汁

Unclear. Schuessler (2007) lists several proposals:
* related to Tibetan ཆབ (chab, “water”) (Coblin, 1986)), yet initial velars do not palatize in Written Tibetan;
* related to Jingpho [script needed] (məgyep, “liquor”);
* related to Burmese ချိပ် (hkyip, “lac”), Proto-Loloish *C-gripᴸ (“lac; pine”) (Peiros & Starostin, 1996, STEDT), if so from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-kryap (“bug, ant, cochineal, lac insect”) (whence also 蠟 (OC *raːb) "wax");
Likely related to 湆 (OC *kʰrɯb) & 協 (OC *ɦleːb) (汁 (OC *kjub)'s dialectal synonym attested east of Tong Pass); yet not to 瀋 (OC *l̥ʰjɯmʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).
; Hong Kong Cantonese "source"

inh

(Hokkien) dirty and sticky (often reduplicated)


汫

(Hokkien) Taiwanese (TRC) form of 䭕 /𬲕 (“tasteless; insipid”)

(Hokkien) Taiwanese (TRC) form of 𩉍 /𬰣 (“light color”)


汰

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰaːds): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 太 (OC *tʰaːds).


沃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qoːwɢ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ) – to irrigate with water.

Han compound

(Hokkien) to drench; to soak; to wet through (by rain, water, etc.)


沓

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰauʔ¹²¹/


沭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud)

Han compound

用手沭鼻 [Hokkien] ― ēng chhiú chu̍t phīⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to use one's hand to rub the nose

(Hokkien) to rub casually; to scratch without restraint or goal

亂沭／乱沭 [Hokkien] ― loān chu̍t [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to scribble arbitrarily

(Hokkien) to scribble at random; to scrawl as one pleases


泔

(Eastern Min, Hokkien) Alternative form of 飲 /饮 (“rice water”)

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 飲 /饮 (“sticky and watery”)


洘

(Hokkien, Datian Min, Leizhou Min, Puxian Min, Eastern Min) thick; viscous


活

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (活):
* → Japanese: 活(かつ) (katsu)

Aslian languages
Blang language
Lawa language
Wa language

The original form is 𣴠: Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *koːd, *ɡoːd): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd). Then, the right component was transformed into the variant 舌.
Schuessler (2007) proposes possible Austroasiatic etymology; compare Wa-Lawa-Bulang *gɑs "alive (of plants)" & Aslian *gɔs "to live"

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien, emphasis in exclamations) so; how; what

(Mainland China Hokkien, in rhetorical questions) awful; unable to handle (used after either 會 /会 or 𣍐 /𫧃 to mean the same thing)


浮

→ Proto-Tai: *wuːᴬ (“to float”)

Thai: ฟู (fuu, “to float, to swell”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bu): semantic 水 (“river”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).
Related to 漂 (OC *pʰew, *pʰews, “to float, drift”); see there for more.

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

alt. forms: 烰 (fú)

alt. forms: 烰 (fú)


消

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sew): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews) – to extinguish something (with water).

Han compound

(Hokkien) Short for 消化 (siau-hòa, “to digest”).


液

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *laːɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 夜 (OC *laːɡs) – a liquid, like water.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjak (“oil; fat; grease”).

inh

(Hokkien) sweat-like secretions (from one's hand, foot, etc.)


淒

(Hokkien) to go downhill; to decline; to be on the wane


減

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *krɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm, “seal”) - to seal off a stream of water, decreasing its flow. 咸 is the original character of 緘 /缄 and also serves as a semantic component.

Han compound

减
减
减
噉
咁
𡄎
緊
减

減一箍

减一箍


渥

2007, “感恩的花蕊”, 詹雅雯 (lyrics), 劉清池 (music)performed by 詹雅雯:

ak su goân-thâu ê chôaⁿ-chúi, khui kám-un ê hoe-lúi

渥思源頭的泉水 開感恩的花蕊

渥思源头的泉水 开感恩的花蕊


港

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs): semantic 水 (“river; water”) + phonetic 巷 (OC *ɡroːŋs).
Cognate with 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”) (Schuessler, 2007). The southern dialectal word originally meant "small river/stream", which is still preserved in some Min languages. The irregular pronunciation in Mandarin (expected Mandarin reflex is *jiǎng) originated from southern dialects where velars have not palatalized (Schuessler, 2007).


溡

(Hokkien) a bit moist; slightly damp (used mostly with floorboards, houses, or a wide space)


溢

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *liɡ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ, “to increase”) – overflowing liquid.

Han compound

大湧溢過來。

大涌溢过来。

The entire group of people surged over towards me.

規陣人溢對我遮來。

规阵人溢对我遮来。


滑

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 骨 (OC *kuːd).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to slip out; to blurt out involuntarily


滴

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *teːɡ): semantic 水 + phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) trace left by a drop of liquid


漉

(Mainland China, Hokkien) mushy; pappy; soft

(Mainland China Hokkien) to step on; to tread on (water, mud, etc.)


漚

沤
吽
沤
沤
𣧥
臭
𣏓
𩈏
腐
惡

(Hokkien) to crumple; to wrinkle (usually clothes)


漚

沤
吽
沤
沤
𣧥
臭
𣏓
𩈏
腐
惡

(Hokkien) bad; rotten; spoiled; decaying (food)

(Hokkien) bad; poor; rotten; despicable; shoddy; inferior; substandard (quality, character, means, facial expression, etc.)

(Hokkien) bad; gloomy; murky; turbid; muddy (color)


漤

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·ruːmʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 婪 (OC *ɡ·ruːm).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew) pulpy; mushy; muddy; miry


漩

(Hokkien, of liquid) to splash; to spray (from a small hole)


潑

(Hokkien, intransitive) to splatter; to splash


潕

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 霧 /雾 (“to spray; to spit”)


潘

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (潘):
* → Korean: 반(潘) (ban)
* → Vietnamese: Phan (潘)

→ English: Pan, Poon, Pun, Phua

→ Mandarin: ㄆㄨㄣ (pūn) (Taiwanese slang from Hokkien)

→ Tagalog: Pua (via Hokkien)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰaːn): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).

Han compound

潘水 [Hokkien] ― phun-chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― slops


潲

捎
韶
精
𪷰
洨
佋
溲
屑
邵
哨
梢
稍
消
肖
紹
𩩓
㞞
嬲
漦

啥潲

嘐潲

衰潲

吵潲

空歁潲

笑潲

洽潲

(Hokkien, vulgar, postpositive) Vulgar intensifier suffix added after certain verbs and adjectives to make it sound more vulgar.: the fuck; as fuck; as hell


澈

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ded): semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 徹 (OC *tʰed)

Han compound

(Eastern Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Hokkien) clean


澍

For pronunciation and definitions of 澍 – see 注 (“to pour into; to fill; to concentrate; to pay attention; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 注).

zh-see

澍芳水 [Hokkien] ― chhū phang-chúi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to spray perfume

澍藥仔／澍药仔 [Hokkien] ― chhū io̍h-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to spray external medicine or pesticide

(Hokkien) to spray; to sprinkle; to squirt; to spout (from a hole, a vein, or a pipe)


澍

澍尿 [Hokkien] ― sū liō [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to urge a baby to pee


澗

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːns, *kraːns): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 閒 (OC *ɡreːn)
For the Hokkien sense of "alleyway; alley; narrow street", possibly a semantic loan from Dutch gang (“alleyway, alley, narrow street”) or possibly related to 間 /间 (kàn, “gap; partition”) or from Malay pekan as a clipping.

sl

涧
㵎
𡼥
𡼏
礀
磵
𧯎
𧯑

(Hokkien, historical) alleyway; alley; narrow street


濁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rdoːɡ): semantic 氵 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) miscellaneous and in a jumble; mixed and disorderly

(Mainland China Hokkien, of food) nutritious but irritating causing sores or causing the start, reoccurrence, or change of an illness


瀨

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *raːds): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 賴 (OC *raːds).
As this word appeared in texts about ancient Eastern Yue (now Min) area and Chen Zan remarked that it was a Wu-Yue word, Schuessler (2007) speculates that it has Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Wa-Lawa-Bulang *rah "rapids, waterfall" & Old Khmer rat (“to move swiftly, to run”), possibly derived from a root meaning "swift". Proto-Min *l̥aiꟲ is identical to Proto-Tai *hla:iᴮ¹.
Possibly unrelated to 濿 (OC *m·rads) "a ford".

cog

(Hokkien) shallow part of a river with a rapid current


灇

For pronunciation and definitions of 灇 – see 潨 (“to flow into a larger river; confluence; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 潨).

zh-see

(Hokkien) to pour water on; to rinse; to wash


炙

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 炸 (chia̍h)


無

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (無):
* → Japanese: 無(む) (mu); 無(ぶ) (bu)
* → Korean: 무(無) (mu)
* → Vietnamese: vô (無)

→ Peranakan Indonesian: bo

Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形). A shaman dancing with ox tails held in both hands to pray for rain. In some conservative variants such as 𣞤, two branches similar to 林 are visible at the bottom, however the two objects held in hand as seen on oracle bones are different from a pair of 木.
This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense.
Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”).
Cognate with:
* 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”)
* 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”)
* 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”)
* 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”)
* 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”)
* 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”)
* 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”)
* 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”)
Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead.
See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese.
Perhaps related to 巫 (OC *ma, “shaman, wizard, magician, sorcerer, witch”).

och-l

无
𭴿
橆
𣞤
𣟒
𬻜
𬻝
𭴾
𤍍
𣞣
𫡟
𣠮
𡙻
𤀢
𰙄
𰙈
𣑨
𣚨
𠘩
㷻
无
嘸

仙人拍鼓有時錯，跤步踏差啥人無 / 仙人拍鼓有时错，跤步踏差啥人无

sian-jîn phah kó͘ iú sî chhò, kha-pō͘ ta̍h-chha siáⁿ-lâng bô

to not understand (when reading or viewing); to be unable to see

看無

看无

You can't find this word in the dictionary.

只個字在字典揣無。

只个字在字典揣无。

(Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate that a goal has not or cannot been accomplished.


煎

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (煎):
* → Japanese: 煎(せん) (sen)
* → Korean: 전(煎) (jeon)

→ Khmer: ជៀន (ciən)

→ Thai: เจี๋ยน (jǐian)

→ Vietnamese: chiên

→ Zhuang: cien

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔslen, *ʔslens): phonetic 前 (OC *zleːn) + semantic 火 (“fire”).


煏

爆:“to burst”
逼:“to burst; to be uncovered”

(Hokkien) to deep-fry or roast under high heat (to bring out flavor, oil, etc.)

(Hokkien, ideophonic) to burst; to crack; to rupture; to break open (due to exceeding the limit)


煞

(Hokkien) to stop and give up; to abandon; to leave it be; to leave it at that

(Hokkien) to prevent; to restrain; to suppress; to hold back


煞

(Hokkien) unexpectedly; surprisingly; instead

(Hokkien) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)


煞

2020, “駟馬難追”, in 蔡湘宜 (lyrics), 蔡宜汝 (music), 《腳步慢慢》, performed by 洪榮宏 [Chris Hung] and 張瀞云:

siūⁿ lí siūⁿ lí li̍t liân mî, sahⁿ-tio̍h lí ài-tio̍h lí

想妳想妳日連暝 煞到妳愛到妳

想你想你日连暝 煞到你爱到你

(Hokkien) to get hit with a strong feeling; to get infatuated with; to long for


熕

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): phonetic 貢 (OC *koːŋs) + semantic 火.


熟

→ Thai: สุก (sùk)

→ Zhuang: sug

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *djɯwɢ): phonetic 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ, “cooked; ripe”) + semantic 灬 (“fire”) – cooked with fire.
Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Proto-Kiranti (*tʰok ~ tʰuk, "ripen; cooked") (Schuessler, 2007)

Han compound

秋熟


熥

(Hokkien) to bring up old issues and tales again


熱

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (熱):
* → Japanese: 熱(ねつ) (netsu)
* → Korean: 열(熱) (yeol)
* → Vietnamese: nhiệt (熱)

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

/d͡ziɛt̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋjed): phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).
Schuessler (2024) considers this a *-t derivation of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *nwe (“warm”), whence also Burmese နွေး (nwe:, “warm; lukewarm”), နွှေး (hnwe:, “to warm something; to revise”).
* Duan Yucai's annotations in the Shuowen Jiezi corrected the original meaning from 温 to 𥁕, showing either a person bathing in warm water or feeding a prisoner from a dish.
Often considered to be related to 爇 (OC *ŋʷjed, “to burn; to toast”) and 焫 (OC *njod, “hot”).

Han compound

to heat up cooking oil in a pan for cooking food

熱油

热油

(Mainland China Hokkien) to put cooking oil in the pan to heat it (to make it convenient to stir-fry)

He is deeply immersed in playing chess that he even disregarded reading the book.

Kiâⁿ-kî kiâⁿ kah chin lia̍t, chheh soah bōe-kò͘-tit tha̍k.

行棋行甲真熱，冊煞𣍐顧得讀。

行棋行甲真热，册煞𫧃顾得读。

Recently, people have been singing pop songs with high enthusiasm.

Chit-pái ta̍k-ê chhiùⁿ liû-hêng koa-khek chhiùⁿ kah chin lia̍t.

這擺逐個唱流行歌曲唱甲真熱。

这摆逐个唱流行歌曲唱甲真热。

(Mainland China Hokkien) deeply immersed; highly enthusiastic (into something)


熾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjɯɡs): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 戠 (OC *tjɯɡ).


燃

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njen): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 然 (OC *njen) – burn with fire. Originally 然 (OC *njen), but because it was phonetically borrowed for abstract senses, 火 (huǒ) was added for differentiation.
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Jingpho nan (“to light”), shanan (“torch”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) to burn (wood, coal, etc.)

燃水

(Hokkien, Teochew) to heat up; to boil (a liquid)


燥

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (燥):
* → Japanese: 燥(そう) (sō)
* → Korean: 조(燥) (jo)
* → Vietnamese: táo (燥)

→ Vietnamese: ráo (𫧭, “be dried up”)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *saːwʔ, *saːws): semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to absorb (moisture)


爁

The snake's tongue quickly flashed before disappearing.

