (dual locative)
मूलेषु (locative plural)

→ Indonesian: mula

→ Malay: mula

→ Tagalog: mula

Tamil: மூலம் (mūlam)

→ Telugu: మూలము (mūlamu)

Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:

Bengali: মূল (mul)

Pali: mūla

Khmer: មូល (muul)

Lao: ມູນ (mūn)

Burmese: မူလ (mula.)

Shan: မူႇလႃႉ (mùu lâ̰a)

Thai: มูล (muun)

Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀫𑀽𑀮 (mūla)

Old Marathi: मुळी f (muḷī)

Marathi: मुळा m (muḷā)

Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀫𑀽𑀮 (mūla)

Gujarati: મૂળ (mūḷ)

Hindi: मूल m (mūl)

Hindi: मूली f (mūlī)

English: mooli

Punjabi: ਮੂਲ (mūl)

Punjabi: ਮੂਲੀ (mūlī)

Possibly from a Proto-Dravidian word corresponding with modern Tamil முளா (muḷā) or முள்ளங்கி (muḷḷaṅki), although the direction of borrowing is unclear. Sometimes, also compared to Ancient Greek μῶλυ (môlu).


खाद्

head

खाद् • (khād)

sa-root

खाद् • (khād)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kʰād-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷh₂ed-.
Cognate with Avestan 𐬬𐬍-𐬑𐬀𐬛𐬀- (vī-xada-, “to squeeze apart”), Parthian 𐫟𐫀𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (xʾzynd, “to devour”), modern Persian خاییدن (xâyidan), Old Armenian խածանեմ (xacanem), and Proto-Slavic *kǫsàti (“to bite”).

cog

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben


मा

Onomatopoeic; compare मय (maya, “horse”) and मयु (mayu, “antelope, deer”), which are probably connected to the root, as well as similar formations throughout Indo-European such as Ancient Greek μῐνῠρῐ́ζω (mĭnŭrĭ́zō, “to whimper, warble”).


आधा

head

आधा • (ādhā)

sa-root

आधा • (ādhā)

वज्र॒मेको॑ बिभर्ति॒ हस्त॒ आहि॑तं॒ तेन॑ वृ॒त्राणि॑ जिघ्नते॥

A mace this one bears in his hand, set there; with it he keeps smashing obstacles (A riddle, answer: Indra).

vájraméko bibharti hásta ā́hitaṃ téna vṛtrā́ṇi jighnate.

to impregnate, instil, impress (good sentiments)


दै

Probably from a semantic extension of the root दा (dā, “to divide”) via a prefix such as वि- (vi-) or अव- (ava-).


गॄ

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *garH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *garH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷerH-.


चि

Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to collect, gather, pile, build”). Compare Proto-Slavic *činìti (“to instigate, do”), Ancient Greek ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”).


जि

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷey- (“to win, conquer”).


शूल्

head

शूल् • (śūl)


घृष्

घृष् • (ghṛṣ)

sa-root

घृष् • (ghṛṣ)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gʰarṣ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰarš-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰers- (“to rub, scrape, scratch”). Compare perhaps Ancient Greek χαράσσω (kharássō, “to sharpen”), Proto-Slavic *gorxъ (“pea”), Tocharian B kärweñe (“stone”).


प्रभा

prabhā́ (romanization)
प्रभा (nominative singular)
प्रभे (dual nominative)
प्रभाः (nominative plural)
प्रभे (singular vocative)
प्रभे (dual vocative)
प्रभाः (plural vocative)
प्रभाम् (accusative singular)
प्रभे (accusative dual)
प्रभाः (accusative plural)
प्रभया (instrumental singular)
प्रभा1 (instrumental singular)
प्रभाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
प्रभाभिः (instrumental plural)
प्रभायै (dative singular)
प्रभाभ्याम् (dative dual)
प्रभाभ्यः (dative plural)
प्रभायाः (ablative singular)
प्रभायै2 (ablative singular)
प्रभाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
प्रभाभ्यः (ablative plural)
प्रभायाः (genitive singular)
प्रभायै2 (genitive singular)
प्रभयोः (dual genitive)
प्रभाणाम् (genitive plural)
प्रभायाम् (locative singular)
प्रभयोः (dual locative)
प्रभासु (locative plural)

Pali: pabhā

Prakrit: 𑀧𑀪𑀸 (pabhā), 𑀧𑀳𑀸 (pahā)

Magadhi Prakrit:

Assamese: পুৱা (pua)

Sauraseni Prakrit:

Hindustani:

Hindi: पोह (poh)

Urdu: پوہ (poh)

Bengali: প্রভা (probha)

Hindustani: prabhā

Hindi: प्रभा

Urdu: پِرَبھا (pirabhā)

Old Marathi: prabhā

Modi script: 𑘢𑘿𑘨𑘥𑘰

Devanagari script: प्रभा

Nepali: प्रभा (prabhā)

desctree

Old Javanese: prabhā
> Javanese: ꦥꦿꦧ (praba) (inherited)
→ Indonesian: praba

Odia: ପ୍ରଭା (prabhā)

Telugu: ప్రభ (prabha)

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- + *bʰeh₂-. By surface analysis, प्र- (pra-) + भा (bhā).

surf

रसोऽहमप्सु कौन्तेय प्रभास्मि शशिसूर्ययोः। प्रणवः सर्ववेदेषु शब्दः खे पौरुषं नृषु॥
rasoʼhamapsu kaunteya prabhāsmi śaśisūryayoḥ. praṇavaḥ sarvavedeṣu śabdaḥ khe pauruṣaṃ nṛṣu.

