i

indium (first-person singular)
indiumm (first-person singular)
indiumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
indiut (second-person singular)
indiutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
indiutsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
and (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
andsom (dative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
ind (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
indsom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
indi (dative feminine singular third-person)
inte (accusative feminine singular third-person)
intesi (accusative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
indiunn (first-person plural)
indiunni (emphatic first-person plural)
indib (plural second-person)
indibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
indib (dative plural third-person)
indibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
indibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)
intiu (accusative plural third-person)

Irish: i

Scottish Gaelic: an

Manx: ayns

From Proto-Celtic *en (compare Welsh yn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (compare English in, Latin in, Ancient Greek ἐν (en)).
The third-person singular masculine and neuter inflected dative form and is not derived from a contraction with a pronoun. Instead, it was originally an adverb with an independent etymology. See its page for its etymology.


for

Irish: bhur

Scottish Gaelic: ur

From Proto-Celtic *sweseros, from *swīs (“you (pl.)”); compare Latin vester.

you (plural; as the object of a preposition that takes the genitive)


do

From Proto-Celtic *dū (“to”), from Proto-Indo-European *de. Unrelated to the prefix to-.


co

head

co (takes the accusative; triggers h-prothesis before vowels)

cucum (first-person singular)
cuccum (first-person singular)
cucumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cuccumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
cucut (second-person singular)
cuccut (second-person singular)
cucutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuccutsu (emphatic second-person singular)
cuci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucci (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccai (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
cucisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuccisom (accusative emphatic masculine neuter singular third-person)
cuice (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuicce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cuce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucce (accusative feminine singular third-person)
cucunn (first-person plural)
cuccunn (first-person plural)
cucuib (plural second-person)
cuccuib (plural second-person)
cucuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cuccuibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
cucu (accusative plural third-person)
cuccu (accusative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: co, go
Irish: chuig, chun, go
Scottish Gaelic: gu

Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme

From Proto-Celtic *kʷuts (“to, towards”), cognate with Middle Welsh py (“to”). This may be from Proto-Italo-Celtic *kuts ‘some (of the) way’, whence Latin us-quam (“somewhere”), us-que (“all of the way”), and Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌆 (puz, “as, that”, conjunction). See Proto-Indo-European *ku (“where”).
The inflected forms on the other hand are from Proto-Celtic *kʷunkʷe ← *kʷum + *-kʷe, for which compare Proto-Slavic *kъ(n) (“to, towards”).

cog

used with the neuter accusative singular of an adjective to form an adverb: -ly


ar

From Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂í. Cognates include Ancient Greek παραί (paraí, “beside”) and Old English fore (modern English for and fore).

Alternative spelling of air (“for, since”)


fo

foum (first-person singular)
fout (second-person singular)
fó (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
fóu (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foí (accusative masculine neuter singular third-person)
foæ (dative feminine singular third-person)
founn (first-person plural)
foïb (dative plural third-person)

Irish: faoi

Manx: fo

Scottish Gaelic: fo

From Proto-Celtic *uɸo, from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“under, up from under”).

inh

Ní hé apstal cita·rogab in testimin so. Aliter: Ní fóu da·uc int apstal fon chéill fuand·rogab in fáith.

It is not (the) apostle who first uttered this text. Otherwise: The apostle did not apply it in the sense in which the prophet uttered it.


ís

íssum (first-person singular)
íssa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)

⇒ Irish: aníos, síos, thíos

⇒ Scottish Gaelic: nìos, shìos, sìos

From Proto-Celtic *ɸīssu, from Proto-Indo-European *pedsú, locative plural of *pṓds (“foot”).

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 350, line 17

Let there be a bridge of life beneath me, [and] the blessing of God the Father above me.

Drochet bethad bīd íssum bennacht Dé athar úasum.

