twinge

en-verb

twinge (third-person singular simple present twinges, present participle twingeing or twinging, simple past and past participle twinged)

twinges (present singular third-person)
twingeing (participle present)
twinging (participle present)
twinged (participle past)
twinged (past)
twinge (infinitive)
twinge (first-person present singular)
twinged (first-person past singular)
twinge (present second-person singular)
twingest (archaic present second-person singular)
twinged (past second-person singular)
twingedst (archaic past second-person singular)
twinges (present singular third-person)
twingeth (archaic present singular third-person)
twinged (past singular third-person)
twinge (plural present)
twinged (past plural)
twinge (present subjunctive)
twinged (past subjunctive)
twinge (imperative present)
twinging (participle present)
twinged (participle past)

The verb is derived from Middle English twengen (“to nip, pinch, tweak; to tear at”), from Old English twenġan (“to pinch, squeeze”), from Proto-West Germanic *twangijan (“to pinch, squeeze”), from Proto-Germanic *twangijaną (“to pinch, squeeze”), the causative form of *twinganą (“to press, squeeze”); further etymology uncertain, possibly related to *þwangiz (“belt, strap, thong; pressure, restraint”) or *þwinganą, *þwinhaną (“to constrain; to force”) (whence German zwingen), both ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *twenk- (“to press, pressure, squeeze”). However, the Oxford English Dictionary says there is no evidence for such a relationship.
The noun is derived from the verb.

inh

That ring-dove, who was cooing half-a-mile away, has hushed his moan; that flock of long-tailed titmice, which were twinging and pecking about the fir-cones a few minutes since, are gone; and now there is not even a gnat to quiver in the slant sun-rays.

1858 April, Charles Kingsley, “My Winter-garden”, in Miscellanies […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker and Son, […], published 1859, →OCLC, page 146:

(obsolete except UK, dialectal) To pull and twist.

I tell thee, I do vſe to teare their hair, to kick them, and to tvvindge their noſes, if they be not carefull in auoiding me.

1606 (date written), [Francis Beaumont; John Fletcher], The Woman Hater. […], London: […] [Robert Raworth], and are to be sold by John Hodgets […], published 1607, →OCLC, Act II, scene i, signature D2, verso:

Thus Captaine Beſſus, thus; thus tvvinge your noſe, thus kicke, thus tread you.

1612 January 5 (first performance; Gregorian calendar), Francis Beaumont, Iohn Fletcher, A King and No King. […], London: […] [John Beale] for Thomas Walkley, […], published 1619, →OCLC, Act V, page 72:

Eaſe his pockets / Of a ſuperfluous VVatch, or geld a ievvell / Of an odde ſtone, or ſo. Tvvinge three or foure buttons / From off my Ladyes govvne. Theſe are the arts / Or ſeuen liberall deadly ſciences / of Pagery, or rather Paganiſme, / As the tides run.

1629 (first performance), B[en] Jonson, The New Inne. Or, The Light Heart. […], London: […] Thomas Harper, for Thomas Alchorne, […], published 1631, →OCLC, Act I, scene iii, signature B4, recto:

[E]ntring into the pores of the ſkin, it [coldness] keeps back and drives in again the little bodies of heat, by oppoſing the bodies of cold, and vvith its little ſharp corners, it tears and tvvingeth all things vvhereſoever it paſſes.

1659–1660, Thomas Stanley, “[The Doctrine of Epicurus.] Chap[ter] XV. Qualities from Atoms, Considered according to Their Properties, Taken together.”, in The History of Philosophy, the Third and Last Volume, […], volume III, London: […] Humphrey Moseley, and Thomas Dring, […], →OCLC, 5th part (Containing the Epicurean Sect), 2nd part of philosophy (Physick, or, Of Nature), page 163:

For vvhen a Man is paſt his Senſe, / There's no way to Reduce him thence, / But tvvinging him by th' Ears, or Noſe, / Or laying on of heavy Blovvs, / And if that vill not do the Deed, / To burning vvith Hot Irons proceed.

1677 (indicated as 1678), [Samuel Butler], “Canto I”, in Hudibras. The Third and Last Part. […], London: […] Simon Miller, […], →OCLC, page 67:

Thou twingest therewith as doth a (pair of) tongs.

1867, Richard Morris, “Notes”, in Specimens of Early English Selected from the Chief English Authors A.D. 1250–A.D. 1400 […] (Clarendon Press Series), Oxford, Oxfordshire: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 399:

(except UK, dialectal) To pull and twist (someone or something); to pinch, to tweak, to twitch, to wring.


twinge

(UK, dialectal) Synonym of earwig (“insect of the order Dermaptera”).


uncanny

en-adj

uncanny (comparative uncannier, superlative uncanniest)

uncannier (comparative)
uncanniest (superlative)

From un- + canny; thus “beyond one's ken,” or outside one's familiar knowledge or perceptions. Compare Middle English unkanne (“unknown”). In the noun sense a translation of Sigmund Freud's usage of German unheimlich (Das Unheimliche, 1919).


unsound

unsound (comparative more unsound or unsounder, superlative most unsound or unsoundest)

more unsound (comparative)
unsounder (comparative)
most unsound (superlative)
unsoundest (superlative)

You would not like Nietzsche, sir. He is fundamentally unsound.

(UK, especially of people) Not good, unreliable.


waif

The noun is derived from Late Middle English weif (“ownerless property subject to seizure and forfeiture; the right of such seizure and forfeiture; revenues obtained from such seizure and forfeiture”) [and other forms], from Anglo-Norman waif, weif [and other forms] (compare Anglo-Latin waivum [and other forms], Medieval Latin waivium), possibly from Old French waif, a variant of gaif, gayf (“property that is lost and unclaimed; of property: lost and unclaimed”) (Norman) [and other forms], probably from a North Germanic source such as Old Norse veif (“flag; waving thing”), from Proto-Germanic *waif-, from Proto-Indo-European *weyp- (“to oscillate, swing”).
The verb is derived from the noun.

nb...

waif, waife, wafe, wayf, wayffe, (Early Middle English) waiph, waive

der

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-waif.wav

waifs and strays

(British, law, archaic) An article of movable property which has been found, and of which the owner is not known, such as goods washed up on a beach or thrown away by an absconding thief; such items belong to the Crown, which may grant the right of ownership to them to a lord of a manor.

سَائِبَة

article of movable property found of which the owner is not known


wallow

en-verb

wallow (third-person singular simple present wallows, present participle wallowing, simple past and past participle wallowed)

wallows (present singular third-person)
wallowing (participle present)
wallowed (participle past)
wallowed (past)
waller (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

From Middle English walwen, from Old English wealwian (“to fade, wither”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps an alteration of Old English fealwian (“to grow pale, turn yellow, ripen, wither”). Alternatively, perhaps related to Middle English welken (“to fade, droop, wither”), modern English welk.

cog

(UK, dialectal, of plants) To fade, fade away, wither, droop; fail to flourish.


wheeze

From Middle English whesen, perhaps from Old Norse hvæsa (“to hiss”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwes- (“to pant”).

Didn’t catch me napping that wheeze.

1922 February, James Joyce, “[V]”, in Ulysses, Paris: Shakespeare and Company, […], →OCLC:

The main point of fuel duty, though, is as a fiscal wheeze: it made up 5% of the tax take in 2010.

2011 November 19, “Road rage; High petrol prices hurt, but will not throttle the economy”, in The Economist:

The Constitution cult in the US—deliberately stoked in the early twentieth century in a part as a bulwark against socialism—is a nastily brilliant wheeze by capitalism's apologists.

2022, China Miéville, chapter 4, in A Spectre, Haunting: On the Communist Manifesto, →OCLC:

(British, Ireland, informal) An ulterior scheme or plan.


wrack

en-verb

wrack (third-person singular simple present wracks, present participle wracking, simple past and past participle wracked)

wracks (present singular third-person)
wracking (participle present)
wracked (participle past)
wracked (past)

From Middle English wrake, wrache, wreche, from a merger of Old English wracu, wræc (“misery, suffering”) and Old English wrǣċ (“vengeance, revenge”). See also wrake.

(UK dialectal, transitive) To execute vengeance on; avenge.

(UK dialectal, transitive) To worry; tease; torment.


amnesia

en-noun

amnesia (countable and uncountable, plural amnesias or amnesiæ)

From modified Latin amnesia, from Ancient Greek ἀμνησία (amnēsía, “forgetfulness”), a noun derivation from μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō, “to remind, to remember”) prefixed with the alpha privative.

der

She's lighting up some sensis, he's lighting up amnesias / I'm 'bout to get it started, I'm 'bout to get amnesia'd

2015, Jme, “Man Don’t Care” (track 13), in Integrity>, performed by Jme:

Green’s Dictionary of Slang
w:Green's Dictionary of Slang

(UK, slang) A potent sativa-dominant strain of marijuana.


weed

en-noun

weed (countable and uncountable, plural weeds)

From Middle English weed, weod, from Old English wēod (“weed”), from Proto-West Germanic *weud (“weed”).
Cognate with Saterland Frisian Jood (“weed”), West Frisian wjûd (“weed”), Dutch wied (“unwanted plant, weed”), German Low German Weed (“weed”), Old High German wiota (“fern”). See also woad.

(countable, British, informal) A puny person; one who has little physical strength.


boots

[…] he sent on the 22d. Vice-Admiral Rook into it, with several Men of War and Fire-Ships, besides the Boots of the Fleet, to endeavour to destroy them: […]

1705, The Life of William III, Late King of England, and Prince of Orange, page 334:

The captain of Hotspur was Lieutenant T. Herrick, the youngest commanding officer in all the destroyers, and says Hotspur was the “boots” of the fleet! Being the junior ship, she was given jobs no-one wanted.

2005, Frank Wade, A Midshipman's War, page 115:

(UK, naval, slang) The ship in a fleet having the most junior captain.


yummy mummy

I'm not a yummy mummy. No matter what you actually look like after you've had a baby, you just will feel frumpy.

2004, Kate Taylor, A Woman's Guide to Sex:

It was a guessing game about which car was going to leave next, who was going to come home next and would Yummy Mummy be wearing the tight tights again.

2005, Chris Cooper, Behind the Private Eye - The private Investigator's Secrets - Surveillance tales and techniques:

Formes is the freshest of the major maternity chains, but the staid selection is more French-mumsy than yummy-mummy.

2005: Fairchild and Gallagher, Where to wear London 2006

(chiefly UK, Australia, slang) A mother who is sexually attractive.


mansion

mansions (plural)
mansioun (alternative obsolete)

→ Japanese: マンション (manshon)

Inherited from Middle English mansioun, borrowed from Anglo-Norman mansion, mansiun, from Latin mānsiō (“dwelling, stopping-place”), from the past participle stem of manēre (“stay”).


commute

en-verb

commute (third-person singular simple present commutes, present participle commuting, simple past and past participle commuted)

commutes (present singular third-person)
commuting (participle present)
commuted (participle past)
commuted (past)

From commutation ticket, a pass on a railroad, streetcar line, etc. that permitted multiple rides over a period of time, eg, a month, for a single, commuted payment.

通勤

to regularly travel to and from work, school etc.

I commute from Brooklyn to Manhattan by bicycle.

My convention diary is unusually disjointed, since I was mingily commuting from Berkshire rather than pay £65 per night for a single room.

2005, David Langford, The Sex Column and Other Misprints, page 66:

MRS. PATERSON, a runner and semilapsed vegetarian — she eats meat once a week to fend off anemia — spends weekdays in Manhattan with her son and commutes to Albany most weekends; she and her husband rented out their house in Guilderland, an Albany suburb, and have moved into the Executive Mansion, where she is continuing Ms. Wall Spitzer’s “greening” initiative.

2008 June 6, Robin Finn, “No Bed of Roses for a Sudden First Lady”, in The New York Times:

(intransitive, US, UK, Canada) To regularly travel from one's home to one's workplace or school, or vice versa.


boozer

From booze + -er (agent noun suffix) or (pub) + -er (relational noun suffix).

