emancipate

en-verb

emancipate (third-person singular simple present emancipates, present participle emancipating, simple past and past participle emancipated)

emancipates (present singular third-person)
emancipating (participle present)
emancipated (participle past)
emancipated (past)
emancipate (infinitive)
emancipate (first-person present singular)
emancipated (first-person past singular)
emancipate (present second-person singular)
emancipatest (archaic present second-person singular)
emancipated (past second-person singular)
emancipatedst (archaic past second-person singular)
emancipates (present singular third-person)
emancipateth (archaic present singular third-person)
emancipated (past singular third-person)
emancipate (plural present)
emancipated (past plural)
emancipate (present subjunctive)
emancipated (past subjunctive)
emancipate (imperative present)
emancipating (participle present)
emancipated (participle past)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Mélange a trois-emancipate.wav

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-emancipate.wav

PIE word
 *h₁eǵʰs
Learned borrowing from Latin ēmancipātus (“liberated, emancipated”) + English -ate (suffix forming verbs, and adjectives with the sense ‘characterized by the specified thing’). Ēmancipātus is the perfect passive participle of ēmancipō (“to declare (someone) free and independent of another’s power, emancipate; to give (something) from one’s authority or power into that of another, to alienate, transfer; to cause (oneself or someone) to become another’s slave; to make (someone) subservient”), from ē- (a variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + mancipō (“to sell; to transfer”) (from manceps (“owner, possessor; purchaser; etc.”) + -ō (suffix forming infinitives of first-conjugation verbs)); and manceps is from Proto-Italic *manukaps, from *manus (“hand”) (possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)meh₂- (“to beckon; to signal”)) + *-kaps (suffix denoting a catcher) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kap- (“to grab, seize; to hold”); referring to one who catches something in the hand).
The verb emancipate has sense 1.1 (“to set free”) and sense 1.3 (“(obsolete) to place under one’s control”) which are contradictory. The Latin word ēmancipō had the same senses, and the Oxford English Dictionary notes that according to the Latin grammarian Paulus Festus (fl. 8th century) this is because both actions were effected by the legal process of mancipation.

أَطْلَقَ

to set free (a person or group) from the oppression or restraint of another — see also liberate

翻身

to pass a law emancipating slaves

The number of prisoners whom [George] Jeffreys transported was eight hundred and forty-one. These men, more wretched than their associates who suffered death, were distributed into gangs, and bestowed on persons who enjoyed favour at court. The conditions of the gift were that the convicts should be carried beyond sea as slaves, that they should not be emancipated for ten years, and that the place of their banishment should be some West Indian island.

1849, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter V, in The History of England from the Accession of James II, volume I, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC, page 651:

Into this house he brought Eliza; and, on condition of her living with him, she and her children were to be emancipated. She resided with him there nine years, with servants to attend upon her, and provided with every comfort and luxury of life.

1853, Solomon Northup, chapter III, in [David Wilson], editor, Twelve Years a Slave. […], London: Sampson Low, Son & Co.; Auburn, N.Y.: Derby and Miller, →OCLC, page 52:

Then the long-headed man with care-chiselled face who sat in the White House [Abraham Lincoln] saw the inevitable, and emancipated the slaves of rebels on New Year's, 1863.

1903 April 18, W[illiam] E[dward] Burghardt Du Bois, “Of the Dawn of Freedom”, in The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches, Chicago, Ill.: A[lexander] C[aldwell] McClurg & Co., →OCLC, page 15:

To set free (a person or group) from the oppression or restraint of another; to liberate.

(also reflexive) Often followed by from: chiefly with reference to slavery in the United States, and in Central and South America: to set free (oneself or someone) from imprisonment, or from serfdom or slavery.


expatriate

The verb is first attested in 1787, the adjective and noun in 1812; borrowed from Medieval Latin expatriātus, perfect passive participle of expatriō (“to banish”) (see -ate (etymology 1,2 and 3)), from Latin ex- (“out of”) + patria (“native land”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix); possibly after French expatrier and expatrié.

bor+

an expatriate rebel force


extract

Borrowed from Latin extractum, neuter perfect passive participle of extrahō, from ex- (“out of”) + trahō (“I drag”).

vanilla extract

extract of beef

extract of dandelion

A decoction, solution, or infusion made by drawing out from any substance that which gives it its essential and characteristic virtue

екстракт

solution made by drawing out from a substance

(obsolete) A peculiar principle (fundamental essence) once erroneously supposed to form the basis of all vegetable extracts.

A draft or copy of writing; a certified copy of the proceedings in an action and the judgment therein, with an order for execution.


counteract

This flesh and blood of Christ's human body, as the redeeming substance, should have been eaten by man as an act of obedience to the command, 'Take, eat,' &c., as a counteract to the act of disobedience, and as a work meet for repentance.

1859, James Fletcher, A synthesis or conjoint view of the points of doctrine connected with the institution of the Lord's Supper:

Every time there is a march by the Ku Klux Klan or a swastika painted on a Jewish building, there could be a counteract of reconciliation within twenty-four hours.

2006, John Danforth, Faith and Politics, →ISBN:

An action performed in opposition to another action.


housewife

en-noun

housewife (plural housewives or housewifes)

housewives (plural)
housewifes (plural)
house-wife (alternative)
houswife (alternative)
huswife (alternative)

From Middle English houswyf, housewif, huswijf, equivalent to house + wife; a doublet of hussy, which it was long-distinguished with and displaced due to gradual negative connotation (see Online Etymology Dictionary entry). Cognate with German Hausweib.

2000, Uli Kusch, "Mr. Torture", Helloween, The Dark Ride
Mr Torture sells pain / To the housewives in Spain / He knows just what they crave / Mr Torture

(plural "housewives") A woman whose main employment is homemaking, maintaining the upkeep of her home and tending to household affairs; often, such a woman whose sole [unpaid] employment is homemaking.


impound

impound (countable and uncountable, plural impounds)

I already checked that out, and Keller has never called to get it out of impound.

(uncountable) The state of being impounded.


'scuse

'Scuse, can I come past?


mismatch

en-verb

mismatch (third-person singular simple present mismatches, present participle mismatching, simple past and past participle mismatched)

mismatches (present singular third-person)
mismatching (participle present)
mismatched (participle past)
mismatched (past)

/ˌmɪsˈmæt͡ʃ/


overreach

overreach (third-person singular simple present overreaches, present participle overreaching, simple past and past participle overreached or (obsolete) overraught)

overreaches (present singular third-person)
overreaching (participle present)
overreached (participle past)
overreached (past)
overraught (obsolete participle past)
overraught (obsolete past)

/ˌəʊvəˈɹiːt͡ʃ/

/ˌoʊvə(ɹ)ˈɹit͡ʃ/

The verb is from Middle English overrechen (“to rise above; to extend beyond or over; to encroach; to catch, overtake; to reach; to obtain wrongfully (?); to take up (a book) to revise it”) [and other forms], equivalent to over- + reach; the noun is derived from the verb or from the phrase to reach over.

nb...

overreche, overreiche, (Northern England) overreke

أَنَافَ

to reach above or beyond, especially to an excessive degree

[A]n equitable mortgage, by deposit of deeds to a person, bona fide, and without notice, will give him a preferable equity; and will overreach the vendor's equitable lien on the estate for any part of the purchase-money.

1813, Edward Burtenshaw Sugden, “Of the Vendor’s Lien on the Estate Sold for the Purchase-money, if Not Paid”, in A Practical Treatise of the Law of Vendors & Purchasers of Estates, 4th edition, London: Printed for J[oseph] Butterworth, […], →OCLC, page 452:

Wood therefore cannot, in equity, be permitted to proceed in his ejectment suit, to recover possession of the land under the title he has acquired from the state, by the attorney general's sale, and which at law overreaches the complainant's title.

1834 October 21, Reuben H[yde] Walworth, Chancellor, New York Court of Chancery, “Kellogg vs. Wood”, in Alonzo C[hristopher] Paige, editor, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of Chancery of the State of New-York, volume IV, New York, N.Y.: Published by Gould, Banks & Co. […]; Albany, N.Y.: W[illia]m & A. Gould & Co. […], →OCLC, page 616:

[page 215] City of London B[uilding] S[ociety] v. Flegg decided that the occupiers are not protected since a sale by two trustees overreaches. [...] [page 216] The Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the occupation of the Fleggs but, after universal academic execration, that decision was unanimously reversed by the [House of] Lords. Their occupation rights had indeed been overreached. [...] Two trustees effected what appeared to the lenders to be a proper mortgage, so that the rights of the beneficiaries were swept off the title and transferred to the mortgage money. The Fleggs could not enforce their rights against the lenders.

2003, Peter Sparkes, “Trusts of Land”, in A New Land Law, 2nd edition, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Portland, Or.: Hart Publishing, →ISBN, pages 215 and 216:

(ambitransitive) To reach above or beyond, especially to an excessive degree.

(transitive, property law) To defeat or override a person's interest in property; (British, specifically) of a holder of the legal title of real property: by mortgaging or selling the legal title to a third party, to cause another person's equitable right in the property to be dissolved and to be replaced by an equitable right in the money received from the third party.


progress

en-noun

progress (usually uncountable, plural progresses)

/ˈpɹəʊ.ɡɹɛs/

/ˈpɹoʊ.ɡɹɛs/

From Middle English progresse, from Old French progres (“a going forward”), from Latin prōgressus (“an advance”), from the participle stem of prōgredī (“to go forward, advance, develop”), from pro- (“forth, before”) + gradi (“to walk, go”). Displaced native Old English forþgang.

prefix

Testing for the new antidote is currently in progress.

Movement or advancement through a series of events, or points in time; development through time.

напре́дване

movement or advancement through a series of events, or points in time


recount

From Old Northern French and Anglo-Norman recunter, variant of Old French reconter.

Narration, account, description, rendering


recover

From Middle English recoveren, rekeveren, from Anglo-Norman recoverer and Old French recovrer, from Latin recuperāre, alternative form of reciperāre. Doublet of recuperate.
The noun is from Middle English recover, from the verb.