Patrick's Hymn, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, p. 357, line 15

Christ in me, Christ below me, Christ above me

Fom·glúaissi mór ndubai sund ís riched rindmas...

c. 808, Félire Oengusso, Epilogue, line 377; republished as Whitley Stokes, transl., Félire Óengusso Céli Dé: The Martyrology of Oengus the Culdee, Harrison & Sons, 1905:

Much sorrow disquiets me here, below star-beautiful heaven...

hís bronnait

under a small belly (glossing Latin infra ventriculum)


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

From Proto-Celtic *ā (compare Welsh a), from Proto-Indo-European *ō (compare Ancient Greek ὦ (ô), Latin ō).


a

Irish: a

Scottish Gaelic: a

a deich


a

head

a (combined with plural article asnaib, combined with 1st singular possessive determiner asmo, combined with 3rd person possessive determiner assa)

asum (first-person singular)
essiut (second-person singular)
as (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ass (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
es (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
essi (dative feminine singular third-person)
eissi (dative feminine singular third-person)
esse (dative feminine singular third-person)
essisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
esib (dative plural third-person)
essib (dative plural third-person)
eissib (dative plural third-person)

Irish: as

Manx: ass

Scottish Gaelic: à

From Proto-Celtic *exs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.


σύν

Greek: συν (syn)

Yevanic: שִׁין (šin)

→ Dutch: syn-

→ English: syn-, sym-

→ French: syn-

→ German: syn-

→ Italian: sin-, sim-, sil-

→ Polish: syn-

Apparently from a Proto-Hellenic *ksún, but further connections are uncertain. Younger form of Homeric and Old Attic ξύν (xún), Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀱 (ku-su /*ksun/). These probably reflect Proto-Indo-European *som- (“one, together (with)”) contaminated with the *ḱ of *ḱóm (“beside, with”) along with a conflation of their meanings. However, the /u/ is unexpected and unexplained under this proposal. Note that a derivation from *som- alone is impossible since the *s- would be expected to give h- (aspiration); neither is the ks- explainable from *ḱóm alone. This makes its exact relation to Lithuanian sù and Proto-Slavic *sъ(n) dubious, but if indeed a conflation of *ḱóm and *som-, it is a cognate relation regardless.
The dative that this preposition governs continues the PIE comitative-instrumental.


ὑπέρ

grc-preposition

ῠ̔πέρ • (hupér) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

→ English: hyper-

→ French: hyper

→ Irish: hipir-

→ Russian: гипер- (giper-)

From Proto-Hellenic *hupér, from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“over, above”), from *upo (“under, below”) (whence English up). Cognates include Latin super and Proto-Germanic *uber (whence English over).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of separation or cause. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with accusative]
(of place) over, beyond

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
(after comparative) than

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
than

[with accusative]
(of measure) above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
above, exceeding, beyond
in violation of

[with accusative]
(of number) above, upwards of

[with accusative]
(of time) before, earlier than


παρά

grc-preposition

πᾰρᾰ́ • (pará) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *pərai, from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before, in front”). Compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀫 (pa-ro).
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of origin or cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is perhaps from a metaphor of going near someone to attack them. Compare Latin ante.

der

μένειν παρὰ τισί

beside, by, near (w/ verbs of coming or going; w/ verbs of past motion; w/ verbs of striking or wounding)

παρ’ ἔμ’ ἵστασο


πρός

grc-preposition

πρός • (prós) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: προς (pros)

From Proto-Indo-European *próti, *préti. Cognates include Sanskrit प्रति (práti), Latin pretium, and Old Church Slavonic противъ (protivŭ). May be related to πρό (pró, “before”).
Equivalent prepositions in use for πρός (prós) from another root are ποτί (potí) — Epic, Doric, ποί (poí) — Doric, πός (pós) — Arcadocypriot.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional, with some of the metaphorical uses like παρά (pará).

(expressing direction) on the side of, from, at, to, forward to, toward

(with accusative, expressing motion or direction) towards

relating to, in reference to, in respect of, touching (some matter); in consequence of, in view of (some fact); according to (a certain document, habitude etc.)

expressing direction; expressing motion or direction


ἅμα

Greek: άμα (áma)

From the zero-grade of Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“one”).
The dative is from the PIE comitative-instrumental.

never used in Classical Attic proseRelative also used in exclamations

indefinite relative used in indirect questions

300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 46.8


μετά

μετᾰ́ • (metá) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀕𐀲 (me-ta); further derivation is uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *meth₂, with the first part from *me (“with”), in which case cognates include Proto-Germanic *midi and Albanian mjet (“middle”), me. See also μέχρι (mékhri, “until”) and μέσος (mésos, “middle”).
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(of a place) after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
after, behind

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(time) after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
(worth, rank) next, after