Zoe’s dad went to the same boozer every day, a flat-roofed pub on the edge of the estate, with the cross of St George hanging above the door and a ferocious-looking Rottweiler tied up outside.

2012, David Walliams [pseudonym; David Edward Williams], Ratburger, London: HarperCollins Children’s Books, →ISBN:

During the week, the players were just as likely to be spotted out together in a local pub such as the Four in Hand. It was even known for them to frequent the Marksman off Carters Green, one of the town’s roughest boozers.

(UK, Australia, New Zealand, slang) A public house, pub.

(UK, military, obsolete) A World War II fighter radar detector, fitted to British bombers.


tut

Compare Swedish tut (“a point, pipe, tube”), Danish tut (“a cornet”).

w:Webster's Dictionary#Webster's New International Dictionary 1909


ringer

Unknown. Probably so named after the custom of ringing a bell to denote the winner of a contest or competition.


ringer

Some senses may derive from ring the changes (“run through variations; enliven; pass counterfeit money; trick a shopkeeper into giving too much change”).

I had heard early on in my career about 'ringers': cars that were stolen and cloned, but it was 1993 before I was to experience this first-hand.

2020, Tom Hartley, Tom Hartley: The Dealmaker:

(UK, slang) A fraudulently cloned (or cut-and-shut) motor vehicle.


ringer

A group of naval one- and two-ringers were chatting by the office door with a few ratings, complete with kit-bags and oilskins.

The senior officer of the escort was an RN two and a half ringer who had a reputation of being one of the best.

(UK, military, informal, in combination) An officer having the specified number of rings (denoting rank) on the uniform sleeve.


paddle

en-noun

paddle (countable and uncountable, plural paddles)

→ Danish: paddel, padle

Partly from the verb paddle ("to splash, dabble"; see below) and partly from Middle English padell (“small spade”).
Middle English padell is from Medieval Latin padela, itself of uncertain origin: perhaps an alteration of Middle English *spaddle (see also spaddle), a diminutive of spade; or from Latin patella (“pan, plate”), the diminutive of patina, or a merger of the two. Compare Ancient Greek πηδάλιον (pēdálion, “rudder, steering oar”), derived from πηδός (pēdós, “the blade of an oar; an oar”).

cog

(British) A meandering walk or dabble through shallow water, especially at the seaside.


paddle

en-verb

paddle (third-person singular simple present paddles, present participle paddling, simple past and past participle paddled)

paddles (present singular third-person)
paddling (participle present)
paddled (participle past)
paddled (past)

Recorded since 1530, probably cognate with Low German paddeln (“to tramp about”), frequentative form of padjen (“to tramp, run in short steps”), from pad (also in Dutch dialects). Compare also Saterland Frisian paddelje (“to paddle”).

cog

(intransitive, British) To walk or dabble playfully in shallow water, especially at the seaside.

газя

to walk or dabble playfully in shallow water


offside

offsides (plural)
off-side (alternative)

→ Czech: ofsajd

→ Macedonian: офсајд (ofsajd)

→ Serbo-Croatian: ȍfsājd, о̏фса̄јд

From off- + side. Compare German Abseite (“remote area, backside”), German abseits (“out of the way, apart, aside”, adverb), Dutch afzijdig (“neutral, impartial”).

My offside wing mirror got snapped off.

They put a stock of candle-ends into the lantern, hung the latter to the off-side of the load, and directed the horse onward, walking at his shoulder at first during the uphill parts of the way, in order not to overload an animal of so little vigour.

1891, Thomas Hardy, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, volume 1, London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine and Co., page 50:

(British, Australia) The side of a road vehicle furthest from the kerb: the right side if one drives on the left of the road.

(British) The side of a canal opposite the towpath.


Brum

(British, informal) A nickname for the English city of Birmingham.


message

Tok Pisin: mesej

desc

→ Egyptian Arabic: ماسدچ (māsidž, “text message”)

→ Gulf Arabic: مسج (məsij, “text message”)

→ German: Message

→ Japanese: メッセージ (messēji)

→ Korean: 메시지 (mesiji)

→ Malay: mesej

→ Russian: ме́сседж (mɛ́ssɛdž)

From Middle English message, from Old French message, from Early Medieval Latin missāticum, derived from Latin mittere (“send”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *meyth₂- (“to exchange”). Partially displaced Old English ærende (whence errand).

der

I had been on a message for my father, and was walking home along the road, when I saw a tall, fine lassie coming over the bogland on the right hand side of the road.

1886, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, translated by H.L. Brækstad, Folk and Fairy Tales, page 27:

(UK, Ireland, chiefly in the plural) An errand.


cuppa

Contraction of cup of (with “tea” or sometimes “coffee” implied). See also a (“of”), pinta (“pint of milk”).

I’ve just put the kettle on – fancy a cuppa?

[…] we covered the hundred yards to the lawn where the tea table awaited us. […] Only Bobbie was present when we arrived at the trough. Wilbert and Phyllis were presumably still in the leafy glade, and Mrs Cream, Bobbie said, worked in her room every afternoon on her new spine-freezer and seldom knocked off for a cuppa.

1960, P. G. Wodehouse, Jeeves in the Offing, chapter III:

1992, Machine Knitting Monthly, Maidenhead: Machine Knitting Monthly Ltd.,
Back home safely, I made a cuppa and sat for a good hour revelling in my favourite magazine.

‘Here,’ said Clancy as he sat up and dangled his legs over the edge of the bed, ‘You sit down and take it easy. I′ll boil the billy for a cuppa’.

2007, Kevin Hallewell, Woop Woop, page 35:

2017 Mrs. S. "Guillotines Decide" Orphan Black
Get Kira up. I'll pour you a cuppa.

(UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, colloquial) A cup of tea (or sometimes any hot drink).

Similes were not my cuppa, anyway. My classmates tended to overload their writing with them (all-time record: six in one paragraph) and they stuck out like violins in a rock tune.

2001, Gabrielle Bauer, Waltzing the Tango: Confessions of an Out-of-step Boomer, page 210:

(UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, colloquial) Whatever interests or suits one; one's cup of tea.


bruv

PIE word
 *bʰréh₂tēr
Clipping of bruvver.

The lads in the Nags 'Ead were just talking about your bit of managerial bovver and I said to Rodney, 'Bruv, this could be my big chance.'

(UK, Canada, chiefly Cockney, MLE, MTE, Australia, slang) Brother, mate, friend.


yer

Most likely from the intrusive R, between "yeah" (/jəː/) and a non-high vowel (/ə/, /ɪə/, /ɑː/, /ɔː/). For example, "Yeah-r-I know" (/jəɹ ʌɪ nəʊ/).

Pronunciation spelling
pronunciation spelling

(UK, slang) Pronunciation spelling of yeah (“yes”).


yer

"Thet one in the Formosa Channel was tremenjus. The velocity of the wind tetched a ’undred and forty mile,—so it was computed at Taipei,— arfter which it blew the wind gedge away. Yer need a string to yer ’at in a breeze like thet!"

1916 April 13, Oswald Kendall, “The Romance of the Martin Connor”, in The Youth's Companion, volume 90, number 15, page 198, column 2:

'Still, yer got nice looks,' said Ella.

(UK, slang, uncommon) Pronunciation spelling of you (plural or singular).


yer

Yer a lotta nosey parkers.

1991, Kathleen Dayus, Where There's Life, London: Virago Press Ltd:

‘Ah, go boil yer heads, both of yeh,’ said Hagrid. ‘Harry – yer a wizard.’

1997 June 26, J. K. Rowling [pseudonym; Joanne Rowling], chapter IV, in Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Harry Potter; 1), London: Bloomsbury Publishing, →ISBN:

(UK, slang) Pronunciation spelling of you're (“you are”).


yer

'Make yer way down to the station,' he said.

1991, Thomas Hayden, The Killing Frost, London: Random Century Group:

‘Las’ time I saw you, you was only a baby,’ said the giant. ‘Yeh look a lot like yer dad, but yeh’ve got yer mum’s eyes.’

Old Lady: 'HOLLER AT THAT FELLER IN THE CHEST DOWNSTAIRS. IF Y'NEED CARDS, HE'S YER MAIN MAN, HEH HEH!'

2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, Shovel Knight: King of Cards, Nintendo 3DS, level/area: House of Joustus:

(UK, Southern US, dialectal) Pronunciation spelling of your.


pukka

en-adj

pukka (comparative more pukka, superlative most pukka)

more pukka (comparative)
most pukka (superlative)
pacca (alternative)
pakka (alternative)
pucka (alternative)
pucca (alternative)

From Hindi पक्का (pakkā, “certain, sure”), Punjabi ਪੱਕਾ (pakkā, “mature, ripe; cooked; strong, substantial; genuine, sound, true, valid”) and Urdu پکا (pakkā, “mature, ripe; cooked; strong, substantial; genuine, sound, true, valid”), from Sanskrit पक्व (pakva, “baked, cooked, roasted”), from पचति (pacati, “to bake, cook, roast”).

der

(British, slang) Excellent, fantastic, great.


gumption

en-noun

gumption (usually uncountable, plural gumptions)

Borrowed from Scots gumption (“common sense, shrewdness; drive, initiative”); further etymology unknown, possibly connected with Middle English gome (“attention, heed”), from Old Norse gaumr (“attention, heed”), from Proto-Germanic *gaumō. English cognates include gaum (“to comprehend, understand”) and goam (“to recognize, see”).

bor+

Gumption, or rum gumption, docility, comprehenſion, capacity.

[1785, [Francis Grose], “Gumption, or rum gumption”, in A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, London: […] S[amuel] Hooper, […], →OCLC:

When I see a man who has a good business, sufficient to support his family respectably, neglecting his affairs, and running into debt, in order to obtain a political office, I fancy that, whatever may be his talents, he is not burdened with gumption. […] When I see a man attending diligently to his own concerns, sending his children to school, paying his debts, and keeping clear of law suits, quarrels, and politics, I set him down as a man possessing a reasonable share of gumption.

1834 March 5, “Gumption”, in Thomas G[reen] Fessenden, editor, The New England Farmer, and Horticultural Journal; […], volume III (New Series; volume XII overall), number 34, Boston, Mass.: Geo[rge] C. Barrett, […], →OCLC, page 272, columns 1–2:

As a balance to genius, which is ideally creative, gumption is required to control, to direct. […] Gumption is the power to realize the poetical worth of common sense. Without that power no man was ever truly great.

1855 December, William T[urner] Coggeshall, “Genius and Gumption”, in D[avis] W[asgatt] Clark, editor, The Ladies’ Repository: A Monthly Periodical, Devoted to Literature and Religion, volume XV, Cincinnati, Oh.: L. Swormstedt and A. Poe; […], →OCLC, page 734:

Whatever the job turned out to be, if it went against her gumptions, she would make sure Gregory would have hell on his hands and make him eager to release her from the deal.

2013 April 29, C. A. McJack, “The Higher Path”, in The Unraveling (Fate’s Twisted Circle; 1), [Bloomington, Ind.]: Xlibris, →ISBN, page 313:

(UK, Ireland) Common sense, initiative, resourcefulness.


pubby

en-adj

pubby (comparative pubbier, superlative pubbiest)

pubbier (comparative)
pubbiest (superlative)

(British, colloquial, of a person) Who enjoys frequenting public houses.


kerfuffle

en-verb

kerfuffle (third-person singular simple present kerfuffles, present participle kerfuffling, simple past and past participle kerfuffled)

kerfuffles (present singular third-person)
kerfuffling (participle present)
kerfuffled (participle past)
kerfuffled (past)
cufuffle (alternative)
cuffuffle (alternative)
curfuffle (alternative)
gefuffle (alternative)
kafuffle (alternative)
kerfluff (alternative)
kerfluffle (alternative)
kurfuffle (alternative)
fuffle (alternative)

Probably from Scots curfuffle, equivalent to ker- + fuffle, or related to Irish cíor thuathail (“confusion, bewilderment”). Similar to modern Welsh cythrwfl (“uproar, trouble, agitation”)

cog

(chiefly Ireland, UK, Commonwealth, informal) To make a disorderly outburst or commotion.


trip

From Middle English tryppe, from Old French trippe. Possibly related to troop.