O son of Kuntī, I am the taste of water, the light of the sun and the moon, the syllable oṁ in the Vedic mantras; I am the sound in ether and ability in man.

कान्तिस्तेज: प्रभा सत्ता चन्द्राग्न्यर्कर्क्षविद्युताम्। यत्स्थैर्यं भूभृतां भूमेर्वृत्तिर्गन्धोऽर्थतो भवान्॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.85.7

The glow of the moon, the brilliance of fire, the radiance of the sun, the twinkling of the stars, the flash of lightning, the permanence of mountains and the aroma and sustaining power of the earth — all these are actually you.

kāntisteja: prabhā sattā candrāgnyarkarkṣavidyutām. yatsthairyaṃ bhūbhṛtāṃ bhūmervṛttirgandhoʼrthato bhavān.

light, brilliance, radiance, splendour, lustre, luminosity

एतत्पदं तज्जगदात्मनः परं सकृद्विभातं सवितुर्यथा प्रभा। यथासवो जाग्रति सुप्तशक्तयो द्रव्यक्रियाज्ञानभिदाभ्रमात्ययः॥

c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 4.31.16

Just as the sunshine is nondifferent from the sun, the cosmic manifestation is also nondifferent from the Supreme Personality of Godhead. The Supreme Personality is therefore all-pervasive within this material creation. When the senses are active, they appear to be part and parcel of the body, but when the body is asleep, their activities are unmanifest. Similarly, the whole cosmic creation appears different and yet nondifferent from the Supreme Person.

etatpadaṃ tajjagadātmanaḥ paraṃ sakṛdvibhātaṃ savituryathā prabhā. yathāsavo jāgrati suptaśaktayo dravyakriyājñānabhidābhramātyayaḥ.


प्रभा

head

प्रभा • (prabhā)

sa-root

प्रभा • (prabhā)

to shine forth, begin to become light, shine, gleam


पुष्

head

पुष् • (puṣ)

sa-root

पुष् • (puṣ)

Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European *(h₃)pews- (“to blow”), and compared with Lithuanian pũsti (“to blow”), pūslė̃ (“blister, bladder”), Norwegian føysa (“to swell”), Proto-Slavic *puxàti (“to blow”), and Latin pustula (“bubble”), though Mayrhofer and Rix express reservations on the existence of such a root. It is also likely that all these languages innovated their own forms of this seemingly-onomatopoeic root.

inh

to be nourished, to thrive, flourish, prosper

Helmut Rix
Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben
Pushan


प्रविश्

head

प्रविश् • (praviś)

sa-root

प्रविश् • (praviś)

प्र- (pra-) + विश् (viś), with the latter part from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wayć-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ-.


शूर्प्

head

शूर्प् • (śūrp)

sa-root

शूर्प् • (śūrp)


जन्

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁- (“to beget”). Compare Latin gignō, genus, Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (gígnomai), English kind.

जनुस्

birth, production, descent, nativity; genus, class, kind

जनुषा

necessarily, essentially, originally, by birth

जनिमन्

generation, birth, origin; offspring; creature; genus

(Class 1) to generate, beget, produce, create, cause.


मञ्ज्

head

मञ्ज् • (mañj)

Compared with Ancient Greek μάγγανον (mánganon, “charm”), Romanian mângâia (“to caress”).


शुध्

head

शुध् • (śudh)

sa-root

शुध् • (śudh)

Pali: sudh

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱew-dʰ- (“clean”), an extension of *(s)ḱew- (“to shine”). Probably related to शोण (śoṇa, “red, crimson”) and शुच् (śuc, “to shine”).


तप्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tap-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tap-, from Proto-Indo-European *tep- (“to be warm”). Cognate with Proto-Slavic *teplъ (“warm”), Latin tepeō whence English tepid.


बन्ध्

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ-
Sanskrit बन्ध् (bandh)
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰendʰ- (“to bind, tie”).


विश्वस्

head

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

sa-root

विश्वस् • (viśvas)

to cause to trust, inspire with confidence, console, comfort, encourage.


श्रम्

head

श्रम् • (śram)

sa-root

श्रम् • (śram)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱremh₂- (“to be or become limp”); compare Ancient Greek κρεμάννυμι (kremánnumi, “to hand”) and perhaps κρημνός (krēmnós, “overhanging bank of a river”).

cog

to make effort, exert oneself (esp. in performing acts of austerity), labor in vain


काश्

head

काश् • (kāś)

sa-root

काश् • (kāś)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kā́ś-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kā́ć-, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeḱ- (“to see, look”).
Cognates include Proto-Slavic *kāzàti (“to show”) and Ancient Greek τέκμᾰρ (tékmăr, “token”).

inh

to shine brightly, to have an agreeable appearance


रञ्ज्

head

रञ्ज् • (rañj)

From Proto-Indo-European *reg- (“to dye”). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *ra(n)ǰ- (“to colour, dye”), whence Persian رخش (raxš, “red”), Khwarezmian rxtk (raxtak, “red”), Mazanderani رش (raš, “red (of cattle)”), Northern Kurdish reş (“black”) and Sogdian [script needed] (rɣš- /raxš/, “Rakhsh”), as well as Ancient Greek ῥέζω (rhézō, “I dye, paint”).


हु

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰaw-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew- (“to pour”).