[with accusative]
of sequence or succession
next, after


ó

úaim (first-person singular)
húaim (first-person singular)
úaimm (first-person singular)
húaimm (first-person singular)
úaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
húaimse (emphatic first-person singular)
úait (second-person singular)
húait (second-person singular)
úaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsu (emphatic second-person singular)
úaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
húaitsiu (emphatic second-person singular)
úad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húad (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
húaid (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
úadi (dative feminine singular third-person)
húade (dative feminine singular third-person)
úadisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
úainn (first-person plural)
húainn (first-person plural)
úain (first-person plural)
húain (first-person plural)
úan (first-person plural)
húan (first-person plural)
úann (first-person plural)
húann (first-person plural)
úanni (emphatic first-person plural)
húanni (emphatic first-person plural)
úaib (plural second-person)
húaib (plural second-person)
úaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
húaibsi (emphatic plural second-person)
úadib (dative plural third-person)
húadib (dative plural third-person)
úaidib (dative plural third-person)
húaidib (dative plural third-person)
úaidibsom (dative emphatic plural third-person)
húadibsem (dative emphatic plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: ó
Irish: ó
Scottish Gaelic: o, bho
Manx: veih, voish

Contested.
* From Proto-Celtic *au (“away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ew (“away, down”). Cognate with Latin au-, Sanskrit अव (ava, “down”), Old Church Slavonic оу- (u-).
* From Proto-Celtic *aɸu (“away”), from *apó/*h₂epó (“away”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó), Sanskrit अप (ápa, “away, off”), Latin ab (“from”), Old Church Slavonic по (po), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af).

inh

ó thurcbáil co fuinud


ó

head

ó (triggers lenition, takes independent verbs)


ἐν

grc-preposition

ἐν • (en) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

Greek: εν (en)

PIE word
 *h₁én
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”), cognate with Latin in, Old Armenian ի (i), English in.
The dative is from the PIE locative. The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

(location) (with dative) in, on, at; (with dative plural) among

(elliptical, with genitive) in the house or the land of

Ζεὺς δ’ ἔλαχ’ οὐρανὸν εὐρὺν ἐν αἰθέρι καὶ νεφέλῃσι

[Poseidon answering Iris:]
and Zeus got the wide heaven surrounded by clear air and clouds

Zeùs d’ élakh’ ouranòn eurùn en aithéri kaì nephélēisi

ἐν τῇ δὲ ἐσθῆτι ἔτυχε ταῦτα κατεργασάμενος, ἀνέθηκε τῷ Ἀπόλλωνι πέμψας ἐς Βραγχίδας τὰς Μιλησίων.

The clothes that he happened to be wearing when he achieved this, Necos dedicated to Apollo and sent to the Branchidae of Miletos.

en têi dè esthêti étukhe taûta katergasámenos, anéthēke tôi Apóllōni pémpsas es Brankhídas tàs Milēsíōn.


ἀνά

ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (aná) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: ανά (aná)

From Proto-Hellenic *aná. Beekes' derivation from *h₂en- (“up, on high”) doesn't explain the second syllable. LIPP reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *áno (“up, over, along”). For /o/ > /a/ a vowel harmony is posited, cf. παρά (pará), κατά (katá), ἄντα (ánta), μάλα (mála), σάφα (sápha), θαμά (thamá). For the stress shift, an analogy with other prepositions. Cognates include Avestan 𐬀𐬥𐬀 (ana), Latin an- (“up”) in an-hēlō (“to gasp”), an-testor (“to call up as a witness”), and English on.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

inh

[with accusative]
in sequence, each, throughout

(of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for

[with accusative]
at a rate, speed, or price of, for

ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν

ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος

(of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase


ἐπί

grc-preposition

ἐπῐ́ • (epí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: επί (epí)

From Proto-Hellenic *epí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“on”).
Cognate with Sanskrit अपि (ápi), Avestan 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌 (aⁱpi), Old Persian 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹 (apiy), Old Armenian եւ (ew), Latin ob, Old High German bī, and Old English bī.
The genitive is an innovated Greek associative. The dative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is from the pre-PIE directional.

καθέζεται ἐπὶ θρόνῳ.