(obsolete, UK, Scotland, dialect) A herd or flock of sheep, goats, etc.


ugsome

en-adj

ugsome (comparative more ugsome, superlative most ugsome)

more ugsome (comparative)
most ugsome (superlative)

From Middle English ugsom, equivalent to ug + -some.

This is hell, this is the image of death, this is hell, ſuch an euil fauored face, ſuch an ugſom countenance, ſuche an horrible viſage our ſauiour Chriſt ſaw of death and hell in the gardein.

1553, Hughe Latymer [i.e., Hugh Latimer], Augustine Bernher, compiler, “[Certayn Other Sermons Preached … in Lincolneshyre …] Edward VI 7”, in Certayn Godly Sermons, Made uppon the Lords Prayer, […], London: […] John Day, […], published 1562, →OCLC, folio 81, recto:

Still, it's a cosy country, / unracked by riots or strikes / and backward at drug-taking: / I've heard of a dozen lands / where life sounds far more ugsome, / fitter goals for your disgust.

1972, W. H. Auden, Epistle to a Godson: and Other Poems, page 28:

We have italicised the more ugsome parts of the S.S.C. paper so that those of our readers who are too busy mountaineering to read the whole thing may grasp the fundamental psychopathology of the unattractive predators that have battened onto us.

1975, Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal, volume 30, numbers 163-166, page 397:

(chiefly UK dialectal, Scotland, Northern England) Ugly; horrible; disgusting; offensive, loathsome, repellent.


phoney

phoney (comparative phonier, superlative phoniest)

phonier (comparative)
phoniest (superlative)

(chiefly British) Alternative form of phony.


Kop

From Spion Kop, from Afrikaans kop (“hill”).

(British) A terrace at a football ground, originally for standing spectators, though all-seater stadia have been mandatory for larger UK clubs since 1994.


seagull

seagulls (plural)
sea gull (alternative)
sea-gull (alternative)

From sea + gull. The second element is from a Brythonic language. Compare Welsh gwylan, Breton gouelan.

(UK, slang) A fan or member of Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club.


seagull

en-verb

seagull (third-person singular simple present seagulls, present participle seagulling, simple past and past participle seagulled)

seagulls (present singular third-person)
seagulling (participle present)
seagulled (participle past)
seagulled (past)
sea gull (alternative)
sea-gull (alternative)

[…] and when you need cover for the fullback because of the bombs raining down, when the walking maul requires every forward to quit seagulling and actually do some hard graft, then the rest of the game opens up.

2002 September 24, Greig Blanchett, “Re: The Immorality of the Drop Goal”, in rec.sport.rugby.union (Usenet):

On hand was seagulling number eight Dave Hodges to cross for the all-important try.

2002 December 13, “Sharks beached at Stradey”, in BBC Sport:

That occurred in the 12th minute when flanker George Smith, seagulling out wide, enjoyed the rewards of a two-man overlap to score.

2003 November 2, Greg Growden, “Australia survives scare”, in The Age:

France was full of running and continued to spread the ball wide or kick in behind the defence, where towering right-winger Aurelien Rougerie and the seagulling French back row had a height advantage contesting the high ball.

2003 November 10, Mark Fuller, “Impeccable France outclasses Ireland”, in The Age:

Samo seagulled for Australia's final try two minutes from time.

2011 September 24, Darren Walton, “Injuries sour Wallabies 67-5 win over USA”, in MSN NZ:

(British, Australia, New Zealand, rugby slang, of a forward) To run in the back line rather than concentrate on primary positional duties in open play.


bunny

bunnies (plural)
bunney (alternative)
bonie (alternative)

From Middle English bony, boni (“swelling, tumor”), from Old French bugne, buigne (“swelling, lump”), from Old Frankish *bungjo (“swelling, bump”), from Proto-Germanic *bungô, *bunkô (“lump, clump, heap, crowd”). More at bunion, bunch.

(UK dialectal) A swelling from a blow; a bump.


bunny

From Middle English bune (“hollow stalk or stem, drinking straw”), from Old English bune (“cup, beaker, drinking vessel; reed, cane”), of unknown origin. Related to English bun, boon (“the stalk of flax or hemp less the fibre”), Scots bune, boon, been, see bun, boon. Compare also bunweed.

inh

(UK dialectal) A culvert or short covered drain connecting two ditches.

Friar's Cliff and Highcliffe have always been what the second name suggests: cliffs too high to scale easily and with no convenient bunnies, chines or combes.

1983, Geoffrey Morley, Smuggling in Hampshire and Dorset, 1700-1850, page 72:

(UK dialectal) A chine or gully formed by water running over the edge of a cliff; a wooded glen or small ravine opening through the cliff line to the sea.

(UK dialectal) Any small drain or culvert.

(UK dialectal) A brick arch or wooden bridge, covered with earth across a drawn or carriage in a water-meadow, just wide enough to allow a hay-wagon to pass over.


butty

Clipping of buttered sandwich or bun + -y. Compare Saterland Frisian Buutje (“buttered bread (sandwich)”).

cog

Let's have a bacon butty!

(UK, chiefly Northern England, New Zealand, Ireland) A sandwich, usually with a hot or cold savoury filling buttered in a barmcake. The most common are chips, bacon, sausage and egg.


butty

(colloquial, UK, now chiefly Wales and West Country) A friend.

Ah didn't play butty, ah promise yer. Yo all on yer mek the poor lad yer butty.

(archaic, UK dialect, among boys) A drudge; a cat's paw; someone who does the hard work; someone who is being taken advantage of by someone else.


butty

en-verb

butty (third-person singular simple present butties, present participle buttying, simple past and past participle buttied)

butties (present singular third-person)
buttying (participle present)
buttied (participle past)
buttied (past)

I butty with Jackson.

(archaic, UK dialect) To work together; to keep company with.


clip

→ Japanese: クリップ (kurippu)

→ Portuguese: clipe

From Middle English clippen, cleppen, clüppen, from Old English clyppan (“to hug, embrace, cherish, clasp”), from Proto-Germanic *klumpijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *glemb-, *glembʰ- (“lump, clump, clod, clamp”). Cognate with Old Frisian kleppa, klippa (“to hug, embrace”), Middle High German klimpen, klimpfen (“to contract tightly, constrict, squeeze”).

inh

(fishing, UK, Scotland) A gaff or hook for landing the fish, as in salmon fishing.


hoodie

→ German: Hoodie

From hood + -ie (diminutive suffix). In sense “person wearing a hoodie”, influenced by sense -ie (“person associated with suffixed noun, often derogatory”); compare townie.

David Cameron will completely re-engineer the Conservatives' image on crime this week with a remarkable speech calling for more understanding of 'hoodies' and criticising what he calls short-term solutions to curb youth crime such as anti-social behaviour orders and curfews.

2006 July 9, Gaby Hinsliff, “Cameron softens crime image in 'hug a hoodie' call”, in The Guardian:

En route, we dropped by the home of Lips — one of the very few gang members who still lived with his mother — to pick up some clothes for Tuggy. There, we discussed which pair of trainers to bring him — no small decision, as the soul of the hoodie resides in his trainers.

2012 June 26, Harriet Sergeant, “The only place my hoodie friend felt at home? Prison”, in Mail Online:

(British, slang, often derogatory) A young person wearing such a sweatshirt, usually a male, stereotypically associated with antisocial behaviour.


burger

Clipping of hamburger, rebracketing it as ham + burger. From around 1939. The "American" sense is likely a back-formation from Burgerland.

/ˈbɜː(ɹ)ɡə(ɹ)/

(Australia, Fiji, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, UK) Any sandwich that uses two bread rolls or buns (in North America it only refers to a sandwich with two buns or bread rolls and a meat patty).


aeon

aeons (plural)
æon (alternative)
Aeon (alternative)
Æon (alternative)
aion (alternative)
Aion (alternative)

From Latin aeon, from Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “age, era”).

When Earth's last picture is painted, and the tubes are twisted and dried,/ When the oldest colors have faded, and the youngest critic has died,/ We shall rest, and, faith, we shall need it -- lie down for an aeon or two,/Till the Master of All Good Workmen shall put us to work anew.

1892, Rudyard Kipling, When Earth's Last Picture is Painted (L’Envoi to 'The Seven Seas'):

(Australia, New Zealand, British) Alternative spelling of eon.


barmy

en-adj

barmy (comparative barmier, superlative barmiest)

barmier (comparative)
barmiest (superlative)

Probably an alteration of balmy (“foolish; slightly crazy or mad, eccentric”), influenced by barm (“foam rising upon beer or other malt liquors when fermenting, and used as leaven”) (see etymology 1).

[T]he exercise yard of the "barmy fellows," as he called the madmen, (meaning, I suppose, that their brains were in an unnatural state of working,) was but a stone's throw from himself and his rational companions, […]

1872, Mrs. Edward Millet [i.e., Janet Millett], chapter XIV, in An Australian Parsonage; or, The Settler and the Savage in Western Australia, London: Edward Stanford, […], →OCLC, page 330:

"Bli'me if I know wot yer all talkin' abaht. You're all barmy on the crumpet," said Liza indignantly, and, turning her back on them, made for home.

1897, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, chapter 9, in Liza of Lambeth, New York, N.Y.: George H[enry] Doran Company, published [1921], →OCLC, page 142:

I thanked John [Bishop], said the "oracle award" sounds like a made-up prize you'd give a fat kid on sports day – I should know, I used to get them – then that it's barmy that Hugo Boss can trade under the same name they flogged uniforms to the Nazis under and the ludicrous necessity for an event such as this one to banish such a lurid piece of information from our collective consciousness.

2013 September 13, Russell Brand, “Russell Brand and the GQ awards: ‘It’s amazing how absurd it seems’”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-07:

He opted for a quieter bar to “watch it and enjoy the atmosphere” and engage in “sensible drinking, not going barmy”.

2024 July 14, Rachel Hall, quoting Robert Shaw, “‘I’ve never seen owt like it’: England fans in Benidorm in high spirits before Euro final”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:

Crazy, mad; also, eccentric, odd, strange.


pomace

en-noun

pomace (countable and uncountable, plural pomaces)

pomaces (plural)
pumace (alternative)
pummace (alternative)
pummice (alternative)

[Alt: Red grape flesh and seeds]
From Late Middle English pomis, pomys (“cider; pulp of plants pressed to extract their juice or oil”), probably from Medieval Latin pōmācium, pōmātium (“cider”), possibly a variant of pomaceum (although first attested later), from Latin pōmum (“fruit; fruit tree”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“away; off”) + *h₁em- (“to take”), in the sense of something taken off a tree) + -āceum (neuter form of -āceus (suffix meaning ‘belonging to; having the nature of’, forming adjectives)). Doublet of pomade, pomate, and pomatum.
Sense 1.1 (“crushed apples”) and sense 1.2 (“residue from grapes”) were possibly influenced by Middle French pommage (“(cidermaking) apple harvest; apple orchards”) and French poma, pomas, pomat (“residue from apples”) (Northern France).

bërsi

pulp or pulplike matter remaining from a substance pressed to extract its juice or oil

(UK, regional, archaic) Synonym of pulp (“a soft, moist mass formed by mashing something”).


tosser

From toss + -er. In the British slang senses, toss refers specifically to the masturbate meaning.

(UK, Commonwealth, Ireland, slang, derogatory, vulgar) A person who masturbates.

That bloke who ripped me off was a right tosser.

(UK, Commonwealth, Ireland, derogatory, offensive, slang) An objectionable person, often somewhat obnoxious in demeanour.


DMV

(UK) Initialism of deserted medieval village.


bully beef

From a corruption of French bouilli (“boiled”) + beef.


mineral

minerals (plural)
minerall (alternative obsolete)

From Middle English mineral, borrowed from Old French mineral, (French minéral), from Medieval Latin minerale, from minera (“ore”), probably ultimately derived from Latin mina (“ore, mine”).


continental quilt

en-noun

continental quilt (plural continental quilts)

(UK) A duvet used in combination with other blankets.


international

internationals (plural)
int'l (alternative abbreviation)

[ˌɪɾ̃ɚˈnæʃ(ə)n(ə)ɫ]

From inter- + national. Introduced in modern English by Jeremy Bentham in his An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1780.