(military) A position of holding a firearm during exercises, whereby the lock is at shoulder height and the sling facing out.


redress

en-verb

redress (third-person singular simple present redresses, present participle redressing, simple past and past participle redressed)

redresses (present singular third-person)
redressing (participle present)
redressed (participle past)
redressed (past)

From Middle English redressen, from Anglo-Norman radresser, redrescer, redrescier and Middle French redresser (“to stand (someone or something) up; to stand up again; to rebuild, to repair something damaged, to rectify, to restore; to obtain redress; to cure; (of hair) to stand on end; to revise a judgment”) (modern French redresser), from Old French redrecier (“to stand (someone or something) up; to stand up again”), from Old French re- (“again, once more”) (from Latin re-, from Proto-Italic *wre (“again”); further etymology uncertain) + Old French drechier, drecier, dresser (“to dress; to stand up”) (from Vulgar Latin *drēctiāre, a contracted form of *dirēctiāre, from Latin dīrectus (“straight”)).
Compare Catalan redreçar, Spanish redreçar (obsolete), Italian redreçare, redrezare, redricciare, ridirizzare (all obsolete), ridrizzare, Late Latin redressare (“to repair; to set right”), Old Occitan redreisar, redresar.

cog

Let us divide our labours; thou, where choice / Leads thee, or where most needs, whether to wind / The woodbine round this arbour, or direct / The clasping ivy where to climb; while I, / In yonder spring of roses intermixed / With myrtle, find what to redress till noon: […]

1667, John Milton, Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: Printed [by Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker under Creed Church neer Aldgate; And by Robert Boulter at the Turks Head in Bishopsgate-street; and Matthias Walker, under St. Dunstons Church in Fleet-street, OCLC 767532218, book IX; republished as John Milton; Elijah Fenton; Samuel Johnson, Paradise Lost, by John Milton. To which are Prefixed, the Life of the Author, by Elijah Fenton; and a Criticism on the Poem, by Dr. Johnson, London: Printed for John Bumpus, Holborn-Bars, 1821, OCLC 563126389, page 256

Sir; When last in Philadelphia, you mentioned to me your wish that I should re-dress a certain paper, which you had prepared. As it is important, that a thing of this kind should be done with great care, and much at leisure, touched and retouched, I submit a wish, that, as soon as you have given it the body you mean it to have, it may be sent to me.

1796 May 10, Alexander Hamilton, letter to George Washington; quoted in George Washington; Jared Sparks, compiler, “Washington's Farewell Address [Appendix, No. III]”, in The Writings of George Washington; being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts; with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Illustrations, volume XII (Part Fifth; Comprising Speeches and Messages to Congress, Proclamations, and Addresses), Boston, Mass.: American Stationers' Company; John B. Russell; Cambridge, Mass.: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, 1837, OCLC 29437768, page 391

To put in order again; to set right; to revise.

възстановявам

To put in order again; to set right; to emend; to revise

And for thoſe Wrongs, thoſe bitter Iniuries, […] / I doubt not, but with Honor to redreſſe.

1591, William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies, London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, act II, scene v, page 105, column 2:

To set right (a wrong); to repair, (an injury or damage); to make amends for; to remedy; to relieve from.

поправям

To set right, as a wrong; to repair, as an injury; to make amends for; to remedy; to relieve from


redress

en-noun

redress (countable and uncountable, plural redresses)

Iohn. [of Lancaster] […] Let's drinke together friendly, and embrace, / That all their eyes may beare thoſe Tokens home, / Of our reſtored Loue and Amitie. / Biſh. [Archbishop of York] I take your Princely word, for theſe redreſſes.

c.''' 1596–1599, William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, Containing His Death: And the Coronation of King Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies, London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, act IV, scene ii, page 91, column 1:

The act of redressing; a making right; amendment; correction; reformation.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

1791 December 15 (adoption), First Amendment of the United States Constitution

"Good heavens!" cried Elizabeth; "but how could that be?—How could his will be disregarded?—Why did you not seek legal redress?"

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter XVI, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume I, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 181:

It will be pleaded, thirdly, that no substitute for war can be devised, which will insure to a nature a redress of wrongs.—But is it common for a nation to obtain a redress of wrongs by war? As to redress, do not the wars of nations resemble boxing at a tavern, when both the combatants receive a terrible bruising, then drink together, and make peace, each, however, bearing for a long time the marks of his folly and madness? A redress of wrongs by war is so uncommon, that unless revenge is redress, and multiplied injuries satisfaction, we should suppose that none but madmen would run the hazard.

1816?, Noah Worcester, A Solemn Review of War (no. XXXVI), Boston, Mass.: American Peace Society, →OCLC, page 3:

Although the main sanction is a criminal prosecution, there is also the possibility of consumer redress, either through compensation orders or the new civil sanction pilots.

2011, The Law Commission, The Scottish Law Commission, “The Structure of this Consultation Paper”, in Consumer Redress for Misleading and Aggressive Practices: A Joint Consultation Paper (Law Commission Consultation Paper; no. 199; Scottish Law Commission Discussion Paper; no. 149), London: The Stationery Office on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, →ISBN, archived from the original on 2015-10-04, page 24, paragraph 1.25(1):

The offering of redress and reparations to Japanese Americans was a significant step in the proliferation of a redress and reparation norm. As previously stated, redress had previously been focused on transitional justice, providing criminal, legislative, and reparatory justice following a shift from an authoritarian regime to a democratic regime. Providing redress and reparation to a victimized group in a country that did not undergo a regime change, and in fact was a major world power, created a tipping point for reparation politics.

2013, Stephanie Wolfe, “Redress and Reparation Movements (RRMs) Following the United States Internments”, in The Politics of Reparations and Apologies (Springer Series in Transitional Justice; 7), New York, N.Y.: Springer, →DOI, →ISBN, page 210:

A setting right, as of injury, oppression, or wrong, such as the redress of grievances; hence, indemnification; relief; remedy; reparation.

възстановяване

A possibility to set right, or a possibility to seek a remedy, for instance in court


remount

en-verb

remount (third-person singular simple present remounts, present participle remounting, simple past and past participle remounted)

remounts (present singular third-person)
remounting (participle present)
remounted (participle past)
remounted (past)

From Anglo-Norman remunter, Middle French remonter, later also reinforced by re- + mount.

They remounted together to their sitting-room while Sir Claude, who said he would join them later, remained below to smoke and to converse with the old acquaintances that he met wherever he turned.

(intransitive) To go up again; to rise another time.


repaint

repaint (third-person singular simple present repaints, present participle repainting, simple past and past participle repainted)

repaints (present singular third-person)
repainting (participle present)
repainted (participle past)
repainted (past)

To force a window to repaint itself programmatically, you call the inherited Invalidate() method[…]

2010, Andrew Troelsen, Pro C# 2010 and the .NET 4 Platform, page 1551:

(computing, ambitransitive) To draw or render again on the display.


repaint

They didn't like the color so we had to do a repaint.

More join us at Colwall and at the lovely station at Great Malvern, although the place is in need of some TLC nowadays. The ornate canopy supports are overdue a repaint, and the closed cafe gives the place a forlorn air.

2020 December 2, Paul Bigland, “My weirdest and wackiest Rover yet”, in Rail, page 67:

The act or process of painting something again, especially if recently painted.

WPF will call your OnRender function when it needs to know what content your visual displays, but the way graphics acceleration works in WPF means that this happens far less often than the equivalent repaints in Win32.

2005, Chris Sells, Ian Griffiths, Programming Windows Presentation Foundation:

(computing) The act of drawing or rendering again on the display.


replant

replant (third-person singular simple present replants, present participle replanting, simple past and past participle replanted)

replants (present singular third-person)
replanting (participle present)
replanted (participle past)
replanted (past)

As towns continue to grow, replanting vegetation has become a form of urban utopia and green roofs are spreading fast. Last year 1m square metres of plant-covered roofing was built in France, as much as in the US, and 10 times more than in Germany, the pioneer in this field. In Paris 22 hectares of roof have been planted, out of a potential total of 80 hectares.

2013 May 10, Audrey Garric, “Urban canopies let nature bloom”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 22, page 30:

To plant again, especially to plant in a different place, using different plants, or in a different design.


repress

repress (third-person singular simple present represses, present participle repressing, simple past and past participle repressed)

represses (present singular third-person)
repressing (participle present)
repressed (participle past)
repressed (past)

Ultimately from Latin repressus, the perfect passive participle of reprimō (“I repress”).

Deſire of wine and all delicious drinks […] Thou couldſt repreſs,

1671, John Milton, “The Second Book”, in Paradise Regain’d. A Poem. In IV Books. To which is Added, Samson Agonistes, London: […] J[ohn] M[acock] for John Starkey […], →OCLC, page 37, lines 542–544:

(transitive, by extension) To check; to keep back.


reprimand

/ˈɹɛpɹɪmɑːnd/

/ɹɛpɹɪˈmɑːnd/

/ˈɹɛp.ɹɪˌmænd/

/ˌɹɛp.ɹɪˈmænd/

From French réprimande, from réprimer (“to repress”).

Goldsmith gave his landlady a sharp reprimand for her treatment of him.

1856 February, [Thomas Babington] Macaulay, “Oliver Goldsmith”, in T[homas] F[lower] E[llis], editor, The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay, new edition, London: Longman, Green, Reader, & Dyer, published 1871, →OCLC:

A severe, formal or official reproof; reprehension, rebuke, private or public.


reprimand

reprimand (third-person singular simple present reprimands, present participle reprimanding, simple past and past participle reprimanded)

reprimands (present singular third-person)
reprimanding (participle present)
reprimanded (participle past)
reprimanded (past)

/ˈɹɛpɹɪmɑːnd/

/ɹɛpɹɪˈmɑːnd/

/ˈɹɛp.ɹɪˌmænd/

/ˌɹɛp.ɹɪˈmænd/

1983. Rosen, Stanley. Plato’s Sophist: The Drama of Original & Image. South Bend, Indiana, USA: St. Augustine’s Press. p. 62.
He is struck by Antinous, who is in turn reprimanded by one of the “proud young men” courting Penelope:


resent

resent (third-person singular simple present resents, present participle resenting, simple past and past participle resented)

resents (present singular third-person)
resenting (participle present)
resented (participle past)
resented (past)

From Middle French ressentir, resentir, from Old French resentir (Modern ressentir), from re- + sentir (“to feel”).

[…] which makes the tragical ends of noble persons more favorably resented by compassionate readers.

1658, Thomas Browne, “(please specify the page)”, in Hydriotaphia, Urne-buriall, […] Together with The Garden of Cyrus, […], London: […] Hen[ry] Brome […], →OCLC:

(transitive, obsolete) In a positive sense, to take well; to receive with satisfaction.


retry

retry (third-person singular simple present retries, present participle retrying, simple past and past participle retried)

retries (present singular third-person)
retrying (participle present)
retried (participle past)
retried (past)

→ Japanese: リトライ (ritorai)

→ Korean: 리트라이 (riteurai)

to retry a case

to retry an accused person

Despite mounting evidence against her, the jury found Casey not guilty. Since then, she’s thrown out numerous accusations about her family, a number of which she alleged in the 2022 docu-series Casey Anthony: Where the Truth Lies. But amid the release of a new documentary involving her parents, George and Cindy, could she be retried?