ह्वे

head

ह्वे • (hve)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰway-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰway-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰwey-, metathesized from *ǵʰéw-ye-ti, from *ǵʰewH- (“to invoke, to call on”).

to call, call upon, summon, challenge, invoke, call on


दॄ

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *der-
Sanskrit दॄ (dṝ)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *dar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dar-, from Proto-Indo-European *der- (“to split, to tear, to crack”). Cognate with English tear, Ancient Greek δέρω (dérō), Macedonian дере (dere), Persian دریدن (daridan, “to tear”). The "heed" meaning is probably a semantic specialization of the original "tear" meaning.

inh

to tear (something) to pieces, to wrench

to be dispersed or scattered (as an army)


लुभ्

From Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”). Cognate with English love, Latin libido, Russian люби́ть (ljubítʹ), Czech libý، Albanian lyp and Persian آلفتن (âloftan).

लुलोभयिषति

lulobhayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


कुप्

head

कुप् • (kup)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kawp-, from Proto-Indo-European *kwep- (“to boil, smoke, move violently”). Cognate with Latin cupio (“I desire”), vapor (“steam”), Lithuanian kūpėti, and perhaps Old English hopa (whence English hope).

inh

to swell, heave, or boil with rage or emotion, be angry (with)


भ्री

head

भ्री • (bhrī)


त्सर्

त्सर् • (tsar)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *tsar-, from Proto-Indo-European *tsel- (“to sneak”). Cognate with Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, “to creep”), and possibly Proto-Germanic *stelaną, whence Gothic 𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan), Old Norse stela (Danish stjæle, Swedish stjäla), German stehlen, and Old English stelan (English steal).


शङ्क्

शङ्क् • (śaṅk)

sa-root

शङ्क् • (śaṅk)

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to hang”). Cognate with English hang and Latin cūnctor (“I delay, I stall (something)”).

शङ्का

doubt, distrust, hesitation, supposition


शक्

→ Kannada: ಶಕ್ಯ (śakya, “possible”)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱek-
Sanskrit शक् (śak)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *śak-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćak-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱek- (“to be able”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬀𐬐- (sak-, “to agree”), Proto-Germanic *hagaz (“capable”), perhaps whence English hex (“to cast a spell”) and hag (“witch-like woman”), and Old Irish cécht (“might, power”).

शक्मन्

power, strength, ability, capacity, enterprise

शग्म

potent, mighty, efficacious; friendly, supportive, enabling


नु

From Proto-Indo-European *newH- (“to cry”), whence Old Irish núall (“a loud noise”), Tocharian B nu- (“to roar”), and perhaps Latin nūntius (“messenger”).


मद्

Unsure. Either (1) inherited from Proto-Indo-European *mad- (“to be wet > be drunk”) and cognate with Ancient Greek μαδάω (madáō, “to be soaking wet”) and Latin madeō (“to be wet, drunk”) or (2) from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to become full, sated”) and cognate with Icelandic mettur (“sated”) and Ancient Greek μεστός (mestós, “full”).


ईळ्

अ॒ग्निम्ई॒ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म्।
होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम्॥
agnímīḷé puróhitaṃ yajñásya devámṛtvíjam.

I praise Agni, the high priest of the sacrifice, the divine, the ministrant, who presents the oblation to the gods, and is the possessor of great wealth.


कॢप्

head

कॢप् • (kḷp)

Uncertain, possibly from a p-extension of Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to cut, trim”), whence Latin scalpo (“to carve”) and English sculpt.
Mayrhofer mentions the possibility that the causative कल्पयति (kalpáyati) originated as a p-causative of a variant of कृ (kṛ, “to do, make”). The intransitive कल्पते (kálpate) would then be a backformation from the causative.

चिकल्पयिषति

cikalpayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


धा

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-. Cognate with Ancient Greek θέμα (théma, “that which is put down”), θέσις (thésis, “placement, arrangement”); Latin faciō (“make, do”) whence English fact, factory etc; English do, deed, deem, doom.


डी

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁-
Vedic Sanskrit दी (dī)
Sanskrit डी (ḍī)
From earlier दी (dī) with unexpected retroflexion, from Proto-Indo-European *deyh₁- (“to chase”).


नस्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *nás-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *nás- (“to approach, join”), from Proto-Indo-European *nes- (“to return home”); compare Ancient Greek νόστος (nóstos, “journey”), whence partially English nostalgia.

cog

to approach, resort to, join, copulate (esp. as husband and wife), unite


निद्रा

nidrā́ (romanization)
निद्रा (nominative singular)
निद्रे (dual nominative)
निद्राः (nominative plural)
निद्रे (singular vocative)
निद्रे (dual vocative)
निद्राः (plural vocative)
निद्राम् (accusative singular)
निद्रे (accusative dual)
निद्राः (accusative plural)
निद्रया (instrumental singular)
निद्रा1 (instrumental singular)
निद्राभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
निद्राभिः (instrumental plural)
निद्रायै (dative singular)
निद्राभ्याम् (dative dual)
निद्राभ्यः (dative plural)
निद्रायाः (ablative singular)
निद्रायै2 (ablative singular)
निद्राभ्याम् (ablative dual)
निद्राभ्यः (ablative plural)
निद्रायाः (genitive singular)
निद्रायै2 (genitive singular)
निद्रयोः (dual genitive)
निद्राणाम् (genitive plural)
निद्रायाम् (locative singular)
निद्रयोः (dual locative)
निद्रासु (locative plural)

Dardic:

Torwali: نین (nīn)

Prakrit: 𑀡𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤𑀸 (ṇiddā) (see there for further descendants)

→ Kannada: ನಿದ್ರೆ (nidre)

→ Tamil: நித்திரை (nittirai)

→ Thai: นิทรา (nít-traa)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HnidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HnidráH (“sleep”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ni-dreh₂-éh₂, from *h₁ni (“down”) + *dreh₂- (“to sleep”), a variant of *drem-. Compare Old Armenian նիրհ (nirh) (a borrowing from Iranian), Ancient Greek δαρθάνω (darthánō), Latin dormiō. See also नि (ní) and द्रायति (drā́yati).