The United team includes five England internationals.

"The young fellah meant no real harm. After all, he's an International, so if he takes half an hour to describe a game of football he has more right to do it than most folk."

1913, Arthur Conan Doyle, “(please specify the page)”, in The Poison Belt […], London; New York, N.Y.: Hodder and Stoughton, →OCLC:

(sports, chiefly British, Ireland, Australia) Someone who has represented their country in a particular sport.


licensee

(law) A person to whom a license is granted.

(UK) A publican (because a license is needed to run a pub).


Holy Land

Before returning to Dickens's accounts of these places, it is interesting to read what Charles Booth had to say of Shelton Street as he saw it in 1889, at a time when wholesale demolitions carried out for the construction of New Oxford Street in 1847 and Shaftesbury Avenue in 1885 had cut a swathe through “the Holy Land”.

2016, Valeria Tinkler-Villani, editor, Babylon or New Jerusalem?: Perceptions of the City in Literature, page 101:

(UK, slang, obsolete) The Seven Dials area of London, England.


pec

(UK, slang, obsolete, Eton College) Money.


fresher

From a clipping of freshman + -er (Oxford -er).

(British) A first-year student at a university.


nang

en-adj

nang (comparative more nang, superlative most nang)

more nang (comparative)
most nang (superlative)

Multicultural London English, from Jamaican English, from Jamaican Creole nyanga, potentially from West African languages, such as Mende nyanga (“ostentation; showing off”) or Hausa yanga (“boastfulness”).

der

That was well nang!

The wings were seriously a peng ting. The chips were nang. Burger was sick – the assembly was on point. The fillet was a serious ting – the thickness was there. Bossman did well.

2016 December 9, Adam Boult, quoting Elijah Quashie, “These brilliant videos about London's takeaway chicken shops are a YouTube hit”, in The Daily Telegraph:

(UK, slang, chiefly MLE) excellent; awesome; masterful; deeply satisfying.


GC

(UK) Initialism of George Cross: a medal presented to civilians and military personnel of the United Kingdom for actions which are not in the face of the enemy.


butcher's

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-butcher's.wav

From butcher + -’s, presumably abbreviation of butcher’s shop or similar; compare greengrocer’s etc.

Gorblimey, would you ’ave a butcher’s at the bristols on this bird in the currant bun!

Astonishing, look at this woman's breasts printed in The Sun!

(UK, Australia, rhyming slang) A look (short form of butcher's hook)


gorblimey

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-gorblimey.wav

Representing a Cockney pronunciation of God blind me!; traditionally, people would curse using contractions rather than breaking the third commandment (Do not use the Lord's name in vain oaths). Compare strewth, zounds, sblood.

blimey (alternative)
cor blimey (alternative)
gawblimey (alternative)
gawblimy (alternative)
gor blimey (alternative)
gorblimy (alternative)

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) Expressing surprise, anger, etc.


old lady

Old Lady of Threadneedle Street
Old Lady of Threadneedle Street

(informal, UK) The Bank of England, sometimes referred to as the “Old Lady of Threadneedle Street” or simply “The Old Lady”.


old man

en-noun

old man (countable and uncountable, plural old men)

old men (plural)
oldman (alternative)
old-man (alternative)

From Middle English alde mann, aldman, elde man, oldeman, from Old English eald man.

“Don't mention it, old man,” I responded courteously.

1934 October 5, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, Right Ho, Jeeves, London: Herbert Jenkins […], →OCLC:

'Coming up, coming up, coming up,' Pop said. 'There you are, Charley, old man. Larkin Special. Don't ask what's in it. Don't stare at it. Don't think. Just drink it down. In ten minutes you'll feel perfick again.'

1958, H. E. Bates, The Darling Buds of May:

(UK, dated) Term of address for a male friend, irrespective of age.


whilst

whilest (alternative)
whylst (alternative)
whylest (alternative)

From Late Middle English whilst, whilest, qwhilste (Northern England), quilest (Northwest Midlands) [and other forms], from whiles (“during the time that, while; only so long as; provided that; because, since; until”) + -t (excrescent suffix, perhaps due to a combination of -(e)s and the following word the, or influenced by the superlative suffix -est). Whiles is derived from whiles (“period of time, a while”, noun) (probably from the second element of adverbs and conjunctions like otherwhiles and somewhiles), from while (“period of time, a while”, noun) + -s (suffix forming adverbs of manner, space, and time); and while is from Old English hwīl (“period of time, a while”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hwīlō (“period of time, a while; period of rest, break, pause”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷyeh₁- (“to rest; peace, rest”). The English word can be analysed as whiles + -t (excrescent suffix appended to words suffixed with -s).
cognates
* West Frisian wylst (“whilst”)

nb...

whylest, whylst, (Northwest Midlands) quilist, quylest, quylist

suffix

Drivers must switch off engines whilst on stand.

I ſaw a Smith ſtand with his hammer (thus) / The whilſt his Iron did on the Anuile coole.

c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii], page 16, column 1:

[…] Ile nere be drunk whilſt I liue againe, but in honeſt, ciuill, godly company for this tricke: if I be drunke, Ile be drunke with thoſe that haue the feare of God, and not with drunken knaues.

c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merry Wiues of Windsor”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i], page 40, column 2:

VVell, make your mirth, the whilſt I bear my miſery: / Honeſt minds vvould have better thoughts.

1633 May 21 (licensing date; Gregorian calendar), John Fletcher, [James Shirley], The Night-Walker, or The Little Thief. A Comedy, […], London: […] Andrew Crook[e], published 1661, →OCLC, Act I:

And thus with lame pretences they revive / Thoſe Lines when Dead, he bluſh'd at whilſt alive: / As if Mankind could not diſcern their Evil, / Without a naked Viſion of the Devil.

1703, [Daniel Defoe], More Reformation. A Satyr upon Himself. […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 12:

Elizabeth, as she affectionately embraced her, whilst tears filled the eyes of both, lost not a moment in asking whether any thing had been heard of the fugitives.

1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter V, in Pride and Prejudice: […], volume III, London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton, […], →OCLC, page 92:

“In the event of a parcel arriving for him whilst he was away, what would be done with it?”

1920, Agatha Christie, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, London: Pan Books, published 1954, page 155:

The locomotive [...] was quietly "blowing off" on one Ross "pop" valve, whilst the rhythmic clanging of the fireman's shovel, the black smoke pouring from her chimney, and the harsh sound of the blower told of the proximity of departure time.

1942 July-August, Philip Spencer, “On the Footplate in Egypt”, in Railway Magazine, page 208:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, literary or rare in North America) Synonym of while.

During the whole, or until the end, of the time that; as long as, at the same time.

[P]ray, step down to the cellar and fetch us a bottle of the Burgundy, 1678—it is the fourth bin from the right-hand turn—And I say, Craigie—you may fetch up half-a-dozen whilst you are about it—Egad, we'll make a night on't.

1819, Jedediah Cleishbotham [pseudonym; Walter Scott], chapter VII, in Tales of My Landlord, Third Series. […], volume II (The Bride of Lammermoor), Edinburgh: […] [James Ballantyne and Co.] for Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; Hurst, Robinson, and Co. […], →OCLC, page 172:

Within, or before the end, of the time that.

His company must do his minions grace, / Whil'ſt I at home ſtarue for a merrie looke: / Hath homelie age th'alluring beauty tooke / From my poore cheeke?

c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i], page 88, column 1:

So then I am not lame, poore, nor diſpiſ'd, / VVhilſt that this ſhadow doth ſuch ſubſtance giue, / That I in thy abundance am ſuffic'd, / And by a part of all thy glory liue: […]

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 37”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

There is a place near St. Paul's in London, called in the old records "Diana's chamber," where, in the days of king Edward I. thousands of the heads of oxen were digged up; whereat the ignorant wondered, whilst the learned well understood them to be the proper sacrifices to Diana, whose great temple was built thereabout.

1655, Thomas Fuller, “Section I. The First Century.”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI), subsection 2 (Their Principal Idols), page 6:

Whilst her appearance was an utter failure (as her husband felt with a sort of rage), Mrs. Rawdon Crawley's début was, on the contrary, very brilliant.

1847 January – 1848 July, William Makepeace Thackeray, “Brussels”, in Vanity Fair […], London: Bradbury and Evans […], published 1848, →OCLC, page 253:

Synonym of while.
Although; in contrast; whereas.

Modern engine sheds of advanced design have also been built at Radyr, Abercynon, and elsewhere, whilst other depots have been remodelled and re-equipped.

1939 September, D. S. Barrie, “The Railways of South Wales”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 161:

The face which emerged was not reassuring. It was blunt and grey, the nose springing thick and flat from high on the frontal bone of the forehead, whilst his eyes were narrow slits of dark in a tight bandage of tissue.

1963, Margery Allingham, “The Boy in the Corner”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 214:

Synonym of while.
Only if; provided that; as long as.


not on your nelly

From nelly, Nelly Duff, rhyming slang for puff (of breath = life).

(idiomatic, chiefly UK) not on your life, an emphatic form of no.


barrack

en-verb

barrack (third-person singular simple present barracks, present participle barracking, simple past and past participle barracked)

barracks (present singular third-person)
barracking (participle present)
barracked (participle past)
barracked (past)

I knew that he had been barracked at times, but I did not realise that he was so sensitive.

1934, Herbert Chapman, Herbert Chapman on Football, page 140:

Some people stopped concentrating on the piece altogether, some started barracking and heckling, while others began chatting to one another.

2006, Ramsay Burt, Judson Dance Theater: Performative traces, page 192:

Its basic tenet was to say that if those Arsenal supporters who barracked the board at home games could do any better, let them come forward, put some money in the club, and have a go at being directors themselves. In short, ‘Put up or shut up’, which, of course, only encouraged Johnny and One-armed Lou to heckle the Arsenal board even more. Dear old Dennis, he had no idea the barracking he and his fellow Arsenal directors suffered at every home game came from Spurs supporters.

2009, Jimmy Greaves, The Heart of the Game, unnumbered page:

(British, transitive) To jeer and heckle; to attempt to disconcert by verbal means.


cookie

cookies (plural)
cookey (alternative uncommon)
cooky (alternative uncommon)

→ Arabic: كُوكِي (kuki)

→ Armenian: կուկի (kuki)

→ Cantonese: 曲奇 (kuk¹ kei⁴)

→ Mandarin: 曲奇 (qūqí)

→ Catalan: cookie

→ Cebuano: kokis

→ Dutch: cookie

→ French: cookie

→ Georgian: ქუქი (kuki)

→ German: Cookie

→ Gujarati: કૂકી (kūkī)

→ Hawaiian: kuki

→ Hindi: कुकी (kukī)

→ Italian: cookie

→ Japanese: クッキー (kukkī)

→ Kannada: ಕುಕಿ (kuki)

→ Khmer: ខូគី (khoukii)

→ Korean: 쿠키 (kuki)

→ Malay: kuki

→ Polish: cookie

→ Portuguese: cookie

→ Russian: ку́ки (kúki)

→ Spanish: cookie

→ Swahili: kuki

→ Swedish: cookie

→ Tagalog: kuki

→ Telugu: కుకీ (kukī)

→ Thai: คุกกี้ (kúk-gîi)

→ Tigrinya: ኩኪ (kuki)

→ Ukrainian: ку́ки (kúky)

→ Yiddish: קוקי (kuki)

→ Yoruba: kúkì

Borrowed from Dutch koekie, dialectal diminutive of koek (“cake”), from Proto-Germanic *kōkô (compare German Low German Kookje (“biscuit, cookie, cracker”), Low German Kook (“cake”), German Kuchen (“cake”)). More at cake. Not related to English cook.
The computing senses derive from magic cookie.

koekie

small, flat baked good — see also biscuit

(UK, Commonwealth) A sweet baked good (as in the previous sense) usually having chocolate chips, fruit, nuts, etc. baked into it.

koekie

sweet baked good (as in the previous sense) which has chocolate chips, fruit, nuts etc. baked into it


gyratory

(UK) A large traffic roundabout with non-standard lane markings or priorities, or with buildings on the central island.


chav

Origin uncertain; probably of Angloromani origin. Compare Romani chavi (“male child”) or ćhavo, shavo (“female child”), chal (“boy”), chavvy (“mate, friend”), compare Swedish tjej; possibly cognate with Portuguese chavalo, Spanish chaval, German Chabo, Russian чувак (čuvak), Hungarian csávó. See also charva.
A derivation from "council-housed and violent" is widely regarded as a backronym and folk etymology.