2024 January 11, Daisy Phillipson, “The Lie Detector Test: Can Casey Anthony be tried again?”, in Dexerto:

(transitive, law) To try judicially a second time.


revert

revert (third-person singular simple present reverts, present participle reverting, simple past and past participle reverted)

reverts (present singular third-person)
reverting (participle present)
reverted (participle past)
reverted (past)

From Old French revertir, from Vulgar Latin *revertiō, variant of Latin revertō.

връщам

to cause to return to the previous owner

Till happy Chance reverts the cruel scene.

c. 1700, Matthew Prior, A Passage in the Moriae Encomium of Erasmus:

The trembling stream […] / Reverted, plays in undulating flow.

a. 1749 (date written), James Thomson, “Spring”, in The Seasons, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar, and sold by Thomas Cadell, […], published 1768, →OCLC:

(transitive, now rare) To turn back, or turn to the contrary; to reverse.

обръщам

to turn back, or to the contrary; to reverse

(intransitive, biology) To return to an earlier or primitive type or state; to take on the traits or characters of an ancestral type.

taantua

biology: to return to an earlier or primitive type or state


rugged

en-adj

rugged (comparative more rugged, superlative most rugged)

more rugged (comparative)
most rugged (superlative)

From Middle English rugged, roggyd, ruggyd, derived from Old Norse rǫgg (“tuft, shagginess”), equivalent to rug (“rough, woollen material”) + -ed. Compare Old Swedish ruggoter (“wrinkled”), Swedish rugga (“to roughen”), Swedish ruggig (“shaggy”), Icelandic rögg (“shagginess”), Old Norse raggaðr (“tufted”), dialectal Danish raggad (“shaggy”).

BY and by, after a rugged climb, we halted on the summit of a hill which commanded a far-reaching view.

1870–1871 (date written), Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens], “”, in Roughing It, Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company [et al.], published 1872, →OCLC, page 465:

Broken into sharp or irregular points; uneven; not smooth; rough.


sag

en-noun

sag (countable and uncountable, plural sags)

From late Middle English saggen, probably of North Germanic/Scandinavian/Old Norse origin, akin to Old Norse sokkva (“to sink”), from a denasalized derivative of Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną (“to sink”).
Compare Norwegian Nynorsk sagga (“move slowly”)); probably akin to Danish and Norwegian sakke, Swedish sacka, Icelandic sakka. Compare also Dutch zakken and German sacken (from Low German).

a mass of igneous rock […] shown as a semicircular area of shonkinite exposed in the west wall of the sag. From the valley below, it appears as a dark cliff, perhaps 100 feet in height and a few hundred yards long.

1905, Louis Valentine Pirsson, Petrography and Geology of the Igneous Rocks of the Highwood ..., page 43:

Gunsight Peak north of the sag marks the southern end of the Malad Range that extends into Idaho. Complexly faulted Cambrian and Ordovician shelf sedimentary rocks are present[…]

2016 March 10, William T. Parry, Geology of Utah's Mountains, Peaks, and Plateaus: Including descriptions of cliffs, valleys, and climate history, FriesenPress, →ISBN:

A place where the surface (of a seat, the earth, etc) sinks or droops, like a depression or a dip in a ridge.


sag

en-verb

sag (third-person singular simple present sags, present participle sagging, simple past and past participle sagged)

sags (present singular third-person)
sagging (participle present)
sagged (participle past)
sagged (past)

The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear, / Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.

c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:

(figuratively) To lose firmness, elasticity, vigor, or a thriving state; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced.

(informal, Canada) To pull down someone else's pants as a prank.


sag

The dal tarka (£5) is made from whole yellow split peas, while sag aloo (£5) brings potatoes in a rich and oily spinach puree.

2003, Charles Campion, The Rough Guide to London Restaurants, page 173:


saturate

saturate (third-person singular simple present saturates, present participle saturating, simple past and past participle saturated)

saturates (present singular third-person)
saturating (participle present)
saturated (participle past)
saturated (past)

/ˈsæt͡ʃəˌɹeɪt/

The adjective is first attested in the second part of the 15ᵗʰ century, in Middle English, the verb in 1538, the noun in 1921; inherited from Middle English saturat(e) (“satiated, satisfied”), borrowed from Latin saturātus, perfect passive participle of saturō (“to fill, satisfy, quench”) (see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3)), from satur (“full”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix).

inh+

Rain saturated their clothes.

After walking home in the driving rain, his clothes were saturated.

Suppose, on the contrary, that a piece of charcoal saturated with hydrogen gas is put into a receiver filled with carbonic acid gas, […]

1815, Annals of Philosophy, volume 6, page 332:

Innumerable flocks and herds covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow, saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, chapter XII, in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

(transitive) To cause to become completely permeated with, or soaked (especially with a liquid).

Modern television is saturated with violence.

(transitive, figurative) To fill thoroughly or to excess.


saturate

Through formation of a double bond, stearic acid (18:0), a saturate, is converted to acid (18:1), a monounsaturate.

1999, Tom Brody, Nutritional Biochemistry, Academic Press, →ISBN, page 363:

We estimate from Table 4 that the average deuterium content in the saturate is approximately 1.1 when palladium is the catalyst, 1.6 when platinum is the catalyst, and 1.7 when rhodium is the catalyst. If there were only deuterium on the surface, the saturate would average 2 deuteriums.

1973, Paul Nels Rylander, Fourth Conference on Catalytic Hydrogenation and Analogous Pressure Reactions:

(chemistry) Something saturated, especially a saturated fat.


segregate

en-verb

segregate (third-person singular simple present segregates, present participle segregating, simple past and past participle segregated)

segregates (present singular third-person)
segregating (participle present)
segregated (participle past)
segregated (past)

/ˈsɛɡɹəˌɡeɪt/

From Latin sēgregātus, perfect passive participle of sēgregō (“I separate”), from sē- (“apart”) + gregō (“I flock or group”), from grex (“flock”). Compare gregarious, aggregate.

One aim of the reorganisation on both routes is to segregate completely the operation of the District and Tilbury Lines between London and Upminster, removing physical connections between the two.

1959 November, “L.T. and E.R. developments in East London”, in Trains Illustrated, page 529:

Throw me in cuffs, no chance of parole / Back in the house, thirty days in the hole / Segregate me from the local population, your love is, uh, incarceration

2015, “Your Love is Incarceration”, in Clutch:

(transitive) To separate, especially by social policies that directly or indirectly keep races or ethnic groups apart.


span

From Middle English spanne, from Old English spann, from Proto-Germanic *spannō (“span, handbreadth”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”).
Cognate with Dutch span, spanne, German Spanne. The sense “pair of horses” is probably from Old English ġespan, ġespann (“a joining; a fastening together; clasp; yoke”), from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]. Cognate with Dutch gespan, German Gespann.

der

Any of various traditional units of length approximating this distance, especially the English handspan of 9 inches forming ⅛ fathom and equivalent to 22.86 cm.

شِبْر

Any of various units of length approximating the full width of an open hand


stingy

en-adj

stingy (comparative stingier, superlative stingiest)

stingier (comparative)
stingiest (superlative)

Uncertain, possibly from stinge, a dialectal variation of sting (verb).

The realization of this joint oppression is like discovering that the stingy crusts of bread being held out by society have mold on them.

1985 April 13, Charles Henry Fuller, “Learning to Draw my Name”, in Gay Community News, page 8:

As the moon wheels around Earth every 28 days and shows us a progressively greater and then stingier slice of its sun-lightened face, the distance between the moon and Earth changes, too. At the nearest point along its egg-shaped orbit, its perigee, the moon may be 26,000 miles closer to us than it is at its far point.

2014 September 7, Natalie Angier, “The Moon comes around again [print version: Revisiting a moon that still has secrets to reveal: Supermoon revives interest in its violent origins and hidden face, International New York Times, 10 September 2014, p. 8]”, in The New York Times:


subvert

Back-formation from subvertising, by analogy with advert.

An advertisement created by subvertising.


moderate

moderate (comparative more moderate, superlative most moderate)

more moderate (comparative)
most moderate (superlative)

From Middle English moderat(e) (“moderate, temperate”), borrowed from Latin moderātus, perfect active participle of moderor (“regulate, restrain, moderate”) (see -ate (adjective-forming suffix)), from moder-, modes-, a stem appearing also in modestus (“moderate, discreet, modest”), from modus (“measure”); see mode and modest. Doublet of moderato. Displaced native Old English ġemetlīċ (“moderate”) and metegian (“to moderate”). Cognate with French modéré.

inh

moderate language

a moderate Calvinist

travelling at a moderate speed

A number of moderate members managed […] to obtain a majority in a thin house.

1731, Jonathan Swift, The Presbyterians Plea of Merit:


swathe

From Middle English swathe, from Old English swaþu (“track, trace”), from Proto-Germanic *swaþō. More at swath.

United's stature is such that one result must not bring the immediate announcement of a shift in the balance of power in Manchester - but the swathes of empty seats around Old Trafford and the wave of attacks pouring towards David de Gea's goal in the second half emphasised that City quite simply have greater firepower and talent in their squad at present.

2011 October 23, Phil McNulty, “Man Utd 1 - 6 Man City”, in BBC Sport:

2012, The Economist, Sep 29th 2012 issue, Venezuela’s presidential election: The autocrat and the ballot box
As well as the advantages of abused office, Mr Chávez can boast enduring popularity among a broad swathe of poorer Venezuelans. They like him for his charisma, humble background and demotic speech.

The female leads who cut a swathe through the centuries

Colleges say 'swathe of cuts' threatens adult education

Thomas Brassey (1805-70) should be equally famous, yet he is unknown to swathes of the greater populace. His plaque is at Chester.

2021 December 29, Stephen Roberts, “Stories and facts behind railway plaques: Chester (1848)”, in RAIL, number 947, page 57:

(chiefly British) Alternative spelling of swath.


tally

(US)

From Middle English talie, from Anglo-Norman tallie and Old French taille (“notch in a piece of wood signifying a debt”), from Medieval Latin tallia, from Latin talea (“a cutting, rod, stick”). Doublet of taille and talea.


toot

en-noun

toot (countable and uncountable, plural toots)

Probably onomatopoeic in origin. Compare Dutch toeteren (“to blow a horn”), German tuten, Swedish tuta, Danish tude.
Noun sense 7 ("Mastodon post") and verb sense 10 ("to post on Mastodon") are influenced by tweet (“Twitter post”).


dowse

en-verb

dowse (third-person singular simple present dowses, present participle dowsing, simple past and past participle dowsed)

dowses (present singular third-person)
dowsing (participle present)
dowsed (participle past)
dowsed (past)

Alternative form of douse (“to plunge into water”).


dowse

Unknown; originally a dialectal term from southern England.

(intransitive) To use the dipping or divining rod, as in search of water, ore, etc.


transplant

From Middle English transplaunten, from Old French transplanter, from Late Latin transplantare, equivalent to trans- + plant.