蛇的舌仔爁一下。

蛇的舌仔𬊶一下。

He quickly appears every day then disappears.

伊逐日來爁一下著走。

伊逐日来𬊶一下著走。

(Hokkien) to quickly flash before disappearing (of something)

THe tongues of fire glistened for a while.

火舌爁一下。

火舌𬊶一下。

The sun glistened for a while then retreated.

Li̍t-thâu nah chi̍t-ē hiān soah kiu li̍p-khì.

日頭爁一下現煞勼入去。

日头𬊶一下现煞勼入去。

(Hokkien) to glimmer; to twinkle; to glisten (of the sun or fire)


爆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *proːwɢs, *poːwɢ, *proːwɢ): semantic 火 + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). However, the phonetic component originally meant "violence", hence it could add part of the meaning. A conservative variant is 𤒺; later it was stylized into 爆.
Cognate with Burmese ပေါက် (pauk, “to explode, to burst”).

cog

(Hokkien) to heat up and have it release oil or have it burst while dry frying (of some fruits, etc.)

(Hokkien) to rupture and sprout due to burns, bumps, etc.


爾

尔
尒
𡭗
尓
𠇍
尔
尼
呢
尔
耳
定
領
但
尔
尔

(Hokkien) that's all; nothing more; is all


爾

尔
尒
𡭗
尓
𠇍
尔
尼
呢
尔
耳
定
領
但
尔
尔


爿

Pictogram (象形) – a bed. The original form of 牀 (OC *zraŋ). In the character 臧, it appears as a contracted form.

(Hokkien, Eastern Min, linguistics) radical


猜

Your love exists like it's not there, making me guess whether it's real or not

lí ê chêng ū ná bô, sī chin sī ké hō͘ gún ioh

你的情有若無 是眞是假乎阮猜

你的情有若无 是真是假乎阮猜

猜袂透你的心

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 臆 (ioh, “to guess”)


猶

犹
犹
夭
還
尚
野:iá
也:iá

伊猶咧睏。

伊犹咧困。


珍

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 甜 (tiⁿ, “sweet”)


甓

(Hokkien) a type of tile or brick used for covering the roof


甩

This is a late character, and the divergent readings in various topolects may or may not be cognate.
The Mandarin reading came from 摔 (shuāi, “to fling, to throw, to fall down”), which can be traced to *srut in Old Chinese. It can be compared with Tibetan རུད (rud, “slip, that which has slipped down, falling mass, landslides”), རུད་རུད་པོ (rud rud po, “loosened, disintegrated, rough”).
The Cantonese reading is probably unrelated, though it may reflect a descendant of the archaic pronunciation *rut and hence be cognate with Mandarin. Either way, it is evidently from the same source as Min Nan 甪 (lut, “to come off, to slip loose”), Zhuang lot (“to come loose and drop off (due to loose tying)”), and Vietnamese lột (“to peel, to strip off”). May be compared with Tibetan ལོད་པོ (lod po, “relaxed, careless”), ལྷོད་པོ (lhod po, “relaxed, loose, lax”), and the Chinese word family of 兌 (*lot, > 脫 (“to come off”), 蛻 (“exuviae”)). Unlikely to be related to 落 (luò, “to fall, to drop off”).

cog

把石子甩出去

(Mandarin, Hokkien, Wu) to toss; to throw; to fling

(Hokkien, vulgar) to heed; to pay attention to


甪

甪予伊金 [Hokkien] ― lut hō͘ i kim [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to rub back and forth to make it shine

(Hokkien) to rub back and forth (to make something fall off)

甪職／甪职 [Hokkien] ― lut-chit [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to demote to a lower rank

甪仔 [Hokkien] ― lut-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― swindler

價錢甪𣍐落來。

价钱甪𫧃落来。

(Hokkien, of prices, etc.) to drop; to decrease

鸡毛甪无清气。 [Hokkien, simp.]
Koe-bô lut bô chheng-khì. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

The chicken hair was not plucked cleanly.

(Mainland China Hokkien) to scald (chicken and duck) in boiling water to pluck its feathers or skin


甭

1994, “心愛的甭哭”, in 王月娛 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music), 歡喜就好, performed by 陳雷 [Chen Lei]:

Ah, don't cry, my love, please forget about me

ah ~ sim-ài--ê mài khàu, chhiáⁿ lí chiong góa pàng bōe-kì

啊～心愛的甭哭 請你將我放抹記

啊～心爱的甭哭 请你将我放抹记

2012, 詹雅雯 [Chan Ya-wen] (lyrics and music), “一個人”, in 當店, performed by 詹雅雯 [Chan Ya-wen]:

Don't leave loneliness with me in the air.

khong-khì tiong mài chhun siok-bo̍k kah góa

空氣中甭存寂寞甲我

空气中甭存寂寞甲我

2016, 廖偉志 (lyrics and music), “燒酒乾一杯”, performed by 楊哲:

Let it go for now, and don't think of it that much.

暫時放下甭想彼多

暂时放下甭想彼多

2018, “人生車站 [Through Life]”, 高以德 (lyrics), performed by 洪榮宏 [Chris Hung]:

Don't be arrogant when you win; don't complain when you lose.

贏甭驕傲輸甭怨嘆

赢甭骄傲输甭怨叹

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 莫 (mài, “do not”)


疕

堅疕／坚疕 [Hokkien] ― kian-phí [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to form a scab

鼎疕 [Hokkien] ― tiáⁿ-phí [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― rice crust

一疕仔 [Hokkien] ― chi̍t-phí-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― a little bit

囡仔疕 [Hokkien] ― gín-á-phí [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― (derogatory) child

(Hokkien, possibly derogatory) small; a bit

頭疕／头疕 [Hokkien] ― thâu-phí [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― dandruff

(Mainland China Hokkien) epidermis debris


痺

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pe): semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).
Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Japhug ndʑɯrpɯt (“to be numb”) (Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Han compound

跤痺／跤痹 [Hokkien] ― kha pì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― leg is numb


瘼

There was no air in the ball, the entire thing having caved in.

球無風，規粒瘼落去。

球无风，规粒瘼落去。

(Hokkien) to cave in towards the center, reducing the thickness of it (of the surface of an object)

He got a fever and diarrhea this time, his face became entirely emaciated.

I chit-pái hoat-sio làu-sái, bīn chiâu mo͘h lo̍h-khì.

伊這擺發燒落屎，面褿瘼落去。

伊这摆发烧落屎，面褿瘼落去。

(Hokkien) to become emaciated (of one's face)


癀

(Hokkien) toxin, inflammatory symptom of toxin


癖

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (癖):
* → Japanese: 癖(へき) (heki)
* → Korean: 벽(癖) (byeok)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ): semantic 疒 + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) temperament; attitude; disposition


癖

(Mainland China Hokkien) rash (in general)


發

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (發):
* → Vietnamese: phát (發)

Old Turkic: pat-la (explode)

desc

Turkmen: patlamak (commo), partlamak (standard)

Turkish: patlamak

Azerbaijani: partlamaq

Chagatai: پارتلماق

Uzbek: portlamoq

Uyghur: پارتىلاماق (partilamaq)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pad): semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 癹 (OC *pʰaːd, *baːd).
STEDT compares 發 (OC *pad) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-p(r)ats (“to vomit”), whence Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-pat (“to vomit”) (> Burmese ပစ် (pac, “to shoot, to throw, to eject”)) and Jingpho ǹ-phàt (“to vomit”).
According to Schuessler (2007), this is an area word; compare Proto-Vietic *ɓah (“to vomit”), Mon ပန် (“to shoot”).
A derivation is probably 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside”).

cog

喙齒發出來矣。

喙齿发出来矣。

to issue
(Hokkien) to grow out (teeth, etc.)

This basket of fa gao has bloomed like a flower.

這床發粿有發。

这床发粿有发。

(of food) to rise, expand, or become porous, especially as a result of leavening

(Mainland China Hokkien) to become fluffy and large or bloom like a flower due to leavening

The effect of the medicine hasn't shown yet.

藥性未發。

药性未发。

米囥甲發去。

米囥甲发去。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to go bad; to deteriorate; to become rotten


皮

/pʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰei²²⁻²²⁵/

/pʰei̯²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰei²²⁻²²⁵/

Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a hand (又) stripping the fur from an animal pelt (similar to 革). The pelt moved to the top left and became abstracted.
The character 叚 is similar, but actually it depicts two hands and some rocks 石 on oracle bones; a conservative variant is 𠭊.
;“skin”
; “pico-”

Han etyl

(Mainland China Hokkien) to act shamelessly; to act impudently; to be brazen


盤

/pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

/pʰuːn²¹⁻³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːn): phonetic 般 (OC *praːn, *paːn, *baːn) + semantic 皿.

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) having more benefits than harms; worthwhile; profitable; being value for money; affordable


盪

(Mainland China Hokkien) to wash by shaking the water stored in a container (to remove dirt)


目

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (目):
* → Japanese: 目(もく) (moku)
* → Korean: 목(目) (mok)
* → Vietnamese: mục (目)

Pictogram (象形) – human eye, now rotated 90 degrees. Compare the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓁹.
See also 直, 真, 見, 頁, 夏, 面, 臣 and the earlier versions of 要. The eye is not rotated in the character 𢛳, 曼, 睪, and 眔 (used in 褱).
Sometimes it depicts a web (网) through its variant 罒, e.g., 買, 罵, 罪, 詈 (used in 罰) and 羅 (> 罗). Unrelated to 鼎 and 貝.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mjak ~ s-mik. Cognate with Tibetan མིག (mig, “eye”), Burmese မျက် (myak, “eye, face”).

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, obsolete or Hokkien) hole; cavity; eyelet

柴目

(Hokkien) Classifier for segments, such as sugar cane.


直

desc

→ Old Turkic: tik (vertical, straight, straightforward)

Oghuz: دیك

Azerbaijani: dik

Turkish: dik

Turkmen: dik

Turkmen: dikan (honest, straight, direct)

Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 目 (“eye”) + 丨 (“vertical stroke”) – vertical stroke above the eye; looking straight ahead. Then, a black dot was drawn inside the vertical stroke and this point later became a horizontal stroke (hence getting a shape similar to 十).
The line on the side appears in bronze script and subsequently stretched under the 目 shape, while the traditional form appears in seal script.
A conservative version is used inside the character 𢛳 (> 德), while the modern version is used inside its variant 惪. Unrelated to 具 and 真.
; "simply; only"
; "straight; right"
; “heterosexual”

Han compound

(Hokkien) simple and frank; without scruples or misgivings (in one's temperament, speech, or actions)

This account of yours hasn't been settled yet.

你這條數猶未直。

你这条数犹未直。

(Hokkien) settled; clear; brought to an end

(Mainland China Hokkien) a simple kind of board game similar to Go


省

𥅱
𥄾
眚
䁞
𡮀
𡨽
𥅱
𥄾
眚
䁞
𡮀
𡨽

1914, 《最新父子狀元歌下本》, 厦門 [Amoy]: 會文堂:

góa taⁿ chhut-hú tán-chih i, thài-īⁿ sian-siⁿ kàu hú piⁿ, chiū mn̄g tāi-jîn tit siáⁿ pīⁿ, Lí--sī hu-jîn chiū ìn i

我今出府等接伊 太院先生到府邊 就問大人得省病 李氏夫人就應伊

1914, 《最新父子狀元歌下本》, 厦門 [Amoy]: 會文堂:

我今出府等接伊 太院先生到府边 就问大人得省病 李氏夫人就应伊

1987, “內山姑娘要出嫁”, 謝麗燕 (lyrics)performed by 葉啟田 [Yeh Chi-tien]:

pēng bô lâi tùi góa kóng-chhut tàu-té siáⁿ goân-in

並無來對阮講出到底省原因

并无来对阮讲出到底省原因

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 啥 (siáⁿ, “what”)


睛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ): semantic 目 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).


督

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔl'uːwɢ): phonetic 叔 (OC *hljɯwɢ) + semantic 目 (“eye”) – to look over, to oversee (with eyes).

Han compound

督查

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese, literary or Cantonese, Hokkien) to supervise; to superintend; to oversee


瞇

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 目 + phonetic 迷 (OC *miː).

猸

to look at someone indirectly, to look furtively


瞌

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰaːb): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb).

Han compound

Alternative forms: (Hokkien) 䀫, (Hokkien) 䀹 /𥅴, (Hokkien) 契

2023, “只要有你”, in 麗蓉 (lyrics), 彩藝 (music), 十八般武藝, performed by 黃妃 [Huang Fei]:

I'm willing to close my eyes to lie to myself

kam-goān kheh-tio̍h ba̍k-chiu phiàn chū-kí

甘願瞌著目睭騙自己

甘愿瞌著目睭骗自己

(Hokkien, Teochew, Leizhou Min) to close (one's eyes)


瞭

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ): semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 尞.


矣

我食飽矣

我食饱矣

(Hokkien, dialectal Hakka) Sentence-final particle expressing completion, similar to 了 (le) in Standard Mandarin.


矮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qraːlʔ): semantic 矢 + phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to fall short (compared to someone else)


矸

酒矸 [Hokkien] ― chiú-kan [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― wine bottle


硞

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ): semantic 石 (“stone; rock”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) the sound of knocking something hard (such as when a stone is struck)


硩

Cognate with Eastern Min 矺 (dáh, “to press down on”). Possibly cognate with Cantonese 矺 (zaak3, “to press down on”) and Hakka 矺 (chak, “to press down on”) (Li, 2002).

(Hokkien) to suppress; to calm (fear, cough, fire, etc.)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to plant seedlings (such as sugarcane, etc.)


碌

碌路

to become tired after travelling or walking

碌死

碌過頭／碌过头

(Hokkien) tired; fatigued; weary; overworked; to become tired (from something)


礪

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 鑢 /𮣶 (“to rub; file (tool); to file”)


積

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔseɡs, *ʔseɡ): semantic 禾 + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ).
* (to collect; to accumulate): Cognate with Tibetan རྩིག་པ (rtsig pa) (Schuessler, 2007).
* (jack; knave, to jack): From English jack.