Lyrical staff / Never could they ever take me for a chav / Scholar in the English, scholar in the Math / Dizzee ain't no riff raff

a. 2009, Dizzee Rascal, “Creeper (Freestyle)”:

His book concerns ‘chavs’, a supposed underclass of ill-educated, fast-breeding, violent and amoral poor people currently plaguing Britain.

2011 June 18, “Giving the poor a good kicking”, in The Economist:

(UK, MLE, Ireland, derogatory, offensive) A working-class youth, especially one associated with aggression, poor education, and a perceived "common" taste in clothing and lifestyle.

MK (em¹ kei¹)

relating to a youth from a working class background, aggressive with poor education


git

From Middle English get (“[illegitimate] offspring”). A southern variant of Scots get (“illegitimate child, brat”), related to beget.

inh

Although I'm so tired, I'll have another cigarette / And curse Sir Walter Raleigh, he was such a stupid git

1968, “I'm So Tired”, in John Lennon (lyrics), The Beatles, performed by the Beatles:

Bit of a flash git, don't you think?

1990, House of Cards, season 1, episode 1:

Parkinson: You made films before, but the part that really made your name was Zulu, wasn't it […] and there of course—against type—you played the toff, you played the officer.
Caine: I played the officer, yeah, and everybody thought I was like that. Everyone was so shocked when they met me, this like Cockney guy had played this toffee-nosed git.

2000 December 18, BBC and Bafta Tribute to Michael Caine, 16:43-17:05:

Eventually God gives the donkey a voice and it says, "why're you beating me you great stupid git? It's the angel with the sword that you gotta be careful of," or words to that effect.

2007, Greg Weston, The Man Upstairs, →ISBN, page 124:

Here we see the common domestic goose, Anser cygnoides domesticus. Found across the British countryside, it is known for its distinctive call; proud, majestic stature; and for being an all-round inconsiderate little git!

2019, The Stupendium, “What a Fowl Day”:

I'm not being a miserable old git here. I like a laugh as much as anyone, [...].

2020 December 16, Christian Wolmar, “Coverage of little-used stations does the railway no favours”, in RAIL, page 45:

(British, Ireland, slang, derogatory) A silly, incompetent, stupid, or annoying person (usually a man).

blbec

A silly, incompetent, stupid, annoying or childish person


In a letter to the author he says that when he went to King's Cross in 1936 the A4s were, and had been for some time, at a low ebb in performance.

1990, H.C.B. Rogers, Express Steam Locomotive Development in Great Britain and France, Crecy Publishing, →ISBN, page 89:

(UK, rail transport) A4 class, a class of steam locomotive used on the London and North Eastern Railway.


nesh

en-adj

nesh (comparative nesher, superlative neshest)

nesher (comparative)
neshest (superlative)
nish (alternative English Newfoundland)

From Middle English nesh, nesch, nesche, from Old English hnesċe, hnysċe, næsċe (“soft, tender, mild; weak, delicate; slack, negligent; effeminate, wanton”), from Proto-West Germanic *hnaskwī, from Proto-Germanic *hnaskuz (“soft, tender”), from Proto-Indo-European *knēs-, *kenes- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”).
Cognate with Scots nesch, nesh (“soft, tender, yielding easily to pressure, sensitive”), Dutch nesch, nes (“wet, moist”), Gothic 𐌷𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌵𐌿𐍃 (hnasqus, “soft, tender, delicate”). Compare also nask, nasky, nasty.

cog

haue ye no merueylle sayd the good man therof / for hit semeth wel god loueth yow / for men maye vnderstande a stone is hard of kynde /[…]/ for thou wylt not leue thy synne for no goodnes that god hath sente the / therfor thou arte more than ony stone / and neuer woldest thow be maade neysshe nor by water nor by fyre

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter XX, in Le Morte Darthur, book XIII:

(now UK dialectal) Soft; tender; sensitive; yielding.

And if he keeps the daughter so long at boarding-school, he'll make her as nesh as her mother was.

1886 May – 1887 April, Thomas Hardy, “Chapter 4”, in The Woodlanders […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London; New York, N.Y.: Macmillan and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:

No, tha'd drop down stiff, as dead as a door-knob, wi' thy nesh sides.

1913, D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, chapter 8, in Sons and Lovers, London: Duckworth & Co. […], →OCLC:

(now UK dialectal) Delicate; weak; poor-spirited; susceptible to cold weather, harsh conditions etc.

fredolic

delicate, weak, poor-spirited, susc. to cold

(now UK dialectal) Soft; friable; crumbly.


tip

From Late Middle English tippen, possibly from North Germanic/Scandinavian (compare Swedish tippa (“to topple over”)), or a special use of Etymology 1.

There is much sad evidence, too, of the spoliation and dereliction of vanished industry: tips, slag-heaps and derelict colliery-screens among which the ubiquitous, nomad mountain sheep graze unconcernedly.

1955 July, D. S. Barrie, “Railways of the Bridgend District”, in Railway Magazine, page 449:

1972 May 18, Jon Tinker, Must we waste rubbish?, New Scientist, page 389,
As the tip slowly squashes under its own weight, bacteria rot away the organic matter, mainly anaerobically with the generation of methane.

2009, Donna Kelly, 'Don't dump on Hepburn's top tip', The Hepburn Advocate, Fairfax Digital
When I was a kid I used to love going to the tip.

There are two rubbish tips in Rother.

2009, Rother District Council, Rother District Council Website:

2009, Beck Vass, 'Computer collectibles saved from the tip' The New Zealand Herald, Technology section, APN Holdings NZ Ltd
Computer collectibles saved from the tip

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) An area or a place for dumping something, such as rubbish or refuse, as from a mine; a heap (see tipple); a dump.

отвал

area or place for dumping something, such as rubbish or refuse, as from a mine; a heap

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth) Rubbish thrown from a quarry.

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, by extension) A recycling centre.


ironmonger

/ˈaɪə(ɹ)nˌmʌŋɡə(ɹ)/

From Middle English iremonger; equivalent to iron + monger.

(chiefly British, Ireland) A retailer in iron goods and hardware.


banger

→ Estonian: bänger

→ Finnish: bängeri

From bang + -er. The sausages were so called because of their excess water content and impervious skin, leading to the risk of explosion if not punctured before cooking.

A thing or person which bangs, in any sense.

[…] yet not only was Gok able to tell her that her 'bangers' were amazing: he buried his head in her cleavage. No other man on television would have been able to get away with that.

2010, Emily Herbert, Gok Wan: The Biography:

(British, sexuality, slang) A woman's breast.

(British, sexuality, slang) A man's penis.

(British, New Zealand, Australia, food, slang) A sausage.


diagram

en-verb

diagram (third-person singular simple present diagrams, present participle diagraming or diagramming, simple past and past participle diagramed or diagrammed)

diagrams (present singular third-person)
diagraming (participle present)
diagramming (participle present)
diagramed (participle past)
diagramed (past)
diagrammed (participle past)
diagrammed (past)
diagramme (alternative archaic)

From French diagramme, from Italian diagramma, from Ancient Greek διάγραμμα (diágramma).

The timing and diagramming staff, too, were on duty for up to 21 hours devising 80 engine, 60 guards' and 25 carriage working diagrams.

1961 March, “Talking of trains”, in Trains Illustrated, page 131:

(UK) To schedule the operations of a locomotive or train according to a diagram.


mid-autumn

en-noun

mid-autumn (countable and uncountable, plural mid-autumns)

mid-autumns (plural)
midautumn (alternative)


mid-autumn

(British) Happening in the middle of autumn.


whoremonger

/ˈhɔːˌmʌŋ.ɡə/

/ˈhɔɹˌmɑŋ.ɡɚ/

/ˈhɔɹˌmʌŋ.ɡɚ/

(UK, Ireland, vulgar) A frequent customer of whores.


ones

(UK, prison slang) The cells located on the ground floor.


todger

A variant of tadger, perhaps related to dialectal todge (“anything of a thick consistency”), todgey (“short and fat”).

2005, Alexis James, Into the Woods: Erotic Fairytales and Other Stories, Lulu, US, page 150,
A virgin you are and a virgin you will remain until your 18th birthday, whereupon you shall crave your first cock, taste your first todger, knuzzle your first knob and this shall be your undoing.

2008, Ashley Hames, Sin Cities: Adventures of a Sex Reporter, Tonto Books, UK, page 66,
I′ve even been in bed with a girl who, on clapping her eyes on my todger, looked up at me. ‘Your willy′s not very big is it?’ she said.

2011, Calvin Wade, Forever Is Over, AuthorHouse, UK, page 8,
As stated previously, boys think with their todgers and I had become a decent looking young girl, so I naturally understood my vagina had magnetic charms to a penis.

I showed him my todger, softened by Elizabeth Arden.

2023, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Spare, Penguin Random House, →ISBN:

(UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, colloquial) A penis.


rogering

When I get you home I'm going to give you a good rogering.

(UK, Ireland, vulgar, slang) An act of sexual intercourse, especially one that is rough.


eh

Natural exclamation; first recorded mid-16th century. Perhaps an unstressed variant of aye (“yes, yeah”).
The Philippine sense is possibly influenced by Tagalog e and/or Spanish eh.

onomatopoeic

exclamation

ay (alternative)
ehh (alternative)
ehhh (alternative)

These hot dogs are pretty good, eh?

Well, what dost thou think then of seeing the world? Do ye wish to go round Cape Horn to see any more of it, eh? Can’t ye see the world where you stand?

(informal, chiefly Canada, Northern US, New Zealand, Australia, UK, Ireland, South Africa, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Commonwealth) Used as a tag question, to emphasise what goes before or to request that the listener express an opinion about what has been said.


Durex

Condom brand name: 1929, from durability, reliability, excellence.


Durex

en-noun

Durex (countable and uncountable, plural Durexes)

All I know is that you could, if you wanted to, find the answers to all sorts of difficult questions buried in that terrible war-torn interregnum between the first pubic hair and the first soiled Durex.

1995, Nick Hornby, High Fidelity, London: Victor Gollancz, →ISBN, page 17:

Pocket full of Durex, body full of Mandrex / Are we gonna have sex? Will you wear your knee socks?

2006, “Rudebox”, in Rudebox, performed by Robbie Williams:


jokes

en-adj

jokes (comparative more jokes, superlative most jokes)

more jokes (comparative)
most jokes (superlative)

this thing is so jokes...i think it would be wack if someone responded to this.. but plz do cause that would be, like, some cool shit.

1998 October 14, Spon842187, “MMMMMM...I taste yummy =:-)”, in alt.personals.teen (Usenet), message-ID <NA>:

Andrew VS Neil and Mike is totally jokes! I love it when Andrew gets pissed, lol. It's so cool!

2008, Zetsu, “Floaters and gravity”, in sci.med.vision (Usenet):

“Nah, fuck it. I've got a condom. It'll be jokes.”

2010, Richard Hoffman, It Always Rains in November, page 199:

Dappy's new tune is jokes, in a good way. Thoroughly entertaining and insightful which is more than I can say for most things on the radio.

Man, that video is bare jokes!


fragile

fragile (comparative fragiler or more fragile, superlative fragilest or most fragile)

fragiler (comparative)
more fragile (comparative)
fragilest (superlative)
most fragile (superlative)

/ˈfɹæd͡ʒaɪl/

Borrowed from Middle French fragile, from Latin fragilis, formed on frag-, the root of frangere (“to break”). Cognate with fraction, fracture and doublet of frail.

(UK) Feeling weak or easily disturbed as a result of illness.