The Seigneur summoned the island's doctor, a young transplant from London named Peter Counsell, who determined that Mrs. Beaumont had suffered a stroke.

2012 October 29, Lauren Collins, The New Yorker:

(US) Someone who is not native to their area of residence.


articulate

en-adj

articulate (comparative more articulate, superlative most articulate)

more articulate (comparative)
most articulate (superlative)

The adjective is first attested in 1531, the verb in 1551; borrowed from Latin articulātus (“distinct, articulated, jointed”), perfect passive participle of articulō, see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3). Regular participial usage of the adjective up until Early Modern English.

bor+

an articulate period in history

ставен

able to bend or hinge at certain points or intervals


pussy

en-noun

pussy (countable and uncountable, plural pussies)

Maori: poti, puihi


mandate

First attested in 1521; borrowed from Latin mandātum (“a charge, order, command, commission, injunction”), substantivized from the neuter forms of mandātus, perfect passive participle of mandō (“to commit to one's charge, order, command, commission, literally to put into one's hands”) (see -ate (noun-forming suffix)), from manus (“hand”) + -dere (“to put”).

bor+

Throughout his last mandate, from 1980 to 1984, Mr. Trudeau insisted that we see ourselves solely as Canadians, that we set aside the historic compromises that underlie Canada as a federation.

2000 October 6, John Richards, “Pierre Elliott Trudeau: 1919-2000”, in The Globe and Mail, archived from the original on 2019-10-09:

(Canada) A period during which a government is in power.

(historical) An order by the League of Nations to a member nation to establish a government responsible for a conquered territory, as the colonies of Germany after World War I.


mandate

en-verb

mandate (third-person singular simple present mandates, present participle mandating, simple past and past participle mandated)

mandates (present singular third-person)
mandating (participle present)
mandated (participle past)
mandated (past)

First attested in 1623; partly directly borrowed from Latin mandātus (see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more), partly from the above noun by metanalysis.

After I have mandated my exercices.

1724, Robert Wodrow, Life of James Wodrow:

He [sc. Archbishop Secker] then proceeds to express his disapprobation of what is called Mandating of Sermons, or repeating them from memory. This custom prevails much among foreign Divines, and throughout the whole Church of Scotland.

1796, Charles Simeon, The Gospel Message:

He rose and walked his study, ‘mandating’ his opening sentences with appropriate gestures.

1893, Samuel Rutherford Crockett, Stickitt Minister:

I had only from that evening at six till Sabbath to mandate my two discourses.

1951, Robert James Drummond, Lest We Forget:

(Scotland, especially Christianity) To repeat, rehearse sermons or speeches aloud.


mandate

Moss: Oh, he's long gone, although Roy's got a mandate with him.
Roy: It is not a mandate. I am not a man-woman. We are not married. I am not your wife!

2007 September 7, Graham Linehan, The IT Crowd, Season 2, Episode 3

(uncommon) Alternative form of man date: a date between two men.


aspirate

aspirate (third-person singular simple present aspirates, present participle aspirating, simple past and past participle aspirated)

aspirates (present singular third-person)
aspirating (participle present)
aspirated (participle past)
aspirated (past)

There is no doubt that the uncertainty about the letter H, which much defaces English in some classes of the community, is due entirely to Norman influence, for Frenchmen could not aspirate. Three words—hour, honor, heir, with compounds of them such as hourly, honourable, heirship, and the like, are quite enough to puzzle people who find H sometimes sounded, sometimes not.

1887, James Frederick Hodgetts, Greater England, page 33:

(ambitransitive, linguistics) To produce an audible puff of breath, especially following a consonant, such as the letter "h" at the beginning of house or hat in standard English.

送气

linguistics: to produce an audible puff of breath


addict

en-adj

addict (comparative more addict, superlative most addict)

more addict (comparative)
most addict (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin addictus, past participle of addīcō (“deliver; devote; surrender”), from ad- (“to, towards, at”) + dīcō (“say; declare”)


waw

From Middle English wawe, waȝe, waghe, from Old English wǣg (“motion, water, wave, billow, flood, sea”), from Proto-West Germanic *wāg, from Proto-Germanic *wēgaz (“wave, storm”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵʰ- (“to drag, carry”).
Cognate with North Frisian weage (“water, wave”), German Wag, Woge (“wave”), French vague (“wave”), Swedish våg (“wave”).

der

[…] nigh it drawes
 All passengers, that none from it can shift:
 For whiles they fly that Gulfes deuouring iawes,
 They on this rock are rent, and sunck in helplesse wawes.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto XII”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:


theism

en-noun

theism (countable and uncountable, plural theisms)

Coined, theo- + -ism. ultimately from Ancient Greek θεός (theós, “god”). Attested in English from 1678, theist being attested 16 years earlier in 1662. Cognate French théisme, as in Diderot Principes de la philosophie morale (1745), which was probably borrowed from English.

The term stands in contradistinction to theism which, in its widest sense, means belief in a personal god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses.

1999, Jeaneane D. Fowler, Humanism: Beliefs & Practices, page 66

(strictly) Belief in the existence of a personal creator god, goddess, gods and/or goddesses present and active in the governance and organization of the world and the universe. The God may be known by or through revelation.

teismi

belief in the existence of a personal, present and active creator God


fungi

Borrowed from Latin fungī, from fungus + -ī (suffix forming the nominative or vocative plurals of most second-declension nouns ending in -us).

(pathology) Spongy, abnormal growth, as granulation tissue formed in a wound.


rehash

en-verb

rehash (third-person singular simple present rehashes, present participle rehashing, simple past and past participle rehashed)

rehashes (present singular third-person)
rehashing (participle present)
rehashed (participle past)
rehashed (past)

преработвам

to rework old material, redo some work, with some variations

(transitive, computing) To recompute the structure of a hash table, taking into account any newly added items.


rehash

(computing) A recomputation of the structure of a hash table, taking into account any newly added items.


skier

However, when Guha returned, she picked the wrong ball to pull and hit a skier to Charlotte Edwards.

2002, Jeff Green, "New Zealand win tri-series in convincing style", Cricinfo

The second thing I did my best to get out of was the unpleasant position Monty found himself in rather too often in Sri Lanka: standing under a skier in the deep.

2012, Harry Pearson, "There's always a catch – unless it's me or Monty underneath the ball", The Guardian

(cricket) A ball hit high in the air, often leading to a catch.


initiate

initiate (third-person singular simple present initiates, present participle initiating, simple past and past participle initiated)

initiates (present singular third-person)
initiating (participle present)
initiated (participle past)
initiated (past)

pause

(antonym(s) of “to begin”): stop, end, cease; to end temporarily

discontinue

(antonym(s) of “to begin”): stop, end, cease; to end incompletely

finish

(antonym(s) of “to begin”): stop, end, cease; to end completely

Borrowed from Latin initiātus, perfect passive participle of initiō (“to begin, originate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), from initium (“a beginning”) + -ō (verb-forming suffix), from initus (“an entrance, coming in, approach”) + -ium, from ineō + -tus, from in- + eō (“to go”). Cognate with French initier.

/ɪˈnɪʃ.ɪ.ət/

The king himself initiates to the power; Scatters with quivering hand the sacred flour, And the stream sprinkles.

1725–1726, Homer, “Book 3”, in [William Broome, Elijah Fenton, Alexander Pope], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC:

(intransitive) To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative.


evening

en-noun

evening (countable and uncountable, plural evenings)

From Middle English evening, evenyng, from Old English ǣfnung, from ǣfnian < ǣfen (from Proto-West Germanic *ābanþ, from Proto-Germanic *ēbanþs), corresponding to even + -ing.

а́хәылԥаз

time of day between the approximate time of midwinter dusk and midnight

noite

only when contrasted with madrugada; noite more commonly refers to the whole period from sunset to dawn

It was the evening of the Roman Empire.

The latter [locomotive] had worked on the Hampton Court branch for many years, and was spending the evening of its life in the West Country.

1950 January, “Notes and News: The North Cornwall Line”, in Railway Magazine, page 62:

(figuratively) A concluding time period; a point in time near the end of something; the beginning of the end of something.


dictate

en-verb

dictate (third-person singular simple present dictates, present participle dictating, simple past and past participle dictated)

dictates (present singular third-person)
dictating (participle present)
dictated (participle past)
dictated (past)

First attested in 1577; borrowed from Latin dictātus, perfect passive participle of dictō (“to pronounce or declare repeatedly; to dictate”) (see -ate (verb-forming suffix)), frequentative of dīcō (“say, speak”).

Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.

2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 409:


rebel

From Middle English rebel, rebell, from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis (“waging war again; insurgent”), from rebellō (“I wage war again, fight back”), from re- (“again, back”) + bellō (“I wage war”).

der

Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America

(US, historical) Synonym of Confederate: a citizen of the Confederate States of America, especially a Confederate soldier.


gallant

en-adj

gallant (comparative more gallant, superlative most gallant)

more gallant (comparative)
most gallant (superlative)
gallaunt (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English galant, galaunt, from Old French galant (“courteous; dashing; brave”), present participle of galer (“to rejoice; make merry”), from gale (“pomp; show; festivity; mirth”); either from Frankish *wala (“good, well”), a variant form of *wela, from Proto-Germanic *wela (whence well), from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, wish”); or alternatively from Frankish *gail (“merry; mirthful; proud; luxuriant”), from Proto-Germanic *gailaz (“merry; excited; luxurious”), related to Dutch geil (“horny; lascivious; salacious; lecherous”), German geil (“randy; horny; lecherous; wicked”), Old English gāl (“wanton; wicked; bad”).

der

This town is built in a very gallant place.

1644 March 28 (Gregorian calendar), John Evelyn, “[Diary entry for 18 March 1644]”, in William Bray, editor, Memoirs, Illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, […], 2nd edition, volume I, London: Henry Colburn, […]; and sold by John and Arthur Arch, […], published 1819, →OCLC:

our royal, good and gallant ship

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:

(obsolete) Showy; splendid; magnificent; gay; well-dressed.


gallant

17th-century borrowing from French galant. See above.

I admire all that quaint, old-fashioned politeness; it is much more to my taste than modern ease; modern ease often disgusts me. But this good old Mr. Woodhouse, I wish you had heard his gallant speeches to me at dinner. Oh! I assure you I began to think my caro sposo would be absolutely jealous.

1815, Jane Austen, Emma, volume II, chapter 17:

Polite and attentive to ladies; courteous to women; chivalrous.


gallant

gallants (plural)
gallaunt (alternative obsolete)

PROSPERO: […] this gallant which thou see'st / Was in the wrack; and but he's something stain'd / with grief,—that beauty's canker,—thou mightst call him / A goodly person […]

1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

(dated) A fashionable young man who is polite and attentive to women.