Han compound

食積

食积

(Hokkien) to suffer from indigestion (of children)


穡

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *srɯɡ): semantic 禾 (“cereal; grain”) + phonetic 嗇 (OC *srɯɡ). Specialization of 嗇 (OC *srɯɡ).
Probably related to 采 (OC *s.r̥ˤəʔ, “to pluck”) (Baxter, 1992; Sagart, 1999; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). See there for more.
Schuessler (2007) compares it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-šak (“to pluck; to pick (a fruit, etc.)”), as well as Khmer ច្រូត (crout, “to reap; to harvest”).

cog

(literary or Hokkien) farming; farm labour


穸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ljaːɡ): semantic 穴 + phonetic 夕 (OC *ljaːɡ)

Han compound

(Hokkien) a vault or recess in a sepulchre meant to store a coffin


窒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tiːɡ, *tiɡ): semantic 穴 + phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs).

Han compound

Rice is squeezed into your entire mouth.

飯窒甲規喙。

饭窒甲规喙。

(Hokkien) to plug in; to squeeze in (a hole, gap, etc.)

草窒


窟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰluːd): semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).

Han compound

(Hokkien) Classifier for holes, cavities, or hollows.


竅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰleːwɢs): semantic 穴 (“cave”) + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ).
Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Burmese ချောက် (hkyauk, “chasm, gulf”); alternative or additionally, 竅 (OC *kʰleːwɢs) is k-prefixed nominal derivation of 窕 (OC *l'eːwʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

做竅害儂

做窍害侬

信竅

信窍


竭

(Hokkien) to be deficient; to be lacking; to be short of

(Mainland China Hokkien) infertile; barren (of land)


策

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (策):
* → Japanese: 策(さく) (saku)

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰreːɡ): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs).

Han compound

筞
*筴
箣
𠞁
𠞦
𠷽
𢄆
𥳯

策價錢

策价钱

(Mainland China Hokkien) to confer; to consult; to coordinate; to discuss


筷

2007, “紅線情”, 盧和生 (lyrics), 陳偉強 (music)performed by 甲子慧 and 王中平:

If I were chopsticks, you'd be willing to be a bowl.

我那是筷 你甘願做碗

我那是筷 你甘愿做碗

2016, 元朝 (lyrics and music), “囍珍时”performed by 元朝:

zêg⁸ gai⁵ uan² gong¹, zêg⁸ sang¹ ca⁵ de⁷

一个碗公 一双柴筷

一個碗公 一雙柴筷

2018, 鄭喬安 (lyrics and music), “一双筷”performed by 陳淑萍 and 吳俊宏:

Do you know that our love is like a pair of chopsticks, holding sourness, sweetness, bitterness and tastelessness?

lí kám chai lán ê ài-chêng chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t siang tī, ngeh-tio̍h sng-kam-khó͘-chiáⁿ ê chu-bī

妳甘知咱的愛情親像一双筷 挾著酸甘苦淡的滋味

你甘知咱的爱情亲像一双筷 挟著酸甘苦淡的滋味

(Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 箸 (“chopstick”)


箍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʷaː): semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 㧜 (liè)

Han compound

Kho͘ saⁿ tō sī sì kho͘ saⁿ kiám saⁿ kho͘.

箍三就是四箍三減三箍。

箍三就是四箍三减三箍。

(Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew, Malaysian Cantonese) Classifier for money: yuan; dollar; buck; peso; ringgit; rupiah


管

火管 [Hokkien] ― hé-kóng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― blowpipe (for cooking)

(Hokkien, Teochew) tube; pipe; short cylinder


管

(Hokkien) Used in 頷管／颔管, alternative form of 頷頸 /颔颈.


箬

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njaɡ): semantic 竹 + phonetic 若 (OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njaɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nas (“leaf”).

Han compound

(obsolete or Hokkien) sheath of bamboo shoots


粒

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *rɯb): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 立 (OC *rɯb).

Han compound

一粒西瓜

The mountain in my hometown stands there forever, for who knows how many years.

kò͘-hiong hit lia̍p soaⁿ, éng-oán khiā tī hia, m̄ chai kúi tang

故鄉彼粒山 永遠徛佇遐 毋知幾冬

故乡彼粒山 永远徛伫遐 毋知几冬

(Hokkien, Eastern Min, Taiwanese, Singapore and Malaysian Mandarin) Classifier for any round, solid objects.

(Hokkien) with hard grains and not mushy (of rice)


粕

(Mainland China Hokkien) tasteless as if one is chewing dregs (often reduplicated)


粟

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Warring States period
oracle bone script

Pictogram (象形) in oracle bone script. During the Warring States period, phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *soɡ): phonetic 角 (OC *kroːɡ, *ɡ·roːɡ) + semantic 米 (“rice”). 角 corrupted into 𠧪, thus getting the intermediate form 𥻆. Eventually, it was further corrupted into 西.
In ancient times, this character was used to indicate rice kernels with husk, while 米 was used to indicate rice without husk.

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) rice hull; rice husk


糋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 前.

alt. forms: 煎

alt. forms: 煎


紮

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsriːd): phonetic 札 (OC *sqriːd) + semantic 糸.

Han compound

(Hokkien) to wrap up; to bind up; to pack; to bundle; to bandage

(Hokkien) to raise; to lift up; to pull up (curtain, clothing, etc.)

(Hokkien) to assist; to aid; to help; to guide and support (someone)


細

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *snɯːls): semantic 糸 + phonetic 囟 (OC *snɯns). The right component is etymologically unrelated to 田 in which it was corrupted to after the Han dynasty.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *z(j)əj (“little; small; tiny”) (STEDT); cognate with Jingpho zi (“small”), Tibetan ཟི (zi, “small”), Burmese သေး (se:, “small”).


結

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kiːd): semantic 糸 + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)(j)i(t/k) (“to tie; to bind”); cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིག (khyig, “to bind”), Burmese ကျစ် (kyac, “to twist”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

inh

(Mainland China Hokkien, figurative) hangup; problem; preoccupation; knot (in one's heart)


給

2007, 陳雷 and 謝婷婷, 情深愛也深

你給阮甜蜜的青春

2007, 陳雷 and 謝婷婷, 情深愛也深

你给阮甜蜜的青春


網

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mlaŋʔ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ).
Compare Thai มุ้ง (múng, “mosquito net”), มอง (mɔɔng, “a kind of fishing net”) (Manomaiviboon, 1975). Perhaps the same word as 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to deceive”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to meticulously patch (a sewing technique)


緊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kinʔ): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 糸.

Han compound

GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified); † - only used for pulled objects as a resultative

not rushed and not slow; taking one's time

不緊不慢

不紧不慢

伊走了真緊。

伊走了真紧。

(literary or Hokkien, Datian Min, Zhao'an Hakka, Wenzhounese) quick; rapid; quickly


緎

(Hokkien) to sway back and forth; to shake back and forth

(Mainland China Hokkien) to be swung back and forth (in the air, such as seesaws, etc.)


縒

(Hokkien) to go out of form; to be different from what is expected or intended


縛

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *baːɡs, *baɡ): semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).
Austroasiatic. Compare Khmer ប៉ាក់ (pak, “to embroider”), Mon ဗိုက် (“to put around esp. lower half of body”), Temiar bəg (“to bind”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, note Thai ผูก (pùuk, “to tie; to bind”) and Vietnamese buộc (“to tie; to bind”).

cog

(Hokkien) to weave from bamboo strips (tools, utensils, etc.)

(Hokkien) feeling tight when worn (of clothes)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to take on a contract; to undertake (a job, construction project, etc.)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to wrap; to bind up


績

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) to spin hemp into thread for weaving


繳

缴
缴
筊
徼
賭
檄
儌
九
局


纆

The rock smashed downward with sudden force on the ground.

石頭對塗跤纆落去。

石头对涂跤𬙊落去。

(Hokkien) to strike or smash downward with sudden force


缺

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞²⁴/

/t͡ɕʰy̯e̞²⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰʷed, *kʰʷeːd): semantic 缶 (“earthen pot”) + phonetic 夬 (OC *kʷraːds).

Han compound

(Hokkien) chipped part; broken edge (on a bowl, cup, etc.)


置

寘
𦌤
𦋲
𦌃
𦋘
𦋽
𢍧

2014, 許明傑 (lyrics and music), “秋天的雨”performed by 許富凱 [Henry Hsu]:

Have you received the yearning written in the horizon?

siá tī thiⁿ-piⁿ ê su-liām lí kám siu-tio̍h--ah

寫置天邊的思念你甘收到啊

写置天边的思念你甘收到啊

2020, 詹雅雯 (lyrics and music), “難渡情關”performed by 詹雅雯:

Where it is hard is going through the trials of love

難就難置渡情關

难就难置渡情关

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 佇 (tī, “to be at; to be in; at; in; during”)


罾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsɯːŋ): semantic 网 (“net”) + phonetic 曾 (OC *ʔsɯːŋ, *zɯːŋ).

Han compound

罾魚／罾鱼 [Hokkien] ― chan-hî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to catch fish with a large square net

(literary or Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to fish with a large square fishing net


翕

(Hokkien) uncomfortably stuffy (due to hot weather, lack of air circulation, confined spaces, etc.)

(Hokkien) to cover tightly closed lid to prevent leakage of air (especially used in cooking)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to bully and oppress; to intimidate; to threaten


翳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qiː, *qiːs): phonetic 殹 (OC *qiːs) + semantic 羽.


耄

(Hokkien) sunken in; shriveled; emaciated (especially the mouth of an old person)

(Hokkien) to chew slowly as a toothless person

喙耄落去

(Mainland China Hokkien) to shrivel; to cave in; to sink in

(Mainland China Hokkien) to embezzle; to misappropriate


肏

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 𧮙 (chhoh, “to scold”)


胚

豬胚仔／猪胚仔 [Hokkien] ― ti-phe-á [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― half-sized piglet

乞食胚 [Hokkien] ― khit-chia̍h phe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― people as lazy as beggars

(Hokkien, usually derogatory) Suffix indicating a certain type of person.

這隻羊好胚。

这只羊好胚。

(Mainland China Hokkien) skeleton; frame; structure (of livestock)


脫

枕頭脫去。／枕头脱去。 [Hokkien] ― Chím-thâu thoah khì. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― The pillow slipped out of place.


脾

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *be): semantic ⺼ (“organ”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-paj (“spleen”) (STEDT).

Han compound

開脾／开脾 [Hokkien] ― khai-pî [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to whet the appetite

(Hokkien) appetite (desire for food or drink)


腹

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *puɡ): semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ) – a part of the body.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-puːk (“belly; vitals; hollow object; cave”); cognate with 𥨍 (“cave”), Tibetan ཕུགས (phugs, “innermost parts”), Burmese ဗိုက် (buik, “belly; pregnancy”), အပေါက် (a.pauk, “hole”), Chepang तुक् (“belly; stomach”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *bi(ʔ)-buk (“guts”), Cogtse Situ [Term?] (tə-pōk, “belly”), Brag-bar Situ [Term?] (tə-vōk, “belly”), Proto-Tani *puk (“heart”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).
Also compare Austroasiatic words: Proto-Mon-Khmer *bo()k (“belly”), Khmer ពោះ (pŭəh, “belly”), Vietnamese bụng (“belly”)(Shorto, 2006; Schuessler, 2007).

cog

一腹火

一腹尿

(Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for for a full container of something.: stomachful


膎

(Hokkien) pickled food (usually seafood)


致

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tiɡs): phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs) + semantic 攵.

Han compound

致着病 [Hokkien, simp.]
tì tio̍h pīⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]


舌

→ Proto-Hmong-Mien: *mblet

Characters in the same phonetic series (舌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a forked tongue emerging upwards from a mouth (口). See also 言 and 音. Unrelated to 舍, in which it represents a hut.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-l(j)a-t (“tongue”); compare Western Magar मेलेट (melet, “tongue”), Jingpho shinglet (“tongue”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2009). The reconstruction of a complex initial *m(ə)-l- in Old Chinese is based on evidence from the softened initial in Proto-Min as well as Proto-Hmong-Mien *mblet (“tongue”) (Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
Alternatively, Schuessler (2007), reconstructing the Old Chinese minimally as *m-lat, derives it from 舐 (OC *m-leʔ, “to lick”) + *-t (“nominal suffix for natural objects”), literally “licker”.

Han etyl

(Hokkien, figurative) speech; speaking (used in certain expressions)


舒

phonetic 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ)
Possibly connected to 紓 (OC *hlja, *ɦljaʔ, “to loosen, relax”).

och-l

舒棉被 [Hokkien] ― chhu mî-phōe [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to spread a quilt

(Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to spread (a mat, a blanket, etc.)


舞

→ Vietnamese: múa

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maʔ): abbreviated phonetic 無 (OC *ma) + semantic 舛 (“steps, feet in convergent direction”). This character was coined to preserve the original meaning of 無, which is "dancing"; hence, the upper component also adds part of the meaning. A conservative variant is 𦨅.
Perhaps related to Tibetan བྲོ (bro, “dance (noun)”), or related to 巫 (OC *ma, “shaman”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

The colleagues messed with the newbies big time.

di¹ san¹ zai² bei² tung⁴ si⁶ mou⁵⁻² dou³ to⁴ to⁴⁻² ning⁶.

啲新仔畀同事舞到陀陀擰。

啲新仔畀同事舞到陀陀拧。

always messed with by a bunch of things with no way out

chong teuˇ bun` rhid tai⁺ deu` sii⁺ cin mu´ doˇ mo gad mo sad

長透分一大兜事情舞著無結無煞

长透分一大兜事情舞着无结无煞

(Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien) to mess with; to play with; to tease

I've worked on this for half a day, but I still haven't figured out how this bread machine works.

ngo⁵ mou⁵⁻² zo² bun³ jat⁶ dou¹ mou⁵⁻² m⁴ dim⁶ bou⁶ min⁶ baau¹ gei¹.

我舞咗半日都舞唔掂部麵包機。

我舞咗半日都舞唔掂部面包机。

(Cantonese, Hokkien) to fiddle with; to be busy with; to handle; to operate


英

2022, “目睛有沙”, 李岩修 (lyrics), 徐嘉良 (music)performed by 吳木 and 田顏玫:

góa bô háu, sī góa ba̍k-chiu eng-tio̍h soa

我嘸哮 是我目睛英著沙

我呒哮 是我目睛英着沙

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 塕 (eng, “(of dust, sand, etc.) to rise and permeate; to fill the air or get onto something”)


莢

(Hokkien) Classifier for pod of legumes.