He is a very fragile person and gets easily depressed.


manky

manky (comparative mankier, superlative mankiest)

mankier (comparative)
mankiest (superlative)

"He don't want those," his father said, holding a bag of apples at the end of an outstretched arm as if they were a danger to his health, "they're all... manky."

2005, Justin Peter Beaney, Kasdeja's Children:

"Speaking of which—" Fionn starts foostering in the pocket of his manky old jacket—"I've probably got something for you."

2010, Marian Keyes, The Brightest Star in the Sky:

I bet your fanny's fucking minging / Sort out your manky Scouse brow

2016 December 3, Millie B, “Soph Aspin Send”, performed by Millie B:

(UK, Ireland, Commonwealth, slang) Unpleasantly dirty and disgusting.


police

en-noun

police pl (normally plural, singular police)

Southern US, African-American Vernacular, Indic

From Middle French police, from Latin polītīa (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía). Doublet of policy and polity.

Scotland Yard is, technically speaking, only the metropolitan police for Greater London but because of their importance they have special jurisdiction for some crimes across the United Kingdom.

(law enforcement) A public agency charged with enforcing laws and maintaining public order, usually being granted special privileges to do so, particularly

(UK) A branch of the Home Office responsible for general law enforcement within a specific territory.


biro

biro (countable and uncountable, plural biros)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-biro.wav

Genericized trademark of BIRO, named after László Bíró, the inventor of the ballpoint pen.

Massimo's finger was poised above red on his multi-coloured biro like a kangaroo frozen in headlights.

2007, Karen Foxlee, The Anatomy of Wings, page 250:

(by extension, UK, Commonwealth, Ireland) Any ballpoint pen.


flack

en-verb

flack (third-person singular simple present flacks, present participle flacking, simple past and past participle flacked)

flacks (present singular third-person)
flacking (participle present)
flacked (participle past)
flacked (past)

From Middle English flacken (“to palpitate, flutter”), from Old English *flaccian, from Proto-West Germanic *flakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *flakkōną (“to beat”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ-, which could be related to Ancient Greek πλάζω (plázō, “to turn away from”).
Akin to Middle Dutch vlacken (“to flicker, flash, sparkle”), Danish flakke (“to wander”), Swedish flacka (“to rove, rove about, ramble”), Icelandic flakka (“to move”). Compare also Icelandic flaka (“to flap, hang loose”), Swedish flaxa (“to flap, flutter”).

cog

(intransitive, UK dialectal) To hang loosely; flag.

(transitive, UK dialectal) To beat by flapping.


APT

(UK, rail transport) Initialism of advanced passenger train.

(UK, healthcare) Initialism of anatomical pathology technologist.


mince

en-noun

mince (countable and uncountable, plural minces)

minces (plural)
minch (alternative dialectal)
minse (alternative obsolete)

LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-mince.wav

From Middle English mincen, minsen; partly from Old English minsian, ġeminsian (“to make less, make smaller, diminish”), from Proto-West Germanic *minnisōn, from Proto-Germanic *minnisōną (“to make less”); partly from Old French mincer, mincier (“to cut into small pieces”), from mince (“slender, slight, puny”), from Frankish *minsto, *minnisto, superlative of *min, *minn (“small, less”), from Proto-Germanic *minniz (“less”); both from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“small, little”). Cognate with Old Saxon minsōn (“to make less, make smaller”), Old Dutch minson (“to make smaller”), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌶𐌽𐌰𐌽 (minznan, “to become less, diminish”), Swedish minska (“to reduce, lessen”), Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins, “slender, slight”). More at min.

cog

That band's new album is total mince.

(UK, slang, uncountable) Something worthless; rubbish.


ASBO

ASBOs (plural)
Asbo (alternative)
asbo (alternative)

(British, law enforcement) Anti-Social Behaviour Order

(British, informal) one who has been issued with the above legal order.


ASBO

en-verb

ASBO (third-person singular simple present ASBOs, present participle ASBOing, simple past and past participle ASBOed)

ASBOs (present singular third-person)
ASBOing (participle present)
ASBOed (participle past)
ASBOed (past)
Asbo (alternative)
asbo (alternative)

Yes he will probably end up in the criminal justice system in a few years time - but if we ASBO him now he's going to end up there an awful lot quicker because he will breach it.

2005, Andrew Millie, Anti-Social Behaviour Strategies: Finding a Balance, page 31:

"Shut up, both of you. I've got the police here. You'll get asboed," Sally shouted

2008, Harry James, Consequences?, page 65:

The redemptive storyline reminded me of the importance, in my own practice, of continuing to learn from the understanding of others' experiences and interactions in negotiating the new penal landscape of "ASBOing", portrayed so well in Rhodes' novel.

2008, Peter Squires, ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance, page 151:

(British, law enforcement, transitive) To issue an Anti-Social Behaviour Order to.


surf

en-noun

surf (countable and uncountable, plural surfs)

1680s, perhaps from earlier suffe (c. 1590), possibly related to sough, or possibly of Indo-Aryan origin, as the word was formerly a reference to the coast of India.
The verb is from 1917.
The verb referring to "browsing the Internet" was popularized by Jean Armour Polly.


IRA

Irish Republican Army
Irish Republican Army#English

(Ireland, UK, politics) Initialism of Irish Republican Army.


dunny

en-adj

dunny (comparative dunnier, superlative dunniest)

dunnier (comparative)
dunniest (superlative)

Probably from dun (“to ring”) + -y (“forming adjectives of lesser degree”).

af

Dunny, somewhat deaf, deafish.

1708, J. Kersey, Dictionary Anglo-Britannicum:

(UK dialect) Somewhat deaf, hard of hearing.

What the devil are you dunny? won't you give me no answer?

(UK dialect, derogatory, euphemistic) Slow to answer: stupid, unintelligent.


dunny

Should a School-boy do so, he'd be whip'd for a Dunny.

1709, British Apollo, Vol. II, No. 29, p. 3

(UK dialect, derogatory euphemistic, obsolete) A dummy, an unintelligent person.


dunny

dunnies (plural)
danna (alternative)
dunnee (alternative)

A clipped form of English cant dunnakin (“outhouse”) + -y (suffix forming affectionate diminutives). Dunnakin, dunnekin, etc. are of uncertain etymology, but probably from some form of English cant danna (“dung”) + ken (“house”, pejorative slang). The Scottish and North English senses may derive from Etymology 4 below, either under influence from English cant or as its original source.

(UK slang, obsolete) Alternative form of danna: shit.


collection

en-noun

collection (countable and uncountable, plural collections)

From Middle English colleccioun, collection, from Old French collection, from Latin collēctiō, collēctiōnem, from collēctus, from colligō (“collect together”), composed of con- + legō (“bring together, gather, collect”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- (“to gather, collect”).

der

(UK) The jurisdiction of a collector of excise.


goods

→ Japanese: グッズ (guzzu)

→ Korean: 굿즈 (gutjeu)

(UK, transport) Freight, as opposed to passengers.

An unusual visitor to Leeds on September 26 was Class 4 4-6-0 No. 75042 (17A), on a Class H goods from York; it soon returned on the 6.30 p.m. Leeds-York parcels.

1962 December, “Motive Power Miscellany: North Eastern Region”, in Modern Railways, page 425:

(rail transport, UK) Ellipsis of goods train.


services

There's a services in 10 miles.


sniff

en-verb

sniff (third-person singular simple present sniffs, present participle sniffing, simple past and past participle sniffed)

sniffs (present singular third-person)
sniffing (participle present)
sniffed (participle past)
sniffed (past)

→ Hebrew: הִסְנִיף (hisníf)

→ Italian: sniffare

→ Portuguese: snifar

→ Spanish: esnifar

→ Catalan: esnifar

→ Swedish: sniffa

→ French: sniffer

From Middle English sniffen, of imitative origin.

onomatopoeic

imitative

Looks like I picked the wrong week to quit sniffing glue.

1980, Jim Abrahams, David Zucker, Jerry Zucker, directors, Airplane!, spoken by Steve McCroskey (Lloyd Bridges):

(slang, chiefly UK) To inhale drugs (usually cocaine) through the nose, usually in powder form.

ню́хаць

to inhale drugs in powder form through the nose


dobber

en:type of undereducated person, derogatorily

(UK, derogatory) A member of the working class in Scotland or Ireland who is seen as undereducated, with poor taste, especially in clothes, and poor social skills.

Nikki is such a dobber, she told the teacher that I hit Karen in the playground.

In awakening us to our powerlessness, whistleblowers produce all sorts of crisscrossed emotions. Should we respond to them as truth-bearing ethical citizens, or spiteful, griping dobbers?

1999, William De Maria, Deadly Disclosures: Whistleblowing and the Ethical Meltdown of Australia, page 16:

‘Not only that,’ Graeme continued, ‘but Simone′s a dobber – and no-one likes a dobber, do they, K?[…]’

2010, Lisa Heidke, What Kate Did Next, page 125:

The question was whether the dobber had simply dobbed or whether he had planted the weapons.

2011, James Morton, Susanna Lobez, Gangland Melbourne, page 95:

(Australia, UK, derogatory) One who dobs (someone) (informs against them or implicates them to authority).

en:any small electronic device that plugs directly into a larger one

(British, informal) Any small electronic device that plugs directly into a larger one, such as a wireless scoring system in fencing or a USB mass storage device.

They were the biggest rosary beads I ever saw, the beads were the size of big marbles or dobbers or taws. Dobbers and taws we used to play with in the channels beside the footpaths, when we used to play the road games.

2004, Austin O'Donovan, O'Donovan from Garryowen, page 37:

(British, Ireland, chiefly dialect) A large marble.

He puts a hand around it, tries to mind what it means, the having of a penis. Nothing's doing but. His dobber's no sure about it either, and the two of them dither there for a while, waiting for something to happen, a connection.

2011 July 7, Ross Raisin, Waterline, Penguin UK, →ISBN:

"Yes, but to jump into bed with another woman right after being with you. That's just plain disgusting. He needs to keep his dobber in his bloody pants.' Caitlin huffed indignantly.

2021 July 8, Lisa Hobman, Under An Italian Sky: Escape to beautiful Italy with bestseller Lisa Hobman, Boldwood Books Ltd, →ISBN:

"You should ha'e cut his dobber off," Inan opined with disgust. "I can'y stand men like that. Tryin' to take what isna on offer."

2023 September 28, Lynsay Sands, Bad Luck Vampire: Book Thirty-Six, Hachette UK, →ISBN:

(Ireland, UK, especially Northern England and Scotland, slang) A penis, especially a relatively large one.


bespoke

In sense “custom-made”, 1755, from earlier bespoken (c. 1600), form of bespeak, in sense “arrange beforehand” (1580s), a prefixed variant of speak; compare order, made-to-order.

Near-synonyms: custom-made, tailored, tailor-made, custom-built, purpose-built; see also Thesaurus:custom-made

Marc Valeric, a Beverly Hills milliner, sold 125 bespoke hats in two weeks to women desperate to dress properly for royal receptions.

1983 March 7, Kurt Andersen, “Her Majesty in Mellowland”, in Time:

Were Athenian pots bespoke, bearing images requested by Etruscans?

2001, Robin Osborne, “Why Did Athenian Pots Appeal to the Etruscans?”, in World Archaeology, volume 33, number 2, Taylor & Francis, →JSTOR, page 278:

People gathered round, since it was something of an event, their MP, in his bespoke pinstripe and red tie, clutching an old Wellington boot and about to hurl it through the air.

2004, Alan Hollinghurst, chapter 10, in The Line of Beauty […], London: Picador, →ISBN:

… others are attempting the more ambitious feat of engineering bespoke human organs from scratch.

2012 August 1, Ed Yong, “Replacement Parts”, in The Scientist, archived from the original on 2012-08-30:

There are 436 escalators in the London Underground, and every one is totally bespoke.

2016, The Tube: Going Underground, season 1, episode 6:

You need to get a nice bespoked suit. "Bespoke" means i's custom-made to fit your specific dimensions and emphasize what's flattering about your shape.