[…] they were discovered in a very improper manner by the husband of the gypsy, who, from jealousy it seems, had kept a watchful eye over his wife, and had dogged her to the place, where he found her in the arms of her gallant.

1749, Henry Fielding, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume (please specify |volume=I to VI), London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC:

The ignominy of that whisper'd tale / About a midnight gallant, seen to climb / A window to her chamber neighbour'd near, / I will from her turn off, and put the load / On the right shoulders; on that wretch's head, […]

a. 1822 (date written), John Keats, “[Tragedies.] Otho the Great: A Tragedy in Five Acts.”, in [Horace Elisha Scudder], editor, The Complete Poetical Works and Letters of John Keats, Cambridge edition, Boston, Mass., New York, N.Y.: Houghton, Mifflin and Company […], published 1899, →OCLC, Act III, scene ii, page 176, column 2, lines 140–144:

One who woos, a lover, a suitor, a seducer.


irony

en-noun

irony (countable and uncountable, plural ironies)

First attested in 1502. From Middle French ironie, from Old French, from Latin īrōnīa, from Ancient Greek εἰρωνεία (eirōneía, “irony, pretext”), from εἴρων (eírōn, “one who feigns ignorance”).

ironi

statement that may mean the opposite of what is written literally

Irony, saying what it ne'er intends,
Censures with praise, and speaks to foes as friends.

1835, L[arret] Langley, “[The Seven Tropes.] Irony.”, in A Manual of the Figures of Rhetoric, […], Doncaster, South Yorkshire: […] C. White, […], →OCLC, page 11:

A principal virtue of Rorty's recognition of both the lightminded and the serious side of irony is to urge us in that direction.

1994, David L. Hall, Richard Rorty: Prophet and Poet of the New Pragmatism, →ISBN, page 146:

(rhetoric) The quality of a statement that, when taken in context, may actually mean something different from, or the opposite of, what is written literally; the use of words expressing something other than their literal intention, often in a humorous context.

It is one of the ironies of capital cities that each acts as a symbol of its nation, and yet few are even remotely representative of it. London has always set itself apart from the rest of Britain — but political, economic and social trends are conspiring to drive that wedge deeper.

2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in The New York Times, retrieved 2013-09-28:

Dramatic irony: a theatrical effect in which the meaning of a situation, or some incongruity in the plot, is understood by the audience, but not by the characters in the play.

Socratic irony: ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist.

(informal) Contradiction between circumstances and expectations; condition contrary to what might be expected.


ravine

From Middle English ravene, ravine, from Old French raviner (“rush, seize by force”), itself from ravine (“rapine”), from Latin rapīna (“plundering, loot”), itself from rapere (“seize, plunder, abduct”).

And he, shall he,
Man, her last work, who seem’d so fair, […]
Who trusted God was love indeed
And love Creation’s final law—
Tho’ Nature, red in tooth and claw
With ravine, shriek’d against his creed—
Who loved, who suffer’d countless ills,
Who battled for the True, the Just,
Be blown about the desert dust,
Or seal’d within the iron hills?

1849, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, In Memoriam A.H.H.:

(archaic) Alternative form of raven (“rapine, rapacity; prey, plunder”).


sewer

From Middle English seware, seuere, from Anglo-Norman asseour, from Old French asseoir (“find a seat for”), from Latin assidēre, present active participle of assideō (“attend to”), from ad (“to, towards, at”) + sedeō (“sit”).

While the Saxon was plunged in these painful reflections, the door of their prison opened, and gave entrance to a sewer, holding his white rod of office.

1819 December 20 (indicated as 1820), Walter Scott, chapter VII, in Ivanhoe; a Romance. […], volume II, Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, pages 116–117:

His nephew Charles, meanwhile, had grown up in the royal household, working as a sewer, or waiter.

2011, Thomas Penn, Winter King, Penguin, published 2012, page 287

(historical) An official in charge of a princely household, also responsible for the ceremonial task of attending at dinners, seating the guests and serving dishes.


mush

From Angloromani mush (“man”), from Romani mursh, from Sanskrit मनुष्य (manuṣya, “human being, man”).

Oy mush, come over here and gimme a hand with the motor.

"Hey, Mush!" Tony Pellegrino called to Michael standing on the other side of the street.

2018, Brenda Spalding, Bottle Alley, Heritage Publishing, →ISBN, chapter 1:

(British, slang, chiefly Southern England) (US, slang, chiefly Nonantum) A form of address, normally to a man.


pram

Janet Bird née Ollerenshaw was pushing her pram along Tockley High Street.

1975, Margaret Drabble, The Realms of Gold, published 1977, page 127:

For a start the pram was heavier than it appeared, and also they were pulling it along very uneven ground. The edge of the field was slightly banked which tilted the pram at an angle.

2006, Diane Setterfield, The Thirteenth Tale:

Stepping over her, he unbuttoned the pram′s apron and pulled it back.
At first he couldn′t make out what the pram contained. He had to crane himself over, holding his body back from the obscuring light. The pram was full of groceries—cabbage, sprouts, potatoes.

2012, Ramsey Campbell, Dark Companions, page 233:

The Key Train Requirements document, released in July by the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB), includes a new clause covering people travelling with pushchairs. It highlights the need for space in carriages for unfolded pushchairs or prams, separate from areas for wheelchairs and cycles. It also recommends extending seat reservations to include pram spaces.

2023 August 9, Paul Clifton, “Network News: Family-friendly travel: new standard covers pushchairs”, in RAIL, number 989, page 26:

A small vehicle, usually covered, in which a newborn baby is pushed around in a lying position.

(colloquial, loosely) A pushchair; a buggy.


pram

prams (plural)
praam (alternative)
prahm (alternative)

From Dutch praam (“a flat-bottomed boat”), from Middle Dutch praem, from Middle Low German prām, from Old Czech *prám, from Proto-Slavic *pormъ.

(nautical, historical) A flat-bottomed barge used on shallow shores to convey cargo to and from ships that cannot enter the harbour.

(nautical, historical) A similar barge used as platform for cannons in shallow waters which seagoing warships cannot enter.

Although the pram, like the johnboat, has a squared-off bow as well as stern, the bow lines on the pram will be narrower than those encountered on a johnboat.

August 1979, F. M. Paulson, “Car-topable Craft”, in Field & Stream, page 50:

Nothing can beat the simple pleasure of paddling a pram around on a foggy dawn, probing pad flats, stumps and fallen logs for lurking bass.


viola

(botany) Any of several flowering plants, of the genus Viola, including the violets and pansies.


homograph

/ˈhɒməɡɹɑːf/

/ˈhəʊməɡɹæf/

/ˈhɑːməɡɹæf/

/ˈhoʊməɡɹæf/

(computing) A text character or string that looks identical to another when rendered.


poll

polls (plural)
pol (alternative)
pole (alternative)

From Middle English pol, polle ("scalp, pate"), from or cognate with Middle Dutch pol, pōle, polle (“top, summit; head”), from Proto-West Germanic *poll, from Proto-Germanic *pullaz (“round object, head, top”), from Proto-Indo-European *bolno-, *bōwl- (“orb, round object, bubble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bew- (“to blow, swell”).
Akin to Scots pow (“head, crown, scalp, skull”), Saterland Frisian pol (“round, full, brimming”, adjective), German Low German Polle, Poll (“round object, ball”), German Low German Poller (“head, tree-top, bulb”), Danish puld (“crown of a hat”), Swedish dialectal pull (“head”).
Meaning "collection of votes" is first recorded 1625, from the notion of "counting heads".

cog

The polls close at 8 p.m.

A polling place (usually as plural, polling places)


overhaul

/ˈəʊvəˌhɔːl/

/ˌəʊvəˈhɔːl/

(firefighting) The process after the fire appears extinguished in which the firefighters search the structure for signs of hot spots that may cause the structure to reignite.


overhaul

en-verb

overhaul (third-person singular simple present overhauls, present participle overhauling, simple past and past participle overhauled)

overhauls (present singular third-person)
overhauling (participle present)
overhauled (participle past)
overhauled (past)

/ˈəʊvəˌhɔːl/

/ˌəʊvəˈhɔːl/

(nautical) To keep (running rigging) clear, and see that no hitch occurs.


carbonate

From French carbonate, equivalent of carbon + -ate (“suffix used for salts of acids ending in -ic”).

af

A sample of carbon removed from the ocean in the solid form of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide from UCLA's SeaChange program -- now known as Equatic -- in 2023.

2024 April 21, Laura Paddison, “Can this ocean-based carbon plant help save the world? Some scientists are raising red flags”, in CNN:

McCoy’s team, including 66 researchers across four continents, found the salt and minerals left behind as water on Bennu, or its larger parent asteroid, evaporated. The minerals include sodium phosphates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides and fluorides, some of which are necessary to the formation of life.

2025 January 29, Ashley Strickland, “Historic asteroid sample reveals the ‘building blocks of life are in fact extraterrestrial in origin,’ scientists say”, in CNN:


Andrea

Latinate feminine form of Andreas and Andrew.

There's not much you can do with a name like Andrea. "Call me And." I don't think so. "Call me Andy." You say that and people will start calling you Handy Andy, and before you know it, you'll be getting phones calls from people wanting you to come and get their drain unstopped. So I've been forced to have people call me Andrea, which sounds like a girl who takes ballet and is learning to play the cello.

2003, Jack Weyland, Everyone Gets Married in the End, Cedar Fort,, →ISBN, page 157:


ingress

en-noun

ingress (countable and uncountable, plural ingresses)

From Latin ingressus, from the verb ingredior.

(astronomy) The entrance of the Moon into the shadow of the Earth in eclipses, or the Sun's entrance into a sign, etc.


ingress

en-verb

ingress (third-person singular simple present ingresses, present participle ingressing, simple past and past participle ingressed)

ingresses (present singular third-person)
ingressing (participle present)
ingressed (participle past)
ingressed (past)

"We ingressed North Vietnam over Cam Pha on a westerly heading," reported Captain Madden.

1976, The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia: Aces and Aerial Victories, page 108:

We were ingressing the target area.