त्राता॑रो देवा॒ अधि॑ वोचता नो॒ मा नो॑ नि॒द्रा ई॑शत॒ मोत जल्पि॑:।
व॒यं सोम॑स्य वि॒श्वह॑ प्रि॒यास॑: सु॒वीरा॑सो वि॒दथ॒मा व॑देम॥
trā́tāro devā ádhi vocatā no mā́ no nidrā́ īśata mótá jálpi:.

Give us your blessing, O ye Gods’ preservers. Never may sleep or idle talk control us.
But evermore may we, as friends of Soma, speak to the synod with brave sons around us.

vayáṃ sómasya viśváha priyā́sa: suvī́rāso vidáthamā́ vadema.


क्षम्

kṣám (romanization)
क्षाः (nominative singular)
क्षामा (dual nominative)
क्षामः (nominative plural)
क्षाः (nominative plural)
क्षाम् (accusative singular)
क्षामा (accusative dual)
क्षाः (accusative plural)
ज्मा (instrumental singular)
क्षे (dative singular)
ग्मः (ablative singular)
ज्मः (ablative singular)
क्ष्मः (ablative singular)
ग्मः (genitive singular)
ज्मः (genitive singular)
क्ष्मः (genitive singular)
क्षमि (locative singular)
क्षासु (locative plural)

Kalasha: čhom

→ Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ḍẓʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s (“earth”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬨 (zam), Latin humus, the source of English human; Ancient Greek χθών (khthṓn), Persian زمین (zamin), Russian земля (zemlja).

कृ॒ष्णा रजां॑सि पत्सु॒तः प्र॒याणे॑ जा॒तवे॑दसः ।
अ॒ग्निर्यद्रोध॑ति॒ क्षमि॑ ॥
kṛṣṇā́ rájāṃsi patsutáḥ prayā́ṇe jātávedasaḥ.
agníryádródhati kṣámi.

As Jātavedas speeds along, the dust is black beneath his feet,


क्षम्

head

क्षम् • (kṣam)

sa-root

क्षम् • (kṣam)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšamH- (“to bear, to endure”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰse-mH, metathesized form of *segʷʰ- (“to be strong”) (which is likely not related to *seǵʰ- (“to hold, overpower”), despite similarities in form and meaning), whence also सघ्नोति (saghnóti) and possibly Ancient Greek σθένος (sthénos). Cognate with Avestan 𐬑𐬴𐬄𐬥𐬨𐬇𐬥𐬉 (xṣ̌ąnmə̄nē, “to be contented, to resign oneself to”). Also related to Pashto زغمل (zğëmël, “to endure, to tolerate, to go through”), which is from a Proto-Indo-Iranian *zgʰamH- which did not undergo metathesis.


मृद्

mṛ́d (romanization)
मृत् (nominative singular)
मृदौ (dual nominative)
मृदा1 (dual nominative)
मृदः (nominative plural)
मृत् (singular vocative)
मृदौ (dual vocative)
मृदा1 (dual vocative)
मृदः (plural vocative)
मृदम् (accusative singular)
मृदौ (accusative dual)
मृदा1 (accusative dual)
मृदः (accusative plural)
मृदा (instrumental singular)
मृद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
मृद्भिः (instrumental plural)
मृदे (dative singular)
मृद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
मृद्भ्यः (dative plural)
मृदः (ablative singular)
मृद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
मृद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
मृदः (genitive singular)
मृदोः (dual genitive)
मृदाम् (genitive plural)
मृदि (locative singular)
मृदोः (dual locative)
मृत्सु (locative plural)

→ Tamil: மிருதை (mirutai)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *mŕ̥ts, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mŕ̥ts, from Proto-Indo-European *mĺ̥dʰ-s. Cognate with मृदु (mṛdu, “soft, weak”) Ancient Greek μάλθη (málthē), Old English molde (whence English mold).


चन्द्

head

चन्द् • (cand)

sa-root

चन्द् • (cand)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kand- (“to glow, shine”); see the derivative चन्द्र (candra, “moon”) for cognates.


ली

lī (romanization)
लीः (nominative singular)
लियौ (dual nominative)
लियः (nominative plural)
लीः (singular vocative)
लियौ (dual vocative)
लियः (plural vocative)
लियम् (accusative singular)
लियौ (accusative dual)
लियः (accusative plural)
लिया (instrumental singular)
लीभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
लीभिः (instrumental plural)
लिये (dative singular)
लियै1 (dative singular)
लीभ्याम् (dative dual)
लीभ्यः (dative plural)
लियः (ablative singular)
लियाः1 (ablative singular)
लियै2 (ablative singular)
लीभ्याम् (ablative dual)
लीभ्यः (ablative plural)
लियः (genitive singular)
लियाः1 (genitive singular)
लियै2 (genitive singular)
लियोः (dual genitive)
लियाम् (genitive plural)
लीनाम्1 (genitive plural)
लियि (locative singular)
लियाम्1 (locative singular)
लियोः (dual locative)
लीषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂liH-, the zero-grade of *h₂leyH- (“to smear”). Compare Latin līmus (“slime”), Irish lean (“to follow; to endure”), Hittite [script needed] (ú-li-iš-ta, “hide oneself”).