ἀλλ’ ἄγε νῦν εἴσελθε καὶ ἕζεο τῷδ’ ἐπὶ δίφρῳ

But come now, enter in, and sit thee upon this chair.

all’ áge nûn eíselthe kaì hézeo tôid’ epì díphrōi

σιδηρονώτοις δ’ ἀσπίδος τύποις ἐπῆν / γίγας ἐπ’ ὤμοις γηγενὴς ὅλην πόλιν / φέρων μοχλοῖσιν ἐξανασπάσας βάθρων

408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1131

This device his shield bore upon its iron back: an earth-born giant carrying on his shoulders a whole city which he had wrenched from its base.

sidēronṓtois d’ aspídos túpois epên / gígas ep’ ṓmois gēgenḕs hólēn pólin / phérōn mokhloîsin exanaspásas báthrōn

νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τούτους τετρακισχιλίους κληρούχους ἐπὶ τῶν ἱπποβοτέων τῇ χώρῃ λείπουσι

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.77.2

And after overcoming them as well, they left four thousand tenant farmers on the lands of the horse-breeders.

nikḗsantes dè kaì toútous tetrakiskhilíous klēroúkhous epì tôn hippobotéōn têi khṓrēi leípousi

αἱ δὲ νέμονται / πὰρ Κόρακος πέτρῃ ἐπί τε κρήνῃ Ἀρεθούσῃ

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.408

They are feeding by the rock of Corax and near the spring Arethusa.

hai dè némontai / pàr Kórakos pétrēi epí te krḗnēi Arethoúsēi

τοῖο δ’ ἐπ’ Ἰφιδάμαντι κάρη ἀπέκοψε παραστάς

And he drew near and struck off his head over [the body of] Iphidamas.

toîo d’ ep’ Iphidámanti kárē apékopse parastás

οἷ’ ἐπὶ σοὶ κατέθηκε θεὰ περικαλλέ’ ἄεθλα

Such beautiful prises did the goddess set there in thy honor.

hoî’ epì soì katéthēke theà perikallé’ áethla

ἐνθεῦτεν δὲ ἀπικόμενος ἐς τὴν Ἀρκαδίην νεώτερα ἔπρησσε πρήγματα, συνιστὰς τοὺς Ἀρκάδας ἐπὶ τῆ Σπάρτῃ

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.74.1

From there he came to Arcadia and stirred up disorder, uniting the Arcadians against Sparta.

entheûten dè apikómenos es tḕn Arkadíēn neṓtera éprēsse prḗgmata, sunistàs toùs Arkádas epì tê Spártēi

ὢ πόποι, οὐκ ἄρα σοί γ’ 'ἐπὶ εἴδεϊ καὶ φρένες ἦσαν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.454

Well, now, it seems that you at least do not have wits in addition to your beauty.

ṑ pópoi, ouk ára soí g’ 'epì eídeï kaì phrénes êsan

[with dative]
in addition to, over, besides

ὄγχνη ἐπ’ ὄγχνῃ γηράσκει

βοᾷ γὰρ λοιγὸς Ἐρινὺν / παρὰ τῶν πρότερον φθιμένων ἄτην / ἑτέραν ἐπάγουσαν ἐπ’ ἄτῃ

458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 404

Murder cries out on the Fury, which from those killed before brings one ruin after another.

boâi gàr loigòs Erinùn / parà tôn próteron phthiménōn átēn / hetéran epágousan ep’ átēi

[with dative]
(with duplication of head noun) after

νῦν τε παρὰ τῷ βαρβάρῳ τοσοῦτο δυνάμεθα ὥστε ἐπ’ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῆς γῆς ἐστερῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἠνδραποδίσθαι ὑμέας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.29.2

And now we bear such weight with the foreigner that it is in our power to have you deprived of your lands and enslaved.

nûn te parà tôi barbárōi tosoûto dunámetha hṓste ep’ hēmîn esti tês gês esterêsthai kaì pròs ēndrapodísthai huméas

τὰς δίκας καὶ τὰς διαίτας, ὅσαι ἐγένοντο ἐπὶ τοῖς νόμοις ἐν δημοκρατουμένῃ τῇ πόλει, κυρίας εἶναι

384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 56

Judgements and awards given according to the law while the government was democratic, shall be valid.

tàs díkas kaì tàs diaítas, hósai egénonto epì toîs nómois en dēmokratouménēi têi pólei, kurías eînai