1998, Michael William Donnelly, Falcon's Cry, →ISBN, page 93:

(transitive, US, chiefly military) To enter (a specified location or area)

(Whiteheadian metaphysics) To manifest or cause to be manifested in the temporal world; to effect ingression


supply

en-noun

supply (countable and uncountable, plural supplies)

From Middle English supplien, borrowed from Old French soupleer, souploier, from Latin suppleo (“to fill up, make full, complete, supply”).
The Middle English spelling was modified to conform to Latin etymology.

der

to vote supplies

(chiefly in the plural) An amount of money provided, as by Parliament or Congress, to meet the annual national expenditures.

finanslov

amount of money provided to meet the annual national expenditures


spa

The term is derived from the name of the Belgian town of Spa, where since medieval times illnesses caused by iron deficiency were treated by drinking chalybeate (iron-bearing) spring water. In 16ᵗʰ century England the old Roman ideas of medicinal bathing were revived at towns like Bath, and in 1571 William Slingsby who had been to the Belgian town (which he called Spaw) discovered a chalybeate spring in Yorkshire. He built an enclosed well at what became known as Harrogate, the first resort in England for drinking medicinal waters, then in 1596 Dr. Timothy Bright called the resort The English Spaw, beginning the use of the word Spa as a generic description rather than as the place name of the Belgian town. At first this term referred specifically to resorts for water drinking rather than bathing, but this distinction was gradually lost and many spas offer external remedies.
There are various stories about the origin of the name. A Belgian spring of iron-bearing water was called Espa from the Walloon term for "fountain", and was used in 1326 as a cure by an iron master with such success that he founded a health resort that developed into the town, though it has been suggested that this term may be derived from the name of the resort. Some have suggested that the town's name can be ultimately sourced from Latin spargere (“to scatter, sprinkle, or moisten”), though this derivation is problematic.

Their bath is fitted with a spa.


obligate

en-verb

obligate (third-person singular simple present obligates, present participle obligating, simple past and past participle obligated)

obligates (present singular third-person)
obligating (participle present)
obligated (participle past)
obligated (past)

Borrowed from Latin obligātus, past participle of obligō. Doublet of oblige, taken through French.

(transitive, Canada, US, Scotland) To cause to be grateful or indebted; to oblige.


dedicate

dedicate (third-person singular simple present dedicates, present participle dedicating, simple past and past participle dedicated)

dedicates (present singular third-person)
dedicating (participle present)
dedicated (participle past)
dedicated (past)

From Middle English dedicaten (“to dedicate”), from dedicat(e) (“dedicated”, also used as the past participle of dedicaten) + -en (verb-forming suffix), from Latin dēdicātus, the perfect passive participle of dēdicō (“to dedicate, proclaim”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix).

af

dedicated ourselves to starting our own business.

(transitive) To commit (oneself) to a particular course of thought or action.

توفر

to commit (oneself) to a particular course of thought or action

dedicate a monument.

(transitive) To show to the public for the first time.

inaugurar

to show to the public for the first time

открыва́ть

торже́ственно


dedicate

en-adj

dedicate (comparative more dedicate, superlative most dedicate)

more dedicate (comparative)
most dedicate (superlative)

from Middle English dedicat(e) (“dedicated”, also used as the past participle of dedicaten), see -ate (adjective-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. The nouns is derived through substantivization from Latin dēdicātus, see -ate (noun-forming suffix).

inh

also used as the past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">dedicaten</i>

Dedicate to nothing temporal.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:

His life is dedicate to worthiness.

1856, George Henry Calvert, Like Unto Like:

(obsolete) Dedicated; set apart; devoted; consecrated.


dedicate

Glancing at the crowd of onlookers, she said, “I know that service at the dining hall will be over soon”—instantly a few dedicates and all of the novices hurried away—“and some of us here would like to prepare our own meal.” […] Out of sight of the dedicates, she climbed over the short fence and escaped to Winding Circle's biggest library.

2011 September 1, Tamora Pierce, Circle of Magic #1: Sandry's Book, Scholastic Inc., →ISBN:

Initiation—When a dedicate is seen on all levels to be learning and doing more as they participate in the circle and aids with rituals and/or divination, an initiation is decided on with the priest or priestess and dedicate.

2015 April 8, Dracaena Paxx, The Sacred Spiral: Unlocking Ones Infinite Potential, Xlibris Corporation, →ISBN:

Through this rune of compassion, feelings of pain are transferred from the dedicates to Fallion. Lord Despair then proceeds to torture the dedicates so that Fallion would feel the pain of the tortures without being physically harmed[…]

2019 November 14, Charul Palmer-Patel, The Shape of Fantasy: Investigating the Structure of American Heroic Epic Fantasy, Routledge, →ISBN:

Rowan Cortak stood with the rest of the dedicates.

2022 September 27, Chad Corrie, The Wizard King Trilogy Boxed Set, Dark Horse Books, →ISBN, page 24:

(chiefly fantasy and paganism) One who dedicates themselves, or who is dedicated, to the service of some leader, religion, etc.


lower

en-verb

lower (third-person singular simple present lowers, present participle lowering, simple past and past participle lowered)

lowers (present singular third-person)
lowering (participle present)
lowered (participle past)
lowered (past)

(computing, transitive) To reduce operations to single machine instructions, as part of compilation of a program.


interline

American Airlines and British Airways have an interline agreement to handle each other's baggage and to accept each other's tickets.

I had an interline connection from Delta to AA in Dallas/Ft. Worth.

(transport) Between (or with) two airlines.


associate

From the substantivization of the above adjective, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.

(algebra) One of a pair of elements of an integral domain (or a ring) such that the two elements are divisible by each other (or, equivalently, such that each one can be expressed as the product of the other with a unit).


associate

associate (third-person singular simple present associates, present participle associating, simple past and past participle associated)

associates (present singular third-person)
associating (participle present)
associated (participle past)
associated (past)

From Middle English associat(e) (“associated, allied”) (the verb *associaten is not found in Middle English writings and only attested at a later period), see -ate (verb-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more. Doublet of associe.

inh

/əˈsəʊʃieɪt/

/əˈsəʊʃi.ət/

(intransitive) To join in or form a league, union, or association.

ընկերակցիլ

to join in or form a league, union, or association


conduct

en-noun

conduct (countable and uncountable, plural conducts)

From Late Latin conductus (“defense, escort”), from Latin conductus, perfect passive participle of condūcō (“bring together”); see also conduce. Doublet of conduit.

der

Good conduct will be rewarded and likewise poor conduct will be punished.

when she came to recall the affectionate and natural manner of the young Indian girl, and all the evidences of good faith and sincerity she had seen in her conduct during the familiar intercourse of their journey, she rejected the idea with the unwillingness of a generous disposition to believe ill of others

1840, [James Fenimore Cooper], The Pathfinder: Or, The Inland Sea. […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard, →OCLC:

All these difficulties were increased by the conduct of Shrewsbury.

1849–1861, Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, volume (please specify |volume=I to V), London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, →OCLC:

What in the conduct of our life appears / So well designed, so luckily begun, / But when we have our wish, we wish undone?

1693, Decimus Junius Juvenalis, John Dryden, transl., “[The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis.] The Tenth Satyr”, in The Satires of Decimus Junius Juvenalis. Translated into English Verse. […] Together with the Satires of Aulus Persius Flaccus. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson […], →OCLC:


misfit

Do you ever feel like a misfit?
Everything inside you is dark and twisted
Oh, but it's okay to be different
'Cause baby, so am I

2019, Amanda Koci, Henry Walter, Charlie Puth, Maria Smith, Victor Thellm Gigi Grombacher, Roland Spreckle, “So Am I”, performed by Ava Max:

Just to be on the safe side, the Kremlin has also banned any of Putin's serious critics from standing. Three unelectable misfits have been allowed to mount token challenges.

2008, Adrian Blomfield, "Has Russia got a new Stalin?", Telegraph, 1 Mar 2008 Article

She was very unhappy in Iraq and a misfit in the Army.

The MBA was a misfit when stuck in a meeting with the programmers.

A badly adjusted person; someone unsuitable or set apart because of their habits, behaviour etc.


reuse

en-noun

reuse (countable and uncountable, plural reuses)

The act of salvaging or in some manner restoring a discarded item to yield something usable.

вто́ра употре́ба

act of salvaging or restoring a discarded item to yield something usable


Nevada

Alabama · Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Connecticut · Delaware · Florida · Georgia · Hawaii · Idaho · Illinois · Indiana · Iowa · Kansas · Kentucky · Louisiana · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Minnesota · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Hampshire · New Jersey · New Mexico · New York · North Carolina · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · Pennsylvania · Rhode Island · South Carolina · South Dakota · Tennessee · Texas · Utah · Vermont · Virginia · Washington · West Virginia · Wisconsin · Wyoming

Several other locations in the United States:

A city, the county seat of Story County, Iowa, named for the Sierra Nevada mountains.

A city in Collin County, Texas, named for the Territory.

American Samoa · Guam · Northern Mariana Islands · Puerto Rico · United States minor outlying islands · United States Virgin Islands

A village in Wyandot County, Ohio, named for the Sierra Nevada mountains.


insult

insult (countable and uncountable, plural insults)

The verb is derived from Middle French insulter (modern French insulter (“to insult”)) or its etymon Latin īnsultō (“to spring, leap or jump at or upon; to abuse, insult, revile, taunt”), the frequentative form of īnsiliō (“to bound; to leap in or upon”), from in- (prefix meaning ‘in, inside, within’) + saliō (“to bound, jump, leap; to spring forth; to flow down”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sel- (“to spring”)).
The noun is derived from Middle French insult (modern French insulte (“insult”)) or its etymon Late Latin insultus (“insult, reviling, scoffing”), from īnsiliō (“to bound; to leap in or upon”); see above.

der

Preſent we meet thy ſneaking treacherous ſmiles;
 The harmleſs abſent ſtill thy ſneer reviles;
 Such as in thee all parts ſuperior find,
 The ſneer that marks the fool and knave combin'd;
 When melting pity would afford relief
 The ruthleſs ſneer that insult adds to grief.

a. 1744, Richard Savage, “London and Bristol Delineated”, in Samuel Johnson, The Works of the Poets of Great Britain and Ireland. […], volume V, Dublin: Printed for J. Moore, […], published 1800, →OCLC, page 259, column 2, lines 41–46:

[...] I will, however, enjoin you / Never to submit tamely to insults from any one! for, although I strongly urge you to show every possible respect and deference to all who are your superiors, as indeed due to them, I wish you to remember that, should they return you insults for such consistent conduct, it will be manly in you, after having given them a chance, by your calm and dignified remonstrance, to repair the injury, to resent the (by such an omission) enlarged offence, for thereupon no one can blame you if you firmly persevere in your efforts to obtain reparation.

1835, Lt. Col. Baron de Berenger [i.e., Charles Random, Baron de Bérenger Beaufain], “Letter XII. On Character Generally, and on Manliness Especially.”, in Helps and Hints How to Protect Life and Property. […], London: Published for the proprietor, by T. Hurst, […], →OCLC, page 179:

To call you stupid would be an insult to stupid people!

1988 July 15, John Cleese, A Fish Called Wanda, spoken by Archie Leach (John Cleese):

(uncountable) Action or form of speech deliberately intended to be rude; (countable) a particular act or statement having this effect.

إهانة

action or speech deliberately intended to be rude

The way the orchestra performed tonight was an insult to my ears.

Such marriages he had held were insults to the manhood of any man and the womanhood of any woman. In such unions neither party could respect himself or his companion.