2017, “Elements Part 2: Bespoken For”, in Adventure Time:

[I]t becomes a game of parkour just to change a battery, and when you’re working mostly alone that gets frustrating really fast, and when you get frustrated you get impulsive, and those impulses lead to half measure solutions, and those half measure solutions accumulate into a whole network of bespoke inefficiencies that you just live with because the process of unravelling them feels just so... big.

2024, Dan Olson, 1:06:09 from the start, in I Don't Know James Rolfe:

Made or done in a way adjusted to the needs of a specific person or group (e.g., customer, health care patient, do-it-yourselfer), and thus specialized and, in some cases, unique.

a bespoke tailor

Relating to someone who makes custom-made products, especially clothing items.

定做的

relating to someone who makes custom-made products


toff

Probably an alteration of tuft, referring to the gold tassel on the cap worn by titled undergraduates at English universities.

Now Freddy is young, practically twenty years younger than Higgins: he is a gentleman (or, as Eliza would qualify him, a toff), and speaks like one; […]

1912 (date written), [George] Bernard Shaw, “Pygmalion. Sequel: What Happened Afterwards.”, in Androcles and the Lion, Overruled, Pygmalion, London: Constable and Company, published 1916, →OCLC, page 194:

‘Well, I got Parkes for one, and I got Atkinson for two, and got Ward of Dawson Street. Fine old chap he is, too—regular old toff, old Conservative! “But isn’t your candidate a Nationalist?” said he.[…]’

1904–1907 (date written), James Joyce, “Ivy Day in the Committee Room”, in Dubliners, London: Grant Richards, published June 1914, →OCLC, page 160:

I came home first class—up the front end with the toffs—semi-anaesthetised throughout the trip by caviar and free champagne—and to hell with frugality and the conservation of resources.

1972, Donald Gould, “A Groundling's Notebook”, in New Scientist, volume 55, number 812, page 512:

George Martin always seemed to me to be a "toff" and a gentleman even though his roots, like many of us, were in the common people. George has a touch of class that is quite impressive.

1998 April 11, Paul McCartney, Billboard, page 34:

Parkinson: You made films before, but the part that really made your name was Zulu, wasn't it […] and there of course—against type—you played the toff, you played the officer.
Caine: I played the officer, yeah, and everybody thought I was like that. Everyone was so shocked when they met me, this like Cockney guy had played this toffee-nosed git.

2000 December 18, BBC and Bafta Tribute to Michael Caine, 16:43-17:05:

I like to see the toffs being toffs. The women all glammed up, the blokes in their tails and top 'ats, all braying and flinging their money around. Confirms all my prejudices. Just a reminder of who my enemies are.

2012, John Roberts, How the Dice Fell, page 186:

(UK, Ireland, derogatory) A person of the upper class or with pretensions to it, who usually communicates an air of superiority.

fijne mijnheer

2. (Britain, derogatory) A person of the upper class, or with pretensions to it


ketchup

en-noun

ketchup (countable and uncountable, plural ketchups)

ketchups (plural)
catsup (alternative)
catchup (alternative)
katjap (alternative)
katsup (alternative)
kechap (alternative)
ketsup (alternative)

→ Arabic: كَتْشَب (katšab)

→ Belarusian: кетчуп (kjetčup)

→ Bulgarian: кетчуп (ketčup)

→ Cantonese: 茄汁 (ke⁴⁻² zap¹)

→ Catalan: quètxup

→ Czech: kečup

→ Danish: ketchup

→ Dutch: ketchup

→ Finnish: ketsuppi

→ French: ketchup

desctree

→ German: Ketchup, Catchup (obsolete), Ketschup (superseded)
→ Lower Sorbian: ketšup

→ Greek: κέτσαπ (kétsap)

→ Hebrew: קֶטְשׁוֹפּ (ketshop)

→ Hokkien: 茄汁 (kiô-chap) (Singapore)

→ Hungarian: ketchup

→ Irish: citseap

→ Japanese: ケチャップ (kechappu)

→ Korean: 케첩 (kecheop)

→ Marshallese: kōjjeb

→ Persian: کچاپ (kečâp)

→ Polish: keczup, ketchup

→ Portuguese: ketchup

→ Romanian: ketchup

→ Russian: кетчуп (ketčup)
→ Armenian: կետչուպ (ketčʻup)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Cyrillic script: кечап

Latin script: kečap

→ Spanish: ketchup, kétchup

→ Swedish: ketchup

→ Tagalog: ketsap

→ Thai: เค็ตชัป (két-chàp)

→ Turkish: ketçap

→ Ukrainian: кетчуп (ketčup)

→ Uzbek: ketchup

→ Welsh: cetsyp

→ Yiddish: קעטשאָפּ (ketshop)

Uncertain, but probably ultimately from Hokkien 膎汁 (kê-chiap, “fish sauce”) via Malay kicap, though the precise path is unclear – there are related words in various Chinese languages, and it may have entered English directly from Hokkien Chinese. Cognate to Indonesian kecap, ketjap (“soy sauce”). Various other theories exist – see Ketchup: Etymology for extended discussion.
First appeared in English in the late 17th century in reference to a Southeast Asian sauce encountered by British traders and sailors. The Oxford English Dictionary notes that it was commonly used in the 18th century to refer to a variety of similar sauces with varying ingredients—"anchovies, mushrooms, walnuts, and oysters being particularly popular"—but by the late 19th century the current tomato ketchup became the most popular form.
Catsup (earlier catchup) is an alternative Anglicization, still in use in the U.S.

tomato ketchup

This diner serves ketchup in red bottles, and mustard in yellow ones.

(uncountable, chiefly US, Canada, UK) Ellipsis of tomato ketchup (“a tomato-vinegar-based sauce, sometimes containing spices, onion or garlic, and (especially in the US) sweeteners”).


outdate

en-adj

outdate (comparative more outdate, superlative most outdate)

more outdate (comparative)
most outdate (superlative)

(British, rare) old-fashioned, out of date; outdated


barbie

Clipping of barbecue + -ie (diminutive suffix).

(Australia, New Zealand, UK, informal) A barbecue (apparatus for grilling).

(Australia, New Zealand, UK, informal) A barbecue (event: cookout).


carpenter

From Middle English carpenter, from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius (“a carpenter”), from Latin carpentārius (“a wagon-maker, carriage-maker”), from Latin carpentum (“a two-wheeled carriage, coach, or chariot, a cart”), from Gaulish carbantos, from Proto-Celtic *karbantos (“chariot, war chariot”), probably related to Proto-Celtic *karros (“wagon”). Doublet of carpintero. More at car.
Displaced native Old English trēowwyrhta (literally “tree worker”).

ncog

Eleven names in Laver’s table (just over 6%) are of the “carpenter” type, a name for woodlice also recorded in Shropshire and Warwickshire.[…] Apparently a Newfoundland word for woodlouse is “carpenter” or “cafner” (another is also “boat-builder”). These names clearly relate to the animals’ affinity to wood as will “carpenter’s flea”, “wood-pig”, “wood-bug”, “grampus wood-bug” and, of course “woodlouse”.

2015, A.D. Barber, “Vernacular names of woodlice with particular reference to Devonshire”, in Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group, page 58:

(Canada, British, regional) A woodlouse.


heat wave

heat waves (plural)
heatwave (alternative)

(idiomatic) A period of exceptionally hot weather.

(UK, weather broadcasting) A period of at least three consecutive days with daily high temperatures of the respective county's temperature threshold or higher.


dolphin-friendly

(British, of tuna or other seafood) caught using fishing nets that lessen the chances of killing dolphins.


PPG

en-noun

PPG (countable and uncountable, plural PPGs)

(UK, education) Initialism of pupil premium grant.


lait

en-verb

lait (third-person singular simple present laits, present participle laiting, simple past and past participle laited)

laits (present singular third-person)
laiting (participle present)
laited (participle past)
laited (past)
late (alternative)

From Middle English laiten, leiten, from Old Norse leita (“to seek, search, inquire”), from Proto-Germanic *wlaitōną (“to look out, see”), from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“to see”). Cognate with Norwegian Nynorsk leita (“to search”), Icelandic leita (“to search”), Swedish leta (“to search, hunt, forage”), Old English wlātian (“to gaze, observe, look upon, behold”).

cog

By neeght, o' my bed, I laited him, at my sowl luvs : I laited him, but I dudn't find um.

1862, Song of Solomon, in Twenty-four English Dialects, page 282 (Westmorland dialect)

The other day I heard a girl hailing from the moorlands of Yorkshire remark that she had "laited a long time for the children, but could not find them," evidently meaning she had sought for them. Is this word common to Yorkshire?

1877, John Frances, quoting a girl from the moorlands of Yorkshire, Notes and queries, page 10

(ambitransitive, UK dialectal, obsolete) To seek; search for; inquire.


ki

At sea a special cauldron of 'ki,' prepared by the ship's cook, is sent round action stations in 'fannies' or large pitchers.

1917, The Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, volumes 34-35, page 217:

(UK, naval slang) Alternative form of kye (“cocoa”).


blimey

A minced oath derived from (God) blind me (either concurrent with or from a clipping of cor blimey or gorblimey), or blame me. Compare crivvens, drat, etc.

Blimey! I didn’t see that!

Blimey! Where did you come from?

I know the chap that started the lie. There ain't no Invisible Man whatsoever—Blimey.

1897, H[erbert] G[eorge] Wells, “At Port Stowe”, in The Invisible Man: A Grotesque Romance, New York, N.Y., London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, →OCLC, page 120:

'But, if there's room, aren't they bound to take me in?' / 'Course they are,—and, blimey, if I was you I'd make 'em. Blimey I would!'

1897 September, Richard Marsh [pseudonym; Richard Bernard Heldmann], “Outside”, in The Beetle: A Mystery, London: T[homas] Fisher Unwin […], published August 1907, →OCLC, book I (The House with the Open Window), page 4:

Blimy if I don't believe 'e's taking 'ome 'is washing up his back.

1908 September, Jerome K[lapka] Jerome, “Passing of the Third Floor Back”, in Passing of the Third Floor Back, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, →OCLC, page 2:

If you're the O'Reilly, they speak of so highly, / Why blime me, O'Reilly, you're doing quite well.

1915, Harry S. Miller, “Blime Me, O’Reilly (You’re Doing Quite Well) [cover title: Blime Me Mr. O’Reilly but You’re Looking Mighty Well]”, New York, N.Y.: The Cadillac Music; Springfield, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.: A. H. Goetting, →OCLC, page 5:

"Blimey," he said, "this is a bit er orl roight! Never thought yer'd be ible to tork our lingo like a blinkin' nitive. Cahm orn—let's 'op it to the kerridge!"

1919, The Windsor Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly for Men and Women, volume IV, London: Ward, Lock and Bowden, →OCLC, page 99, column 1:

"Blimey!" he says in his rough, shepherd's voice, "blimey, but it's cruel 'ard to be chucked out of one's digs wivout a blarsted word! [...]"

1935, Kenneth [Lewis] Roberts, “For Authors Only”, in For Authors Only: And Other Gloomy Essays, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Company, →OCLC, page 11:

‘Blimy, Will,’ he said confidentially.

1988, Alan Hollinghurst, The Swimming-Pool Library, New York, N.Y.: Random House, published 2010, →ISBN:

‘Blimey,’ said Barnaby. ‘Come on, Jack, quick as you can.’ / ‘Blimey,’ said Jack. ‘Blimey blimey blimey.’

1996, Penny Vincenzi, The Dilemma, London: Headline Review, published 2007, →ISBN, page 311:

‘Blimey,’ said Laurie. ‘Is she serious? Was it something I said?’

2009, Duncan Campbell, chapter 5, in If It Bleeds, London: Headline Publishing Group, published 2011, →ISBN:

According to an Australian gunner, 'a nostalgic little new-arrival' among the Tommies asked: 'Is it true all you Aussies are volunteers?' When told that it was, '… he hesitated a moment. Then he blurted out: "Blime, choom, y' must 've 'ad a fair ——— of a 'ome-life!"'