σέο δ’ ὀστέα πύσει ἄρουρα
κειμένου ἐν Τροίῃ ἀτελευτήτῳ ἐπὶ ἔργῳ
séo d’ ostéa púsei ároura

And the earth will rot your bones as you lie in the land of Troy with your task unfinished.

keiménou en Troíēi ateleutḗtōi epì érgōi

κἀπ’ εὐπραξίᾳ / μέμνησθέ μου θανόντος εὐτυχεῖς ἀεί

406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1554

And in your prosperity, remember me in my death, and be fortunate evermore.

kap’ eupraxíāi / mémnēsthé mou thanóntos eutukheîs aeí

τοσαύτας μὲν αὐτοῖς εὐθυμίας παρεῖχεν ἐπὶ τῷ δείπνῳ

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.3.12

He furnished them such amusement at dinner.

tosaútas mèn autoîs euthumías pareîkhen epì tôi deípnōi

(of conditions or circumstances) in, with

ἀλλ’ ἤτοι ἐπὶ νυκτὶ φυλάξομεν ἡμέας αὐτούς

Surely at night we will guard our own selves.

all’ ḗtoi epì nuktì phuláxomen hēméas autoús

ἀλλ’ αὖθι κυνῶν μέλπηθρα γένοιτο, / ὅς τις ἐπ’ ἤματι τῷδε ἑκὼν μεθίῃσι μάχεσθαι

But here may he, who on this day of his own will shrinks from fight, become the sport of dogs.

all’ aûthi kunôn mélpēthra génoito, / hós tis ep’ ḗmati tôide hekṑn methíēisi mákhesthai

[with dative]
(of time, never in proper Attic) at, on

μαθὼν δὲ ἐπ’ ἐξεργασμένοισι τὸ μαντήιον ἐὸν τοῦτο

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.164.3

Then, perceiving after the deed had been done that this was the meaning of the oracle […]

mathṑn dè ep’ exergasménoisi tò mantḗion eòn toûto

ἦ τ’ ἔτι πολλὰ τετεύξεται ἄλγε’ ἐπ’ αὐτῇ

Many be the woes that shall yet be wrought because of her.

ê t’ éti pollà teteúxetai álge’ ep’ autêi

[with dative]
(expressing a cause) on account of, for

ὃ δὲ τείρετο γήραϊ λυγρῷ,
υἱὸν δ’ οὐ τέκετ’ ἄλλον ἐπὶ κτεάτεσσι λιπέσθαι
hò dè teíreto gḗraï lugrôi,

And their father was fordone with grievous old age, and begat no other son to leave in charge of his possessions.

huiòn d’ ou téket’ állon epì kteátessi lipésthai

γαστέρες αἵδ’ αἰγῶν κέατ’ ἐν πυρί, τὰς ἐπὶ δόρπῳ / κατθέμεθα

Here at the fire lie goats' paunches, which we set there for supper.

gastéres haíd’ aigôn kéat’ en purí, tàs epì dórpōi / katthémetha

[with dative]
(expressing a purpose) for

ἐνδεξαμένου δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ ὁμολογήσαντος ἐπὶ τούτοισι Πεισιστράτου, μηχανῶνται δὴ ἐπὶ τῇ κατόδῳ πρῆγμα

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.60.3

When this offer was accepted by Pisistratus, who agreed on these terms [with Megacles], they devised a plan to bring Pisistratus back.

endexaménou dè tòn lógon kaì homologḗsantos epì toútoisi Peisistrátou, mēkhanôntai dḕ epì têi katódōi prêgma

ἀλλ’ ἐποιοῦντο εἰρήνην ἐφ’ ᾧ τά τε μακρὰ τείχη καὶ τὸν Πειραιᾶ καθελόντας

They offered to make peace on the condition that the Athenians destroy the long walls and the walls of Piraeus.

all’ epoioûnto eirḗnēn eph’ hôi tá te makrà teíkhē kaì tòn Peiraiâ kathelóntas

τίς κέν μοι τόδε ἔργον ὑποσχόμενος τελέσειε / δώρῳ ἔπι μεγάλῳ

Who is there now that would promise me this deed and bring it to pass for a great gift?

tís kén moi tóde érgon huposkhómenos teléseie / dṓrōi épi megálōi

[with dative]
for (i.e. in exchange for)

ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῇ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔχθρᾳ στάσις κέκληται, ἐπὶ δὲ τῇ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου πόλεμος

Now the term employed for the hostility of the friendly is faction, and for that of the alien is war.

epì mèn oûn têi toû oikeíou ékhthrāi stásis kéklētai, epì dè têi toû allotríou pólemos

Ὀδυσῆος ἀμύμονος, ὅς μ’ ἐπὶ βουσὶν / εἷσ’ ἔτι τυτθὸν ἐόντα

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 20.209

Blameless Odysseus, who set me in charge of his cattle […]

Odusêos amúmonos, hós m’ epì bousìn / heîs’ éti tutthòn eónta

ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον

ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ πύργον ἔβη μέγαν Ἰλίου

But she went onto the great wall of Ilios.

οἳ δὲ νομίζουσι Διὶ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰ ὑψηλότατα τῶν ὀρέων ἀναβαίνοντες θυσίας ἔρδειν

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.131.2

They are accustomed to go up onto the highest peaks of the mountains to offer sacrifices to Zeus.

hoì dè nomízousi Diì mèn epì tà hupsēlótata tôn oréōn anabaínontes thusías érdein

[with accusative]
onto (the upper surface of)

ὃ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας Ἀχαιῶν λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα

For he had come to the swift ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter.

hò gàr êlthe thoàs epì nêas Akhaiôn lusómenós te thúgatra

αἳ δ’ ὅτ’ Ἀλεξάνδροιο δόμον περικαλλέ’ ἵκοντο, ἀμφίπολοι μὲν ἔπειτα θοῶς ἐπὶ ἔργα τράποντο

Now when they were come to the beautiful palace of Alexander, the handmaids turned forthwith to their tasks.

haì d’ hót’ Alexándroio dómon perikallé’ híkonto, amphípoloi mèn épeita thoôs epì érga tráponto

ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς θηριώδεος ὀφρύη ψάμμης κατήκει παρατείνουσα ἀπὸ Θηβέων τῶν Αἰγυπτιέων ἐπ’ Ἡρακλέας στήλας

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.1

Beyond this wild beasts' haunt runs a ridge of sand that stretches from Thebes of Egypt up to the Pillars of Heracles.

hupèr dè tês thēriṓdeos ophrúē psámmēs katḗkei parateínousa apò Thēbéōn tôn Aiguptiéōn ep’ Hērakléas stḗlas

οὐ γάρ πω πάντων ἐπὶ πείρατ’ ἀέθλων / ἤλθομεν

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.248

We have not yet come to the end of all our trials.

ou gár pō pántōn epì peírat’ aéthlōn / ḗlthomen

καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ἀχθήσεσθε ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ

70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 10:18

Yes, and you will be brought before governors and kings for my sake.

kaì epì hēgemónas dè kaì basileîs akhthḗsesthe héneken emoû

(with a person) to before, into the presence of

[with accusative]
to before, into the presence of

ἐπ’ ἀσπίδας δὲ πέντε μὲν καὶ εἴκοσι Θηβαῖοι ἐτάξαντο

460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.93

The Thebans formed twenty-five shields deep.

ep’ aspídas dè pénte mèn kaì eíkosi Thēbaîoi etáxanto

Χαλκιδέες τε ἐπὶ τὰ ἕτερα ἐσίνοντο ἐπιόντες χώρους τῆς Ἀττικῆς

460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.74

The Chalcidians however attacked on another side and raided lands in Attica.

Khalkidées te epì tà hétera esínonto epióntes khṓrous tês Attikês

[with accusative]
to or into a certain side

τοὺς δ’ Ἕκτωρ ἐνόησε κατὰ στίχας, ὦρτο δ’ ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς / κεκλήγων

But Hector marked them across the ranks, and rushed against them shouting aloud.

toùs d’ Héktōr enóēse katà stíkhas, ôrto d’ ep’ autoùs / keklḗgōn

οὕτω δὴ οἶκον δὲ φίλην ἐς πατρίδα γαῖαν / Ἀργεῖοι φεύξονται ἐπ’ εὐρέα νῶτα θαλάσσης

Is it thus indeed that the Argives are to flee their dear native land over the broad back of the sea?

hoútō dḕ oîkon dè phílēn es patrída gaîan / Argeîoi pheúxontai ep’ euréa nôta thalássēs

τλῆτε φίλοι, καὶ μείνατ’ ἐπὶ χρόνον

Endure, my friends, and abide for a time.