1907 October, Frances Hodgson Burnett, “Red Godwyn”, in The Shuttle, New York, N.Y.: Frederick A[bbott] Stokes Company, →OCLC, page 348:

The story we will share in the pages of this book, you as the reader and I as the author, contains a modicum of mathematics. I have used it sparingly, and judiciously, but to eliminate it altogether would have been dishonest, a form of intellectual deception and condescension, and an insult to your curiosity and intelligence.

2011, Thomas Grissom, “A Note to the Reader”, in The Physicist’s World: The Story of Motion and the Limits to Knowledge, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, →ISBN, page ix:

(countable) Something that causes offence (for example, by being of an unacceptable quality).

The exact nature of the teratological insult in diabetic pregnancy, and the cell biological details of the induced disturbances, are not known.

1996, Ulf J. Eriksson, “Embryo Development in Diabetic Pregnancy”, in Anne Dornhorst, David R. Hadden, editors, Diabetes and Pregnancy: An International Approach to Diagnosis and Management, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 65:

[M]ost investigators agreed with the characterization of early brain plasticity as a transiently available, ancillary system that is triggered by neural insult, and that serves, most importantly, as a means of shielding the developing organism from the potentially debilitating effects of neural insult.

2006, Joan Stiles, Pamela Moses, Brianna M. Paul, “The Longitudinal Study of Spatial Cognitive Development in Children with Pre- or Perinatal Focal Brain Injury: […]”, in Stephen G. Lomber, Jos J. Eggermont, editors, Reprogramming the Cerebral Cortex: Plasticity following Central and Peripheral Leisons, Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 415:

Within the complex genome of most organisms there are alternative multiple pathways of proteins which can help the individual cell survive a variety of insults, for example radiation, toxic chemicals, heat, excessive or reduced oxygen.

2011, Terence Allen, Graham Cowling, “What Cells Can Do”, in The Cell: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions), Oxford, Oxfordshire, New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 96:

(countable, uncountable, medicine) Something causing disease or injury to the body or bodily processes; the injury so caused.

инсулт

something causing disease or injury to the body or bodily processes

Then fir'd with pious Rage, the gen'rous Train / Run madly forward, to revenge the ſlain. / And ſome with eager haſte their Jav'lins throw; / And ſome, with Sword in hand, aſſault the Foe. / The wiſh'd Inſult the Latine Troops embrace; / And meet their Ardour in the middle Space.

1697, Virgil, “The Twelfth Book of the Æneis”, in John Dryden, transl., The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 590, lines 415–420:

The government was continually expoſed to the inſults of a faction, and deſtitute of the neceſſary reſources.

1784, “From the Accession of James to the English Crown, to the Battle of Kilrush, in the Reign of Charles I”, in The History of Ireland, from the Earliest Authentic Accounts. […], Dublin: Printed for Luke White, […], →OCLC, page 226:

(countable, also figuratively, archaic) An assault or attack; (specifically, military, obsolete) an assault, attack, or onset carried out without preparation.


defense

en-verb

defense (third-person singular simple present defenses, present participle defensing, simple past and past participle defensed)

defenses (present singular third-person)
defensing (participle present)
defensed (participle past)
defensed (past)
defence (alternative British)

From Middle English defens, defense, from Old French defens, defense, from Late Latin dēfēnsa (“protection”). Displaced native Old English bewering. The verb is from the noun.

In fact, there is an increase in the effectiveness of the Five Cutter Offense when teams put pressure on, instead of sagging or switching in an attempt to defense the attack successfully.

1972, Robert Cimbollek, Basketball’s Percentage Offense, West Nyack, N.Y.: Parker Publishing Company, Inc., →ISBN, page 114:

But the Buffs’ coaching staff made some adjustments in the way they defensed the Heights’ vaunted veer-option offense, and after being bullied around for 271 yards in the first half, yielded only 140 in the second half.

2013 November 16, Brett Marshall, “The Garden City Telegram, Kan., Brett Marshall column”, in McClatchy - Tribune Business News, Tribune Content Agency:

“It was most important to start the second half right,” Tennessee coach Donnie Tyndall said. “They dug in and defensed the right way.”

2014 November 28, Associated Press, “Vols beat Santa Clara, face Kansas”, in The Tennessean, page 2:

(sports, chiefly US) To employ defensive tactics (so as to block).


prayer

If you are a dreamer, a wisher, a liar / A hope-er^([sic]), a pray-er^([sic]), a magic bean buyer…

1974, Shel Silverstein, “Invitation”, in Where the Sidewalk Ends, Harper Collins Publishers:

Out of the 37 respondents, seven are infrequent prayers who prefer to leave the precise details of their prayer life ambiguous.

2012, Paul O'Connor, Islam in Hong Kong: Muslims and Everyday Life in China's World City:


permit

From Middle English permitten, borrowed from Middle French permettre, from Latin permittō (“give up, allow”), from per (“through”) + mittō (“send”).

رخصة

an artifact or document rendering something allowed or legal

learner's permit
learner's permit#English

An artifact or document rendering something allowed or legal.


sacred

en-adj

sacred (comparative more sacred, superlative most sacred)

more sacred (comparative)
most sacred (superlative)

From Middle English sacred, isacred, past participle of sacren, sakeren (“to make holy, hallow”), equivalent to sacre + -ed.

A temple, sacred to the queen of love.

(followed by the preposition "to") Consecrated; dedicated; devoted


bathing

en-noun

bathing (countable and uncountable, plural bathings)

/ˈbeɪˌðɪŋ(ɡ)/

From Middle English bathynge; equivalent to bathe + -ing.


illegitimate

en-adj

illegitimate (comparative more illegitimate, superlative most illegitimate)

more illegitimate (comparative)
most illegitimate (superlative)

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmət/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmɨt]

/ɘlɘˈdʒɘtɘmɘt/

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmeɪt/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmeɪt]

First attested in 1536, from Latin illēgitimus, most likely an adapted borrowing of Middle French illegitime, equivalent to il- + legitimate, see -ate (etymology 1, 2 and 3).

adapted borrowing

[…] if things went on at this rate it would be doubtful soon whether ever again he would be able to win another election by methods legitimate or illegitimate.

1914, Theodore Dreiser, chapter 54, in The Titan, New York: John Lane, page 475:

an illegitimate child

I am a bastard begot, bastard instructed, bastard in mind, bastard in valour, in every thing illegitimate.

c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene vii]:

‘This child,’ said Mr. Brownlow, drawing Oliver to him, and laying his hand upon his head, ‘is your half-brother; the illegitimate son of your father […]’

1838, Boz [pseudonym; Charles Dickens], chapter 51, in Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy’s Progress. […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC:

Not sanctioned by marriage.
Born to unmarried parents.

She had only to collect her memories, which proved to her that “anybody” regarded the illegitimate children as more rightfully to be looked shy on and deprived of social advantages than illegitimate fathers.

1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter 27, in Daniel Deronda, volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:

I heard last night that a what-do-you-call it?—claimant?—has arrived who says Pat Wayne is his illegitimate father.

1935, Carolyn Wells, chapter 13, in The Beautiful Derelict, New York: Triangle Books, page 222:

(dated) Having a child or children with a person to whom one is not married.

If we credit the scandal of the former [i.e. his enemies], Artaxerxes sprang from the illegitimate commerce of a tanner’s wife with a common soldier.

1783, Edward Gibbon, chapter 8, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume 1, London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, page 317:

His illegitimate birth deprived him of the influence of a father until perhaps his fifth year […]

1916, chapter 6, in Abraham Brill, transl., Leonardo da Vinci: A Psychosexual Study of an Infantile Reminiscence, New York: Moffat, Yard, page 118:

an illegitimate word

Not authorized by good usage; not genuine.

väärä

not genuine; not authorized by good usage


illegitimate

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmət/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmɨt]

/ɘlɘˈdʒɘtɘmɘt/

/ɪlɪˈd͡ʒɪtɪmeɪt/

[ɪlɨˈd͡ʒɪɾəmeɪt]

Her father and mine was a shameless man and of all his illegitimates I am the most unfortunate and poverty stricken.

1966, Jean Rhys, Wide Sargasso Sea, New York: Norton, Part 2, p. 96:


Birmingham

/ˈbɜː.mɪŋˌhæm/

Beorma
Birmingham
Birmingham (disambiguation)

From Middle English, 1086, from Old English *Beormingahām, from Beornmund + ing + hām, "home of Beorma;" first element of uncertain origin but possibly from beorma (“yeast”). More at Beorma.

unincorporated community
unincorporated community

Tippecanoe County
Tippecanoe County#English

A number of places in the United States:

An unincorporated community in Fairfield Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana.

Burlington County
Burlington County#English

An unincorporated community in Pemberton Township, Burlington County, New Jersey.

Coshocton County
Coshocton County#English

A ghost town in Lafayette Township, Coshocton County, Ohio.

An unincorporated community in Monroe Township, Guernsey County, Ohio.

Huntingdon County
Huntingdon County#English

A borough in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.


consort

en-noun

consort (countable and uncountable, plural consorts)

Borrowed from Middle French, ultimately from Latin cōnsors. As “companion or partner”, via Middle English consorte.

Sith then, it ſeemeth each thing to his powre / Doth vs inuite to make a ſad conſort; / Come let vs ioyne our mournfull ſong with theirs.

1595, Ed. Spencer [i.e., Edmund Spenser], “Astrophel. A Pastoral Elegie vpon the Death of the Most Noble and Valorous Knight, Sir Philip Sidney.”, in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe, London: […] T[homas] C[reede] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, signature H2, verso:

O may we ſoon again renew that Song, / And keep in tune with Heav’n, till God ere long / To his celeſtial conſort us unite, / To live with him, and ſing in endles morn of light.

1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “At a Solemn Musick”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC, page 23:

(obsolete) Harmony of sounds; concert, as of musical instruments.


basilic

en-adj

basilic (comparative more basilic, superlative most basilic)

more basilic (comparative)
most basilic (superlative)

From Ancient Greek βασιλικός (basilikós). Doublet of basilic (etymology 1) and basil.

doublet

(anatomy) Relating to certain parts, anciently supposed to have a specially important function in the animal economy, such as the basilic vein.


compact

en-adj

compact (comparative more compact or compacter, superlative most compact or compactest)

more compact (comparative)
compacter (comparative)
most compact (superlative)
compactest (superlative)

From Middle French compact, from Latin compāctus, perfect passive participle of compingō (“join together”), from com- (“together”) + pangō (“fasten”), from Proto-Indo-European *pag- (“to fasten”).

massive compact halo object

massive and compact halo object, massive astronomical compact halo object, massive astrophysical compact halo object

Thou fooliſh Frier, and thou pernicious woman / Compact with her that's gone:

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], page 81:

a pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together

1622, Henry Peacham (Junior), The Compleat Gentleman:

(obsolete) Joined or held together; leagued; confederated.


construct

Borrowed from Latin cōnstrūctus, from cōnstruō (“to heap together”), from com- (“together”) + struō (“I heap up, pile”). Doublet of construe.