पच्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *pać-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pač-, from Proto-Indo-European *pekʷ-.


शुच्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćawk- (“shines, glares, gleams”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“white”). Cognate with Persian سوگ (sug, “grief, sorrow”) (further related to سوختن (suxtan, “to burn”), سرخ (sorx, “red”), and سوگند (sowgand, “oath”)), Gilaki سوتن (sutən), Talysh سوته (sute), Baluchi سوچگ (sóčag), Mazanderani بسوتن (basuten), Central Kurdish سوتان (sutan), Old Armenian սուգ (sug, “grief”), and Proto-Baltic *šuktas (“lit, ignited”).


जीव्

head

जीव् • (jīv)

sa-root

जीव् • (jīv)

From the zero-grade (*ǰiHw-) of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰayHw-, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (whence also गय (gáya)).

जिजीवयिषु

jijīvayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


रम्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hram-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to rest”).

रिरमयिषु

riramayiṣu, Desiderative Participle of Causative


मुह्

head

मुह् • (muh)

sa-root

मुह् • (muh)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ- ~ *mawgʰ- (“to err, to be foolish, to deviate”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬆𐬴𐬆-𐬨𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (əṣ̌ə-maoγa, “teacher of false doctrines”), Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n (“heretics”).


ईड्

īḍ (romanization)
ईट् (nominative singular)
ईडौ (dual nominative)
ईडा1 (dual nominative)
ईडः (nominative plural)
ईट् (singular vocative)
ईडौ (dual vocative)
ईडा1 (dual vocative)
ईडः (plural vocative)
ईडम् (accusative singular)
ईडौ (accusative dual)
ईडा1 (accusative dual)
ईडः (accusative plural)
ईडा (instrumental singular)
ईड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ईड्भिः (instrumental plural)
ईडे (dative singular)
ईड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
ईड्भ्यः (dative plural)
ईडः (ablative singular)
ईड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
ईड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
ईडः (genitive singular)
ईडोः (dual genitive)
ईडाम् (genitive plural)
ईडि (locative singular)
ईडोः (dual locative)
ईट्सु (locative plural)

From Vedic Sanskrit ईळ् (īḷ), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hayẓḍ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hayžd-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eysd-.

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


क्रम्

head

क्रम् • (kram)

sa-root

क्रम् • (kram)

A re-analyzing of Proto-Indo-Iranian *krā́mHti as a Sanskritic root; see there for more.


यभ्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyabʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ- (“to copulate” < “to enter, penetrate”).


व्यवस्था

head

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

sa-root

व्यवस्था • (vyavasthā)

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs.tʰɑː/

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs̪.t̪ʰɑː/


व्यवस्था

vyavasthā (romanization)
व्यवस्था (nominative singular)
व्यवस्थे (dual nominative)
व्यवस्थाः (nominative plural)
व्यवस्थे (singular vocative)
व्यवस्थे (dual vocative)
व्यवस्थाः (plural vocative)
व्यवस्थाम् (accusative singular)
व्यवस्थे (accusative dual)
व्यवस्थाः (accusative plural)
व्यवस्थया (instrumental singular)
व्यवस्था1 (instrumental singular)
व्यवस्थाभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
व्यवस्थाभिः (instrumental plural)
व्यवस्थायै (dative singular)
व्यवस्थाभ्याम् (dative dual)
व्यवस्थाभ्यः (dative plural)
व्यवस्थायाः (ablative singular)
व्यवस्थायै2 (ablative singular)
व्यवस्थाभ्याम् (ablative dual)
व्यवस्थाभ्यः (ablative plural)
व्यवस्थायाः (genitive singular)
व्यवस्थायै2 (genitive singular)
व्यवस्थयोः (dual genitive)
व्यवस्थानाम् (genitive plural)
व्यवस्थायाम् (locative singular)
व्यवस्थयोः (dual locative)
व्यवस्थासु (locative plural)

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs.tʰɑː/

/ʋjɐ.ʋɐs̪.t̪ʰɑː/


श्रु

head

श्रु • (śru)

sa-root

श्रु • (śru)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew-
Sanskrit श्रु (śru)
From Proto-Indo-European *ḱlu-, zero-grade of *ḱlew- (“to hear”).

etymon

शिश्रावयिषति

śiśrāvayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative

शुश्रावयिषति

śuśrāvayiṣati, Desiderative of Causative


वश्

From Proto-Indo-European *weḱ- (“to wish”).

to desire, wish, long for, be fond of, like


सि

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *saH- (“to bind, fasten, fetter”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂ey- (“to bind”). Cognate with Hittite [script needed] (iš-hi-an-zi, “they bind”), Latvian sìet (“to bind”).


हन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰan-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to strike, hit, kill”).


नी

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *neyH-. Compare Avestan 𐬌𐬙𐬈𐬫𐬀𐬥 (iteyan, “to bring, lead”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎴𐎹 (a-n-y /anaya/, “he was leading, bringing”), Middle Persian [script needed] (nītan, “to lead, drive”), Hittite 𒈾𒄿𒉈 (nāine, “to guide”).