ἔνθα μὲν ἐν φύλλοισι φίλον τετιημένος ἦτορ / εὗδον παννύχιος καὶ ἐπ’ ἠῶ

So there among the leaves I slept, my heart sore stricken, the whole night through, until the morning.

éntha mèn en phúlloisi phílon tetiēménos êtor / heûdon pannúkhios kaì ep’ ēô

[with accusative]
(of time) up to, until

ἀλλ’ ἄγ’ ὁ μὲν πεδίονδ’ ἐπὶ βοῦν, ἴτω

Come now, let one go to the plain for a heifer.

ἡμεῖς γὰρ ἁγνοὶ τοὐπὶ τήνδε τὴν κόρην

Our hands are clean with respect to this girl.

ἐπὶ δὲ τοὺς πεζοὺς τῶν ὁμοτίμων ἀνθ’ αὑτοῦ ἕκαστον καθιστάναι ἄλλον ἄρχοντα τῶν ὁμοτίμων

430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.58

He also instructed each one of the newly-mounted officers to appoint some other peer to take his place of command over the infantry of the peers.

epì dè toùs pezoùs tôn homotímōn anth’ hautoû hékaston kathistánai állon árkhonta tôn homotímōn


oc

ocum (first-person singular)
ocom (first-person singular)
ocut (second-person singular)
oco (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occo (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
oca (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occa (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
occi (dative feminine singular third-person)
occai (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocae (dative feminine singular third-person)
occae (dative feminine singular third-person)
ocunn (first-person plural)
occaib (plural second-person)
occaib (dative plural third-person)

desctree

Middle Irish: oc
Irish: ag
Manx: ec
Scottish Gaelic: aig

From Proto-Celtic *onkos (“near”), probably ultimately related to the root of the verbal suffix icc. Compare Old Irish ocus.

at, beside, by (also used with a form of the substantive verb at·tá to express “have”)


ré

rium (first-person singular)
riumsa (emphatic first-person singular)
riut (second-person singular)
rïam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
ríam (dative masculine neuter singular third-person)
remi (dative feminine singular third-person)
remisi (dative emphatic feminine singular third-person)
riun (first-person plural)
reuib (plural second-person)
remib (dative plural third-person)

desc

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="sga">rïam</i> (third-person singular masculine)

⇒ Irish: roimh (from rïam (third-person singular masculine))

From Proto-Celtic *ɸrīs (compare Gaulish ris), from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Cognate with English first and Latin prīscus (“former”). The eclipsis trigger is analogical to íar (“after”). The inflected forms in -m, as well as the cognate prefix rem-, are from the superlative *ɸrīsamos (compare Latin prīmus (“first”)).

Is hé ru·fiastar cumachtae inna díglae do·mbi{u}r-siu húa londas, intí du·écigi{gi} is ar trócairi ⁊ censi du·bir-siu forunni siu innahí fo·daimem ré techt innúnn.

He who will know the power of the punishment which you sg inflict by means of wrath, it is he who will see that it is for the sake of mercy and gentleness that you inflict on us here the things that we suffer before going there.


περί

grc-preposition

περῐ́ • (perí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Greek: περί (perí)

→ Dutch: peri-

→ English: peri-

→ Finnish: peri-

→ French: péri-

→ Italian: peri-

→ Spanish: peri-

From Proto-Indo-European *peri (“in crossing, in passing”), locative singular of *per- (“before, in front”). Cognates include Sanskrit परि (pári), Latin per, Lithuanian per, English for, and Albanian për.
The genitive is from the PIE ablative of cause. The dative is from the locative. The accusative is like παρά (pará).

inh

[with genitive]
about, concerning, because of

around (both in the circular sense and close proximity sense), near, about


ἀμφί

grc-preposition

ἀμφί • (amphí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *ampʰí, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Beekes argues that the Indo-European term originated as a case form of *h₂ent- (“face”), which is the source of ἀντί (antí).
Cognate with Old English ymb-, Middle English umbe, Latin ambi-, Sanskrit अभि (abhí, “towards, over, upon”), Old Persian 𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎹 (abiy, “towards, against, upon”), Old High German umbi, Old Irish imb (“around”) and the first part of Old Armenian ամբ-ողջ (amb-ołǰ, “whole”).

cog

[with dative]
about, on account of, for the sake of


úas

Irish: os

Scottish Gaelic: os

From Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-. Cognate with Welsh uwch, Ancient Greek ὕψι (húpsi) and Proto-Slavic *vysь.