落

→ Ai-Cham: lau⁵

→ Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh⁸)

→ Vietnamese: lạc

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):
:within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
:outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.
Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).
Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

cog

落鄉／落乡 [Hokkien] ― lo̍h-hiuⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to go to the countryside

(Cantonese, Eastern Min, Mainland China Hokkien) to go to somewhere inferior or subordinate

to hit something and cause it to fall to the ground

打落地下度

(Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew) down [[[onto]]; to]

(to go to a lower place)
down [[[onto]]; to]

落旨 [Cantonese] ― lok⁶ zi² [Jyutping] ― to issue a decree

落叉廚／落叉厨 [Hong Kong Cantonese] ― lok⁶ caa¹ cyu⁴ [Jyutping] ― to issue a charge

落公文 [Hokkien] ― lo̍h kong-bûn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to issue an official document

(transitive) (to move something to a lower place)

(Cantonese, Hokkien) to give or issue something to an inferior person

(Hokkien) Classifier for a row of houses.

(Hokkien) to coax out of somebody; to trick somebody into telling (of a secret, information, the truth, etc.)

(Hokkien) to fall off; to drop off (from somewhere)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to get along well


著

→ English: tio

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

/ʈ͡ʂaʊ̯ɻʷ⁵⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ta-t (“to put; to place”). Cognate with Tibetan སྟད (stad, “to put on; to lay on”), སྟ་གོན (sta gon, “preparation; arrangement”), Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). See also 署 (OC *djas, “to put, place”) (STEDT).

cog

着
着
𣋐
𣥧
囉
就
着
着

揀啊揀，揀著一個賣龍眼 / 揀啊揀，揀著一个賣龍眼 / 拣啊拣，拣着一个卖龙眼

kéng--ah kéng, kéng-tio̍h chi̍t ê bē lêng-géng

附著／附着

(literary or Hokkien) to attach to; to stick to; to adhere to

著陸／着陆

(literary or Hokkien) to touch; to contact

著燈／着灯 [Cantonese] ― zoek⁶ dang¹ [Jyutping] ― to turn on the lights

著冷氣／着冷气 [Cantonese] ― zoek⁶ laang⁵ hei³ [Jyutping] ― to turn on the air conditioning

to catch fire; to burn; to combust; to be ignited

(Cantonese, Hokkien) to turn on; to light (a light, a machine, etc.)

我著是伊的囝。

(Hokkien, used for emphasis) exactly; precisely; just

As soon as he sat, he didn't want to stand up.

坐著著毋愛𬦰起來。

坐著著毋爱𬦰起来。

(Hokkien, used to express earliness) as soon as; as early as

He was already good at singing while young.

伊細漢著真𠢕唱歌。

伊细汉著真𠢕唱歌。

Even each pig that he raises are very fat.

伊飼的豬，逐隻著真肥。

伊饲的猪，逐只著真肥。

(Mainland China Hokkien) used for strong emphasis: even

著我去是毋？

(Mainland China Hokkien) there is need to; it is necessary or worthwhile to


蕊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ): semantic 艸 + phonetic 惢 (OC *sqʰloːlʔ, *sklol, *sɡlolʔ)
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”), whence Burmese နွယ် (nwai, “creeper”), Jingpho noi (“to hang”). See 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”), to which the word is possibly related, for more (STEDT).

inh

惢
*橤
繠
*蕋
*蘂
蘃
𣛚
𥳝
𧄜

Alternative forms: 朵, 朶

一蕊目睭

(Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka) Classifier for flowers and eyes.


虯

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

/t͡ɕʰi̯oʊ̯³⁵/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡrɯw): semantic 虫 + phonetic 丩 (OC *kɯw, *krɯw).
Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཀླུ (klu, “serpent, naga”), yet see 蛟 (OC *kreːw); most likely etymology is "twisting, wriggling" (Carr, 1990; Schuessler, 2007). Note 糾 (OC *kɯw, *krɯwʔ) "to twist, plait, wind, entwine".

Han compound

(Hokkien) stingy; miserly; overly frugal; thrifty


蜜

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (蜜):
* → Japanese: 蜜(みつ) (mitsu)
* → Okinawan: 蜜(みち) (michi)
* → Korean: 밀(蜜) (mil)
* → Vietnamese: mật (蜜)

→ Old Uyghur: 𐽹𐽶𐽾 (mir)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mliɡ): phonetic 宓 (OC *mriɡ, *mliɡ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).
Possibly from Tocharian B mit, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu (“honey”). Cognate with Tocharian B mit (“honey”), English mead, Dutch mede (“mead”) German Met (“mead”), Swedish mjöd (“mead”), Sanskrit मधु (madhu, “honey”), Ancient Greek μέθυ (méthu, “wine”), Old Church Slavonic медъ (medŭ, “honey”), Russian мёд (mjod, “honey”), Polish miód (“honey”).
Sense “mistress, young girl” is additionally a phono-semantic matching of English miss.


蝕

Same word as 食 (OC *lɯɡs, *ɦljɯɡ, “to eat”) (Schuessler, 2007).

(Hokkien) to wane; to fade away; to regress; to dissipate


螫

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qʰjaːɡ): phonetic 赦 (OC *hljaɡs) + semantic 虫 (“bug”).

Han compound

(literary or Hokkien) to sting; to bite (of venomous insects such as spiders, bees, etc.)


蟯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ŋjew, *ʔŋew): semantic 虫 (“worm”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) bivalve-like seafood


蟯

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident


蟳

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声): semantic 虫 (“bug”) + phonetic 尋 (OC *ljum).
Probably related to Vietnamese sam (“king crab”), which may be related to Proto-Mon-Khmer *kt₁aam, whence Khmer ក្ដាម (kdaam, “crab”), Mon ဂတာံ (“crab”) (Norman and Mei, 1976).

(Hokkien) crab (general term) (Classifier: 隻／只 mn)


術

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɦljud): semantic 行 (“street, path”) + phonetic 朮 (OC *l'ud, *ɦljud).
For the “to throw” definition, from English shoot.

Han compound

He was hoodwinked by him out of all his money.

所有的錢攏予伊術了了。

所有的钱拢予伊术了了。

术一下着到遮。 [Hokkien, simp.]
Su̍t chi̍t-ē tio̍h kàu chiâ. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

食甲術術吼／食甲术术吼 [Hokkien] ― chia̍h kah su̍t su̍t háu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to eat quickly (to eat with whispering sounds)

(Mainland China Hokkien) quickly; swiftly; at lightning speed


衝

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰɔyŋ²¹³/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjoŋ): semantic 行 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to rise; to go up; to soar; to ascend

(Hokkien, of smoke or water) to discharge; to gush; to burst out; to spout

(Hokkien) to bump into; to encounter; to meet accidentally


袂

University of Santo Tomas#Libraries and archives

See 𣍐／𫧃. It is historically attested for Hokkien in the Arte de la Lengua Chiõ Chiu (1620) and Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum (1626-1642) with the same usage as 𣍐／𫧃. This character is recommended for Hokkien by Taiwan's Ministry of Education (ROC MOE).

(Hokkien, historical) Alternative form of 𣍐 /𫧃


袚

披
破
帗
拔
鈸
佩
*珮
斾
鉢

If I drape a wedding dress for him, how much will he love me?

nā-sī gún lâi ūi i phoa̍h kè-se, i ē thiàⁿ-sioh gún gōa-chē

哪是阮來為伊披嫁紗 伊會疼惜阮哇多

哪是阮来为伊披嫁纱 伊会疼惜阮哇多

(Hokkien) to throw loosely; to drape (over one's shoulder, a chair, etc.)

(Hokkien) to put (one's arm, leg, etc.) on something as a support; to cross (one's limbs)


裂

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *red) and ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): phonetic 列 (OC *red, “to tear”) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”) — to cut and tear clothes.
The phonetic 列 depicts bones being cut up with a blade and arranged in a line.

Han compound

(Hokkien) to break open revealing a crack

(Hokkien) Classifier for cut left by a knife.


裹

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 𩛩 /𩠃 (“to wrap up”)


裹

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 軋 /轧 (“to crush; to run over; to roll flat (of or by a car)”)


襲

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 軀 /躯 (su, “Classifier for sets of clothing”)


覆

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pʰuɡs, *buɡs, *pʰɯːɡ, *pʰuɡ): semantic 襾 + phonetic 復 (OC *buɡs, *buɡ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to lie on one's stomach; to rest one's body on a surface

(Mainland China Hokkien) to press close to; to nestle up against


覓

觅
*覔
觅
𥌚
*覔
觅
觅
觅

(Hokkien) to inspect; to probe; to see; to examine face-to-face; to visit and inquire about

食覓／食觅 [Philippine Hokkien] ― chia̍h bāi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to give it a taste

試覓／试觅 [Philippine Hokkien] ― chhì bāi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to give it a try

give something a try
give something a try

(Hokkien) give something a go; give something a try (used after a verb)


覓

觅
*覔
觅
𥌚
*覔
觅
觅
觅

(Can we date this quote?), “舊相片”, 謝明訓 (lyrics), 秀蘭瑪雅 [Showlen Maya] (music)performed by 秀蘭瑪雅 [Showlen Maya]:

óng-sū tó-ūi bih, chhin-chhiūⁿ chi̍t chhut hì

往事叨位覓 親像一齣戲

往事叨位觅 亲像一出戏

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 覕 /𰴕 (bih, “to hide”)


親

For pronunciation and definitions of 親 – see 嚫.
(This character is a variant form of 嚫).

zh-see

亲
媇
𧡘
𡩁
*寴
𡪔
𢾉
𧠍
𧠸
𧡿
亲
媇
𧡘
𡩁
*寴
𡪔
𢾉
𧠍
𧠸
𧡿
亲

2023, “愛之味”, 蔡宜霖 (lyrics), 陳祈信 (music)performed by 蔡多多 and 郭忠祐 [York Kuo]:

I couldn't help myself but kiss your photo

情不自禁親你的相片

情不自禁亲你的相片

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 唚 (“to kiss”)


角

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (角):
* → Japanese: 角(かく) (kaku)
* → Korean: 각(角) (gak)
* → Vietnamese: giác (角)

→ Khmer: កាក់ (kak)
→ English: kak

→ Thai: กั๊ก (gák)

→ Vietnamese: góc

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Characters in the same phonetic series (角) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Pictogram (象形) – a horn. A conservative version is 𧢲. Similar but unrelated to 甬, 用, and the bottom part of 備.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəw (“horn; angle; corner”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan རྭ (rwa, “horn”), Garo grong (“horn”), Jingpho nrung (“horn”), Chepang रोङः (roŋʔ, “horn”), 觡 (OC *kraːɡ, “antler”). The Tibeto-Burman *-ŋ final variant is reflected in 觥 (OC *kʷraːŋ, “drinking vessel made from animal horn”) (Schuessler, 2007). Possibly also related to 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ, “deer”) (Sagart, 1999).
A derivative is 餃 (“stuffed dumpling”), named for its horn-like shape (Norman, 1988).
It is probably unrelated with Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (“horn”) ( < *ḱerh₂- (“horn”)) and Proto-Semitic *ḳarn- (“horn”) despite the phonological and semantic resemblance between the three.

och-l

(Hokkien) side (as a directional term, used with 這／这 (chit) and 彼 (hit))

(Hokkien) chipped or damaged portion of something

雞角／鸡角 [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― koe-kak [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― rooster

(Northern Min, Eastern Min, Hokkien) A suffix for masculine animals.


觳

(Hokkien) small container cup for rice or liquid

(Hokkien) Classifier for volume of a measuring cup.


觸

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɔk̚³²/

/t͡sʰiɪk̚³²/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰjoɡ): semantic 角 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
Compare Tibetan གཏུག (gtug, “to meet; to touch”) (Hill, 2019). An older theory by STEDT compares the word with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/r-tuk (“to cut, knock, pound”), and compares the first two syllables of Burmese တောက်တောက်ကြော် (tauktaukkrau, “fried minced meat”), as well as a wide range of Sinitic words:
* 擣 (OC *tuːʔ, “to beat, pound rice”)
* 殊 (OC *to, *djo, “to cut off, die”)
* 祝 (OC *tjuɡs, *tjuɡ, “to cut off, pray”)
* 斵, 斫 (OC *tjaɡ, “to chop, carve, chisel, break open”)
* 椓 (“to beat, strike”)
* 啄 (OC *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ, “to peck”)
* 斀 (OC *rtoːɡ, “to castrate”)
* 誅 (OC *to, “to reprove, punish, kill”)
* 咮 (OC *tu, *tus, *tos, *tjo, “beak; to peck”)
* 斸 (OC *toɡ, “to cut, cut out”)
The internet slang sense is a phonetic borrowing from English true.

cog

တောက်တောက်ကြော်

och-l

(Hokkien, Puxian Min) to argue; to have a row; to come to blows; to scuffle

(Hokkien) to come into contact with a hard object (stone, horns, etc.)


計

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 言 (“say”) + 十 (“all”).

Han compound

The whole hillside in front is all green.

Bīn-thâu-chêng kui soaⁿ-phiâⁿ kè sī chhiⁿ-sek--ê.

面頭前規山坪計是青色--ê。

面头前规山坪计是青色--ê。


設

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *hljed): semantic 言 + phonetic 埶 (OC *ŋeds). 埶 (yì) in this character initially appears as an ancient short form ⿰𡉣攴 (Jiang, 2019).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to cheat; to make fun of; to deceive


詈

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 网 (“net”) + 言 (“speech; word”). The net is perhaps a reference to the act of punishing somebody after a verbal abuse when such an abuse is considered an offence. The original version is 𧧧.