2013, Mark Johnston, “Introduction”, in Anzacs in the Middle East: Australian Soldiers, Their Allies and the Local People in World War II, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 1:

(UK, Commonwealth, Ireland) Used to express anger, excitement, surprise, etc.

ostres

used to express anger, excitement, surprise, etc.


wild cat

wild cats (plural)
wild-cat (alternative uncommon)
wildcat (alternative uncommon)

From Middle English wyld cat, wylde cat (in the plural as wild cattes, wylde catis, wyle cattes), equivalent to wild + cat.

Felis silvestris
Felis silvestris#Translingual

(uncommon) Alternative form of wildcat, (UK) the Old World wildcats (Felis silvestris) or (US) the bobcat (Lynx rufus) and other New World lynxes.


shirty

en-adj

shirty (comparative shirtier, superlative shirtiest)

shirtier (comparative)
shirtiest (superlative)

From shirt + -y, probably based on the phrase get one's shirt out.

"You ain't shirty 'cause I kissed yer last night?"
"I'm not shirty; but it was pretty cool, considerin' like as I didn't know yer."

1897, W. Somerset Maugham, Liza of Lambeth, chapter 3:

"Well, so help me Bob, you are a shirty old cow, Mudgy."

1938, Norman Lindsay, Age of Consent, 1st Australian edition, Sydney, N.S.W.: Ure Smith, published 1962, →OCLC, page 92:

(chiefly Australia, UK, informal) Ill-tempered or annoyed.


wiener

wieners (plural)
weiner (alternative uncommon)

Clipping of wienerwurst, from German Wienerwurst (“Vienna sausage”), from Wiener (“of Vienna, Viennese”) + Wurst (“sausage”), because sausages were originally made in Vienna, Austria.
In Germany today this sausage is known as Wiener Würstchen (“small sausage from Vienna”), but in Vienna and the Netherlands it is called a Frankfurter or Frankfurter Würstchen (“small sausage from Frankfurt”).

compound

Two figures crossing the windy park. Miss Martin taking Smith's arm over the street. And inside where wieners were being turned on a hot skillet behind the steamed glass. Always wanted to have the constitution to eat these fearlessly, perhaps with a glass of orange.

1963, J P Donleavy, A Singular Man, published 1963 (USA), page 104:

(Canada, US, UK) A hot dog or frankfurter.

(US, UK, colloquial) An irritating or disliked person.


ripper

He [Rafael Nadal] didn't convert that but gained the advantage and launched another ripper of a forehand to force the error from Tsitsipas on the volley. (Thurston, E. November 15, 2019, Rafael Nadal digs deep to beat Stefanos Tsitsipas at ATP Finals. Sky UK https://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/11862011/rafael-nadal-digs-deep-to-beat-stefanos-tsitsipas-at-atp-finals accessed August 29, 2020)

Martin walked around the vehicle, viewing it from all angles and giggling as he did so. “She's a ripper, Bert, a real ripper!”

2001, Filton Hebbard, Memories of Kalgoorlie: Tales from the Australian Outback, page 334:

Really, the Strauss Ball was in a category of its own, which is why we are making such a fuss about it; an absolute ripper of a ball whatever the hell it should be called in technical terms.

(British, Australia, slang) Something that is an excellent example of its kind.

зачёт

slang: something that is an excellent example of its kind


ripper

2019 Kobe Howard, Coaches Wrap Brisbane Lions, 30 April 2019. Accessed 6 May 2019.
Not only did Lachie Neale have another stand out game with 28 disposals and a ripper goal from outside 50, but Lions debutant Noah Answerth slotted in nicely picking up 5 intercept marks.

(British, Australia, slang) Very good; excellent; fantastic.


dressing gown

dressing gowns (plural)
dressing-gown (alternative)

/ˈdɹɛsɪŋ ɡaʊn/

After about ten minutes he got up, and, throwing on an elaborate dressing-gown of silk-embroidered cashmere wool, passed into the onyx-paved bathroom.

1891, Oscar Wilde, chapter VIII, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, London, New York, N.Y., Melbourne, Vic.: Ward Lock & Co., →OCLC, page 138:

I was feeling just as I had felt in the old Malvern House epoch when I used to sneak down to [the headmaster]'s study at dead of night in quest of the biscuits he kept there in a tin on his desk, and there came back to me the memory of the occasion when, not letting a twig snap beneath my feet, I had entered his sanctum in pyjamas and a dressing-gown, to find him seated in his chair, tucking into the biscuits himself. [...] She was looking more like Sherlock Holmes than ever. Slap a dressing-gown on her and give her a violin, and she could have walked straight into Baker Street and no questions asked.

1960, P[elham] G[renville] Wodehouse, “VII AND XX”, in Jeeves in the Offing, London: Herbert Jenkins, →OCLC:

(UK, Ireland) An item of clothing often made from cotton or another absorbent material, in the form of a long open robe with a belt to tie it around the middle and fasten it securely; often worn over pyjamas.


GNVQ

w:General National Vocational Qualification

(UK, education) Initialism of General National Vocational Qualification.


RSA

(art, UK) Initialism of Royal Society of Arts.


flatmate

huisgenoot

a person with whom one shares a rental property

It had been weeks since all the flatmates had sat down together for a meal. Communication was breaking down. Written notes had begun to appear all over the house; please don′t touch this food, I bought it especially for Hermione[…].

1993, Beryl Fletcher, The Iron Mouth, page 190:

One night, one of the flatmates (the one who owned the house) was ranting and raving all night about her girlfriend.

2003, Jen Birch, Congratulations! It′s Asperger Syndrome, page 51:

The position may have been different when your client was living in the house with the flatmates.

2007, CCH New Zealand, Top 100 Questions and Answers on Taxing Land Transactions, page 97:

(UK, Ireland, New Zealand) A person with whom one shares any rental dwelling, not necessarily a flat.


deshopper

The deshopper is “stealing beauty” and robbing the product of some of its undetectable essence, without losing the quality of newness which is required for the product to remain returnable.

1999, Ruth A. Schmidt et al., “Deshopping – the art of illicit consumption”, in International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, →DOI:

They are the deshoppers - a scam that has cost stores £63million this year.

2004 December 8, “Deshoppers Make Returns”, in Metro:

[…] there is almost no actual control over the behaviour as none of the deshoppers interviewed had ever been caught.

2006, Tamira King, Charles Dennis, “Unethical consumers: Deshopping behaviour using the qualitative analysis of theory of planned behaviour and accompanied (de)shopping”, in Qualitative Market Research, →DOI:

(chiefly UK, social sciences) A person who practises deshopping.


pikey

Possibly from obsolete pike (“depart or travel”), or possibly from turnpike. The verb is derived from the stereotype that the Romani people or other travellers are thieves.

“They must be the pikeys who live up there. They're a nasty bunch. Shouldn't get mixed up with them.” “Well, we told them to fuck off, they didn't seem that nasty to me! What are pikeys anyway?” “Well, they're like vagabonds.”

2012, Pat Coppard, In Spite of Everything: a Life-story, →ISBN, page 15:

Gipsies and the pikey race generally were a class outside Lord Sandbar's previous experience, and he listened greedily.

(UK, Ireland, ethnic slur, offensive) An itinerant person, especially one of Romani or Irish Traveller heritage.

But if there's one thing he hates more than pikeys, it's posh people.

(UK, Ireland, derogatory, offensive) A working-class (often underclass) person with negative connotations of benefit fraud, theft and living on rundown estates.


pikey

en-adj

pikey (comparative more pikey, superlative most pikey)

more pikey (comparative)
most pikey (superlative)

Blimey. The least pikey place on the planet.

2006 September 9, Huge, “Re: Oh for FU--S sake!”, in uk.rec.driving (Usenet):

> You could try moving somewhere less pikey?

2007 October 18, PC Paul, “Re: Exhaust security bolts help”, in uk.rec.cars.maintenance (Usenet):

>> > No, you're more pikey than a traffic warden.
>> >> Nothing is more pikey than a traffic warden, even an immigrant.
>> >> > Not even a Glaswegian?

2012 March 11, "Lieutenant Scott", Re: Definition of "loading" in a parking space, in uk.rec.driving, Usenet, quoting another user

(UK, Ireland, slang, derogatory) Associated with pikeys.


pikey

en-verb

pikey (third-person singular simple present pikeys, present participle pikeying, simple past and past participle pikeyed)

pikeys (present singular third-person)
pikeying (participle present)
pikeyed (participle past)
pikeyed (past)

>It's getting hold of a copy that isn't pikeyed that I'm having >difficulty with :-(

2004 October 25, Lister, “Re: Monday, Monday, Play, Want, Bin”, in uk.games.video.misc (Usenet):

Agree with Adrian about it being Pikeyed. At least you've a cheque to go buy something else.

2006 September 29, Conor, “Re: Car legally removed or stolen?”, in uk.rec.cars.misc (Usenet):

Rumour has it that you once posting something interesting that was pikeyed straight from scrotexes lame troll book.

2007 August 9, Diablos Rojos, “Re: Special offer to all Scummers”, in alt.sports.soccer.manchester.united (Usenet):

(UK, Ireland, slang, derogatory) To steal.


grunger

(British) Someone who appreciates grunge culture.


bluefish

en-noun

bluefish (countable and uncountable, plural bluefishes or bluefish)


hump

Probably borrowed from Dutch homp (“hump, lump”) or Middle Low German hump (“heap, hill, stump”), from Old Saxon *hump (“hill, heap, thick piece”), from Proto-Germanic *humpaz (“hip, height”), from Proto-Indo-European *kumb- (“curved”). Compare Proto-Germanic *huppōną (“to hop”), from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (unnasalised root), and English hub (a softened variant without nasal?).
Cognate with West Frisian hompe (“lump, chunk”), Icelandic huppur (“flank”), Welsh cwm (“a hollow”), Latin incumbō (“to lie down”), Albanian sumbull (“round button, bud”), Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē, “bowl”), Avestan 𐬑𐬎𐬨𐬠𐬀 (xumba, “pot”), Sanskrit कुम्ब (kúmba, “thick end of bone”). Replaced, and perhaps influenced by, Old English crump (“crooked, bent”). More at cramp.

cog

She's got the hump with me.

Go away! You're giving me the right hump.

(British, slang, with definite article) A bad mood.


homely

en-adj

homely (comparative homelier or more homely, superlative homeliest or most homely)

homelier (comparative)
more homely (comparative)
homeliest (superlative)
most homely (superlative)
hamely (alternative Scotland)

From Middle English homly, hoomly, hamely (“domestic, familiar, plain, unattractive”), from Old English *hāmlīċ (“of the home, domestic”), from Proto-West Germanic *haimalīk (“of or characteristic of home”), equivalent to home + -ly. Cognate with Scots hamely (“familiar, personal, private”), West Frisian heimelik, Dutch heimelijk (“secret, secretive, clandestine”), German heimlich (“secret, secretive, clandestine, undercover”), Danish hemmelig (“secret”), Swedish hemlig (“secret, concealed, privy, covert”), Faroese heimligur (“homelike, homey”), Icelandic heimlegur (“homely; worldly”).

cog

With all these men I was right homely, and communed with them long and oft.

1563, John Foxe, Foxe's Book of Martyrs, Chapter on William Thorpe:

(UK dialectal) On intimate or friendly terms with (someone); familiar; at home (with a person); intimate.

(UK dialectal, of animals) Domestic; tame.

(UK dialectal) Friendly; kind; gracious; cordial.


nimby

Acronym of not in my back yard. More at NIMBY.

(chiefly US, UK) Not in my backyard (in objection to an undesirable structure built locally).


hood

From Middle English hood, hod, from Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz (cognate with Saterland Frisian Houd, West Frisian/Dutch hoed, German Low German Hood, German Hut). Cognate with Proto-Iranian *xawdaH (“hat”) (compare Avestan 𐬑𐬂𐬛𐬀 (xåda), Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭 (x-u-d /xaudā/)), from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (“to cover”). More at hat.

kapuç

covering for the head attached to a larger garment such as a jacket or cloak

(automotive, chiefly UK) A soft top of a convertible car or carriage.


hood

Clipping of hoodie, influenced by existing sense “hoodlum”.