.i. aesca bís co mmatain os talam

i.e. the moon that continues over the earth till morning

c. 9th century, Int én bec, in The Blackbird by Belfast Loch in Early Irish lyrics, eighth to twelfth century (1956; Oxford University Press) edited by Gerard Murphy, with translation by David Stifter
Fo·ceird faíd ós Loch Laíg, lon do chraíb charnbuidi.
He casts a cry over Loch Laíg, the blackbird from the yellow-heaped branch.


fíad

fíad (nominative singular)
fíad (dual nominative)
fíadae (nominative plural)
fíad (singular vocative)
fíad (dual vocative)
fíadu (plural vocative)
fíad (accusative singular)
fíad (accusative dual)
fíadu (accusative plural)
fíado (genitive singular)
fíada (genitive singular)
fíado (dual genitive)
fíada (dual genitive)
fíadae (genitive plural)
fíad (dative singular)
fíadaib (dative dual)
fíadaib (dative plural)

Irish: fia

Manx: feeaih

Scottish Gaelic: fiadh

From Proto-Celtic *weidus, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weydʰh₁-u-s.


μεθ'

grc-preposition

μεθ' • (meth') (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of μετά (metá) (used before a rough breathing)


μετ'

μετ’ • (met’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὑπ'

ῠ̔π’ • (hup’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἐνί

ἐνί • (ení) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

(poetic) Alternative form of ἐν (en, “in”)


περ

περ • (per) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Thessalian and Delphic form of περί (perí)


παρ'

πᾰρ’ • (par’) (governs the genitive and dative)


ἐπ'

ἐπ’ • (ep’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


πάρ

πᾰ́ρ • (pár) (governs the genitive and dative)


ἀμφ'

ἀμφ’ • (amph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἔπι

ἔπι • (épi) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

stress-shifted form of ἐπί (epí) (when used postpositionally)


ἔπι

Alternative form of ἔπεστι (épesti): third-person singular present active indicative of ἔπειμι (épeimi)


προτί

προτί • (protí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ποτί

ποτί • (potí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

From Proto-Hellenic *poti; equivalent to πρός (prós), but along with πός (pós) from Proto-Indo-European *pós.


ἐφ'

ἐφ’ • (eph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of ἐπί (epí) (used before the rough breathing)


ἐγγύθεν

ἐγγῠ́θεν • (engúthen) (governs the dative and genitive)

ἐγγῠ́θεν (canonical)
engúthen (romanization)

From ἐγγῠ́ς (engús, “near”) + -θεν (-then).


ἔνι

ἔνι • (éni) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὕπο

ὕπο • (húpo) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


πέρι

πέρῐ • (péri) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


εἰν

εἰν • (ein) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἀν'

ἀν’ • (an’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


πάρα

πᾰ́ρᾰ • (pára) (governs the genitive and dative)


ὑφ'

ὑφ’ • (huph’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)

Apocopic form of ὑπό (hupó) (before a rough breathing)


ἀγχοῦ

grc-adverb

ἀγχοῦ • (ankhoû)

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂enǵʰ- (“to tighten”) (whence ἄγχι (ánkhi) and ἄγχω (ánkhō)).

der

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.172

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.526

800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.271

680 BCE – 645 BCE, Archilochus, Supplement 3.3

497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 962


παραί

grc-prep

πᾰραί • (paraí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὑπαί

grc-preposition

ὑπαί • (hupaí) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ἔπ'

ἔπ’ • (ép’) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὑπείρ

ὑπείρ • (hupeír) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative)


ὑπείρ

grc-adverb

ὑπείρ • (hupeír)


εἰνί

grc-preposition

εἰνί • (einí) (governs the dative, genitive, and accusative)

(Epic) Alternative form of ἐν (en, “in, on, at”) (as needed for meter)