(literary or Northern Min, Hokkien) to curse; to scold; to abuse verbally


誰

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, including Xiamen, Kinmenese, Magong and Singapore Hokkien; Teochew; Hainanese) who; whom


誰

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, chiefly Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) who; whom


誰

From shortening of 是誰／是谁 (chī-choa̍h), from 是誰仔／是谁仔 (chī-chūi-á).

zh-l

是誰仔／是谁仔 (chī-chūi-á)

谁
谁
倽
上
仩
谁
𪝊
𫢗
谁
谁
孰:chiâ
咜:chôa

(Hokkien, including Zhangzhou and Taichung Hokkien) who; whom


請

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

/t͡ɕʰiaŋ²¹³/

/t͡sʰi̯aŋ³¹/

/t͡sʰiɪŋ⁵⁵⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to enshrine and worship; to consecrate

(Mainland China Hokkien) goodbye; see you later


謔

(literary or Hokkien) to crack a joke; to banter; to tease; to mock


講

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (講):
* → Japanese: 講(こう) (kō)
* → Korean: 강(講) (gang)
* → Vietnamese: giảng (講)

→ Bouyei: gaangc

→ Zhuang: gangj

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kroːŋʔ): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs).

Han compound

At first I thought that I, becoming a singer, would at least be seen more highly

tong-chho͘ siūⁿ kóng góa teh chò koa-chheⁿ, siōng-bô mā hông khòaⁿ khah ū ba̍k-tē

當初想講我咧作歌星 項無嘛弘看卡有目的

当初想讲我咧作歌星 项无嘛弘看卡有目的

I had a feeling that I shouldn't be here listening to this sinful man

2010, 徐立妍 (Arlene Li-yen Hsu), 《刣死一隻鳥仔》閩南語譯文 (Taiwanese Translation of To Kill A Mockingbird), in 閩南語翻譯問題初探—以《刣死一隻鳥仔》為例 (A Preliminary Analysis of the Issues of Taiwanese Translations: A Case Study of the Taiwanese Translation of To Kill A Mockingbird), page 102

Góa kám-kak kóng góa bô èng-kai thiaⁿ chit ê pháiⁿ-lâng kóng-ōe

我感覺講我無應該聽這个歹人講話

我感觉讲我无应该听这个歹人讲话

(Hokkien) Used after a verb to introduce a clause that is the object of the verb: that


變

Tai Languages

→ Proto-Southwestern Tai: *pliənᴮ²

Thai: เปลี่ยน (bplìian)

Lao: ປ່ຽນ (pīan)

desc

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Lü: ᦵᦔᧃᧈ (ṗen¹)

Tai Dam: ꪜꪸ꪿ꪙ

Shan: ပိၼ်ႇ (pìn)

Tai Nüa: ᥙᥤᥢᥱ (pǐn)

Northern Tai

Zhuang: bienq

Central Tai

Nong Zhuang: byenq, benq

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *prons): phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴.
Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000) and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).

改觀

to change appearance, to change one's view

春天後母面，欲變一時間 / 春天后母面，欲变一时间

chhun-thiⁿ āu-bú bīn, beh piàn chi̍t sî-kan

汝佇變什物空氣？

汝伫变什物空气？


貓

→ English: ngeow (via Teochew)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mreːw, *mrew): semantic 豸 + phonetic 苗 (OC *mrew). The phonetic component perhaps points to the onomatopoeic nature of this word.
Ma Xulun suggested that 豸 was the original character of 貓.
Onomatopoeic. Compare 喵 (miāo, “meow, the onomatopoeic cry of a cat”).
Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *mau, reasoning that 貓's place among division II syllables results from its onomatopoeic nature instead of an Old Chinese medial *-r-; onomatopoeia is also responsible for the 陰平／阴平 (yīnpíng) tone instead of the expected 陽平／阳平 (yángpíng).

zh-l

陰平／阴平 (yīnpíng)

猫
猫
猫
毛
猫
猫
猫
媌

貓面／猫面 [Hokkien] ― niau-bīn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― pockmarked face


貓

猫
猫
猫
毛
猫
猫
猫
媌


販

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *pans): semantic 貝 (“cowry”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).
The exoactive of 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan, “to return, lit. "to make someone return"”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *par (“to trade; to buy; to sell”), from which Tibetan ཕར (phar, “interest (on money); exchange”) is derived.

cog

(Mainland China Hokkien) to imitate rigidly; to follow closely


責

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsreːɡ): phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs) + semantic 貝 (“cowry; money”) – tax; debt.
Top component now resembles 生 (without the diagonal stroke) – compare 青, 素.

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) to look into; to investigate


貼

(Hokkien) to make up for a deficit; to compensate; to recompense; to supplement; to subsidize


貿

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *mlus): phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to undertake (a job, project, etc.)


賢

贤
𬥎
贒
臤
*䝨
𠤕
贤

(Hokkien, historical) Alternative form of 𠢕


走

走路返厝乎狗追

走路返厝乎狗追

2017, 王俊傑 (lyrics and music), 走不知路, performed by 蔡秋鳳

kiâⁿ m̄-chai lō͘ chiah ē hō͘ lí phiàn-phiàn--khì, kiâⁿ m̄-chai lō͘ chiah ē ūi lí lâi siong-sim

走不知路才會乎你騙騙去 走不知路才會為你來傷心

走不知路才会乎你骗骗去 走不知路才会为你来伤心

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 行 (kiâⁿ, “to walk”)


起

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰɯʔ): semantic 走 + phonetic 巳 (OC *ljɯʔ, *lɯs).
Perhaps from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kyi (“to lift, raise, awake”); cognate with Burmese ချီ (hkyi, “to lift”) (STEDT).

inh

(Hokkien, Teochew) to board; to get on (a vehicle)


趁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *nlanʔ, *l̥ʰɯns, *l'ɯn): semantic 走 (“to run”) + phonetic 㐱.

Han compound

趂
𧼇
𮚶
𢌝
跈
𧽃
賺

(Mainland China Hokkien) to imitate (someone)


趿

He was assailed by the wind, and immediately got sick.

伊趿著風，現感冒。

伊趿着风，现感冒。

(Hokkien) to be affected by a sudden stimulus or doing something in haste resulting in a certain outcome (especially by the wind)

This woman was so beautiful, when he saw her, he immediately got obsessed with her.

Chit-ê cha-bó͘ chiah súi, i khòaⁿ liáu hiān sahⁿ tio̍h.

這個查某遮媠，伊看了現趿著。

这个查某遮媠，伊看了现趿着。

(Hokkien) to crave for; to obsess in getting something

When the dog saw the stranger, he immediately pounced on him.

Káu khòaⁿ tio̍h siⁿ-hūn-lâng, sûi sahⁿ kè-lâi.

狗看著生份人，隨趿過來。

狗看着生份人，随趿过来。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to seize; to pounce; to hunt; to catch

Take the clothes to dry in the sun for a while.

Saⁿ-khò͘ the̍h khì hō͘ li̍t-thâu sahⁿ chi̍t-ē.

衫褲提去予日頭趿一下。

衫裤提去予日头趿一下。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to dry in the sun for a short while (of clothes, etc.)


跉

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 趼 (“callus”)


跋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *boːd): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd).
Cognate with 茇 (OC *poːd, “roots of grass”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Hokkien) to use (a scheme, trick, etc.)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to go down; to drop (price, etc.)


跔

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ko): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo).


跡

Variant of 迹 using a semantic component with similar meaning; see there for more. Current form is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsleːɡ): semantic 𧾷 (“foot”) + phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ).

Han compound

這跡

这迹


跤

2024, 詹雅雯 (lyrics and music), “糞埽桶”, in 演一首歌, performed by 詹雅雯:

Throw all the sorrow and agony into this trash can

sim-sng khó͘-thàng lóng-chóng tàn lo̍h chit kha pùn-sò-tháng

心酸苦痛攏總擲落這跤糞埽桶

心酸苦痛拢总掷落这跤粪埽桶

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 奇 (classifier)


跩

/t͡sʰuaʔ¹²¹/

/t͡sʰuaʔ¹²¹/


踅

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sɢʷled): phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed) + semantic 足 (“foot”).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) Classifier for laps of a race, loops, orbits, etc.


踏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tʰuːb): semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 沓 (OC *duːb).

Han compound

踏跤踏車

踏跤踏车

(Hokkien, Teochew, Northern Wu) to ride (a bicycle)

(Hokkien) to indicate; to state clearly (one's opinion, behavior, etc.)

(Hokkien) to withdraw a portion from the total amount

(Mainland China Hokkien) to copulate; to mate (of poultry, livestock, etc.)


踮

店
惦
站
𫁥
*佔
𠶧
坫
匿

1997, “雙人相夢”, 王威勝 (lyrics)performed by 年少之島:

put-koán hong-ú lo̍h bô thêng, gún ê bāng éng-oán tiàm sim-tiong

不管風雨落不停 阮的夢永遠掂心中

不管风雨落不停 阮的梦永远掂心中

(Hokkien) to live (somewhere); to stay (somewhere)


蹛

𰸚
𰸚
𰸚
帶
滯
住
戴

(Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to stay (at a location; overnight in a hospital, hotel, etc.)

你蹛佗位？

你𰸚佗位？

(Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) to reside; to live (somewhere)

蹛頭路

𰸚头路

(Hokkien) to work at; to hold an office or position at


躄

(Zhangzhou and Haicang Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck


躇

(Hokkien) impractical and stupid (often reduplicated)


躚

(Hokkien) walking back and forth; wandering; roving; roaming


躲

2011, Chan Ya-wen (lyrics and music), “欠情歌”, in 山伯英台, performed by Chan Ya-wen:

[I] leave for a very faraway place, rushing towards prospects; [I] feel aggrieved, want to hide, but there's no way to hide

oán-cháu-ko-hui kóaⁿ hiòng chiân-tô͘, úi-khut beh bih bih bô-lō͘

遠走高飛趕向前途 委屈要躲躲無路

远走高飞赶向前途 委屈要躲躲无路

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 覕 /𰴕 (bih, “to hide”)


軀

Probably the same as etymology 1 (Hsu, 2019). Lin (2007) considers it to be a contraction of 身軀／身躯 (sin-khu).

2021, 蕭煌奇, 送予你的歌

hiahⁿ kúi su lí ê saⁿ, saⁿ-nn̄g kang sé--kòe pha̍k--kòe koh pha̍k

挔幾軀你的衫 三兩工洗過曝過閣曝

2021, 蕭煌奇, 送予你的歌

挔几躯你的衫 三两工洗过曝过阁曝

(Hokkien) Classifier for sets of clothing.


軁

(Hokkien) to pass through a hole; to drill; to bore


軁

(Hokkien) to contract into; to extend into or out; to stretch into or out; to run through


軋

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qriːd): semantic 車 (“cart”) + phonetic 乙 (OC *qriɡ)

Han compound

轧
轧
轧
轧
轧
裹
輾
𩛩

(Hokkien) to tip over and crush something


軟

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *njonʔ): semantic 車 + phonetic 耎 (OC *njonʔ). 耎 turned into 欠 over time due to a popular variant.
The meaning of the radical of the chariot is not fully clear. It could be linked to the synonym 柔, which indicates the wood soft enough to be cut, or it could indicate the concept of being tired and weak after dragging a heavy chariot, hence "soft"; the right component could add part of the meaning, since it originally depicts a man under the rain, hence getting soaked (perhaps while dragging a heavy chariot). Today's component 欠 depicts a man kneeling with an open mouth, perhaps while breathing due to exhaustion.
Probably cognate with 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”), see there for more (STEDT).

Han compound

(Cantonese, Hokkien) easily moved and swayed; empathic; unable to uphold the initial opinion


較

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/

/t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːwɢs, *kreːwɢ): semantic 車 (“vehicle”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw).
The original phonetic component was 爻 (OC *ɢraːw), later corrupted to 交 (OC *kreːw)

Han compound

(Hokkien) no matter how ... (often followed by 嘛 (mā) or 也 (iā))


轄

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd): phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 車 (“cart”) – linchpin.

Han compound

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 乏 (“to be moderate; to abstain; to check; to restrict oneself (in food, usage, spending, addiction, etc.)”)


轉

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

/ʈ͡ʂu̯än²¹⁴/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons): semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
Possibly related to:
* Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or
* Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin).
An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words:
* 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”),
* 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”).
Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).

och-l

转
返
转
转
转
撙
捘

(Mainland China Hokkien) to circulate capital to meet financial need for turnover


迺

For pronunciation and definitions of 迺 – see 乃 (“you, your; be; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 乃).


追

2012, 詹雅雯 (lyrics and music), “思念追袂返來”performed by 詹雅雯:

Reminiscing can't chase you back, my beloved, beloved one

su-liām jiok bōe tńg--lâi, góa chòe-ài chòe-ài ê lí

思念追袂返來 我最愛最愛的您

思念追袂返来 我最爱最爱的您

2017, “最美的路”, 潘協慶 [Tom Pan] (lyrics), 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao] (music)performed by 蕭煌奇 [Ricky Hsiao]:

Just consider me stupid, not being able to pursue you

tiō tòng-chòe gún khah hân-bān giok lí bōe tio̍h

就當作阮卡憨慢追妳未到

就当作阮卡憨慢追你未到

2018, 陳宏銘 [Chen Hung-ming] (lyrics and music), “我在傷心你在笑”performed by 洪榮宏 [Chris Hung]:

美姑娘啊是眾人追

美姑娘啊是众人追

2022, 石國人 (lyrics and music), “緣份比紙薄”performed by 廖婉君 and 楊哲:

Your heart, don't allow me not to be able to pursue it

lí ê sim, m̄-thang hō͘ góa jiok bōe tio̍h

妳的心 不倘乎我追袂到

你的心 不倘乎我追袂到

2022, “冷冷的孤單”, 江志豐, 周彥君 (lyrics), 江志豐 (music)performed by 江志豐:

In a distance, I cannot chase after your form and shadow

遠遠追無你的形影

远远追无你的形影

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 逐 (“to chase; to pursue”)


逆

屰
𨒫
扴
桀
恝
椵
硌

(Hokkien, Teochew) to oppose; to go against


通

(Hokkien, as a complement) complete; comprehensive


遏

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːd): semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd).

Han compound

遏樹枝

遏树枝

(Hokkien) to snap something off; to break something

遏飲

遏饮

(Hokkien) to drain; to strain (by pressing down on the solids)

(Taiwanese Hokkien) to scoop off the scum on the surface of a soup while pressing down on the solids with a ladle


遐

Possibly a contraction of 彼搭 (hit-tah). Compare 遮 (chiâ / chia / chiô / chiah).