सन्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *sanH-, from Proto-Indo-European *senh₂- (“to seek, accomplish, work on, succeed”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀνύω (anúō, “cause, accomplish”), the source of English authentic (see αὐθέντης (authéntēs)), as well as Hittite [script needed] (sanh-, “to intend; to strive for; to seek”).

cog

to gain for another, procure, bestow, give, distribute

(middle voice) to be successful, be granted or fulfilled

(desiderative) to wish to acquire or obtain

(desiderative) to wish to procure or bestow


परिषद्

pariṣád (romanization)
परिषत् (nominative singular)
परिषदौ (dual nominative)
परिषदा1 (dual nominative)
परिषदः (nominative plural)
परिषत् (singular vocative)
परिषदौ (dual vocative)
परिषदा1 (dual vocative)
परिषदः (plural vocative)
परिषदम् (accusative singular)
परिषदौ (accusative dual)
परिषदा1 (accusative dual)
परिषदः (accusative plural)
परिषदा (instrumental singular)
परिषद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
परिषद्भिः (instrumental plural)
परिषदे (dative singular)
परिषद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
परिषद्भ्यः (dative plural)
परिषदः (ablative singular)
परिषद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
परिषद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
परिषदः (genitive singular)
परिषदोः (dual genitive)
परिषदाम् (genitive plural)
परिषदि (locative singular)
परिषदोः (dual locative)
परिषत्सु (locative plural)

English: parishad

Burmese: ပရိသတ် (pa.ri.sat)

Lao: ບໍລິສັດ (bǭ li sat)

Thai: บริษัท (bɔɔ-rí-sàt)

परि- (pari-) + सद् (sad, “to sit down before”, root)

prefix

अथ उत्थाय जलम् स्पृष्ट्वा भरतो वाक्यम् अब्रवीत् ।
शृण्वन्तु मे परिषदो मन्त्रिणः श्रेणयः तथा ॥
atha utthāya jalam spṛṣṭvā bharato vākyam abravīt.

2005 translation by K. M. K. Murthy
Thereafter, Bharata rose, touched water and spoke as follows: "Let the audience, including ministers and the guild of traders hear me also."

śṛṇvantu me pariṣado mantriṇaḥ śreṇayaḥ tathā.

assembly, meeting, group, council; audience


परिषद्

head

परिषद् • (pariṣad)

sa-root

परिषद् • (pariṣad)


दा

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *daH-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *daH-, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂- (“to share, divide”).


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- (“to become light; to dawn”).

(with दूरे (dūre)) to drive away by shining


वस्

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to dwell, reside”).

to stay, stay put, remain, stop (at a place)


स्तन्

head

स्तन् • (stan)

sa-root

स्तन् • (stan)

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)tenh₂- (“to thunder”).


कू

Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kew-. Cognate with Lithuanian kaukti, and possibly English howl and Ancient Greek κωκῡ́ω (kōkū́ō, “shriek, wail”).


गा

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gaH-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷeh₂- (“to step”).


भिषज्

bhiṣáj (romanization)
भिषक् (nominative singular)
भिषजौ (dual nominative)
भिषजा (dual nominative)
भिषजः (nominative plural)
भिषक् (singular vocative)
भिषजौ (dual vocative)
भिषजा (dual vocative)
भिषजम् (accusative singular)
भिषजौ (accusative dual)
भिषजा (accusative dual)
भिषजः (accusative plural)
भिषजा (instrumental singular)
भिषग्भिः (instrumental plural)
भिषजे (dative singular)
भिषग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
भिषजः (genitive singular)
भिषजाम् (genitive plural)
भिषजि (locative singular)

/bʱi.ʂɐ́d͡ʑ/

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *bʰišáȷ́ (“physician, healer”), from the root *bʰiš- (“medicine, healing”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬠𐬌𐬱𐬀𐬰- (bišaz-), Northern Kurdish bijişk (“doctor”), Persian پزشک (pezešk, “doctor”).

inh

उत त्या दैव्या भिषजा शं नः करतो अश्विना ।
युयुयातामितो रपो अप स्रिधः ॥
uta tyā daivyā bhiṣajā śaṃ naḥ karato aśvinā.
yuyuyātāmito rapo apa sridhaḥ.

May they remove iniquity and chase our foes.

And may the Aśvins, the divine Pair of Physicians, send us health:


भिषज्

head

भिषज् • (bhiṣaj)

/bʱi.ʂɐ́d͡ʑ/


परी

परी • (parī)

sa-root

परी • (parī)

to go or flow round, circumambulate, surround, include, grasp, span


व्याख्या

head

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

sa-root

व्याख्या • (vyākhyā)

/ʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

/ʋjɑːkʰ.jɑː/

to explain in detail, tell in full, discuss


लभ्

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *labʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *lebʰ- (“to work, harvest, gain, profit”). Compare perhaps Lithuanian lõbis (“treasure, wealth”), Ancient Greek λᾰ́φῡρᾰ (lắphūră, “spoils of war, booty”).


विदा

head

विदा • (vidā)

sa-root

विदा • (vidā)


स्पृध्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *spŕ̥dʰ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spŕ̥dʰ, from Proto-Indo-European *spŕ̥dʰ, from the root *sperdʰ-. Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬁 (spərədā), Hittite [script needed] (iš-par-zi-zi /išpartzi/), Proto-Germanic *spurdz.