(genetics) A segment of nucleic acid, created artificially, for transplantation into a target cell or tissue.


construct

en-verb

construct (third-person singular simple present constructs, present participle constructing, simple past and past participle constructed)

constructs (present singular third-person)
constructing (participle present)
constructed (participle past)
constructed (past)

We constructed the radio from spares.

A wall constructed of random stones.

(transitive) To build or form (something) by assembling parts.

A sentence may be constructed with a subject, verb and object.

The Vietnam War films are forms of memory that function to provide collective rememberings, to construct history, and to subsume within them the experience of the veterans.

(transitive, grammar) To build (a sentence, an argument, etc.) by arranging words or ideas.

Construct a circle that touches each vertex of the given triangle.

(transitive, geometry) To draw (a geometric figure) by following precise specifications and using geometric tools and techniques.


conserve

From Middle English conserven, from Old French conserver, from Latin conservare (“to keep, preserve”), from com- (intensive prefix) + servo (“keep watch, maintain”). See also observe.

(obsolete) A medicinal confection made of freshly gathered vegetable substances mixed with finely powdered refined sugar.


conserve

conserve (third-person singular simple present conserves, present participle conserving, simple past and past participle conserved)

conserves (present singular third-person)
conserving (participle present)
conserved (participle past)
conserved (past)

to conserve fruits with sugar

the amity which […] they meant to conserve and maintain with the emperor

1721, John Strype, Ecclesiastical Memorials; Relating Chiefly to Religion, and the Reformation of It, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry VIII. King Edward VI. and Queen Mary the First. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: […] John Wyat, […], →OCLC:

Also the Russian lines over which these locomotives run pass through long stretches of waterless country, where the only alternative to hauling additional water-tank wagons is to conserve the water supply by condensing.

1946 January and February, “The Why and The Wherefore: Condensing Locomotives”, in Railway Magazine, page 62:

(transitive) To save for later use, sometimes by the use of a preservative.

(physics, chemistry, intransitive) To remain unchanged during a process


radiate

en-adj

radiate (comparative more radiate, superlative most radiate)

more radiate (comparative)
most radiate (superlative)

Learned borrowing from Latin radiātus (see Etymology 1 and -ate (adjective-forming suffix) for more).

(biology) Having radial symmetry, like a sea star.


grande

Borrowed from Italian grande. Doublet of grand and grandee.

(chiefly US) Of a cup of coffee: smaller than venti but larger than tall, usually 16 ounces (~ 455 ml).


blotto

blotto (comparative more blotto, superlative most blotto)

more blotto (comparative)
most blotto (superlative)

From blot + -o. The verb sense “to be annihilated or destroyed” may be related to blot out.

Dear old Squiffy was always rather a lad for the wassail-bowl. When I met him in Paris, I remember, he was quite tolerably blotto.

1920 March – 1921 February, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “Mr. Roscoe Sherriff has an Idea”, in Indiscretions of Archie, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, publishers […], published 1921, →OCLC, page 62:

I drank a lot of wine – and afterwards, at Les Vikings, Akvavit – and was completely blotto (well, not completely, but enough to talk a lot and get the Hungarian talking and not be bored).

1939 September 8, Simone de Beauvoir, “September 1939 – March 1940: The Phoney War”, in Quintin Hoare, transl., Letters to Sartre, New York, N.Y.: Arcade Publishing, published 2011, →ISBN, pages 46–47:

I stayed home for a couple days and got blotto four times. I did the usual bad drunk routine; cried a lot, moaned about my life.

2014, Kim Cayer, chapter 4, in Lights! Camera! Dissatisfaction …, Alresford, Hampshire: Roundfire Books, John Hunt Publishing, →ISBN:


blotto

en-verb

blotto (third-person singular simple present blottos or blottoes, present participle blottoing, simple past and past participle blottoed)

blottos (present singular third-person)
blottoes (present singular third-person)
blottoing (participle present)
blottoed (participle past)
blottoed (past)

[H]is soul, spinning in centrifugal lust and fury until he sputters out through the hole in the center of him; going down like a gas bag—vault, cellar, ribs, skin, blood, tissue, mind, and heart all consumed, devoured, blottoed in final annihilation.

1936, Henry Miller, “Megalopolitan Maniac”, in Black Spring, Paris: The Obelisk Press […], →OCLC; republished New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, 1963, →ISBN, page 241:

John Huston provides a few of the worst moments himself, or, at least, his tape editor does it for him by bumblingly patching on Huston's voice in one series of spot announcements—Jehovah himself dictating Creation to the sounds of [Toshiro] Mayuzumi's fade-in, fade-out neo-primordial slither. Even for what it is, the music is badly performed, poorly recorded, and blottoed by a veritable orgy of editing and dial diddling.

1967, Hi Fi/Stereo Review, volume 18, Chicago, Ill.: Ziff-Davis Pub. Co., →OCLC, page 93:

I recently read The Destruction of Dresden. That's where my family came from more than a hundred years ago, and the entire city was blottoed during the second world war. And then I looked up the city in a current Fodor's guide, and it is—at least along the Elbe—all back the way it was before the war.

1995, Historic Preservation: Quarterly of the National Council for Historic Sites and Buildings, volume 47, Washington, D.C.: National Council for Historic Sites and Buildings, →OCLC, page 112, column 3:

Although his facts were off by a measure, the Americans' two-man Gemini program was, as of late, noticeably and distressingly upstaging whatever grand spectacles [Sergei] Korolev had managed to bring about. He was getting trounced. Blottoed. Pummeled like the chump in a rigged boxing match.

2009, Jay Gallentine, “The Death and the Funeral”, in Ambassadors from Earth: Pioneering Explorations with Unmanned Spacecraft (Outward Odyssey: A People’s History of Spaceflight), Lincoln, Neb., London: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, page 292:

(intransitive, informal) To be annihilated or destroyed; to be blotted out.


blotto

Acronym of bovine lacto transfer technique optimizer.

acronym

Secondary goat anti-rabbit antiserum coupled to horseradish peroxidase at a dilution of 1:500 in blotto was then incubated with the blot for 1 hour. Again the unbound antibodies were removed by three rinses in 10% blotto for 15 minutes.

2006, Kimberly Kay Kutz-Naber, Mass Spectral Characterization of Neuropeptides in Cancer Crabs: Method Development and Biological Application (unpublished Ph. D. dissertation), [Madison, Wis.]: University of Wisconsin–Madison, →OCLC, page 236:

Generalized background staining of colostral cell preparations was blocked most effectively with Blotto + 10% FBS.

2007, Anna Levitt Smith, Detection of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Density-separated Bovine Colostral Cells (unpublished M.S. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 40:

Following transfer, the PVDF membrane was removed from the transfer cassette and placed in a sandwich tray and incubated in 20ml blotto (1×tBST, 7% nonfat dry milk and 0.1% Tween-20 pH 7.4) for 1 h while rocking.

2007, Jeffery Ray Williams, Alternate Substrates and Phosphorylation in the Function and Regulation of the Neuronal K-C1 Cotransporter, KCC2 (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation), [Davis, Calif.]: University of California, Davis, →OCLC, page 69:

Membranes were blocked at RT for 2 h with blotto [50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.185 mM NaCl, 0.05% Tween-20, 3% nonfat dry milk]. Ape1 monoclonal antibody developed in our laboratory (Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, USA) was diluted in blotto and incubated with the membrane overnight at 4°C (1:1000).

2009 April, Christopher N. Batuello, Mark R. Kelley, Joseph R. Dynlacht, “Role of Ape1 and Base Excision Repair in the Radiation Response and Heat-radiosensitization of HeLa Cells”, in Anticancer Research, volume 29, number 4, →ISSN, →PMID, page 1320, column 1:

(biochemistry) A reagent made from non-fat dry milk, phosphate buffered saline, and sodium azide, which is used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques such as blots and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

بلوتو

reagent used to block protein binding sites for laboratory techniques


blotto

The canoes that are in common use on the lake are of the most primitive and unstable type. They simply consist of a semi-cylinder, hollowed out of a tree stem, with the ends filled up with mud and grass. These canoes are called blotto or ballotto by the natives. […] They are of every size, from the child's blotto of ten or fifteen feet in length to the fisherman's craft of fifty.

1889, Sydney J[ohn] Hickson, “Journey through Minahassa”, in A Naturalist in North Celebes: […], London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 217:

The agent of the Packet Company is ready to give information about it, and to look after the hiring of horses and blottos.

1897, J[ohan] F[rans] van Bemmelen, G. B. Hooyer, translated by B. J. Berrington, Guide to the Dutch East Indies: Composed by Invitation of the Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (Royal Steam Packet Company), Batavia: G. Kolff & Co.; London: Luzac & Company, →OCLC, page 153:

The Poso River flows out from the large lake of that name,[…]. The mouth is shallow, but inside the depths are 3 to 7 fathoms, and in the dry season Rumuru can be reached in “blottos” (hollowed-out tree trunks) in about two days. In the rainy season the current is strong. Rumuru is the junction of many paths from the interior, along which forest produce is conveyed and then shipped in "blottos."

1916, “South, East, and North Coasts of Celebes—Salayar and Buton Straits—Tukang, Besi, Banggai, and Sula Islands”, in East Indies Pilot: […] (H. O.; no. 163), volume I, number 163, Washington, D.C.: Published by the Hydrographic Office under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy; Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 425:

The Poso, entering the Gulf of Tomini, is wide and navigable by blottos up to Paluasi, but is full of rapids above.

1920, “Physical Geography and Geology”, in Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Staff, Admiralty, compiler, A Manual of Netherlands India (Dutch East Indies) (I.D.; 1209), London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, →OCLC, page 53:

(nautical, obsolete) On Sulawesi: a hollowed-out tree trunk used as a boat.


intimate

en-adj

intimate (comparative more intimate, superlative most intimate)

more intimate (comparative)
most intimate (superlative)

Borrowed from Latin intimātus, the perfect passive participle of intimō (“to put or bring into, to impress, to make familiar”) (see -ate (adjective forming suffix)), from intimus (“inmost, innermost, most intimate”), superlative of intus (“within”), from in (“in”); see interior.

Black powder consists of an intimate mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.


intimate

From a substantivization of the above adjective, see -ate (noun-forming suffix) and Etymology 1 for more.

Only a couple of intimates had ever read his writing.

You'll find bras and panties in the intimates section upstairs.

(in the plural intimates) Women's underwear, sleepwear, or lingerie, especially offered for sale in a store.

бельо

intimates: women's underwear, sleepwear or lingerie