徦
彼
靴
叱
吪
瓦
許
赫
靴
叱
吪

† - there (close to audience); ‡ - over there


遮

Probably a contraction of 這搭 /这搭 (chit-tah) (Li, 1999).

𨖥
庶
這
這
者
即
則
迹
這
者
隻
呰


還

→ Thai: หวน (hǔuan)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷraːn, *sɢʷan): semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 睘 (OC *ɡʷeŋ) – to go back; to return.
; “to return”
; "still; also"

即以其人之道，還治其人之身 / 即以其人之道，还治其人之身

jí yǐ qí rén zhī dào, huán zhì qí rén zhī shēn

1995, Out of the Dark, spoken by Leon (Stephen Chow):

cat¹ hung² lau⁴ hyut³ waan⁴ cat¹ hung² lau⁴ hyut³, sei² waan⁴ sei², loeng⁵ wui⁴ si⁶ lai⁴ ge³, nei⁵ cin¹ kei⁴ m⁴ hou² wan⁶ ngaau⁴.

七孔流血還七孔流血，死還死，兩回事嚟嘅，你千祈唔好混淆。

七孔流血还七孔流血，死还死，两回事嚟嘅，你千祈唔好混淆。

(Cantonese, Pingxiang Gan, Hakka, Hokkien, Liuzhou Mandarin, Nanning Pinghua) to treat separately


那

那……那…… 那……那……#Chinese

(Hokkien) Indicates two actions happening simultaneously; see 那……那…….


酷

drive a hard bargain
drive a hard bargain

(Hokkien, business) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)


鉎

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *sreŋ, *sleːŋ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs).


鉼

(Hokkien) Classifier for any large pie-like object.


鎮

desc

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Lü: ᦵᦈᦲᧃᧈ (ṫsoen¹)

→ Zhuang: cin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *tin, *tins): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – to press down on (with a metal weight).

Han compound

鎮塊／镇块 [Hokkien] ― tìn-tè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to block the way

(Hokkien, Teochew) to block; to impede; to be a hindrance


鑢

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ras): semantic 金 (“metal; gold”) + phonetic 慮 (OC *ras)


鑿

Sino-Xenic (鑿):
* → Vietnamese: tạc (鑿)

/t͡sɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰak̚¹²¹/

/t͡sɔːk̚²⁻³⁵/

/t͡sʰak̚¹²¹/

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ʔsoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ, *zoːwɢ): semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𥽿.

Han compound

凿
丵
鈼
𣫞
𣪲
䥣
𨰒
𦦹
𣫩
𨖐
⿱作金

(Mainland China Hokkien) to criticize with pointed words; to poke holes in people's holes or secrets


長

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (長):
* → Japanese: 長(ちょう) (chō); 長(じょう) (jō)
* → Korean: 장(長) (jang)
* → Vietnamese: trường (長), tràng (長)

Pictogram (象形) – an old man with long hair; an ancient variant still used is 镸 (e.g., ⾽ and 鬓).
Compare 彡 and the top component of 老 and its variant 考.
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.

l-lite

(Mainland China Hokkien) to take advantage of someone


開

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (開):
* → Japanese: 開(かい) (kai)
* → Vietnamese: khai (開)

→ Lao: ໄຂ (khai, “open”)

→ Thai: ไข (kǎi, “open”)

→ Vietnamese: khơi

→ Zhuang: hai (“open”)

Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 門 (“door”) + 一 (“latch and/or wooden pole that shuts a door”) + 廾 (“a pair of hands”) — a pair of hands opening a latched door. 一 and 廾 are combined into 开 since the Small Seal script; however, in the conservative variant 𨵑, the two hands and the latch are well visible.
Compare 闢. See also 關, in which the door is kept shut by two wooden poles.
According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-k(w)a-j (“mouth; opening; spread; door; face; jaw”). Cognate with 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ, “door”), Tibetan ཁ (kha, “mouth”), Tibetan སྒོ (sgo, “door”).
The word is possibly a colloquial variant of 闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls) (Schuessler, 2007). Proto-Mien *kʰu̯ɔiᴬ (“to open”) (whence Iu Mien kʰɔi¹) and Thai ไข (kǎi) are Chinese loans (Ratliff, 2010).

och-l

闓 (OC *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls)

开
𫔭
䦐
𨴉
𨳩
𨴂
𨵹
𨶘
𨵑
开
K
开
开
嗨


閣

阁
阁
擱
佫
故
復
過
更
果
固
各
卻
革
阁
𡁤
咯

請閣講一擺

请阁讲一摆


闊

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰoːd): semantic 門 (“gate; door”) + phonetic 活 (OC *koːd, *ɡoːd)


闔

(Mainland China Hokkien) to be detained; to be held up; to get stuck


阮

Contraction of 我儂／我侬 (góa-nâng, “we”). See 儂 (“person; pronoun suffix”) for more.

used without 的; GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

阮老爸


阿

→ English: Ah

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qaːl): semantic 阜 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ): Originally meaning a big mound.
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔa(ŋ/k)- (noun prefix) (STEDT). Compare Burmese အ- (a.-, “idem”) (Schuessler, 2007, p. 149).
; “atto-”

阿胡拉·馬茲達

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿胡拉·马兹达

Āhúlā Mǎzīdá

阿兄

(Hokkien, honorific) Prefix to rank seniority for kinship terms.


陸

陆
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𨽱
𠃈

陸路

陆路

陸腸陸肚

陆肠陆肚

quick money; money earned without effort

無陸水錢

无陆水钱

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 碌 (le̍k, “tired; to become tired (from something)”)


隔

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (隔):
* → Vietnamese: cách (隔)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kreːɡ): semantic 阝 (“wall”) + phonetic 鬲 (OC *kreːɡ, *ɡ·reːɡ) – to separate with a wall.

Han compound

His/her house are far apart from my house.

𪜶厝佮阮厝隔足遠的。

𪜶厝佮阮厝隔足远的。

(Hokkien) to be separated by; to be apart; to be away from (a place)

(Hokkien) to separated by a certain amount of time; to leave a gap of (a time period)

Chiang che keng pâng keh chò lióng keng.

將這間房隔做兩間。

将这间房隔做两间。

(Hokkien) to sever; to split; to separate

(Mainland China Hokkien) partition inside a container


雄

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (雄):
* → Japanese: 雄(ゆう) (yū)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *ɡʷɯŋ): phonetic 厷 (OC *kʷɯːŋ) + semantic 隹.
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis, male”) (STEDT), cognate with Karbi chò-kàng (“penis”), Garo ri-gong (“penis”), Lepcha ᰠᰫᰵᰃᰦᰵ (sun̊-gan̊, “penis”), Pattani gàŋ mì (“male”).
However, Zev Handel doubts the Old Chinese word's cognate status, as "OC labialized initial plus schwa vocalism would normally correspond to a rounded vowel in PTB".

Han compound

alt. forms: 兇 /凶 (xiōng)


雞

desc

→ Indonesian: ayam (“prostitute”) (semantic loan)

→ Malay: ayam (“prostitute”) (semantic loan)

desctree

→? Proto-Tai: *kajᴮ
Northern Tai
Bouyei: gais
Zhuang: gaeq
Saek: ไก
Central Tai
Tày: cáy
Southwestern Tai
Thai: ไก่ (gài)
Northern Thai: ᨠᩱ᩵
Lao: ໄກ່ (kai)
Lü: ᦺᦂᧈ (k̇ay¹)
Tai Dam: ꪼꪀ꪿
Shan: ၵႆႇ (kài)
Tai Nüa: ᥐᥭᥱ (kǎy)
Aiton: ကႝ (kay)
Phake: ကႝ (kay)
Ahom: 𑜀𑜩 (kay)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *keː): phonetic 奚 (OC *ɡeː) + semantic 隹 (“short-tailed bird”).
Onomatopoeic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *r-kaa (> Vietnamese gà), Proto-Tai *kajᴮ (“chicken”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *Kəi.
* (to fire): From 無情雞 /无情鸡 (mou⁴ cing⁴ gai¹, “pink slip”).

Han compound

摱雞／摱鸡 [Cantonese] ― maan¹ gai¹ [Jyutping] ― to pull the trigger

(Cantonese, Huicheng dialect, Hokkien) trigger (of a gun)


霧

→ Proto-Tai: *ʰmoːkᴰ

Proto-Southwestern Tai: *ʰmɔːkᴰᴸ¹

Thai: หมอก (mɔ̀ɔk)

→ Proto-Vietic: *k-mɔːk

Vietnamese: móc

Phong: kʰmɔːk⁸

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *moɡs, *moːŋ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 務 (OC *moɡs).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007) or its allofam *r-məw (“sky; heavens; clouds”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan རྨུ་བ (rmu ba, “fog”), རྨུགས་པ (rmugs pa, “dense fog”), Burmese မြူ (mru, “minute particle; haze; fog”).
From Shuwen Jiezi Zhu and Duan Yucai's annotations: Earth’s qi/personality (气) rises and the sky (天) does not respond, this is called 霚
The Kaiyuan Zhuan Jing quotes the Yuan Ming Bao, saying “When Yin and Yang are disordered, it becomes 霧.

cog

雾
雺
霚
霿
雾
潕
𫝞
雾


霧

雾
雺
霚
霿
雾
潕
𫝞
雾

含血雾天 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
kâm hoeh bū thiⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

to slander people with false accusations

(Hokkien, Teochew) to spray; to spit (a liquid, often after keeping the liquid in one's mouth)

When boiling water, if the lid is not lift, the water will overflow.

Hiâⁿ kún-chúi ê sî, tiáⁿ-kòa nā bô hian--khui, kún-chúi tiō ē bū--chhut-lâi.

燃滾水的時，鼎蓋若無掀開，滾水就會霧出來。

燃滚水的时，鼎盖若无掀开，滚水就会雾出来。

(Hokkien) to gush upwards; to overflow from a container


頁

Pictogram (象形): 首 + 卩 – head of a kneeling person, emphasising “head”.
頁 and 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus) were originally the same pictographic character with the same meaning of “head”, and the graphical difference was that 頁 also included the body in addition to the head of the person.
頁 was later used as an alternative popular form of 葉 (“leaf; page”) to mean “sheet; page (of paper)”, which is its main meaning today.
The original sense of “head” is preserved in the radical 頁, which is used in characters such as 頭 (“head”) and 頸 (“neck”).
Alternative form of 葉 /叶 (“leaf; sheet (of paper)”).

(Mainland China Hokkien) to flip through (a book, document, etc.)


頓

(Mainland China Hokkien) to place somewhere for a short period of time to produce some effect


風

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (風):
* → Japanese: 風(ふう) (fū)
* → Korean: 풍(風) (pung)
* → Vietnamese: phong (風)

→? Old Korean: (via Old Chinese) (Zhao, 2007)

desctree

Middle Korean: ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (polom, “wind”)
Korean: 바람 (baram)

Drung language
Jingpho language
Shuowen
dissimilation

Characters in the same phonetic series (凡) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *plum, *plums): phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + semantic 虫 (“insects”); the point inside 凡 is still visible above the insect, hence this component appears as 䖝. Ancient Chinese people thought that insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲)).
In the oracle bone script, the character 鳳 (OC *bums, “male fenghuang”) was phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums). The right part of the bronze inscription of the character consists of phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) at the top, and three parts depicting the fur on the tail of the male fenghuang at the bottom. Subsequent forms of 風 are based on the right part of its bronze inscription, with two of the three threads of "fur" removed for simplification. The 虫 in the Chu script and Qin script of 風 was likely a result of further simplification of the "fur". Shuowen misinterpreted the character 風 by associating it with insects. (Li, 2012)
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT). Velar nasal final -ŋ, restored later in Middle Chinese (Schuessler, 2007), is preserved in cognates like Proto-Central Naga *m-puŋ, Jingpho mabung, nbung, Drung nvmbeung.
Pronunciations 1, 2, and 3 are all cognates; with both 2 and 3 evolving from *prəm-s, exoactive (with causative suffix -s) of *prəm (Schuessler, 2007). It is unclear how Old Chinese *prəm is related to Tibetan རླུང (rlung) and Proto-Tai *C̬.lɯmᴬ.
Korean 바람 (baram) may have been borrowed from Chinese (Zhao, 2007). The Chinese word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean item. Compare Chinese 風流 and 風騷 with Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung'i).
Cognate with:
* 飛廉 (OC *pɯl ɡ·rem, “wind god”)
* 蜚蠊 (OC *pɯlʔ/bɯls ɡ·rem, “cockroach”) (note the preservation of the -r- infix in Old Chinese through disyllabification, also 嵐 (OC *b·ruːm), 葻 (OC *b·uːm))
* 瘋 (OC *plum, “mad, insane”)
* 諷 (OC *plums, “to mock, to advise”)
* 帆 (OC *bom, *boms, “sail”)
The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Han compound

风
凨
凬
𠙈
𠙄
𠙊
凮
𠙗
飌
𩙣
𠂡


食

→ Indonesian: ciak

→ Thai: เจี๊ยะ (jía)

Kwok (2018) reconstructs Proto-Southern Min *tsiaʔ⁸ and tentatively reconstructs Proto-Min *dziak (in Norman's system).
While often considered as the vernacular counterpart to etymology 1, it is unlikely to be related to etymology 1 (Norman, 1991; Klöter, 2005; Fuehrer and Yang, 2014). Schuessler (2007) suggests it derives from 嚼 (“to chew”) (probably based on Norman's unpublished manuscripts).

𠊊
𩚁
𩚀
𩚃
𠋑
𨢁
𠊊
吃
𠋡
呷
噍

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Leizhou Min, board games) to capture

食菜館

食菜馆

(Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to dine at (a certain food establishment)

(Hokkien, Leizhou Min) to engage in; to undertake; to do (for a living)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to pick on; to bully; to push around

(Mainland China Hokkien) to make a decision; to resolve to


飫

From 𩜈. Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qos): semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ).