स्पृध्

spṛ́dh (romanization)
स्पृत् (nominative singular)
स्पृधौ (dual nominative)
स्पृधा1 (dual nominative)
स्पृधः (nominative plural)
स्पृत् (singular vocative)
स्पृधौ (dual vocative)
स्पृधा1 (dual vocative)
स्पृधः (plural vocative)
स्पृधम् (accusative singular)
स्पृधौ (accusative dual)
स्पृधा1 (accusative dual)
स्पृधः (accusative plural)
स्पृधा (instrumental singular)
स्पृद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्पृद्भिः (instrumental plural)
स्पृधे (dative singular)
स्पृद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
स्पृद्भ्यः (dative plural)
स्पृधः (ablative singular)
स्पृद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्पृद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
स्पृधः (genitive singular)
स्पृधोः (dual genitive)
स्पृधाम् (genitive plural)
स्पृधि (locative singular)
स्पृधोः (dual locative)
स्पृत्सु (locative plural)

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


स्पृध्

head

स्पृध् • (spṛdh)

sa-root

स्पृध् • (spṛdh)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ-
Sanskrit स्पृध् (spṛdh)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spardʰ-, from Proto-Indo-European *sperdʰ-.


क्षुध्

kṣúdh (romanization)
क्षुत् (nominative singular)
क्षुधौ (dual nominative)
क्षुधा1 (dual nominative)
क्षुधः (nominative plural)
क्षुत् (singular vocative)
क्षुधौ (dual vocative)
क्षुधा1 (dual vocative)
क्षुधः (plural vocative)
क्षुधम् (accusative singular)
क्षुधौ (accusative dual)
क्षुधा1 (accusative dual)
क्षुधः (accusative plural)
क्षुधा (instrumental singular)
क्षुद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्षुद्भिः (instrumental plural)
क्षुधे (dative singular)
क्षुद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
क्षुद्भ्यः (dative plural)
क्षुधः (ablative singular)
क्षुद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्षुद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
क्षुधः (genitive singular)
क्षुधोः (dual genitive)
क्षुधाम् (genitive plural)
क्षुधि (locative singular)
क्षुधोः (dual locative)
क्षुत्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćšudʰ- (“hunger; to be hungry”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬱𐬎𐬜𐬆𐬨 (šuδəm, “hunger”), Middle Persian [script needed] (šwd, “hunger”), Ossetian суд (sud, “hunger”).


क्षुध्

head

क्षुध् • (kṣudh)

sa-root

क्षुध् • (kṣudh)

→ Kannada: ಕ್ಷುತ್ತು (kṣuttu)

→ Tamil: க்ஷுத்து (kṣuttu)

→ Telugu: క్షుత్తు (kṣuttu)


द्रुह्

drúh (romanization)
ध्रुक् (nominative singular)
द्रुहौ (dual nominative)
द्रुहा1 (dual nominative)
द्रुहः (nominative plural)
ध्रुक् (singular vocative)
द्रुहौ (dual vocative)
द्रुहा1 (dual vocative)
द्रुहः (plural vocative)
द्रुहम् (accusative singular)
द्रुहौ (accusative dual)
द्रुहा1 (accusative dual)
द्रुहः (accusative plural)
द्रुहा (instrumental singular)
ध्रुग्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
ध्रुग्भिः (instrumental plural)
द्रुहे (dative singular)
ध्रुग्भ्याम् (dative dual)
ध्रुग्भ्यः (dative plural)
द्रुहः (ablative singular)
ध्रुग्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
ध्रुग्भ्यः (ablative plural)
द्रुहः (genitive singular)
द्रुहोः (dual genitive)
द्रुहाम् (genitive plural)
द्रुहि (locative singular)
द्रुहोः (dual locative)
ध्रुक्षु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰrúkš ~ *dʰrúǰʰás (“deceit, offence”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘 (druj, “lie”).


तृ

tṛ́ (romanization)
ता (nominative singular)
तारौ (dual nominative)
तारा1 (dual nominative)
तारः (nominative plural)
तः (singular vocative)
तारौ (dual vocative)
तारा1 (dual vocative)
तारः (plural vocative)
तारम् (accusative singular)
तारौ (accusative dual)
तारा1 (accusative dual)
तॄन् (accusative plural)
त्रा (instrumental singular)
तृभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
तृभिः (instrumental plural)
त्रे (dative singular)
तृभ्याम् (dative dual)
तृभ्यः (dative plural)
तुः (ablative singular)
तृभ्याम् (ablative dual)
तृभ्यः (ablative plural)
तुः (genitive singular)
त्रोः (dual genitive)
तॄणाम् (genitive plural)
तरि (locative singular)
त्रोः (dual locative)
तृषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr (“star”). Cognates include Latin stella, Ancient Greek ἀστήρ (astḗr) and Old English steorra (modern English star). See also स्तृ (stṛ́), तारा (tārā).

शतं श्वेतास उक्षणो दिवि तारो न रोचन्ते ।

One hundred white bulls shine like the stars in the sky.

śataṃ śvetāsa ukṣaṇo divi tāro na rocante.


पू

From Proto-Indo-European *pewH-. Cognate with Latin pūrus.

(middle voice) to purify one's self, be or become clear or bright


छिद्

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skeyd- (“to split, divide”). Cognate with schism and shit.

(causative) to cut off; to cause to cut off or through


परिच्छिद्

to cut on both sides, clip round, cut through or off or to pieces, mutilate

to limit on all sides, define or fix accurately, discriminate, decide, determine


स्पश्

spáś (romanization)
पश् (root)
स्पट् (nominative singular)
स्पशौ (dual nominative)
स्पशा1 (dual nominative)
स्पशः (nominative plural)
स्पट् (singular vocative)
स्पशौ (dual vocative)
स्पशा1 (dual vocative)
स्पशः (plural vocative)
स्पशम् (accusative singular)
स्पशौ (accusative dual)
स्पशा1 (accusative dual)
स्पशः (accusative plural)
स्पशा (instrumental singular)
स्पड्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
स्पड्भिः (instrumental plural)
स्पशे (dative singular)
स्पड्भ्याम् (dative dual)
स्पड्भ्यः (dative plural)
स्पशः (ablative singular)
स्पड्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
स्पड्भ्यः (ablative plural)
स्पशः (genitive singular)
स्पशोः (dual genitive)
स्पशाम् (genitive plural)
स्पशि (locative singular)
स्पशोः (dual locative)
स्पट्सु (locative plural)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *speḱ-
Proto-Indo-European *-s
Proto-Indo-European *spéḱs
Proto-Indo-Iranian *spáćš
Sanskrit स्पश् (spaś)
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *spáṭṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *spáćš, from Proto-Indo-European *spéḱs (“spy; watcher, observer”), from *speḱ- (“to see”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬯 (spas, “spy”), Latin au-spex, haru-spex. Also related to English spy.