Han compound

(Hokkien) sick of (food); disgusted with


飯

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *bonʔ, *bons): semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).
Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *puuŋ (“cooked rice”), whence Mon ပုၚ် (pɜŋ, “cooked rice”) (Ferlus, 1988).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, meaning "what is eaten" (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

(Mainland China Hokkien) egg clusters shaped like rice balls (of some animals)


飲

饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
泔
湆
饮
㱃
酓
飮
𣲎
𩚜
𢳃
𢪪
饮

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 啉 (lim, “to drink”)


香

(Hokkien, Teochew, Puxian Min) Alternative form of 芳 (“fragrant”)


骨

Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): 冎 (“skull”) + ⺼ (“body”).
Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Nuosu ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

keoi⁵ geoi³ geoi³ syut³ waa⁶ dou¹ jau⁵ gwat¹.

佢句句說話都有骨。

佢句句说话都有骨。

(Cantonese, Mainland China Hokkien) sarcasm

(Mainland China Hokkien) the hell (usually in a question in mild disdain)


鬱

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 /会意): A person 大 (now 缶) stepping on another 勹 (now 冖) in a forest 林 – melancholy; depression.
The later inclusion of 鬯 (“aromatic wine”) is because 鬱 was borrowed to represent fragrant herbs or wine flavored with vanilla (“tulip”). 彡 are simply decorative strokes.

郁
鬰
欝
灪
宛
玉
𣠈
𣡇
𣡡
𣡸
𦉚
𩏴

No one know's the stuff that's weighing on my mind, and I've been suppressing to the point of having a difficult time.

Sim-sū bô lâng chai, góa ut kah chin kan-khó͘ ê.

心事無人知，我鬱甲真艱苦的。

心事无人知，我郁甲真艰苦的。

(Hokkien) to suppress one's feelings; to hold back one's emotions (of worry, anger, etc.)

鐵板予伊鬱彎。

铁板予伊郁弯。

竹仔鬱予伊曲。

竹仔郁予伊曲。

伊規日鬱佇厝內。

伊规日郁伫厝内。

伊予人拗鬱去。

伊予人拗郁去。

He was wronged by your side and is having a really hard time.

伊佇恁遐鬱甲真艱難。

伊伫恁遐郁甲真艰难。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to cause someone to feel wronged

If someone doesn't exercise and just works on writing all day, they'll get sick.

Chi̍t-li̍t ut leh siá, nā bô ūn-tōng ūn-tōng, lâng ē kek pīⁿ.

一日鬱咧寫，若無運動運動，人會激病。

一日郁咧写，若无运动运动，人会激病。

(Mainland China Hokkien) to constrain oneself to work


魁

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *kʰuːl): phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) + semantic 斗 (“ladle”) – soup ladle.

Han compound

𫿶
𣁽
𩲔
𱆗
𩲙
𩳭
𩲅
𭔷
𰁩
𫣅
櫆


魍

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *maŋʔ): semantic 鬼 (“ghost”) + phonetic 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ).


麥

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 莫 (mài, “don't”)


黑

(Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese) Alternative form of 烏 /乌 (“black”)


黜

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *l̥ʰud): semantic 黑 (“black”) + phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud).
From 出 (to come out) with a causative *-r- infix (Schuessler, 2007).

Han compound

頭毛黜了了。

头毛黜了了。

黜鉎／黜𰽫 [Hokkien] ― thut sian [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to rub one's skin to remove dirt sticking on it

(Hokkien) to rub back and forth (to make something fall off)

(Mainland China Hokkien) to trample with one's feet, or to rub one's feet against each other


鼾

(Hokkien) the sound of snoring; to snore


齧

(Hokkien) to bite; to gnaw (of mice, insects, etc.)


齪

(Hokkien) feeling stuffy and difficult to bear (due to being crowded, muggy, lacking in air circulation, etc.)

(Hokkien) vexed; annoyed; agitated (of one's mind)

(Hokkien) to disturb; to bother; to nag; to annoy (someone)

(Mainland China Hokkien) annoying; vexing (due to being complex)


齷

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 /形声, OC *qroːɡ): semantic 齒 (“teeth”) + phonetic 屋 (OC *qoːɡ)


少年

CJKV/code

Sino-Xenic (少年):
* → Japanese: 少(しょう)年(ねん) (shōnen)
* → Korean: 소년(少年) (sonyeon)
* → Vietnamese: thiếu niên (少年)

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɔ⁴⁴ niæ̃²⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

/ʂɑʊ̯⁵¹ ni̯ɛn³⁵/

/ʂɔ⁴⁴ niæ̃²⁴/

/siau⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ liɛn²⁴/

/siau²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ni⁵⁵/

(literary or Hokkien, Zhao'an Hakka) young


花粉

Sino-Xenic (花粉):
* → Japanese: 花(か)粉(ふん) (kafun)
* → Korean: 화분(花粉) (hwabun)

→ Vietnamese: phấn hoa (calque)

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faː⁵⁵ fɐn³⁵/

/hue³³⁻²³ huŋ⁵²/

/xu̯ä⁵⁵ fən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/faː⁵⁵ fɐn³⁵/

/hue³³⁻²³ huŋ⁵²/

(Mainland China Hokkien) powdered cosmetics (for one's face)


名刺

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²¹/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi²¹/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi¹¹/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi¹¹/

/miã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi²¹/

/mẽ¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/mẽ²¹⁻⁴¹ si²¹/

/miŋ³⁵ t͡sʰz̩⁵¹/

/mɪŋ²¹ t͡sʰiː³³/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻²² t͡sʰi²¹/

/biɪŋ²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi²¹/

/biɪŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi¹¹/

/miã²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰi¹¹/

/miã²³⁻³³ t͡sʰi²¹/

/mẽ¹¹⁻⁵³ si¹¹/

/mẽ²¹⁻⁴¹ si²¹/

Taiwanese Hokkien mè-sì is borrowed from Japanese 名(めい)刺(し) (meishi, “business card”).

(literary or Hokkien) visiting card; name card; business card


精神

Sino-Xenic (精神):
* → Japanese: 精神(せいしん) (seishin)
* → Korean: 정신(精神) (jeongsin)
* → Vietnamese: tinh thần (精神)

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂəɻ³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾niŋ⁵³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ siŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡seŋ³³⁻²³ seŋ⁵⁵/

/t͡ɕin⁵⁵ zən²¹/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən²/

/t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ ʂən³⁵/

/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ sɐn²¹/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² sin¹³/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²⁴/

/t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ sin²³/


粒子

/li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/liap̚⁴⁻² t͡sɯ⁵²/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/li⁵¹ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/liap̚⁴⁻² t͡sɯ⁵²/

/liɪʔ¹¹ t͡sz̩²³/

/nɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/lɐp̚⁵ t͡siː³⁵/

/liap̚⁴⁻² t͡sɯ⁵²/

/liap̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si⁵³/

/liap̚²⁴⁻² t͡si⁵⁵⁴/

/liap̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡si⁵³/

(Hokkien) physical size of a person or the grain of a plant (used often with 大 or 細)


消息

Sino-Xenic (消息):
* → Japanese: 消(しょう)息(そく) (shōsoku)
* → Korean: 소식(消息) (sosik)

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕiə̯ɻ²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/

/ɕiau⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/sieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/ɕiɔ⁵⁵ ɕiɪʔ²¹/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕiə̯ɻ²/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵/

/ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ɕi³⁵/

/ɕiau⁵⁵ ɕi²¹/

/siːu̯⁵⁵ sɪk̚⁵/

/sieu⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiʔ²⁴/

/ɕiɔ⁵⁵ ɕiɪʔ²¹/


無仝

/bo¹³⁻²² kaŋ²²/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ²²/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ²³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ²⁴/

/bo¹³⁻²² kaŋ²²/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ²²/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ²³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ²⁴/


無共款

/mo¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ kʰu̯an³¹/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴¹⁻²² kʰuan⁵⁵⁴/

/bo¹³⁻²² kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/mo¹¹ kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ kʰu̯an³¹/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻²² kaŋ⁴¹⁻²² kʰuan⁵⁵⁴/

/bo¹³⁻²² kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/


無仝款

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/bo²⁴⁻¹¹ kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/bɤ²³⁻³³ kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/


共款

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ kʰu̯an³¹/

/kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴²/

/kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ kʰu̯an³¹/

/kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴²/

/kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/


仝款

/kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴²/

/kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kaŋ³³⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²²⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴²/

/kaŋ³³⁻²¹ kʰuan⁴¹/

/kaŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰuan⁵³/

/kaŋ²³⁻³³ kʰuan⁴¹/


歹勢

歹势
否勢
壞勢
痞勢
拍謝

/taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pʰãi⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se¹¹/

/pʰãi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁻³⁵ se³¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻²⁴ se¹²/

/pʰai⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹¹/

/pʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/pʰãĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pʰãi⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se¹¹/

/pʰãi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁻³⁵ se³¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻²⁴ se¹²/

/pʰai⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹¹/

/pʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/pʰãĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

(Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) pardon me; excuse me; sorry


歹勢

歹势
否勢
壞勢
痞勢
拍謝

/taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pʰãi⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se¹¹/

/pʰãi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁻³⁵ se³¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻²⁴ se¹²/

/pʰai⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹¹/

/pʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/pʰãĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/taɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʂʐ̩⁵¹/

/pʰãi⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁵⁵ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ se²¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ se¹¹/

/pʰãi⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁻³⁵ se³¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻²⁴ se¹²/

/pʰai⁴²⁻²⁴ se²¹/

/pʰai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ se⁴¹/

/pʰãi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ si¹¹/

/pʰai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ si²¹/

/pʰai⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/

/pʰãĩ⁵²⁻³⁵ se²¹³/


今仔日

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lit̚⁴/

/kin³³ a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lit̚²⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ zit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kin⁵⁵⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zit̚¹⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² na⁴²⁻²⁴ lit̚⁴³/

/kin³³⁻²¹ na⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² na⁴²⁻²⁴ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴³/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kiã⁴²⁻²⁴ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lit̚⁴/

/kin³³ a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ lit̚²⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ lit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻³³ a⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ zit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zit̚¹²¹/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² a⁵³⁻⁴⁴ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kin⁵⁵⁻³³ a⁵³⁻⁵⁵ d͡zit̚¹⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² na⁴²⁻²⁴ lit̚⁴³/

/kin³³⁻²¹ na⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kin⁴⁴⁻²² na⁴²⁻²⁴ d͡zit̚⁴³/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴³/

/kiã⁴⁴⁻²² lit̚⁴/

/kiã⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ d͡zit̚⁴/

/kiã⁴²⁻²⁴ d͡zit̚⁴³/

From elision of 今旦日 (kim-tòaⁿ-ji̍t, “today”). Compare Eastern Min gĭng-dáng-nĭk [kiŋ²¹ naŋ⁵⁵ nˡiʔ⁵].


生氣

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/t͡sʰĩ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/t͡sʰĩ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/t͡sʰɛ̃⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

生气
生气
生气
生气
生气

(Hokkien) having an unpleasant, wild taste (of cooked food)


垃圾

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁴ sap̚³²/

/lap̚³²⁻⁵⁴ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ sap̚³²/

/la(ʔ)³²⁻⁴² sap̚³²/

From earlier 擸𢶍 (làsà, “to jumble; jumble; litter”). Reduplication derived from a root (*lap or *sap) meaning "untidy, unclean". The pronunciation "lèsè" is possibly influenced by Wu.
Second syllable of the Mainland Mandarin reading lājī is irregular, resulting from the incorrect association of the rare character in its obsolete form 靸 (sǎ) with the usual pronunciation of its phonetic component (及 (jí)).
Cognate with 邋遢 (lāta, “unclean, untidy, unkempt”) (> 邋邋遢遢, 邋裡邋遢／邋里邋遢).

擸𢶍
磖磼
𧞪䙣
𧙀䙣
儠㒎
𦆻颯
拉颯
垃靸
垃趿

(Mainland China Hokkien) low and cheap; substandard and vile


糞掃

粪扫
糞埽
糞倒
糞屑
糞𡎮

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ so¹¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ sɔ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ so²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴² so²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ so⁴¹/

/puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³/

/pun¹¹⁻⁵³ so¹¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ sɔ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴¹ sɤ²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁵³ so²¹/

/pun²¹⁻⁴² so²¹/

/pun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ so⁴¹/

Giĕ-mō̤ bà bóng-só̤, mò̤-dâi tō̤-dâi có̤. / [kie⁵⁵⁻⁵³ mo³³ pa⁵³ puŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾nɔ²¹³ mo⁵³⁻²¹ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² tʰo³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lɑi²⁴² t͡sɔ²¹³]

雞母扒糞掃，無事討事做。

鸡母扒粪扫，无事讨事做。

(Eastern Min, Hokkien, Wenzhounese) trash; rubbish; garbage


白話

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/paʔ⁵⁻²¹ uɑ²⁴²/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/peʔ⁴⁻² ue¹¹/

/baʔ¹¹ ɦo²³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/

/paːk̚² waː²²⁻³⁵/

/pak̚³² va³²⁻³²⁵/

/pɛ(ʔ)¹²¹⁻²¹ ua²²/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/

/paɪ̯³⁵ xu̯ä³/


拍手

Sino-Xenic (拍手):
* → Japanese: 拍手(はくしゅ) (hakushu)
* → Korean: 박수(拍手) (baksu)

/pʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiɛ²¹ səu⁵³/

/pʰaːk̚³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰɔk̚¹ su³¹/

/pʰɔ²⁴ siu²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/pʰaʔ⁴⁴ sɤ³⁴/

/pʰaʔ³³ sɤ⁴⁴/

/pʰɑʔ⁵⁵ søy⁵¹/

/pʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/pʰiɛ²¹ səu⁵³/

/pʰaːk̚³ sɐu̯³⁵/

/pʰɔk̚¹ su³¹/

/pʰɔ²⁴ siu²¹/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁵³ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/pʰa(ʔ)³²⁻⁴¹ t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/pʰaʔ⁴⁴ sɤ³⁴/

/pʰaʔ³³ sɤ⁴⁴/

/pʰɑʔ⁵⁵ søy⁵¹/


過身

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/kə¹²⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/kə³¹⁻⁵³ sin³³/