inh

प्र वः॒ स्पळ् अ॑क्रन्त् सुवि॒ताय॑ दा॒वने ऽर्चा॑ दि॒वे प्र पृ॑थि॒व्या ऋ॒तं भ॑रे ।

Your spy has called to you to give prosperity. I sing to Heaven and Earth and offer worship.

prá vaḥ spáḷ akrant suvitā́ya dāváné ʼrcā divé prá pṛthivyā́ ṛtáṃ bhare.

a spy; one who looks or beholds; a watcher


क्षु

kṣú (romanization)
क्षु (nominative singular)
क्षुणी (dual nominative)
क्षूणि (nominative plural)
क्षु1 (nominative plural)
क्षू1 (nominative plural)
क्षु (singular vocative)
क्षो (singular vocative)
क्षुणी (dual vocative)
क्षूणि (plural vocative)
क्षु1 (plural vocative)
क्षू1 (plural vocative)
क्षु (accusative singular)
क्षुणी (accusative dual)
क्षूणि (accusative plural)
क्षु1 (accusative plural)
क्षू1 (accusative plural)
क्षुणा (instrumental singular)
क्ष्वा1 (instrumental singular)
क्षुभ्याम् (dual instrumental)
क्षुभिः (instrumental plural)
क्षुणे (dative singular)
क्षवे1 (dative singular)
क्षुभ्याम् (dative dual)
क्षुभ्यः (dative plural)
क्षुणः (ablative singular)
क्षोः1 (ablative singular)
क्षुभ्याम् (ablative dual)
क्षुभ्यः (ablative plural)
क्षुणः (genitive singular)
क्षोः1 (genitive singular)
क्षुणोः (dual genitive)
क्षूणाम् (genitive plural)
क्षुणि (locative singular)
क्षौ1 (locative singular)
क्षुणोः (dual locative)
क्षुषु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *kṣú, from a zero-grade derivative of Proto-Indo-Iranian *gʰas- (“to eat”).

c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda


क्षु

head

क्षु • (kṣu)

sa-root

क्षु • (kṣu)

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ksew- or *skew- (“to sneeze”).


युध्

yúdh (romanization)
युत् (nominative singular)
युधौ (dual nominative)
युधा1 (dual nominative)
युधः (nominative plural)
युत् (singular vocative)
युधौ (dual vocative)
युधा1 (dual vocative)
युधः (plural vocative)
युधम् (accusative singular)
युधौ (accusative dual)
युधा1 (accusative dual)
युधः (accusative plural)
युधा (instrumental singular)
युद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
युद्भिः (instrumental plural)
युधे (dative singular)
युद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
युद्भ्यः (dative plural)
युधः (ablative singular)
युद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
युद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
युधः (genitive singular)
युधोः (dual genitive)
युधाम् (genitive plural)
युधि (locative singular)
युधोः (dual locative)
युत्सु (locative plural)

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyúts, from Proto-Indo-European *Hyúdʰs.

अषा॑ळ्हं यु॒त्सु पृत॑नासु॒ पप्रिं॑ स्व॒र्षाम॒प्सां वृ॒जन॑स्य गो॒पाम् ।
भ॒रे॒षु॒जां सु॑क्षि॒तिं सु॒श्रव॑सं॒ जय॑न्तं॒ त्वामनु॑ मदेम सोम ॥
áṣāḷhaṃ yutsú pṛ́tanāsu pápriṃ svarṣā́mapsā́ṃ vṛjánasya gopā́m.

Invincible in fight, saver in battles, guard of our camp, winner of light and water,
Born amid hymns, well-housed, exceeding famous, victor, in thee will we rejoice, O Soma.

bhareṣujā́ṃ sukṣitíṃ suśrávasaṃ jáyantaṃ tvā́mánu madema soma.


युध्

yudh (romanization)
युत् (nominative singular)
युधौ (dual nominative)
युधा1 (dual nominative)
युधः (nominative plural)
युत् (singular vocative)
युधौ (dual vocative)
युधा1 (dual vocative)
युधः (plural vocative)
युधम् (accusative singular)
युधौ (accusative dual)
युधा1 (accusative dual)
युधः (accusative plural)
युधा (instrumental singular)
युद्भ्याम् (dual instrumental)
युद्भिः (instrumental plural)
युधे (dative singular)
युद्भ्याम् (dative dual)
युद्भ्यः (dative plural)
युधः (ablative singular)
युद्भ्याम् (ablative dual)
युद्भ्यः (ablative plural)
युधः (genitive singular)
युधोः (dual genitive)
युधाम् (genitive plural)
युधि (locative singular)
युधोः (dual locative)
युत्सु (locative plural)


इष्

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hiṣ, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hiṣ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to power, drive”).

inh

to cause to move quickly, let fly, throw, cast, swing