/kə²¹⁻⁴² sin⁴⁴/

/kə²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

/ku̯ɔ⁵¹ ʂən⁵⁵/

/kʷɔː³³ sɐn⁵⁵/

/ke²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/ke¹¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/ke⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/kə¹²⁻⁴⁴ sin⁴⁴/

/kə⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ sin³³/

/kə³¹⁻⁵³ sin³³/

/kə²¹⁻⁴² sin⁴⁴/

/kə²¹⁻⁵³ sin⁴⁴/

/kue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ siŋ³³/

被難

to be killed in a disaster, political incident

(Mainland China Hokkien) to pass; to move on (of an incident or matter)


緣投

→ English: yan dao

→ Tagalog: yantaw

缘投
嫣頭
嫣投
沿投
艷投
英都
英卓
鉛骰

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tau¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tau²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tau¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tau²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²³/


緣投

缘投
嫣頭
嫣投
沿投
艷投
英都
英卓
鉛骰

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tau¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tau²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn¹³⁻²² tau¹³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻¹¹ tau²⁴/

/iɛn²³⁻³³ tau²³/

/iɛn²⁴⁻²² tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²⁴/

/iɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ tau²³/

(Hokkien, dated) handsome young man; dandy


熟手

/ʂu³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂoʊ̯³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊk̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/siak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/siɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/zoʔ¹¹ sɤ²³/

/ʂu³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/ʂoʊ̯³⁵ ʂoʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sʊk̚² sɐu̯³⁵/

/siak̚²⁴⁻² t͡sʰiu⁵⁵⁴/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/siɪk̚⁴⁻³² t͡sʰiu⁴¹/

/siɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ t͡sʰiu⁵³/

/zoʔ¹¹ sɤ²³/

(Mainland China Hokkien, Cantonese) skilled; skillful; adept; proficient


鬱卒

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sut̚⁵/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚⁵⁻²⁴ t͡sut̚⁵/

/ut̚³²⁻⁵ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

/ut̚³²⁻⁴ t͡sut̚³²/

(Taiwanese Mandarin, Hokkien) depressed; sulky; unhappy; moody

(Mainland China Hokkien) worried; vexed; anxious

depressed; sulky; unhappy; moody
worried; vexed; anxious

(Mainland China Hokkien) having an undesirable or unpleasant environment or air, causing one to be depressed


蝴蝶

Sino-Xenic (胡蝶, 蝴蝶):
* → Japanese: 胡(こ)蝶(ちょう) (kochō)
* → Korean: 호접(胡蝶) (hojeop)
* → Vietnamese: hồ điệp (胡蝶, 蝴蝶)

/xu³⁵ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

/xu³⁵ ti̯ɛɻ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ tiːp̚²⁻³⁵/

/xu¹¹ tiəʔ⁵⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² tiap̚¹²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻³³ tiap̚⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² tiap̚⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ tiap̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² tiap̚²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiap̚⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiap̚⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²¹ tiap̚⁴³/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ tiap̚⁴/

/ɦu²² diɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɸu¹³ tʰi̯e̞²⁴/

/xu³⁵ ti̯ɛ³⁵/

/xu³⁵ ti̯ɛɻ³⁵/

/wuː²¹ tiːp̚²⁻³⁵/

/xu¹¹ tiəʔ⁵⁴/

/hu⁵³⁻³³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾lieʔ⁵/

/ɔ¹³⁻²² tiap̚¹²¹/

/ɔ²⁴⁻³³ tiap̚⁵/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² tiap̚⁴/

/ɔ²³⁻³³ tiap̚⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻²² tiap̚²⁴/

/ɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiap̚⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ tiap̚⁴/

/hɔ²⁴⁻²¹ tiap̚⁴³/

/hɔ²³⁻³³ tiap̚⁴/

/ɦu²² diɪʔ⁴⁴/

/ɸu¹³ tʰi̯e̞²⁴/

From Middle Chinese *ɦuo dep (first syllable unstressed), from Old Chinese *ɡaː l'eːb, derived from a proto-form of *kʰleːp ~ *ɦleːp, a prefixed form of the root *lep (“butterfly”), which was also the source of.
* Tibetan ཕྱེ་མ་ལེབ (phye ma leb, “butterfly”) and
* Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra, “butterfly”).
Variants of 胡蝶 / 蝴蝶, representing different developments from the proto-form, including disyllabification, fricativisation of the voiceless initial, etc.:
: 蝶 (OC *l'eːb), 蜨 (OC *seːb), 胡蜨 / 蝴蜨 (OC *ɡaː seːb), 蛺蝶 (OC *keːb l'eːb), 蛺蜨 (OC *keːb seːb).
There are different theories regarding the original meaning of the root *lep:
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ljap (“thin; flat; flat object”), represented by the phonetic element 枼 (OC *leb) in Chinese. Related to 葉 (OC *hljeb, *leb, “leaf”), 牒 (OC *l'eːb, “official document < plank”), Tibetan ལེབ་ལེབ (leb leb, “flat; level”), ལེབ་མོ (leb mo, “flat”) and Burmese လှပ် (hlap, “thin”). See 枼 for more.
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ljap (“lightning; flash; glitter”) (Matisoff, 2003), whence also 燁 (OC *ɢʷab, *ɢʷɯb, “gleaming”), 熠 (OC *ɢrub, *lub, “flashing”) and Burmese လျှပ် (hlyap, “(of light) to strike; to shine; lightning”). Compare Malay kerlap (“to flash; to glisten, as the wings of flying butterflies”), and Tagalog kislap ("to sparkle").
Alternatively, Sun (1999) proposes that 蝴蝶 is a fission reduplication of two cognate bases, the former being more likely:
* 挾 (OC *ɡeːb, “to press from both sides; to carry something under one's arms”), alluding to the flapping motion of the butterfly's wings, or
* 夾 (OC *kreːb, “pincers”), from the way the butterfly holds its wings erect when not flying.
Compare Proto-Austronesian *kali-, *qali- (prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world, including “butterfly”).

och-l

(Hokkien) hinge (device for the pivoting of a door)


三一

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻²² it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ it̚³²/

/sam⁴⁴⁻³³ it̚³²/


失禮

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐt̚⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/ʃit⁵⁻² li⁵³/

/siʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃ɛ³³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁵³/

/sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/sit̚³²⁻⁵ le⁵³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁵³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴¹/

/səʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

/ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ li²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/sɐt̚⁵ lɐi̯¹³/

/ʃit⁵⁻² li⁵³/

/siʔ²⁴⁻³⁵ l̃ɛ³³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁵³/

/sit̚⁵⁻²⁴ le⁵⁵⁴/

/sit̚³²⁻⁵ le⁵³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁵³/

/sit̚³²⁻⁴ le⁴¹/

/səʔ³³ li⁴⁴/

(chiefly Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) I'm sorry; excuse me


後生

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

/xoʊ̯⁵¹ ʂɤŋ⁵⁵/

/hɐu̯²² saːŋ⁵⁵/

/heu²² saŋ³³⁻²¹⁵/

/hau²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾laŋ⁵⁵/

/hɛu²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ˢ⁻⁾lɛiŋ⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻¹² sĩ⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻²² sĩ³³/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sɛ̃⁴⁴/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sɛ̃⁵⁵/

/hau³³⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²²⁻²¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau²¹ sɛ̃³³/

/hau³³⁻¹¹ sẽ⁴⁴/

/hau¹¹ siɛ̃³³⁴/

/hau³⁵⁻¹¹ sẽ³³/

(Hokkien, Longyan Min, Zhao'an Hakka) son


飯店

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹ d̥i̯ɛn¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɑɻ⁵¹/

/puoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾naiŋ²¹³/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² tiam⁴¹/

/pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ tiam¹¹/

/pŋ̍²²⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/puĩ²²⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² tuĩ⁴¹/

/ɸan²¹⁻¹¹ ti̯ẽ⁴⁵/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɛn⁵¹/

/fän⁵¹ d̥i̯ɛn¹/

/fän⁵¹⁻⁵³ ti̯ɑɻ⁵¹/

/puoŋ²⁴²⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵗ⁻⁾naiŋ²¹³/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² tiam⁴¹/

/pŋ̍³³⁻¹¹ tiam¹¹/

/pŋ̍²²⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/pŋ̍³³⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/puĩ²²⁻²¹ tiam²¹/

/pŋ̍⁴¹⁻²² tuĩ⁴¹/

/ɸan²¹⁻¹¹ ti̯ẽ⁴⁵/

(Mainland China Hokkien) small restaurant

restaurant (Classifier: 家 m; 個／个 m)
small restaurant


老爸

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/lau²²⁻¹¹ pe²²/

/lau³³⁻²¹ pe³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ pe³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ pe²²/

/lau³³⁻²² pe³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ pɛ²²/

/lɑʊ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pä⁵¹/

/lau²²⁻¹¹ pe²²/

/lau³³⁻²¹ pe³³/

/lau³³⁻¹¹ pe³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ pe²²/

/lau³³⁻²² pe³³/

/lau²²⁻²¹ pɛ²²/

(informal and endearing in Mandarin, non-face-to-face in Hokkien) dad; father


牛乳

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²¹ ni⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹¹ nĩ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻¹² lin⁴⁴/

/ɡu²⁴⁻²² lin³³/

/ɡu²³⁻²¹ leŋ³³/

/ɡu²⁴⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu²³⁻³³ liɪŋ⁴⁴/

/ɡu¹³⁻²² liɪŋ⁴⁴/

(Hakka, Hokkien) Alternative form of 牛奶 (“cow's milk”)


改變

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ piːn³³/

/kai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiɛŋ²¹³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ piɛn⁴¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn¹¹/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ piaŋ²¹³/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ pĩ²¹³/

/kaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ pi̯ɛn⁵¹/

/kɔːi̯³⁵ piːn³³/

/kai³³⁻⁵⁵ ⁽ᵖ⁻⁾βiɛŋ²¹³/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/kai⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ piɛn⁴¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/kai⁵³⁻⁴⁴ piɛn¹¹/

/kai⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ piɛn²¹/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ piaŋ²¹³/

/koi⁵²⁻³⁵ pĩ²¹³/

/kue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pĩ⁴¹/

/kue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

/kue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ¹¹/

/kue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

/ke⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

/kue⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ pĩ⁴¹/

/kue⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

/kue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ¹¹/

/kue⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

/ke⁵³⁻⁴⁴ pĩ²¹/

(Hokkien) to fix; to correct (a mistake); to quit (a bad habit)


阿兄

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ia⁵³³/

/a⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ĩã⁵³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁻³³ hiã⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hiã⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiã³³/

/a³³⁻²³ hĩã³³/

/ˀä⁵⁵ ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/

/aː³³ hɪŋ⁵⁵/

/a⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ia⁵³³/

/a⁵³³⁻²¹ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ĩã⁵³³/

/a⁴⁴⁻³³ hiã⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁻³³ hiã⁵⁵/

/a⁴⁴⁻²² hiã⁴⁴/

/a⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiã³³/

/a³³⁻²³ hĩã³³/

>< - face-to-face; <> - non-face-to-face

(Hokkien) respectful term of address for an elder brother: bro


囡仔

/nän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/kin⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁴/

/kin⁴²⁻²⁴ a⁴²/

/kin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡin⁵⁵⁻³⁵ a⁵⁵/

/ɡin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/ɡin⁴²⁻²⁴ a⁴²/

/ɡin⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ a⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡin⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/ɡin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/

/nän⁵⁵ t͡sz̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/

/nän⁵⁵ d͡z̥z̩²/

/kin⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁴/

/kin⁴²⁻²⁴ a⁴²/

/kin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/kin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/kan⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡin⁵⁵⁻³⁵ a⁵⁵/

/ɡin⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ a⁵⁵⁴/

/ɡin⁵³⁻⁴⁴ a⁵³/

/ɡin⁴²⁻²⁴ a⁴²/

/ɡin⁴⁴⁵⁻³³ a⁴⁴⁵/

/ɡin⁵³⁻⁵⁵ a⁵³/

/ɡin⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ a⁴¹/


節目

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/tet̚⁵⁵ ᵐbɵk̚³²/

/t͡sɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muʔ⁵/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵⁴ bɔk̚⁵⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu⁵¹/

/tet̚⁵⁵ ᵐbɵk̚³²/

/t͡sɛiʔ²⁴⁻²¹ muʔ⁵/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵⁴ bɔk̚⁵⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚⁵⁻²⁴ bɔk̚²⁴/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁵ bɔk̚¹²¹/

/t͡siɛt̚³²⁻⁴ bɔk̚⁴/

/t͡sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ bak̚²⁴/

/t͡sat̚³²⁻⁵ bak̚¹²¹/

/t͡sat̚⁵⁻²⁴ bak̚²⁴/

/t͡sat̚³²⁻⁵ bak̚¹²¹/

(Mainland China Hokkien) joint (of an animal)


講耍笑

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio²¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰio⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio²¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɤ²¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio²¹/

/kɔŋ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ t͡sʰio⁴¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio²¹/

/kɔŋ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁵³⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰio¹¹/

/kɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ sŋ̍⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ t͡sʰiɤ²¹/

(Hokkien) to joke; to kid; to make a joke; to joke around


空氣

/kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/hɵŋ³³ hei³³/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/

/kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/kʰʊŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵¹/

/kʰuŋ²⁴ t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴/

/hʊŋ⁵⁵ hei̯³³/

/hɵŋ³³ hei³³/

/kʰuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hi⁵⁵/

/kʰuŋ⁵³ hi¹¹/

/kʰuŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ^((kʰ-))ŋɛi²¹³/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ³³ kʰi⁴¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰi²¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi¹¹/

/kʰɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰi²¹/

/kʰoŋ³³⁻²³ kʰi²¹³/

/kʰoŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ³³ kʰui⁴¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kʰui²¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui¹¹/

/kʰaŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰui²¹/

汝佇變什物空氣？

汝伫变什物空气？


秋凊

/t͡sʰiu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin¹²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin¹²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

(Hokkien, Longyan Min, Xianyou Puxian Min, of weather, temperature) pleasantly cool; nice and cool


秋凊

/t͡sʰiu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin¹²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁵³³⁻²¹ t͡sʰiŋ⁴²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰin¹²/

/t͡sʰiu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin¹¹/

/t͡sʰiɤ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰin²¹/

(Hokkien) to enjoy the cool; to relax in a cool place